THE TOMB OF GENERAL "LIGHT HORSE HARRY" LEE AT DUNGENESS.

Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials and Legends
COMPLETE IN TWO VOLUMES VOLUME I
(ILLUSTRATED)
BY
LUCIAN LAMAR KNIGHT
CM. A., Prineetoii)" COMPILER OF THE STATE RECORDS OF GEORGIA
Author of "Reminiscences of Famous Georgians," in two volume; "A Biographical Dictionary of Southern Authors"; "Historical Side-Lights "; Etc.
EDITION DE LUXE FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION
THE BYRD PRINTING COMPANY
STATE PRINTERS "
ATLANTA, GEORGIA 1913

Copyright, 1013 LTJCIAN -LAMAR RNIGHT
MAR

DEDICATED
TO THE PATRIOTIC WOMEN OF GEORGIA WITH WHATEVER ORGANIZATION OH ORDER CONNECTED IN THE LEXICON OF WHOSE LOVE THERE IS NO SUCH WORD AS FORGET; WHOSE UNWEARIED EFFORTS TO RESCUE FROM OBLIVION THE FAD ING RECORDS OF OCR GREAT COMMONWEALTH HAVE MADE THEM IN A PECULIAR SENSE THE GUARDIANS OF GEORGIA'S IMMORTALITY; WHO, REACHING BACK TO COLONIAL TIMES, HAVE TAUGHT tJS THE SOLEMN RESPONSIBILITIES OF A VIC TORIOUS FLAG; WHO COMING DOWN TO CONFEDERATE DAYS, HAVE TAUGHT TJS THE NO LESS SACRED OBLIGATIONS OF A CONQUERED BANNER; WHO, WITH A MISER'S GREED BUT WITH A VESTAL'S HOLT CARE, HAVE HOARDED EVERY YELLOW GRAIN OF GEORGIA'S SHINING DUST; WHO, IN RECOVERING HER LOST GEMS, IN DEEPENING HER OBSCURED EPITAPHS, AND IN KEEP ING VIGIL AT HER HALLOWED SHRINES OF DEPARTED GREAT NESS, HAVE SWEETENED THE MEMORIES OP AN EMPIRE STATE WITH THE FRAGRANT SOUL OP AN IMPERIAL WOMANHOOD; AND WHOSE MISSION, IN AN AQE OF COMMERCE, MAMMON-MAD, IB TO REMIND THE PRESENT THAT LITTLE IN THE WAY OF LIFE'S TRUE RICHES CAN BE PROMISED TO US BY A FUTURE, HOW EVER GOLBEN, AT THE EXPENSE OF AN UNREMEMBERED PAST.

PREFACE
To the task of compiling this work, the leisure hoxirs of a somewhat busy lif.e have been devoted, for the past four yea**s. During this period of time, every section of the State has been visited in person by the author. He has delved into the court house records kept at the most important county-seats in Geor gia; has gone through the files of old newspapers; has bent over crumbling tombstones in ancient church-yards and burialgrounds to decipher the almost obliterated epitaphs; and, leaving the beaten highways of travel, has followed the obscure bridle paths into many an unfrequented nook and corner of the State. Something- over one hundred libraries have been consulted, in addition to which thousands of letters have been written. There is not a patriotic society in Georgia which has not contributed substaiitially to the progress of this undertaking. Much of the rare information contained in White's two priceless volumes long since out of print has been transferred to this work, with due credit; while the essential portions of Sherwood's quaint little Gazetteer have likewise been embodied in ' * GEORGIA *s LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS. ''
It was the author's plan originally to restrict the present work to a single volume of six hundred pages. But the magni tude of the field was not realized in this ea.rly forecast; and to adhere to this original purpose would mean the sacrifice of more than half of the materials gathered through long and patient research. Two volumes, therefore, each of them con taining one thousand pages, will be required to meet the neces sary demands of this work. However, by eliminating an agent's commission, the cost of each volume is reduced to a nominal sum and placed within the means of every one who cherishes a just pride in the history of our great State. The first volume, wMch appears at this time, is divided into two parts, one of -which is entitled: ''Landmarks and Memorials," while the other con tains "Historical Outlines, Original Settlers, and Distinguished Residents of the Counties of Georgia." The second volume -by far the richer of the two will be apportioned into eight parts

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PREFACE

as follows: 1. "Landmarks and Memorials;" 2. "Duels Fought by Noted Georgians;" 3. "Historic Burial-Grounds, Epitaphs, and Inscriptions;" 4. "Personal Recollections, Anecdotes, and Reminiscences;" 5. "Myths and Legends of the Indians;" 6. '' Tales of the Revolutionary Camp-Fires;" 7. " Georgia Miscel lanies;" and 8. an "Analytical Index," containing every im portant name in any wise connected with Georgia's history, Colonial, Revolutionary, and Commonwealth.
On the very threshold of this work, the author desires to make grateful acknowledgements to those who from the start have given him not only sympathetic encouragement but sub stantial help, and whose generous co-operation, at each stage of the undertaking, has made an otherwise arduous task compara tively light. The list includes: Mrs. J. L. Walker, of Waycross, whose research work on the subject of Georgia's buried towns has placed the whole State under obligations to her patriotic pen; Miss Mildred Rutherford, of Athens, Historian-General, U. T>. C., whose authoritative writings have furnished a library of information, especially on topics pertaining to the "War of Secession; Miss Annie M. Lane, of "Washington, Regent Kettle Creek Chapter, I). A. R., to ^ whom I am indebted for much of the data contained in this work, relating to the historic old county of Wilkes;. Colonel A. Gordon Cassels, of Savannah, who accompanied me on a personal visit to the famous Midway District, on the Georgia Coast; Mrs. Sheppard W. Foster, of Atlanta, State Regent, D. A. R., who has given me an abundance of rare information, especially in regard to the graves of Revo lutionary soldiers; Mrs. John M. Graham, of Marietta, former State Regent, D. A. R.; Miss Ruby Felder Ray, State His torian, D. A. R.; Hon. Otis Ashemore, of Savannah, Corre sponding Secretary of the Georgia Historical Society and Superintendent of the Public Schools of Chatham; Hon. Wymberley Jones DeRenne. of Wormsloe, who possesses the rarest collection of Georgia books and manuscripts in existence; Judge Walter G. Oharlton, of Savannah; Right Reverend Benjamin J. Keiley, Bishop of the Roman Catholic See of Savannah; Hon. Emory Speer, of Macon, Judge of the Federal Court for the
Southern District of Georgia; Mrs. Ella B. Salter, Hepzibah, Ga.; Mrs. Joseph S. Harrison, of Columbus, State Editor,

PBEFACB

Vti

D. A. R.; Mrs. H. M. Franklin, of Tennille, State Editor, U. D. C.; Mrs. Maiide Barker Cobb, State Librarian of Georgia; Miss Katharine H. Wootten, of Atlanta, Librarian of the Cai'negie Library; Mrs. Richard P. Brooks, of Forsyth, Regent Piedmont Continental Chapter, D. A. R.; Mrs. Jarnes Silas Wright, of Brunswick, Regent Brunswick Chapter, P. A. R.; Miss Helen M. Prescott, of Atlanta, Genealogist Joseph Habersham Chapter, D. A .R,; Mrs. Walter S. Wilson, of Savannah ; Mrs. Richard Spencer, of Columbus; Mrs. H. H. Tift, of Tifton; Miss Mary Crawford Hornady, of Dawson; Mrs. R. H. Hardaway, of Newnan; Mrs. E. G. Nix, of LaGrange; Miss Nora Jones, of Elberton; Mrs. C. K. Henderson, of Lafayette; Mrs. S. J. Jones, of Albany; Mrs. Jeff Davis, of Quitman; Mrs. J. S. Betts, of Ashburn; Miss Julia King, of Colonel's Island; Miss Belle Bayless, of Kingston; Miss Martha Reid Robinson, of Newnan; Miss Maud Clark Penn, of Monticello; Mrs. Rebecca L. Nesbitt, of Marietta; Mrs. Harriet Gould Jefferies, of Augusta; Mrs. Henry Bryan, of Dillon: Mrs. W. C. Hightower, of Thomaston; M'rs. E; W. Bellamy, of Macon; Mrs. Joseph H. Morgan, of Atlanta, former Regent Atlanta. Chapter, D. A. R.; Mrs. Sandford Gardner, of Augusta; Miss Addie Bass, of Clarkesville; Mrs. Kate H. Fort, of Chattanooga, Tenn.; Miss Martha Berry, of Rome, founder of the famous Berry School; Hon. Philip Cook, Secretary of State -, Hon. Joseph. H. Lumpkin, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia; Hon. Gordon Lee, of Chickamauga, Member of Congress; Hon. William H. Fleming, of Augusta, Ex-Member of Congress; Hon. Paul B.
Trammell, of Palton; Dr. William B. Crawford, of Lincolnton; Major James M. Couper, of Atlanta; Hon. Walter E. Steed, of Butler; Judge W. L. Phillips, of Louisville; Mr. James T. Vbcelle, of St. Mary's; Hon. Q. L. Williford, of Madison; Hon. Lawtori B. Evans, of Augusta, Superintendent of Public Schools and Secretary of Board of Education; Hon. Charles Edgeworth Jones, of Augusta; Colonel Charles J. Swift, of Columbus; Dr. George G. Smith, of Macon; Prof. Joseph T. Derry, of Atlanta; Major Charles W. Hubner, of Atlanta; Hon. Thomas W. Reed, of Athens; Hon. A. Pratt Adams, of* Savannah.; Hon. E. H. Abrahams, of Savannah; Hon. Noel P. Park, of Greensboro; Hon. F. 33. Twitty, of Brunswick; Hon. LJ. A. Whipple, of

VTIT

P.BJS.1TAOE

Hawkinsville , Hon. Warren Grice, of TTa ivkinsville; Hon. C. M. Candler, of Decatur; Judge C. W. Smith, of Reidsville; Mr.
B. H. Groover, of Reids-ville; Hon. J. "W. Whitely, of Gibson; Dr. W. B. Burroughs, of Brnnswick; Dr. W. B. Cheatham, of Dawson; Capt. Thad Adams, of Mem)trie; Hon. W. "W. Stevens, of

Maysville; Dr. Howard Felton, of Cartersville; Dr. K. J. Massey, of Atlanta; Judg'e Joseph Bogle, of l")alton; Colonel John R. Maddox, of Decatur; Hon. "William H. Hayne, of Augusta; Hon.
Joseph F. Gray, of Sa,vamiah; Rev. A. W. Bealer, of Eastman ; Hon. Julian B. McCurry, of Hartwell; Judge "W. *, Hodges,
of Hartwell; Mr. H. C. Bagley, of Atlanta; Mr. P. M. Nixon, of Borne; Hon. D. S. Sauford, of Milledgeville; Hon. "Walter
A. Clark, of Augusta; Mr. Mark A. Candler, of Atlanta; Hon.
Drew W. Paulk, of Fitzgerald; Hon. J. H. Powell, of Camilla; Judge J. A. Cromartie, of Hazlehurst; Judge P. H. Herring, of Cairo; Mr. Fo3ks Huxford, of Homerville; Mr. P. H. Comas,
of Basley; Mr. C. S. Grice, of Claxton ; Mr. J. J. Gilbert, of Columbus; Hon. M- M. Moore, of Columbus; Hon. Peter W.
Meldrim, of Savannah; Judge'Horace M. Holden, of Augusta; Miss Eliza F. Andrews, of Rome, formerly of "Washington, one

of the South fs most distinguished educators and writers; Mrs. M. A. Lipscomb, of Athens; Mrs. J. A. Montgomery, of Bruns wick; Mrs. F. D. Aiken, of BriTnswick; Miss Caroline Patterson,
of Macon; Dr. W. B. Cheatham, of Dawson, Ordinary of Terrell; Mr. George C. Smith, of Lexirigton; Mrs. J. J. Smith, of Lexingtoii; Capt. C. S. Wylly, of Brunswick; Miss Elizabeth Conger, of
Canon; Mrs. W. T. Hardeo, of Quitman; Judge C. M. Wise, of Fitzgerald; Mr. J. J. Taylor. of Cochran; the late Hon. Hugh Neisler, of Butler; and a multitude of others. Without the

generous help of these patriotic Georgians to whom T hold myself an obliged debtor for unnumbered courtesies this task could never have been prosecuted to completion. The short comings of the work are mine. Whatever it possesses of merit belongs to those from whom I have unremittingly received the most indulgent favors, and whose considerate and courteous

treatment has been a perennial source of inspiration to the author.

ATLANTA, GA.; March 25, 1913.

XJTJCIAN IJAMAR KNIGTIT.

CONTENTS
PART ONE.
LANDMARKS AND MEMORIALS.
CH^PTKR I___ .,, .___Dungeness; The Bivouac; of "Light Horse Harry" Lee for Nearly a Century_.-___,,__-__-__-___ 1
CHAPTER II ,,- _______ Jefferson Davis's Arrest at Irwinville: The True Story of a Dramatic Episode__^__.___-_-., 13
CHAPTER III __,,___ .The Old Creek Indian Agency: Where a Forgot ten Patriot Sleeps_,,__,,_____.______..__-_- 18 -
CHAPTEH IV_---_.--._Barnsley Gardens: A Lost, Arcadia--^-^_-__-__ 26 CHAPTER V __.__,,. ___Shellman Heights: A Romance of Sherman's
March__._ ._.-.._._,,._._________-._ _-- 31 CHAPTER VI,__-._ ___The "Lone Star" Flag of Texas Woven by a
Georgia Woman-- ._.,,_-._-_,__.._-_.____, 34 CHAPTER VII__-_.-_ . ."Little Giffen of Tennessee:" How a Famous
Ballad Came to be Written-__ _... ,____ __,- 39 CHAPTER VIII_,, _____3ames Ryder Randall: Origin of "Maryland,
My Maryland !"__,,,,___. ____^_-,. ,,_-_,__,__ 45 CHAPTER IX -____,, .-Oglethorpe: His Monument and his Mission..-. 5O CHAPTER X __ __ .-.._Fort Frederica: 1735___. ,__,,,,.. ____^__._^_ .,, ._ 59 CHAPTER XI __ ___..__The Wesley Oak-- _________ ... ._ .__,,-_-___._ 66 CHAPTER XII _,__.-_Coweta Town: Where a Treaty was Signed the
Effect of Which was a Death-Blow to France on the Mississippi ___^__^______ ._.._!___-_ 69 CHAPTER XIII ___. .....Bloody Marsh: Where a Battle was Fought in Which Spain Lost a Continent-- __ ^____ -_- 73 CHAPTER XIV ____.._ -Christ Church, Savannah: Where the Georgia Colonists First Worshipped God-_ -__....___ 77 CHAPTER XV ._-_-.,_ .Bethesda: Where the Great Whitefield Founded an Asylum for Orphans------------- ------ 80 CHAPTER XVI _...._ -The Grave of Tomo-Chi-Chi___ ___;__!._._._,,_ 85 CHAPTER XVII_..-_ ._Wormsloe: The Home of Noble Jones., ,,____,,_ 87 CHAPTER XVIII ____ .Bonaventure: The Ancient Seat of the Tattnalls 90 CHAPTER XIX._-- -__Brampton: The Home of Jonathan Bryan_____ 93

CHAPTER XX . _ ,, . ,.... -The Jews in Georgia: An Outline History----- 97 CHAPTER XXI __..___.Savannah's .Revolutionary Monuments..--....--- _ _ 103

CnAPTI3K XXII ._.__-._ Mulborry Grove: The General G ret-no Estate Where the Cotton Gin was Invented------ 108

CHAPTER XX11.I __ __ ..Fort Augusta: 173G___ _._____....-.. . .......___ 113

CHAI-TUB XXIV ---...Historic Old St. Paul's. __-__-_______--_.- ....- 117

CHAPTER XXV ......... _Meadow Garden: The Home of Governor Walton 122

CHAPTHK XXVI _____The Invention of the Cottoti Gin: An Autheiu.ic Account-- ____.. _ ________.__._..,,. .... ----- - - 125

CHAPTER XXVII _.....War Hill: Where the Famous Revolutionary Battle of .Kettle Creek was Fought.,----- 131

CHAPTER XXVIII- __ -Historic Old Midway: A Shrine of Patriotism.- 1-35

CHAPTER XXIX ____ .Franklin College: The Oldest State "University in America, Chartered in 1785------ .- ... 139

CHAIJTEU XXX _ ......-Louisville: Georgia's First Permanent Capital-- 146

CHAPTER XXXI ....... _Thc Yazoo Fraud: An "Episode of Dramatic In terest Hecallcd ......._________.-_._---.----.. 149

Ci-iAi'TER XXXII ____Burning the Iniquitous Records with Fire from Heaven- __.... -_,._.,__.-,-..-._..._ _._.___ 152

CHAPTER XXXIII ___Tho Old Slave-Market: A Solit-ary Remnant of Feudal Days in Dixie.. __ _._..__._._._-.--. 154

CHAPTKU XXXIV. ... Historic Old Millcdgcvillc: Georgia's Capital for



More Than Sixty Years _..-... ,__........,--. ^ - _ 150

CHAPTER XXXV.-- ...Mclntosh Rock: Where the Most Famous of Georgia Treaties was Made with the Creeks- 160

CHAPTER XXXVI __.. _New Eehota: The. Last Capital of Hie Southern Chcrokces _ ._._______._.__.___-.,__-___...,..-_ 170

CHAPTER XXXVII -.."Under the T.ash: Pathetic Incidents of the Re moval. -________.. _-_..-.-_-----_..._........ . 176

CHAPTER XXXVIII -.Harriet Gold: A Romance of New Eehota----- 183

CHAPTKH XXXIX. ...Dahlonega: Once the Center of Gold-Alining Activities in America- .___.__..__......______ 1S5

CHAPTER XT _____-.,__Sequoya: The Modern Cadmus __ --._._.____-_.-- _ 190

CHAPTER XLI ____-_. \Voodlawn: The Home of William H. Crasvford- 197

CHAPTER XL11 __-__-Historic Old A\'"esleyan: The First Female Col lege in the World to Confer Diplomas.-_ , ,, 200

CHAPTBB XLIII _ . ___Chiekamauga; Otic of the Bloodiest of Modern Battle-Fields Becomes a National Park._._ 203

CHAPTER XJjIV__-,_ Kennesaw Mountain: Once a Peak of the Inferno 208

CHAPTER XLV-_. __ - -The Old Heard House: Where the Last Meeting of the Confederate Cabinet was Held-_--__ 211

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xi

CHAPTER XLVl-_-__-The Old Chenault House; In the Neighborhood of Which Occurred the Famous Raid on the Confederate Treasure Wagons___ ,_ ._ ______ 213
CHAPTER XLVH__-_.Origin of the United Daughters of the Confed eracy __ ____--_ ._._...-__________-- ._ ..-_._ 218
CHAPTER XLVIII _ - - _ Origin of the Southern Cross of Honor. ______ 222 CHAPTER XLIX _- __ Copse Hill: The Home of Paul II. Hayne,__-_ 224 CHAPTER L _..-.._-.-_-Richard Henry Wilde: Augusta's Monument to
the Author of the "Summer R,ose."_ ________ 228
CHAPOTUR LI ^_-^--__Torch Hill: The Home of Dr. Francis O. Ticknor_ 231
CHAPTER LII ------ _ -St. Elmo: Its Memories of Augusta Evans Wilson 234 CHAPTER LHI------ -Sidney Lanier: Macon's Memorial to the Master-
Minstrel...------- ._________-_._,,-_,,,._ 236
CHAPTER LIV _______Kome Pioneers the Way in Honoring the Women of the Confederacy _.._-,,_,,.,.________-_-__ 241
CHAPTER LV____-_ .-The Mark Hanna Home: Where the McKinley Presidental Boom was Launched-..^ _______ 246
CHAPTER LVI __-_-__Mount Berry: How the Sunday Lady Won the Mountains...-.------------- -.__._._____ 250

HISTOKICAL OUTLINES, ORIGINAL SETTLERS, AND DISTIN GUISHED RESIDENTS OF THE COUNTIES OF GEORGIA.
(Pages 265-1065.)

ILLUSTRATIONS
The Tomb of General "Light Horse Harry" Lee at Dungeness--- -Frontispiece
The Carnegie Mansion, Built on the Site of General Nathanael Greene's Home at Dungenes0_--_-__----Facing Page 8
Where President Jefferson Davia Was Arrested, on May 10, 1865, near Irwinville, Ga-_._______________ -Facing Page 16
The Monument to General Oglethorpe, Founder of the Colony of Georgia, in Chippewa Square, Savannah__Facing Page 52
Ruins oJ the Old Fort at Frederica, on St. Simon's Island__.______.__________-_.____-___Facing Page 62
The Wesley Oak, near Frederica, on St. Simon's Island, .Facing Page 66
The Burial-PUce of Tomo-Chi-Chi, Mico of the Yamacraws, in Court House Square, SavarjLnah__..._--___Facing Page 86
Ruins of Fort Wymberley, at Wormsloe, the Old Home of Noble Jones, on the Isle of Hope_-----._---_--Facing Page 8S
Bonaventure, the Ancient Seat of the Tattnalls, near Savannah-__ ______,,_.__,,..-____---_ ___,..-_-____--Facing Page 90
The Pulaski Monument, on Bull St., Savannah ._ --.--.Facing Page 104
The Jasper Monument, on Bull St., Savannah---.------Facing Page 106
The Birth-Place of the Present City of Augusta.------Facing Page 114
Historic Old St. Paul's, in Augusta.- ._._____._ .-____-Facing Page 118
Where One of the First Cotton Gins Made by Eli Whitney was Operated, near Washington, Ga___-.--___-Facing Page 128
The Old Capitol at Milledgeville, Where the Famous Secession Convention Met------- ._._-_-_-.-_--.._ --Facing Page 156
Sequoya's Wonderful Invention: The Cherokee Alphabet-Facing Page 192
The Old Heard House, in Washington, Ga., Where the Last Meeting of the Confederate Cabinet was Held--Facing Page 212
The First Monument to the Women of the Confederacy, on Broad St., in the City of Rome, Ga~-___-__-.Facing Page 242
The Log Cabin in Which the Famous Berry School Orig inated, near Rome, Ga_-_,-___-,-____,_____--____Facing Page 256
The Family Residence of the Late George W. Owens, Where General Lafayette Was Entertained, in Ogle thorpe Square, Savannah..._____,,,,__,___- ------ ..--Facing Page 394
The Gordon Monument, on Bull St., in Savannah--.----Facing Page 404
The Lanier Oak, on the Outskirts of Brunswick, Facing the Far-Famed "Marshes of Glynn", Immortalized by the Poet-______________ ____.___ ____.Facing Page 620
Tablet to General Leonidas Polk, in St. Paul's Church, Augusta_________________.--_._____-,,.___.-Facing Page 884
Nacoochee, the Cradle of the Chattahoochee River-____-Facing Page 1030
The Home of Robert Toombs, in Washington, Ga--.____-Facing Page 1056

PART I
LANDMARKS AND MEMORIALS

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
CHAPTER I
Dungeness: The Bivouac of "Light Horse Harry" Lee for Nearly a Century
AT the extreme southern end of Cumberland Island, in a little private burial ground of the Greene family, there slept for ninety-five years an illus trious soldier of the American Revolution: "LightHorse Harry" Lee. At this point a wooded bluff over looks a wide expanse of verdant marsh lands, surrounded on either side by the encircling -waters of Cumberland Sound; and the shimmer of blue waves, caught in the dis tance, through trembling vistas of luxuriant foliage, is most enchanting to the eye, especially when a storm at sea curls them into feathery white-caps1. The little en closed area in which, with military honors, the famous hero was laid to rest, in the spring of 1818, was then a part of the estate of Major-General Nathanael Greene, a dis tinguished comrade-in-arms'whose family he was visiting at the time of his death. Years ago a large part of the island, including the historic tidewater home of General Greene, "was purchased by Thomas Carnegie, a kinsman of the great steel king of Pittsburg and himself a man of millions. With the ample means at his' command the new owner proceeded to convert the famous estate into

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GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

one of the most beautiful retreats on the coast of North America. Magnificent walks and driveways were opened through a dense forest of live-oaks, festooned with long wisps' of trailing moss; rare bnlbs from, remote parts "were transplanted in the rich soil of Dungeness; and whatever was calculated either to please the eye or to promote the comfort of a cultuj^ed gentleman of leisure, was sought by this wizard of finance, regardless of cost, to enhance the picturesque environment.
Today the vast estate constitutes an independent com munity within itself, possessing every luxury of presentday life and suggesting the modernized country-seat of some aristocratic old English baron. The palatial mansion in which the widow Oarriegie spends the winter months is only a few yards distant from the little burial ground, in one of the brick walls of which a memorial tablet bears the name of the late owner. But the most historic spot on the whole island, around which for nearly a century has' centered a wealth of patriotic associations and to which thousands of tourists have flocked annually in the heated months of mid-summer, is the grave in which "Light Horse Harry" T^ce long rested. It was formerly marked by a plain marble headstone, on which the following brief inscription was chiseled:

"Saered to the Memory Gci eral Henry Le e, of Virginia. Obit, 25 M arch, 1818 Aetat 63.

During a recent session of the Virginia Legislature a bill was passed appropriating the sum of $500 from the State treasury to defray the expenses incident to remov ing General Lee's body from Dungeness to Lexington. At the same time a committee was appointed to whom the oversight of this sacred task was entrusted. It is most likely that the ashes of the Revolutionary patriot

DUNGENESS

3

will occupy a crypt in the chapel of Washington and Lee University, beside the remains of his renowned son, General Robert K. Lee, the South 'a great military chief tain. The patriotic societies of Georgia have entered a vigorous protest against the proposed removal. But, the consent of Mrs. Lucy Carnegie having been obtained, the Commonwealth of Virginia cannot -well be estopped from claiming the dust of an illustrious son to whom she now offers a receptacle in her own bosom. As this work goes to press1, the transfer of General Lee's remains to Virginia is still an unaccomplished fact; but hope of keeping them in Georgia has been finally relinquished. It is not unlikely that the Daughters of the Revolution will mark the empty tomb with an appropriate memorial of some kind which, briefly reciting the facts, together with the date of disintenneiit, "will serve to keep the hallowed spot perpetually sacred.

General Henry Lee was easily the foremost officer of cavalry in the first "war for independence; and to his gallant bTfide Georgia owes a debt of gratitude which two centuries have not extinguished. At the head of an independent legion, he took part in the siege of Augusta and became an important factor, under General Greene, in the final expulsion of the "British from Georgia soil. Later he wrote an exhaustive account of his operations in the Southern Department, a work of great value to historians1, comprised in two rich volumes. He also became Governor of the State of Virginia; and, on the death of "Washington, pronounced upon his silent Commander-in.-Chief the famous culogium in which he characterized him in the often-quoted words: "First in "war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his1 countrymen.' **
While taking the part of a. friend, whom he was visiting at the time, in Baltimore, General Lee received

*"To the memory of the man, first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." Eulogy on Washington, December 26, 1799.

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GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

injuries from the effects of which, lie never recovered. The circumstances which culminated in this tragic affair were as follows:* "In the stirring- times of 1812, Alex ander Contee Hanson, editor of the Federal Republican, strongly opposed the declaration of war against England. Feeling- ran so high among the war party that the news paper office was attacked :and the editors driven to Georgetown. Later IrTanson determined to return, and was accompanied by General Lee and other friends who volunteered to defend him. The residence leased "by Mm in Baltimore was attacked, and to save the occupants from nmrder the authorities placed them in the old city jail for protection. But the rioters forced themselves into the jail, attacking- Hanson, General Lee, and seven others in the party. They -were beaten, mutilated, and according to an account in Scharf's history, were thrown down the steps of the jail, where they lay in a heap for three hours. General Lee's constitution was1 wrecked." In the hope of regaining his healths 'the ipld soldier embarked for the West Indies, where he remained for something- over four years; and it was wriile enroute back to his home in Virginia that he was put ashore at Cumberland Island.
.General Lee did not expect to find here his1 old com rade-in-arms. The latter died at Mulberry Grove, near Savannah, more than thirty years prior to the time of General Lee's visit. The widow Gi-eenc, who afterwards married Phineas Miller, was likewise in her grave. But there was living at Duiigeness a daughter, Mrs. Louisa Shaw, by whom the old invalid was most graciously and gladly received; and here he remained until the death angel released him from his sufferings. For the account which follows of the last moments of the old hero, we are indebted in the main to Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., of Augusta, who obtained from an eye-witness, Mr. Phineas M. Nightingale, a recital of :the facts1. Mr1. Nightingale was a grandson of Genera] Greene and a

DUNGENESS

5

member of the household at the time of General Lee's sojourn on the island. The story, with additional par ticulars gathered from other sources, is as follows:

When the second war with England began, ''Light Horse Harry" Lee--though the foremost survivor of the first struggle for independence--found himself an invalid, nursing an old wound. Thus prevented by physical disabilities from assuming- an active command in the renewed contcst? his disappointment only served to aggravate his condition. He chafed under this restraint; and, in the hope that a change of climate might restore his failing health he sailed in 1813 for the West Indies. It was the cherished purpose of the old soldier, while in retirement, to revise his "Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department'' and to prepare biographies of his two beloved commanders--Greene and Washington. Says Colonel .Tones:* "It will ever be n matter of regret that ho failed to compass the execution of this plan. To his Memoirs be would doubtless have imparted additional value and interest but in their present form they possess the highest merit and constitute the best military record we possess of the heroic memories embraced within their scope. "Lives of Washington and Greene have been carefully studied and well writ ten; bat for one I freely confess to the firm conviction that biographies of these heroes by their gifted and eloquent compatriot and friend would have far surpassed all others." More than four years were spent by General Lee in the mild climate of the sub-tropics. But the benefit which he derived from his long sojourn was only temporary; and he could do no writing while he here lingered among the ocean breezes'. At leng'th. it became evident to the "wan sufferer that the end "was near at hand. Accordingly, toward the close of the month of January, 1818, he took passage in a schooner bound from Nassau to Boston, the Captain--
Reminiscences of tho Last Days, Death and Burial of General Henry Lee, by Charles C. Jones, Jr., Albany, N. "Y., 1S70.

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GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

who proved to be also the owner of the vessel--agreeing to put him ashore at the south end of Cumberland. Island. For this1 service the Captain refused to accept compensa tion, esteeming- it a privilege "to minister to the comfort and to respond to the wishes of so distinguished a hero of the Revolution.''

Originally the name of Cumberland Island was "Missoe", a term which in tile language of the Creek Indians of the Georgia coast is said to have meant "Sassafras," At the suggestion of Tomo-chi-chi 's nephew, the name "was changed to Cumberland, in honor of the Duke of Cumberland, from whom the youth had received the gift of a watch. Ogletborpe was so pleased with this evidence of good-will on the part of the Indian that he is said to have erected near the southern end of the island a hunting lodge which he called Dungeness, after an English country seat of which he was the owner in the county of Kent. To quote a,n old record, Dungeness from this time until the outbreak of the Revolution "was owned successively by peers of the realm." The place was acquired by General Greejie soon after he became a resident of Georgia, probably in 1784. Though he did not live to realize his dream of making this island retreat Ms summer home, he carefully planned both the original mansion and the grounds; and subsequent to his death it became the favorite abode and the last resting place of his widow, who years later smiled upon the suit of Phineas Miller. At the time of General Lee's visit, Mrs. Shaw, her daughter, a chai'ming hostess, presided over the mansion and dispensed the hospitalities of this farfamed seat.

It was early in the month of February, 1818, when, toward the hour of 4 o'clock in the afternoon, a grandson of General Greene, a lad some fifteen years old, who was amusing himself with boyish sports near the water front,

DTTNGENESS

7

observed a schooner wliicli seemed to be approaching the private docks at Dungeness1. Before reaching the wharf, however, the schooner came to anchor in the middle of the narrow channel, and a boat was lowered, into which a feeble old man was assisted by the captain and mate, who took scats beside him, and together they "were rowed ashore by two sailors. The yonth hastened forward to ascertain the object of this unexpected visit and to welcome the guest. General Lee was tenderly lifted frbm the boat and brought ashore by the officers. He was plainly, almost scantily, attired. The sailors' placed upon the wharf an old hair trunk in a dilapidated condition and a cask of Madeira wine. General Lee brought no other baggage with him. Beckoning the youth to his side, he inquired his name. Learning that he was a grandson of his old' war comrade and that Mrs. Shaw was at home, the strange visitor threw his arms lovingly around the lad, 'who, withont knowing "what it meant, returned the old hero's warm embrace. Then leaning heavily upon the stout arm of the youth, General Lee walked a short distance from the landing and sat upon a log, overcome by exhaustion. Too weak to proceed further, he bade the boy run at once to the house and to say to his aunt that an old friend and comrade of her father's--General Lee--was at the wharf and wished the carriage to be sent for him. "Tell her," he added, "that I am come pur posely to die in the house and in the -arms of the daughter of my old friend and companion.''
Leaving the old hero seated upon the log, young Phineas Nightingale--for this was the lad's name-- hastened to the mansion, communicated the fact of General Lee's arriva] and delivered his message to the mistress of Dungeness. The carriage was immediately sent to the landing and in it General Lee and his little friend rode leisurely up together. When they arrived at the house, the old soldier was so weak that he had to be assisted both in getting out of the carriage and in ascend ing the steps. Having received a most cordial welcome

8

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND XJEGENDS

from the Shaws lie excused himself at once and retired to his room. Such "was1 his extreme feebleness that he remained a recluse, emerging but once a day, and then only for a short walk in the ga,rden. On these outdoor excursions he always sent for young Nightingale to accompany him. It was seldom that he dined with the family, his meals as a rule being served in his room. A.t last he was unable to take his customary stroll in the open air, and the painful realization of the fact that he was a prisoner told unhappily upon the sensitive nerves of the high strung old aristocrat.

There happened to be at this time in the harbor to the south of the island--pending negotiations for the annexa tion of Florida--a number of naval ships; "while at Fernandina, on the Florida coast, there "was stationed a land force. The officers in both departments of the service called in a body upon the distinguished guest. But as a rule, General Lee wished no one to enter his room. At times he suffered paroxysms of extreme agony and when these occurred at short intervals his exhibitions of mingled rage and anguish were often something fearful to behold. To quote Colonel Jones, "it was the strong man wrestling with the frailties of the falling tabernacle --the brave heart chafing- under the decadence of physical powers--the cag'ed and wounded eagle beating against the prison bars and longing for the sunlight and free air, the lordly plumage and sturdy pinions of former days." At such times his groans would fill the house and wring the hearts of the anxious friends "who watched at the bedside of the srifferer. Many of the important remedies which modern ingenuity and professional skill have since contrived wore then unknown a,nd the patient languished amid physical tortures which medical science, at a later period, might have materially mitigated.
During his illness, the old hero was constantly attended by two of the best surgeons from the fleet.

THE CARNEGIE MANSION. BUILT ON THE SITE OF GENERAL NATHANAEL GREENE'S OLD HOME AT DUNGENESS.

Some of the incidents which occurred at this time would be really amusing- if they were not at the same time deeply pathetic. Tn moments of supreme agony, losing his' self-control, G-eneral Ijce 'would sometimes drive the servants from his presence and never after wards permit them to enter his room. At length an old domestic, formerly Mrs. G-reene's favorite maid, was selected to wait upon General "Lee. She- was an esteemed and privileged family servant. Bnt the first thing" the old soldier did when she entered the apartment was to hurl his hoot at her head and to order her ont iiistanter. Entirely unused to such treatment, the negrcss, without saying1 a word, deliberately picked up the hoot and threw it back at General Lee. The effect produced by thih strange and unexpected retort was instantaneous. The features of the stem, old warrior relaxed. In the midst of his pain and anguish a smile passed over his counten ance, and from that mo7nenl: 1121 til the day of his death he would permit no one except "Mom Sarah" to minister to his wants'.
General Lee's sojourn at Duiig-eriess lasted two months. He breathed his last on March 25, 181.8, and was laid to rest in Georgia's bosom.
As s'oon as the fact of his demise was made known, all the vessels in Cumberland Sound displayed colors at half mast. The funeral was attended by the army and navy officers who were on duty at the mouth of the St. Mary's River, and by detachments from both wings of the coast defence. Minute-guns were fired from the flag-ship-- the John Adams--while the body was being lowered, into the tomb and at the close of the services at the grave, a salute was fired. Nothing was omitted in the way of for mal honors, to show a nation's sorrow for the loss of an illustrious1 soldier and patriot. Sometime in the early thirties, two marble slabs, one to be put at the head and the other at the foot of the grave, were sent to Dung-eness

GEORGIA'S IJANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND
by Major Lee, tlie old hero's eldest son; and they were at once placed in position by Mr. Nightingale over the last resting place of "Light Horse Harry."
Prior to the Civil War, the question of the removal of General Lee's body to Virginia, the State of his birth, was discussed by the Legislature in session at Richmond and commissioners to superintend the execution of the trust 'were duly appointed. But the outbreak of hostilities shortly ensued; and nothing further could be done at this time. For years after the war, the State was too harrassed by debt and too exhausted by the ravages of con flict, to undertake this labor of love. "But in 1912 another movement looking toward the transfer of the old soldier's body to Virginia was successfully launched, and Georgia will be called upon in the near future to surrender the charge which for nearly a hundred years she has kept in her heart's core at Dnngeness.
Over the ashes of General Greene's1 widow, in the little btirial ground at Dungeness. stands a marble slab some what dingy with age, on which the following inscription is lettered:
Catharine Miller, -widow of Major-General Greene, Commander-in-chief: of the American Revolutionary Army, in the Southern Department, who died September 1, 1814. Aged 59. She possessed great talents and exalted virtues.
Within the same enclosure of ground sleeps Charles Jackson, Esq., a soldier of the Revolution. His grave is marked by a substantial headstone, from the record carved upon which the following particulars in regard to him have been gleaned. He "was born at Newton, Mass., April 23, 1767 and educated at Harvard. la the struggle for independence he was a comrnssioned officer,

DUNGENBSS

11

and at the close of hostilities became a eounsellor-at-law. He died at the residence of Phineas Miller, Esq., 011 Cumberland Island, October 25, 1801, while a visitor at Dungeness.
Louisa C. Shaw, General Grrecne's1 daughter, is buried here beside her husband, James Shaw, Esq. The former died April 24, 1831, aged 44 years; the latter January 6, 1820, two year's after General Lee's visit, aged 35 years. Several other members of the immediate family connec tion are also here entombed.

History often repeats itself. In the vernal months of 1870 another care-worn sufferer, embarking upon an ocean voyage, sought the healing- balm of the southern waters. He, too, was a soldier of the Virginia line. On an April day at Appomattox, worn by victorious combat, lie brought his tattered legions to a last pathetic halt. Fate wrote his name among the vanquished, but she qualified the record wTith this entry in a bold pen--"over powered but not outgeneraled." The very bugles which told of the truce sang a pean to his genius which kindled an echo on the answering cliffs of the furthest mountain; while the prowess1 which enabled him through four longyears to withstand a world in arms travelled upon the ebbing tide of a Lost Cause to the remotest isles of the sea. Even in the judgment of his enemies, he towered a prince among the men of battle; and the foremost critics of his time have laid the palm of soldiership upon his surrendered sword. But the sublime self-abnegation which constrained this peerless leader of the embattled hosts to decline the most nattering overtures of for tune for a modest seat of learning in the Valley of Virginia, where he might lead the feet of his young countrymen in the gentle paths of peace--his majestic and serene poise of soul--his stainless' nobility of character--these crowned him above the wreaths of battle with the fadeless laurels of Lexington; and, if moral

12 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
grandetir be the scale by which, we measure men, "we must look in vain for his like even among the mail-clad knights of Homer's land of heroes.
But the burdens which weighed upon Ms shoulders were not alone those of his college. He bore the sorrows of his people. In the vain hope of renewing his strength, he sought the Bahama Islands; and, on his way back to Lexington, impelled by filial reverence, he made a pil grimage to his father's grave at Dungeness. It was not his first visit to this beloved shrine, but it proved to be his last. He was accompanied on the trip by an idolized daughter, "who did not long survive him. At Savannah, he wrote a letter home in which he told of the visit to Dungeness1. It was dated April 18, 1870. Said he*: "We visited Cumberland Island where Alice decorated my father's grave with beautiful fresh flowers. I presume it will be the last time I shall be able to pay it my tribute of respect. The cemetery is unharmed and the graves in good condition, but the house at Dungeness has been burned and the island devastated. I hope I am better." But it was not to be. He resumed his arduous duties, only to lay them down again in a few weeks. The end came gently but suddenly--almost in a flash. It "was not disease in the ordinary sense by which the mysterious thread of life was severed, but anguish of soul. Six months from-the date when the above letter was penned, the renowned warrior fell asleep at Lexington, bequeath ing to his fellow-countrymen and to the -whole AngloSaxon race, the untarnished sword, the matchless example, and the immortal name of Eobert E. Tjee.

CHAPTER II
Jefferson Davis's Arrest at Irwinville: The True Story of a. Dramatic Episode
T WO miles to the we.at-Q Irwinville, in what is today a dense thicket of pines, there occurred at the close of the Qivjl_35ju^_ari_j_nejidgnt concerning which a host of writers have produced for commercial purposes an endless amount of fiction. It was here, in the gray morning twiligjit of May 10, 1865, while encamped on land today tlie prcTperTy oTTTudge 3. 15. Clement, of Irwinville, that Jeffexaoii_I^avisjMPre,id^iit
a, was overtak_en by ,
arrel.~ Store tharThalf a century has elapsed since then; and happily with the flight of time some of the fairy tales of this dramatic period, when the imagination was inflamed by passion, have been dispelled. To prejudice the popular mind against Mr. Davjs and to bring upon him speedily the punishment to which he was exposed by reason of his fallen fortunes, there appeared 4n the Northern papers a story concocted by some evil genius with malice aforethought to the effect that when arrested the President was clad in his wife's calico wrapper and that, among other articles of feminine attire which he wore at this time, were a hoop-skirt and a sun-bonnet.
Shades of Ananias! The facts are these: Mrs. Davis, with four of her children, left the Confederate capital,

14 GEOHGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
under an escort, several days in advance of the final evacuation of Richmond. Mr. Davis followed in the course of a week's time, proceeding southward by slow stages. It was not until Lee and Johnston had both surrendered that he ceased to cherish some hope of ulti mate success. After the final meeting of the Confederate Cabinet in Washington, Gra., he leisurely resumed his journey toward the trans-Mississippi region, there quietly at home to await results. It was not in the charac ter of a fugitive that he bade adieu to his friends in the little Georgia town; and so deliberate "was he in the matter of saying farewell that Dr. H. A. Tupper, an eminent Baptist divine, with whom he stopped, turned to Judge Garnett Andrews and said:
"I really believe that Mr. Davis "wishes to be captured." 1
It is certain that he manifested every sign of indiffer ence, though he must have known that the country "was full of armed men "who "were panting like blood-hounds upon his track. Word having reached him of a con spiracy on the part of desperate men to rob the wagon train in which Mrs. Davis was journeying, he hastened to overtake her, going some distance ont of the direct line of travel. Such a change in Ms plans meant that he was certain to be either arrested or killed; and, turning to the faithful comrades in misfortune who accompanied him, Mr. Davis urged them to feel in nowise bound to attend him upon this hazardous trip. But not a man in the party availed himself of this loop-hole to escape danger. Mrs. Davis, in the course of time, was' finally overtaken; and the President, with his party, was preparing to move in advance of her when, just at the hour of dawn, on May 10, 1865, he was suddenly halted. Besides the members of his family there were with Mr. Davis at the time the arrest was made, Postmaster-General John H. Reagan,
iLetter of Dr. H. A. Tupper to Dr. J. Wm. Jones, dated Richmond. Va., December 25, 1889, ana reproduced in the Davis Memorial Volume, pp. 399401, Atlanta, 1890.

JEFFERSON DAVIS'S ARREST AT IRWINVILLE

15

Captain Moody, of Mississippi, an old friend; Governor I/ubboek, of Texas; and two members of his personal staff, Colonel Burton Harrisou and Colonel William P.
Johnston. At this point we will let Postmaster-General
Eeagan continue the thread of the narrative. Says he :*

"Tinder cover of the darkness, Colonel Pritchard (a Federal officer) moved to "where "we "were, and posted one battalion in front of us and another across the creek in our rear, and each took the other in the dimness of the morning for Confederates. Both battalions were armed with repeating- rifles and a rapid fusillade ,occurred! between them, with the result that one or two were killed and a .few wounded. When this firing- 'Occurred the troops in our front galloped upon us. The Major of the regiment reached the place where I and the members of the President's staff were encamped, about a hundred yards distant from where the President and his family were located. Wlien he approached me I -was -watching a struggle between two Federal soldiers and Governor Lubbock. They were trying to get his horse and saddle bags away from him and he was holding on to them and refusing to give them up; they threatened to shoot him if he did not, and he replied--for he -was not as good a Presbyterian then as he is now--that they might shoot and be damned but they would not rob him -while he "was alive and looking on. I had my revolver cocked and in my hand, -waiting to see if the shooting was to begin.
"Just at this moment the Major rode up, the men contending with Lubbock disappeared, and the Major asked if I ha,d any arms. I drew my revolver from under the skirt of my coat and said to him, 'I have this.' He observed that I had better give it to him. I knew that they were too many for us and surrendered my pistol.
*Memoirs of John H. Reag-an, pp. 219-220, New York and Washington,
1906. Senator Reagan lived to be the last surviving member of the Confed
erate Cabinet.

16 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
I asked him then if he had not better stop the firing across the creek. He inquired whether it was not our men. T told him that it could not be; that I did not know of an armed Confederate within a hundred miles of us, except our little escort of half a dozen men, who -were not then with us. We learned afterwards that they, or the most of them, had been captured at Irwinville. The Major rode across the creek and put an end to the skirmish.
"When the firing began, President Davis afterwards told me, he supposed it to be the work of the men who were to rob Mrs. Davis's train. So he remarked to his wife: 'Those men have attacked us at last; I will n;o out and see if I cannot stop the firing; surely I have some authority with the Confederates.' Upon going to the tent door, however, he saw the bine-coats, and turned to his wife with the words, 'The Federal cavalry are upon us.' " He was made a prisoner of war.
"As one of the means of making tloe Confederate cause odious, the foolish and wicked charge was made that he was captured in woman's clothes; besides whieh his portrait, showing him in petticoats, "was afterwards placarded generally in show cases and public places in the North. He was also pictured as having bags of gold oh him when captured. This charge is disproven by the circumstances attending' his capture. The suddenness of the unexpected attack of the enemy allowed no time for a change of clothes. I saw him a few minutes after his surrender, wearing his accustomed suit of Confederate gray."
Colonel William P. Johnston confirms the PostmasterGreneral's statement in regard to the President's apparel. Says he:* "Mr. Davis was dressed as usual. He had on a knit woolen visor, -which he always -wore at night for neuralgia; and his cavalry boots. He complained of chilliness, saying that some one had taken away his
TJavis Memorial Volume, p. 404, Atlanta, 1S90.

WHERE PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAV1S WAS ARRESTED, ON MAY 10, 1S65, NEAR IRWINVIULE, GA.

JEFFERSON DAVIS'S ARREST AT IRWINVH.LE

17

raglan, or spring overcoat, sometimes called a water proof. I had one exactly similar, except in color. I went to look for it and eitlier I, or S'ome one at my instance, found it and lie wore it afterwards. His own was not restored.'' Governor Lubbock testifies to the same effect.1 Mr. James H. Parker, of Elburnville, Pa., a Federal soldier who witnessed the arrest makes this statement:2 "I am no admirer of Jeff Davis. I am a Yankee, full of Yankee prejudice; but I think it wicked to lie about him or even about the devil. He did not have on at the time he was taken any such garment as is worn by women. He did have over his shoulders a waterproof article of clothing, something like a Havelock. It was not in the least concealed. He wore a hat and did not carry a pail of water on his head." Mr. T. H. Peabody, a lawyer of St. Louis, one of the captors of Mr. Davis, declared in a speech before Ransom Post, of the Gr. A. B. that the hoop-skirt story was purely a fabrication of newspaper reporters. 3 So the whole affair resolves itself into some thing like the compliment which an old parson paid one of his deacons in the church:
'' Said Parson Bland to Deacon Bluff
Seated before the fire:
Deacon, I like you well enough
But you 're an awful liar.''

^bid, 408. "Ibid, 40?. "Ibid, 402.

CHAPTER III
The Old Creek Indian Agency: Where a Forgotten Patriot Sleeps
O N a wooded bluff, to the east of the Flint Kiver, not far from the boat-landing, where the stream at this point is crossed by the old Federal wire road, there sleeps in an unmarked grave what is mortal of Colonel Benjamin Hawking, one of the most unselfish characters known to American public annals. The grave of the old patriot is on land which formerly constituted a part of the old Indian Agency, in what was then the territory of the Creek nation. Colonel Hawkins was a polished gentleman and a man of letters. During the AVar of the Revolution, he served on the personal staff of General Washington; and, "because of his accurate acquaintance with the French language, he became the official interpreter of his Commander-in-chief, in the latter's frequent intercourse with the French officers. He was North Carolina's first United States1 Senator; and, after serving for six years in the world's highest legislative forum, this scholar in politics, while still at the height of his fame, accepted from President Washing ton an unsolicited appointment as resident agent among the Creek Indians. Despite the earnest protests of his large and influential family connection, Colonel Hawkins felt constrained, from motives of patriotism, to obey what -he considered a call of duty, especially at a time when the nation's peace "was gravely imperiled; and, for six teen years,--until summoned to his final recompense--lie

THE OLD INDIAN CREEK AGENCY

19

buried himself among savage tribes in the deep heart
of the Georgia wilderness. Two separate localities in -this State are fragrant
with the associations of this great man. The first of these is Fort Hawkins, on the heights overlooking the Ocmulgee River, opposite the present city of Macon. But the period of his residence at this place was compara tively short; and he next located at the old Indian Agency on the Flint, where his permanent headquarters were established. Included in the latter reservation-- which belonged to the Federal government until 1826-- there were ten thousand acres of land, divided into two nearly equal parts by the Flint River. The official residence of Colonel Hawkins was on the east side of the stream. Here important conferences were held with the Indians; treaties negotiated and signed; and various matters of business transacted. It was also in the nature of an educational farm, where he instructed the Indians
in the agricultural arts. Subsequent to the treaty of Indian Springs, in 1825,
when the Creeks finally ceded to the State the lands which still remained to them in Georgia, the old Indian Agency was acquired from the United States government and a part east of the Flint added to Crawford County; and afterwards, in 1852, when Taylor was erected, the section lying west of the Flint was made a part of Taylor. Thus the old Indian Agency passed by absorption into the counties above named, between which it was divided into two almost equal portion's. Near the site of the old home of Colonel Hawkins is the Flint River ferry, at which point the stream is crossed by the old Federal "wire road, for years the principal highway of travel between Macon and Columbus, and still used extensively by vehicles.

Mr. N. F. Walker, while strolling over his uncle's plantation, in Crawford County, not long ago, happened by the merest chance to come upon the grave of Colonel

20 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Hawkins. It was found in the midst of a clump of bushes. The walls of the tomb above ground had commenced to crumble and detached brick lay in confused heaps upon the ground. The ravages of time, re-enforced by long neglect, had made it a pathetic spectacle; but the identity of the grave has been well established by evidence. Since the burial-place was discovered the Daughters of the Revolution have made it an object of reverent care; but the United States government owes it to the memory of this pure patriot who, for the sake of his country, lived and died among the savage Indians, to erect above his ashes a monument which will serve to keep his name in green remembrance; and when the shaft is bnilt let it contain an inscription similar to the one which follows-- "Here lies the body of Colonel Benjamin Hawkins, a soldier of the Revolution, a friend of Washington, a Senator of the United States, a scholar and a man of letters. As a mediator of peace, in a time of great national peril, he abandoned the delights of civilized society and, for sixteen years, dwelt among .savage tribes. To him belongs the crown of life, for he was faithful even unto death."
The story of this extraordinary man's career needs to be told somewhat more in detail, for no missionary of the Cross, embarking upon the high seas, was ever impelled by a higher purpose or consecrated by a holier sense of duty to exile himself from home and kindred and to labor in foreign lands for the uplift of an alien race of mankind. Colonel Absalom H. Chappell, in his "Miscellanies of Georgia," tells of the effect produced upon his boyish mind, when, in the sum mer of 1816, he first heard the news that Colonel Hawkins was no more. Says he* :
"One morning, in the month of June, 1816, during the summer vacation of Mount Zion Academy, when on a
"Miscellanies of Georgia, by Absalom H. Chappell. Colu

THE OLD INDIAN CREEK AGENCY

21

visit to my venerated grandfather, I was sitting alone with him on his front porch. It was the time for the mail rider to pass1 on his weekly trip from Milledgeville to Greensboro; and my grandfather, having sent for his newspaper in the tree-box, "was reading it--the old Georgia Journal, founded by the Grantland brothers, which he enjoyed all the more because they were Virgin ians. He had not been reading long before he suddenly stopped and said:
" 'Colonel Hawkins is dead.' " "The words were scarcely meant for me. They "were the involuntary utterance of the soul. Letting his news paper drop to his lap and resting his elbow on the arm of his chair, he sat in silence, with his head bowed upon his half open palm, neither reading nor speaking another Tjrord. I had all my life known of Colonel Hawkius. I had become familiar with his name as important in some way in connection with the Indians. But it was now evident to me that the man who was then resting in his fresh grave in the midst of the Indian "wilderness, on the little knoll by the Flint, was greater than I had dreamed; and ever since then I have felt an nndying interest in Colonel Hawkins--an interest which my subsequent knowledge of him has only deepened and intensified."

To quote this same authority, in substance, but not in esa,ct language, the office of Colonel Hawkins was media torial. He was a peace-preserver, a peace-restorer; and as such he was dear alike to civilized men and to savages. Though he was the resident agent for the Creeks only, Washington's estimate of his character and fitness for the place "was such that he made him general superin tendent of all the tribes south of the Ohio. He was an apostle of friendship--"unlike McGillivray, who belonged solely and intensely to the Indians, and with whom hatred of Georgia was a virtue--unlike Elijah Clarke, who was wholly a Georgian, and was to Georgia against the

22 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Indians what McGillivray was to the Indians against Georgia.''
It was neither penury nor embarrassment in his affairs, nor thirst for wealth, nor disappointment which drove him into the wilderness. It was his own large nature; and he rises inestimably in our view when we consider what he gave up. For he was born to wealth and was experienced front the beginning in all its advant ages in one of the best sections of North Carolina. As early as 1780, the Tar Heel State made him her general agent for obtaining both at home and abroad all kinds of supplies for her troops. Successful in this trust, she sent him repeatedly to the Continental Congress; and, when ISTorth Carolina entered the Union under the new Federal Constitution, he was chosen one of the first Senators and served from 1789 to 1796.
It may be well to state in this connection that before the new government was organized and whilst he was still a member of the old Continental Congress1, he had been detailed, without interference with other duties, to per form an important commission. At the close of the Rev olution, the adjustment of relations with the various Indian tribes became a matter of the greatest interest; and Congress appointed Colonel Hawkins one of the commissioners plenipotentiary to open friendly relations with the four great Southern tribes, the Creeks, the Cherokees, the Choctaws, and the Chickasaws1. With the last three tribes the commissioners succeeded in negotiat ing satisfactory treaties, whereby they placed themselves under the protection of the United States government and gave to Congress the sole power of regulating trade with them. The attempt to conciliate the Creeks, how ever, failed, due to entanglement "with Spain by virtue of the treaty of Pensacola and to difficulties with Georgia. Finally, however, in the treaty of New York, in 1790, by a master-stroke of Washington, the Creeks put them selves in like relation to the government.

THE OLD INDIAN CBEEK AGENCY

23

Thus it became a matter of the utmost importance to cultivate these Indians. Washington fixed his eyes on the long-known and well-tried North Carolina Senator as the fittest man to take charge of the well advanced work of conciliation and to crown it by becoming the per manent agent. His family--one of the most influential and numerous in the State--opposed his accepting this appointment. Every inducement on the part of friends and relatives1 was brought to bear upon him in vain. He recognized in the appointment an imperative call of duty; and, like the great Hebrew law-giver, he put behind him the allurements of wealth and power and turned his face toward the wilderness. Nor was it his own flesh and blood whom he undertook to lead but an alien race of hostile savages. He looked upon the work as his mission. He gave to it the best there -was in him. He not only accepted the appointment but he made its life-long duties a labor of love and a source of high moral and intellec tual enjoyment.
His master-stroke was the treaty of Coleraine, nego tiated in 1796. It was the much-needed supplement to the treaty of New York and it laid the basis for happy and harmonious relations. He studied the country and the people and accomplished himself in all knowledge pertaining to both; and here the advantages of early education bore fruit. He surrounded himself "with books; and, in his self-decreed, official exile, he labored with his pen, telling posterity of the people among whom he lived. Most of his manuscripts perished in the burning of his home after his death; but enough "were rescued to attest the importance of the work, and these have been con fided to the Georgia Historical Society in Savannah. Says Colonel Chappell: "The interest which they once excited has long since become extinct, with the melancholy fortunes of the rude people to which they relate; yet it may be that, when ransacked and studied hereafter, in distant times, they "will furnish to some child of genius yet unborn both material and inspiration for an immortal Indian epic of which the world will not tire.''

24 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS,. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
The Creek Indians, under the proconsular sway of Colonel Hawking, enjoyed for sixteen years an unbroken peace among themselves and with the people of Georgia. Much was done to encourage them in the arts of civiliza tion. They were taught pasturage and agriculture, and these supplanted in a measure dependence upon hunting and fishing as chief sources of food. He sought to win them by example as well as by precept. He brought his slaves from North Carolina and, under the right conceded to his office, he cultivated a large plantation at the Agency, making immense crops, especially of corn. He also reared great herds of cattle and swine, and havingthus1 an abundance he was enabled to practice habitually toward the Indians a profuse though coarse hospitality and to bind them to him by loyal ties of friendship. The sanctity with which the Indians throughout the nation regarded his cattle was pronounced. "Whatever bore his mark or brand was absolutely safe. Milk was measured by barrels and churned by machinery, and great were the outcomes; yet not more than enough for his vast hospi tality to whites and Indians and his regal munificence to his negroes. Says Colonel Chappell: "Had the great pastoral bards of antiquity not sung and died before his day they could have seized upon these scenes and cele brated them in strains more wonderful than anything to be found in the charming bucolics which they have left us."
But at length there arose adverse influences so power ful that it was impossible for Colonel Hawkins with all his weight of authority among the Indians to maintain peace in the nation. The war of 1812 began to stir the embers. Great Britain, through her numerous emissaries among the Indians, by liberal supplies of arms, and by other means at her command, had been fomenting hostility among the north-western tribes, toward the United States ; and, succeeding along the border, she next

THE OLD INDIAN CREEK AGENCY

25

directed her attention to the Southern and "Western tribes. The eloquence of the famous Indian warrior Tecumseh was enlisted; and since he was himself of Creek lineage he succeeded in arousing- the residuum of suppressed enmity and in kindling' the hostile fires. Still it speaks in attestation of the influence of Colonel Hawkins that a large portion of the Creek territory, viz., the rich domain between the Ocmulgee and the Chattahoochee, was never the seat of War.
This exemption was due to the fact that the official residence of Colonel Hawkins, having been first on the Ocmulg'ee, opposite Macon, and afterwards on the Flint at the place still called the "Old Agency," his personal influence was here much greater than further to the west; and the Indians within this belt became the fast friends and allies of the whites. For the purpose of protecting' them the friendly warriors organized themselves into a regiment of which Colonel Hawkins became the titular head but lie never took the field in person, deeming it wiser to place the actual command upon the uoble chief, William Mclntosh. Like McGrillivray, the latter was only of the half-blood in the civilization of lineage but he was of the 'whole blood in the loftier and finer traits of character. The result was that the few hostile Indians scattered throughout this belt merged themselves into the belligerent elements on the upper tributaries of the Alabama. There they stood at bay and fought and fell in many a battle uuder the blows of Old Hickory. Eventually in 1814, at Fort Jackson, near the confluence of the Coosa and the Tallapoosa rivers, Jackson received the absolute surrender of the crushed nation. The spirit of the Creek Confederacy was broken. Colonel Hawkins was profoundly saddened by the fate of those "whom he had long cherished as his children. Undoubtedly it hastened his death.
Kven the three great friendly chiefs, Big ^Varrior, Little Prince, and General Macintosh were cut to the heart by the stern demands from "Washington City, dictating

26

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJEGENDS

the terms of peace and marking the narrow bounds of the vanquished savages. How much was taken from them and how little was' left to them, constitutes one of the most pathetic events in our Anglo-American and Indian annals. Big- Warrior, regarded as one of nature's great men, perhaps the ahlest of Indian statesmen, upbraided Colonel Hawking for having' persuaded him and so niany of his chiefs to be neutral in the war against his people. For years afterwnrd the story nsed to be told of ho\v the big tears stood in the eyes of the aged Indian agent as he listened in silence to a reproach "which he did not deserve but which he was powerless to answer.*

*Big "Warrior was so named on account of his great size. Says Colonel
he was not so corpulent as to be unwieldly or ungainly. In fact, his corpu lency added to the magnificence of his appearance. Tn person, he was to a high degree grand and. imposing. Tus-te-nug-gee Thluc-co was his Indian name. Colonel Hawkins first met him a.t Coleraine in 1790, and they -were

plain but civilized style, and was a man of wealth."

CHAPTER IV
Barnsley Gardens: A Lost Arcadia
SIX miles from Kingston, Gfa., 'may still "be seen the picturesque ruins of one of the most palatial old homes in the South, a sort of Alhambra, in some respects, not unlike the wasted citadel of the Moors. The locality is today Imown by the name of Barnslcy Gardens ; and standing' amid the pathetic remnants of this old estate once feudal in magnificence it is not difficult for the imagination to picture here a castle with ivy covered walls such as might have overlooked the Rhine or the Danube in the middle ages. The story connected with it is full of romantic elements. To a resident of Kingston who has often visited this historic spot we are indebted for the following particulars:*
Three quarters of a century ago, Mr. Godfrey Barnsley, one of Savannah's captains of industry, decided to establish such an estate as he remembered to have seen in England, his native land. So he purchased from the Oherokee Indians 10,000 acres of ground in what is now the county of Bartow. Gradually he cleared away the forest and turned the red hills into cotton fields and built a stately manor house where it overlooked a magnificent sweep of country, reaching far back until bine hills merged into bluer skies. He then planted around it the famous gardens which for two generations have been a Mecca for pleasnre seekers and holiday excursionists in this part of Georgia.
Miss Belle Eayless.

28

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

To embellish the gardens, rare trees and shrubs and plants were brought hither from the most remote corners of the earth. Some of these still nourish amid the decay into which everything else has1 fallen. Hemlocks and spruces from Norway may still he seen brushing the old terraces "with verdant branches of evergreen. Scotch rowans glow with scarlet berries' in the autumn. Lindens and other foreign shade trees' vie with those of the native woods in adding picturesqueness to the naturally beautiful location; while great lichen-covered boulders, hauled by ox-teams from the surrounding mountain-tops, form rookeries on either side of the main entrance to the grounds. The drive-way sweeps up the long hill and around the box-bordered area which encloses a central fountain just in front of an embroidered terrace. Mr. Barnsley, like his forebears, built always "with an eye to the future and did not hasten his work. So the Civil War came on before the interior of the house was finished and the gold which he had Bent to TDngland came back to re-enforce the coffers of the Confederate government.

Domestic industries were fostered on this baronial estate of IVTr. !BarnsIey; for not only the manor house itself but the quarters' for servants and the small office buildings on the estate were constructed of brick made by slave labor from materials found on the plantation. The palatial old home place was divided into three parts --the central being two stories in height and surmounted by a tower. The main entrance to the hou.se was ap proached by marble steps. On either side of the hallway were spacious drawing rooms, libraries, and the like, with sleeping apartments above, sixteen in all. The right wing contained an immense dining room or banquet ball, on the first floor, besides billiard and smoking rooms, with kitchen, store rooms, and cellars below. The left wing was used for temporary residence purposes while the rest of the building was in process of erection. The owner was not to be deprived of any of the luxuries of life

BARNSLEY GARDENS

29

merely because lie lived in the country; so, on the tower, a cistern was built to which pipes were laid and a reser voir constructed in one of the chimneys to furnish hot water for the lavatories. Plans 'were also made for lighting the house by means of a gas made from resinous pine.
In the rear of the manor house is another terrace; and here we find a ghost walk, for a castle without a prome nade for spooks at the 'witching- hour of midnight is romantically incomplete. Just over the brow of the hill is the grave of Colonel Earl, a Confederate officer, who was buried on the spot where he fell during the Civil War. Relatives came to remove his body but they could get no one to dig into the earth, so strong was the superstitious feeling among the mountaineers; and even to this day the locality furnishes material for weird tales among the country folks.
At tine foot of the slope is one of the prettiest spots in which the imagination could possibly revel. It is the ivycovered spring-house set against the out-cropping gray rock. Inside a bold spring bubbles up and finds' its way out and across the fields "where it becomes a good-sized stream. And "who could wish better dairy products than the milk and butter cooled in such pure water? One can almost fancy here a sprightly Lady Betty presiding over the burnished vessels and scolding her maids for some trivial neglect; or more realistic still, Madame Barnsley-- nee Miss Scarlctt, one of the South's great beauties-- standing in the shadow of the half-circle of live-oaks about the door, directing her servants as does her grand daughter, the present chatelaine.

But Mr. Barnsley, in gratifying his artistic tastes, did not stop "with plants and flowers for his extensive grounds. He was also an industrious collector of rare curios, objects' of virtu, costly bric-a-brac, and expensive orna ments. His mahogany dining-table--which was large enough to seat forty people--and Ms elegant side-board,

30 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
which was of equally generous proportions, were made for Emperor Dom Pedro of Brazil. The gilt library clock once belonged to Marie Antoinette; and an exquisite marquetry table, together "with several delicate wood carvings, had bits of history connected with them. Over the dining room fire-place Imng a rare painting. Its wealth of color undimmed by several centuries and its resemblance to Murillo's Madonnas told of the influence of the great Spanish master; while a built-in vault con tained a quantity of family silver. In one of the bed rooms was a mahogany bed-stead of huge proportions, but the four eagles intended to surmount the posts stood demurely in a corner, for not even the high ceiling of this spacious boudoir would permit them to occupy the places intended for them, as guardians of the curtains' of yellow satin damask. Wardrobe and dresser matched the bed, all heavy, hand-carved and handsome.
But these, together with a quantity of rare old wine, were taken to New York a decade ago and sold, the deal ers paying only a. song for what was worth almost a king's ransom.
Today the Last Sigh of the Moor seems aptly to fit the old place. Time has wrought fearful havoc. The Barnsley household has scattered to every continent on the globe; a cyclone unroofed the main house years ago; members of a vandal picnic party daubed tar over the front walls, while others amused themselves by shatter ing window panes; and the one time immaculate flower beds are now "waist-high in weeds. It is "well nigh im possible to maintain so large an establishment now-a' days, "when labor for necessary "work can scarcely be obtained for love or money; but rich minerals recently discovered on the property may yet provide the means not only for making needed repairs but for realizing the splendid dream of the founder of Barnsley Gardens.

CHAPTER V
Shellman Heights: A Romance of Sherman's March
O N January 1, 1911, there fell a prey to the devouring flames a splendid old mansion on the Etowah, near Cartersville, known as Shellman Heights. It crowned an eminence overlooking the river and represented an investment of s'everal thousand dollars, not a penny of which could be recovered for lack of insurance. Little survives to mark the spot; but associa ted with it there is a romance of the sixties surpassing anything1 which has1 yet been reproduced in the melo dramas. Shellman Heights was built in 1861 by Captain Charles Sliellman, and the first mistress1 of the mansion was one of the famous belles of Bartow. As Miss Cecilia Stovall she spent her summers at West Point, and there she became a prime favorite among the young cadets at the military school. Within the circle of her most devoted admirers' "were Joseph Hooker and William T'ecumseh Sherman, both of whom were enthralled by the charms of this bewitchingly beautiful Southern girl. They were both handsome youths, and both destined to attain to high honors in the iron days of battle "which were soon to dawn upon the nation. But she married a man from the South, much to the chagrin of her disappointed worshipers.
Years elapsed. In the spring of 1864, General Sher man and General Hooker both halted at Shellman Heights, en route to New Hope Church where one of the

32 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANI> LEGENDS
great "battles of the campaign was afterwards fought. Oil approaching the mansion, which he was about to ransack, General Sherman "was attracted by the pathetic wails of an old negro servant who sat at the front entrance and, in accents hysterical with grief and fear, repeatedly sobbed:
"O, Lawd, what's Miss Cecilia gwine ter do now!" Catching the sound of a name "which was once charm ingly familiar to his ear, there flashed across the old soldier's mind a vision of ^Vest Point, and in a tone of inquiry -which betrayed some touch of tenderness he asked: "What is the full name of your mistress? Come, answer me quick!'' "Miss Cecilia Stovall Shellman," replied the dis tracted servant. "Why, that's my old sweetheart!" exclaimed the man of blood and iron. Tearing a leaf from his note-book, the grim warrior hastily scratched the following lines, addressed to Mrs. Cecilia Stovall Shellman:
"My dear Madam--You once said that you pitied the man who "would ever become my foe. My answer was that I woiild ever protect and shield you. That I have done. Forgive all else. I am but a soldier.
W. T. SHBBMAN.
Orders were immediately given to the soldiers to replace what they had taken, while a guard was stationed about the mansion to protect it from further molestation. Bveu iron will melt in the heat of a blaze fervent enough to soften it; and for the sake of an old love affair of his youth, the grim despoiler spared Shellman Heights. Sentiment often crops out in unexpected places. Now and then we find violets growing in the clefts of volcanic rocks. Sherman moved on. Later came Hooker, who learning the same particulars in regard to the owner ship of the mansion issued the same order to his troops.

HEIGHTS

33

It is said that another unsuccessful suitor for the hand of this beautiful Southern woman was gallant Dick Garnett, a young West Pointer, in charge of the arsenal at Augusta, then the girlhood home of Miss Stovall. To the handsome youth's proposal of marriage, the fair object of his affection was by no means indifferent. But the young girl's father did not favor this match. The lovers were forbidden to meet and the obstinate lass was finally sent to visit relatives in South Carolina. There was probably no objection to the young man him self. The best Virginia blood rippled his veins; but his profession was hazardous and his income small. Mr. Stovall wished to see his daughter wedded to a lord of many acres. In this whim he was gratified. While visit ing the Palmetto State, Miss Cecilia smiled on the suit of a gentleman to "whom her father interposed no objec tion and whos'e means enabled him to build for his bride the beautiful old home on the Etowah. But the young officer whose suit she was forced to decline always remained true to his first love. He never married; and when he fell on the battle-field of Gettysburg, in 1863, the image of sweet Cecilia Stovall still ruled the heart of General Richard B. Grarnett, one of the bravest soldiers in the Army of Northern Virginia.

CHAPTER VI
The "Lone Star" Flag of Texas Woven by a Georgia Woman
I T is a well authenticated fact that the famous "Lone Star" flag of Texan Independence was born on the soil of Georgia; and the beautiful emblem which, was destined to win historic immortality at Goliad was de signed by a young lady of Grawford County : Miss Joanna E. Troutman. The following account has been condensed from a brief history of tlie flag written by Mason's pioneer historian, Mr. John O. Butler, who was thoroughly con versant with the facts from the Georgia standpoint and whose story is corroborated by ail article found in an old copy of the Galveston News. Says Mr. Butler :*
"On November 12, 1835, a public meeting was held in Macon. Robert Augustus Beall, John Rutherford, and Samuel M. Strong were among1 the speakers who endorsed the claims of Texas. Lieutenant Hugii M. McL-eod, from West Point, addressed the meeting in a spirited appeal, pledging himself to resign his commission and to embark as a volunteer. He declared that what Texas needed was soldiers--not resolutions.
"Captain Levi Eeldey, commander of the Bibb Cav alry, presided, with Simri Rose as secretary. Colonel William A. Ward, of Macon, proposed to form a company of infantry to enlist in the Army of Texas, whereupon thirty-two gentlemen came forward arid enrolled as vol-
"Historical Record of Macon, by John C. Butler, Macon, 1879, pp. 131-137.

THE "LONB STAR" FLAG OP TEXAS

35

unteers. On motion, the cliair appointed General It. A. Beall, Colonel H. G. Lamar, Colonel T. G. Holt, James A. Nisbet, Esq., and Dr. Robert Collins, a committee to solicit subscriptions; and before the meeting adjourned $3,150 was handed in to the committee, Dr. Colling paying in cash the greater part of the amount.
"As the company passed through other towns en route to Texas other recruits "were added. At rxnoxville, in Crawford County, Miss Joanna E. Troutman--after wards Mrs. Vinson--a daughter of Hiram B. Troutman, made and sent a beautiful banner of white silk, with a blue lone star upon it, to Lieutenant McLeod to present to the company at Columbus. The following is a copy of the letter acknowledging the receipt of the flag:

COLUMBUS, GA. ? November 23, 1835.

"Miss JOAJNKA :

"Colonel "Ward brought your handsome and appro

priate flag as a present to the Georgia Volunteers in the

cause of Texas and Liberty. I was fearful from the

shortness of the time that you would not be able to

finish it as tastefully as you would wish, but I assure

you, without an emotion of flattery, it is beautiful,

and with us the value is enhanced by the recollection of

the donor. I thank you for the honor of being the medium

of presentation to the company; and, if they are what

every true Georgian ought to be, your flag will yet wave

over fields-of victory in defiance of despotism. I hope

the proud day may soon arrive, and while your star pre

sides none can doubt of success.

Very respectfully your friend,

Signed:

HUGH:

"This patriotic standard, made in Crawford County, by Miss Troutman, became renowned in the history of the gallant young republic as the first flag of the Lone Star State ever unfurled on Texas soil! As they were not permitted to organize within the limits of the United

36 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
States, Colonel "Ward proceeded -with his followers to Texas, where they were organized according to regula tions. He gathered about one hundred and twenty men who were formed into three companies. These were then organized into a battalion, the officers of which were: "William A. Ward, major; William J. Mitchell, surgeon; David I. Holt, quartermaster; and Henderson Cozart, assistant quartermaster. The captains -were: W. A. O. "Wads-worth, James C. "Winn and Uriah J. Bulloch.
"After several engagements with the Mexicans, the "battalion joined the command of Colonel Fannin and formed a regiment by electing- Fannin colonel and "Ward lieutenant-colonel. The regiment numbered five hundred and was stationed at Fort GoJiad. On March 13, 1836, the original battalion, Tinder Ward, was sent thirty miles to the relief of Captain King who had thirty men pro tecting a number of families in the neighborhood of a church at the mission of Befiigio. On the arrival of the battalion, they found Captain King surrounded by a larg'e force of Mexicans who disappeared on discovering that he was re-onforeecl. Afterwards, on leaving the mission, King, with his command, was captured and Trilled.
"Re-enforced to the number of fourteen hundred men, the Mexicans then intercepted Ward, who retired to the church. Breast-works were made by the battalion of pews, grave-stones, fences and other things, and the fire of the Mexicans was resisted for two days, -with a loss to the enemy of one hundred and fifty men, and of only six to the Americans. But the ammunition of the battalion was exhausted on the third day of the battle, when Colonel "Ward was reHictantly forced to capitulate, sig-ning the regular articles according to the rules of war.
"It wa,s stipulated that the battalion would be re turned to the United States in eight days. Colonel Fan nin, in the meantime, sent four different conriers to ascertain the cause of Wa,rd's delay, each of whom was captured and shot by the Mexicans. The latter -were again heavily re-enforced and advanced upon Fort

THE "LONE STAB" FLAG OF TEXAS

37

Goliad. (See elsewhere an account of the massacre of Fannin's men, a large percentage of whom were Geor gians). Ward's battalion was included in this massacre, having been brought in as prisoners of war.

"From an old copy of the Galveston Neivs the follow ing account is taken: ' The flag' of the Lone Star which was first unfurled in Texas was borne by the Georgia battalion, commanded by the late Lieutenant-Colonel Ward, who with almost his entire command was massa cred at Goliad, in the spring of 1836, in what is known as 'Fannin's Massacre,' he being- next in command to the lamented Colonel James W. Fannin. The flag was presented to Colonel Ward's command as they passed through I^noxville, Crowford County, Ga., by the beauti ful Miss Joanna E. Troutman. It was made of plain white silk, bearing an azure star of five points. On one side "was the inscription in rich but chaste colors : 'Liberty or Death'; and, on the other, the patriotic Latin motto: 'Vbi Libertas habitat, ibi nostra patria est.' "*

"The flag was first unfurled at Velasco on January 8, 1836. It floated to the breeze from the same liberty pole -with the first flag of Independence -which had just been brought from Goliad by the valorous Captain Wil liam Brown. What became of the flag of Independence we do not know, but the beautiful star of azure was borne by Pannin's regiment to Goliad, and there gracefully floated from the staff. On March 8, 1836, an express arrived at Goliad from Washington, on the Brazos, offici ally announcing that the convention then in session had formally made solemn declaration that Texas was no longer a Mexican province but a free and independent republic.
"Amid the roar of artillery, the beautiful 'Banner of
"Wllere Liberty resides, the

38

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOKIATJS AND LEGENDS

the Ijone Star' was hoisted to tlie top of the flag staff, where it proudly streamed over tlie hoary ramparts and the time-shattered battlements of Ija Balria. But just as the sunset gun was fired and the usual attempt was made to lower the colors, by some unlucky mishap, the beautiful silk banner became entangled in the halyards and was torn to pieces. Only a small fragment remained adjusted to the flag staff; and when Colonel E'V-mnin evacuated Goliad to join General Houston, in accordance with received orders, the last remnant of the first 'Flag of the Lone Star' was still fluttering at the top of the staff from which first floated the flag of Tcxan Inde pendence.
"With the capture of Santa Anna, at the battle of San .Tacinto, the silver service of the wily commander was also captured, and some of the trophies of victory, including his massive forks and spoons, were forwarded by Genera] Rusk to Miss Troutman, in token of the regard which this Georgia lady had inspired in the stern, scarred patriots of the Revolution. On the meeting of the first Congress, the Flag of the Tjone Star was adopted as the flag of the Republic and the seals of office ordered engraved with the star upon them. The public recognition of the maternity of the first Flag of the Lone Star as be longing to Georgia was made by General Memmican Hunt, the first minister from the Republic of Texas to the United States.

CHAPTER VII
"Little Giffen of Tennessee": How a Famous Ballad Came to be Written
I X the opinion of literary critics, ' * "Little Giffen of Tennessee" deservedly ranks among1 the most famous war ballads of the Knglish language. The author of the poem, Dr. Frank O. Ticknor. "was an eminent physi cian of Columbus, Ga.; and in going the rounds of his country practice, he often amused himself by dashing' off spirited lines, not a few of which were written on the backs of prescription blanks. His poems while lacking perhaps in literary finish are replete "with lyric fire and sweetness. Most of them are merely song-skele tons but they possess a rythm "most captivating to the ear. "Little Griffon" was written during the last year of the war and the circumstances which led to the composition of the famous ballad are narrated in the following- graphic sketch from the pen of Colonel Charles ,J. Swift, a resi dent of the city of Oolurribns, and a prominent member of the Georgia bar. The sketch contains the first authen tic account which has yet appeared in print.*
' ' After the battl e of Ch i ckama uga, th ere "was con tinual fighting between the two hostile armies from Dalton to the Chattahoochce River. The pressure of the advancing' enemy was persistent, but at every stand he
rticle published in the Colu

40

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND

"was opposed by the stubborn resistance of the retreating" foe, under G-en. Johnston, "who adopted the tactics of the famous Roman general Fabius Maximus, in order to draw Gen. Slierman from his base of supplies. Gen. Johnston was removed in the summer of 1864, and the determination of what the final issne of his plans might have been has become purely a matter of speculation.
''Gen. Hood succeeded Gen. Johnston in command. Subsequent to the battles of Murfreesboro, Cliickamauga, etc., the cities and towns which could be conveniently reached by train from Atlanta began to receive a great many sick and wounded Confederate soldiers. These increased as Johnston's army approached Atlanta, and the battles1 between Hood and Sherman caused every available building" in these cities and towns to be converted into Confederate hospitals. One of these in Columbus was the old Banks building" on the east side of Broad street, nearly opposite the fire engine house. One of the inmates of this hospital was a mere youth., so badly wounded in one of his legs, that gangrene had supervened.
''Dr. Carlisle Terry, then and afterwards a leading physician of Columbus, was the g-eneral surg'eon in charge of the hospitals. Mrs. Evelyn P. Carter, Mrs. ~W. D"Woolfolk and Mrs. Rosa N. Ticknor "were sisters, "who, with other ladies of Columbus, made frequent visits to the hospitals to minister to the sick and wounded. These sisters were the daughters of Major Thos. M. Nelson, formerly of Virginia, and related to the Byrds, Pages and Nelsons, who have been distinguished in the Old Dominion from the earliest Colonial days.
"In going through the old Banks building hospital, Mrs. Ticknor and her sisters came to the cot on which was lying the wounded youth. He was very young, and was wasted away to a mere skeleton, and so weak and emaciated that he seemed more dead than alive. Moved by an unusual sympathy and motherly tenderness that the sacrifice of war and the toll of battle should include

* ( LITTLE GIFFEN OF TENNESSEE"

41

one so young1, they asked permission to remove him and to take him to one of their homes. Dr. Terry looked at the apparently dying" soldier lad and consented to his removal but said somewhat sardonically to the visitors, that they would probably be put to the trouble of sending him back dead, in a day or two.

"Following- these preliminaries at the hospital, New ton Giffen was taken to the home of Dr. and Mrs. Ticknor, at Torch Hill, five miles south of Columlms. For days and nights the unequal struggle went on, between the faintest signs of life in the patient and the gangrenous poison which pervaded his system. But Torch. Hill was on the heights where the breezes were refreshing and the air pure and balmy, and there 'Tjittle Giffen' had a physician's attention and the gentlest nursing' from the host, her sisters, and others in this 'Southern home. When he had somewhat advanced toward, recovery he told them that he was Newton Giffen from. East Ten nessee, where his mother AY as still living; that he could neither read nor write; that since he had enlisted in the army he had been in eighteen battles and had been wounded seriously for the first time by the one which had brought him to his present affliction.
"Dr. Douglas O. Ticknor, son of the poet, is UOAV a practicing- physician in Columbus. To avoid seeming' anachronisms in the recital, this Dr. Tickuor will be in several places spoken of as Douglas. He was about six years younger than Newton Giffen, but as the eldest of the Ticknor children, ho well, remembers the request his mother and aunts made to take Newton from the hospital, and he has never forgotten his impression of Dr. Terry's manner and expression, betokening- the utter uselessness of the change to save the life of the patient.
"At Torch Hill, Newton's improvement was slow and protracted. "When he was able to sit up and to prop himself on his elbow, he took his first daily lessons in

4:2

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

the art of reading and writing". This latter accomplish ment enabled him to pen liis first letter to his mother fa? away in the "wilderness of her Tennessee mountain home. The second letter was to his captain. The one written to his mother probably never reached its destination, but the one to his captain did, and the answer "was almost literally as the poem has it. "When Newton was able to get out of doors, he and Douglas Ticknor were good chums and companions. The latter recalls that Newton was very industrious, gave a great deal of a ttention to the wrapping of the apple trees to keep the rabbita from eating the bark, and that both of them went forth on occasions to pick blackberry leaves to make green tea. ])r. Douglas Ticknov describes Newton as having very light hair, fair complexion, of unusual tallness for his age, and very thin.

".Before he had entirely recovered, Newton received a letter from his captain urging him to return to his company at the earliest possible moment. On receipt of this letter, Newton made preparations for an immediate start. Tie bade a tearful fa re well to T)r. and Mrs. Ticknor and all the members of the family and promised, if spared, to write to them. His manly character and bear ing, his sincerity and gratitude left no room for doubt that he would write at the first opportunity; but no letter ever came. Hence the inference by those who were look ing for a letter from their former charge, that he had been killed in the first engagement after his return to the front. This is the only statement in the poem which cannot be positively substantiated. All others are actual facts--so much so, indeed, that when Dr. Ticknor wrote 'Little Giffen,' he road the first draft of it to Mrs. Ticknor and was about to tear it up, remarking 'it was too true to be good poetry/ Mrs. Ticknor interposed and saved the poem from destruction.
"On the morning- when Newton Giffen left Torch Hill on his way to his company, passage was taken on an old

"LITTLE G-iPF'Eisr OF TENNESSEE"

' 43

gray army horse, Newton riding in front and Douglas riding behind. Getting' near to T3ull Creek bridge, about half way between Torch Hill and Columbus, they found the waters of the creek at flood height and covering- all the lower lands on the wide of their approach to the bridge. The old horse, getting' a little off the road where the water covered it, fell into a big' washout and in strng'gling to extricate themselves, both of the boys were mihorsed, and came near being" swept down the stream and drowned. Douglas Ticknor and the horse got ashore on the side next to home. 'Little Griffen' "was carried by the current to a point whore he gained a footing1 close to the bridge. Abont the time the excitement and danger was over, a negro drove up with a four-mule team on his way to Columbus. .FTe kept in the track of the submerged road and met with no mishap such as that to the boys and the old gray horse. With no other possession than his dripping and muddy clothes, 'Little Giffcii' climbed into the four-horse wagon and standing up "waved a last fare well to his friend, Doug'las, on the other side of the raging waters.

"It is said by some that Xewton was wounded in the battle of Mnrfrecsboro. However, it is raore probable that he was wounded \n the battle of Chicktvmauga, Sept. 10, 1.8G3. This would not be inconsistent with the order' of time belonging to the events of which the poem treats. The letter that Newton received urging- his return, was very likely co-eval with the general order by Jolmston for bis officers and captains to g'et every man back to his command who migiit be able to return.
"Many of the surviving veterans of the army of Ten nessee under Jolmston remember the urgency of these recalls. It is very well established that * Little Giffen's' name "was .Isaac Xewton Giffeii, and that his father was a blacksmith. He was brought to Columbus in September, 1863, and left Torch Hill in March, 1864. The big- over-

44 GEORGIA'S LAKDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
flow at Bull creek bridge was presumably from the equi noctial storm.
" Johnston took command of the army of Tennessee in December, 3864. Tlie winter having1 ended, the opera tions known as the Dalton-Atlanta campaign commenced in the spring, after this; and it is more than likely that in making* readiness for this campaign, 'TAttle Giffen' and other absentees received notices to return to the front. Dr. Ticknor was born in Jones county, Georgia, and in 1874, he died in Columbus, Ga., in his fifty-second year. He is buried in Linwood cemetery, in Columbus. Mrs. Ticknor is in her eightieth year, (1909), and is living- in Albany, Ga., with her son, Mr. Thos. M. Tick nor."
Such in brief is the history of this famous ballad whose exquisite versification has charmed the ears of thousands oil both sides of the 'water. The poem has been translated into numerous foreign tongues. Though written at random, in the nervous style of one whose time was largely consumed by the "weighty cares of his profes sion and whose incense to the muses was offered at odd intervals, this unpremeditated song1 is nevertheless one of the gems of the war period of American letters. It is practically certain that Little Giffen fell in battle soon after leaving Torch Hill. The character of the lad, his promise to write if spared, the kindness which was lav ished upon him by devoted friends, the sense of gratitude which he must have felt for favors received, and the long silence which followed his departure, these preclude the supposition that he could possibly have survived the clash into which he again plunged. Doubtless he was numbered among' the unknown dead in one of the battles which occurred soon thereafter; but Dr. Ticknor has happily rescued the lad's name from oblivion and blazed it im mortally upon the heights of song.

CHAPTER VIII
James Ryder Randall: Origin of "Maryland, My Maryland"
I T is not the least among the favors which Fortune has showered upon Augusta that it was long the home of the gifted poet who wrote the immortal war-lyric: "Maryland, My Maryland." James Kyder Randall was by destiny a Georgian. Though, horn in Baltimore, Md., January 1, 1839, he died in Augusta, Q-a., January 15, 1908. For many years he was an honored and beloved editor on the staff of the Chronicle; arid his ashes today rest in Augusta's beautiful city of the dead. Between the dates which measured his useful life he saw much of the world. At Georgetown, 13. C., he received his educa tion; he taught for a while in Poydras College in Ijouisiana; and then he drifted to New Orleans. On account of hemorrhages from the lungs he was mustered out of the service shortly after enlistment in 1861; but there was not a soldier in the ranks who possessed more of the fire of battle. lie resided for a brief period at Anniston, Ala., an industrial center, "where he edited the Hot-Blast; but, to quote the Macon Telegraph, "for Kandall to be at the head of a journal devoted to such hard facts as pigiron looks to us like putting Saladin to carving1 gate-pegs with a scimitar."
He was at one time secretary to Congressman "William H. Fleming, of Georgia, afterwards to Senator Joseph E. Brown, and during this period he was brought into close contact with prominent men. His letters to the

46

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEORNDS

Chronicle were widely quoted by his contemporaries and are still replete with interest to the student of politics. Says Prof. Matthew I^age Andrews, his accredited biograplier* : "Except for these visits1 to Washington, Ran dall established himself, for forty years or more, far from his native city and State. "But in. 1907, under the auspices of the appreciative Edwin War/ield, then Gov ernor of Maryland, a plan was suggested for the official recognition and material support of the poet who had so immortalized his State in song". He was the guest of the city of Baltimore in the home-coming* festivities of 1907. He renewed his friendship with the Hon. "Wil liam Pinkney White, then at the age of 84, an active member of the United States Senate, who made arrange ments for the publication of his poems, the compilation of which his later and most devoted friend, Miss Lilian McG-reg-or Shepherd alone was able to induce him seri ously to begin. To her was penned his last words of longing for his native State of Maryland, written from Augusta and received by her 071 the day of his death. Sustained by an unfaltering- religious faith, he had no fear of dying, but his days had been the days of a dreamer, buffeted by a sea of troubles. He gave the best he had to his friends; his life to his home and family; to his native State an immortal name; and to the JOnglish lan guage perhaps the greatest of all battle-hymns."

Professor Andrews thus narrates the circumstances under which the famous song- was composed. Says ho: "The date was April 23, 1861. Mr. Rand all was then at Poydras College, in Louisiana. The poem was inspired during the sleepless night which followed the reading of an account of the clash between the citizens of Baltimore and the Sixth Massachusetts marching- through the city to Southern soil, in which the first citizen to fall was a friend and college mate of the poet. Randall was then

*The Poems of James Ryder Rtindall, edited by Mntthe New York, 1910. Introduction.

JAMES RYDER RANDALL

47

but twenty-two years of age. Poydras College "was a tolerably well-endowed Creole Institution at Point-Coupee. But subsequent fires have destroyed every object associated with, the writing- of 'Maryland, My Maryland, 7 from the desk of the poet-teacher to the building's of the college itself. The morning* after the composition was finished the poet read it to his Knglish classes, who re ceived it with enthusiasm. "Upon being- urged to publish it, the youthful iustmotor at once sent the manuscript to the New Orleans Delta-, where it first appeared on ApriT 26, 1.861; and from, this paper the words were reprinted by newspapers throughout the Southern States."
"In Maryland the poem was first published several weeks later in a paper, the South., established in Balti more by Thomas "W. ITall, who was shortly thereafter confined in Fort "Warren for spreading- such seditious sentiments. It was published in various forms in the poet's native city of Baltimore, where it was evident that a majority of the leading1 people, through close associa tion with Southerners in business and social relations, sympathized with the South and were bitterly opposed to the intended coercion of the seceding- States. "While the words and sentiments of the song thrillingly appealed to Southern sympathizers, the music lovers of Baltimore saw in the swing1 and melody of the verse unexampled opportunity for some immediate musical adaptation in song". Henry C. "Wagner, of the poet's native city, "was the first to sing- it to the tune of *Ma Normandie,' then a familiar air. But though the French language was the means of starting- the poem upon its melodious songlife, it was through the medium of the German that it reached the final form in which it now appears."

' ' Among the famous beauties of Baltimore in 1861 were the Gary sisters, to whose home as loyal Southern ers 'My Maryland' soon came. The fiery appeal to Southern valor was declaimed again and again by one of these, Miss Jennie Cary, to her sister Hettie, with the

4:8 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
expressed intention of iinding an appropriate musical accompaniment for the verses; and this search was continned until the popular 'I/auriger Horatius' "was tried and thereupon adopted. The risk of reducing it to publi cation was somewhat serious, but Miss Rebecca Ijloyd Nicholson spoke out: 'I will have it published. My father is a. Union man, and if I am put in prison, he will take me out.' She then took 'Lauriger Horatius' in a Yale song-book to her father's house near-by; and after copy ing the music carried it to Miller and Beaeham. They supplied her with the first copies from the press, besides sending- her other songs until they were arrested, and put in. prison." There were some minor variations made in the text to lit the music. Says Miss Jennie Gary: "The additional 'My Marjdand' was a musical necessity and it came to me as ;i sort of inspiration." It has been stated that Mr. Rozier Dulaucy, of Baltimore, originally pro posed this addition; but to Miss Gary belongs the credit.
According- to Professor Andrews it was furthermore an extraordinary coincidence that the young girl, Miss Rebecca T-iloyd Nicbolsou, 1 who undertook to have the soug published on her own responsibility should have been the grand-daughter of -Tudge .Toseph H. ISTicholson, whose wife, Bebecca "Lloyd, figured so largely in adapt ing the Star-Spangled Banner to the tune of Anacreon in Heaven and who had it published in musical form. Says he: "The grand-daughter carried the words and music of 'Maryland, My Maryland' to the publishers in 1861 a,s her grand-mother had done with the 'Star-Spaugled Banner' nearly fifty years before." Subsequently Charles Ellerbroek, a young- German music teacher and a Southern sympathizer, changed the musical adaptation of 'My Maryland' from the Tale soug to the statlier measure of its original, 'Tannenbaum, O Tannenbaurn'; and in this way it was finally perfected.2 Subsequent to the first battle of Manassas, the famous war-lyrie was
the original manuscript of "The Star Spangled Banner," -written on the back of an envelope. M. P. Andrews. Introduction to Randan's Poems, p. 15.
'Songs of the Civil War. The Century, August, 1886.

JAMES RYDER RANDALL

49

rendered for the first time at trie headquarters of General Beauregard, near Fairfax Court House, Va., by the Gary sisters, on July 4, 1861.*

Oliver Wendell Holmes pronounced 'Maryland, My Maryland' the finest anthem produced by the Civil War. He is also said to have placed it among the very fore most of the world's martial lyrics. But while the author's fame will rest undoubtedly upon this gem, there are many competent critics "who consider his 'Resurgam' in no wise inferior. To this number belongs ex-Congressman Wil liam H. Fleming, who places it, in point of merit, even above Cardinal Newman's "Lead Kindly Light." Though importuned to cast his lot in the North, where larger salaries were offered, Randall refused to leave his be loved Southland. He often felt the pinch of adverse fortune, but he was never charmed by the glitter of gold. It is of interest to note that Randall was the first to plead effectively the cause of an American memorial to Edgar Allan Poe; and to his loyal pen is due the hasten ing, in some degree at least, of the linal reward into which the author of the "Raven" has at last come. If there are notes of bitterness in the great war-lyric of Randall, they were -wrung from his loving heart by the passionate hour in which they -were penned. He was himself the apostle of tenderness ; and one needs only to turn to the poems of Whittier to find that the gentle Quaker bard of New England has indulged in no less caustic terms. There can be no doubt that the poem will live. The breath of immortality is in its lines, and the fame of Randall is secure even from death itself.
*"It has been affirmed that Mr. Randall received $100 for 'Maryland, My Maryland,' and the statement has been widely Quoted. The fact is that an appreciative reader and friend sent him, as author of the poem, some time after its publication, $100 In Confederate currency, with which he may possibly have been able to purchase a pair of shoes, but he did not solicit or receive direct compensation for any of his poems, a statement which, in all probability, can be recorded of no other modern poet of genius or repu

CHAPTER IX
Oglethorpe: His Monument and His Mission
J AMES EDWAB13 OGI.ETHORPE, the Founder of the Colony of G-corgia, was the most illustrious Englishman to cross tile sea during the period of American colonization. His relinquishment of a career in ^Parliament for the purpose of establishing' in the New World an asylum for the unfortunate debtors of England proves him to have been a philanthropist without a peer among his contemporaries. To realize what choice spirits were sometimes thrown into debtor prisons and what ordeals of torture men of gentle blood were oftimes forced to endure under an infamous system of impris'onment for debt, one needs only to read ".Little Dorrit," a tale in which the greatest of Eng-IJsh novelists has portrayed the life of the Marshalsea. But Oglethorpe was not satisfied merely to launch his humane experiment. For ten ardu ous years lie undertook in his own person to defend tlie Colony of Georg'ia not only againf-t the savage foes of an unknown wilderness but against tlie haughty power of Spain. The treaty which he made with the Creek Indians at Coweta Town, a,ft&r a hazardous journey of three hundred miles through a trackless forest proves him to have been a far-sighted statesman who, by a welltimed coup of diplomacy, brought a powerful confederacy of warriors to the side of England during the French and Indian campaigns. His defeat of the Spaniards at the battle of Bloody Marsh when, with a mere handful of
men, outnumbered in a ratio of ten to one, he checked

O GLETHORPE

51

the advancing" power of Spain and made the continent an Anglo-Saxon heritage, proves him to have been a con summate master of the art of war.

Returning' to England he continued to mold events. For more than a decade, we find him a power in Parlia ment. His marriage in 1745 to an heiress, Elizabeth. Wright, daughter lof Sir Nathan \V right, 'a baronet, brought him a long rent roll and served to enlarge his influential family connections. Ten years later, he be came the official head of the Royal Army, with the full rank of General. In the most brilliant coterie of the Eighteenth Century, a group of intellects which included the great lexicographer, Dr. Samuel Johnson, with. Boswell at his elbow-, the renowned artist, Sir Joshua Rey nolds; the celebrated poet, Dr. Oliver Goldsmith; and the foremost orator of his time, Edinond Burke ; we and in this select company of immortals the tall figure of General Oglethorpe. He was too old, at the outbreak of the Revolutionary struggle, to accept the command of the British forces in America, but he was the ranking soldier of Great Britain.* It is also a fact of some interest to note that his sympathies were upon the side of the Colonies. Boswell, in his "Life of Johnson," makes fre quent allusion to General Oglethorpe, and the great Sol dier's biography was to have been written by no less renowned a pen than Dr. Johnson's, but for some reason the author of "Rasselas" failed to execute this task. The portrait of Oglethorpe painted by Sir Joshua Rey nolds was lost In the destruction by fire of his famous country seat, Craiiham Hall. Alexander Pope, in a
*"The assertion has frequently been made, though the authority for it is not conclusive, that "being the senior of Sir William Ho we there was offered to him the command of the forces to subjugate America in the War of the Revolution, hut that he declined tha appointment, assuring the ministry that he knew the Americans well, that they would never be subdued by force of arms, but that obedience would be secured by doing- them justice." History of Georgia, by Wm. B, Stevens, p. 207, New York, 1847.

52 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
famous couplet, extolled tlie great philanthropist.1 Han nah More, in a gossipy letter, refers to him with some degree of gusto as her new admirer. Thomson, in his poem on "Liberty," pays him a fine tribute, and, in his most famous production, "The Seasons," he alludes still further to Ms humane experiment. 2 The hardships of the Georgia Colonists are also rehearsed at some length in Goldsmith's "Deserted Village."3 The friend of Bishop Berkley, the patron of John "VVesley, and the col league of Horace ^Valpole, tlie great man who founded Georgia was a personality of Titanic proportions. Royal favor was not bestowed upon Oglethorpe because of the well-known attachment of his ance1stors to the House of Stuart. According to an old account, he was himself a foster-brother to the Pretender. 4 This explains why Eng-
3 "One driven by strong- benevolence of soul Should fly like Oglethorpe from pole to pole." Pope's Epistle to Colonel Cotterell.
same poet adds: "Thy great example shall through ages shine; A favorite theme with poet and divine; To all unborn thy. merits shall proclaim, And add new honors to thy deathless name."
Gay colonies extend; the calm retreat Of undeserved distress; the better home Of those whom Bigots chase from foreign lands; Not built on Rapine, Servitude, and Woe, And in their turn some petty tyrant's prey; But bound by social freedom firm they rise Such as of late an Oglethorpe has formed, And crowding round the charmed Savannah Seas."
Thomson's "Liberty.'
tTnpitied and unheard, where miser; Where sickness pines; where thirs And poor misfortune feels the las!
Thomson
"See Mclntosh County, on the Altamaha settlement.
that the pretended Prince of "Wales was the foster-brother of Oglethorpe; and also that the latter's mother was at one time the medium through whom Oxford, Boline-broke, and even Queen Amne herself held communion with the ex:iled Stuarts. Consult Bolinghroke's Letters. See also Oglethorpe County.

THE MONUMENT TO GENERAL QGLETHORPE, FOUNDER OF THE COLONY" OF GEORGIA, IN CHIPPEW/V SQUARE, SAVANNAH.

OGLETHORPE

53

land failed to knight the first -man of liis age. But there was little need for England to lay the accolade of her chivalry upon one of God's noblemen.* General Oglethorpe died at the patriarchal age of ninety-seven. He lived to see the Colony which he founded an independent commonwealth and to meet John Adams, the first am bassador from the United States to the Court of St. James. He was buried at Cranham Church, in TCssex County, England, where his last resting place commands an outlook upon the North Sea.

Pride and gratitude have always mingled in the emo

tions with which Georgia has contemplated the career and

cherished the name of Oglethorpe; but almost two centu

ries elapsed before an adequate monument to the great

humanitarian was reared in the city which he founded.

A.t last, nnder bright skies, on November 23, 1910, in the

city of Savannah, a superb bronze statue surmounting a

pedestal of granite, was unveiled in Chippewa Sqnare.

The total cost of this handsome memorial was $38,000,

of which sum the State of Georgia and the city of Savan

nah, each contributed $15,000, while the remainder was

raised by patriotic organizations. In attendance upon

the exercises of unveiling were: Governor Joseph M.

Brown, of Georgia; Governor B. B. Comer, of Alabama;

Hon. A. Mitchell Innes, representing the Court of St.

James, in the absence of Ambassador Bryce, then on a

return visit to England; Daniel C. French, the distin

guished sculptor; David C. Barrow, Chancellor of the

----------

*-]

*The following- Oglethorpe bibliography may be helpful to students: Memoirs of General James Edward Oglethorpe," by Robert Wright, London, 1867; "Life of General Oglethorpe," by Henry Bruce, New York, 1S90; "James Oglethorpe, the Founder of Georgia," by Harriet C. Cooper, New York, 1904; "James Edward Oglelhorpe," an address at the Annual Banquet of the Georgia Society of Sons of the Revolution, at Savannah, February 5,

Lincoln, Grant," etc.. New York and "Washington, 1909; and Judge Charlton's oration at the unveiling of the Oglethorpe monument in Savannah,

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
University of Georgia; Mrs. J. J. Wilder, President of the Georgia Society of Colonial Dairies of America; Mrs. John M. Graham, State Regent for Georgia of the Daugh ters of the American Revolution; Bight Reverend Fred erick F. Reese, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia; Judge Walter G. Charltoii, orator of the day; official representatives of various patriotic orders and numerous dignitaries both State and Federal. Several visiting' military organizations were also present, con stituting', with the local companies, an impressive page ant. Pacing the enemies of the Colony, the statue of Oglethorpe looks toward the south and west. The great soldier and civilian is portrayed in the typical English dress of the period, appropriate to the rank and station in which he moved. On the granite pedestal is a bronze tablet bearing the inscription -which follows :
Erected "by tlic State of Georgia, the City of Savannah, aDd the Patriotic Societies of the State to the memory of the Great Soldier, imminent Statesman, and Famous Philanthropist, General James Edward Oglethorpe, who, in this city, on the 12th day of February, A. D., 1733, founded, and established the Oology of Georgia,
Governor Joseph M. Brown, assisted by Mrs. J. J. Wilder, President of the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America, unveiled the monument. The prayer of invocation was offered by the Eight Reverend Fred erick F. Reese, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia, after which the orator of the day, Judge Walter G. Charlton, President of the Og'lethorpe Monument Asso ciation and President of the Georgia Society of Sons of the Revolution, was presented to the vast assemblage. Addresses were also delivered by the British representa tive, Hoii, A, Mitchell Iniics and by the Chairman of the Monument Commission, pfon. J. Randolph Andersoii, who made the formal tender of the monument, in an eloquent

O GUSTHORFE

55

speech. Judge Charlton reviewed at some length the illustrious career of Oglethorpe. He sketched the times which produced him, narrated the circumstances which led to the Colonial experiment, and dwelt upon his sacri fices, his achievements, and. his principles. The great battle of Bloody Marsh received exhaustive and thorough treatment. From the standpoint of historical criticism, the oration of Judge Charlton was a masterpiece of patriotic eloquence, characterized throughout by judicial impartiality, by keen analysis, and by rare scholarship. The following salient paragraphs from Judge Charlton's speech will .fitly conclude this resume of the exercises. Said he in part:

"Near two centuries ago a man of strong and noble nature sought here and there in London a missing" friend, whose character and kindly qualities kept him in. affec tionate remembrance. His search brought him at length to the debtors' prison of the Fleet, where in vilest sur roundings, ^deliberately imprisoned in a narrow cell with victims of smallpox, lie found the friend of his youth, dying of that loathsome disease. When he departed from that horrible scene, his life was consecrated to a, great purpose. With the passing of the years there came a bright day in the long ago, when as the soft voices of spring- were calling back to life and glory the sleeping beauties of nature, there landed upon what was destined to become a sovereign state a small band, selected to start upon its career the most remarkable experiment in the history of colonization. The purpose had reached its fulfilment, for the sorrowing friend was Oglethorpe; the adventurers, the passengers of the Anne; the land, the commonwealth whioli holds our allegiance, our hopes, our happiness. =* * *
"There has been nothing like it in the history of man kind. They were the weak and the oppressed of earth. Few in number, untrained in military venture, unskilled in civic construction, their mission was to build for all

56 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
time an empire in a wilderness and hold it against the war-like savage and the armies and navies of one of the greatest powers of .Europe. Even as they set foot upon 'the shore, facing them "were the hordes of Indians whom they were to resist, whilst to the south -were gathering like unto the storm-clouds of the coming tempest the hosts of Spain. Yet from the tragic elements of failure came victory, for in the divine purpose of the Almighty it had been ordained that there should also stand upon the soil of Georgia at that moment the one man. in all the world through whom victory might come. * * *
"Influence and opportunity brought him a commis sion, in his fifteenth year, imder Malborough, and after the peace of 1712 he served Tinder Prince Eugene in the campaigns on the Danube. There could have "been no better martial schooling. But in this English boy was something beyond military enthusiasm. ^Vorking in his active brain "was the constructive force which molds statesmen, and so directs and rules the destinies tof nations. He might in the parliamentary career npon which he entered in 1722, have attained distinction, or, restive in the subservient crowd which dog the footsteps of the great, he might have gone prematurely to that life of quiet which in the distance awaited his coming. It was otherwise ordained. The pen of a great novelist a century later aroused to indignant protest the English mind against the iniquities of imprisonment for debt, and the echo of that far off revolution in public sentiment sounded at length in the constitution of Georgia. * * *
"His work accomplished ; his mission fulfilled, on July 23, 1743, he sailed for England, never to see again the land to which he had devoted the best years of his life. He was too great to escape the calumnies of the small and the ingratitude of the narrow. Having passed to payment the expenditures made by him out of his per sonal fortune, the English government revoked its action

OGLETHOBPE

57

and appropriated his money. Having availed themselves of his military talents, the advisers of royalty courtmartialed him on grounds which were dismissed as slan derous. Finally, lie withdrew from the service of an ungrateful monarch and entered upon the last stage of the journey of life which was to end on July 1, 1785. King and courtier might see in him only a successful rival for the fame which it was not given them to attain, but with the great spirits of his time he became a welcome guest. Authors laid tributes at his feet and poets bound about his brow the laurel wreaths of victory. Georgia and her fate never passed from his thought. Tradition has it that in the days of the Revolution he was tendered the command of the English forces, and refused to take up arms against the Colony he had founded. Wnether it be true or false, never in thought or word that history records was he ever disloyal to the Colony to which he had devoted the best years of his life.
"He had striven with success for the betterment of the weak and helpless in an age of abject selfishness. lie had made an empire with a handful of the oppressed of earth, and the work had survived. Ho had overcome the Indian by persuasion and kindness and won the abidingfriendship of the savages he had been sent to slay. He had encountered the most powerful foe of England and driven him in disastrous defeat before his scant battleline. Reversing all the traditions of Colonial administra tion, he had been tolerant and jnst. Pie was a builder and not an iconoclast; a statesman and not a schemer; a soldier and not a plunderer.
"Brave and wise and merciful, the end he accom plished placed him in historic perspective a century ahead of the day in which he worked. Honest in an era of guile, "without fear and "without reproach, he comes to us with his unstained record, to live so long as Georgians shall stand upon the ancient ways 'and see and approve the better things of life. In all his brilliant career--in the hour of stress, in the moment of victory--no clamor-

58

GEORGIA 7s LANDMARKS, MEMOKTAT,S AND LEGENDS

ous sound of vain and self-applauding" words came from his lips. There "was no need. That "which he did sends its triumphant pacns down the centuries; and over his illustrious career Georgia stands guard forever."*

CHAPTER X
Fort Frederica: 1735
O N the west side of St. Simon's Island, at a point which commands the entrance to the Altamaha Kiver, stands an ancient pile, the origin of which can be traced to the days of Oglethorpe. It is the oldest of Georgia's historic ruin?. Some of the very guns which were used to expel the Spaniards may be seen upon its moss-covered ramparts; and not only the earliest but the bravest memories of Colonial times cluster about its dismantled walls, r^cept for the part which it played in checking the haughty arrogance of Madrid, an altogether di (Terent sequel might have been given to the subsequent history of North America, for here it was that the Castilian power in the ^V^estern TTemisphere was for the first time challenged and the march of Spain toward the North halted by an overwhelming victory for the English Colonies.
Only some twelve miles distant from the beach, automobile brings the visitor in less than half an hour to the picturesque old ruin and puts him in touch with the romantic life of two centuries ago.
The road to Frederica winds through splendid forests of live-oak, weirdly and gloomily draped with pendant mosses. It skirts the historic battle ground of Bloody Marsh, passes underneath the famous Wesley oak, and commands a vi cw of Ghr i st Church, within the sacred precints of which there are a number of tombs wherein

60 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
repose the dust of tlie old planters, wliose elegant homes and fertile acres have long since been abandoned.
If tlie visitor prefers he can make the trip to Frederica by "water.
The site of the old fort was ^yell chosen. It faces one of the several streams into which the delta of the Altamaha River divides on approaching the ocean, but it so happens that the channel which it overlooks at this point constitutes the most important outlet to the sea. Oglethorpe possessed the trained eye as well as the stout arm of the soldier. He saw at once the strategic value of the bluff, "while in the level area of ground "which stretched behind it he found the ideal spot for his future home town. It was on his return trip from England that he transported hither some of the new colonists and began to erect the fort, which "was to guard the exposed southern frontier of Georgia. The original structure "was in the main built of tabby, a concrete material of lime mixed with shells and stones. It -was quadrangular in shape, provided with four bastions, and defended by eighteen-ponnders. Oglethorpe himself superintended the "work of construction and taught the men to dig the ditches and to turf the ramparts. There were two large magazines, sixty feet in length and three stories in height included within the stockade. The barracks were at the north end of the town, "where they occupied quar ters ninety feet square. Over the gateway rose a tower, while on either side there were bastions two-stories in height, and twenty feet square, each equipped with heavy guns. To furnish adequate "water supplies, a well "was dug within the fort.
When everything was completed, Oglethorpe made another trip to England to recruit his famous regiment, which "was destined to become one of the best military organizations in the service of the King. In honor of Frederick, Prince of Wales, the stronghold was chris tened Frederica.

FORT FREDEBICA

61

But time lias spared only the barest remnant of the ancient citadel which saved the continent of Nortli America from Spanish domination. Only the walls of the old fort have been spared. Not a vestige of the town survives'. Says one who has often visited the historic spot*: "It is a shame to think how the blocks of tabby were carted away to build the lighthouse and the negro quarters, so that nothing remains of the old town of Frederica. I remember when a child seeing a house on the ruins of the old ba,ttery and I can recall how I peeped down with awe at the magazine below. If our patriotic societies had been earlier founded how much 'might have been saved from vandal hands. But we are thankful to save even this remnant, "which the greedy "waves had already overthrown "when we determined to preserve it. On these very blocks of tabby the great and good Oglethorpe may have laid his hand. It is preserved in honor of him, the Founder of Georgia, "whose energy "was boundless, "whose "watchfulness "was unceasing."

It is to the G-eorgia Society of Colonial Dames of America that the credit belongs for the rescue of this historic ruin on the Georgia coast. Occasional visits to the upper part of the island disclosed the sad plight in which the old fortifications were left aud emphasized the importance of immediate action if anything were done to rescue the ancient land-mark from utter extinction. At one time there stood upon the ruins of the old fort an occupied building. Just how long ago it stood here is uncertain, but in removing the debris some of the work men chanced to discover the walls. Thus after the lapse of long years was the existence of the old fort brought to the attention of the public. In 1902 a resolution was adopted by the Colonial Dames looking toward the restoration of the ancient stronghold. This was possible
Colonial Dames of America.

62

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND

only in part; but without losing1 a moment's time these patriotic women took the initiative, raised the funds which were needed for making the proper repairs, and in due time completed the task. Embedded in one of the outer walls of the old fort is an elegant tablet of bronze, eighteen by twenty-four inches, on which may be read
the following inscription:

OGLETHORPE

Citadel of he Town of Proderica, biiilt by General
Oglethorpe, Spaniards in Florida,- Presented by the Georgia Society of Colo lial Dames of America, 1904.

"With impressive exercises, the above mentioned tablet
was unveiled on April 22, 1904. There were a number of distinguished visitors present, including representatives from the various patriotic orders'. The fort on this occasion "was profusely decorated with flowers. The tablet was covered with the British flag, while the American colors floated from the parapet. Mrs. J. J. Wilder, President of the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America, unveiled the tablet. The prayer of invocation was offered by Rev. IX W. "Winn, rector of Christ Church at Frederica, after which the anthem ''America" was sung by a choir of children. Then followed an address by Mrs. "Wilder, at the conclusion of which, Captain C. S. "Wylly, of Brunswick, introduced the orator of the day, Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, of Savannah, who, in eloquent language, told the brave story of the old fort. Some few paragraphs from this address are herewith reproduced.

Said Mr. Stovall, in substance: "Those who would have a glimpse of the real James Oglethorpe must come
to Frederica, for he was above everything else a soldier. "When he had finished his earlier task at Savannah, his

FORT FREDERICA

63

face by some mysterious fascination was turned to the southward. He thereupon set out for St. Simon's where, true to his military instincts, he built his forts and assem bled his regiment, and where, for the first time, yielding to the domestic spirit, he reared his roof-tree and established the beginning of his home. Until he left the Colony never again to return he resided at his1 cottage on St. Simon's Island, and of all the places planted and nurtured by him, none so warmly enlisted his energies or engaged his constant solicitude as this fortified town
at the mouth of the river. "The men who sailed with Francis Drake and who
ravaged the Spanish main in the sixteenth century did not lead a more venturesome or heroic existence than did Oglethorpe at Frederica, yet according to Colonel Jones, 'the only hours of leisure he ever enjoyed were in sight and sound of his military works on the southern frontier.' Weary of the outcries and intrigues of the settlers at Savannah, stung by their evidences of ingratitude and discouraged by their protests against his benign super vision, he found rest at Frederica, where he stationed his regiment and revived a military regime. Here he mounted guard under the spreading oaks and "watched the sentinels as1 they paced the lonely shades. Now and then he conversed genially with the cadets of the old families wrho had enlisted here, while ever and anon he heard the bugles ring" out in the silver moonlight and saw his guard sloop patrol the estuaries of the AJtamaha.
"Oglethorpe proved to be a sea-fighter as well as an infantry commander. He seemed to be at home in every branch of the service. Xapoleon, when he heard that the Fmglish had vanquished the French fleet in the battle of the Nile, held up his hands in helplessness and exclaimed: ' I cannot be every where.' But Oglethorpe seemed to have the faculty of being everywhere and of covering every foot of ground and every sheet of water, from the mouth of the St. John's to St. Simon's Island. He served the guns on shipboard and on the land batteries, and even

64 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
acted as engineer. He had the power of initiative. He possessed the aggressive genius of attack."
"Walpole called him a 'bully.' He was not that; but he was a military man every inch of him, strict and severe in discipline, better suited to the scenes of war than to the patient civic administration of the council board. After the Spanish had been driven from the limits of Georgia and the peace of Europe had been accomplished, leaving Frederica free from the fear of further invasion, Oglethorpe sailed away to the old country and left the work of rehabilitating the Colony to other hands. It is fortunate, perhaps, for his fame that he did so. The rules of the trustees were much modified. The charter was surrendered to the Crown and the dras tic lines upon which the paternal government of Ogle thorpe had been projected were partially changed. But conditions had shifted. A Colony environed by an implacable foe, subject to spoliation at any time, must be governed, perhaps, by the rules of the ramparts and of the quarterdeck. A people basking in peace and develop ing under the arts need vastly different regulations. But fortunate for all of us it was that the first period of Georgia's existence was' shaped by a master hand and its destinies guided by one of the noblest men and one of the knightliest soldiers in Europe.
"If, however, he was lacking in any of the elements of statesmanship, he was still possessed of a consummate diplomacy. He penetrated the wilds of Georgia and treated with the Indians in such a way that they became his friends for life. The land grabbing of some of the early settlers in this country was conspicuously absent in the dealings of James Oglethorpe. Even the punctil ious grandees of Spain were charmed with the accomp lished English courtier.
"Fortunate it is for the civilization of the world that Oglethorpe was not assas'sinated by his soldiers, who rose

FORT FREDEBICA

65

in mutiny and fired upon him in his tent, or that he did not perish hy the shot which came so near ending his career at St. Augustine. France and Spain had hoth set prices upon his head and had incited the Indians to way lay him during some of his journeys through the lonely forest; hut happily for mankind he hore a charmed life and saved for all time the American Colonies from spolia tion and ruin."

"After the departure of Oglethorpe and the con clusion of peace Frederica began to retrograde. The troops were finally removed and the fortifications fell into decay. Houses commenced to tumble down, and there were 'barracks without soldiers, guns without carriages, and streets overgrown with weeds.' Even in 1774, two years before the Declaration of Independence, Frederica was a ruin; from the crumbling "walls of the deserted houses, figs and pomegranites were growing; and the brave town soon dwindled into nothingness. During the Revolution the British troops well-nigh conpleted the spoliation of time. The mission of Frederica, according to Col. Jones, "was accomplished when the Spaniards no longer threatened. Its doom was pro nounced in the hour of its victory. Fannie Kemble, who visited the ruins in 1839 saw 'the wilderness of crumbling gray walls compassionately cloaked with a thousand graceful creepers'."

CHAPTER XI
The Wesley Oak
T O the west of the main highway and in less than half a mile of Fort Frederica, on St. Simon's Island, looms an ancient oak, gnarled and twisted. It rises to a height of some two hundred feet, while, over an area of several acres, its cool shade rests like a benediction. It stands at the gateway to the churchyard of Christ Church; and, according to local tradition, it marks the exact spot on which the Wesleys preached during the infant days of the settlement. At first, Charles Wesley was1 employed in secular work. lie engaged himself to Oglethorpe in the capacity of private secretary, hefore leaving Eingland, hut he afterwards took orders and devoted much of his time to preaching in the neighbor hood of Frederica. From time to time he was also joined by his brother John, who came down from Savannah. Even if the oak in question is not the identical forest monarch under which the ^Vesleys preached, its antiquity, from outward appearances at least, is sufficiently great to embrace the period of Georgia's early settlement, and several generations sleep within the quiet enclosure over which it stands sentinel. From the outstretched limbs of the old oak trail the pendant mosses, giving it an appear ance of great solemnity and beauty and making it the picturesque embodiment of the austere memories which cluster about the sacred spot. The present chapel is comparatively new and thoroughly modern in every appointment, but it occupies the site of one which was

THE WESLEY OAK, NEAR FREDERICA, ON ST. SIMON'S ISLAND.

THE WBSLEY OAK

67

quite old, and on tlie parish register are the names of the earliest residents of St. Simon's Island.

When Charles Wesley accompanied Oglethorpe to this place, opposite the mouth of the Altamaha, it was an infant settlement and the walls of Fort Frederica were just beginning to rise as a bulwark ag'ainst the powerful encroachments of the Spaniards. Says Dr. Lee:* "Of this settlement, Charles "Wesley, now in holy orders, took the spiritual charge. But be failed to make a success of his work. Benjamin Ingham was with him, a man of sincere piety hut of doubtful judgment. Even before the close of the first month he had come to logger heads' "with the people and was finding bis duties as secretary an intolerable burden. His congregation had * shrunk to two Presbyterians and a Papist,' and the physical discomforts of the place nearly drove him wild. Nor was he pleased with the manner in which Oglethorpfe treated him. The good man, who had to attend to every body's claims all over the Colony, and, in addition, was providing against threatened attacks from "without, grew impatient with the incessant complaints made against Charles Wesley, who seemed to be always1 in hot water. Moreover, in the ecclesiastical attempts of the latter to set everything on a basis of thorough propriety, there was present a distinct element of insubordination to civil authority, which was beginning to show disintegrating effects in the attitude of the community at large. Being a thorough disciplinarian Oglethorpe keenly resented the injudicious meddling; and he visited his wrath upon his secretary in some acts of petty tyranny for "which he afterwards expressed regret.
"In the beginning of April, John Wesley came to Frederica and preached in the new store-house. He had hoped to set matters right by his presence bnt was unsuc-
iry of Methodism, by Rev. James W. Lee, D. D., St.

68 GEORGIA'S LANDMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
eessful. "We can picture the two brothers, sitting together under the hroad oak, which is still pointed out on the island as having afforded them shelter and can be seen by tourists on board the vessels which pass through the channel. Under it they no doubt discussed the worries and trials of Colonial life. John Wesley decided to change places for a time with his brother; and Charles seems to have been much happier in Savannah. But he found that Georgia was1 no place for him; and, on July 26, 1736, at noon, he took his final leave of Savannah, surprised that he 'felt no more joy in leaving such a scene of sorrow.' In the friendly parting with Oglethorpe, the latter advised him to take a wife, as it would be likely to increase his usefulness."

CHAPTER XII
Coweta Town: ^fhere a Treaty was Signed the Effect of Which was a Death-Blow to France on the Mississippi
O PPOSITE the great bend in the Chattahooohee Biver, just below the site of the present city of Columbus, on the Alabama side of the stream, there stood an old Indian settlement called Coweta Town. It was here, on an eminence overlooking the river, that Fort Mitchell was built in after years. The locality was also long famous as a duelling ground and the tragic duel between Governor George ~W. Orawford and Colonel Thomas E. Burnside occurred in the neighborhood of the old fort. But, going back to the time of the red skins, Coweta Town was the principal village of the great Muscogee or Creek Confederacy of Indians, a seat of government at which council fires were held annually by the various component tribes. It was from one of these --the Coweta or Lower Creeks--that the name of the town was derived. There was also living in this neighbor hood at the time of which we speak a subordinate band of Indians who called themselves lichees and who gave alle giance to the Muscogees. Here, on Aug. 21, 1739, occurred an event of trauscendant interest not only to the State of Georgia but to the entire English-speaking race, for there was here signed and sealed a treaty of friendship the ultimate effect of which was to give an Anglo-Saxon character to the whole subsequent history of North America.

70

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

The least reflection will suffice to make the truth of this' statement plain.
Tt will he remembered that the French, at this time, by reason of the explorations of IjaSallc, claimed the entire Mississippi basin of the continent, reaching' from the Great lakes on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. They 'were already securely entrenched upon the ice-bound heig'hfs of the g'reat St. Lawrence; but they sought to strong-then the hold of France upon the vast and fertile region which, bordered upon the warm tropics. For thirty-five years, Bienville had governed with farsighted statecraft the Province of ^Louisiana. His g'reat aim was to give reality to the old dreams of "LaSalle, viz.--to bring- the native tribes under French control, to foster trade relations, to discover mines', to establish missions, and to unite "Louisiana to Canada by means of a chain of forts planted at strategic points along- the g'reat Father of "Waters.
In furtherance of this grand design, he had not only fortified the Mississippi delta hut had planted the standard of Tvine; "Louis upon the bluffs at Mobile.
As a sequel to this latter exploit, he claimed for France two-thirds of the land ceded to Georgia by the Crown of Fngland. Had Oglethorpe failed, therefore, at this critical moment to enlist the friendship of the powerful Muscogce or Creek Confederacy of Indians and to confirm by treaty agreement the Flnglish right of owner ship to the land described in Georgia's charter, there would have been an altogether different story for the future historian to tell. Tt is quite certain that the Trtdians would have come under the spell of the French diplomacy, for the Jesuits, a noble band of mis sionaries, were not slow in finding the key to the savage heart; and, in such an event, not only "would the territory today embraced within Alabama and Mississippi have been lost to Fmglaiid but, from the additional strength gained by this alliance, another result might have been given to the French and Indian "wars. In the light of

COWETA TOWN

71

this somewhat rapid survey, therefore, it is not difficult to trace an intimate logical connection between the treaty of friendship concluded at Coweta Town on the Chattahoochee and the final overthrow of the French power in North America on the heights of Abraham!

The mnsterful mind of Oglethorpe, with almost prophetic kcri, foresaw at once the danger which con fronted the Colony of Georgia; and,, in good season, he struck a blow for England, which was destined to echo down the centuries. The great philanthropist and soldier had already in the fall of 1738 met at Savannah the chiefw of four of the Creek towns with whom he had sealed a pact of friendship. >ut Georgia was begirt by enemies. To the south were the Spaniards in Florida find to the west were the French in Louisiana; and, in order to circumvent any covert designs on the part of these powers to seize the territory of Georgia, he sought by means of larger co-operation with the Indians to confirm the English right of occupation to the Georgia lands and to bind the savage tribes more securely to him, in the event of an outbreak of hostilities.
He, therefore, resolved to attend the next great annual conclave or council-fire of the Muscogee Indians, on the Chattahoochee River, at Coweta Town.
In pursuance of this purpose, he accordingly left Savannah, on July 17, 1739, accompanied on the perilous expedition by a few chosen companions, among them, T-jieutenant Dnnbar, Ensign Leman, and Cadet Eyre, besides a small retinue of servants. The journey from Savannah to Coweta Town lay through a trackless forest, three hundred miles in extent; and, taken in the heat of midsummer, there was added to the likelihood of attack from savage Indians the risk of exposure to the pesti lential air of the swamps. We can thus form s'ome idea of the sturdy mold of character in. which this stalwart and heroic Englishman was cast. The wonderful

72 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
influence of his strong1 personality upon the savage tribes of the "wilderness again bore fruit in the success of his mission to Coweta Town, where, in due time, a treaty of alliance was concluded with the Creeks, by virtue of which he obtained the good-will of twenty thousand war riors and sealed the future welfare and happiness of the Colony of Georgia.
En route back to Savannah, on the return trip, the splendid constitution of Oglethorpe gave way, and, for weeks, at A.ugusta, he lingered in the uncertain balances of fate, equipoised between life and death--the victim of a malignant fever. But at length he came successfully through the severe ordeal of illness. His great "work, under divine providence, was still unfinished for, besides thwarting the designs of France, there was still reserved for him the supreme and final task of sounding the deathknell of the power of Spain in the decisive battle of Bloody Marsh.

CHAPTER XIII
Bloody Marsh: Where a Battle was Fought in which Spain Lost a Continent
B ETWEEN the light-house at St. Simon's and the old citadel of Prederica there stretches a low plain on which was staged a war drama, the far-reaching effect of which upon the subsequent fortunes of America hardly admits of a parallel in the history of tih-e New "World. Here, on July 7, 1742, was fought the historic battle of Bloody Marsh. To quote an authority wh'ose opinion is universally respected, Thomas Carlyle, "half the world was hidden in embryo tinder it"; and this wisest seer and. clearest thinker of the Nineteenth Cen tury further adds: "The Yankee nation itself was in volved, the greatest phenomenon of these ages." 1 The renowned White-field declared that Georgia's deliverance from the Spaniards at this time was to be parallelled "only by some instances out of the Old Testament."3 Said he:3 "Certain it is that 'this battle, though well nigh forgotten, is one of the most glorious and decisive in the
1 Judge Emory Speer, in a speech delivered at the annual banquet of the Georgia Society of Sons of the Revolution, at Savannah, on February 5, 1S94, and incorporated in a volume entitled "Lincoln, Lee, Grant, and Other Biographical Addresses," pp. 130-131, New York and Washington, 1909. In this same work, Judge Speer reproduces the "Official Report of Don Manuel Montiano, Spanish Commander of the Expedition against Georgia," a docu ment of very great value to historians.
sMcCalI, Stephens, Jones. 3Judge Speer in the work above mentioned, pp. 130-131. Also an address delivered by Judge 'Walter G. Charlton, at the unveiling of the Oglethorpe monument in Savannah, November 23, 1910.

74 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND L/EGENDS

^

annals of our country. It determined that North America should be left to the exploitation of >the Anglo-Saxon, the Celtic and the Teutonic races. Had success attended the Spaniards, they would 'have advanced upon the more northern settlements." To quote an eminent jurist of this State,* "General Oglethorpe received from the Gov ernors of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary land, Virginia, and North Carolina special letters, con gratulating him on his success and expressing gratitude to the Supreme Governor of Nations for placing the affairs of the Colonies under the 'direction of a General, so well qualified for the important trust." In the ancient Spanish burial ground near Frederica lie the remains of some of the hapless victims who fell in this engagement, but tihe sacred area is choke'd with briars and brambles while, amid the d:amp undergrowth, hisses the vengeful snake. It is the announced plan of the Bruniswick chap ter, of the D. A. R., -at an early 'date, to place appropriate markers on the historic field; and, in view of the ultimate significance of the battle here fought, it is more than likely that the hearty co-operation of the organiza tion at large will be given them in this patriotic work. The disappearance of the Spanish flag, on January 1, 1899, from the whole upper half of the "Western Hemis phere, when the independence of Cuba was recognized by tb,e government at Madrid, merely served to record the final issues of the great victory achieved by Oglerhorpe when, with a force of six hundred men, he inau gurated the era of Spain's downfall and gave the wlhole continent of North America, to Knglish civilization.

At the unveiling of the bronze tablet, placed by the Colonial Dames, 'on April 22, 1904, in the walls of the old fort at Frederica, Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, of Savannah, delivered the address of the occasion. His portrayal of the battle of Bloody Marsh was peculiarly graphic, ooin-
*Ibid, pp. ISO-181.

BLOOE.Y MABSs

75

ciding In the main with tlie accounts given by the accred ited historians. S'aid lie, in speaking' of the miraculous feat of arms by which Oglethorpe broke the tide of the Spanish invasion:
"It was at this time that, with six hundred men, assisted by a few weak vessels, he put to flight an army of five thousand Spanish troops, supported by a powerful fleet. Og'lethorpe did not, like the Florida governor, shut himself up in his fortress and await the issue behind barred gates. He put himself fearlessly in his frail guard schooner, sailed out in the face of the thirty-six Spanish ships of the line, darted in and out among them, fighting his way througii them in his cutters or beating them back in his barges.
"Finally lie was convinced that he could not prevent the Spanish from landing. He spiked his guns on St. Simon's, sent his fleet to sea, arid marched up to the citadel at Vrederica, wliere he rallied the Highlanders and rangers. The rest of his work on that eventful day taxes the credulity of modern times and goes to make up one of the most decisive victories in English history. The Colony of Georgia was saved by a miracle and Oglethorpe acknow]edged his thanks to Providence, who gave him the victory. He routs the first party of Spaniards, which landed upon the lower end of the island, takes prisoners himself, pursues the enemy to an open meadow and posts his platoons in such a position that they commanded the plain entirely. The soul of energy, and anxious to cover every part of the island at once, he returned to Frederica to see if the enemy had approached the "works by watp",-. Convinced that everything was quiet here, he flew back to his platoons and the sight which met him was enough to appall the stoutest heart. His trusted soldiers had broken in disorder. Stonewall Jackson, when he reached the plain of M'anassas, found the Con federate lines badly broken. Oglethorpe, when he re turned to Bloody Marsh, encountered similar scenes of disorder. The work of rallying the troops only occupied

76 G-KORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
a moment. Under his trusted leadership they "went to the fray and found to their surprise, that a portion of Oglethorpe's men had stood their ground and had already routed the Spaniards with heavy slaughter. They had concealed themselves in the thicket and had fired upon the Spaniards "with deadly effect, forcing them back to the seashore and lining the marsh "with the dead and dying. The day is memorable in the history of the new "world.
"Oglethorpe completed by stratagem his victory on land. He convinced the Spanish that the Carolina ships and forces "were expected next day and their great gal leons, after making a sortie upon Frederica by "water, where they were beaten back by the guns of the fort, retired in confusion and soon sailed away to Florida and Cuba. Oglethorpe wrote, in considering the situation be fore the attack, that he could not do impossibilities. But it was the impossible which happened. The standards of England were now secure upon the frontiers of Geor gia. The Spanish had resented the encroachments of the British upon the Southern frontier, but the" title of the conqueror was now undisputed. As to Oglethorpe, the two worlds rang with his name and he received letters from the governors of New York, New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina, thanking him for the invaluable services he had rendered the British colonies in America. Had Frederica fallen Savannah, Charleston, Jamestown and the whole sea board would have been open to attack by the Spanish army and navy, "which had been fitted out at Havana for this very purpose. The day at Frederica decided that the Anglo-Saxon and not the Castilian was to be master of the new "world."

CHAPTER XIV
Christ Church, Savannah: Where the Georgia Colonists First Worshipped God
T O quote a distinguished local historian1 : "On the original spot where the Colonists established a house of worship stands today the beautiful and classic proportions of Christ Church. Here Wesley preached and Whitefield exhorted--the most gifted and erratic characters in the early settlement of Georgia. Wesley came to these shores with a fervor amounting almost to religious mysticism. He thought his mission was to Christianize the Indians. No priest of Spain ever carried the Cross among the Aztecs and Incas of Mexico and Peru with greater zeal; but his career in Georgia was checkered and unfruitful. Though a man of gifts he suspended his work among the Indians because he could not learn the language; and his ministry among th whites was characterized by a severity which made it unpopular. He seems to have been a martinet in the pulpit. He became embroiled with his parishoners and left Savannah between two suns. Yet Bishop Candler probably spoke the words of truth when, from the pulpit of Wesley Monumental Church, in November, 1899, he said: "No grander man ever walked these historic streets than John Wesley2 ."
^Pleasant A. Stovall, in a chapter on "Savannah," written for Historic Towns of the Southern States, pp. 30S-310, New York, 1904.
2It must not be forgotten that Wesley and Whitefield were both min. isters of the Church of England. Though holding peculiar views and be longing: to a society called in derision "Methodists," they both lived and died Episcopalians. Wesley and "Whitefield also differed between themselves. The former was Arminian, the latter Caivlnistic in theological doctrine.

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GEORGIA'S LIAKPMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND I/EGENDS

On February 26., 1838, the corner stone of the present handsome edifice was laid. It is the third religions struc ture which lias occupied this time-honored site since the days of Oglethorpe. The plans were drawn by James Hamilton Couper, Ksq., a noted planter; and the building committee appointed to supervise the work consisted of the following substantial members of the parish: William Scarborough, who built the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean; Dr. Theodosius Bartow, father of the afterwards celebrated Colonel Francis S. Bartow, who fell at Manassas; William Thorne Williams, Robert Ha'bersham, and William P. Hunter. The rector at this time "was the Reverend TCdward Xeufville; and his vestry men were: Dr. George Jones, a United States Senator; William Thorne Williams, Robert Habersharn, William Scarborough, R. R. Cuyler, a famous railroad pioneer; William P. Hunter, and Dr. P. M. Kollock. For nearly fourteen years, the eloquent Dr. Stephen Elliott, after wards the first Bishop of the Diocese of Georgia, was rector of Christ Church. He died in 1866, lamented by the entire South. The following' inscription on the cor ner-stone gives an epitomised history of this ancient house of worship :

I. H. S.

Glory to God.

Christ Church.

Founded in 1743. Destroyed by fire in 3 796. Ke

if ounded on an enlarged plan in 1803. Pai'tially

destroyed in the hurricane of 1804. "Rebuilt in 1810.

Taken down in 1838.

Says a well-known writer*: "Dating1 from the first Episcopal services held in Savannah by the Reverend George Herbert, one of the voyag'ers in the galley 'Ann,' Christ Church constitutes the oldest ecclesiastical organi zation in Georgia. The present site was chosen when
'Adelaide Wilson in Historic and Picturesque Sa,

CHRIST CHUKCH, SAVANNAH

79

Ogletliorpe planned the town. Until the first building was erected for the congregation, divine worship was held in the tent of Oglethorpe, in the open air, and in the Court House. Progress in the work was retarded for several years on account of hostilities "with Spain.
"The successor of George Herbert "was the ISeverend Samuel Quincy, a member of the famous family of Massa chusetts; and he in turn was succeeded by John Wesley and by George Whitefjeld. It was under the latter that the parish was first organized in 1843 and the original house of worship erected. During the rectorship of the Eeverend Bartholomew Zotiberbuhler, Colonel Barnard, of Augusta, presented the church "with the first organ ever seen in Georgia. In 1774, the Eeverend Haddon Smith, then rector, gave great offence to the Liberty element by his pronounced Loyalist views, in consequence of which he was approached by a committee of the church, who forbade him further to officiate in Georgia. Disre garding the command, he went to the church as usual to find the doors barred against him. Later he "was pub lished in the "Gazette" as an enemy to America; and being apprised of the fact that a mob "was approaching the rectory, whose purpose was to tar and feather him, the unhappy clergyman escaped with his family to Tybee, whence he sailed for Liverpool. In 1815 Bishop O'Hara, of South Carolina, came to Savannah to consecrate a building, "which "was then recently erected, and, at the same time, he held the first confirmation service in Geor gia, at which time sixty persons were presented by the rector, the Reverend Mr. Cranston."

CHAPTER XV
Bethesda: Where the Great Whitefield Founded an Asylum for Orphans
O N a bluff, near the seashore, nine miles from Savan nah, is situated Bethesda, one of the noblest memorials in existence to the great English divine, the mature flower of whose genius was devoted to the establishment of this Orphan House in what was then a remote wilderness of tlie New World. It is the oldest organized charity in America, a record which may excite some surprise in view of the fact that Georgia was the youngest of the original thirteen Colonies, founded more than a hundred years after Jamestown. But the humane enterprise of Oglethorpe originated in an impulse of philanthropy; it was an experiment in which some of the noblest minds of England were interested; and there is nothing illogical or strange in the fact that such an insti tution should have found birth in a Colony, the motto upon whose seal was "non sibi sed aliis." To the people of Georgia, it will ever be a source of the keenest satis faction not only that this pioneer institution possesses an age record of this character but that it originated in the heart of George ^Vhiteneld, the foremost pulpit orator known to the English-speaking world of his day and time. On a special visit to England, he secured from the Trus tees of the Colony a grant of land comprising five hundred acres, on which to establish his plant; and with the help of James Habersham. a fellow-traveller on his first voy age to America, he began to launch the humane project.

BBTHESDA

81

The site having been selected, a road -was cut from Savannah to Bethesda--the first highway ever construc ted in Georgia.

Perhaps the circumstances connected with the estab lishment of Bethesda are best narrated in the language of the great founder himself. "Writing of the project, Whitefield, in a letter, dated March 21, 1745, and post marked Bethesda, says*: " ... it was first proposed to me by my dear friend, the Eev. Mr. John Wesley, who, with his excellency, Gen. Oglethorpe, had concerted a scheme for carrying on such a design before I had any thought of going abroad myself. It was natural to think that as the Government intended this Province for the refuge and support of many of our poor countrymen, numbers of such adventurers must necessarily be taken off, by being exposed to the hardships which unavoidably attend a new settlement. I therefore thought it a noble design in the general to erect a house for fatherless children; and, believing such a provision for orphans would be some inducement with many to come over, I fell in with the design, when mentioned to me by my friend, and "was resolved, in the strength of God, to prose cute it with all my might. But, knowing my first stay in Georgia would necessarily be short, on account of my returning again to take priest's orders, I thought it most prudent to go and see for myself and defer prosecuting the scheme till I came home. When I came to Georgia I found many poor orphans who, though taken notice of by the Honorable Trustees, yet through the neglect of persons acting under them, were in wretched circum stances. For want of a house to breed them up in, the poor little ones were tabled out here and there; the others were at hard services and likely to have no education at all. Upon seeing this, and finding that his Majesty and
White's Historical Collections of Georgia, Chatham County, Savannah,

82 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AWD LEGENDS
Parliament had the interest of the Colony at heart, I thought I could not better show my regard to God and my country than by getting a house and land for these children, where they might learn to labor, read, and write, and, at the same time, be brought up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. Accordingly on my return to England, in the year 1738, to take priest's orders, I appealed to the TTonorable Society for a grant of five hundred acres of land and laid myself under obligations to build a house upon it and to receive from time to time as many orphans as the land and stock "would maintain ...... I called it Bethesda because T hoped it would be a house of mercy to many souls."
Whitefield gave himself unreservedly to the work. Throughout the remainder of his life, it was the constant theme of his eloquence. Voyages back and forth to Eng land and travels up and down the continent were made by him, almost withont number, in behalf of his beloved Bethesda. Large sums were contributed on both sides of the water, and people in every walk of life were charmed into giving by the marvelous witchery of his words. Benjamin Franklin records this anecdote of Whitefield: "I happened soon after to attend one of his sermons, in the course of "which I perceived he intended to finish "with a collection and I silently resolved that he should get nothing from me. I bad in my pocket a hand ful of copper money, three or four silver dollars, and five pistoles of gold. As he proceeded I began to soften, and concluded to give the copper. Another stroke of oratory made me ashamed to give so little and determined me to give the silver; and he finished so admirably that I emp tied my pocket wholly into the collector's dish, gold and all."
Nineteen years later found Whitefield making Be thesda an academy of high character, similar in design to one in Philadelphia. For this purpose two wings, one

BETHESDA

83

hundred and fifty feet eacli, were added to the main building. But the great friend of the orphans was nearing the end of his pilgrimage. It was not reserved for him to witness the ultimate fruition of his work. By

at .Bethesda and likewise all building's, lands, books, and furniture belonging1 thereto to that lady elect, that Mother in Israel, that mirror of true and undefiled religion, the .Right Honorable Selina, Countess of Huntingdon. In case she should be called to enter upon her glorious rest before my decease, then to the Honorable James Habersharn, a merchant of Savannah." Lady Hunting-don's first thought upon hearing of the bequeathal to her of Bethesda was characteristic of her devotional nature; a day "was set apart for fasting and prayer. But prepara tions were hardly begun for taking over the work, when the buildings -were destroyed by lightning.
Tjady Huntingdon contributed largely of her private means to restore the institution and to provide sufficient accommodations; but anything like permanent growth was intercepted by the outbreak of hostilities between the mother country and the Colonies in America. It is an interesting- fact that this noble and gifted woman was distantly related to Georg-e Washington. She presented

KKIIJL uij._y accuuipiiwiieu, n WHK iesmppeu LU oavannan W WIiLthII tmhe coounwseeunit. o01f tmhe omfficceerrws, int was pliaceda in the keeping of the Georgia Historical Society; and today hangs in Hodgson Hall. At the close of hostilities with England an effort was made by the Legislature to carry out Whiteneld's idea; and Chatham Academy "was projected, which took over the educational work of Bethesda, The latter, for some time, retained an interest in the school property in Savannah, but eventually re-

84 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
linquished it and then seemingly passed out of existence, until finally revived by the Union Society: an organiza tion only ten years younger than Bethesda. Planned upon non-sectarian lines, it existed for practical benevo lence; and, in 1854, the board of managers of the Union Society, purchasing one hundred and twenty-five acres of the Bethesda estate, erected buildings thereon for the orphans under its charge, and removed them thither. Ever since then the prosperity of the institution has been continuous and unbroken. At the last annual meeting of the Union Society, at Bethesda, the following officers were chosen for the ensuing year: President, Henry C. Cunningham; Vice-President, T. J. Charlton, M. DL; Treasurer, George A. Mercer, Jr.; Secretary, E. P. Lovell, Jr.; and a Board of Managers composed of rep resentative citizens of Savannah.*
*Consult: "White's "Historical Collections of Georgia," Savannah, 1854; "Illustrated History of Methodism," by Rev. James W. Lee, D. D., St. Louis, 1900; "History of Georgia Methodism," by George G. Smith, Atlanta, 1913; "Historic and Picturesque Savannah," by Adelaide Wilson, Boston, 18S9; etc.

CHAPTER XVI
The Grave of Tomo-Chi-Chi
ONE of the most zealous friends of tlie Colony of Georgia, a savage philosopher of the forest who deserves to be g-ratefully embalmed in the affec tions of the State, was the old Indian mico, Tomo-chi-chi. He was the chief of a detached tribe of the Creek Indians, and though he dwelt apart from his kinsman the aged mieo was greatly venerated throughout the forest for his Indian wisdom and he possessed a powerful influence over the native tribes. Tomo-chi-chi was ninety years of age, according to tradition, when Oglethorpe landed upon the bluff at Savannah; and was close upon the century mark when he died. It was the last wish of the aged chief to be buried among the whites. His remains were, therefore, brought to Savannah, where they were interred in Percival, now Court House, square, with im pressive ceremonies. Six of the most prominent citizens of Savannah acted as pall-bearers, Oglethorpe himself among the number. Minute guns were fired from the battery as he "was lowered to rest, and every respect was paid to the memory of the aged chief. His death occurred on October 15, 1739. An appropriate monu ment was planned by Oglethorpe, but for some reason it was not erected. However, the belated tribute has been paid at last. On the reputed spot of the old Indian's burial, a rough boulder of granite has been placed by the

86

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America, and a circular plate of copper bears tlie following' inscription :

"In memory of Tomo-Clii-CM, Mico of the Yamacraws, the companion of Oglethorpc, and the friend and ally of the Colony of Georgia. This stone has been here placed by the Georgia Society of Colonial Dames of America. 1739-1899,"

As the result of the treaty wliieh Ogiethorpe made with Tomo-chi-chi, the relations between the Colony and the Indians "were uninterruptedly harmonious for years. Tlie speech of the old inico, at the time of the treaty, is famous. Giving- Og'lethorpo a buffalo-skin, with the head and feathers of an eag'le painted on the inside, he said: "Here is a little present. The eagie means speed and the buffalo means strength. The English are as swift as the bird and as strong as the beast. Like the first, they fly from the utmost parts of the earth over the vast seas; and, like the second, nothing can withstand them. The feathers of the eagle are soft, and mean love; the buffalo's skin, is warm, and means protection. Therefore, love and protect our little families." Though a. savag-e, Tomo-clii-cM was both a warrior and a statesman. lie was far above the averag'e native of the forest in intelli gent fore-sight; and, fully appreciating the advantages to be derived from contact with the English, he was anxious for his people to be uplifted. There are many noble and splendid attributes to be found in the character of this
earliest of the great Georgians.*

ult: Historical Sketch of To 3-eh-chi, Mic Jones, Jr., 1S6S; also the same authoi

History of Georgia

THE BURIAL PLACE OF TOMO-CH I-CH I, MICO OF THE YAMACRAWS, IN COURT HOUSE SQUARE, SAVANNAH.

CHAPTER XVII
Wormsloe: The Home of Noble Jones
N EAR the m'outh of the Vern<on River, at the extreme southern end of the Isle of Hope, lies the oldest estate in Georgia : Wormsloe. It was formerly the country-seat of Noble Jones, a companion of the great Oglethorpe on his first voyage to America, and for years a distinguished officer of the Crown. He came into pos session of the estate in 1733, at which time he gave it the name which, it still bears. Here he built a, wooden fort, wtiioh he called Fort "Wymberley, placed in such a posi tion as to command the inland passage from the Vernon to the Wilmington River. This passage still bears his name. It wa;s much used by Indians, Spaniards and ou'tlaws when visiting the South Carolina eo-ast for purpoises of plunder and to carry off the negro slaves to Florida. Later he rebuilt it of "tabby" or "manchecolas" as tlhe Spaniard's called it, with outbuilt port-holes to defend it from e'scalade. In 1741, he was given a, fourpound cannon with which to defend the fort. Here he established headquarters for his famous marine's, who lived in huts near by and who rendered double duty by scouting the country on horse-back and the river in boats>. One of these gTiarded Skidd'away Narrows and carried dispatches between Savannah and Frederiea for General Oglethorpe.
On December 22, 1739, Noble Jones with his boat well armed captured a schooner in "Ussybaw" Sound and carried her around to Tybee. He also cruised with Capt. !Demetree to intercept unlawful trading vessels. Fort

88 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Wymberley was at one time successfully defended against a party of Indians and Spaniards by Mary Jones who, in the absence of her father, took command; and tradition records it that in recognition of her courage Wormsloe has always been left to - the widows and unmarried daughters of the house for life, the fee to be vested a't death in the male heir. There were many mulberry trees at W'ormsloe a,nd the Colony in a measure depended upon this source of supply for a sufficient Quantity of silk worm seed, and one year it was deplored that the crop would be short, as "Mr. Noble Jones's daughter had suffered her worms to issue from the cocoons without sorting them." Mary Jones married James Bulloch, Sr., father of Governor Archibald' Tr-Jnllocn and wias his third wife. She died at Wormsloe without issue in 1795.
N'oble Wymberley Jones, a zealous Whig, who was kept from attending the Continental Congress by the serious illness of his father, "who remained to the last fl devoted Royalist, became in 1775 by inheritance the owner of Wormsloe. But the necessity for mending his fortune, shattered in the Revolution, left him little time to spend on his place. He practiced medicine in Charles ton, Philadelphia, and Savannah. The estate passed at his death to his son. Judge George Jones, who used it as a place in which to raise fine horses, of 'which he was excessively fond. It was his custom on the circuit to drive a four-in-hand. George Wymberley Jones, his son, afterwards George Wymberley Jones DeRenne, then be came the owner of Wormsloe, "where he lived until the time of the Civil War and where he collected and pub lished early Georgia manuscripts in the Wormsloe quartos. Here, on the southern extremity of the island, >a battery was built at this time, called "Lawton Battery," after Gen. A. R. L/awton. This battery exchanged one shot with 'a Federal gunboat ascending Vernon Titiver. The gunboat "withdrew finding the river fortified.
It was after the war that Worrn.sloe came to the rescue of the family by tempting a Northerner to lease the estate for the purpose of raising sea island cotton

RUINS OF FORT WYMBERLEY, ,AT WORMSI-OE, THE OLD HOME OF NOBLE JONES, ON THE ISLE OF HOPE.

"WORMSLOE
thereon. But the lessee soon tired of the existing labor conditions, 'whereupon Worinsloe reverted to the owners, Wymberley Jones "DeHenne, son of George "Wymberley Jones DeRenne, the present incumbent, has laid out liveoak tree avenues and arranged native trees and plants in groups and lines, thus developing the natural beauties of the pjace. He has also built a library dedicated "to Noble Jones, owner of Wormsloe, from 1733 to 1775," a handsome structure devoted entirely to Georgia books, maps, manuscripts, etc., relating- to the history of Geor gia. Near the ruins of the Old Fort, the name by which "Fort "Wymberley is called, there stands ia 'tombstone erected by the father of the present owner, on which appears this inscription:*

George Wymberley Jones DeJte me hath laid tMs stone MUOCOLXXV to mark tLo >]fl bnrial pla.ee of AVormsloe, 1737-1789, and to save from oblivion the g-naves of his kin dred.''

Wymberley Jo

egard to Wcr

CHAPTER XVIII
Bonaventure: The Ancient Seat of The Tattnalls
FOUR miles from (Savannah, on the road to Thunder bolt, lies Konavcnturc, today one of the most beautiful burial places of the dead in America. Its majestic live-oaks, more than a. eentnry old, interlock their rugg'ed branches and trail fheir pendant mosses over an area of consecrated ground, beautifully kept by the care-taker in charge, and the scene presented to the eye by these gnarled and twisted Druids is at once both weird and fascinating". Bonaventure is today thickly sown with the historic dust of Savannah; bnt, in former times, it was the abode of life; a place where hospitality ' expressed itself in the most delightful rounds of enter tainment and where loyal subjects pledged the health of the King.
Originally it belonged to John, ifnllryne, who pur chased the estate in 176'"2. Flis attractive daughter, Alary, an only child, having1 been wooed and won by Josiah Tattnail, it became the home of the successful suiior. with "whose name its wealth of associations was ;:ifter\vards to be entwined. Tradition has preserved a bit of romance in connection with the old estate, for there still abides an unwritten legend to the effect that the avenues of magnificient trees were planted in the form of a monogram combining" the letters ''M'' and "T", the initials of the two aristocratic families. The Tattnalls came originally from Normandy, in France. They afterwards settled in Cheshire, England, where the name first appears

BONAVENTUFiE, THE NEAR SAVANNAH,

BCHSTAVENTUftE

91

among the gentry as far back a,s 1530. In the beginning, it was spelt De Taten, afterwards Ta ten-hall, borrowing the added syllable, no doubt, from the ancestral manor; and Anally it was contracted into Tattnall. The earliest bearer of the name came to Strath. Carolina in 1700, where he married the grand-daughter of an Irish peer. It was* his son Josiah Tattnall who, in the staid old city of Charleston, sued for the hand of John Mullryne's daughter; and soon after the nuptials were celebrated the family abode was established at Bonaventure.

On tho approach of hostilities with England, both John Mullryiie and Josiah Tattnall remained steadfast loyalists. The latter was a fighter, whose sword flashed in tho Colonial wars. Ho could not antagonize the mother-country, however, even though he declined a com mission in the Royal army; nor could he shed the blood of kinsman at home. TTe was poised between two painful extremes; but the situation was soon simplified by banish ment. With John Mullryne, he suffered the penalty of expatriation; and, taking his two sons, John and Josiah, he embarked for England. The-* family estate was con fiscated by tho "Whigs ; and thus were these staunch parti sans of the royal house rewarded for the conservatism which ke%)t them loyal to the Crown.
The boys wore put to school abroad ; but young Josiah, making liis escape, returned to America. He felt the lure of Bona venture, the home of his birth. Joining the American army at Purysburg, he took an active part in the closing scenes of the Revolution in Georgia. He was honored in many ways by the State, was finally made Governor, and before his death was reinvested with the titles to !Boiiavontnre, within "whose soil his ashes today sleep. TTe died in the West Indies, an exile in search of health, and his last request \vas that he might repose in Bonaventure, under the guardian oaks of his boyhood.
His son Commodore Josiah Tattnall became an illus trious commander. He served the United States govern-

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GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

ment with, eminent distinction upon the high seas. It is a coincidence, however, of the most singular character that eighty-four years after his grandfather's property was confiscated by the State government his own personal property was confiscated by the Federal government be cause he refused to remain in the service after Georgia seceded ; and among the effects thus appropriated were some of the identical belongings which his grandfather forfeited to the Staie and which were subsequently restored.*

sult: Life of Commodore .Tosiah Tattnall, by Charles C. Jones, h, 1S7S.

CHAPTER XIX
Brampton: The Home of Jonathan Bryan
N EAK the south bank of the Savannah River, on a gentle eminence of land, which, in the days of the illustrious old patriot who first owned it, "was some distance from the city, but which today is well within the enlarged boundaries of Savannah, stood the fine old Colonial mansion of Jonathan Bryan, one of the earliest of the patriots of Georgia. He called his beauti ful country seat Brampton. Here, worn by the hard ships of the Revolution, including an ordeal of imprison ment on board a prison ship off the shores of T^ong Island, the sturdy old friend of liberty breathed his last on March 8, 1788, at the ripe old age of four-score years. His remains are entombed in a large brick vault occu pying the south-west corner of the family burial ground at Brampton, a small plot of land fifty by forty feet, situated some quarter of a mile from tho house. The vault forms part of a heavy wall of brick which encloses the sacred area of ground and is entered by an iron door on the west side. The Savannah River, only two -hun dred yards distant nmrmurs a soft requiem to the old patriot who here sleeps, his warfare ended.
As an embankment was thrown up against the south wall of the enclosure in 18R4 it is supposed that the burial ground was \ised at this time for a battery by the Con federates. During the occupation of Savannah by General Sherman tho vaiilt was opened, doubtless by prowling soldiers in search of silver, at "which time the contents of

94

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

the tomb "were somewhat disturbed. Jonathan Bryan ? s wife was -Mary "Williamson. Brampton was settled "upon her some time prior to the "Revolution. Consequently when her husband and son were sent to Long' Island, she was not molested by the British. In after years, Brampton became the property of the Williamson family several members of which are interred in the .burial ground; but the wife of the old patriot occupies a crypt in the vault with him. ilost of the children are also entombed here. On account of his connection with the earliest affairs of the Colony, no less than for his part in the drama of independence, .Jonathan "Bryan has been aptly called one of the principal founders and fathers of Georgia. The Brampton estate contains GOO acres of land. It is today owned by the heirs of the late "Or. James B. Read whose mother was a William son.*

In the old family Bible of Jonathan Bryan--perhaps the most ancient relic which exists today in the State--appear the following entries penned by Mr. Bryan 's own hand: "The year 1752 WHS a very dry summer, the pastures were burned up and void of grass as in the dead of winter and the cattle were watered from the wells for three months." " The greatest hurricane we have had in the memory of* man was in the year 1754. oil Thursday and Friday, the 14th and loth clays of September, and wns succeeded by another on the 30th of the same month." "The year 1756 was a dryer and severer year than the year 1752 there being very little rain from the month of March till Xovcmber and December." "Janu ary 3rd, 1749 was the greatest frost and coldest day over known in these parts." "Small-pox broke out in Savan nah, April 1762." "The year 3760 memorable for that most detestable act of Parliament called the Stamp Act." "March 16th, 3766 was the time of the great freshet in the River Savannah." "This Bible was clasped with
from Mrs. Jane Wallace Bryan, Dillon, Ga., dated Aug. 5, 1911.

BRAMPTON

95

silver by Mr. James Deveaux in the year 3747." "Joseph Bryan, son of Josiah and Elizabeth. Bryan, was born on the 18th of -August A. D. one thousand seven hundred and seventy-three, a very fine promising1 boy." [This grand son in after years became a member of Congress.]

Caesar, one of the numerous slaves owned by Jona than Bryan Jived to bo a centenarian. But long before his death he was made a free man by the voluntary act of his master. Andrew, a son of the old ex-slave, became a noted negro preacher of Savannah during the early ante-bellum period. The following1 brief items, copied from the records, tell a story of some interest. First, the death notice of Jonathan Bryan's faithful servant Caesar. This reads as follows: '' Nov. 27th, 1798. Savannah, Ga. Died at the plantation of Col. Wylly [son-in-law of the late Hon. Jonathan Bryan] aged 103 years, negro Caesar, father of the celebrated Parson Andrew. Caesar was a faithful servant of the late Jonathan Bryan, Esq., for forty-two years, when he g'ave, him his freedom.''--In Book B. Chatham. County Records, pp, 213,214, dated May 4th, 1789, will be found an entry showing where William Bryan, planter, son of .Jonathan Bryan, sets free Andrew, a former slave on the estate of Jonathan Bryan and by division of estate Wil liam Bryan's slave.--In Book N. Chatham County Records, p. 317, dated Sept. 4, 1773, there is an entry showing where a plot of ground at Yamacraw in what was then called the village of St. Gall was deeded to William Bryan and James AVhitelield, in trust for a black man named Andrew Bryan, a preacher of the gospel. The consideration involved was thirty pounds sterling. On this plot of ground, was built the negro church of which Andrew Bryan "was the pastor until his death. As an item of interest for the future historian, this fragment illus trative of life under the old feudal regime at the South is worthy of preservation.

96 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Joseph Bryan, a distinguished grandson of the Revo lutionary patriot, brought fresh honor to the old ances tral name by representing Georgia in the halls of Con gress ; but dying at the early age of thirty-nine the hopes begotten by a genius of rare brilliancy were unfulfilled. In this respect he was not unlike the youthful Hallam, beloved of Tennyson. Educated in Europe, he crossed the ocean a second time for the purpose of enjoying a season of travel on the continent and to gain a more inti mate knowledge of foreign lands and letters. There is no telling to "what heights of distinction he might have attained in the service of Georgia, had not his career been prematurely shortened. The papers of the day, in announcing the death of Mr. Bryan, dwell in the most glowing terms of eulogium upon his manifold accomp lishments ; while John Randolph, of Roanoke, an intimate personal friend of the deceased, paid him a tribute the warmth of which told how close he was to the tender heart of the great Virginian. He died at Nonchalance, his residence on Wilmington Island, below Savannah. In compliance with directions given by Mr. Bryan in his will, lie was entombed in a vault above ground, at his country seat, where he was joined in the sleep of death by his beloved wife within a very few years. There is a marble tablet at the entrance to the vault which bears this simple inscription:
"Joseph Bryan. born Aug. 18, 1773, and died
Sept. 12, 1812. Delia Bryan, born Mar. 4, 1783,
and died Dec. 16, 1825."

CHAPTER XX
The Jews in Georgia: An Outline History
G EORGIA'S earliest historic annals record the presence of the Jew in the infant Colony of Oglethorpe. The records furthermore bear witness not only to his mercantile activities, but to his pioneer hardships and vicissitudes in an untamed wilderness, to his religious fervor in the worship of God, and to his patriotic zeal in the cause of American independence. The humane experiment of founding1 a free State in the Western Hemisphere, for the benefit of the unfortunate debtors of England, appealed with peculiar force to a people schooled in the harsh discipline of oppression since the days of the Pharaohs. But strange to say it was not without some debate that the benevolent scheme of Oglethorpe, though born of an impulse of humanity, was made broad enough to include a persecuted race, from the loins of which had come a promised Messiah whose mission was to redeem a lost world.
On July 11, 1733--to quote an authoritative document* --a tiny vessel rode the harbor of Savannah. The event was full of significance for the future of the State, since it not only brought news from borne but bore fresh colonists on board whose racial genius was to constitute no small asset in the building of a commonwealth. The ship's roster included: Benjamin Sheftall, accompanied
*Some Notes of the Early History of the Sheftalls of Georgia, by Ed mund H. Abrahams. Reprinted from the Publications of the American Jewish Society, No. 17 (1909).

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GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

by his wife, Perla Sheftall; Dr. Nunis, with his mother, Mrs. Nunis; two other bearers of this name, Daniel and Moses; Shem Noah, a family servant; Isaac Nunis Henneriques, with his wife, Mrs. Henneriques, also a son Shem; Raphael Bornal and Mrs. Bornal, his wife; David Olivera; Jacob Olivera; Mrs. Olivera, the latter's wife, two sons, Isaac and David, and a daughter, Leah; Aaron Depevia ; Benjamin Gideon; Jacob Costa; David Lopez, with Mrs. Lopez, his wife; Mr. Veneral; Mr. Molena; David Cohen and Mrs. Oohen, his wife, three daughters, Abigail, Grace and Hannah, also a son Isaac; Abraham Minis and Mrs. Minis, his wife, with two daughters, Leah and Esther; Simon Minis; Jacob Yowell; and Abraham DeLyon. These colonists were in the main Portugese and Spanish Jews, though a few were descendants of English refugees from Holland. Dr. Nunis, whose know ledge of medicine proved to be of great value to the settlers, came from Portugal. The Sheftails were of Bavarian stock, but came from England. Some have claimed that the first native Georgian, was a Jew--Philip Minis, who "was born on the bluffs of Savannah, not long" after the vessel dipped anchor.

The Colony of Georgia was less than five months old when the new comers arrived. Little had been accomp lished; and there was the usual unrest incident to pioneer beginnings. The welcome which the Jews received was not cordial. Even here-- ; 'iii the vastness of an tint rod wilderness, hushed by nature's God"--an old prejudice which sixteen centuries of Christianity had not uprooted caused some of the settlers to look askance at the new arrivals. But the benign influence of Oglctaorpe soothed the discordant elements. There was no room for bigotry in the heart of the true English gentleman who founded Georgia ; nor was there any excuse for intolerance in a great State whose horizon was broad enough for every faith and whose motto was "non sibi sed aliis." Few

THE JEWS IN GEORGIA

99

fragments have come clown to the present time telling of the early Colonial life of these settlers. But the religious devotions of the little band were not neglected. They brought with them from England a copy of the Safer Torab, in what was called a "Ilcchal"; and here, in a rude home, on the shores of the new "world, was founded the Congregation Mickva Israel. Tn 1742, when Oglethorpe returned to England, many of the Jews left Savannah, some of them going to Charleston, where there were many co-religionists, others to Philadelphia, then the center of Jewish interests in America. From this time until the Revolutionary period the Jewish history of Savannah was conlined to the records of three fami lies: Sheftall, Minis, and DcL/yon.
Tondee's Tavern--afterwards the Cradle of Ldberty in Georgia--was the chief rallying place of the town during the Colonial period, a social as well as a business center, where the older people quaffed ale and the chil dren played quoits. Pfere the Union Society "was formed, an organization which years later took over the care of Bethesda, the oldest organized charity in America, founded by the great "Whiteneld. Three of the most influential members of this society were: Peter Tondee, a Catholic. Richard Mil ledge, an Episcopalian, and Benjamin Sheftall, a Jew.
There was no burial ground set apart iu the earl; days for the settlers of Israelitish faith, barring a small family plot which belonged to the DeLyons. It is a local tradition that when a Jew who was not of this household died in Savannah, application was made for the use of the T)e!Lyon burial ground, but the request was refused. This is said to have greatly angered a member of the race who was destined to become a man of marked prominence in Georgia: Mordecai Slieftall. Thereupon this gentleman conveyed to certain trustees a tract of land which became the Jewish cemetery of Savannah and continued to be used as such until 1850. -Here today lie buried the early Sheftalls, in graves which are marked by well preserved tomb-stones.

100 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
It was Israel Zangwell who coined tlie fine aphorism that since the time of the Exodus freedom has spoken with the Hebrew accent. Though wedded to pursuits of peace, the Jews of Georgia were not slow to resent the oppressions of England. The spirit of liberty burned in the hearts of these gentle people and overmastered the commercial instinct. Mordeeai Sheftall, born in Savan
nah, December 16, 1735, became one of the most zealous of the patriots. The royal proclamation which appeared in the Georgia Gazette, of July 6, 1780, proscribed him as a "Great Rebel," in a list which included the Signers of the Declaration of Independence and two Generals. When the theater of war shifted to the South, in 1779, Mordeeai Sheftall was commissioned by the Provincial Congress to fill the office of Commissary General of Issues for the State of Georgia. His son, 'Sheftall Shef tall, became his deputy, and together they furnished sup plies to the soldiers. The large sums of money received and disbursed by them show that to the fullest extent they possessed the confidence of the State authorities.
WTien Savannah fell into the hands of the British in 1779, the Sheftalls were captured, put on board a prison ship, a,nd transported to Antigua, in the West Indies. At first they -were consigned to a common jail where they suffered great privations and indignities, but they were afterwards released on parole. With other prisoners of "war, they -were brought at a later period to Sunbury. Here, in a most singLilar manner, the charter of the Union Society was saved from extinction. It was pro vided in the charter that unless a meeting was held an nually for the election of officers, the charter itself was to be forfeited. Mordeeai Sheftall remembered this pro vision. With three of his fellow-prisoners, who, by a fortunate coincidence, happened to be members of the Union Society, he managed to hold a meeting before the time-limit expired. This took place under a tree which is said to have been the birth-place of the first Masonic Lodge organized in Georgia. By virtue of this timely

THE JEWS IN GEORGIA
rescue, the tree became known as Charter Oak. exchanged, Mordecai Sheftall was appointed by Board of War in Philadelphia, a Flag- Master to carry funds and provisions to General Monltrie for the desti tute inhabitants of Charleston. Tt is needless to say that lie faithfully performed the trust.
After the Revolution, he was the victim of shameful ingratitude. From his own private resources, he had spent large sums of money for the support of the Georgia troops. When there "were no funds on hand, he "went into his own pocket for the necessary means; but most unfortunately when the British entered Savannah the commissa,ry "was sacked and many of his vouchers des troyed. Impoverished by the war and broken in health, due to his prison life, he applied to the general govern ment for reimbursement of expenditures ; bnt the demand was not honored. Some time in the fifties--more than half a century later--his heirs presented a claim to the Legislature of Georgia ; but the watch-dogs of the treas ury managed to pigeon-hole the resolution. To quote the terse comment of Mr. Abrahams: ''Ingratitude is not confined to individuals."
The old patriot died at his home in Savannah, on July 6, 1797, and was buried in the old Jewish cemetery which his liberality had set apart to the people of his race. The year before he died, his fellow citizens of Chatham honored him with a seat in the General Congress which convened at Louisville, then the capita] of the State. Sheftall Sheftall practiced law in Savannah until 3848. As long as he lived he continued to wear Colonial knicker bockers; and because of his peculiar style of dress which he refused to alter, in conformity "with popular taste, he was called "Cocked--TTat Sheftall." On the occasion of the visit of President Monroe to Savannah in 1819 he was an honored guest at the banquet. Dr. Moses Sheftall, his son, became an esteemed citizen of Savannah, a surgeon

102 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
in the Chatham Regiment, and a judge of the inferior court. When "Washington became chief-magistrate of the nation, in 1789, Levi Sheftall, Ihen president of the Hebrew Congregation, of Savannah, addressed him a letter of congratulation to "which he replied at Rome length, speaking in the higiiest terms'of the part taken by the Jews in the struggle for independence and praying that the same wonder-working Diety \vho had delivered them of old from the hand of the oppressor might con tinue to water them with the dews of heaven.
It is not the purpose of this sketch to do more than trace the beginnings of the Jewish colony in Georgia. But true to the heroic precedents furnished by the race in Revolutionary times the descendants of the old patriots of Hebrew blood "were prompt to enlist in 1861 ; and not a few of them made gallant soldiers. The last official order of the Confederate government was issued to a Jew--Major Raphael. Moses; and there were few Geor gia regiments in which men of Tsraelitish stock were not enlisted. The famous Straus family of New York was identified with Georgia from 1854 to 1856. One of the members of this household, Oscar S. Straus, became United States Minister to Turkey, holding" this office un der three separate administrations. rTc "was1 also the first American citizen of Jewish parentage to hold a portfolio in the Cabinet of a President of the United States. Isidor and Nathan Straus, his elder brothers, became wealthy merchants of the metropolis, men of wide sympathies for the unfortunate, and of many noble philanthropies. The former of these, Isidor, perished at sea, on hoard the ill-fated Titanic, in 1912.

CHAPTER XXI
Savannah's Revolutionary Monuments
D TJ-RING the visit of General L/afayette to Savannah, in 1825, the old pal lad in of liberty was !a;sked to take part in laying' the corner-stones of two monu ments to be erected, one to t)he memory of General ' Nathanael Greene, in Johnson square, and one to tb e memory of Count Pnlaski, in Chippewa sqiia.re. lie yielded assent; and on March "21, 1825, the corner-stones were duly laid in the places designated, General l^afayette acting in association with the JVIasonic lodges. Snbsequently donations "were received for the erection, of these monuments. Th.e sum desired was $35,000, for the raising* of which the Legislature authorized a lottery; but the enterprise I'angrtisiring aft GO: a few years it was de cided to erect only one shaft, to be dedicated in common to the two ilhistrions heroes.
Accordingly the first monument e reeled, a shaft of granite, fifty feet in heigbt, was called the "Greene and Pnlaski" monument, and for twenty-five years it continned to honor the two heroes1 jointly, though it bore no inscription. Finally, in 1853, funds having- been raised sufficient to carry out the original plan, the monument in Johnson square became the ' ' Greene'' inosnument, and 'a 'shaft to Oount Pnlaski was erected elsewhere. However, it was not until 1885 that it bore i'.n. inscription. The Georgia. TTistorical Society then took the matter in

GEOKOIA/B LANDMARKS,
band, and., with the aid of the city authorities, raised the m'oney needed for the tablets. Both made of bronze, the one on the south sid c p or tr ays, i n ba s rcl i cf, the ful 1 length figure of General Gr eerie, While tlie one on the north side reaids thus:
"Major-Geneva! Nathanael Greene, born in Rhode Island, 3742, died in Georgia, 1786. Soldier, patriot, and friend of Washington. This shaft, has been reared by the people of Savannah in honor of his great services to tihe A.meri'can Kevolution."
On November 14, 1902, the remains of General Greenc having been found in the Graham v;vult, after long search, in the old Colonial burial ground, were re-interred with impressive ceremonies under tlie Greenc monument. The ashes 'of his son, George 'Washington Greene, were like wise committed to the same receptacle. Directly over the spot which marks the last resting'-pl'ace is a "wreath of bronze, there pla,ced by Savannah. Chapter of the Daughters of tlie American Revolution land imveilek.1 at t(he 'time of re-interment.
Through it ^vas designed originally that the monument to Oount PulasM should stand in ("hippe^va square, the corncr-'sitone, on O'ctober J1, 1853, was re! aid in Momerey square; and, on January 9, 1855, the superb structure was dedicated, with impressive ceremonies. It is fifty feet in, height; a column of solid marble resting upon a base of granite and surmounted by a staitue of t#ie goddess of liberty, 'holding a wreath in her out stretched hand. On eadh of the four corners of the base is cihiseled an inverted cainnon, emblematic of loss and mourning. The coats-of-arms of both Poland and Geor gia, enftwined "with branches of laurel, ornament the cor nices, wCh-ile the bird of freedom rests upon boith. Pulaski, on an e^leg'ant tablet of bronze, is portrayed in the act of

THE PULASKI MONUMENT ON BULL STREET, IN SAVANNAH.

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falling, mortally wounded, from his horse, at the time of the famous seige; and the whole is a work of consummate art. It was executed in Italy at a cost of $18,000 and was considered at the time one of the most elegant memorials in America. The inscription on the monument reads:

Underneath the monument, soon after the laying of the corner-stone, were placed what at the time were sup posed to he the remains of the gallant foreigner. These, having been exhumed at Greenwich, on Augustine Creek, the traditional place of Pulaski's burial, were placed heside the corner-stone, in a receptacle specially designed for them. The conformity of the remains to such a man as Pulaski, ascertained upon an anatomical examination by medical experts, decided the commissioners to place the remains beneath the structure. [However, there are some who insist that Pulaski was buried at sea and that his real ashes are entombed between Savannah and Charleston.] To Major William P. Bowen belongs the chief honor of the project which culminated in the erec tion of the monument. Dr. Richard D. Arnold was the chairman of the commission.
Among the numerous articles deposited in the corner stone was a piece of the oak tree from Sunbury, under which General Og-Iethorpe opened the first Lodge of Free Masons in Georgia, and under which also, in 1779, the charter of the Union Society, of Savannah, was' pre served and Mordecai Sheftall, then a prisoner of war. was elected president. It was the contribution of Mrs. Perla Sheftall Solomons. Colonel A. E. Lawton, after wards Genera], was in command of the various military organizations at the time of the re-laying of the corner stone. Robert E. Launitz, of New York, was the designer

106 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of the monument, and Robert 13. "Walker, the sculptor. Richard R. Cuyler officiated in the Masonic rites.
On February 2, 1888, in Madison square, pear the handsome new DeSoto hotel, was unveiled the superb monument to Sergeant Jasper. It is the work of the famous sculptor, Alexarfder Doyle, who at the age of thirty was the designer of more public monuments and statues than any other man in America, and who was credited with at least one-fifth of the memorials of this kind to be found within the Union. Surmounting' a pedestal of granite, the figure of Sergeant Jasper, heroic in size and 'wrought of bronze, is portrayed in the act of seizing the colors of his regiment. It reproduces the heroic scene of his martyrdom, on the Spring Hill re doubt, during the siege of Savannah. With the flag in one hand, he raises his gallant sword with the other, to defend the emblem of his country's1 liberties. The in scription on the monument reads:
"To the memory of Sergeant William Jasper, who, though inortally wounded, rescued the colors of his regiment, in the assault on the British linos about the city, October 9, 1779. A century ha'S not dimmed the glory of the Irish-American soldier whose last tribute to civil liberty was his life. 1779-1879. Erected by the -Jasper Mouumen.t Association.''
Grover 'Cleveland, President of the United States, en route to Jacksonville, Fla., honored the occasion, by a drive through the city, and General John B. Gordon was also among the distinguished visitors. In the mem bership of the Jasper Association were many of the fore most men of Savannah, including: John Flannery, Peter W. Meldrim, John R. Dillon, John T. Ronan, J. J. McOowan, John H. Estill, George A. Mercer, W. O. Tilton, Luke Carson, John Screven, Jordan F. Brooks, Jeremiah Cronin and J. K. Clarke. Though not as large as either the Greene or the Pulaski monument it is quite as im pressive, and- from the artistic standpoint is unexcelled

TH E JASPER MONUMENT, ON BULL STREET, IN SAVANNAH.

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by any memorial in the Forest City, whose monuments are world-renowned.

Near the site of the present Central Railroad depot was the famous Spring- Hill redoubt where Count Pulaski and Sergeant Jasper fell 'mortally wounded on October 9, 1779, during1 the ill-fated seige of Savannah. Superb monuments to these immortal heroes have been erected on Bull street, the city's most beautiful thoroughfare. In addition, Savannah, chapter of the D. A. E. has com memorated the heroic sacrifice which they made to liberty by placing- a tablet on the hill. Miss Margaret Charlton, daughter _of Judge Walter G. Charlton, of Sa vannah, and Miss Isabelle Harris on, daughter of Col onel Isaac: Huger, who planned the assault on Spring' Hill redoubt, unveiled the tablet. On account of the dis tinguished part taken in the siege of Savannah by Count D'Estaing, the French government deputed a special representative, Viscount JBenoist d'Assy, an officer in the French navy, to attend the ceremonies. Monsieur Jusserand, the French ambassador at 'Washington, and Governor Joseph M. Brown, of Georgia, made short addresses.

On the old Augusta road, two miles above Savannah, is the scene of one of the boldest captures in the history of the Revolution : Jasper Spring. Here the brave Ser geant Jasper with the help of his comrade-in-arms, Sergeant Newton, rescued six American soldiers from the British officers who were taking them as prisoners of war from Kbenezcr to Savannah. It was the work of stratagem; but there is not to be found in the annals of the war for independence a feat more courageous. The spring has1 ever since been called by the name of the gallant Irishman "who later perished at the sieg'e of Savan nah. In 1902 Laclilan Mclntosh Chapter of the IX A. R. marked the site by placing here a beautiful memorial fountain to remind the wayfarer, while quenching his thirst, of the brave exploit with which this little spring is forever associated in Georgia's' historic annals.

CHAPTER XXII
Mulberry Grove: The General Greene Estate Where the Cotton Gin Was Invented
F OURTEEN miles above Savannah, on the south side of the river, stood the dignified old mansion of General Nathanael Greene, surrounded by 2,170 acres of the best river bottom land in Georgia. Besides recalling the illustrious soldier, "who ranks second only to Washington, tbe Mulberry Grove plantation was the scene of Eli Whitney's great invention: the Cotton Gin. This was formerly the home of the royal LieutenantGovernor, John Graham; but having been forfeited to the State of Georgia, it was given to General Greene in appreciation of his services, in expelling tbe British invader from Georgia soil. The estate was one of the finest in the neighborhood of Savannah, a statement suffi ciently attested by the fact that the Lieutenant-Governor sought to recover the sum of fifty thousand ponnds ster ling, by way of indemnification. President Washington, on his visit to Georgia, in 1791, stopped at Mulberry Grove to pay his respects to the widow Greene.
The dwelling- remained in an excellent state of preser vation until recent years, when it was partially wrecked by a storm, after which it was not rebuilt. The site formerly occupied by the old homestead is now the prop erty of Mr. Van E. Winckler. At the time the Legislature of Georgia conferred the Graham plantation npon Gen-

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eral Greene, North Carolina voted him twenty-five thous and acres of land on Duck Biver and South Carolina gave him. an estate valued at ten thousand pounds sterling on Edisto Biver. He chose to establish his residence at Mulberry Grove, even in preference to the home of his birth in Rhode Island; and, on October 14, 1785, he left for Georgia, to become one of her honored and beloved citizens.
Eegarding his life at Mulberry Grove, one of his biographers, William Johnson, says 1 : "His time -was altogether devoted to the education of a charming family, the cultivation of his ]and, and the paternal care of his slaves. The intervals of his more serious employments were agreeably filled by a select library and by a spirited correspondence with his numerous friends, as well in Elurope as in America ; and he resigned himself, without reserve, to the enjoyments of his fireside and to the inter change of civilities with his numerous and wealthy neigh bors." In November, soon after his arrival, he writes:2 "We found the house, situation, and ont-buildings, more convenient and pleasing than we expected. The prospect is delightful, and the house magnificent. We have a coach-house, with stables, a large out-Mtchen, and a poul try house nearly fifty feet long by twenty wide, parted for different kinds of poultry, with a pigeon-house on the top, which will contain not less than a thousand pigeons. Besides these, there is a fine smoke-house. The garden is in ruins, but there are still a variety of shrubs and flowers in it."
Again, in the month of April following, General Greene writes3 : "This is the busy season with us. We are planting. We have upwards of sixty acres of corn and expect to have one hundred and thirty of rice. The garden is delightful. The fruit-trees and flowering shrubs

1Wm. Johnson's Life of I^Tatlianael Greene, Vol. ?, p. 418, 1822. The Remains of Major-General Natnanael Greene, a Report of the Special Committee of the General Assembly of Rhode Island, etc., p. 79, Providence, R. I., 1903.
BIbid, p. 79.

110 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND I/EGTCNDS
form a pleasing' variety. We have green peas almost fit to eat, and as fine lettuce as ever yon saw. The mock ing birds surrorind us evening and morning. The weather is mild and the vegetable kingdom progressing to per fection. We have in the same orchard apples, pears, peaches, apricots, nectarines, plums of different kinds, pomegranates, arid oranges. And. we have strawberries which measure three inches round. All these are clever, but the want of our friends to enjoy them with us, makes them 1 ess interesting.'' General. Gr eene was destined never to see the fruit then blossoming at Mulberry Grove.
On Monday, Jnne 12, 1786, General Greene's presence was required at Savannah. He made the journey, accom panied by his wife, and visited the home of Major Nathaniel Pendleton7 one of his aides during the war; and here, under the roof of his old friend, they passed the night. On the next morning, they started early for home, intending- to spend the day at the house of Mr. William Gibbons. They arrived at the latter's planta tion early in the forenoon and, after breakfast, the gen tlemen walked into the rice-field tog'ether, to view the progress of the crop, in "which General Greene "was much interested. The sun was intensely hot, but General Grreene had been too long- a soldier to fear any danger from the warm southern sun. On the way home, in the evening, he complained of a severe pain in the head. Tt grew worse, and by Thursday his forehead was very much inflamed and swollen. Major Pendleton fortunately arrived on a visit; and, his apprehensions aroused by an obvious depression of spirits oil the part of his old commander, who seemed loath to join in the conver sation, he urged him to consult a doctor. On the next imoruing the physician arrived, took a little blood and administered some ordinary prescription, but the inflam mation increasing another physician was called into con sultation. The disease, having now assumed an alarming

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aspect, it was decided to blister the temples and to let the blood freely; but it was too late; the head had swollen greatly, and the patient lapsed into a total stupor, from which he never revived. Early on the morning of Mon day, November 19, 1786, he died.
General Anthony Wayne, whose plantation was not far distant, hearing of the illness of his friend, hastened to his bedside, and was with him when the end eaine. In a letter addressed to James Jackson, the latter said : "He was great as a soldier, greater as a citizen, immaculate a.s a friend. His corpse will be at Major Pendleton's this nig-ht, the funeral from thence in the evening. The greatest honors of war are due his remains. You, a,s a soldier will take the proper order on this melancholy affair. Pardon this scrawl; my feelings are too much affected because I have seen a great and a good man die/' When the news reached Savannah, it produced overwhelming sorrow. Preparations were (hastily made to do full honor to the memory of the distinguished man and to surround the obsequies with the dignity befitting his high rank and character. On Tuesday, the day after his death, the remains were taken by water to Savannah, thence to the home of Major Pendleton, which stood on Bay street, next to the corner of Barnard street, and close to the water's edge. In front of this house, the militia, representatives of the municipality, members of the Society of the Cincinnati, -and many persons in private and official life, received the body. Flags in the harboi: were lowered to half-mast, the shops and stores in town were closed, and labor of every kind was supeuded. At about five o'clock in the afternoon, the funeral procession started from, the Pendleton house to the Colonial Ceme tery, belonging to Christ Church; the artillery in Fort. Wayne firing minute-guns .as the long lines advanced; the band playing the solemn "Dead March in San]."
On reaching the burial ground, "where a vault had been opened, the regiment filed to right and left, resting on arms until the funeral train had passed to the tomb.

112 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Then the Hon. William Stevens, Judge of the Superior Court of Chatham County and Grand Master of the Masons, took his place at the head of the coffin, since there were no clergymen in the town at this time, and, with tremulous voice, read the funeral service of the Church of England. Then the body was placed in the vault; the files closed, with three general discharges; the artillery fired thirteen rounds, and, with trailed arms, all slowly and silently withdrew. Although so large a num ber of people attended the funeral obsequies and partici pated in the deep grief which followed the death of this distinguished man, the place of his burial, due to a sin gular combination of circumstances, became in a little m'ore than thirty years unknown to the local authorities and remained for over a century an unsolved enigma. See Vol. II.*
*The following bibliography may be of interest to students: "The Life of Nathanael Greene," a work in three -volumes, by G. W. Greene, New York. 1867-1S71; Nathanael Greene, a biography in the "Great Commander" Series, by Francis V. Greene, New York, 1893; Life of Natbanael Greene, by Wm. Johnson; The Remains of Major-General Nathanael Greene; a Report of the Joint Special Committee of the General Assembly of Rhode Island, Provi dence, R. I., 1903; Bancroft's History of the "United states'; etc.

CHAPTER XXIII
Fort Augusta: 1736
OVERLOOKING the Savannah River, from the rear of St. Paul's Chnreli, stands a cross of Celtic design which marks the birth-place of the present city of Augusta. It was on this spot, at the head of navigation, that the great founder of the Colony caused a fort to be erected in 1736, the ohject of which was to protect the trading post established at this point, in the fall of 1735, and to divert the extensive Gherokee and Creek Indian trade hitherto monopolized by South Carolina. In honor of the Princess of Wales, whose royal consort afterwards became George III, it was christened Fort Angusta, though it was sometimes called King's Port. It was not a large affair. The dimensions were 120 feet each way and the walls "were con structed of wood. I^it it answered the purpose: Augusta was never attacked or pillaged by the savages. Some times they came quite near; indeed, their faces often peered through the dense forest, across the river and their foot-prints were often seen in the nearby traila, but they never ventured to hurl a torch or a tomahawk against the village.
At first the garrison consisted of less than twenty men. However, with the increase o'f trade, it "was gradu ally strengthened. According to an early document on the state of the Province, dated November 10, 1740, and made under oath it was estimated that two thousand pack-horse loads of peltry were brought to Augusta an-

114 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
nu-ally and that six hundred white persons, including servants, were engaged in the traffic. Thus the impor tance of Augusta as a trading point, even from the earli est times, is clearly shown; and William Batrnam, the celebrated English naturalist, who visited the place twice, expected it to become the metropolis of Georgia. There was no commercial intercourse allowed except through licensed traders; warehouses were constructed in which were stored goods suited for barter with the natives ; and it was not long before 'the Indians began to come to Augusta in large numbers from the most distant stretches of the wilderness.
In 1739, Oglethorpe himself visited the settlement. It was on his return trip to Savannah, after the famous conference with the Indians at Coweta Town, and, ex hausted with his long1 journey across the Province, he sought repose in Augusta, where he was the recipient, of marked attention from the inhabitants. In 3 76H, an important gathering was held in Augusta called the Con gress of the Five Indian Nations, to which seven hundred Siavages came for the purpose of meeting the Governors of Virginia, of North Carolina, of South. Carolina, and of Georgia. A/Ye are told by an early chronicler that the congre&s adjourned under a salute from the guns of Fort Augusta, and there was doubtless some method in the compliment of Governor Wright when he ordered the salute to he fired. It gave the Indians something to remember. It sounded a note of warning, and the moral effect was fine. Says Dr. AVilliams, a former rector of St. PauPs, on the occasion when the site was marked by the Colonial Dames :* '' Fort Augusta dischared the very highest functions for which military armaments are intended. It kept the peace throughoiit the whole Colo nial time, up to the breaking' out of the Revolution and, indeed, until 1781. It fulfilled its first purpose--a mission of peace. The bloody time, the time of tragedy,
*Story of St. Paul's Parish, a pamphlet, by Rev. Chauncey G. Wil-

THE Bl RTH-PLACE OF THE PRESENT CITY OF AUGUSTA,

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came later, when we took those guns and turned them against one another."
On the ruins of the old fort, in 1901, the Colonial .Dames erected the handsome memorial tribute which today marks the historic spot. It is a cross of Celtic design, rough-hewn, perhaps twelve feet in height and mounted upon a base of: granite to match the super structure. At the base rests an old cannon, one of the ancient guns which formerly stood upon the parapets. Tt is difficult to conceive of anything moi^e appropriate. The purpose for "which the fort was built, in part at least, was to protect the house of worship over which it kept grim and silent watch and around which clustered the rude cabins of the settlers. Both the religious and the primitive character of the little frontier town are charmingly commemorated. Inscribed on the side near est the church are the following words:

This stone marks the site of the Colonial Fort Augusta, built by order o GOT ral Oglethorpe and the trustees in 1730 siiid kmm-ii dm i-itr the Revolution as Fort Cornwallis.

St. Paul's Church was built in 1750 under a curtain of this Fort.
On the opposite side, facing the river, the inscription reads:

Dr. "Williams, in speaking of the old cannon at the base of the monument, said: "To my mind, it is the mostinteresting relic in Augusta. 3t is all that is left of the old fort--the one thing1 which was here in 1736 and is here today; the one thing which puts.us in actual touch

116 GEOKGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
with Oglethorpe, for it was liere when he came on his visit, in 1739, and when ho wrote a letter in his own hand, dated 'Fort Angusta, in Georgia.' " There were origin ally eight guns mounted npon the "walls of the fort, all of which were bought in England by Oglethorpe himself. Yet this one, dismounted, spiked, rusting from long dis use and old age, is the sole survivor of the early frontier days when Fort Augusta first stood npon the bluff.

CHAPTER XXIV
Historic Old St. Paul's
O PPOSITE one of the curtains of the fort, in 1750, fourteen years after the establishment of the garrison, were laid the foundations of the most ancient edifice in Augusta: historic old St. Paul's. The present house of worship is not the original structure. Two others have preceded it; but around this ancient land-mark cluster the memories of a hundred eventful years. Moreover, it occupies the site of the earliest rude building in which religious services were first held, ac cording to the impressive ritual of the Church of Eng land ; and, standing in the very heart of the bustling city, it carries the imagination back to the time when the old fort rose in the wilderness to protect the infant settle ment. Says Dr. Williams, formerly rector of the parish :* "It was appropriately named for the great pioneer Apostle, since it stood on the frontier line of civilization in Greorgia, and was not only the first church but for over fifty years the only church of any kind in Augusta. Its rectors were of course missionaries of the Church of England. The first of the number was the Rev. Jonathan Copp who came to take charge in 1751. He found the conditions very difficult, lived in constant fear of an Indian invasion, and wrote somewhat doleful letters, but lie held services at regular intervals, and, encouraged by the better class of people, he carried the gospel into the
*Story of St. Paul's Parish, a pamphlet, by Rev. Cbauncey G. Wil liams, r>. r>.

118 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
neighboring country, within a radius of thirty miles. He was succeeded in 1756 by the Eev. Samuel Frink, a deli cate man, who, in spite of ill-health, went everywhere, reenforcing- his sermons by the wholesome power of exam ple. Next in 1767 came the Rev. Ed-ward Ellingtou, a missionary in the severest sense of the word. He was seldom at home, except on Sundays, and frequently jour neyed into the wilderness for more than a hundred miles. He was followed in 1771 by the Rev. James Seymour, who was rector of St. Paul's throughout the vicissitudes of the Revolutionary War."
"During the struggle for independence the fort was three times taken and retaken and Mr. Seymour saw the church appropriated first by the Americans as a barracks and then by the British for other military purposes. The parsonage house he willingly allowed to be used as a hospital for sick soldiers. The old churchyard became a battlefield, drenched with the blood and sown -with the bones of the slain, and the church itself was practically destroyed by the fire of an American cannon mounted upon a tower thirty feet high and raking the whole inte rior of the fort. At this time, having been occupied and enlarged by the British, it was called Fort Cornwallis; and it was this stronger fortification "which was beseiged in 1781 by the Americans, under "Light-Horse Harry" Tjee, father of our own general, Kobert E. Lee. Hunted down by a mob and driven into a swamp, because of his loyalty to England, he escaped after many privations to Savannah. "When hostilities were over, he was invited to return, but he engaged in other work and never came back. Meantime, the church and the glebe had been con fiscated by the State. The property of St. Paul's then comprised 300 acres. When the land was sold, the pro ceeds were given to the Trustees of the Richmond Acad emy, and in 1786 the church was virtually rebuilt by the town authorities. While Episcopal clergymen still offici-

HISTORIC OLD ST. PAUL'S IN AUGUSTA.

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ated in St. Paul's, the church was denied titles both to the building and to the ancient burying1 ground. In fact, in 1804, the church was rented for five years to the Pres byterians and it was not until 1818 that the Legislature of Georgia tardily restored the property to the Episco palians." Soon after the transfer was made, the present handsome old edifice "was built, in 1819, at a cost of $30,000, under the rectorship of the Rev. Hug-h Smith. He was succeeded in 1832 by the Rev. [Edward E. Ford, who ably served the church for thirty years, dying on Christinas eve, .1 862, and at Ms request lie "was buried under the altar of the church. Dr. "Wm. H. Clarke was theu rector for sixteen years, after which at his death he was given like honors of interment. Dr. Williams became rector in 1878 and served the church 'with great useful ness for 28 years, at the expiration of which time he resigned Ins office to labor in another field. He was suc ceeded by the present rector.
Dr. Williams preached his farewell sermon on Decem ber 2, 1906. At the same time a tablet was erected iu St. Pan! 'g Church by the vestry, commemorating the events of which it became the historic center in Colonial times. Lettered thereon is the following inscription:

This Tablet commemorates the founding- of St. Paul's Clnirch A. IX 1750, nearby the King's Fort in the town of Augusta, in the Colony of Georgia, under the English Crown. Also the faithful services of its Colonial Rectors: Rev. Jonathan Ccpp, 1751; "Rev. Samuel Frink, 1765; Rev. Ed \rard "Ellington, 1767; Eev. Jfimcs Seymour, 17711781; Missionaries of the Church of England and of the Society for the Propagating of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.

The mortal remains of .Lieutenant-General Tjeonidas Polk, one of the most distinguished commanding officers of the Civil War, repose underneath the sanctuary of

120 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
St. Paul's. Beside him rests Ms wife. "While engaged in reconnoitering on Pine Mountain he was killed by the explosion of a shell, in 1864. On his person at the time of his death was found a Book of Common Prayer, together with several copies of Bishop Quintard's little work entitled : "Balm for the Weary and the Wounded," the later inscribed with the names of various brother officers to whom he intended to present them. He was an eminent churchman as well as an eminent soldier, holding at the outbreak of the war of secession the high office of Bishop of Louisiana; and his is the only instance on record where two such exalted dignities were combined. Tie was the Confederacy's soldier-priest. The tablet to his memory on the walls of the church is altogether unique. Jt was made in Caen, France, and was the gift of the officers of his staff. The inscription, reads:
In Memory of the Eight "Reverend Leonid as Polk, D. IX, Missionary Bishop of the South-West, First Bishop of Louisiana and Lient-Genera.1 in the Army of the Confederate States, born April 10th, 1806, fell at Pine Mountain, Ga., June 14th, 1864. Behold my witness is in Heaven au<1 my record is on High.--Job. 16:19.
Mr. Richard Tubman, one of the most generous bene factors of the church and one of the most useful citizens of Augusta, lies buried, at his request, beneath the church and, on the walls, the vestry has placed to his memory an appropriate tablet. The memorial of Judge John P. King, for forty years president of the G-eorgia Railroad and a Senator of the United States from Georgia, cov ers the south wall of the church. Captain John Car ter, an officer in the Continental army and first warden of St. Paul's after the Revolution, is commemorated with his family in the beautiful doorway to the Baptistry; and all around there are memorials of noted men and noble women, whose lives have formed part of the history of

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the church. Tihe original eommunion service of silver, given to tihe congregation by the Trustees of the Colony, was lost or destroyed during the Revolution, hnt the ono now in use dates back to 1820. From year to year tho, iiistoric old clhiirch grows richer in costly nnd precious m'ementoes of the past.*

*See Volume TT for a list nf (He JlJiistrioiiH dead buried in Bt. Paul's Churchyard.

CHAPTER XXV
Meadow Garden: The Home of Governor Walton
WITH the single exception of old St. Paul's, the most ancient land-mlark of Augusta is Meadlow Garden, tlie home of Governor George Walton, one of the -Signers of the Declaration of independence from Georgia. The strneture itself is mudli old'er than the present edifice of St. Paul's, t'he latter (having been built in 1819; but since the present church building occu pies the site of the original house o>f worship, it is conse quently linked in association with the earliest pioneer days. Meadow Garden "is situated on the banks' of the Augusta canal ; and here, amid surroundings which sug gest an era of industrial, enterprise, with its -ceaseless Irani of spindles and with its mad rush after things mate rial, this quaint old mansion preserves tihe antique took of the olden times. It is not known when the present building" wiais erected; lint Governor Walton was living at Mea,dow Garden, in 1797, according to his own state ment maide in letters -which have been preserved; and, moreover, it was from ileadio-w Garden that the old patriot, in 1804, -was borne to his burial. The remains of Governor W-alton were first interred in the Cottage Cemetery, on the old Savannah road, some seven miles from Augnsta; and here they rested until 1848 when the body was exlhirmed land placed under the monument erected to the Singvers, directly in front of the court house in Augusta, w'here today sleeps the illustrious citi zen who held nearlv every important office in Georgia's gift.

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There is not perhaps in the entire State of Georgia a shrine of historic memories more frequently visited by tourists. This is because it is one of the few homes in America whose connection with the Colonial period can he distinctly traced. It was here that much of the social life of two centuries ago centered. Its spacious hallway its antique furniture its open fire-places its atmos phere of dignified repose these all bespeak the time when knighthood was in flower. It carries the imagina tion back to the days when the belles of Augusta danced the minuet to the days "when the powdered wig and the knee-buckle were worn by an old-fashioned gentry whose stately forms have vanished. The abodes of most of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence have long since crumbled into dust. Time has not dealt kindly with them; but around the hearthstones of Meadow Garden still linger the recollections of an old patriot whose name is attached to the im mortal scroll of freedom.

It is not invidious to stnte in this connection that the credit for the restoration of Meadow G-arden belongs1 to an Augusta lady whose unwearied exertions "were devoted to the cause, without a moment's rest or relaxation, until success at last crowned it Mrs. "Harriet Goulc! Tef?eries. She first conceived the idea soon after joining the Daugh ters of the American Revolution, during the infancy of this patriotic order. The famous old land-mark was rapidly falling into decay, "when Mrs. Jefrerics came to the rescue. The task of preserving it became literally her pillar of cloud by day and her pillar of fire by night. She first turned to the city of Augusta. "But the com mercial spirit "was .dominant in its councils. The town was deaf to the claims of its old "Revolutionary patriot. She then turned to the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Here another defeat was encountered. But she retired from the contest only to renew the gage of battle. At the next annual meetingshe won. The opposition was pronounced. Even the

124; GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
President-General was antagonistic; but the majority "was on tlie side of Mrs. .Jefferies. Thus the home of George Walton became the property of the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. In duo time the old Colonial mansion was opened to the public, its original features having been fully restored. The wisdom of the purchase has been amply justified by results. It has become the depository of many precious relics and mementoes of the struggle for independence. Nor is the portrait of Mrs. Jefferies which hangs upon the walls accounted among the least of the treasures of Meadow Garden. In presenting it to the board of man agement, an eloquent address was made by the distin guished Mrs. S. B. O. Morgan, one of 'the charter mem bers of the national organization.

CHAPTER XXVI
The Invention of the Cotton Gin: An Authentic Account
O NE of tlie original cotton gins invented by EH Wliitney was for years in the possession of Judge Garnett Andrews, of Washington, Ga. The old relic was a gift to the owner from Governor Matthew Talbot, on whose extensive plantation, near "Washington, not far from the present site of Smyrna church, the -first gin house in Upper Georgia, if not in the entire State, was erected. The old building still survives, in a fair state of preservation, though as late as 1903 it was used as a negro house. Miss Eliza F. Andrews, his daughter, retains the most vivid recollections of the old gin. Dur ing her girlhood days it occupied a place in the attic of the family homestead in Washington and many an hour was spent by her in the company of this quaint heir loom, when rainy "weather kept the children indoors. The gin was eventually lost at an agricultural fair in Augusta, Ga. The story told by Miss Andrews is strictly authentic. It is the only account in existence "which purports to give the inside facts of Whitney's great invention. Judge Andrews and Mr. Phineas M. Nightingale, a grandson of General Nathanael Greene, lived for years on adjoin ing plantations -and it was from the latter that Mis'S Andrews received the account at first hand.
Eli Whitney, it will be remembered, at the time of inventing the cotton gin, was a 'guest in the widow Greene's household. The story as recalled from memory

126 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
by Miss Andrews' "was reduced to "writing years later. It was also verified by a letter dated January 20, 1892, from Mrs. P. M. Nightingale, then an old lady in her eighty-second year but with her mental faculties unim paired. The maiden name of Mrs. Nightingale "was Mary Iving. She was a member of the noted family of New York State and a charming old gentlewoman. Miss Andrews', the author of the following account, is an eminent Southern educator, who has achieved wide note in the realm of letters. Her father, Judge Garnett Andrews, was one of Georgia 's most distinguished jurists. The author wrote her first account of the inven tion for the Scientific .American, sometime in the early severities, after which she published in the Aiigusta Chronicle., on September 20, 1905, an article on the part played by Mrs. Miller m "Whitney's great invention. Tt is no exaggeration to sny that the cotton gin deservedly ranks among1 the foremost achievements of modern times. It riveted the institution of slavery upon the South and became the ultimate cause of the "War Between the States. Today more than half of the human race is clothed by cotton fabrics, the man.ufacti.ire of which has been stimulated arid developed by the cotton gin. Says Miss Andrews:
"Eli "Whitiiey, at the time of inventing the cotton gin, "was a guest at Mulberry Grove, near Savannah, Georgia, the home of Gen. Nathanao! Greene, of Revolutionary fame. After the death of the general, his widow married iPhineas Miller, tutor to Gen Greene's children, and a friend and college mate of Whitncy's. The ingenuity o.C the Yankee visitor, as exhibited, in various amateur devices and tinkering's about the premises, inspired the family with such, confidence Jn Lis skill that, on one accasion., when Mrs. Miller's watch was out of order, she gave it to Mr. Whitney for repair, no professional watch maker being "within reach. Not long thereafter, a gentle-

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man called at the house to exhibit a fine sample of cotton wool, and incidentally remarked while displaying1 the sample: 'There is a fortune in store for some one who will invent a machine for separating the lint from the seed.' Mrs. Miller, who was present, turned to Whitney and said: 'You are the very man, Mr. Whitney, for since you succeeded so "well "with my "watch I am sure you have ingenuity enough to make such a machine.'
"After this conversation, Mr. Whitney confined him self closely to his room for several weeks. At the end of this time he invited the family to inspect his model for a cotton gin. It was constructed "with "wire teeth on a revolving cylinder. However, there "was no contrivance for throwing off the lint after it was separated from the seed and it wrapped around the cylinder, thereby greatly obstructing the operation. Mrs. Miller, seeing the diffi culty, seized a common clothes brush, applied it to the teeth, and caught the lint. Whitney, with delight, ex claimed: 'Madam, you have solved the problem. With this suggestion, my machine is complete.' "
The following letter from Mrs. Nightingale, widow of Phineas M. Nightingale, of Dungeness, corroborates in every particular the account given by Miss Andrews. It reads as follows :
^Brunswick, G-a., January 20, 18912. Dear Miss -Andrews:
I am very sorry not to have been able to send an earlier response to your letter about Mr. Whitney and the cotton gin. I do not remember much about the partic ulars of his visit to Savannah, but I am sure of a few things. Mr. Miller was the tutor of Mrs. Greene's chil dren and Mr. ~V\rhitney was his friend, and it was during his residence in Mrs. Greene's house, near Savannah, that he undertook, at her suggestion, to invent a machine that "would separate the sea-island cotton seed from the lint, more rapidly and effectively than by hand, which was a very slow process. Mrs. Greene and Mr. Miller were the first persons to whom he displayed his model.

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It lacked one thing--a contrivance to throw off the lint when separated from the seed. Mrs. Greene saw the want at once and, snatching up a clothes brush, she ap plied it to the teeth and caught the lint. Mr. Whitney was delighted. "Madam", said he, "with your sugges tion, my machine is complete. Mrs. Greene married Mr. Miller and they built the Dnngeness house, i. e.f the origi nal mansion finished in 1803. General Greene had selec ted the site and made arrangements for building before his death. With my kindest regards, I am,
Very truly yours, MARY K.
"The important part thus played by a woman in the history of the cotton gin is unknown, I believe, except as a family tradition, even in her own State. My father was also informed by a gentleman once connected with Whitney in business, that the latter obtained his first idea of the invention, from a machine used to prepare rags for making paper, which he saw on a wrecked vessel. Un fortunately for Mr. "Whitney, the prediction with regard to the fortune in store for the future inventor of the cotton gin was not realized, for he was engaged in con stant lawsuits against infringements of his patent rights, and lived and died poor. As a Georgian, I regret to say that his adopted State has never bestowed any substan tial token of appreciation upon the inventor of a machine by "which she has so largely profited, Tennessee, Ala bama, and South Carolina, manifested their appreciation of his merits by substantial donations, while Georgia-- with sorrow I "write it--has been worse than silent, for her juries refused him verdicts to which the judges de clared him entitled, against the violators of his patent.
"So uncertain was the enforcement of the patent laws in those days that Whitney resorted to the same expe dient for the protection of his r'jhu that, in medieval times, used to invite charges of jrcery and witchcraft; I mean the expedient of secrecy.

WHERE ONE OF THE FIRST COTTON GINS MADE BY ELI WH1TNEY WAS OPERATED, NEAR WASHINGTON, GA.

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"About the year 1794 or 1795, Whitney established a ginnery at Smyrna about six miles from Wasington, in Wilkes County, Georgia. This was one of the first, if not the very first cotton gin ever worked in the State. Together with his partner, a man named J^urhce, he erected at this place a large cotton store house, which in 1870 served as a barn for Mrs. Tom i>urdett. The gin house had narrow grated "windows so that visitors might stand outside and watch the cotton flying from the gin, without observing- the operation of the machine, which was concealed behind a lower screen. On the occasion of a militia muster in the neighborhood, the rustic batallion was permitted to file through the house, while Whitney's gin was in operation, and see the flakes of cotton thrown off by the brushes, but no one was allowed to examine further.

"Women were permitted by "Whitncy to enter his gin house and examine the machine, if they liked, as they were not supposed to be capable of betraying the secret to builders--an opinion for which modern females of the strong-minded school, "will no doubt bear him a grudge-- and not altogether without reason when we consider the material assistance he received from a woman in perfect ing his invention. This fact of the free admission of women was used to advantage by Edward _Lyon, a smooth faced youth residing at a distance, to gain admission to Whitney's establishment, disguised in female attire. He communicated the secret to his brother John, who im mediately set to work and produced his improvement on Whitney's invention, in the shape of the modern saw gin. The saws "were made for him by !Biily MdTerrin, an Irish blacksmith in Wilkes County, who died some twenty-five or thirty years ago. This was the first gin ever made. The saws were constructed in semicircles and fastened around the cylinder in pairs, so as to form complete circles when finished.

130 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
"As early as 1797, a gin factory was established in Georgia by a man named MeCloud, and Whitney's law suits against him were all unsuccessful. An old gentle man who purchased a gin from McOloud told rny father years later that even then it worked as well as new. It was propelled by water, and ginned 2,500 pounds of seed cotton per day. Previous to this, the gin in ordinary use was an arrangement of two wooden rollers, revolving in opposite directions, which preceded Mr. Whitney's invention. It was worked by hand, and ginned only from 75 to 100 pounds per day, and a man had to be constantly employed in turning- rollers, the friction burnt out so fast. This machine is stiil used in ginning the best qualities of sea-island cotton, the advantage being that it does not cut the staple as the saw gins do.
"The honor of having invented the first cotton gin is sometimes disputed with I*].Li "Whitriey in favor of Mr. Bull, a gentleman from Baltimore, who settled in Colum bia County. Georgia, and introduced the saw gin there in 1795. He first used perpendicular saws, but afterwards changed them for circular ones in imitation no doubt of Wliitney and Lyon. Mr. .Bull was an enterprising and ingenius man, and the first to introduce iron packing screws into this State.* Costing from $1,500 to $1,800 these "were so expensive that they were soon abandoned for the common wooden screw, now in general use on plantations. Sis invention of the perpendicular saw gin was --there seems to be no doubt--independent of Whitney's, though posterior to it, the latter having come into operation in 1798. Thus, though Eli Whitney failed to realize the profits of his invention, it seems clear that he must be left in undisputed possession of at least the barren honors."
screw years i

CHAPTER XXVII
War Hill: Where the Famous Revolutionary Battle of Kettle Creek Was Fought
EIGHT miles west of Washing-ton is War Hill, the scene of the famous battle of Kettle Creek. Here, on St. Valentine's 'Day, February 14, 1779, a decisive victory by the Americans sounded the death-knell of Toryism in Upper Georgia. The ground on which this crucial engagement was fought has been acquired for memorial purposes by Kettle Creek Chapter of the D. A. I?.., which patriotic organization with the help of the Xrnitod States government, TV til furnish, it with appropriate markers and preserve it for posterity as a monument to American valor. We quote the follow ing" description of the hnttlc-ground from the pen of Miss Eliza Bowen, the accredited historian of Wilkes : "I have myself seen the battle-ground of Kettle (""reck, which is on a plantation now belonging- to Henry Slaton. There is a steep bluff on the south side of the creek, "which is to this day called "War Mill, by people living' in the neighbor hood. On the north side is a low meadow, beyond which, near the creek, is a swamp, part of which was then cover ed by a cane-brake. T5oyd's men were killing bullocks and parching' corn when they unexpectedly heard the fir ing of pickets." According' to Miss Bowcn, the Ameri cans, in this engagement, were only 500 strong", while there were not less than 700 men under Colonel Boyd. On the eve of the battle, Elijah Clarke camped in the neighborhood of what is now the Jordan burial-ground,

132 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
near Clarke's Station, where several of the members of his family were afterwards buried. The old soldier eventually acquired large bodies of land on Kettle Creek, and today all the original deeds and titles run back to him. It is said that for years it was not unusual for parties "who "were on the tramp through this section to pick up musket balls, old bayonets, old gun-barrels and other odd and curious relics, which recent hard rains had brought to the surface of the ground. As late as 1876 an old silver coin was found on the battle field of Kettle Creek, which, according to last accounts, "was owned by Henry Slaton."
Bishop Stevens in Volume II of his authoritative work gives an excellent account of the battle of Kettle Creek: Says he* :
"The enemy having1 effected a passage into Georgia, Pickens and Dooly, now joined by Colonel Clarke, re solved to follow; and they accordingly crossed the Savan nah on February 12, 1779 and camped the following night within four miles of the enemy. Forming the line of march in the order of battle, the Americans now prepared once more, at a, great disadvantage of numbers, to contest "with the Tories for the supremacy of Upper Georgia. Much depended on this battle. Tf Boyd should be success ful in driving back the Americans, und^r such men as Pickens and Dooly and Clarke, he might rest assured that no further molestation, at least for a very long time, would follow, and all would yield to the British power; while, on the other hand, should the Americans be suc cessful, it would not only crush the Tory power, already so galling to the people, but protect them from further insult, and give a stimulus to American courage, which a long series of disasters made essential. It "was a moment big with the fate of Upper Georgia.
"Boyd, with a carelessness evincing great lack of military skill and prudence, had halted on the morning
Win. Bacon Stevens. in Vol. 2, History of Georgia, New York, 1847.

WAR HIT,!,

13y

of the 14th of February, [1779], at >a farm near Kettle Creek, in TVilkes County, having no suspicion of the near approach of the Americans, and his army was dispersed in various directions, killing and gathering stock, cooking and other operations. Having reconnoitered the enemy's position, the Americans, under Pick ens, advanced in three divisions: the rig{ot tinder Colonel Dooly, 'the left under Colonel Clarke, and the center led by the com mander himself, with orders not to lire a gun until within at, least thirty paces. A s the center, led by Pickens marched to the attack, Boyd met them, at the head of a select party, his line being- protected by a fence filled with fallen timber, which gave him a great advantage over the troops in his front. Observing this half-formed abatis, Pickens filed off to a rising g'round on his right, and thence gaming the flank of Boyd rushed upon him with great bravery--the enemy fleeing when they saw the leader shot down before them. He was sustained in this charge by .Dooly and Clarke, and the enemy, after fighting with great bravery, retired across the creek, but were rallied by Major Spurgen, on a hill beyond, where the battle was again renewed with fierceness,
"But Colonel Clarke, with about fiifty Georgians, having discovered a path leading to a ford, pushed through it, thougii in doing' so he encountered a severe through it, thougii in doing so he encountered 'a severe fire and his horse shot down under him, and, by a circuit ous route, rose upon the bill in the rear of Spurgen, when* opening a deadly fire, the enemy, hemmed in on both sides, fled, and were hotly pursued by the victors, until tthe conquest was complete. For an hour and a half, under great disadvantage, and against a force almost double, had the Americans maintained the unequal con test, and, though once or twice it seemed as if they must give way, especially when the Tories had gained the hill, and were reinforced under Spurgen; yet the masterly stroke of Clarke, with Ms few brave Georgians, turned the scale, and victory, bloody indeed but complete, was ours.

134 GEORGIA *s LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Capt. Hugh McCall, who was present at the battle of Kettle Greek, fhtis describes the death of the famous Tory leader. Says he: ''After the action was ended, Colonel Pickens went to Colonel Boyd and tendered him any services which his present situation would authorize, and observed that, since his wounds ap peared to be mortal, he "would recommend those pre parations which approaching death required. Boyd thanked him for his civilities and inquired the result of the battle. Upon being informed that victory was with the Americans, he observed that it would shave been otherwise if he had not fallen. He said that he had marched from his rendezvous with eight hundred men, of which number one hundred were killed and wounded, or deserted at the Savannah River ; and that on the morn ing' of the action there were seven hundred men under his command. He had the promise of Colonel Campbell that McG-irth, with five hundred men, should join him at Little River, about six males from the field of battle, on the same evening or on the ensuing clay and he con cluded by saying' that he had but a few hours to live, and requested that Colonel Pickens would leave two men with him to furnish him with water and to bury him after he died; also that Colonel Pickens would write a letter to Mrs. Boyd to inform her of his fate, and therewith send her a few articles "which he had about his person. Hje expired early in the night; and his requests of Colonel Pickens "were faithfully complied, with.' '* From the stand-point of an eyewitness, Captain McCall further informs us in reg'ard to this battle that Clarke and Dooly, who commanded the two wings, had one hun dred men each and that Colonel Pickens, who led the center, had two hundred and fifty men, thus making the odds four to seven in favor of the British; but it was nevertheless ordained that victory should perch upon the American arms.
"History of Georgia, Volume 2, p. 399, reprinted, Atlanta, _

CHAPTER XXVIII
Historic Old Midway: A Shrine of Patriotism
O N the old military road between Savannah and Darien, in an angle which it here makes with the road to Sunbury, stands an ancient land-mark, built of wood, two stories in height. To the outward eye it presents few attractions. The simple taste of the Puritans who built it is proclaimed by an absence of anything "which even remotely suggests artistic design. Its austere appearance is sternly in keeping with the rigid Calvinistic principles of the devout believers who here worshipped and who took no little pride in the fact that they sprang from ancestors "who belonged to the Ironsides of Cromwell. Except on cominemmorative occasions, the building is no longer used; and those of its members who are not sleeping underneath the liveoaks, in the little grave-yard across the road, are scat tered far and wide. Before the war, there was not to be found in Georgia a community of thriftier planters than the one which stretched for miles in every direction around this sacred center; but today it stands amid the abandoned acres, like a grim sentinel keeping watch over a silent past, "while upon it from one Lord's Day to an other there broods the hush of an unbroken Sabbath. Once each year, the descendants of the early settlers gather in the little house of worship or on the green plaza in front of it to revive the recollections of former days, some of them coming from the most distant parts of the continent. It may be questioned whether the North Star casts a

136 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
more potent spell upon the needle of the mariner's com pass than does this hallowed spot upon the descendants of the early Puritans of Georgia. Nor is it a matter of marvel. The loadstone which draws them is in some respects the most famous of America's patriotic shrines: historic old Midway Church.
From this parental stock have sprung hundreds of the most distinguished men in the public life of the nation. It has produced two Signers of the Declaration of In dependence, two Generals of the Revolution, besides numerous officers of lower rank, two Commodores, one President of the United States, three United States Senators, four members of Congress, four Governors of G-eorgia, and at least six judges of the Superior Court. In advance of the rest of the Province the first bold stand for independence "was here taken and the Colonial flag on Fort Morris was the last to be lowered when Georgia was overrun by the British. Not less than six counties of the State bear names whose origin can be traced to the Midway settlement. Two of the most eminent of modern scientists were natives of the Parish of St. John. The list also includes two University Chancellors, three Presidents of Female Seminaries, one President of the State Normal School, one United States Minister to China, six authors of note, two historians, six editors, six foreign missionaries, and scores of successful business men, together "with a host of other notables including soldiers, statesmen, educators, inventors, doctors, lawyers, and ministers of the gospel.* Can any other religious organi zation in America exhibit such a record? The explanation is to be found in the substantial pabulum upon which the offspring of the settlement were nourished, the empha sis put upon moral and educational values, the sturdy
*History of Midway Congregational Church, by Rev. James Stacy, D. D-, Newnan, 1S00. Under the head of Liberty County, in Part 2 of this work the contributions of Midway Church are discussed more in detail.

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examples which "were set before them, and tile fear of God which was an ever present fa,ctor in the lives of these devout people. To what depth the vital truths of religion struck root in this fertile soil may be gleaned from the fact that eighty two clergymen have come from the Midway settlement. Fifty of these have been Pres byterians, seventeen Baptists, three Episcopalians, and thirteen Methodists, one of whom attained to the high office of Bishop. Included among the early pastors of the church was the father of the famous New England poet: Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes.

Though the present structure is not th^1 original house of worship, this time-honored old land-mark is neverthe less one hundred and twenty years old--an ancient chron icler whose records testify to many thrilling scenes en acted in the immediate neighborhood.
The primitive building in which the congregation first communed "was a temporary structure, built of logs and located some three quarters of a mile to the east of the present site, near the plantation of Mr. Thomas Mallard. It was erected in 1754, when the number of settlers was still small, but sufficient to undertake the task. Two years later, the place of meeting was changed to the present site, "whereon a frame edifice "was built. The ground "was brought for the sum of four shillings from John Stevens, "whose wife signed the deed with him, and the area of land conveyed was two acres.
During the Eevolution, this structure was burned to ashes by the British soldiers, under lieutenant Colonel Prevost. It was fired on the morning of November 27, 1778. The reason assigned for the act of vandalism was that the members had converted it into a sort of fortifi cation by erecting about the church a stockade--a precau tion which was certainly justified by the character of the times. Somewhat after the fashion of the early pioneers of New England, these stout apostles of the faith, in

138 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
setting out for the house of -worship did not forget to take flint and steel -with them, nor, while kneeling in prayer, to keep a sure hand on the trigger. The next building was a temporary makeshift like the first, erected after the close of hostilities.
It was not until 1792 that the present structure was built. The fact that skilled labor and good material were used in building is attested by the excellent state of preservation in -which this old landmark today stands. It was surmounted by a plain belfry and built two stories in lieighth to contain a gallery in which there were seats for the colored members, and -which -was reached by stairs from the outside. It contained a high pulpit at the east side with an old-time sounding--boa,rd overhead, and there were three doors by which to enter it. Some fifty yeai- later the pulpit -was moved to the north end, at "which time other changes were made in the interior. Originally, there were numerous little cottages built around the church to which the members repaired for lunch between services : an essential arrangement because of the great distances -which some of them traveled; but these have long since disappeared.

CHAPTER XXIX
Franklin College: The Oldest State University in America, Chartered in 1785
T O the credit of the youngest, of the original thirteen States be it said that it heads the long list of American commonwealths in extending State aid to higher education.* Georgia was the first State in the entire Union to provide by legislative enactment for an institution of learning to be supported either in whole or in part by popular taxation and to be of college rank. This step was taken four years prior to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, when the States were still J bound together by the loose Articles of Confederation. The close of the Revolution found the far-sighted law makers of Georgia looking toward the future. They reasoned that the success of republican government de pended in the last analysis upon the intelligence of the people; and not only were leaders demanded to supply the vacant places in the ranks but germinal centers of influence "were needed to stimulate the development of thought.
Accordingly, on February 25, 1784, an act was passed by the Legislature, from which the legal conception of the University of Georgia may be said to date.
The measure in question provided for the creation of two counties amid the virgin solitudes of the State to be called, respectively, Washington and Franklin, both of
"These factfs have been collated from an official volume entitled "A Historical Sketch of the University of Georgia," fey A. 1*. Hull, Atlanta, 1894.

140 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
which at the time of organization, embraced extensive areas. It was furthermore provided that in each of these counties 20,000 acres of land should be set aside for the purpose of endowing a college, the land to be of the very best quality, and lo be subdivided into seperate tracts or parcels, containing 5,000 acres each. The titles to the property were to be vesled in the following well known Georgians, who were authorized to take "whatever steps were necessary to put the resolution into effect, to-wit: John Houstoun, James Habersham, William Few, Joseph Clay, Abraham Baldwin, and Nathan Brownson. In. pursuance of the authority given to them by the Legis lature these gentlemen proceeded to survey the lands.
There were originally eight tracts. But one of these was eventually lost to the State when the bouzidary line dispute between South Carolina and Georgia "was ad justed. It was known as the Keowee tract and was for years a, bone of contention. As soon as the surveys were completed, the Legislature passed a bill, approved January 27, 1785, providing in formal terms for the establishment of a public seat of learning; and this act-- drawn by Abraham Baldwin--constitutes the charter of the University of Georgia. The first meeting of the trustees under this act was held in Augusta, on February 13, 1786, at which time the board consisted of the follow ing members, to-wit: Abraham Baldwin, William Pew, William Glascock, John Habersham, Nathan Brownson, Hugh Lawson, and Benjamin Taliaferro. Until the insti tution was forma lly launched. Abraham Baldwin "was chosen to act as president. This position he held until 3801, due to the exigencies of the times. During this interval of fourteen years between the granting of the charter and the opening of the college, there was little for the trustees to do except to dispose of the lands in such a way as to accumulate a fund for the erection of buildings.
Unfortunately, at this early period, lands were cheap and rents uncertain. To show what lands were really

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worth at this time, Governor Wilson Lunrnkin informs us that his father, J ohn Lumpkin, who received handsome grants of land froST~ffie~Stfrte, in requital of his services in the Revolution, sold 400 acres at one time for a shot gun and an equal amount later for a saddle horse. Says Mr. Hull: "If this be taken as a criterion, the munificent gift of tlie State was worth at the time it was made only fifty rifles and as many saddle horses, from "which, how ever, twelve horses should be deducted for the 5,000 acres lost." But impoverished by the Revolution there was nothing' for Georgia to give except lands, in which she possessed an imperial domain.
On one of the tracts of land the trustees in 1798 laid off the town of Greensboro, at -winch time one thousand acres were offered for sale or [ease in the immediate neighborhood.
Some of the trustees desired to locate the college at Greensboro, but there was difficulty in getting a quorum together; so the matter drifted.
Finally, a body called the Sertatus Academicus was formed, consisting of the Governor, the judges of the Superior Courts, and the trustees, the duty of which body was to sit in review upon the action of the trustees, with power to confirm or to reject. On Xoveinber 23, 1800, the Senatus yYcademicus formally organized the Univer sity by the election of a president, at a salary of $1,200. Mr. Baldwin recommended for this position Professor Josiah Meigs, of Hartford, Conn., an ohi acquaintance whom he had met when a tutor at Yale. Final actionwas not taken by the board at this time, but Professor Meigs -was elected Professor of mathematics, -with ail intimation that he might be asked to take the presidency later on. The curriculum of studies embraced little more than the classic languages, re-enforced by mathematics, with perhaps an occasional lecture on mental and moral philosophy; but this small segment of the circle of know ledge represented the whole range of the liberal arts in
pioneer days.

142 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGKNDS
."Without delay the trustees were authorized to select a site for the proposed institution.
Pursuant to these instructions, the trustees met and, after repeated balloting^, decided to locate the college somewhere within in the limits of what was then -Jackson, now Cliirkc County; and accordingly a committee consist ing of -John Milledge. Abraham Baldwin, George AValton, John Twlg'gs, and Hugh Jjawson was appointed to choose a site for the buildings. During the summer months thereafter this committee met at Bill up'$ Tavern on the Lexington road, and proceeded thence to visit a number of localities. At last, by a unanimous vote, they chose a site belonging to Mr. Daniel Easley, at Cedar Shoals, on the north fork of the Oconee River. The property in question was not embraced within the lands which helonged to the University but it was purchased by Mr. John Milledge, who deeded the same to the University as a gift. There were 638 acres in this tract, beautifully situated on the heights above the river and thickly "wood ed with luxuriant forest trees.
As an appropriate name for the locality which was to become the State's capitol of culture, it was decided by the trustees to call the new scat of learning Athens.
The institution itself was called Franklin College in honor of Benjamin 'Franklin, the New England philoso pher and statesman who, during- his residence abroad, acted as agent for Georgia in adjusting Colonial affairs.
While the Legislature's gift of land to the University "was valueless at the time, it eventually yielded to the institution an income of $100,000, in addition to which the donation made by Governor Milledge produced, first and last, something like $30,000, and proved to be the main dependence of the college at sundry times, "when in dire distress. The greater part of the town war- ^niH upon the Milledg'e tract, thus providing the ins :' .= '* U '>:.. an

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income from the sale of lots : and in recognition of the debt due to her earliest benefactor the University created the Milledge Chair of Ancient Languages, which still exists.

On the arrival of Professor Meigs in Georgia the office of President was relinquished by Mr. "Baldwin and at his suggestion the former was placed at the helm of affairs. Under the direction'of Professor Meigs temporary build ing's constructed chiefly of logs arose in the virgin wilder ness ; and these furnished the crude beginning's out of which the present beautiful campus has flowered. In the fall of 1801 the college was formally opened for the recep tion of students. Professor Meigs at this time not only acted in the Rapacity of president but constituted within himself the entire corps of instruction.
In addition to the clearing made for the campus, a street "was laid out under the supervision of Professor Meig-s, lots were -staked., homes commenced, and other steps taken looking- toward the evolution of the future town. The first settler to locate in Athens was the Beverend Hope TIull^ the founder of Methodism in Georgia. PTe came from "Washington, in the county of Wilkes, -where he had taught a select school for several years and where, with great unction of spirit, he had preached the doctrines of Wesley. If he was not at this time a member of the board of trustees he became one later and continued until the hour of his death to be the most loyal and steadfast friend of the college, beaueathirtg1 his love for it to his children after him. In 1808, he offered to build on the campus a chapel forty by fifty feet in dimensions, if the board would give $100 for a belfry, a proposition -which the trustees accented; and accord ingly a chapel was erected by Mr. Hull which served the purpose for twelve yenrs. At the same time, on the out skirts of the town, he built Hull's Meeting House--the fame of which reached np and down the whole range of
the Allegheny mountains.

144 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

It was to meet immediate needs that the first tem porary structures of log were built on the campus. As soon as funds could he provided the erection of per manent quarters was commenced. For this -purpose a loan "was negotiated from the State, to secure which mortgages were given to lands in Hancock. Luckily, at this time, a gift in cash of $1,000 was made to the Univer sity by Senator James Gunn, of Louisville, Ga.; and "with out delay the erection of the building afterwards known as Old College was started, under the supervision of General Jett Thomas. The first commencement exer cises were held under a bush arbor, on May 31, 1804, at which time the degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred upon the following* graduates, ten in number, to-wit:

Gihson Clarke Angustin S. CJaytcm, Jeptha V. Hams, Jared Ir-vvin, Thomas TT\vin,

William H. Jackson, James Jackson, Rohert Rutherford, Wiiliam Rutherford, William Williams'OTi.

Gibson Clarke was a son of the old Revolutionary hero, General Elijah Clarkc, Augnstin 8. Clayton, after wards became a judge of the Superior Court and a mem ber of Congress. The Irwin boys "were sons of Governor Jared Irwin. ODO of them became a doctor. The Jackson boys were sons of Governor James Jackson. Of these, William H. Jackson, was afterwards a trustee and a State Senator, while James Jackson was a professor in the college. Jeptha V. Harris became a trustee arid a Con federate Colonel. Williams Rutherford was the grand father of Professor Rutherford, who long filled the chair of mathematics.

Glancing at ail old program of exercises, it appears that A.ug;ustin S. Clayton read a poem descriptive of the means by which the lands of the Oconee were obtained. His wonderful gift of satire seems to have budded at an early period. Tie became the most brilliant of Georgia's ante-bellum statesmen in the use of the pen. Gibson Clarke was the valedictorian. It fell to the lot of William

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tutnenora spOKe on me aigniTy 01 man; james jacKSon counseled a sentiment of gratitude to France; and "William "Williamson dilated in praise of representative government. There "was also a dialogue in which several members of tlie class took part. At commencement, in 1901, the centennial anniversary of the formal opening of Franklin College was observed with impressive cere monies, at which time the centennial oration was deliver ed by Judge Emory Speer, an alumnus of the institution.

CHAPTER XXX
Louisville: Georgia's First Permanent Capital
A T the close of hostilities with England, the center of population in Georgia was somewhere in the neighborhood of G-alphinton, on the Ogeechee Kiver; and the inconvenience experienced by the resi dents of the up-country settlements in reaching Savan nah, a town on the remote sea-coast, was by this time so great that the desirability of transferring the seat of government to some point further inland became a topic of discussion. On January 26, 1786, when the Legislature met in Augusta, the following commissioners were ap pointed to select a location: Nathan Brownson, William Few, and Hugh Lawson. They were instructed to find a site, "most proper and convenient," for the end in view, whereon to erect public buildings ; and, by way of further stipulation, was added the clause, "provided the same shall be within twenty miles of Galphin's Old Town." On fulfillment of these conditions, they were authorized to buy one thousand acres of land and to lay out a part thereof in a town, "which should be known by the name of Louisville."
However, it appears that little progress was made toward putting this measure into effect for several years. There were various difficulties to be overcome but finally in the Constitution of 1795 the new town was designated as the permanent capital. The demoralized condition of the State, due to the bitter hand-to-hand struggle with poverty, in the years which immediately succeeded the

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Revolution, was doubtless the chief cause for the delay. Says a local historian :* "The first Legislature, under the Constitution of 1777, assembled in Savannah. It assembled there partly because the royal governors had always1 lived there and partly because it was the largest town in the State. But Savannah was never officially proclaimed the capital. In December, 1778, Savannah was captured by the British and from then until January, 1784, the Legislature met at Augusta, with the exception of two terms, one of "which convened at Heard's Fort, in Wilkes county, and the other at Kbenezer, in TCffingham county. la January, 1784, the Legislature again met in Savannah. But the people in upper Georgia had now discovered the great convenience of having1 the capital in .Augusta. Accordingly for the next two years there was constant agitation. Hence the act in 1786 to appoint commissioners to lay oft' a town "within twenty miles of Galphin's Old Town, and to see to the erecting of build ings for the use of the government. There were delays, due to the lack of funds and to the death of the contractor in charge of the work, and the buildings were not finally completed until March, 1796. The state-house then erected in Louisville was the first one ever erected by the State. Tt was near the center of the town, which was modeled upon the plan of Philadelphia, "with broad streets running northwest and southeast, and northeast and southwest. The first session of the Legislature was held in Louisville in 1796. Tt is not known exactly when the last session was held there, but a report of the Acts of the Legislature, printed in Louisville, in 1805, records an act passed at Louisville, December 2, 1804, 'to make the town of Milledgeville the permanent seat of government of this State and to dispose of a certain number of lots therein.' Louisville must, therefore, havfc been the- eapitol as late as 1805, as it evidently took months at least to erect the buildings and to prepare the town of Milledge
ville for the purpose.

*Wm. W. Abbott, Jr., in the October, 1910, number of t] a college magazine published at Athens, Ga.

148 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
""When the capital was removed to Milledgeville, the state-house "was turned over to tlie county of Jefferson. It was used for some years as the county court Louse but finally it became so dilapidated that it was-necessary to replace it with another. This, in 1894, was in turn replaced by one of the handsomest court building's in the State, at a cost of $50,000. Louisville was not very prosperous after the capital "was chang'ed to Milledgeville. until the Louisville and "Wadley Railroad was built about 3875, connecting- the town with the Central. "Ever since then the town has been fairly prosperous, a statement attested by the fact that it supports two banks, has an oil mill and a guano mixing- plant, and does a good mer cantile business. The population of the town is about 1,500." To the foregoing resume it may be added that the Louisville Gazette, founded in 1796, "was one of the pioneer newspapers of Georgia. The handsome oak press used in publishing- the Gaeatte was bought in England. It was afterwards sold to the Georgia Messenger at Maeon. According to a local authority,* when the pres ent court house was built an excavation was made which disclosed the foundation, of the old State Capitol; and by a singular coincidence, this corresponded exactly "with the plans for the new edifice.
*Judge W_ L. Phillips, of Louisville, Ga.

CHAPTER XXXI
The Yazoo Fraud: An Episode of Dramatic Inetrest Recalled
D U-RING- the decade which measured the life of .Louisville as the seat of government there oc curred an episode the dramatic intensity of which has doubtless never been surpassed in the history of Georgia. It grew out of an effort on the part of specu lators to purchase for a consideration which was wholly inadequate--barely more than a cent and a half per acre --the entire body of wild lands owned by the State in what are now the States of Alabama and Mississippi. There has been an attempt made in recent years to con done the affair. The plea has been advanced for the conspirators that the lands in question were compara tively worthless to the State; that S'ome of the best men of the day were involved in the transaction; that it "was before the era of railroads aud telegraphs, "when there was little likelihood of expansion; and that it irnpug'iis unnecessarily the good name of the whole commonwealth. But this defence is short-sighted. It fails to take into account an upheaval of the public conscience which made it necessary for Governor James Jackson to resign his seat in the United States Senate, with an unexpired term of four years, and to seek election to the State Legisla ture, for no other purpose than to vindicate Georgia's honor. But the story is best told in the language of one who was in close touch with the period. Says Dr. White" : "Several projects for the sale of large tracts of land had

150 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
been presented at different times to the Legislature of Georgia. In 1794 and 1795, the General Assembly passed an act conveying to four associations, viz., the Georgia, the Georgia-Mississippi, the Upper Mississippi,-and the Tennessee companies, 35,000,000 acres of land for $500,000, ]ying between the rivers Mississippi, Tennessee, Coosa, Alabama, and Mobile. The bill was contested in both Houses. It passed by a majority of ten in the House of Representatives, and two in the Senate. The sale of this land produced much excitement through the State, for it was known that all who voted for the bill, with one or two exceptions, were directly or indirectly bribed. On their return home they were met by their constituents with marked disapprobation, and it is placed beyond all doubt that one member of the Legis lature was killed on account of his vote."
' ' From the very beginning of this villainous scheme to defraud the State of Georgia of her western territory, General Jackson was untiring in his efforts to defeat it. By correspondence with the most eminent citi zens in the State and by communications in the papers of the day, he evinced a determination to hold up to public, scorn, the agents in this wicked transaction. No opportunity "was permitted to pass in which he did not show himself the uncompromising opponent of the scheme, whereby the Yazoo adventurers proposed to en rich themselves. In the discussions which he had in pub lic and private, in regard to this matter, he doubtless allowed his feelings to get the ascendency of his judg ment. Naturally excitable, it is admitted that, in the expression of his opinions, he often employed language to "which his best friends took exceptions; but it must be remembered that the Yazoo speculators' left no method unemployed to lessen his reputation in Georgia. As early as 1794, when a Senator in Congress, he was, on two different occasions, approached by a man exalted in office, who affected to be his personal friend, and was offered any number of acres he might require, even to

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half a million, without paying' a dollar, if lie would embark his influence against tlie honor and interest of Georgia. When bribes had no effect upon Mr. Jackson, his enemies resorted to other methods. His character was assailed and--\ve may add--his life often placed in jeopardy. The defeat of the Yazoo Act was the absorb ing subject of liis thoughts. In every step which he took lie firmly believed that he was engaged in a righteous cause. Noble man! Heaven willed that you should live to see your efforts to defeat this scheme of unparalleled fraud crowned with success. In 1795, whilst he was a Senator in Cong-ress, many of his fellow citizens, especi ally of Screven and Chatham counties1, requiring his aid to oppose the ma,chirmtions of the Yazoo speculators, earnestly desired him to resign. He complied with the request, returned home, was elected a member of the Legislature, became a member of the committee to inves tigate the conduct of the former body, and let it be known that to General Jackson is chiefly due the credit of having this odious act repealed. The whole corruption was overturned, and it was decided to obliterate it from his tory and to commit the very records of it to the flames."

CHAPTER XXXII
Burning the Iniquitous Records With Fire From Heaven
is nothing" more dramatic in the history of the State, than the scene enacted in front of the old eapitol building" in Louisville "when the iniquit ous records of the Yazoo conspiracy were burned. The traditional accounts of this affair are somewhat variant. We will first give the story which is told by Dr. "White.* Says he: "This was executed in a solemn manner. Tra dition informs1 us that when the public functionaries were assembled in the State House Square in Tjouisville to commit the registers of dishonor to the flames, a venera ble old man, whose bead "was "whitened "with the frosts of four-score winters, unknown to any present, rode through the multitude, and made bis way to the officers of the government. Alighting from his horse, he commenced an address, in which he stated that he had been led there by a desire to see an act of justice performed; that he did not think that earthly fire should be employed to manifest the indignation which the occasion required, but the fire should come from heaven. With his trembling hands, he took from his bosom, "whilst a deathlike silence prevailed amidst the throng, a burning glass; and, apply ing it to a heap of papers, the conflagration was com pleted. Meanwhile the old man retired nnperceived, and no traces of him could afterwards be found."
*White's statistics of Georgia, p. 347, Savannah, 1849.

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Though Dr. "White narrates the foregoing legend, he does not vouch for it, and there is an atmosphere about the account which makes it savor of myth. The accepted version is this: After deciding to commit to the flames the various documents involved in the Yazoo transaction there was1 an adjournment of the Legislature to the area of ground directly in front of the State House, where the impressive ceremonial was planned to occur. In calling down the lire of heaven to consume the mass of papers, a sun glass was us'ed, lout it was held in the hand of Gov. Jackson himself. This version is corroborated by an old picture "wliich. Prof. Liawton 33. .Rvaiis* has reproduced in his School History of Georgia and which is doubtless1 based ripon the recollection of Mr. William Fleming of L/ouisville, "who witnessed the affair. If we can imagine the picture before us---its features are these: The man with the burning-glass in his hands is1 James Jackson; next to him stands Thomas GUascock; then John Milledge. The man on the right is William Few, while Jared Irwin stands behind the messenger. David B. Mitchell stands behind Jackson, and Peter Early be hind Few. Benjamin Taliaferro, David Meri wether, and David lllmanuel were also present on this occasion. Be fore dismissing the subject it may be stated that among those who have considered the Yazoo episode somewhat overdone, was the late Colonel N". J. Hammond, than whom there never lived a man who was more sensitive to an appeal of honor. But he did not consider the Yazoo affair the heinous crime it has been pictured to be and was disposed to think, from the use of the sun-glass, in connection with other dramatic elements, that General Jackson--to use an Americanism--was playing to the grand-stand. However, Colone] Ham-mend does not voice the popular sentiment.

*Hislory of Georgia for Schools, p. 147, New Torte, 1901.

CHAPTER XXX1H
The Old Slave-Market: A Solitary Remnant of Feudal Days m Dixie
ON the principal business thoroughfare of the town of Louisville there stands one of the most historic little structures in America: the old slave-market. It is one of the very few buildings of this character which time has spared. Around it cluster the fading- memories of an old regime; and, with, the ancient harper in "The Lay of the Last Minstrel," it seems to sing---
There is no one in Louisville who can recall the time when the old slave market was built. The presumption is, therefore, quite strong1 that it must have been erected during1 the period when Louisville was the State capital and when the town promised, to become an important commercial center. If such be the actual fact, it is not Jess than 120 years old, for Louisville was made the capital in 1795. Fnclecd, the commissioners to locate the town were appointed at the close of the Revolution and the first steps looking toward the erection of government buildings at Louisville were taken in 1786. The center of population at this time was (Jalphinton, only nine miles distant; the planters ia the neighborhood w^ere large slave owners, some of thorn old soldiers, who "were given extensive tracts of land for services in the war with Kngiand, "find the erection of the slave market can be readily assig-iied to this remote period "without the least violence to historic truth.

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The wooden character of the building does not weaken the strength of this hypothesis. It was constructed of the best quality of post oak; and even to this day it is difficult to drive a nail into the tough fibres of which the wood is composed. The little structure stands in the mid dle of the street, where about it on every side pulses the
life current of the old town. On market days, when the crowds gather from the
surrounding plantations of Jefferson to shop in the vil lage stores, when the circus comes to town or when the campaign orator improves the opportunity of court week to stir the echoes of the stump, it seems to wear some thing of the old time look and to be dreamily reminiscent
of an interest which it once attracted. For years after the late "war, and indeed until times
quite recent, it was customary for the officers of the court to conduct legal sales at the old slave market. It was probably an inheritance from the days when slave prop erty was here put upon the block and sold under the hammer. But there "was no warrant in law for the some what singular departure of conducting legal sales at this place, when the old regime of slavery was at an end. Consequently, when an issue was raised in regard to it,
the custom was discontinued. While the old slave market at .Louisville serves no
practical purpose, except to house some of the parapher nalia of the local fire department, it is an interesting memorial, which the citizens of Tjouisvillc will doubtless take a pride in preserving, since there arc few relics of the sort left, and it may be indeed the only remnant of this kind which still remains---an authenticated fragment
of the old South.

CHAPTER XXXIV
Historic Old Milledgeville: Georgia's Capital for More Than Six Decades
U N-LJlj:SS an exception be made of Savannah, there is not a community in Georgia around which cluster more of tile dramatic elements of our history than around the famous old town "which for more than sixty eventful years was the seat of our State government: historic old Milledgeville. It was here that the great battle of the giants was fought on the issue of the tariff, in 1829, when Forsyth and -Berrien, both of them superb orators, led the opposing sides in a debate which lasted for three days. It was here that the great palladin of liberty, General Lafayette, was entertained at a banquet the magnificence of which in some respects at least, has never been surpassed. Tt was here that Governor Troup, in defiance of the Federal Government, sounded the first distinct and unequivocal note upon the subject of State rights and single-handed, in an unequal contest of power'. brought the Government of the United States to terms. It was here, on the eve of secession, that Stephens and Toombs and Cobb, by invitation, address'ed the Legis lature of Georgia on the great soul-stirring issues of the hour, Stephens opposing, while Toombs and Cobb advo cated, the withdrawal of Georgia from the Union. It was here that the greatest assembly of intellects ever known in the history of the State was convened in the famous Secession Convention of 1861. It was here that the final act of departure took place; here that more than

THE OLD CAPITOL AT IV?I LLEDGEVILLE, fiM WHICH THE FAMOUS SECESSION CONVENTION MET

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one thrilling episode of the war period occurred; here that more than one dark tragedy of the era of Recon
struction was enacted. Nor did Milledgeville escape the fiery scourge of
the modern Attilla--William Tecumseh Sherman. The materials of an epic poem are to be found in the
civic records of this single Georgia town. It was not long after the corner of the nineteenth
century "was turned that the necessity of removing the State capitol from Louisville to some convenient locality in the uplands "became a subject of legislation. There were two reasons which seemed to recommend this course. In the first place, the old town of Louisville had de veloped malarial symptoms. In the second place,. the tide of population in Georgia "was rolling rapidly toward the mountains. Consequently, no sooner was the new county of Baldwin erected out of the lands lately ceded fay the Indians than the idea of transferring the seat of government to this locality took root, Tt was on "Decem ber 2, 1804 that an act "was passed by the Legislature at Louisville providing for the change in question ; but since it was necessary to erect public buildings before the transfer could be actually accomplished more than two years elapsed before the Legislature finally met at the new seat of power on the uplands of the Oconee.
There is a touch of irony as well as of pathos in the designation of old Louisville as the "first permanent capital of Georgia." Neither Augusta nor Savannah were voted the compliment of this high-sounding phrase. Yet both enjo7^ed for a longer term of years the honor
of being the seat of government.

To establish the new town of Milledgeville, 3,240 acres of land were appropriated. The commissioners who executed the trust on the part of the State were: John Rutherford, Littleberry FJostwiek, A. M. Devereaux, George M. Troup, John Herbert, and Oliver Porter. They

158 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
chose a site delightfully wooded with oaks and hickories, in an area of splendid hills. On the eastern aide of the town ran Fishing- Creek, then a stream of transparent crystal threading- the virgin forest like a skein o silver.
The new seat of government was called Milledg^eville in honor of Governor John Milledgo, the great patron and friend of education. If the honor of being' the ( 'father of the State University'' belongs to Abraham Baldwin, for whom this county was named, the honor of being its earliest benefactor belongs to John Milledge, whose personal check purchased the land upon which the University of Georgia was afterwards built. Pie made the State an excellent Governor and served with distinction in the United States Senate. It will thus be seen that the future capitol of the State \vas conceived in an educational spirit, since both the town and the county bear the names of men who were apostles of light and learning.
Not an inauspicious omen for the town which, after losing the State capitol, in years to come, was destined to possess two great intellectual nurseries in which to rear the youth of Georgia.
On an eminence which seemed to be "well adapted to the purpose a large square was reserved for the capitol building; and, under the supervision of General Jett Thomas, the handsome Gothic strupture which became for more than sixty yea.rs the home oP the General As sembly of Georgia was erected. The original cost of the structure wns not in excess o $50,000; but extensions were made from time to time, and the finishing touches were not applied until 1837. It was a building" of great ornamental beauty for the period in which it was reared, when the prevailing types of architecture were simple and unpretentious; and even today it is not "without an aspect of rmpressiveness, though, it owes much no doubt to the subtle power of association. It was here that the Legislature met for the first time in 1807 and for the last time in 1868; and during the long interval which

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elapsed between these two dates it was the fountainsource of much of oiir wisest and best legislation, the storm-center of many turbulent debates in ante-bellum days, and the speechless if not altogether silent witness of many of the most dramatic events in the history of Georgia.

So redolent indeed with historic associations is the atmosphere of this ancient seat of hospitality that the very streets of the old town are like fragrant aisles in some old cathedral. Kvcry Georgian owes it to his State pride to visit the former capital at least once a year, if for no other purpose than to inhale the sweet aroma of the by-gone years and to enjoy a draught of crystal from the fountain spring's of patriotism. There is scarcely an old home in Milledgeville whose garrets and cellars arc not .stored with precious heir-looms of the ante-bellum period; nor an old tree whose branches, when the night wind strikes them, are not melodious with the highland air of "Auld T^ang Syne."
On another hill, not far distant, "was built during the incumbency o!:' John Clark the fine old executive mansion which housed the Governors of the State for at least forty-eight years and which was the gay scene of more than one brilliant fete in the spacious days when pow dered wigs were worn by the gentry of the old regime.
Georgia's chief-magistrates who resided at Milleclg'cvil!e were: Jnred Jrwiri, David !B. MitchelJ, Peter Early, William Rabim, Matthew Talbot, John dark, George "M. Tronp, John Forsytli, George B. Gilmer, Wilson "Lumpkin, William Schley, Charles J. McDonald, George "W. Crawford, George W. Towns, Howell Cobb, jHerschel V. Johnson, Joseph E. Brown, James Johnson, Charles J. Jenkins and General T. H. Ruger. One of these, James Johnson, was a Provisional Governor. Another, General T. PI. Engcr, was a Military Governor. David B. Mitchell and George !R. Gilmer each returned to the ex-

160 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ecutive chair at Milledgeville after an interval of several years. On the removal of the seat of government to At lanta in 1868, the old capitol building, after undergoing needed repairs, was converted by the State into an educational plant called the Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural college, of which Professor O. R. Horton is today President; while the handsome old executive mansion has become in the slow evolution of time one of the dormitory buildings of the Georgia Normal and In dustrial College, of which Dr. M. M. Parks is the Presi dent. It is also the home in which the latter resides. The people of Milledgeville have found no little satis faction in the fact that the removal of the seat of govern ment to Atlanta has made the old town the beneficiary of these splendid schools. Moreover they have found some solace in the reflection that it was under the carpet bag" rule in Georgia and during" the days of Reconstruc tion that the removal of the seat of government to Atlanta was accomplished.

CHAPTER XXXV
Mclntosh Rock: Where the Most Famous of Georgia Treaties Was Made With the Creeks
D URING- the year 1792, when this locality was a "wilderness, Douglas Watson, a scout employed by the United States government to inspect the frontier, came to Georgia, and, while passing" through, this neighborhood, happened, upon a little spring1 in a dense cane brake;. What he took to be the smell of gunpowder guided him to the spot; but when lie learned that it was from a fissue in the rocks that this peculiar odor of brimstone proceeded lie quickly left the neighbor hood, in superstitious dread of consequences. However, the magic waters were in lime discovered by other travel ers and soon there began to nock lo Indian Spring's a multitude of health-seekers. It is said that the medici nal virtues of Indian Spring's were known to the savag'os from the earliest times. In 1800, General TVilliam .Mc lntosh, the famous Creek Indian chief, here erected a cottage, so it is said, where he usually spent the wintermonths. Subsequently, according' to local tradition, a Mr. Allison built here a double log cabin. These were the earliest structures erected in the neighborhood, and both were destroyed by tire. In .1823, General Mclntosh and Joel Bailey, erected the first hotel. The building still stands in excellent preservation nnd is today known as the Varner House. There are still to be seen on the doors and mantels, some fine specimens of hancl-carving", done, it is said, with, a pocket knife in the hands of

162 GEOEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
General Mclntosh. The famous chief was well known to the guests who frequented the establishment. His two wives were both refined and handsome women of the full Indian blood.
It was at Indian Springs, on January 8, 1821, that a treaty was made with the Greeks by the TJnited States government under which the remaining lands between the Mint and the Ocrnulgee Elvers, as far north as the Chattahoochee Biver, were acquired by the State of Georgia, excepting (1) one hundred acres around the springs, (2) six hundred and forty acres on the Ocmulgee River, including the improvements of McTntosh, and (3) a tract of land around the agency, to bo retained by the United States government while such agency continued. The witnesses to the treaty were as follows : Daniel M. Forney, of South Carolina and David Merrwether, of Georgia, United States Commissioners; J. Mclntosjh, David Adams, and Daniel Newnan, Commissioners for Georgia; and a number of Indian chief's, head-men, and warriors. From the lands acquired at this time five large counties "were immediately formed, viz., Dooly, rTayette, Henry, Houston and Monroe, each of which "was in time subdivided into smaller political units.
But the particular event for which this locality is famed in the annals of Georgia occurred here on Feb ruary 12, 1825. This was the signing of the celebrated treaty whereby the remaining lands of the Creek Indians within the State of Georgia were ceded to the whites. General William Mclntosh, the noted chief of the Cowetas, or Dower Creeks, "was the principal actor in the historic drama. Governor Troup's first cousin, this stal wart half-breed "was a man of great force of character. His warm friendship for the people of Georgia had been evinced in more than one crisis of affairs. But within the next few months it was destined to cost him the forfeiture of his life, at the hands of savage foes. With the clear

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foresight of a statesman, Groneral Mclntosh realized only too well how the bitter warfare between the two races in Georgia was to end. Consequently he urged upon his people the course which was finally adopted. It not only meant peace but it meant an exchange of land, in fair equivalent, acre for acre, with an additional sum of /our hundred thousand dollars. [Besides, it meant the avoid ance of unnecessary bloodshed; and the new home west of the Mississippi River was to be an undisturbed posses sion . To the arguments of Mclntosh, the Lower Creeks listened; but the Upper Creeks, who resided chiefly in Alabama, demurred. They persisted in looking upon Mclntosh as. a traitor to the nation, who "was in criminal league with the whites. But the counsels of the latter prevailed; and at Indian Springs, on February 12, 1825, occurred the final deliberations which resulted in the for mal relinqtd shm.cn t of the Georgia lands by the Creek Indians.
But, in affixing his signature to the treaty, William Mclntosh signed his own death "warrant!
Seventy-five years after the dramatic incident above narrated, the members of Piedmont Continental Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution performed an act of belated justice to the memory of the brav chieftain. On the well-known rock, near the Varner House, which marks the site of the famous compact of agreement ,they unveiled on .July l f 1911, a tablet of bronze "which bears the following inscription:

"Here on February 12, 1825, William Mclntosh, a chief of the Creek nation, signed the treaty which Reded to the State of Georgia all the Creek lands west of the Flint: river. For this set he was savagely murdered by a band of Indians who opposed the treaty. Placed by the Piedmont Continental Chapter of the D. A. E., A. IX 1911."

Judge Joseph Henry Lunipkin, of the Supreme Court of Georgia, delivered the principal address of the occa-

164 GEORGIA'S IJANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND L
slon, and Hon. G. Ogden Persons, of Forsytli, welcomed the visitors in an eloquent speech. Others who took part in the exercises were, Mrs. "William H. Yeaudle, Eeg-ent of the chapter; Mrs. John M. Graham, State Regent; Mrs. A. H. Alfrieiid, Dr, J, Vj. Mack and others. The famous old land-mark, ifclntosh Rock, was deeded to the chapter by the Varner family of Indian Spring's. The flag1 pole was contributed by the people of the surrounding- locality, including- Flovilla and Jackson; and two little girls of Indian Spring's released the veil "which disclosed the beautiful tablet to the view of the spectators.
To .supplement the historical facts above cited in regard to the treaty of Indian Spring's, the United States government, in 1802, agreed to pay the State of Georgia $1,250,000 in cash and to extinguish the Indian titles to the remaining1 lands within the borders of the State in return for a deed to Georgia's western territory between the Chattahooehee and the Mississippi Rivers. Years elapsed before the first steps were taken toward the redemption of this pledge; and as late as 1823, when Governor Troup came into office, both the Creeks arid the Cherokees still occupied extensive tracts of land in Geor gia. This status of affairs was made the subject of a strong message to the State legislature from Governor Troup. As a resnlt there followed a set of vigorous reso lutions and a correspondence with the Federal authorities at "Washington. The Fewer ("reeks, in Georgia, headed by General Mclntosh, recognized the inevitability of the situation and favored the removal westward. The Upper Creeks, in Alabama, long- dominated by the restless spirit of Alexander MeGillivray, an enemy to the State of Georgia, were bitterly opposed to any sale of lands. McGillivray was dead but the scepter of his influence still rifled the forest. It was furthermore suspected that the Indian agent, John Orowell, was an instigating cause of this stubbornness on the part of the Upper Greeks. On

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February 7, 1825, the head men of the nation were called to meet with commissioners from the United States gov ernment. These were Duncan G. '."ampbell and James Meriwether, both Georgians. In response to the call there assembled a large g-athoring of warriors, to whom the. commissioners explained the object of the meeting.
Judge Lumpkin tlms r.arralcs v.liat followed: "Opoth-le-yoholo, as speaker of the nation, on behalf of. I5ig Warrior, head chief, made an impas.sioiied speech >n reply to the commissioners, declaring; that no treaty conld be made for a cession of the lands, and inviting- them to meet at Broken Arrow (the seat of the general conneii) three months later. He and liis followers then went home. On February 1.2th a, treaty was signed by the Mclntosh party, dealing, however, only with the lands in Georgia. The government agent for Indian affairs ^-itnessed tilt* treaty and attested it, bnt (he very next day wrote to tho Secretary of War a letter severely criticising it. Charges were freely made that he was actuated by per sonal and political hostility to Governor Troup. Xcvev- . tireless, the treaty \vas ratified. It provided for an oxchange of the remaining" Creek lands in Georgia for a like quantity of land of equal quality west of the Miss issippi river, and that the time of the removal of the Indians should not 'extend bej-ond the first of September of the next year.' Great excitement arose among the Indians opposed to the treaty, and it was declared by them to be void, on the ground that Mclntosh and hi,s followers had no authority to make it. Charges and counter-charges were made. ^Vtclniosh and his party, were threatened with death.
"As soon as the treaty was ratified, G-overnor Troup wrote a letter to Mclntosh, as head chief of the Cowetas, asking permission to survey the ceded territory. Mcln tosh summoned his chiefs, and permission was given to make the survey. The Indians who opposed the sale were greatly enraged. A. general council condemned Mc lntosh to death. A body of men undertook to carry out

166 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tlie sentence. They "went to Ms house, in what is now Carroll county, and about three o'clock in the morning of April 30 (or some say May 1) 1825, set fire to it. They shot him and another Indian (though he defended him self as best he could), and dragged him and his comrade out and scalped them. The scalp of Mclntosh was sus pended on a pole in a public square of Ocfuskee. They also killed his son-in-law Hawking.
"Feeling ran high. The legislature ordered the survey of the ceded territory to proceed. John Quincy Adams, who had become President, directed Governor Troup to stop the survey, because of the hostile attitude of the Indians. Governor Troup refused, declaring that 'Geor gia owned the soil, and had the right to survey it.' " The President threatened to have the surveyors arrested, but the Governor ordered them to proceed, indicating- a pur pose to protect them from interference. Finally the President proposed to refer the treaty to Congress, and the survey "was suspended, not as admitting any right of the President or Congress to stop it, but as a matter of comity, as Governor Troup said.
"In 1826 the Federal Government, desiring to pacify the Indians, entered into a treaty "with thirteen chiefs of the Creek nation, declaring the treaty of 1825 canceled, and making a new treaty, the result of which was to leave in possession of the Indians a large tract of the land (amounting to about 300,000 acres) which had been ceded Tinder the treaty of 1825, postponing the giving up of possession of the lands ceded, and allowing twenty-four months for the removal of tbe Indians. The representa tives in Congress from Georgia entered a protest, and Governor Troup refused to recognize the new treaty, and ordered the surveyors to proceed. He declared that the vested rights of Georgia could not be thus taken from her. The Indians complained. Correspondence followed, and finally the Secretary of War informed the Governor that

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the surveyors must be kept off the lands, and threatened that, if the Governor refused to stop them, military force would be used. This brought from the doughty Gk>v.ernor a vigorous answer, in which he said: ' From the first decisive act of hostility, you will be considered as a public enemy, and with less repugnance, because you, to whom we might constitutionally have appealed for protection against invasion are yourselves the invaders, and, what is more, the unblushing allies of savages "whose cause you have adopted.' Strong words from a Governor to a Secretary of War. But that was not all. The Governor promptly ordered the Generals of the Sixth and Seventh Divisions of the Georgia, militia to hold these commands in readiness to repel any invasion of the State. Matters were reaching an acute stage when Congress was guided by conservative counsels and recommended the acquire ment of all the lands held by the Creeks in Georgia. The chiefs and the head men agreed. Whereupon the Creeks were paid about $28,000 in money and given a lot of blankets ; and it "was agreed that, certain sums should 'be expended for schools. Thns was the danger of an armed clash 'between Georgia and the United States averted.''

To the foregoing summary of facts by Judge Tjumpkin, it may be added that two officers of the United States government were dispatched to Georgia by the Federal authorities in Washington: Major T. P. Andrews, to inquire into the charges made ag'ainst Crowell; and General Edmund P. Gaines, to represent the military arm of the administration. Both came with precon ceived opinions and proceeded to "work hand in glove with the Indian agent. But Governor Tronp "was not intimidated. It was in the controversy which ensued that Georgia's rock-ribbed chief-magistrate sounded the famous note of defiance: "The argnraent is exhausted. We must stand by our arms!" The final treaty to which

168 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
.Tudge Lumpkin refers was concluded at the old Agency on the Flint, where, on November 15, 3827, the disaffec ted Upper Creeks, for the sum of $27,491, agreed to relinquish the remaining- ('reek lands within' the State limits. Eighty-four chiefs and head men were parties to this surrender. John Cromwell and Thomas L. MeKinney .signed the compact on behalf of the United States govern ment; and one of the most dramatic chapters in the history of G-eorgia -was brought to au end. Out of the land acquired by the State, under the treaty of Indian Springs, which in the last analysis proved final, the Legislature of Georgia created five great counties, viz., Carroll, Goweta, Tjee, Muscogee and Troup from ea,ch of which others -were subsequently formed.
Hop-o-eth-le-yo-ho-lo, as the representative of Big Warrior, the Chief of the Upper Creeks, attended the council meeting at Indian Springs. He was the siivertongued orator of the tribe, and, on this occasion, was aroused to the highest pjtch of enthusiasm, in opposition to the proposed relinquis'hment of the Creek lauds. Sev eral speeches 'were made by him in the course of the proceedings; and, when the treaty was finally signed, he leaped upon the large rock to the south of the Varner House, and gave vent to his indignation in the following fiery outburst. Said he:
"Brothers--The Great Spirit has met hei'e with his painted children of the woods and '-with our pale-faced brethren. I see his golden locks in the sunbeams. Tie fans the warrior's brow with his wings and whispers sweet: music in the -winds. The beetle joins his hymn and the mocking-bird his song. You are charmed. Brothers, you have been deceived. A snake has been coiled in the shade, aud you are running into his mouth, deceived by the double-tongue of the pale-face chief Mclntosh and drunk with the fire of the pale-face. Brothers, the hunt ing grounds of our fathers have been stolen by our chief

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and sold to the pale-face, whose gold is in his pouch, Brothers, our grounds are gone, and Hie plow of the pale-face will soon upturn the bones of our fathers. Bro thers, are you tame? Will you subin.it? 1 lop-o-eth-lc-yoho'lo says no !" Then turning' to Mclntosh who was stand ing with the commissioners at a window, some few feet distant, he exclaimed: "As for you, double-tongued snake, whom I see through the window of the pale-face, before many moons have waned, your own blood shall wash out the memory of tins hated treaty. Brothers, T have spoken."

CHAPTER XXXVI
New Echota: The Last Capital of the Southern Cherokees
D RIVEN toward the south by the advancing tide of civilization in Tennessee, the center of population among the Cherokees shifted "by slow degrees to ward the mountains of North-western Georgia. There were scattered bands in the adjoining States, especially in Alabama ; hut they were no longer numerous in either of the Ca.rolinas. From time immemorial the citadel of power among the Cherokees was located in Ten nessee ; but during the last pathetic years, New Echota, in Gordon County, Ga., became the seat of government for tho nation. This famous old Indian town was situated at the point of confluence between the Connesauga and the Coosawattec Kivers, some twelve miles to the east of the present town of Calhoun. It contained a population, at the time of removal, not in excess of 300 inhabitants, but the town had then commenced to lose prestige. The locality is still marked by an occasional remnant to be found here and there; but nothing survives at this late day which bears1 any sort of testimony to the high degree of civilization attained by the Cherokees.
It was during the days when New Echota was the capital of the nation that Sequoya, the famous half-breed, invented his great alphabet, an achievement "which has been the wonder of scholars in both hemispheres. As a result of this mental stimulus, there followed an immedi ate awakening. Tt bore fruit not only in a "written lan-

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guage but in a formal code of laws; and the Cherokees furthermore organized themselves into a nation modelled upon the government of the United States. They pos sessed a Constitution. They adopted wise and prudent measures. They organized courts. They built schools. Thej* encouraged domestic ar(;s and manufactures. They -embraced the Christian religion. There was not a race of Indians on the North American continent which could approach the Cherokees in refinement. "But the intel lectual life of the nation flowered too late. The decrees of fate "were already scaled.
In 1802, there was a compact made between the State of Georgia, and the government of the United States, whereby the remaining lands of the State were to be cleared of Indian titles. The consideration involved was the transfer to the United States of the territory now embraced within the States of Alabama and Mississippi. In 1819, pursuant to this agreement, the .Federal authori ties secured quite a strip of land in North Georgia and induced a number of Cherokees voluntarily to remove to the West, giving them acre for acre, by way of fair ex change of land. Thereafter for several years nothingwas done. In the meantime, the Cherokees began to make rapid strides. They expected no further molestation. But just as they were entering upon an epoch of civil government, gold was discovered in the neighborhood of Dahlonega. This sounded the deathknell of the Chero kees. Coincident with the startling news in regard to the yellow metal, there emerged still another factor which was full of menace to the poor Indians. It "was the elec tion of General Andrew Jackson to the Presidency of the United States. He was a frontiersman who possessed
little patience with the savages.

At first, the Cherokees were compactly united in oppo sition to any further surrender of Georgia lands. But the momentous events above mentioned, produced a di-

172 GEORGIA'S "DATS-DIM-ARKS, M/KMORTAT^S AXD LEGENDS
vision of sentiment. Foreseeing* llio ultimate outcome, a party was Conned In the interest of removal. It "was headed by Ma;i or Ridge, VMS son. John Ridge, and aii educated half-breed, 111 i as Boudiiiot, who edited the C'herokcc P!ioc,nix. The national faction was headed by flohn JiosK, the principal chief of the nation. There was war to the knife between the two rival camps. Both sent deJegatioris to \Vashi ngtoii, Uoth gave vent to impas sioned outbursts of oratory; bnt in the end the advocates of removal triumphed. It \vns largely hy strategcm that this result was accomplished, .folm "Ross toward the last was "willing to treat with the government on the basis of ^20,000,000 indemnity for the Cberokecs ; but these figures only excited derision. Worn by tlie protracted warfare, the savages grew impatient. Xumbers of thorn came over it) the Jvidge side. Widespread demoralization prevailed. To escape persecution at home, John Ros's transferred Ins residence to Tennessee; but one day he was put under arrest and brougi.it back to Georgia. His papers were also .seized. John Howard 'Payne, the famous1 author of : 'llon;e Sweet Home.," then an obscure investigator who \vas gathering1 scientific data among" the Cherokees, "was at this lime the gncst: of the fugitive chief; but the hostile Indians were no respecters of persons. He was given the hospitalities of the block house, in company with his host, and detained for several days until his innocence co n) (I be est abl i shed.
The presence of "white men in the Oherokee nation was a constant source of annoyance, especially to the State authorities. As early as 1830, Georgia extended her .-jurisdiction over the Cherokee territory, and there fol lowed quite a chapter of incidents. It was necessary to put even n-il^sioiiaries under arrest; for there 'were not a few malicious characters who assumed the guise of re ligion in order to poison the minds of the savag'es and to sow broadcast the seeds of discord. More thau one con flict of authorit.y between Stale and Federal governments occurred at this crisis.

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But it "was the Indians tliemsclves who, in this in stance, detained John Howard Payiie on tlie cliarge of suspicion. ".Besides making these dramatic, arrests, the Ridge adherents also silenced the national press; and while the advocates of removal were thus dominant in the Clierokee nation by virtue of highway tactics, the treat? of Now Echota was .formerly signed and executed. It was on December 29, 1835, tbnt the final act of relinquishmeiit occurred. General William Oar roll and John t1 . Seliermerliorn wore the commissioners on the part of the United States government. Tt is sometimes en lied the Scliermerliorii treaty because it was negotiated in the main by the latter. Though the national lenders did not attend the council meeting at New Eehota, the treaty was subsequently ratified by the JTedoral authorities.
Briefly stated, the Gherokees ceded the whole remain ing territory of the nation, cast of the Mississippi river, in consideration of the sum of $5,000,000, together with a joint interest in the territory already occupied by some of the tribe, west of the Mississippi Itivcr.
Only 2,000 having removed by Hay 26, 1838, General Winfiel'd Scott, at the head of a force of! United States soldiers, was ordered "to Xew Kcliota, where the grim process of dispossessing at the point of the bayonet a race of people who constituted the original occupants of the soil, was commenced.
Most of these enforced exiles could both read and write, and not a few of them professed the Christian religion.'
However necessary it may have been to the welfare of an Anglo-Saxon civilization to dispossess the Indians --to drive them out under the lash from the graves of ancestors whom they worshipped and from the door steps of homes which they loved --it has left an inefiacahle stigma behind.
On arrival in the Indian Territory, the victorious leaders were destined to enjoy for a brief season only tne fruits of triumph. Kven-lianded justice was not slow

174 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
in commending the poisoned chalice to each of the promi nent actors in the drama. Major Eidge was waylaid and shot close to the Arkansas line; his son, John Ridge, was taken from bed and cut to pieces with hatchets; while Elias Boudinot was treacherously killed at his home. These three men suffered death on the same day, June 22, 1839, showing- the deliberate care with which the triple homicide was planned. Factional quarrels not only be tween the two political parties but also between the new and the old settlers continued to menace the peace of the tribe and years elapsed before anything like national unity was restored.
Sequoya's wonderful invention produced an imme diate effect upon Cherokce development. In the fall of 1824, John Arch, a young convert, made a manuscript translation of a part of St. John's gospel, which was the first Bible literature in which the characters of the new alphabet were used. Hundreds of copies were made, and the work was widely disseminated. Later David Brown completed a translation of the entire New Testament. Some two years after the new alphabet was completed, the Cherokee council, having decided to establish a news paper, type was cast in Boston, under the superintend ence of the noted missionary, Worcester, who, during the winter of 1827, contributed to the Missionary Herald, five verses of Genesis in the new syllabary, this being the first appearance in print. Early in 1828, the newspaper outfit arrived at New Echota, and the first number of the Cherokee Phoenix appeared on February 21, 1828. Elias Bondinot, an educated Cherokee, was the editor. The first printers were two 'white men, Isaac N. Harris and John F. Wheeler.
It was in a log house that this pioneer newspaper of North Georgia was edited and published. The outfit "was shipped from Boston to Augusta and transported two hundred miles by "wagon. Such was the beginning of

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journalism in the Chero"kee nation. After a precarious existence of some six years, the Phoenix "was suspended, owing to the hostile action of the Georgia authorities; but its successor the Advocate arose in 1844 at Tahlequah, tinder William P. Boss. Bibles, hymn-books, school books, theological works, etc., were also printed in large numbers. Besides being the first newspaper published in North Georgia and the first newspaper in which the characters of the new alphabet were used, it was also the first newspaper owned and edited by the Indians of North America. Simultaneously with the decree estab lishing the national press at Now Echota, the Cherokee national council, on July 26, 1827, adopted a constitution. John Ross was president of the convention. The choice of principal chief fell npon Charles It. Hicks, a Moravian convert of mixed blood, but he was soon succeeded by John Eoss, who became the great leader of the national party, in opposition to the policy of removal, and, first and last, amid the turbulent times in Georgia and through out the long period of unrest in Indian Territory, he remained steadily at the helm, a devoted servant of his people for nearly forty years.

CHAPTER XXXVII
Under the Lash: Pathetic Incidents of the Removal
T O an eminent investigator, Professor Mooney, of tlie Bureau of Ethnology, in Washington, D. C., who JIMS devoted his life to Indian researches, we are indebted for the following graphic account of the removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia. He makes 110 effort to soften the colors. The story is most pathetic; and even at this late day some of the incidents cannot fail to melt the reader to tears. Says Professor Mooney: "The history of this Cherokee removal of ISfTS, as gleaned by the author from the lips of actors in the tragedy, may well exceed in weight of grief and pathos, any other pas'sage in American annals. Fjlven the much-sung exile of the Acadians falls far behind it in the sum of death and suffering. Under the orders of General Winfleld Scott, troops were stationed at various points' througho^lt the Gherokce country where stockade forts 'were erected for the purpose of corralling the Indians preparatory to re moval. From these forts, squads of troops were S'ent out to search with rifle and bayonet every small cabin hidden away in the coves of the mountains a,nd to make prisoners of all the occupants, however or wherever they might be found.
"Families at dinner were startled by the sudden gleam of bayonets in the doorway and rose up to be driven with blows and oaths along the weary miles of travel leading to the stockade. Men were seized in the fields or along- the roads. Women were taken from their

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wheels and children from tlieir play. In many cases, on turning for one last look as they crossed the ridge, they saw their homes in flames, fired by the lawless rabble who followed on the heels of the soldiers to loot and to pillage. So keen were these outlaws on the scent that in some instances they were driving off the cattle and other stock of* the Indians1 almost before the soldiers had started their owners in the other direction. Systematic hunts irere made by the .same men for Indian graves to rob them of the silver *pcndants and other valuables deposited with the dead. One of the Georgia "Volunteers, afterwards a Colonel in the Confederate service, said: 'I fought through the Civil "W*ir. It has been my experience to see men shot to pieces and slaughtered by thousands. But the Cherokce removal was the crueiest work I ever saw.'
"To prevent escape, the soldiers' were ordered to sur round each house, as far as possible, so as to come upon the occupants without warning. One old patriarch, when thus surprised, calmly called his children and grand children around him, and, kneeling down, bade them pray with him in their own. language, while the astonished soldiers looked on in silence. Then rising he led the way into exile. In another instance, a woman, on finding the house surrounded, went to the door and called up the chickens to be fed for the last time, after "which, taking her infant on her back and her two older children by the hand, she followed her husband with the soldiers.
"All were not thus submissive. One old man named Charles was seized with his1 wife, his brother, and his 'three sons, together with the families of the latter. Ex asperated by the brutality accorded his wife who, being unable to travel fast, was prodded with bayonets to hasten her steps, he urged the other men to join with him in a dash for Jiberty. As he spoke in Oherokee, the soldiers understood nothing until each warrior sprang upon the one nearest and endeavored to wrench his gun from him. The attack was so sudden and unexpected that one soldier was killed, while the Indians escaped to the mountains.

178 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Hundreds of others, some of them from the stockades, also managed to escape from time to time and subsisted on roots and "wild berries until the hunt was over. Find ing it impossible to secure these fugitives, General Scott finally tendered them a proposition, through Colonel "W. H. Thomas, their trusted friend, to the effect that if they would surrender Charles1 for punishment the rest would be allowed to remain until the matter could be adjusted by the government. On hearing- of the proposition Charles voluntarily came in with his sons, offering him self a sacrifice for his people. By command of G-enera] Scott, Charles, his brother, and his1 sons were shot near the mouth of the Tuckasegee, a detachment of Cherokee prisoners being forced to do the shooting in order to impress upon the Indians the fact that they were help less. From these fugitives', who were thus permitted to remain, originated the eastern band of Cherokees.
"When nearly 17,000 Indians had thus been gathered into the stockades, the work of removal began. Early in June several parties aggregating about 5,000 persons, -were brought down by the troops to the old agency on the Hiawassee at Calhoun, Tenn., to Boss's Landing, now Chattanooga, Tenn., and to Gunter's Landing, now Guntersville, Ala., where they were put upon steamers and transported down the Tennessee and Ohio to the further side of the Mississippi, -where the journey was continued by land to Indian Territory. The removal, in the hottest part of the year, was attended by such sickness and mortality that, by resolution of the Cherokee national council, Eoss and other chiefs submitted to Genera] Scott a proposition that the Cherokees be allowed to move themselves in the fall, after the sickly season was ended. This was granted on condition that all should start by O'ctobcr 20th, except the sick and the aged. Accordingly officers were appointed by the Cherokee council to take charge of the emigration; the Indians being organized

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into detachments1 averaging' 1,000 each, with the leaders in charge of each detachment and a sufficient number of wagons and horses for the purpose. In this way, the remainder, enrolled at about 13,000, including negro slaves, started on the long inarch overland in the fall.
4 'Those who thus migrated under the management of native officers., assembled at Eat tie Snake Springs, about two miles south of Hiawassce river, near Charleston, Tenn., where a final council was held, at which it was decided to continue the old constitution and laws in the new home. Then the long procession of exiles1 was set in motion. Some went by the river route, but most over land. Crossing to the north side by a ferry, they pro ceeded down the river, the sick, the old, and the infants, with the blankets, cooking pots, etc., the rest ou foot or on horse. The number of wagons' was 645.
"It was like the march of an army, regiment after regiment, the wagons in the center, the officers along tho line, and the horsemen on the flank and at the rear. After crossing' the Tennessee river, at Tucker's Ferry, they moved toward. Nashville, whore the Cumberland was crossed. Thence to Hopkinsville, Ky., where the noted chief, White Path, who was in charge of one of the de tachments, .sickened and died. His people buried him by the roadside, with a box over the grave, and streamers around it, so that the others, coming on, might note the spot and remember him. Somewhere further along this march of death--for the exiles died by tens and twenties each day--the devoted wife of John Ross sank down, leaving him to go on "with the bitter pang of bereavement added to heart-break at the ruin of his nation. The Ohio was reached at a ferry near the mouth of the Cum berland and the army passed through Southern Illinois, until the great Mississippi was reached, opposite Cape Grirardeau, Mo. It was now the middle of winter, with the river running full of ice, so that several detachments were obliged to wait some time on the eastern bank for the channel to clear.

180 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND I/EGENDS
"In talking- with old men and women at Tallequah, the author found that the lapse of over half a century had not sufficed to wrpe out the memory of the miseries of this halt beside the frozen river, with hundreds of sick and dying penned up in wagons or stretched upon the ground ? with only a blanket over head to keep out the January blast. The crossing was made at last in two divisions at Cape Girardeau and at Green's Ferry, a short distance below, when the march was through Missouri to Indian Territory, the later detachments1 making' a circuit through Springfield, because those who had gone before had killed off all the game along the direct route. At last the destination was reached--the journey having" occupied six months of the hardest part of the year.
".It is difficult to arrive at any accurate statement of the number of Cherokeew who died as the result of the removal. According to official figures those who removed under the direction of Rass lost over 1,600' on the jour ney. The proportionate mortality among' those who pre viously removed under military supervision was proba bly greater. Hundreds died in the stockades1 and in the waiting camps, chiefly by reason of the rations furnished, which were of flour and other provisions to which they were not accustomed. Hundreds of others died on arri val from sicknes's and exposure. Altogether, it is asser ted, possibly with reason, that over 4,000 Cherokees died as the direct result of the removal. On reaching Indiai? Territory, the emigrants at once set about building houses and planting crops, the government having agreed under the treaty to furnish them with rations for one year after arrival. They were welcomed by the Arkansas Chero kees, kinsmen who held the country under previous trea ties. These, however, being- regularly organized, were not disposed to be swallowed up by the governmental authority of the new comers. Jealousies1 developed in which the minority or treaty part of the emigrants, headed by Kidgc took sides with the old settlers, against

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the Boss or national party which, outnumbered the others near]y three to one; and then followed the tragic sequel.*'

On June 22, 1839, Alajor Ridge, his son, John ItEdge, and Ellas Bond!not, suffered the penalty of having advo cated the removal of the Indians to the West. It was in the midst oi' great political excitement that the three-fold act of mnrder was perpetrated, but the evidence shows that the whole affair was deliberately planned. The report mads by the Indian agent to the Secretary of War, two days after the occurrence, gives the following par ticulars: "The murder of Boudinot was treacherous and cruel. He was assisting some workmen in building a new house. Three men called upon him and asked for medicine. He went off with them in the direction of Worcester's, the missionary who keeps medicine, about three hundred yards from Bondinot's. When they were about half way, two of the men seized Boudinot and the other stabbed him, after which the three cut him. to pieces with knives and tomahawks. This murder having oc curred within two miles of the residence of John Ross, his friends were apprehensive that it might be charged to liis connivance, and at this 'moment there are 600 armed Cherokees around the dwelling of JRoss assem
bled for his protection. The murderers of the two Ridges and Bondlnot are certainly of the late Cherokee emi grants' and of course adherents of Ross but I cannot yet believe that Ross has encouraged the outrage. He is a man of too ranch good sense to embroil his nation at this critical time; find besides, his character, since 1 have known him, which is1 now twenty-five years, has been pacific. Boudinot's wife is a white woman, a native of New Jersey, as I understand. He has six children. The wife of John Ridge is a white woman, but from whence or what family I am not informed. Boudinot was in moderate circumstances. The Ridges1 both father and son, were rich."

182 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Jolin Boss, the principal chief of the nation, does not seem to have been a party to the transaction, though it was doubtless in accordance with a law of the tribe, similar to the one under which the brave chief of the Greeks, General William Mclntosh, suffered death. Moreover, the national council afterwards de clared the murdered men to have been outlaws, and also pronounced null and void the treaty of New Ecbota. Jurisdiction over the Georgia lands was reasserted; but at this stage the United States government interfered. Chaotic conditions prevailed for several months. At last, however, the breech was healed. At a general con vention in which both 'the Eastern and the Western Cherokees "were represented, together with both the Ridge and the Ross factions, the whole tribal connection was declared to be one body politic under the name of the Cherokee nation. On behalf of the Eastern Cherokees, the compact of agreement was signed by John Ross, principal chief, George Lowrey, president of the council, and Going Snake, speaker of the council, "with thirteen others. For the Western Cherokees it "was signed by John Looney, acting principal chief, George Guess, presi dent of the council and fifteen others. On September 6, 1839, Tallequah was made the capital of the nation. At the same time a new constitution "was adopted by a convention composed chiefly of Eastern Cherokees, but it was finally ratified by the old settlers at Fort Gibson, on June 26, 1840, an act which completed the re-union of the nation.*
: entitled: "Myths and Legends of the Chel Ethnological Bureau, "Washington, D. C.

CHAPTER XXXVIII
Harriet Gold: A Romance of New Echota
O N a knoll overlooking the site of New Echota there is still to be seen a lonely wayside grave around which cluster the incidents of a pathetic tale of the wilderness. When Elias Boudinot was attending the Moravian Mission, at Cornwall, Conn., he met and loved Harriet Gold. At the expiration of two years, they "were married, much to the displeasure of her father and brother, who little relished the thought of her alliance to an Indian, even though of mixed blood. !But she took the step with her mother's1 full permission. It was an affair of the heart which the latter conld well understand, despite the separation from home and the life of isolation among an alien people which it necessarily involved. So the happy couple came to Georgia to live; and here in the course of time they were visited by Mrs. Gold, "who found her daughter well provided "with domestic comforts and little disposed to complain.
With true missionary zeal, the young bride soon be came intent upon the task of bettering the conditions of life among the Indians. She founded, sometime in the early thirties, the first Sunday school in Gordon County; and to her husband "who "was editor of the Phoenix, she was both a companion and a helpmeet. She did much for the uplift of the tribe, and the life which she lived among them, thoug;h brief, "was one of beautiful unselfishness. When John Howard Payne was imprisoned in the block house, she frequently went to see him, making his bonds

184 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
less burdensome by her sympathetic attentions. The story goes that lie t a tight her to sing* his famous air of* "Home Sweet Home;" and however reconciled she may have been to her lot by reason of the one thing needful to make it rosy there were doubtless minor chords of love in her heart which sounded a sad response when her memory reverted to her old homo in .far away Connecticut.
But satisfied though she was 'with the man of her choice, the days of her joyful wedlock were numbered. Stealthily the fingers of disease "began to clutch at the vital, cords. Perhaps she foresaw the bolt which was destined to descend upon the Cherokees. It was not difficult to read the future at this troublous hour. There was scarcely a moment when her husband's life was not in clangor. The nation was divided into rival camps. The anxieties incident to this vexed period may have been too .severe for an organism attuned to gentler sur roundings. At any rate she faded day by day; and one afternoon in midsummer they bore run.' to the hillside, where a slab of marble, yellow with age, still marks the spot. It requires no great stretch of the imagination to picture the broken hearted man who survived, her bending over the low mound, on the eve of his departure for the Y\rest, and reading, through tear-filled eyes, the following inscription*
"To tlie Mj.Hino.ry of "Harriet 'Uuggies, the wife of Thomas MliaK BoudmoK Bh ^ fis the daughter o ('olone'l T-ienjamiii aiid J-Tloanor a old, of ( Vim \raJI, C'oiin., where she wa born Juno. 1, 1805, and died at
August 1 L% 183G. \Ve seek n. rest b.eyond the skies.

contained IT irity of old :

GWspaper article.

CHAPTER XXXIX
Dahlonega: Once the Center of Gold-Mining Activities in America
T HOUGH the iirat discovery of gold in Georgia, HCcording' to WThite, was made on Duke's ('reek, in Ilabersham County, in 1829, it is generally believed in I/umpkin County tliat the first discovery of gold in this State was made some time previous to the above date, on the Calhomi property, throe miles to the south, of Dah1 Onega. Prof. S. "W. JV1 e(Millie, Oeorgia.'s present State Geologist, makes this remark in connection \vifrh the cluini. Says he :* "This early discovery is substantiated by livingwitnesses; but whether it antedates the find at Duke's Greek is an open qnestion. It appears quite probah 1 e that the early discoveries followed each other, in suc'li rapid succession, that it is now practically impossible to decide definitely the question of priority. However, at present, tfhe best information seems to be in favor of Duke's Creek." If not the place where the yellow metal was first discovered in Georgia, it very soon became the center of the greatest mining' operations in Georgia; and the mines at Dahlonega contained the larges deposits of precious ore known to the United States.
It cannot be stated with any degree of precision when the Indian word "Dah-lort-e-ga," was first coined; but the meaning1 of it is "yellow money." Whether it was first applied by the Indians to the place, or whether it was used by them merely as an expression which caught
*GoId Deposits of Georgia, 1896, published by the State Geological De partment, Bulletin 4-A, pp. 274-275, Atlanta, 1896.

186 GEORGIA !s LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the fancy of the whites is equally problematical. The discovery of gold in North. Georgia operated as a spur to hasten the departure of the Cherokees1 toward the West. It is created an eagerness on the part of the white popula tion to pO'Ssess themselves of the red man's home among the mountains, and they began to call upon the govern ment, in the most imperious tones, to redeem the old agreement of 1802. The complications of the following years were only the malarial symptoms of this same gold fever; and while the final outcome was divinely ordered in furtherance of "wise ends it was destined to leave a scar upon our history which time has not effaced.
As soon as the removal of the Indians was accomp lished, the United States government, in 1838, established at Dalilonega a branch mint, which, continuing' in opera tion, "until 1861, coined 1,883,748 pieces of gold valued hi $6,115,559.
Mr. Benjamin .Parks by whom the yellow metal was first discovered on what afterwards became_the property of the great John C. Oalhoun, of South Carolina, waw still living in the neighborhood of Dahlonega as late as 1894. During the summer of this year, Mr. P. J. Moran. the famous staff currespontlent and editor of the Atlanta Constitution visited the gold fields of Tjumpkin for the purpose of preparing an article for the press. Hefe he found Mr. Parks. The old. man was ninety-four years of age, but his eyes still retained a g'lirit of the old fire which lit them in his youthful days when lie first discovered gold in the hills. Tlie story which, lie gave Mr. Moran is sub stantially reproduced from the newspaper files of 1894. Said the aged argonaut:
"It was just by accident that I came across it. I was deer hunting o~ne day, when I kicked up something which

DAHLONEGA

187

caught my eye. 1 examined it and decided that it was gold. The place belonged to B.ev. Mr. Obarr, who, though a preacher, 'was a hard man and very desperate. I went to the owner and told him that I thought I could tind gold on his place, if he would give me a lease of it. He laughed, as though he did not believe me, and consented. So a lease for forty years was "written out, the consideration of which was that T "was to give him one fourth of the gold mined. I took .into partnership a friend in. whom I could confide. I went over to the spot with a pan, and, turning* over some earth, it looked like the yellow of an egg1. It was more than my eyes could believe.
"The news went abroad. Within a few days it seemed as if the whole world must have heard of it, for men came from every state. They cnine afoot, on horseback, and in wagons, acting- more like crazy men than anything- else. All the way, from whore Dahlonega now stands to Nucklesville, there were men panning out of the branches arid making" holes in tho hillsides. The saddest man in the country was preacher Obarr, from whom I had leased the land. He thought the lease was a joke; but he now learned that it "was something serious. One day he came to me and said:
" 'Mr. Parks, T want yo-nr lease.' ' 'But I will not sell it to you,' I replied. " 'Why not,' he asked. tf 'Well,' I answered, 'even, if I were willing', it is now out of my power; for X have taken a partner, and J. know he would never consent to it. I have given him my word and T intend to keep it.* " 'You will suffer for this yet,' said Obarr menacingly, as he went away.
**Two weeks later, I saw a party of two women and two men, approaching1. I knew it was Obarr's family, intent npon trouble. Knowing Obarr's fondness for liti gation, I warned my men to be prepared for action, but to take no offensive step.
<e 'Mr. Parks,' 'were Obarr's first words, 'I want the mine.'

188 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
" 'If you were to oiier me ton times its value,' I replied, 'I would not sell it to you.'
" 'Well, the longest pole will knock off the persim mon,' said he with an implied threat.
"At the same moment, Mrs. Obarr broke the sluice gate to let out the water. There was a laborer in the ditch, and the woman threw rocks in the water, in order to splash him. Failing to make the man aggressive, she hurst into tears; whereupon her soil advanced to attack him. I caught him by the collar and flung- him hack. Then the party went off, swore out warrants against us, and had us all arrested. This was all done for intimida tion, but it failed to work. The next thing I heard was that Obarr had sold the place to Judge Underwood, who, in turn, sold it to Senator ,Tohn O. Calhoun, of South Carolina. Then I lost my fortune. Senator Calhoun wanted to buy my lease, arid I sold it for what I thought was a good price. The very month after the sale, he took out 24,000 pennyweights of gold, and then I was inclined to be as mad with him as Obarr was with me. But gold mining is like gambling--all luck."
According- to the late Professor A'V. S. Yates, who "was at one time State (geologist of Georgia, an expression which Mark Twain has made classic in two hemispheres originated at Dahlonega. Says Professor Yates : "One of the most active and enthusiastic spirits of the flush times was Dr. M. K1 . Stevenson, ail amateur geologist and mineralogist, who was full of the belief that Georgia was one of the richest mineral Slates in the Union. When, in 1849, the miners around Dahloncga gathered to take action on the project of deserting the mines in Georgia and going in a body to the new fields of California, this earnest believer in Georgia's great mineral "wealth moimted the court-house stops in Dahlonega, and, addressing a crowxl of about 200 miners, plead with them not to be turned by the stories of the wondrous discoveries in (Jali-

DAH.LONEGA

189

fornia, but to stick to the Georgia fields, wliicli were ricla in possibilities. Pointing to Findley Ridge, which lay about half a mile to the south, he exclaimed: "Why go to California 1? In that ridge lies more gold than man ever dreamt of. There's millions in it." This last sentence was caught up by the miners and taken with theni to California, w.here for years it wan a by-word among- them. It remained for Mark Twain, who heard it in common use, in one of the mining camps of California, to broad cast H over creation by placing' it in the mouth of his world-renowned character, Colonel Mulberry Sellers."*
*Gold Deposits of Georgia, Bulletin 4-A, pp. 274-275, Atlanta, 1896.

CHAPTER XL
Sequoya: T!ie Modern Cadmus
IEQUOYA, the noted Indian half-breed, who invented the Cherokee alphabet, lived at one time near the village of Alpine, m Chattooga County, not far from
the present Alabama line. The first newspaper ever printed in Sequoyan characters was edited and published at New Ecliota, in Gordon County, at the confluence of the Goosawattee and the Connasauga Rivers. Seqnoya's invention marked the rise of culture among the Cherokees, the only tribe of Indians on the North American continent who possessed a written language and who boasted an organized national existence, founded upon Constitutional law. In the opinion of linguistic scholars, the invention of Sequoya is one of the greatest achieve ments of the human intellect. The celebrated red-wood trees of California, the most colossal giants of the Ameri can forest, have been christened, the Sequoias, in. honor of this gifted Indian's wonderful invention.* It is not an inappropriate tribute to the almost extinct race which produced the original occupants of the soil that the greatest of red-wood trees should commemorate the greatest of red men. T3r, H. A. Scomp, the author of the following article, was for years professor of Greek, in Emory College, at Oxford, G-a, lie is at present engaged in preparing' a comparative dictionary of the Muskogee languages, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution of Washington., IX C. He is an enii-
*New International Encyclopedia, Vol. XVII. Article on the Sequoias.

SEQUOYA

191

nent literary critic, and one of the foremost authorities of the day on the subject of Indian antiquities.

"Perhaps the most i~emarkable man who has ever lived on Georgia soil was neither a politician, nor a soldier, nor an ecclesiastic, nor a scholar--hut was merely a Cherokee Indian, of mixed blood. And, strange to say, this Indian acquired permanent fame, neither expecting it nor seeking after it. He himself, never knew the full measure of his claim to a place in the temple of fame; never knew the full value of his work, nor the literary chasm which he had bridged; never knew that in his own little tribe he had solved a literary problem till then unsolved in all the realm of linguistic science.
'' Sequoya, or Sikwayi--known to the whites as George Guest, Guess or Gist, w? as born at Taskigi, Tennessee, a Cherokee town, probably about 1760. He "was the fruit of one of those illicit connections so common among the more civilized tribes. Sequoya's paternal ancestor has been variously surmised: by some he (Sequoya) was regarded as the son of a Orerman-Indian trader; by others his father was thought to be an Irishman; while still others have held him to be the son of Nathaniel Gist, afterwards famous for his activity in the American Revo lution.
"We are not well advised as to Seqnoya's part in the struggle for independence, nor in the la,ter troubles of the Cherokees with the whites. We have strong reasons for supposing- that in his heart ho bore in those days little good will to his pale-faced kinsmen. At all events he owed nothing1 to I^iiglish letters and little to the arts of civilization.
"Sequoya spent his earlier years like most of his tribesmen in hunting and in peltry trading; until on one of his hunting trips he was by accident injured and was thereafter a cripple for life. Thus debarred from active -work, he was still able to make various and distant ex peditions in a search other than that for wild beasts.

192 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
"Even as a hunter Sequoya was noted for Ixis inven tive g'enlus and extraordinary mechanical skill. He was, too, a craftsman in silverwork and indeed a kind of Indian Tubal-Cain in the fashioning of metals. His maiming had caused the development of his reflective, undevelop ed mentality. Although totally unacquainted with letters, his quick observing powers very early made him con scious of the value of the art of writing- and of the power of the printing press among the "whites, although he had little love for the pale faces. What could the Cherokee do to appropriate to himself this wonderful power which Seqnoya felt to be at the basis of the "white man 'H civiliza tion?
*'It "would be a most interesting' study to follow, if possible, the mental processes of this child of nature in his long quest of means to an end in "working" out his problem for Ins nation. He had no model for a guide, not even a blind Indian trace in the wilderness, for no predecessor had ever blazed a way which might serve even for suggestion. A real or a mythic Cadmus had an immortality covering at least thousands of years, for bringing- to Gfreeee an alphabet representing sixteen ele mentary sounds--mere breathing's or ejaculations, of the human voice, though severally representing' nothing. .But Seqnoya had never heard of Cadmus, nor of his invention --if the first alphabet was really of Phoenician origin.
Hieroglyphs or hierograms--even had Sequoya ever dreamed of these--would not have answered his purpose. The ideograph, or idea-hierograph, could 71 ot work in Cherokee, for the' Indian has never recognized the abstract. Mere picture writing" "was too complicated for the needs of ordinary life, and practicality was Sequoya's gospel. Nor did the symbolic hieroglyph offer anything better. Thousands of symbols would be necessary to furnish expression for even a limited languag'e and how could these ever be committed to memory by the people

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SEQUOYA'S WONDERFUL INVENTION : THE CHEROKEE ALPHABET.

SEQTTOYA

193

and made of any practical utility. If Seqnoya ever thought of symbolism for hie system, lie doubtless soon gave up the idea. Phonetics seemed to offer something better, and to this field the Indian genius soon devoted his exclusive attention. * * *

''Happily Sequoyn knew nothing of ancient phonetics; lie undertook to deal with sounds not with ideas. Had lie undertaken, like the ancients, to represent ideas by symbols, it is very certain that he could never have reached his proposed end; could never have developed bis idea; could never have found a workable system of character representation. Turning into the field of real phonetics, or abstract sounds divested of nil connection with ideas or word-representatives--this wonderful child of the forest set himself to the task of counting up and calendaring--pardon the word--the separate sounds found in the Cherokee language.
"These he reckoned at eighty-five in number. Arrived at this point his work was already, for the inost part, accomplished. The inventing of eighty-five characterrepresentatives for those eighty-live distinct sounds, was a much lighter task. .But what infinite toil and research to examine all the words of his language with their con stituent sounds or syllables, resolve them and find a key for representing them. Cadmus, nor any Phoenician, Egyptian, Chinaman, nor other ancient nor modern had ever reached any such solution to the literary problem.
"For about twelve years he labored nt his strange tusk, and, as usual with men of real genius, was ridiculed by his people, who could not grasp the moaning of his bizarre life and studies. Me is usually pictured with a pipe in his mouth, bending over his work; though we^ can give no credit to the nicotine for any part of his inven tion. For untold centuries the Indians had used their tobacco for offerings, for the curing of diseases, for seal ing treaties, and for nerve soothing around their camp-

194 GEORGIA'S, "LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
fires. Rut we have never read of anything' of intellectual, moral, or physical worth as M probable result of tins devotion to their native weed, the chief of narcotics.
"But Sequoya won at last. In 1821 the Cherokee council adopted the new syllabary, and the nation, with great enthusiasm, set about to learn it. In a few months thousands of them could read and write Sequoyan witli facility. The Cherokee boy made no mistakes in his spelling. His written language had no silent letters, no ambiguous sounds, to deal with. Sequoya was now in high feather among the people who had once derided him.
"In 1822 he went to those Cherokees who had already settled beyond the Mississippi to teach these also the new system, and the next year he established his permanent home with these western tribesmen. The practicability of the new system was soon put to the proof, for in 1824 parts of the Bible were published in Sequoyaii Cherokee, and in 1828 the first North American Indian periodical-- the Cherokee Phoenix--began to be published at New Echota, the Cherokee capital, near the present Home in North Georgia.
"The Phoenix--published partly in English arid partly in Sequoyan---ran until October, 1835, when the general forced migration of the tribe to tlie transMississippi brought about its .suspension. KMaa Boudinot was its editor.
4 ' Several other periodicals at irregular intervals. The Cherokee Messenger, in 1844, published at the Bap tist mission, Park Hill, I. T., and entirely in Cherokee; The Cherokee Advocate, in 1844, a weekly, partly in Knglish and partly in Cherokee; The Cherokee Almanac,, an annual now of many years' standing, and various other current, or permanent publications have since appeared.
" Sequoya's worth was now appreciated by his peo ple. Jn 1828 the western Cherokees sent him to Washing-

SEQTJOTA

195

"But he was-still a dreamer and an idealist. The conception of a common Indi an 1 angnage "with a common grammar and a common syllabary, took possession of his mincl, and he visited many tribes searching for these com mon linguistic elements for aboriginal uniformity.
''He probably never realized the need, as preliminary to his generalization, for individual and native investiga tors to do for their respective tongues what he himself had done for Cherokce, viz.: to first rediice these dialects to syllabaries with character representatives, out of which a. large system, of common phonetics might be pro duced, though we fail to see how a common written lan guage could have been the outcome.
"In China twenty totally different vernaculars have a common literary language; but this is due to a common system of word, or idea, representation, e. g., the ideo graphs for horse, cow, dog, etc., may be universally recog nized while the "words severally expressing" these ideas in the various dialects may be widely different and mutually unintelligible.
""But in a system of sound characters the ideas are wholly wanting, and unrelated to the sounds. Sequoya went in his old ago in quest of a lost Cherokee tribe which, according to tradition, had settled somewhere in the west. In August 1843, he died, near San Fernando, Tamaulipaa, Mexico, the most extraordinary literary genius of perhaps all the ages.
"It is curious to speculate upon the possible and the probable outcome of Sequoya's remarkable invention, could it have had fair play for two or three centuries

196 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
among the Cherokees. What could it have accomplished alone and unhampered among these tribesmen? To what degree of civilization might they have attained with their syllabary alone to help them in science and arts? Of course we must allow as preliminary its author's first acquaintance with the whites and the suggestion and the spur thus afforded to him, "without which he would never have undertaken the creation of a literary system. But this much given, and then the permanent segregation of the Cherokees from the whites,--what of the result?
"Is it too ranch to suppose that the Cherokees would by themselves have reached a high stage of civilization? What has been the effect of a general knowledge of letters among the nations of the earth? Such peoples have uni formly attained to a high stage of advancement on every line. Nor need we suppose that the Cherokees would have furnished an exception to this universal ethnic rule. But Sequoya's system never had opporunity for full de velopment. The English language, the English school, the English book and periodical,--held the Cherokee in their clasp. The pressure was too powerful to be resisted. But suppose the Cherokees with their syllabary left alone with the other tribes of the forest,--they would un doubtedly have become the Athenians of this Western world, 'while the other red men would have been the 'Barbarians' despised by these American Hellenes."*
*The Library of Southern Literature, Vol. XVI, Atlanta, 1913.

CHAPTER XLI
Woodlawn: The Home of William H. Crawford
T UEEE miles from the town of l^exing'ton, on the outskirts of the village which bears liis name and reached by a branch line of the Georgia Railroad between Union Point and Athens, is the old home of William H. Crawford : "Woodlawn. It is one of the sacred places of the commonwealth, for the man who here spent his1 last daj'S was one of the greatest intellects and one of the most titanic figures of his time in Georgia, Prom the pen of an intimate acquaintance of Mr. Crawford has come a picture of the beautiful domestic life of the illustrious statesman and incidentally- it portrays the old home in which the happiest hours of his eventful career were spent. The author of the sketch was Joseph Beckham Cobb, a son of the distinguished statesman, Thomas Willis Cobb, for whom Cobb County was named. The latter was Mr. Crawf ord's most intimate friend; and the former, when a boy, often visited the Crawford home near Vexing-ton. With .sympathetic touch he de scribes the return of the wan and emaciated statesman to G-eorgia, at the close of the long- and bitter struggie for the Presidency, his pallid face, his bent figure, all in painful and tragic contrast with the William H. Oraw^ ford, who, in 1813, an ApolJo of physical beauty, had charmed and delighted the Court of Napoleon. Says Mr. Cobb:* Disease had robbed him of the line appear ance and majectic carriage which, had so impressed every one who knew him in the zenith of his career. The corn-
*"Leisure Hours," by Joseph Beckham Cobb.

1 98

GEORGIA 's |J,\NT>;\I ARKS. MIOMOR.FAI.S ANH LW^NDS

manding intellect which 'had won the .reverence of a nation no longer shone with original splendor. J.Ie was in fact the mere shadow or wreck of what he had beoii. Some who hastened to see him with eager eyes came away saddened and down east, when they called to mind the vast difference between the Crawford of 18.13 and the Crawford of 1.825. All had heard of his illness, hut no 'one was prepared to 'witness such a change: he could scarcely wee, he spoke with groat difficulty, and even with apparent pain ; his walk was almost a hobble and bis whole frame evidenced, on the least motion, that its power and vigor had been seriously assaulted."

Mr. (Jobb continues : "Woodlawn was his next and last stage; and the family entered its grounds with feel ings akin to those of exiles returning from a painful banishment. Tt was a retired, peculiarly rural spot, un adorned with 'costly or imposing" structures, and boasted of no artificial-embellishments of taste ;everything around partook of the simple habits of the illustrious owner. Tt was fronted with a magnificent forest of oaks, through which the man'sioii was approached from the main road, along1 a romantic and winding avenue, just wide enough for vehicles to pass with convenience. In the rear opened an extensive clearing1 which formed the plantation, dot ted here and there with peach and apple orchards, and afforded an excellent prospect of hill and meadow; around and through these meandered a clear little brook, which found its source in a delightful spring only a few yards distant from, the mansion, and which lent a charming' appearance to the whole scene. The garden bloomed with an abundance of shrubbery and of choice and tender fruit trees, which were planted and tended by Crawford, with the help of the elder children alone, and smiled in the luxuriance and gaiety of its numerous flower beds. A rich carpet of blue grass covered the lawn in front ; and here, of a calm evening, beneath -the shade of an

iWN

199

ancient oak, might be seen frequently gathered the entire family, the retired statesman himself always in the midst
and ever the liveliest and happiest of the group. The memories of the past, laden alike with greatness and
with gloom, seem now to have faded to mere secondary and subordinate importance. The quiet joys of domestic life, unmixed with aught which could mar the loveliness of home, spread content throughout the family circle,
and enlivened the secluded homestead with a warmth of affection and harmony too pure and too substantial to
be compared witli the fleeting pleasures and with the
ephemeral honors of politics."

The last resting-place of the great Georgian who nar rowly missed the highest office in the gift of the American people, who served in the Senate and in the Cabinet, and who challenged the admiration of the great Napoleon, sleeps in the family burial-ground adjacent to the man sion. The grave is marked by no impressive memorial, but over it is a horizontal slab of marble, raised perhaps two feet from, the ground; and on the smooth surface of the stone is chiseled the following epitaph:
"Sacred, to the memory of William II. Crawford; born the 24th day of February, 1772, in Nelson County, Virginia; died the loth clay of September, 1834, in Ogiethorpe County, Georgia. In the Legislature of Georgia, in the Senate of the United States, as Minister to the Court of France, in the Cabinet and on the Bent-h, he was alike independent, energetic, fearless, and able. He died as he had lived---in the service of his cotmtry-- an<) left behind him the unimpeachable fame of an

CHAPTER XLII
Historic Old Wesleyan: The First Female College to Confer Diplomas
T O the city of Macon, Georgia, belongs the unique distinction of possessing the mother-school for the hig-her education of women. Perhaps' there are institutions whose pioneer work for the intellectual emancipation of the sex date further back, but an investi gation will show that they possessed no authority to confer degrees. The first college in the world chartered for the express purpose of awarding diplomas to women was undoubtedly historic old "Wesleyan Female College, at Macou. It was only to a limited extent that public attention, during the early part of the1 last century, was directed to the educational needs of the fair sex. At first the various legislatures of the country were avers'e to chartering even academies which were designed exclu sively for women and Georgia was one of the very first States to abandon this policy of discrimination. In 1827, the Legislature chartered the first female academy under State patronage at Harmony Grove, now Commerce, Ga., in Jackson County, but it soon ceased to exist. The time was not ripe for such an innovation. Colonel Duncan G. Campbell, of Wilkes, was the pioneer champion in Georgia of the new crusade. When a young man he taught a select school for girls in the town of Washing ton, and as early as 1825 he advocated in the State Leg islature the wisdom of chartering a college, but he failed of success. In 1835, his son-in-law, Daniel Chandler,

HISTORIC OLD WESLBYAN

201

made an address at the University of Georgia, in which he made an eloquent plea for the admission of the fair sex to the same educational rights and privileges ac corded to men and he called attention to the fact that at this time there was not a college in the world which con ferred degrees "upon women. The speech of Mr. Chandler created a, deep impression.
It also brought results, His views were heartily en dorsed in Macon, and when a movement was launched to establish a female academy in the young town, Rev. Klijah Sinclair suggested tbat the wide-awake people of Macon build a female college instead. There came an immediate response to this proposal. The Ocmulsre' Bank agreed to subscribe $25,000 to the fund, in the event the Legislature granted the charter, and other pledges of support were offered. The outcome was that a charter was finally granted by the legislature, on December 10, 1836, giving legal existence to the Georgia Female College, the name by which the pioneer school was first known. In due time, the buildings were com pleted, on a scale somewhat extensive. There followed a rush of patronage, but the great financial panic of 1837 involved some of the largest subscribers. The builder closed his Ken. The college was put upon the market. At this stage of the proceedings, Dr. George P. Pierce, afterwards Bishop, stepped upon tbe scene, bought the college for Georgia Methodists, and, under the banner of the church, reorganized it as the T\resleyan Female Col lege. Without an endowment, it was not an easy matter to keep the institution afloat. "But friends arose, and fortnne smiled.

The first graduation exercises were held in 1840 and the first diploma was awarded to a member of the class wbo afterwards became Mrs. Katherine E. Benson. She was the first woman in the world to receive a college degree. Bishop Pierce resigned in 1841. But he con-

202 GEOBGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tinned to work for the college in the field. Dr. "W. H. Ellison succeeded him. Then came Dr. Edward H. Myers. Two other presidents next took charge in suc cession, Dr. O. L. Smith and Dr. J. M. Bonnell. Finally the noted Dr. W. C. Bass was called to the helm, and for twenty-five years shaped the destinies of Wesleyan. It was during his administration that Mr. George I. Seney, the noted philanthropist of New York, befriended the institution. He first gave it $50,000, then he after wards increased this1 amount to $125,000. It may he stated in this connection that one of the earliest "bene factors of the college was a wealthy planter of Houston County, Mr. ,Tames A. Everett. lie first bought a number of scholarships1 conditioned upon the adoption of the col lege by Georgia Methodists, and then, in 1845, he lifted a mortg-age upon the institution of $30,000. These bene factions, having been rendered at the start, though small in amounts, were far-reaching in ultimate results. The Seuey gift was1 bestowed largely through the influence of Bishop Attictis G-. Haygood, then president of Emory College at Oxford. Tn 1894 a well equipped chemical laboratory was1 installed, chiefly through the efforts of two members of the faculty, Prof. Charles O. Townsend and Prof. Joseph T. Derry. The present handsome fourstory brick building was completed in 1900, and, in honor of Dr. J. W. Roberts, then president of Wesleyan, was christened Roberts Hall. Hon. Dupont Gnerry, a dis tinguished lawyer of Macon, was next called to the helm. He was the first layman to be vested with the duties of this high office, and, though the. institution prospered under Mr. Gucrry, he returned after a few years to the practice of his profession. Dr. "W. N. Ainsworth suc ceeded him ; but resumed the pastorate in 1912. Dr. C. E. .Tenkins is the present executive head; and, under him, old "Wesleyan Female College is enjoying a degree of prosperity hitherto unknown.

CHAPTER XLIII
Chickamauga: One of the Bloodiest Battle-Fields of Modern Times Becomes a National Park
O CCUPYING- an area somewhat larger than the Dis trict of Columbia, the once sanguinary battle field of Cliieka'inaug"a has been converted into one of the most beautiful parks to be found anywhere on the continent. The tract of land embraces over 7,000 luxuriantly wooded acres, the jurisdictional rights1 to which have been ceded by the State of Georgia to the Federal government; and the extensive grounds have since been threaded by magnificent drive-ways and adorned by many exquisite memorials to the heroic dead of both armies, it was Gen. Henry V. Boynton, of Ohio, who, in a letter, dated August 17, 1888, first suggested the idea of converting this historic battle-ground into a park similar to the one at Gettysburg1 . The proposition everywhere met with the heartiest endorsement from the old soldiers; and in due time there was a joint meeting between the !Blue and the Gray which resulted in the Chickamauga Memorial Association, to take the matter in hand. The bill to create the park was introduced in 1890 by Gen. Charles H, Grosvenor, of Ohio, then a rep resentative in Congress2 . It was duly enacted into law;
Dedication of the Chickamauga ana Chattanooga National rark, Sept. 18-20, 1895. "Report of the Joint Committee of Congress, compiled by H. V. Boynton, p. S17, address of Gen. Cnas. H. Grosvenor, Washington, D. C., 1S9G.

204: GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
but, in addition to the Chickamauga battle-ground, it provided for the acquisition of the historic fields around Chattanooga, the whole to form a system connected by splendid roads and to be known as the Chickamauga and Chattanooga Military I-'ark. Such was the pressure of patriotic sentiment brought to bear upon the national law-makers that little opposition was encountered in either House. Though embraced in one system there are today virtually two parks--one for Georgia and one for Tennessee.
AVith the most impressive ceremonies of dedication, in which some of the leading public men of the nation took part, Chickamauga Park was formally opened, on September 19, 1895. Gen. John M. Palmer, of Illinois, and Gen. John B. Gordon, of Georgia, were tlie principal speakers. On the following day occtirred the exercises of dedication at Chattanooga. Besides the central pro grams around which the chief interest revolved, there were meetings hold by numerous military commands and ceremonies connected with the dedication of State monu ments. When the park was opened, there were only eight States whose memorial tributes were ready for dedica tion; but the number since then has been more than treb led. In addition, the positions of the various commands have been indicated by handsome markers. The Georgia State monument, unveiled on May 4, 1899, with an elo quent oration by one of Georgia's most distinguished sons, Hon. J. C. C. Black, of Augusta, stands in the southwest part of the field, near the historic Lafayette road. It is one of the most superb memorials on the entire field of battle, surpassing even the colossal shafts erected by New York and Ohio. The massive column of granite, rising to a lofty height, is surmounted by the bronze figure of a private soldier. He stands on a flowered capital and holds in his hand a Confederate flag. There are three figures in bronze, at the base of the column, on the mas sive granite pedestal. These represent the three branches of the service engaged in the action and guard the three

CHICKAMAUGA

205

faces of the monument. In the center of the group stands an infantryman; on his left a cannoneer, and on his right a trooper. Just hack of the infantryman, embedded in the shaft is a metal plate, representing- the seal of the State of Georgia. The monument is a consummate mas terpiece of art, the admiration of every one who visits the park; bnt the inscription--siipposed to have heen written by Major Joseph B. Gumming, of Augusta--is not less exquisite than the monument on which it shines like a diamond of the purest water. On a metal plate, beneath the figure of the infantryman, these words are
inscribed:

General John B. Gordon, the "Chevalier Bayard of the Confederacy,'' afterwards United States Senator from Georgia and Governor of the State, commanded a brigade at Chickamauga. He was familiar from earliest boyhood with the site of the future battle-ground. For, not long after the removal of the Cherokee Indians to the West his father settled in this part of the State, where might still be seen the footprints of the red-skin warriors who had fished in the bright waters' of the little mountain stream. Says General Gordon1 : "Every local ity now made famous by the stupendous struggle between the Confederate and Union armies was impressed npon my boyish memory by the legends which associated them with deeds of Indian braves. One of the most prominent features of the field -was the old Koss House, built of hewn logs, and formerly the home of John Koss, a noted
New York, 1905.

206 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Cherokee chief. In this old building I had often slept at night on my youthful journeyings with ray father through the sparsely settled region. Snodgrass Hill, the Gordon and Lee Mills, around which the battle raged, the Lafayette road, across which the contending- lines so often swayed, causing it to be called the "bloody lane," the crystal Crawfish Spring, at which were gathered thousands of the wounded--these had all been perfectly familiar to me for years."
Continuing he observes:* "An American battle which surpassed in its ratio of carnage the bloodiest conflicts in history outside of this country ought to be better un derstood by the American people. Sharpsburg or Antietam had, I believe, a larger proportion of killed and wounded than any other single day's battle of our war: which is equivalent to saying that it was larger than any in the world's wars. Chickamauga, however, in its two days of heavy fighting, brought the ratio of losses to the high-water mark. Judged by percentage in killed and wounded, Chickamanga nearly doubled the sanguinary records of Marengo and Austerlitz; was two and a half times' heavier than that sustained by the Duke of Marlborough at Malplaquet; more than double that suffered by the army under Henry of Navarre in the terriffic slaughter at Coutras ; nearly three times as heavy as the percentage of loss at Solf erino and Magenta; five times greater than that of Napoleon at Wagram and about ten times as heavy as that of Marshal Saxe at Bloody Rancous. Or, if we take the average percentage of loss in a number of the world's great battles--Waterloo, Wag ram, Valmy, Magenta, Solferino, Zurich, Lodi -- we shall find by comparison that Chickamanga's record of blood surpassed them nearly three to one. It will not do to say that it was due to the longer range of our rifles nor to the more destructive character of our implements of warfare; for at Chickamauga as well as in the Wilder ness and at Shiloh, the woodlands prevented the hostile
Ibid, 199-200.

CHICKAMAUGA

207

lines from seeing" each other at great distances and ren dered the improved arms no more effective than would have been rifles of short range. There is but one possible explanation: the personal character and the consecrated courage of American soldiers."

To the foregoing estimate of the battle by General Gordon, it may be of interest to add the scholarly opinion of Professor John Fiske, of Cambridge, Mass,, one of the most eminent of American historians.* Says he: "The name 'Chickamauga' has been said to mean 'Valley of Death,' perhaps in allusion to some wholesale Indian slaughter of long ago. However that may be, the place had now fairly earned such a sombre epithet. In its dimensions and in its murderousness the battle of Chicka mauga was the greatest battle fought by our western armies, and one of the greatest of modern times. In our Civil War it was exceeded only by Gettysburg and the Wilderness; in European history one may compare it with such battles as Neerwinden, or Malplaquet, or Waterloo. At Shiloh and Stone river there were about 80,000 men engaged, and in each the total losses in killed and wounded were about 20,000, the opposing armies and the losses in each case being nearly equal. At Chickamaug-a there were not less than 130,000 men engaged, and the total losses in killed, wounded, and missing amounted to nearly 37,000.'' To General George H. Thomas, a Virginian, though a "Federal officer, who saved the ITnion army from utter rout on this occasion and who acquired thereby the famous sobriquet which he afterwards bore. Professor Fiske pays this tribute: "The annals of war may be searched in vain for a grander spectacle; and in the years to come, so long- as American children are taught to love the flag, may they also be taught to revere the glorious name of Thomas, the Rock of Chickamauga."
*The Mississippi Valley in the Civil "War, by John Fiske, pp. 270-280, Boston, 1900.

CHAPTER XLIV
Kennesaw Mountain: Once a Peak of the Inferno
T WO miles to the north of Marietta, on the line of the Western and Atlantic railroad, looms one of the roost conspicuous land-marks of Georgia: his toric Kennesaw Mountain. There are few names, in the history of the Civil War, which have come to be more classic, by reason of the associations of battle. Even to the mere physical eye it is an object of intense interest. For miles in every direction it dominates the landscape. Its peculiar shape, not unlike the humps of a dromedary, its great height, and its singular isolation, give it an aspect of strange impressiveness. There is little to snggest bloodshed in the calm look of majesty "which it today wears. But on June 27, 1864, General Sherman under took to storm these heights. The result was a clash of arms to which, in the wild delirium of conflict, in the loss of blood, and in the superhuman courage displayed by the soldiers on both sides, there are few engagements which can furnish a parallel. From the gaping wounds of the thousands of bravo men who fell in this terrific on slaught it is said--perhaps with a touch of hyperbole-- that streams of crimson rolled down the mountain in perfect torrents, cutting deep ruts in the soft earth and forming pools where they gathered at the bottom.
Bnt the Federals were repulsed. In the plan of bat tle, there were two assaults to be made upon the Con federate lines. McPherson was to attack at Little Ken nesaw and Thomas was to give battle at a point one mile

KENNESAW MOUNTAIN

209

to the South. General Sherman was growing desperate. Up to this point he had been outwitted by Johnston. Each day found him further removed from his base of supplies, without having inflicted any serious loss upon the enemy, while Johnston was hourly drawing nearer to the Confederate citadel. It "was high time for some decisive and bold stroke to be made. The raaneuverings about Kennesaw Mountain had been in progress for weeks. Johnston was well entrenched. But Sherman was determined to rout him from his stronghold. The following' is his brief report of the battle: "The two assaults were made at the time and in the manner de scribed, and both failed, costing us many lives, including Generals Harker and McCook. Our aggregate loss was 3,000, while we inflicted comparatively little loss upon the enemy, who lay behind his well-formed breast works."

Professor John Fiske, of Cambridge, Mass., a North ern man, in speaking of Sherman's march to the sea, contributes the following luminous paragraph to ithe story of Kennesaw Mountain. Says he:* "It remained for Sherman to avail himself of his numerical superiority to outflank his antagonist and push him back by turning his strong positions one after another. This "work was done in masterly fashion until by slow degrees Johnston was driven back to Atlanta. During all this time, from May 5, to July 17, the two armies were almost in contact with each other and there was frequent skirmishing, but little "waste of life, except at Kennesaw Mountain, June 27. On this occasion, mindful of his primary object, Sherman tried the effect of an assault but desisted when he saw that he was losing faster than Johnston. The Union army lost 3,000 men, the Confederates scarcely 500."
*The Mississippi Valley in the CiyH War, by John Fiske, pp. 326-327, Boston, 1900.

210 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Perhaps the most satisfactory account of the battle, within a brief compass, is given by Lawton B. Evans. Says he:* "Early in June, the two armies were again face to face, the Federals at Ac-worth, the Confederates at Marietta. Johnston occupied a strong position among the mountains, and Sberman tried to break through his linos by assault. The fighting continued here for twentythree days, from June 9 to July 3, in which Johnston drove back the Federal forces every time they were hurled against him. The Confederate General, Tjeonidas Polk, was killed on the summit of Pine Mountain, while looking over the lines. During part of the time, these extended across Kennesaw Mountain, from which the name of the battle there fought was derived. Satisfied that he could not win a victory by fighting, Sherman re turned to his old plan and sent General James B. McPhersort to flank Johnston by crossing the Chattahoochee River east of Marietta. But Johnston was not to be caught. Drawing his forces out of danger, he crossed the river ahead of his enemy, leaving' naught behind. By this time he had been fighting for seventy-four days and had lost nearly ten thousand men, while Shermau had lost twenty-five thousand, a force equal to half the army of Johnston." Professor Joseph T. Derry in his "Story of the Confederate States' 7 is substantially in accord "with the foregoing1 account. JCennesaw Mountain was a Marengo for the Confederates but a Waterloo for the Federals.
History of Georgia, by Lawton B. Evans, p. *70, New York, 1904.

CHAPTER XLV
The Old Heard House: Where the Last Meeting of the Confederate Cabinet Was Held
O N" May 5, 1865, in the old Heard house, in Washing ton, Ga., occurred the last meeting of the Con federate Cabinet. It is a somewhat unique and singular coincidence that almost on the same spot-- eighty-five years before--the State authorities of Geor gia, refugeeing from the British,, here found an asylum at Fort Heard--thus making the town of Washington a place of refuge for two separate and distinct govern ments. This old land-mark of Washington formerly stood facing the present court-house square, hut was demol ished in 1904 to make way for the new court-house building--an act of desecration which shows the progress of commercialism even in this citadel of historic memo ries. It was built in 1824 by General B. W\ Heard, a descendant of one of the pioneer settlers of Washington; and for years the old building was used as a branch of the Georgia State Bank of Savannah. Here, in a room occu pied by Dr. J. J. Eobertson, then cashier of the bank, Mr. Davis, met for the last time the members of his official household, prior to the final act of dissolving the "storm-cradled nation."
W^e quote the following brief account from Mr. Stovall's biography of General Toombs*. Says he: "Gen eral Toombs repaired to his home in Washington, and,
Life of Bobert Toombs, by Pleasant A. Stovall, pp. 287-282, New York, 1892.

212 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS on May 4, 1865, Jefferson Davis, his Cabinet and his staff, having retreated from Richmond to Danville, thence to Greensboro, N. C., and Abbeville, S. O., rode across the country with an armed escort to Washington, Ga. Here, in the old Heard house, the last meeting of the Confederate Cabinet was held. The members sepa rated and the civil government of the Confederate States passed into history. There were present:. John C. Breckinridge, Secretary of War; John H. Reagan, Post master-General; and the members of the President's staff. Mr. Davis was worn and jaded. He looked pale and thin, but was plucky to the last. After the surrender of Lee and Johnson he wanted to keep up the warfare in the mountains of Virginia and in the country west of the Mississippi, but he was finally persuaded that the Confederacy must cease to struggle. On the public square of Washington, the little brick house, with its iron Tail and its red walls, [1892] is still pointed out to the visitor as the spot where the Davis government was dis solved. It was a dramatic fate which terminated its existence at the home of Robert Toombs. He had been present at its birth. His had been one of the leading spirits of the revolution. He had served in the Cabinet and on the field, he had been pressed for the position of its chief magistrate, and now, in the shadow of his own roof tree, its concluding council was1 held."

THE OLD HEARD HOUSE, IN WASHINGTON, WHERE THE LAST MEETING OF THE CONFEPER-

CHAPTER XLVI
The Old Chenault Home: In the Neighborhood of Which Occurred the Famous Raid on the Confederate Treasure Wagons
T WELVE miles east of Washington, on the old stage road to Abbeville, S. O., there stands a qnaim but well preserved structure of the antebellum typo known as the old Chenault home. It is one of the most noted landmarks in a region of country unusually rich in historic traditions. The events in which it figured during the last year of the Civil War are still freshly remembered in Wilkes, though the principal actors in the tragic drama have long since disappeared behind the scenes. Perhaps it is best to tell the story in the language of one who, if not an eye-witness of what occurred, was, at the time, a resident of Wilkes, old enough to recall the excitement occasioned by the incidents we are about to set forth. Our authority for this account is Mrs. T. M. Green, of Washington, Gfa. Says she:* "I do not know how many generations have lived in the old Chenault home, but rep resentatives of the family still occupy it. In 180o, old Dionysins Chenault, a Methodist preacher of high stand ing, held sway over a large plantation, and, by virtue of his office was an oracle for the surrounding neighbor hood. The house, a fine old ante-bellum mansion, crowns a gently rising slope, as one travels the old stage road be tween Washington and Abbeville, S. C.; the same road-- crossing the Savannah Hiver at Lisbon--over which our
*Collectlons of Joseph Habersham Chapter, D. A. R.,

214 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ancestors of the Revolution travelled from Virginia and North Carolina into Wilkes County; the same road, too, over which Jefferson Davis took his flight from Richmond to the South ; and it was here, at the old Chenault home, that Mrs. Davis was entertained as she preceded her husband by a few days.
"Dionysius Chenault "was an old time Georgia planter. He lived in great affluence, surrounded by his broad, fertile acres, and served by his sleek, "well-fed negroes. He was also much given to hospitality. His daughters were great country belles, and Chenault's tent, at the old Wheat camp-meeting grounds, furnished the head quarters for whatever was going on in a social way. In short, no better people lived in "Wilkes, or in the "world, than the Chenaults.
"On a day in the latter part of April, 1865, about ten o'clock in the forenoon, a train of five wagons moved slowly out of Washington on the Abbeville road. They were bound for Richmond, Va., and "were occupied by five well-dressed, city-bred men, besides five wagoners, one of which number was a negro. The wagons were covered with white canvass and looked for all the world like an emigrant train or a party of North Carolina apple venders. Slowly they toiled along, picking their way be tween ruts and gullies cut in the road by the passing of two great armies. At night-fall, having come only 12 miles, they pulled up in front of the home of Dionysius Chenault. They asked permission to camp for the night and were given the use of a large horse-lot fenced in on all sides, with a double gate opening at one end. The sturdy old planter bade them welcome and offered them such refreshments as lay in his power, for it must be remembered that, at this time, Georgia was under the rule of a military depotism and Wilkes was trampled barren by the passing of both Confederate and Federal troops through her borders.

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215

"Our travellers prepared for the night by drawing their 'wagons close together in the center of the field and by stabling their horses in the empty sheds. Across the road and through the woods, eampfires were glimmering. Bands of straggling Confederates "were resting here and there, and troops of well-armed Union soldiers "were moving hither and thither. By and by, the moon rose full and clear, and, ontside the enclosure, a solitary horse man was seen. He was in full Federal uniform, with bars on his coat denoting the rank of an officer. He "was wellmounted, and the sabre of a cavalryman hung by his side. Our travellers noted his appearance with some alarm, for he "was evidently taking an inventory of the camp. How ever, he disappeared as quickly as he came, and after several hours of watching, the wagoners, overcome by fatigue, fell asleep.

"These wagons contained gold and silver coin and bullion, belong-ing to certain Virginia banks. It is not a part of this story to go into details of the affair further than concerns the Ohenaults. Suffice it to say that the treasure had been concealed in Washington for "weeks. The gnardians of it had obtained from General TJptou, at Augusta, an order for its safe conduct back to Richmond and, armed with this passport, they hoped to make their way quietly without arousing suspicion, across the gap, over to Abbeville, "where they hoped to land it safely on board freight cars bound for Richmond.
"While they were wrapped in deep slumber, suddenly the camp was aroused by cries, and shouts, and cursings. At the same time, a party of horsemen dashed through the gate, up to the wagons, and upon the sleeping travel lers. Resistance was useless. The surprise was complete Bankers and drivers were captured, and the treasuretrain plundered. It was said afterwards that the men waded ankle deep in gold and silver. The raiders filled their haversacks and their pockets. They tied bags of

216 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
gold to the pommels of their saddles. They Trent away so heavily laden that they were compelled to throw away much of their booty by the wayside. The negro driver took to the woods and the rest of the party were released unhurt, after the robbers were surfeited with gold.
"When a report of the outrage reached Washington next day General E. P. Alexander raised a company of men and went to the rescue. But it was too late to do anything except to gather up the fragments. Many Con federate soldiers who were camped in the neighborhood, hearing the noise and believing the stories circulated by the raiders that it was Confederate treasury money, helped themselves liberally, but, when told that it was private property, much of it belonging to widows and orphans of Virginia soldiers, they at once turned it all over to General Alexander. The money was kept under guard for several days, and it was hoped that the bankers might be able to take it back to Richmond. But, alas, The town was soon put under Federal control and one General Wilde made commander. He no sooner heard of the existence of the treasure than he took possession of it, and not one dollar was ever returned to the rightful owners.
'' Stories began to circulate about this time concerning fabulous sums of money concealed on the Chenault plan tation. It was said that boxes and bags of gold had been sunk in the Savannah river. It was told that the Chenaults had thousands of dollars. These tales were brought by negroes, and, of course, the yankees believed them. Hundreds of arrests were made. These were the days of the freedman's bureau and if a negro entertained a grudge against a white man, all that he needed to do was to make a report to the bureau. General Wilde set up his court. A detail of soldiers was sent to the Chenault home for purposes of search. Things were done which I blush to tell. One feature of the inquisition was the

THE OLD CHENATJI/T HOME

217

stripping of helpless and innocent young women, who were thus exposed to the insults of the soldiers. The whole Chenault family, besides many others, were brought to Washington and imprisoned. Mrs. Chenault at the time "was carrying a young infant, but no mercy "was shown her on account of her condition. The citizens "went to General Wilde and besought him to allow Mrs. Chen ault and the other female prisoners to be taken to private homes and held under bond, but the request was refused. Old Dionysius Chenault, his son and his brother, were strung up by the thumbs, in order that treasure "which they never possessed might be extracted from them. This torture of the men took place in the hearing of wives, mothers, and sisters; and Mrs. Chenault, in her unhappy condition, was forced to witness the sufferings of both her son and her husband. With their hands tied behind them, they were racked by cruel treatment until their arms reached over their heads. Old Dionysius Chenault fain ted, and they cut him down to keep him from dying, under
the ordeal. "What became of the money? About $75,000 was re
covered by General Alexander. Also $10,000 or more was found secreted among the negroes, and the raiders are supposed to have carried off an equal amount. The wagons started with $250,000 or $300,000. Great excite ment prevailed for years and reports were constantly starting up of the discovery of hidden treasure. Even to this day negroes may sometimes be seen plowing among hollow stumps and fallen trees, or fishing in the Savannah river for bags of gold. For it was told at the time that the robbers had concealed much treasure, expecting to return for it when the opportune moment arrived; but if they ever came they left no tracks by "which they could afterwards be traced.

CHAPTER XLVII
Origin of the United Daughters of the Confederacy
G ENERAL John B. Gordon, on April 30, 1886, first used an expression which, was destined to become historic--"The Daughter of the Confederacy." He was escorting to Georgia's capital the aged ex-Presi dent of the Confederate States who was to be the city's guest of honor at the unveiling exercises of the Ken Hill monument. Mr. Davis was accompanied on this trip by his gifted daughter, Winnie, then in the prime of her youthful beauty but still unknown to fame as an author. From Beauvoir to Atlanta the journey was one continu ous ovation. Enthusiastic crowds everywhere greeted the distinguished party; and at each stop calls were made for the President to speak. He was too feeble to respond to these requests, but he always gave the people an op portunity to see him. When the train reached West Point, Ga., Mr. Davis was quite exhausted. Here General Gordon stepped to the rear platform holding Winnie Davis by the hand and after explaining why Mr. Davis could not speak in response to a call said: "But I wish to introduce to you, Winnie Davis, the Daughter of the Confederacy." It is said that loud cheers rent the air on the presentation of Miss Davis to the assemblage at West Point; and dating from this dramatic moment she was ever afterwards known by this familiar soabriquet.
At the unveiling exercises in Atlanta, on May 1, 1886, Dr. E. D. Spalding led Miss Davis to the front of the platform, where Henry W. Grady, as master of cere-

UNITED DATJGHTTCRK OF THE CONFEDERACY

219

monies, introduced her once more to the people as theDaughter of the Confederacy; and the newspapers of the country, seizing upon the felicitous expression, soon made it famous from ocean to ocean. Tt was most peculiarly appropriate Try reason of the fact that she was not only the daughter of the great ex-Confederate chieftian but was born in the old Confederate "White House, in Rich mond, during the last year of the Civil "War. The dis tinction which she enjoyed, therefore, was unique; and after her death, some twelve years later, when ambitious candidates for her title were multiplying in number, with the prospect of serious complications, it was finally settled, by a pronounced public sentiment, that as the Daughter of the Confederacy she could havo no successor.

The movement to organize the daughters of Confed erate soldiers and sailors into patriotic orders, separate and distinct from the various Memorial Associations, was first launched sometime in the early nineties; and the credit for having pioneered the movement is quite gen erally attributed to Mrs. Caroline G-oodlett, of Nashville. Tenn. Tt is probably not true that Mrs. G-oodlett organ ized the first chapter of the Daughters of the Confeder acy. There is reason to believe that Mrs. Cas sidy, of St. Louis, anticipated her by several months in organizing a chapter under this particular name. 1 Several other movements to organize the daughters into local bands
1 Tt is true, that Mrs. Cassifly, of St. Louis, Mo., had several months be fore organized a Chapter of Daughters of Confederacy, and she should have (he honor of organizing the first Chapter under that name. Mrs. I,, U. Raines, of Savannah, Ca. s was then preparing to organize, the thought having come to her unsusgcsted. .yet it was Mrs. Goodlett's public notice in a Nashville paper that started the movement, and she should be entitled to
Mrs. Ttaines' letter to Mr Article

220 (.'KORUTA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TVEOENDS
were also made about this time.1 But Mrs. Goodlett was the lirs t to attract public attention in anytiling like a general way to the work-in which she "was engaged. This she did in the spring of 1894, through the medium of an article in the Nashville papers; and her conspicuous prominence in the movement from this time forward, especially in urging the daughters throughout the South to organize themselves into local chapters, seems clearly to entitle her to the pioneer honors.
"But the idea of federation -- the genual suggestion ont of which grew the vast order today known as the United Daughters of the Confederacy--was first made by a Georgia lady: Mrs. TJ. H. Raines, of Savannah.2 It was she who brought forward the comprehensive plan of welding' the scattered chapters into one compact and powerful organization; and, while the priority of Mrs. Goodlett's claims as the forerunner of the movement and as the first executive head of the national order are not to be questioned, it seems that Mrs. Raines is clearly entitled to be called the founder of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. 3 The suggestion that one badge
t Mississippi, under the leadership of Mrs. Josie Kra^cr ized the Fidelia Circle, Daughters of the Confederacy,
t to extend the work to nd Mrs. Goodlett seized
er" of April 26, 1912, by Miss Mildred Rutherford, n-genera I, U. D. C.
Da.ughters of Confederacy Chapters, to Mrs. !_,. FL Raines, of Savannah, Oa., must be given the credit for suggesting the uniting of Chapters of all states into one body, hence, she should be given the name of the Founder of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, and for suggesting one name and one badge.
The authority for this statement is Mrs. Goodlett's letter to Mrs. Rallies, Nashville, Tenn., April 24, 1894:
It affords me great pleasure to send you a copy of our Charter, Regula tions and Rules of our Ladies Aux'J. of the Confederate Home, and am
the "Daughters of the Confederacy, which I think is the" proper name, and as

UNITED DAUGHTERS OF THE CONFEDERACY

221

and one name be used by the various chapters came from her. Mrs. Raines organized a chapter at Savannah, soon after Mrs. Goodlett began her initial labors in Nashville, though she had contemplated this step at an earlier
period. On September 10, 1894, a meeting called by Mrs.
Goodlett, at the suggestion of Mrs. Raines, was held in Nashville, for the purpose of agreeing upon some basis of union for the several chapters ; and there were present at this meeting, the members of the Nashville chapter, Mrs. J. C. Myers, a visiting friend from Texas, and Mrs. L. H. Kaines, of Savannah. The meeting was called in the rooms of the Frank Cheatham Bivouac, TJ. O. V., and it was Mrs. L. H. Raines who drafted the Constitution of the new order, after the Constitution of the United Con federate Veterans, which she obtained from John P. BCickman, secretary of the Frank Cheatham Bivouac.
The officers chosen were Mrs. Caroline Goodlett, pre sident ; Mrs. L. H. Raines, vice-president; Mrs. J. C. Myers, whose place was afterwards supplied by Mrs. Kate Cabell Currie, vice-president; Miss May White, vicepresident; Mrs. John P. Hickman, secretary; and Mrs. M. Massey, treasurer. The objects of the organization were to be: Memorial, Historical, Benevolent, Educa tional, and Social. It was first called the National Daugh ters of the Confederacy, but at the Nashville convention, in 1896, it was changed to the United Daughters of the Confederacy, on motion of Mrs. A. T. Smythe, of
Charleston, S. C.

you so very appropriately remarked, we should have one name and one badge all over the South."
Also Mrs. P. G. Robert's report: Mrs. Robert, of Missouri, was appointed to secure documentary evidence from Mrs. Goodlett and Mrs. Raines. This was honestly and fairly done, without bias or prejudice. The following is her report:
"Resolved: That the documentary evidence furnished in the case chiefly by Mrs. Goodlett's own letters prove that Mrs. L. H. Raines, of Georgia,
zatlon which has developed the United Daughters of the Confederacy." (Article in the "Athens (Ga.) Banner" of April 26, 1012, by Miss Mildred Rutherford, historian-general, U. T>. C.)

CHAPTER XLVIII
Origin of the Southern Cross of Honor
T HERE is nothing more sacred to the heart of the Confederate veteran than his Cross of Honor. It is something1 which he can transmit to his children. It testifies to his heroism on the field of battle, and, com ing- from the gentle Daughters of the Confederacy, it possesses for him a value more precious than rubies. The originator of this beautiful idea was a lady of Athens: Mrs. Mary Ann Cohh Brwin. The daughter of an illus trious statesman and soldier, G-en. Howell Cobb, she was one of the first to lay flowers upon the graves of the heroic de'ad and to lend her loving aid to the erection of monuments. I3ut the sense of an unfulfilled obligation to the living heroes of the South weighed upon her heart, until finally like an inspiration there flashed into her mind this thought: why not bestow upon the old soldiers of Lee an emblem of some kind, like the famous Cross of the Legion of Honor? The suggestion was received -with tho most enthusiastic approval. At a meeting of the United Daughters of the Confederacy at Hot Springs, Ark., in 1898 it took the assemblage by storm, and a committee was appointed by the President to procure designs. Mrs. Erwin, with characteristic modesty, preferred to remain in the background. She was placed on the committee, but withdrew. At the next annual meeting in Richmond, Va., the emblem proposed by Mrs. Sarah E. Gabbett, of At lanta, was adopted; while at the same time the office of Custodian of the Cross of Honor was bestowed upon her.

THK SOXTTITKBN CKOBS OP HONOR

223

Miss Rutherford, of Athens, served in place of Mrs, Erwin on the committee. The other nio.ml.iers were: Airs. Sarah E. Gabbett and Mrs. Helen Plane, both of Atlanta. The committee was afterwards enlarged and given au thority to formulate rules. "When the idea was finally perfected it was made to include not only veterans but also descendants of deceased Confederate soldiers and sailors. In compliment to Mrs. 'Kb*win, the first Gross of Honor bestowed by the Daughters of the Confederacy was awarded to her distinguished husband, Judge Alex ander S. Erwin, of Athens; and if any other veteran received his trophy at an earlier period it was not the intent of the organization.*

* The writer's tiuthoi
the Ninth Annual Meelin;
] 2-16, ] <j<>-2; and (2) The of Confederate Veterans, . and also reprinted in the

CHAPTER XLIX
Copse Hill: The Home of Paul H. Hayne
FOURTEEN miles from Augusta, on the line of the Georgia .Railway, near Grovetowii, where it occu pies an isolated spot in the midst of the _pine' bar rens, stands an odd-looking bungalow to which, with the adjacent area, has boon given a name still fragrantly familiar to the world of letters--"Copse Hill." It was for Tnany years the sylvan home of the Southern laureate, Paul H. Hayne. Though a native of Charleston, S. C., and a scion of one of the oldest families of the Palmetto State, Mr. Hayne came to Georgia at the close of the Civil War. In the bombardment of Charleston, his beau tiful home was destroyed by fire, including his ample library and many precious heir-looms. With the few fragments which lie saved from the wreck, he betook him self to this quiet retreat. His health wan always fragile, and he hoped to find balm in the atmosphere of his adopted home. Sere he resided with his family until his death. Tn this rudely constructed little cottage, many if not most, of his poems were written. From the wood land paths near by through which he loved to wander he caught his out-door inspirations; and here amid hard ships and trials lie struggled with disease and sang his songs until Copse Hill became a famous spot, "hallowed by the glorifying glamour of genius.''
There have been many descriptions of the home of Mr. Hayne, but none more vivid than the one which the

COPSE HILL

225

poet himself g'iyes in speaking1 of a visit made to 1dm in the summer of 18G6 by William Grilmore Simrns. He calls it, <J an extraordinary shanty which seemed to have been tossed by a supernatural pitchfork upon the top of the most desolate of Mils, and there prompted by some devilish, cantrip-slight to build itself into uncouth ugli ness." 1 The interior accommodations were not at vari ance with the external characteristics, for the poet adds 2 : "If memory serves me right, we had three mattresses and a cot, and for supplies a box of hardtack, two sides of bacon, and fourscore, more or less, of smoked herring. Of cooking" utensils there were a frying-pan, a gridiron, with three bars, and a battered iron pot." Years after ward Maurice Thompson visited Hayne. The cottage had been somewhat improved by the deft hand of Mrs. Hayne, but it was still "an arid perch for a song-bird, this windy, frowsy, barren hill." Tbe chairs, the table, the shelves, had been made of dry-goods boxes. In the main room, not only the walls but the ceiling overhead wore ornamen tations made to add efreot with pictures from illustrated journals. Hayne 's writing desk, at which he stood to make his poems, had been a carpenters work bench. Says Dr. Edwin Mins 3 : ' s ln this simple home--almost as crude as Thoreau's hut on "Walden Pond.--Hayne spent the remainder of his days, only once or twice going on a visit to his native city, and once as far as New England to see the poets with whom he had such intimate corres pondence and to whom he had "written some of his tenderest poems--at once the expression of his interest in poetic art and of his broad national spirit. Here he received visits from young' poets to "whom he extended advice and gave inspiration. Here also he exchanged letters "with such far away English poets as Swinbourne and Tenny son. Perhaps no Southern poet ever carried on such an extensive correspondence with so many distinguished men

1Library of Southern Literature, Vol. V, p. 2269. Edwin Mims, Atlanta, 1907.
'Ibid, 2269. "Ihld, 2269-2270.

Sketch of the poet by

226 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of letters." In 1882, the complete works of Mr. Hayne were issued from the press of D. Lothrop and Co., of Boston.
Major Charles "W. Hubner, of Atlanta, himself a poet of rare gifts, was an intimate friend of the noted laureate and was at his bedside during his last hours. He speaks feelingly of the childlike trust, of the sublime faith, of the beautiful resignation which characterized the pathetic scene of farewell. He also attended the funeral, in com pany with Charles C. Jones, Jr., and James E. Randal], kindred spirits and intimate friends of the deceased poet. Says Major Hubner, in speaking of the impressive obse quies:* "The whole city was in mourning'. The people not only admired him as a poet but also loved him as a man whose life illustrated the best qualities of the chiv alrous race from which he sprang, for his heart was constantly animated by a passionate and insistent love for the true, the good, and the beautiful. A very touchingfeature of the funeral day was the presence of several thousand children, who lined the streets as the sorrowful procession passed on its way to the cemetery. The pres ence of these children testified to their love for their distinguished friend and verified the sweet sentiment of one of his own lines: 'The children loved him, so he sleeps in peace.' " As yet the grave of Mr. Hayne is unmarked by any memorial stone, though it is beautifully kept. In the possession of the Hayne Circle of Augusta there is now a fund for the erection of a monument to the lamented poet. Doubtless the members hope to in crease the sum on hand. At any rate, the city of Augusta will not be long without a monument of the most sub stantial character to the silent laureate of the South.
Mr. William H. Hayne, the poet's son, himself also a poet of reputation, in a letter to the author, writes thus in regard to Copse Hill. Says he: "It is much in
'Representative Southern poets, by Charles W. Hubner, I?ew York and Washington, 1906.

the 'condition in which my parents left it, except that I have not the means to keep it in ship-shape as a sailor would say. .Most of my father's library is there, and I. keep the place insured. Edmund, an old servant, is the only care-taker I have, and he shares my hope that T may never be compelled to let Oopse Mill pass into other bands."*

CHAPTER L
Richard Henry Wilde: Augusta's Monument to the Author of the "Summer Rose."
T HOUGH neither Hayne nor Randall have yet been honored with civic monuments, there stands on Grreene street, in the city of Augusta, a substantial shaft of marble bearing- the name of another G-eorg'Ja poet: Richard Henry "Wilde. He was a member of Con gress, an oraor of no mean distinction, an author whose work on Torquato Tasso, in two volumes, attracted wide attention, and a lawyer "who possessed rare gifts as an advocate; but Mr. Wilde is today remembered chiefly by reason -of a fragment which lie composed in an idle mood -,
"My life is like the summer rose, That opens to the morning sky
But ere the shades of evening close Is scattered on the ground to die.
But on the rose's humble bed The sweetest dews of night are shed As if she wept such waste to see; But none shall -weep a tear for me."
"My life is like the autumn leaf, That trembles in the moon's pale ray,
Its hold is frail, its date is Tnief-- Restless and soon to pass away.
Yet ere the leaf shall fall 'and fade The parent tree shall mourn its shade, The wind bewail the leafless tree; But none shall breathe a sigh for me."

RICHAED HENRY WILDE
"My life is like the print whieli i'eet Have left on Tampa's desert strand;
Soon as the rising tide shall boat TMs track will vanish from the sand,
But still, as grieving to efface, All vestige of tho human race, On that lone shore loud mourns the sea, But none shall ere lament for me."

229

Lord Byron pronounced this poem the finest from the pen of an American author, and, though we possessed no literature of which, to speak, in the time of " Childe Harold," the tribute is none the less expressive of the bard's enthusiasm. Mr. Wilde 'wrote other poems of merit; in fact, the above poem is incorporated in one of greater length; but nothing- from the pen of the author will compare with this gern. Because of the fact that he seldom dropped into verse and was a man absorbed in other lines of work, there were various claimants to the authorship. Moreover, he was made the victim of a prac tical joke by a classical scholar of Savannah, who trans lated it into ancient Greek, copied it on a yellow parch ment, and gave it to an old clergyman whom he wished to deceive, telling him that it was a poem written by Alcaeu.fi, who lived six hundred years before Christ. The alleged discov.ery of an ancient document created quite a furor in the world of letters. But the whole affair was explained afterwards by Mr. Anthony Barclay, the inno cent cause of the trouble, whose desire for amusement produced,, for the time being, a sensation which involved both hemispheres and deceived even the elect.

Mr. Wilde was a native of Ireland. He was born in the city of Dublin, September 24, 1789; but coming to America at an early age he located in Augusta for the practice of law and attained to the highest public honors.

230 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Losing Ms seat in Congress by reason of Whig reverses, lie spent three years in Florence, Italy, where he gathered the materials for his famous work on the mad Italian poet. Later he moved to New Orleans, where he became the first professor of constitutional law in the University of Louisiana. But on September 10, 1847, he fell a victim to the yellow fever. His remains were brought to Geor gia and interred on the Sand Hills, but were subsequently exhumed and taken to the city cemetery in Augusta, where they now repose.*

On the Grreene street monument to Mr. Wilde appear the following- inscriptions:

(West)

RICHARD HENRY WILDE.

Born Sept. 24, 1789.

Died Sept. 10, 1847.

(South)

Poet--Orator---Jurist--Historian--Statesman

(East)

'' My life is like the summer rose That opens to the morning sky
But ere the shades of evening close Ts scattered on the ground to die."

(North)

Erected by the Hayne Lyterary Circle, of Augnsta, Georgia, 1896.

CHAPTER LI
Torch Hill: The Home of Dr. Francis O. Ticknor
F IVK miles south of Columbus, on an eminence over looking the country for leagues around, stood the home of Dr. Francis O. Ticknor, the famous Geor gia poet, whose lyrics of the Civil War period today rank among the American classics. lie called the place "Torch Hill" because of an Indian tradition which made it the scene of a battle, fought in the early days, by torchlight. 1 Settling here soon after his marriage to Rosalie Nelson, whose father was an officer of the war of 1812 and later a member of Congress from Virginia, Dr. Tick nor made "Torch Hill" his home for the remainder of his life and here, during the Christmas holidays of 1874, at the early age of fifty-two, he sheathed his golden pen forever. The surroundings were most exquisite. Says Paul 11. Hayne, hi speaking of the plantation abode of his comrade in song:'2 "Anything more, picturesque than the view therefrom it would be hard to imagine. The house overlooks for miles on miles the Chattahoochee Valley, full of waving grain-fields and opulent orchards. With the poet's love of everything sweet and pure and natural, he soon surrounded his home with flowers and
1 Mr. John T. Davis, oE Columbus, Is the present owner of Torch Hill. The original home place built by Or. Ticknor has been, destroyed, but the old buggy house still remains and the big cedars are also there. Just north of the old home Kite Mr. Davis has built two handsome summer dwellings.
a raul H". Ilayne, in his introductory Notice to The Toems of Frank O. Tioknor, M. D., Philadelphia, 1879.

232 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
fruits. In the spring and summer I have heard It de scribed as a perfect Kden of roses ; while towards autumn the crimson foliage anil blushing' tints of the great mel low apples, especially if touched by sunset lights, paused the ".Hill" to gleam and glitter as with the coJors of fairy-lanr). Here, in this peaceful nest, Ticknor Jived for nearly a quarter of a, century, exceptionally blessed in his domestic, relations, \ hough more than once the Dark Presence whom no mortal can shun entered his household to leave it for a season desolate. Here he dreamed high dreams, and beheld plea.sant visions. Art opened to his son! not one alone, but several of her fairest domains. Me was a gifted musician, playing exquisitely upon the flute, and a draftsman of the readiest skill and taste. Still T picture him always as pre-eminently the poet, with every natural endowment purified and strength ened by scholarly culture.' ?
"Dr. Ticknor 'was an active physician. It "was only at intervals, when, he could snatch a moment's leisure from his professional engagements, that he resigned himself to his poetic moods. He caught most of his inspirations in going' the rounds of his country practice, for, in travelIng' over the familiar roads, bis mind was free to wander, and not a few of his best poems w7 ere drafted on the backs of bis prescription blanks. Perhaps his most famous poem is "Little GifTen." But scarcely inferior to this rare gem is his "Virginians of the Valley." .Dr. Ticknor's style is terse. Says Mr. Hayne:* "Most poets dally with their conceptions but this one seizes his idea at once, thrusts it into a position of strong relief, fastens it there and is done. Technically speaking his style is dynamic.'' AVith respect to "Little Giffen,' ' Dr. Alphonso Smith observes: " fn the simplicity of its pathos, the intensity of its appeal, and the dramatic compression

TORCH HILL

233

of its thought, it. ranks among the best short poems of American literature." For -many years Dr. Ticknor was unnoticed in the anthologies. At last, however, he has come into his own, and there are today few up-to-date collections of verse, in any wise representative in char acter, from which the atithor of "Tjittle Griffen" is
excluded.

On Friday, March 1, 1912, the pupils of the Columbus High School, instead of observing Arbor Day in the usual manner, took advantage of this opportunity to sig nalize the fact that a poet of Colnmlms was not without honor in his home town ; and, on this occasion, a memorial tablet of marble was unveiled to Dr. Ticknor, OTIC of the sweetest of the South's lyric singers,--thus attesting, after the lapse of more than forty years, the charm of melody which this unforgottcn wizard still weaves. The program began "with a recitation by Miss Mary Lou Downing, who gracefully rendered one of Dr. Ticknor's poems, after which a splendid paper on the poet was read by Mr. Albert Peacock. The size of the tablet is eighteen by twenty-four inches. It occupies a place of prominence in the lower hall and contains the following brief in scription :
Erected to the memory of Francis Orray Tieknor by the class of 3912.

CHAPTER LII
St. Elmo: Its Memories of Augusta Evans Wilson
H ALF a mi!e to the northeast of Columbus, at an elevation of some sixty feet above the level of Broad street, loom the picturesque towers of St. Elmo Institute, a school of wide note for the education of Southern girls. It is situated in a grove of splendid oaks and elms, while the adjacent grounds contain ex tensive vineyards, a lake spanned by artistic bridges, a swimming pool, a tennis court, and numerous other out door attractions. The handsome building is surrounded on every side by a covered colonade, in which there is ample room for exercises when the weather is inclement. Captain James J. Slade, one of Georgia's veteran edu cators, is the official head of the institution. Here the gallant General Henry T_/. Benning--"Old Bock" of Con federate fame--wooed and "won his beautiful bride. But the picturesque environment is also fragrant with the associations of a writer, famous throughout the land-- Augusta Evans Wilson. It was here that she often visited her aunt, Mrs. Seaborn Jones; and years afterwards, "when the school was named for her, she wrote: "Many of the happiest years of my girlhood were spent in this lovely home, and I thank you most cordially for the com pliment of linking St. Klrno with the grand old mansion which is endeared to me by hallowed and precious recol lections."
Mrs. Wilson was a native of Columbus. She was born at Wynnton, a little suburb of the town, on May 8, 1835.

ST. ELMO

235

The stately liome in which the great Southern novelist first saw tile light of day, was afterwards the residence of Colonel .Louis 1<\ Garrard; but at the time of Mrs. Wilson's birth it was the home of her grandmother, Jane Vivian Howard. On reaching the age of ten, the future novelist removed to Texas with her father; and here, at the age of sixteen, she wrote "Inez," a story of the Alamo, supposed by some critics' to be her best produc tion. Mrs. Seaborn Jones, the young author's aunt, was then living in the old home today occupied by Captain Blade's school. At this place, Miss Evans became a visi tor before completing the manuscript of "St. Elmo." and the unfinished story was read to her aunt for appro val. It was not the original purpose of the author to unite the two principal characters of the story, St. Elmo and Edna Earl, in the bends of wedlock; but in deference to the critical judgment of her aunt, she amended the plot to this extent. Captain Slade bought the handsome old mansion from the Jones estate, and here he opened a select sehoo] for young' ladies to which most appropri ately he gave the name: "St. Elmo." 1

Swift from Colonel Robert Howard, a first and embodied in a letter dated May 3, 1912.

CHAPTER LHI
Sidney Lanier: Macon's Memorial to the MasterMinstrel
O N October 17, 1890, the poet's birthday, there was unveiled with impressive ceremonies, in the public library of his native city, a bronze memorial bust of the illustrious bard who has immortalized in literature the "Song of the Chattahoochee" and the "Marshes of Glynn." The bust is almost an exact reproduction of the famous original, placed by admirers of the poet in the Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore, Md., the scene of Lanier's last labors. On the occasion of the un veiling there assembled in Macon an intellectual host to pay homage to one of the master- minstrels of his time. The late Chancellor Walter B. Hill delivered the principal oration, while the memorial ode was read by William H. Hayne, of A.ugusta, the gifted son of Paul H. Hayne, the noted laureate. There were also tributes of song from Harry Stillwell Edwards, of Macon, and from John B. Tabb, of Baltimore. President I). O. Gilmam, of the Johns Hopkins University, sent a letter which was read at the exercises, extolling the rare genius of the illustrious dead. The handsome bust was presented to the city of Macon by a kinsman, Mr. Charles Lanier.
Though dying at the early age of thirty-nine, an in valid from the time of his imprisonment at Point Lookout, the poet was an unwearied toiler. Besides his poetry, he wrote a novel entitled: Tiger Lilies; two volumes of essays; two volumes of lectures; a book on Florida;

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three books for boys; a volume of letters; and two volumes of exceptionally suggestive criticism. He pos sessed a passion for mathematics; was a musician as well as a poet; became famous as a player on the flute; and while a lecturer at the Johns Hopkins was also a member of the Peabody Orchestra of .Baltimore. He lacked some of the qualities of the popular singer, and doubtless will never be acclaimed by the masses; but each year deepens the solid foundations upon which the superstructure of his fame is grounded. Perhaps it will not be wide of the inark to call him the poet's poet. His little volume of verse is today critically studied in the great universities of Europe; and by establishing- the fundamental unity between music and poetry, twin-arts, whose inspirational fires are mingled in his rythm, Lanier has achieved a distinction in the realm of letters which puts him in the class with Tennyson and makes him one of the mountainpeaks of song.

But this bust of the poet, though a work of art, is not an adequate memorial to the great Lanier. Something better is expected of his home town. Something more pretentious is needed--a fountain in one of tile parks or a statute on one of the central thoroug'hfares of trade-- to attest the pride in which Macon cherishes the memory of her bay-crowned child of genius. It was here that he romped in boyhood--here that he found his bride--here that the earliest inspirations of his muse were caught and here that, in the latest moments of life, the tendrils of his love still twined. Recently the History Club of Macon has launched a movement to erect in the poet's native city a monument worthy of his fame: and the following representative ladies constitute the memorial committee: Mrs. Edwin S. Davis, chairman; Mrs. James Callaway, Jr., vice-chairman; Mrs. I. H. A dams, Mrs. E. W. Grould, Mrs. P. H. Gambrell, Mrs. George "R. Hatcher, Mrs. Wal ter Houser, Mrs. D. E. Malone, Miss Erin O'Neal, Mrs.

238 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Alexander Proudlit, Mrs. E. R. Stamps, and Mrs. Andrew W. Lane, ex-offieio. These ladies intend to leave no stone unturned until a monument to Sidney I^anler is built in Macon. Tliey will also no doubt place a tribute of some kind over his unmarked grave in Green Mount Cemetery, in Baltimore. At present the last resting; place of the poet is covered with a mass of ivy, not an inappropriate emblem for the conch of one whose song's are immortal, nor altogether out of keeping "with the manner in which he bowed farewell when among- the mountain pines of "Western North Carolina, an invalid no longer, "he soared away, singing 'Sunrise.' "
Major Charles ~W. Hubner gives us the following sym pathetic pen-picture of the lamented singer. Says he:* "In person, Lanier was the ideal poet. Tall and slender, graceful in his movements, dignified yet gentle in his demeanor. His features were expressive and clnssic in outline, his eyes were clear, large, and soulful, his voice was soft and musical, and his presence attracted atten tion at once and proclaimed liiiri to be a man far above the common standard." To this description it may be added that, later in life, he "wore a beard of silken texture, which reached quite to liis \vaist. Major Hubner also narrates the following- incident: " The first time I had the pleasure of meeting' T_/anier was in Atlaiitn and I was introduced to him by a mutual friend. IJe had stopped for the day in this city while on his way to Macon from San Antonio, where he had spent a few months for his health. There was an entertainment to be given in one of the public halls on the evening of his arrival and he had been invited to take pa.rt in the pro gram. Together we left the hotel and walked to the hall. He was introduced to the audience and played in his
Representative Southern Poets, pp, 15-55, New Tork and "Washington,

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usual masterly manner several beautiful airs on his flute. The audience wns thrilled bv the sweetness of his playing', and, in response to an insistent encore, he played the familiar air of "Home, Sweet Home," 'with lovely variations of his own composition. "When the entertain ment was over we returned to the hotel. He invited me to his room, where, after discussing art in general, we drifted into metaphysics. T was amazed at his familiar ity 'with the writings of the great thinkers of Germany, whose works he had studied with all the ardor of his intensely warm and imaginative nature He g'ave full play to his splendid faculties, and, like tlie Theban eagle, he touched the crests of the loftiest heights of philosophic thought. We took no note of time, so profoundly absorbed were we in the discussion, and it "was past three o'clock in the morning when we reluctantly parted. It was an ambrosial night, the recollection of which, coupled with the melodious voice and the spirituelle face of him who long ago has joined the 'choir invisible,' lingers jneifaceably in my rnind and in my heart."

Sidney Tinier was born at Macon, Gra., February 3, 1842 and'died near Tryon, N. C., September 7, 1881. Enfeebled by long1 suffering he decided to test the salu tary effect of camp life; and in the far-famed Land of the Sky he pitched his tent under the mountain pines. I3ut he failed to find the elusive elixir. One of his most ex quisite poems was dedicated to his devoted wife whose steadfast loyalty never once failed him through the hours of darkness. The poem is entitled: "My Springs." His last production was "Sunrise," a prophetic apostrophe to the morning- whose dews "were already glistening upon his brow. It is characteristic of the strong mentality of the noted household from which, the poet sprang" that much of his genius was .shared by bis gifted brother, Clifford I^anier, who also takes high rank among the sweet sing-erg of the South. But Ms poems lack the

240 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
creative power and the wonderful imaginative sweep which belong to those of the former. Kichard LeGallienne, the noted French critic, has paid unstinted tribute to Lanier's genius, while the London Times has adjudged him "the greatest master of melody among the American poets."
But the analytical mind of Chancellor Hill has given us the keenest appreciation of his gifts ; and some of the brilliant fragments of the address delivered by the Chan cellor at the "unveiling are herewith reproduced. Says he : "Sidney Lanier sings the psalm of his own life in the 'Song of the Chattahoochee.' Manifold hindrances up rose at every step to deflect or bar his course, set toward poetry as the mountain brook was set toward the sea. He is the type, in a nineteenth century way, of the union of musical and poetic functions in the old time bard or minstrel. He is the poet of a passionate purity, belong ing to the White Cross movement of a later time--tho knightly order of Sir Gtallahads. In an age of material ism he has sung the finer things of the spirit. He has enriched poetry with the revelation of aspects of nature hitherto unsung. He was the first to gather his inspira tion from marshes and from fields of corn. Wherever he went--Tampa, Brunswick, Chester--he carried starry stuff about his wings and enriched his temporary home with the pollen of his songs. The 'peddler bee,' the 'gospeling gloom of live-oaks,' the 'marsh plants thirstycupped for rain,' the 'myriad-prayer' of leaves, 'with palms upturned in air,' the mocking-bird, 'trim Shakes peare of the tree' who ' summed the woods in song'--these are but a few of the rare felicities of phrase which glow throughout the little green volume of poems. The story of his life is a heritage for all time; and in words -which I quote from Chief-Justice Bleckley, himself a poet: 'His fame "which is now a mere germ may one day grow to be a tall cedar in the poetic Lebanon.' "*
Reminiscences of Famous Georgians, by L, L. Knight, Vol. I, p. 712, Atlanta, 1907,

CHAPTER LIV
Rome Pioneers the Way in Honoring the Women of the Confederacy
O N the main business thoroughfare of the city of Eomo there stands a monument of the most unique historic interest. It embodies a sentiment peculiar to the South; and, though other commun ities have since followed the chivalrous example set by the patriotic citizens of Rome, the credit of having been the first city in the land to erect a monument to the women of the Confederacy belongs to this beautiful metropolis of the hills.* The shaft was unveiled on June 3, 1910, the "birthday of President Jefferson Davis. It rests upon a monolith of Georgia marble, ten feet square by four feet thick, the largest solid block ever quarried at Tate. From the center of this stone rises the hand some shaft, on either side of which is a group of figures, the work of sculptor J. "\Volz, of Savannah. One scene depicts the reception of news from the front: a mother reading to her child a letter in which, the sad story is told of the father's heroic death in battle. The other group portrays a woman in the act of ministering to a wounded soldier. There are two inscriptions on the monument. One is from the pen of the present Chief Executive of
*At Fort Mill, S. C., there is a small monument which, on the authority of Mrs. J. B. Mack, of this place, was unveiled several years prior to the one at Rome. Mrs. Mack is the widow of the famous Presbyterian Evan gelist, Dr. J. B. Mack.

242 GEOEGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the nation, Dr. Woodrow Wilson, who married a daughter of Koine. This inscription reads :
"To the Women of the Confederacy, whose fidelity, whoso purity, whose courage, whose gentle genius in love and in counsel, kept the home secure, the family a school of virtue, the State a court of honor; who made of war a season of heroism and of peace a time of healing; the guardians of our tranquil!ty and of our strength."
On the opposite side of the monument is the following inscription, from the pen of Rev. G. A. Xunnally, D. D., formerly President of Mercer University, at Macon.
"To the woman of the Confederacy: Sine was obedient to the God she adored and faithful to every vow she made to man. She was loyal to the country she so well loved, and upon its altar laid husband, sire, and son. The home she loved to serve was grace-7 with sincerity of life find devoHon of heart. She reared her sons to tinsellish chivalry and her daughters to spotless purity. Her children delight to give her honor and love to speak ter praise."
It was at a meeting of Moyd Camp Ho. 469 of the United Sons of Confederate Vetci^ms, during" the Spring of 1909 that the movement to erect a moimment to the women of the Confederacy was lur.t proje-c-te:L The idea proved to be inspirational. It Hred tho most intense enthusiasm, and there was not a man present who was not thrilled and electrified. Fifteen members of the camp guaranteed the necessary amotint, which was $4,500. In less than one month the contract was awarded; and be fore the completion of another year the monument was unveiled. Mr. C. C. Harper was the commander of the camp during the first part of the campaign. Mr. P. M.

r
FIRST MONUMENT TO THE. WOMEN OF THE CONFEDERACY, ON BROAD STREET, IN THE CITY OF ROME.

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C ,',; wi. /
Nixon succeeded him, with Mr. G. B. Maddox, as adju tant. It is needless to say that the people of Rome responded to the appeal of patriotism made by these young men. They were captivated with the idea of being the first city in the South to do honor to the women of the Confederacy; and such was the tidal wave of enthu siasm upon which the movement "was launched that every element of the city's population "was only too eager to take part in raising the funds.

General Clement A. Evans, the commander-in-chief of the United Confederate Veterans, was prevented by what proved to be the ojd hero's last illness from attend ing the exercises of unveiling- on June 10, 1910; but he. was represented on this occasion by Hon. Lucius L. Middlebrooks, of Covington, a prominent member of the organization and a gallant soldier. The address of the occasion--a gem of rare eloquence--was delivered by Judge Moses Wright, of Rome. On behalf of the city, Mayor T. W. Lipscomb accepted the monument in a neat speech. Hon. S. A. Cunningham, of Nashville, editor of the Confederate Veteran, and Dr. G-. A. Nunnally, of Rome, were also upon the program for short addresses; while a poem by Major Chas. W. Hubner, of Atlanta, was a feature of the impressive ceremonies. Mr. P. M. Nixon, commander of the local camp of the Sons of Veterans, drew the veil; and as the sunbeams fell upon the finished work of the artist there arose from the vast assemblage the most tumultuous outburst.
The monument stands at the corner of Broad and Third Streets in the pulsing heart of the busy town.
Here where the multitudes gather, it suggests not only the part which the "women of the Confederacy played in the bloody drama of war but bespeaks" also the chival rous attitude toward them of the young- men of Rome who have ever given to the fair sex the knightliest allegi ance of honor.

244 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOEIALS AND LEGENDS
It "was the distinguished Chauncey M. Depew, of New York, who observed that the Civil War in America fur nished no counterpart to the Southern woman. Exposed to the perils of invasion, in an area of country over run by the Northern armies, it was her lot to keep sleepless vigil at countless firesides, where neither the comradeship of the camp nor the music of the drum could cheer her in hours of loneliness. The historian has ren dered due credit to the boys in gray who--half-clad and half-fed--battled through four long years against the world in arms. But the heroic women of the South who were the constant inspiration of Leo's men at the front have not fared so well.
What they suffered and sacrificed has never been east into cold type.
But the world has never witnessed greater fortitude or greater faith.
It is due to the Confederate woman that throughout the South today there are thousands of monuments to the Confederate soldier. She has been the devoted priestess at the shrine of his ashes--the jealous guardian and protector of his fame; and she has been too busy thinking of him to bestow any thought upon herself. But it will henceforth be the pride of the Sons of Veterans to remem ber the heroic "\Var-Queen of Dixie; and to the young men of Rome--the banner-bearers in this new crusade of chivalry--must be awarded the premier honors.
We cannot resist the temptation to quote from the address of Judge Wright the following paragraph. Said he: '' This' favored city, Mr. Mayor, will never know an hour in all her history comparable to this hour when she unveils to the world the first monument to the mothers of men. May it stand forever, the highest expression of the love of the Sons of Veterans and of the old heroes of the grey. May it stand forever. It could never stand firmer

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in storm driven hours than the Daughters of the Confed eracy stood during- the war's "wild years of the sixties. May it stand forever. But no day will ever hend above it with blue skies1 clearer and purer than the spirit en shrined therein. May it stand forever. But no night will ever bend above it where clustered stars will glorify the gloom more beautifully, more divinely, than have the virtues of the ^Daughters of the South glorified all the nights of our grief and softened all the years of our sorrow.''

CHAPTER LV
The Mark Hatma Home: Where the McKinley Presi dential Soom ^Vas Launched
SIXTEEN years have elapsed since the political wheel of fortune rotated William McKinley into the White House in AVashington; but the world has not forgotten the meteoric campaign of 1896. It was an epoch-making- right. The tall figure of the peerless Nebraskan in this heated contest began to loom for the first time across the western plains. His conquest of the Chicago convention was tho wonder of modern, politics. Nothing to equal the dramatic effect of his marvelous Gross of Gold speech "has ever been known in the history of conventions. To this very day there are Democrats in every part of the Union -who look upon Bryan as a mere dreamer, -who deplore the great scenic battle which he waged for free silver, at the famous ratio of sixteen to one, who call him an apostle of discontent, and who belittle his splendid abilities. But the fact remains that he was the herald of a new era in national politics. Nor can it be gainsaid that the campaign of 1896 was the cradle of the present-day progressive movement. Mr. Bryan's eloquence lashed the masses into a frenzy of enthusiasm. The spell of his personality was felt in the crowded centers of population and in the sparsely settled rural districts. The money-power was panic stricken with alarm. W^all Street stood aghast. The program of the Republican organization seemed to be queered. And altogether it is doubtful if there has ever been a earn-

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paign in which the rattle of coin has played a more spectacular part; but despite the combined activities of the trusts to defeat him Bryan might still have been elected President of the United States had it not been for the shrewd generalship of a man to whom the country at large still needed an introduction when the campaign opened but whose name was destined to become a house hold word in every hamlet--Marcus A. Hanna.

On North Dawson street in the city of Thomasville stands the historic winter home, in which, according to every sign of the zodiac, were laid the plans, the outcome of "which "was Mr. Bryan's tindoing. It seems a triule singular that the State which put Mr. Bryan in nomina tion at Chicago, under circumstances "which no one can ever forget, should furnish an asylum to his most in veterate enemies, "wherein they mig'Tit intrigue to compass his defeat. But while this little by-play of politics was in Georgia it was not of Georgia. It came from a source entirely outside and remote. Mr. Hanna "was a practical business man of large "wealth whose btisiness operations ramified the "whole State of Ohio and broug'ht him rich returns from commercial traffic on the Great Lakes. He was also something of a slate-maker in Buck-eye politics. For years, Mr. Hanna had been an intimate personal friend to Major McKinley, a creditor, so it is said, for certain large sums of money, which the latter had bor rowed from him, without compromise of honor; and it was due almost solely to the adroit manipulation of this masterful strategist that the nomination of Major McETinley--then Governor of Ohio--was accomplished at St. Louis. The next move on the political chess-board was the reciprocal act of the nominee in choosing his campaign manager; and finally to cud the game, there was to be a seat for Mr. Hanua in the President's Cabinet; or, what he most desired--the coveted toga. Worthy the

248 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
brain of a Richelieu was this brilliant stategy of the Ohio coal baron.
Without going into details, it is the commonly accepted belief that the whole plan of campaign which resulted in putting- Governor McKinley into the White House, was concocted in the town of Thomasville, among the fragrant pines of the Georgia lowlands. During Mr. Hanna's occupancy of the North Dawson Street mansion, in the "winter of 1895-6, Mr. McKinley was an honored guest of the Hannas; and thither also flocked other members of the Grand Old Party whose love for the game of politics was not only well-known hut notorious. As pre-arranged, the nomination of Mr. McKinley took place in June and his election to the Presidency followed in November. For a time the issue hung in suspense. The Nebraskan's fiery eloquence threatened to upset the plans of Mr. Hanna. It was furthermore discovered, after the nomination was made, that it took place on the anniversary of the battle of Waterloo, a coincidence "which viewed in connection "with the nominee's marked facial resemblance to Napoleon, caused some forebodings in the Repiiblican ranks. But if there "was any virtue in the omen, it only served to bring him Wellington's luck. Mr. Hanna "was the best adver tised man in the country, while the campaign lasted, due chiefly to the famous cartoons of Homer Davenport, in "which some of his physical peculiarities "were most amus ingly caricatured and he "was made to vaunt himself in clothes bespangled "with the omnipresent dollar-mark. Meeting the artist one day when the fight was over, Mr. Hanna said to him:
"Davenport, I admire your execution, but hang your conception.''
It was under the terms of a lease from the owners that Mr. Hanna occupied the North Dawson street man sion during the winter which preceded Mr. McKinley's election. The house was leased in the following year to

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Judge Tjyn.de .Liar risen, one of the executors of EL B. Plant, the founder of the Plant system of railroads. Since then the historic: place of abode has remained un occupied. It is owned by the estate of the late John AV. Masury, ol" Xew York, a formerly well-known manufac turcr of paints. By reason of the fact that the building is supposed to have played a stellar part in the eventful campaign of 1896, it has become the most conspicuous land-mark in Thomasvillo: an object of very groat inter est to sight-seers and of no small local pride to the inhabitants of the town. vSome of the statements herein made may be purely conjectural ; but sifting the eha.ff from the wheat it still remains that Mr. Kanna leased the Thomasville borne for the winter season preceding Mr. Mclviiiiey'w nomination; that he here played the host not only to Mr. McKinley himself but to some of the big politic.'al ki Tig1- bee.s of the I?.epnhiican party who came here to buzz; and that when the election was over he quietly stepped from a btisiness office on the lake front, in the city of Cleveland, Onio, to a seat of historic renown in the American House of Peers.

CHAPTER JLVI
Mount Berry: How the Sunday Lady Won the Mountains
O N the eve of Constaiitiiie's grenI, victory, near Rome, Italy, lie saw suspended in the sky a cross. The dream only amused his followers. But the triumph which ho gained over the Roman legions, on the day succeeding, gave Christianity to Caesar's vast empire. The taunt of Joseph's brethren has been re peated many times: "Behold this dreamer I" But there carae a sequel to the scene at Hollum when Joseph sat upon Pharaoh's throne; and he wax then able, in a tune of need, to fill the sacks of his incredulous brethren from the rich granaries of the land of TCgypt. Thus it is that an age wedded to material things is slow to compute the value of a vision. On the outskirts of Rome, (%a., in th<? summer of ]f)()O, a gentle daughter of the Southland began to dream. Out of the low area of Bat-woods which lay in front of hdr home, on the Rymmerville road, there arose in her mind's eye the beetling towers of a great school of learning; hut to no one else was the sight revealed at this time except to Martha Herry. Jt was not to he a school for the indulged ofT-spring of wealthy parents who lived in cities. On the contrary, it was to be a school for country-reared boys and girls, to whom the fruit of the tree of knowledge was elsewhere denied. 1 ts specia I purpose was to meet the needs of children who lived in the sparsely-settled folds of the great mountain ranges.

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The dwellers in these isolated parts are too widely scattered to afford the luxury of schools. Few of them know what an education means, for they are ignorant of the harest English rudiments. The Bible is sometimes found among them but usually the nearest approach to a library is the current almanac. They live in rudely built log cabins^ surrounded by sterile patches of washed land and perched in the most whimsical fashion upon the steep declivities. Neighborhoods do not exist in the mountains, at least in the ordinary sense of this term; and taxation, even for the purpose of dispelling ignorance from the mountaineer's humble hearthstone spells extortion to men whose little parcels of ground on the flinty hill-sides yield at best only a pitiful harvest. Often the paltry sum of $50 in cash is the utmost which one of these simple men of the back-woods ever sees from year to year. In the rainy season the mountain roads are proverbially bad, and, for weeks at a time, there exist the conditions of an effectual blockade. So there are good reasons why the public school system has never taken root in the hills. But the soul-hunger of this vast uncultivated region is most intense and the opportunity of doing here a noble work for humanity is limitless.

The Southern mountaineers come of proud stock. They cannot be treated as mendicants. They are redblooded Anglo-Saxons; in the main liberty-loving, lawabiding, God-fearing men. There is no foreign ad mixture in the veins of this sturdy race of giants, some of whom inherit the traditions of gentleness from the most ancient sources. They boast no tables of descent. But they bear names some of which suggest feudal manors and family crests; and, behind tanned and rugged faces, in strongly defined lineaments of character, they exhibit the hall-marks of noble ancestral seats. They repel as an insult any proffer of help for which they can give no fail' equivalent. Charity is a word unknown to

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tlie lexicon of the mountaineer; and he is more inde pendent on a crust of bread than in any a gloved princeling is with a dukedom. Some of them--perhaps most of them--are diamonds in the rough. They only need the lapidary's art to polish them into jewels, fit for any setting. The problem which this little woman undertook to solve by an educational experiment was how to make this reserve strength effective. At the foot of Mount Tjavender she "unfurled her crusader's flag-. It was a modest beginning-. There were few to follow her at the start but she went forth in the might of a brave spirit, resolved to rescue this walled citadel of the back woodsmen from the grasp of ignorance;--in a word, to win the mountains.
it is somewhat anomalous that the inspiration of such a purpose should have come to one circumstanced like Martha Berry. The high station in life to which this daughter of a patrician household was born at the close of the Civil War, makes it seem almost incongruous that a girl reared in the lap of luxury, to whom an ungra titled wish was something almost foreign, should come through such a. tutelage to be adversity's best friend. The culture of generations, flowering' in a well-stored, intellect, to which the graces were kind enough to add beauty of person and winesomeness of manner, only served to create tastes for intellectual em ployments and to open spheres of conquest which were most alluring and brilliant. Rut Martha Berry was ah unspoiled favorite of fortune. The vision of pale and wan little faces, framed in a rude door-way of the moun tains, made the most dazzling offers of the social realm seem like the glitter of mere tinsel, while the voices which called ever and anon from the far hills brought to her ear the honest ring of pure gold. She found her life's work in the humble needs of the mountaineer's neglected child. Nor was Florence Nightingale or Clara Barton called by

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a clearer se'nse of duty to a ino.rc heroic, service on the field of battle,
As the sequel will show, Miss Berry was a 'born organizer. She was something- more than a. mere dreamer of dreams--a builder of castles in tlie air. She was a doer of deeds. She was in fact a pioneer whose mission was to blaze a highway through an unbroken for est and to re-enforce the civilization of the twentieth century with a new element of strength, reclaimed from the great heart of the Georgia mountains. There was not a school in the State for pupils of this character--at leastopened to them on like terms---until Miss Berry appeared upon the scene. Today they are numerous. The State of Georgia has established eleven district schools, each of them occupying a definite geographical area and organ ized upon the .Berry model; but the whole north-west corner of the State ba.s been recognized by the law makers as Miss Berry's rightful domain. If the labor of starting- a school for the mountain boys and girls was one of condescension on her part, she only stooped to conquer.

To sketch in a very few words the story of ho\r she came to start the Berry school, it happened in this way: Just in front of ".her old home, 011 the Snmmervilie road, surrounded by a thick grove of forest trees, there stood a little mud-daubed shack, built of rough logs. It was not unlike a hundred other structures to be encountered in a day's journey through the mountains; but it was destined to witness a rare bit of history-making- in the educational annals of Q-eorgia. This little shack had served the purpose of a play-house for Miss Berry in her childhood days; and afterwards, impelled doubtless by the romance of association, she had transformed it into a comfortably fitted den, where undisturbed she could bring" her work-basket to hold converse with the whispering' leaves and to catch the inspirations of nature while she

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busily plied her needle and thread. In tlie light of sub sequent events it seems that the divinity which presides over human afi'airs---to quote in. substance an apt remark --was in this w*iy only placing Aliss Berry on a. plane of understanding with, the other cabin-dwellers on the distant slopes of the mountains. Whether for idling- or for working- the cabin was a favorite resort, in which many a pleasant hour was spent in the companionship of her day-dreams.
While thus engaged one Sunday afternoon, the laugh ter of yonng people wandering in the grove near by came merrily through the open window. They proved to he children, from .Possum Trot, a hamlet some eig'ht miles distant, at the foot of Mount Lavender. Asked what they usually did on 'Sunday afternoons, the answer came back: ''Nothing." Thereupon Miss .Berry invited them to re turn on tlie following Sunday, at which, time she promised to tell them some stories from the Bible. They came ac cording to appointment, some of them re-enforced by older members of the family, even to aged grand-parents who with them had tramped the long' distance on foot. Tlie Sunday school grew from Sabbath to Sabbath. Notonly the children but the grown-ups hung- breathlessly upon the words of Miss Berry as she told them in nn artless manner the old-fashioned truths of religion.
But it soon "became evident to the teacher that her pupils needed instruction on other lines; and she planned a day school for which she bui It a more commodious structure on the opposite- side of the road, a building' to which additions were made as the interest grew and which became in time a marvelous freak of architecture, a sort of patch work palace. The little school-house was furnished, at the start with rude desks made from drvgoods boxes. Speaking- afterwards of her experience in the work at this time, 'Mi.ss Berry said : "It wa.s no ea.sy matter to g-et the children of the mountain to come with clean hands and I resorted to a strategem. 1" brought a microscope which T had formerly used in botanical work

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and invited them to make an inspection under the glass. The result was that they began to vie with each other in having the cleanest hands and the neatest nails."
Only a, few months elapsed before the building' was outgrown. Then the thought occurred to her of establish ing a chain of schools in the near-by mountain districts. The first of these to mark the g'rowth of her widening influence was established as Possum Trot. As she would come riding up behind old Koney, the Sunday school horse, there would break from the lips of the children a glad shout: "Here comes the Sunday L/ady !"; and so the whole mountain-side commenced to acclaim Miss Berry, Other schools were subsequently started at convenient points; but the teacher was always associated in the popular mind with the name of her first missionary out post and in the picturesque language of the locality she became to every one--"The Sunday T^ady of Possum Trot." Nor was the title in the least distasteful. There was nothing' at which to take offence; and, besides indicat ing the particular part of the mountains in which she labored, it imparted a distinct touch of sac-redness to her high mission.

But the problem of how io better the conditions of life in the mouzitains wns not to bo solved by a chain of schools. On visiting her pupils in the remote cabins from which they came, the Sunday Lady found that wha,t wf as needed most for the uplift of these children was better home surrounding's. Thereupon, the idea occurred to her of establishing a school of industry where, in an atmos phere of Christian culture, the pupils might be taken to board for a certain number of months in the year; and where the dignity of toil might be taught them by ob jective illustration. She tried to interest her friends in the project but without success. Some ridiculed it; others in a vein more serious entreated her to give it up. But she was not to be dismayed by difficulties.

256 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Drawing again upon her personal funds, she proceeded to build a ten-room dormitory, for which a clearing was made in a thicket of woods, some few hundred feet dis tant from the school-house. AVhen completed she chris tened it Brewster Hall, in compliment to Miss Elizabeth Brewster, a graduate of Leland Stanford and a devoted co-worker, who shared the Sunday Lady's earliest labors.
This was the nucleus for her industrial school. But she did not stop here. Groing to a safe-deposit box in which she kept her papers, she drew therefrom an old deed. It was something which she held most sacred, for when a little girl of twelve it was given to her by an idolized father. But could she put it to a better use? Here were the raw materials out of which the sturdiest manhood and "womanhood in Georgia were to be molded. The nation's reserve strength lay in the undeveloped sinews of these boys and girls who only needed an oppor tunity to show what was in them. Nor could they well have asked less. They were the lineal descendants of men. who musket in hand went forth from these hills to fight the battles of King's Mountain and Kettle Creek and Yorktown. They were inheritors of the purest strain of Anglo-Saxon blood to be found on the continent and they belonged to a race of people who built empires and lifted the torch of civilization and fought the battles of human liberty for more than ten centuries. To g'ive them an equal start in life was not only a sheer act of .justice to them but a service of patriotism to the State.
Armed with the deed in question, the Sunday Lady nest sought a lawyer's office. Even here she encountered hesitation. But she gave the lawyer to understand that if he needed assistance in making a simple transfer of property she was ready to call some one else into con sultation. Without further ado a document was drawn up, in which she deeded to a board of trustees part of her patrimony, one hundred acres of land, to be held by them for the use of the poor boys and girls of the moun tains. On the tract of land which she thus conveyed to

THE LOG CABIN JN WHICH THE. FAMOUS BERRY SOHOOL. OR1G1 NATRD, N EAR ROM E. GA.

MOUNT BERRTT

257

the trustees was included "both the dormitory and the little school-house. It was Miss Berry's idea from the very start to give instruction to girls as well as to boys, but the exigencies of tlie situation made it accessary for her to 'begin with boys. They could redrice the operating expenses of the school by performing the required labor and they were better prepared for roughing it during the pioneer stages of the experiment. But Miss Berry after wards smilingly said that she did not know at this time how much hoys could eat. "When the dormitory was well under way, the Sunday Lady, putting old Honey into harness, started for the mountains in quest of recruits; and she found them.

On January 13, 1902, the date fixed for the formal opening of the school, five boys appeared upon the scene with trunks in which scanty wardrobes were none too securely confined. Before the end of the year the number of hoarders "was increased to eighteen. It was found by close calculation that a boy's board and keep was -worth $100 per annum. He was required to pay only half this amount in cash. The rest was to be paid in labor. If for any good reason he could make no payment in money, he was not on this account denied the privileges of the school but was allowed to do odd jobs, by which to redeem his obligations in full. Work of every kind was to be done by the pupils--even down to cooking-. There was to be no hired help. But the putting of this plan into effect involved some difficulties. For strategic reasons, Miss Berry decided to put the hardest task first.
"Now, boys," said the Sunday Lady, "we are going to wash clothes. I "will show you how. Then each boy is to wash Ms own garments." There was a painful silence, for a full moment. Then the eldest, a giant in size, but a child in. knowledge, spoke:
"No, ma'am", said he, "I ain't never seen 110 man kind do no washin' an' what's more I ain't going to do none."

258 GEORGIA'S LAJSTDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
There was a distinct challenge in the boy's accent. The idea of doing either a "woman's work or a negro's work was repugnant to the virile masculine natures of these stout young Anglo-Saxons. But Miss Berry was prepared for the mutinous outbreak.
"If you will not do the washing," said she, "you may watch me while I do it for you."
Straightway into the tub went the soft ivory arms of the gentle "woman. The boys watched her in blank amazement. They began to look sheepish and to betray a conviction of guilt. At last when she bent heavily be side the tub to rest for a moment, breathing a deep sigh of weariness, the rude mountaineer chivalry of the oldest boy was touched, and he blurted out: "I ain't never seen it done, but I'm a-goin' to wash them clo'es." Miss Berry was elated. In this battle of the wash tubs she had won a victory which made the success of the manual school certain. She had firmly established the princinle upon "which the institution was to be conducted. The rest was bound to follow as day follows night.
Thus the Berry School was opened. It has grown by leaps and bounds ever since. The Sunday Lady has sacrificed domestic interests to share the lot of her boys, incurring by this course the well-meant censure of some of her most cherished friends. But she has followed the lead of strong convictions, with the result that she has witnessed a miracle of growth performed on the land which she once owned. Today there are scores of hand some buildings on the beautiful campus. In 1909 a girl's school was added to the plant. AVithout an exception, the numerous structures represent the labor of the boys, who have reared them under competent supervision. They have also laid out the "walks and beautified the grounds. Everything of a practical nature is here taught: domestic arts, cooking, dairying, "weaving, basket-making, fancywork, carpentry, agriculture, architecture, mechanics.

MOUNT BEEBT

259

The motto of the institution is happily in accord with its declared objects--"Be a lifter not a leaner." There are 200 pupils, with a faculty of 20 teachers, in the school for boys; 80 pupils, "with a faculty of 6 teachers, in the school for girls. These figures could easily be doubled, if the capacity of the school were adequate to meet the demand for accommodations. Nor can there be found within the State of Georgia a manlier set of boys or a finer lot of girls. One sees at the Berry School few faces on which the impress of character is not distinctly stamped; and if he visits the little dormitory rooms in which the pupils live he will be filled with amazement to find how tidily the apartments are kept and what delicate refine ment is here displayed by these children of the moun tains. Nothing1 bizarre or tawdry--nothing common. It is marvelous how quick to respond to the appeal of gentle ness is the pure blood of clean young- lives.
Scarcely a week passes "without bringing some stranger from a distance to inspect the "workings of the Berry School, and he is invariably charmed by what he sees. The pupils are taught, to be thorough. There is no time lost in idleness; and great emphasis is put upon small economies. The most careful record is kept of every job of "work assigned and of every piece of material used. Overalls arc the only uniforms "worn by the pupils. The discipline of the school is strict but in no sense harsh. The most punctilious code of politeness is exemplified in the social life of the institution and the law of love makes everything work in harmonious adjustment, with
out the least flaw or friction. There has been no change in the ideals "with which the
school started. It is characterized by the same sweet and wholesome spirit which it breathed in the pioneer days. During the decade which has come and gone a thousand pupils have been enrolled. Nor does any one need to be told that the school has wrought a vast change in the mountains. Its transforming touch has been felt at cabin-firesides three hundred miles away; and from the walls of the Berry School boys and girls have gone forth

260 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
as missionaries of culture to work miracles of social betterment among a people, in whose rugged independ ence lies the Republic's best hope. Up and down the mountains run the golden threads of Miss Berry's work and in safe-guarding- the fibres of the Blue Ridge she is tigh faring' the nation's moral back-}>one. Some of her graduates have attained to high positions, bnt they have not forgotten the Sunday Lady whose gentle hand first lifted them rip, and in the mountaineer's simple way they bestow upon her the same knightly homage "which Sir Philip Sidney gave to Queen Elizabeth.
Over 2,000 acres of land are today embraced in the ample domain over which the Sunday T/ady presides at Mount Berry. The approach to the campus is through a broad driveway bordered with green hedges and over arched by stately shade trees planted in long regimental rows. The improvements represent an invested capital of $200,000, besides "which there is also an endowment fund amounting to half this 'sum., a marvelous achieve ment for a woman, who almost single-handed has "wrought this noble work for (he neglected boys and girls of the Southern Appalachians.
But the count is not exhausted. The burden of rais ing annually the sum of $35,000 to pay the running ex penses of the school likewise devolve upon Miss Berry-- a task in itself for Hercules. The money has come in small amounts. There have been no large contributions. But she has never failed to make buckle and tongue meet and not a dollar of indebtedness has ever been incurred. She I'fmnot and does not beg. To one of her tempera ment the necessity of making* an appeal, in ptiblic is an ordeal equivalent almost to crucifixion; and to the rescue of a brave woman struggling alone under such a load the chivalry of a continent ought to rush with funds ample to meet the demands of growth and to make the work of the institution perpetual. She cannot always liear these responsibilities. It is the marvel of the times

MOUNT BERRY

261

what she has already done at Mount Berry. Today there is not a corner of the map of the United States to which the fame of the Sunday I^ady has not penetrated. It has even challenged tho admiration of Europe. Miss Berry lias been the guest of the nation's President at the White House in AVashington. She has overcome her native timidity to such an extent that she has more than once melted assembly halls at the North to tears by tire simple story of what she has done with .small means and of what she expects to do "when her ship eomes in."
Ex-President Roosevelt, accompanied by his former chief of the Department of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot, visited the school in 1910, only to leave it a most enthusi astic and powerful advocate. TVilliam Gr. 'McAdoo, the great metropolitan engineer, said in a talk to the pupils not long ago: "I would rather have been the founder of this school than to have bnilt the Hiidson Hiver tunnels." In a somewha,t similar vein of compliment a, well-known journalist, after visiting the school, wrote an article in which he avowed that Martha Berry was the first womari to make him sorry that he was born a ma,n.
Nor can it be said that snch tributes are in any wise misplaced or ill-deserved. The Sunday L/ady has made herself a true conservator of the State's undeveloped resources; and, when reduced to the final analysis, there is more of the essence of real statesmanship in the service which she has done the commonwealth by estab lishing this school--woman though she be--than in many a, volume of statutes which the General Assembly has enacted. She is here training men who will some day have the power of the veto ; and what is best of all she is making future Senates for Georgia, out of materials which have hitherto been neglected. Her work is unique. It has nobly answered the call of the hills. But the ulti mate fruition of the Sunday Lady's dream stands re vealed only to the omniseient eye of the Great Seer who, in the diminutive cup of the acorn, can measure the gigan
tic shadow of the coming oak.

PART TWO
Historical Outlines, Original Settlers and Distinguished Residents of the Counties of Georgia

PART TWO
Historical Outlines, Original Settlers and Distin guished Residents of the Counties of Georgia
APPLING
Created by Legislative Act, December 15, ISIS, out of treaty lands negotiated from the Greeks by Ex-Governor David B. Mitehell, in the same year. When first organized Appling embraced Clinch, Jeff Davis, Pierce and Ware Counties, and in part Charlton, Kchols and Way.ne. Named for Colonel Daniel Appling, of the War of ]812, a native Georgian. Baxley, the county-seat, named for Wilson Eaxley, an early settler, who came to
Colonel .Daniel Appling" was perhaps the most distin guished officer of Georgia in the second war with. Eng land, though barely twenty-seven when he earned his laurels. He was born in Columbia County, Ga., August 25, 1787; and, in honor of his family, an old one in -this section, the county-scat of Columbia still bears the name of Appling. His father was a man of some prominence in the pioneer days of Upper Georgia and a member of the convention of 1795 to revise the State Constitution. At the age of eighteen, young Appling entered the United States army as a Lieutenant ; but it was not until the war of 1812 that he was given an opportunity to win his martial 'Spurs. As soon as hostilities began, he received orders to repair to Sackett's Harbor, in New York. He hastened northward without delay; and, in the battle of Sandy Creek, on May 30, 1814, achieved the gallant
1 Authority: Mr. I*. H. Comas, President of the Baxley Banking Co.

266 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS record upon which his fame as a soldier today rests. The following account of his part in the engagement has been preserved:2 "Captain Woolsey left the port of Oswego, on May 28, in charge of eighteen boats -with naval stores, destined for Sackett's Harbor. He was accompanied by Captain Appling, with one hundred and thirty of the rifle regiment and about the same number of Indians. They reached Sandy Creek on the next day, "where they were discovered by the British gun-boats, and in conse quence entered the creek. The riflemen were immediately landed and, with the Indians, posted in an ambuscade. The enemy ascended the creek; but, in an effort to land a detachment upon the bants, an unforeseen difficulty was encountered. The riflemen from "where they -were con cealed suddenly confronted the new arrivals and poured so destructive a fire upon them that, in ten minutes they surrendered to the number of two hundred, including two post Captains and two Lieutenants. On the part of the Americans but one man was lost. Three gun-boats were captured, besides several small vessels and equipments. After this affair, Appling was breveted LieutenantColonel."

Daniel Appling's

There were several other engage-

Sword: an Heirloom, ments in which this distinguished

officer figured with equal credit. At

the close of the war he returned to Georgia; and on

October 22, 1814, the General Assembly passed a

resolution in which "the heroic exploits of the brave

and gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Daniel Appling" were

commended in the most enthusiastic terms. At the

same time, the Governor was requested to have'

purchased and presented to this native son an

elegant -sword suited to an officer of his grade. But

Colonel Appling, on March 18, 1818, at Fort Mont

gomery, died of an attack of pleurisy, before the above

White's Statistics, pp. 106-107, Savannah, 1849.

267
zesolution was carried into effect. He left no children. At the ensuing session of the State Legislature, a resolu tion was passed in which the General Assembly of Georgia assumed the guardianship of the young officer's fame. It was ordered further that the sword be pur chased at once and deposited for safe keeping in the Executive Chamber. This was done; and for more than fifty years it was one of the treasures of the State capitol. In 1880, during the administration of Governor McDaniel, the General Assembly made the Georgia His torical Society of Savannah the custodian of this price less heir-loom .
Holmesville, the original county-seat of Appling, was situated on land belonging to Solomon Kennedy, one of the original pioneers. The town was made the countyseat by legislative enactment, on December 8, 1828. Sub sequently the court house wa.s removed to Baxley, after which Holmesville began to decline. Today the very name of the little village is forgotten.
Original Settlers. According to White, the original settlers of Appling "were: Nathan
Dean, John Taylor, Henry Taylor, Silas O. Quin, Moses Vick, John Johnson, John Hawkins, John Smith, D. Eedish, D. Summerall, E. Strickland, Samuel Sellers, John Pervis, A. Eason, GL Moody, John Roberson, Jesse Carter, Samuel Carter, Thomas Woods, E. Swilley, S. Swilley, B. George, the Mobleys, the Halls, the Wilsons, and the Overstreets.
Malcolm Morrison was also an early settler of Appling.

268 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
BAKEB
>r Colonel Jolin jr Sergeant Jo
Colonel John Baker was a noted patriot. He came of the famous Dorchester Colony of Puritans in St. John's Parish. He first appears upon the scene as a member of the Provincial Congress in Savannah on July 4, 1775, at Tondee's Tavern. He afterwards organized the St. John's Rifilemen, of "which he became the Cap tain ; took charge of the fort at Sunbury which he put in readiness to withstand an attack; and then inarched at the head of seventy-five militiamen to surprise the enemy at Port Wright on the St. Mary's. Due to the treachery of McGirth, who, at this time, began his notorious career as a Tory by stealing a lot of horses, Colonel Baker was forced to retreat from the latter stronghold. However, he was quite successful in a number of subsequent opera tions in the neighborhood of Midway Meeting House and, on one occasion, made a capture of officers, including five Captains and three Lieutenants. We next find Colonel Baker in Savannah, on March 3, 1776, in company with Captain James Screven, demanding the release of Cap tain Rice, "who had fallen into the hands of the British while attempting to dismantle some vessels at Savannah wharf.

How a Duel on At Bull Town Swamp, in Liberty County,

Horseback was Colonel Baker was severely wounded.

Prevented.

On recovering, he again put his life in

jeopardy by a resort to the field of honor.

As the result of a personal disagreement he was on

the eve of fighting a duel on horse-back with Major

John Jones; but unexpectedly when the hour for com

bat arrived General Screven appeared upon the

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269

scene. Knowing the high spirit of these men and dreading- the result, ho begged them to desist, pleading the country's sore need and reminding- the combatants that it was no time for brother officers to fight each other when the cause of liberty was imperiled. This appeal was effective. The spirit of patriotism prevailed over the desire for personal redress, and there was no shed ding- of blood. Sribsequent to the Revolution, Colonel Baker foug-ht against the Indians under Q-eneral James Jackson. He died at his home in Jjiberty County, Gra., on June 3, 1792, and was interred in the old burial ground at Sunbury, but the exact spot of his interment cannot at the present time be identified. Hon. T\7illiam Harden, who for more than thirty years has been the Librarian of the Georgia Historical Society, of Savan nah, is among the descendants of tins distinguished soldier.

The Battle of

One of the hardest fought battles

Chickasawhachee.

of the Creek Indian AVar occurred

in this county, in 1836, the battle of

Chickasawhachee, so called from a creek of this name. It

seems that, after the burning of Roanoke, in Stewart

County, the red skins, to the number of three hundred,

penetrated into the depths of Chickasawhachee Swamp,

where they took possession of an island in the midst of

the dense tanglewood. Two small companies of militia

followed the trail of these Indians to the souih, finding

that a number of murders had been committed by them

upon helpless women and children. Later they were

re-inforced by the arrival of other troops; and, 'while

some of them penetrated into the swamp, others re

mained along the edges in order to guard the narrow

passage ways and to prevent the escape of the savag-es.

In the engagement which followed, on July 3, 1836, there

was some terrific fighting. It lasted for half an hour, at

close range; but the Indians were dispersed, and most

270 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
of them were either captured or killed before reaching Florida. There were only twelve or fourteen of the Georgia troops wounded in this engagement and only one man killed. Says "White:* "The consequences of this action "were very important, as it prevented the junction of a band of brave and experienced warriors with the Seminoles, who "were then giving the general government much trouble in Florida. Although the troops engaged in it were militia, without experience or discipline, they behaved with great coolness and bravery."
Original Settlers. As given by White, the pioneer settlers of Baker included the Tinslys, the
Howard's, the Halls, the Hobbys, the Wheelers and the Jarnigans.
To the foregoing list may be added the names of the first Grand Jurors, empanelled in 1827, as follows: John S. Porter, John Kell, Stephen Johnson, Ourtis jSTellmns, John Kelly, William Kemp, John Dennard, Berrajah Joyncr, Robert Kelly, Benjamin Keaton, Henry Smith, Nathan Griffin, John L. W. Spears, Asa Foscue, Thomas Howard, Hillary Hooks, John Gillion, Patrick Sessum, Charles S. Miller, James J. Goodwin, Joseph Holla-way.
Hon. Moses Fort was the presiding Judge and Thomas F. Whittington the Clerk. On account of the orderly condition of the county there were no grievances to present, -whereupon the court adjourned.
Gov. Alfred H. Colquitt was for many years a resi dent of Baker where he owned an extensive plantation.
Historical Collections of Georgia, Baker County, Savannah, 1854.

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271

Nelson Tift, the founder of Albany, purchased large tracts of pine land in what was then Baker and became the foremost pioneer citizen in this section of Georgia. He also represented the State in Congress.
Archibald Odom, a soldier of the Revolution, died in Baker, at the age of 84. Here also lived Young Alien, a man of some note in the early days. He represented Baker in the famous Tariff Convention at Milledgeville in 1833.

BALDWIN
Created by Legislative Act, May 11, 1803. Named for Hon. Abraham Baldwin, a distinguished "United States Senator from Georgia, a member of the Continental Congress, and author of the bill to establish the first State University in America. At the close of the long-protracted Oconee "War, Georgia acquired from the Creek Indians, by the treaty of 1802, at Fort Wilkinson, extensive tracts of land, which were soon thereafter divided Into three large counties: Baldwin, Wayne and Wilkinson, from each of which smaller ones were subsequently formed.' Baldwin when first organized, in 1803, included Jasper, Jones, Morgan, Putnam and a small part of Twlggs.
State capital of Georgia. Named for Hon. John Milledge, a patriot of the
Senator of the United States, ana a generous friend and patron of educa tion. He was a native of Savannah and a descendant of John Milledge, who
State University, then known as Franklin College, a large tract of laniT, on which the greater part of the city of Athens is today built.
Ahraham Baldwin was born at Guildford, Conn., November 6, 1754 and died in Washington, D. C-, March 4, 1807, while occupying a seat in the Senate of th.e United States. He came to Georgia, in 1784, on the ad vice of General Nathanael Greene, to practice law. Be fore removing to the South, he had been a tutor at Yale, a student of divinity, and a Chaplain in the Continental Army. His prestige as a scholar brought him at once into prominence; and he was elected to the State Legis lature within three months after his arrival. Says Dr. G. It. Glenn:* "When he took his seat in the Legislature the providence of his coming to Georgia began to be
Men of Mark in Georgia, Edited by Ex-Governor Wm. J, Northen, Vol. I, p. 8, Atlanta, Ga., 1906.

272 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
revealed. His dream of a great commonwealth was one of educated constituents. He drew a charter for a com plete system of State education, with a great University at the head and common schools at the hase, to be sup ported by State taxation. The charter, born in Hhe brain of this militant educationalist and adopted by the State before the Federal Constitution had been ratified, has come down to us practically unaltered. His provis ions, one after another, have been put into execution by successive legislation until now the system, as outlined by Baldwin in 1784 is well nigh complete. Only one pro vision indeed remains to be added, viz: the provision for secondary schools in each county of the State." Mr. Baldwin thus became the founder of the first State University in America; and he served as the official head of this institution for fourteen years, when he was succeeded by one of- his former-co-laborers at Yale, Professor Josiah Meigs, who wa,s chosen upon his recom mendation. In 1785, Mr. Baldwin was chosen by the Tjegislature to represent Georgia in the Continental Con gress; and he remained thereafter continuously in the public service until his death. With Wm. Few, in 1787, he signed the Federal Constitution for Greorgia, and in the debates of the Continental Congress he largely helped to mold the conservative sentiment which re sulted in the creation of the upper legislative branch of the government. He lacked only two years of completing his second term as United States Senator when his bril liant career of usefulness came to an end; and he was buried near his old friend and colleague, General James Jackson, in the Congressional Cemetery, on the banks of the Potomac.

Ante-Bellum Days To accommodate the members of

Recalled.

the Ijegi si ature and the hundreds

of visitors1 who "were drawn to

Milledgeville, several substantial hotels were built. The

most pretentious of these was Lafayette Hall, a structure

BALDWIN

273

of brick fronting Jefferson and Hancock streets. It con tained thirty-one rooms and cost $25,000, an enormous sum for this early period. Eagle Tavern, on Wayne street, was another famous inn which stood in the center of the business district. Jackson Hall, to the cost of the State House, was long' a favorite gathering place of the notables. There was also the Planter's Hotel, to which not a few of the wealthy nabobs resorted; the Mansion House, 'whiclr "was named for the Governor's place of residence, and scores of smaller establishments.
The lirst building' erected in Milledgeville stood on Franklin street and was constructed of logs in 1804. The first frame house "was bnilt by General Scott--for whom Scottsboro was named--on the corner of Franklin and Elbert streets, "where it stood for more than seventyfive years.
Some time before the war the county Court House was destroyed by fire, involving the loss of many impor tant documents, but fortunately the records of the Court of Ordinary were preserved. These throw a num ber of interesting side-lights upon the early life of Milledgeville. According to I)r. Smith," the first Methodist church "was built in 1807. Tt occupied a lot granted by the State, on the capitol square. Tn 1827 it was 'superseded by the present handsome structure. Other denominations were likewise given lots on tho public square, including the Presbyterians, the Episco palians, and the Baptists; but when the building which belonged to the last named flock burned to the ground the congregation rebuilt on Wayne street. The Roman Catholics erected a neat brick structure on Jefferson street.
But notwithstanding the religious tone thus given to the town, there "was 'much dissipation, due to the none too abstemious example set by some of the foremost public men of Georgia at this time.
* Story of Georgia and the Georgia rcoplc, by Kev. George G. Smith, p. 258, Atlanta, X900.

274 GKOKGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Both the game of poker and the code duello were literally patronized by the votaries of politics. Heated discussions often occurred in the lobbies of the hotels, where debates ending- in blows were of frequent occur rence ; but with the old-time gentry the final court of ap peals -was the field of honor. These were the times when the State was divided into feudal camps between Clarke and Troup; when the atmosphere was inflamed by the omnipresent tariff wrangle of the Jackson administra tion; and when strong men ordinarily sedate and calm were swept into a frenzy of passion by the oncoming storm of the Civil War.
Original Settlers. As gathered f rom various sources, the most prominent of the early settlers of Baldwin were as follows : Colonel
Seaborn Jones, Greneral John Scott, Greneral W\ S. Sanford, Colonel Zachariah Lamar, John Rutherford, Robert Rutherford, James Barrow, Dr. Tomlinson Fort, Seaton G-rantland, Fleming- Grantland, Miller Grieve, Goodwin Myrick, Daniel Tucker, Harper Tucker, Dr. Samuel White, Dr. Samuel Boykin, William Sanford, A. G-reen, Thomas ISTapier, William Napier, Peter Fair, James Haygood, Charles Wright, William Williamson, Walton Har ris, Augustin Harris, W. D. Jarrett, Daniel Fluker, Green Jordan. Matthew Butts, Arthur Butts, William Devereaux, Leroy Greene, and Klijah Moore.

The Banquet to General La Fayette.
The Great AntiTariff Convention: Forsyth and Berrien Wrestle in Debate for Three days.

Volume II. Volume II.

BALDWIN*

275

Famous Newspapers It is doubtful if newspapers have

of Milledgeville.

ever "wielded a more powerful in-

llueiice in State politics than during

the days wlien the Southern Recorder and tlie Federal

Union dominated the field of Georgia journalism. They

were brilliantly edited by men who were strangers to the

word fear; "who were as skillful in handling" sword or

pistol as in wielding the pen ; and who literally made

and unmade public men. The times were controversial.

Feeling- ran high; and the diction of the editorial page,

though east in the purest of English molds, fairly bristled

like the bayonets of Cromwell's Ironsides. The earliest

of the newspapers of Milledgeville was the Journal. It

was founded in 1809 by Scaton Giantland, in association

"with his brother, Fleming; and for ten years it proved a

most effective agent in shaping public opinion. The

bitter feud between Clarke and Orawford, which made

the State a daily battle-ground, was then at its height,

affecting for "weal or for woe the destiny of every man

in politics. The sympathies of the G-rantlands were with

William H. Crawford, since they were both native

Virginians.

In 1819 Fleming Grantland died. Grieved by the loss

of his brother, Scaton Grantland sold the paper which

they had jointly founded ; but during the year he formed

a partnership with Eichard Mc.Allister Orme and founded

the famous Southern Recorder, which almost from the

start developed the powers of a king-maker. The first

popular election for Governor of Georgia took place in

1825 and the triumph of the Troup ticket at the

ballot box was credited to the dominant influence of this

sheet. Seaton Grantland remained at the editorial helm

until 1833 when he relinquished his interest to Miller

Grieve, a kinsman by marriage, the latter having wedded

his niece. From the editorial chair of the Soitthern

Recorder, Seaton Grantland was sent to Congress, a

proof of the powerful sway which he exercised over the

affections of men in bis district.

276 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS^ MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Hut the paper lost; no tiling in tlic way of prestige nndor MiJlcr Grieve. He wielded a trenchant and vigor ous )cn, and was moreover a. man of strong character, lie remained ,'.it tJie editorial helm for twenty years, and throughout this entire time was associated "with Kichard McAllister Orme, much of whose time was given to the business affairs of the paper, but who wrote an occasional leader with powerful effect. The Southern Recorder "was styled the Supreme Court of the Whig party in Georgia and the second election of George E. Grilmer to the Gov ernorship was undoubtedly won in the editorial sanctum of this great newspaper. The Federal Union was founded some time after the Southern liecorder and "was edited from 1.830 to .1835 by the accomplished ,Tohn A. Cuthberfc. When the State capital was removed to Atlanta, the political ascendancy of Milledgeville was lost and the two papers were afterwards united, forming the UnionRecorder, "which is still published at Milledgeville, where it divides the local field with the Neivs, a paper owned and edited by the McAulirfes.

Georgia's Greatest Assemblage of Intel lects : The Secession Convention.

Volume II.

Baldwin in the

Eight miles from Milledgeville, in

Revolution.

a grove of forest oaks, is the grave

of an ol d Revolnti on ary patriot--

Major Jacob Guimn. He was an officer not only in the

first but also in the second war with England, and accord

ing to the records acquitted himself with credit in both

struggles. The place of his burial has been marked by the

Nancy Hart Chapter of the .!). A. R. with a handsome

stone, furnished by the U. S. War Department. The

stone is an excellent specimen of white marble, four feet

in height, and is set upon a granite base, the latter a

gift of the Chapter.

BALDWIN

277

On Angust _18; 1911, the exercises of unveiling took place in the presence of several hundred spectators. The day was an ideal one. .In addition to the specially invited guests conveyed to the place in automobiles, there were also a number of people gathered from the countryside, eager to witness the impressive ceremonies.
Mrs. Mary Howell Scott sketched in brief words the story of the movement to obtain the marker from the United States government. Miss Cora G-mnm, a greatgranddaughter read a paper on the life of her distin guished ancestor; President M. M. Parks, of the Georgia Normal and Industrial College, made an eloquent talk on patriotism; and Mrs. "Walter G. Oh a rl ton, of Savannah, followed with an earnest pica for the preservation of his toric shrines. Ten descendants of the old Revolutionary soldier were present. It was to be regretted, however, that his son, Jacob Gumm, Jr., was prevented by the infirmities of extreme old age from attending the exer cises. He lacked only two years of the century mark ; and^ while his bent figure might have added something to the impressiveness of the occasion, it was nevertheless an event of great sole.mmty? and one long to be remembered.

James Barrow, a native of North Carolina and a soldier of the K-evolution, who served afc Valley Forge, German town, Brandy wine and Savannah, settled in Baldwin soon after the new county was opened. He died in Milledgeville at the age of 73. His wife was Patience Crenshaw, a lady of Virginia parentag'e. One of his grandsons. lion. Pope Barrow, became a United States Senator. Another, Dr. David Crenshaw Barrow, was called in 3 906 to the Chancellorship of the University of Georgia.
It is perhaps known to a few only that within a short distance of Milledgcville, at Beckom's Mount, on the

278 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
edge of what is called the "Big Gulley" lies buried an officer of tlic Revolutionary War, Maj. Samuel Beckom. During the dark days of the struggle, when added to the outrages perpetrated by Tnrlcton were the atrocities of Indian warfare, he not only stood bravely in the breach fighting* for the independence of the Colonies, but guarded with sleepless vigilance the few white settlers in this part of the State from, the Indians. The following item of history has conic to the knowledge of the Nancy Hart Chapter of the D. A. ~R., concerning Major Beckom. Sometime previous to the treaty made with the Indians at Fort Wilkinson, Major Beckom "was in charge of the fort, oil this side of the river. Word came one day of a proposed raid of the Indians and Major Beckom, taking a few men with him, went out to warn the settlers and to obtain reinforcements, lie left what he supposed to be a sufficient garrison to protect the fort until his return. But either ho was mis-informed of the time of the attack, or the Indians learning of his absence rushed the attack on the fort. At any rate Major .Beekom returned to find the garrison in. ruins and all massacred, including' his young "wife, with three little children, the youngest, an infant of seven months. At first he was prostrated with grief but like the brave man he was, he eventually resumed his duties and continued to guard the settlers from. Indian, assaults until relieved of his command a number of years later. For his services to the country he was granted an estate near Milledgeville which he named " Beckom.'s Mount," "where he died an old man. The legislature erected a monument over his grave as a mark of the State's appreciation of his gallant record as an officer. Major Bcckom married a second time late in life; and of his second marriage there were several children. "Due to the fact that the Big Gully is said to be caving toward the grave of the old patriot, it is the desire of the Nancy Hart Chapter to remove the ashes of Major Beckom to the cemetery at Milledgeville; and steps in this direction have already been taken.

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279

James Thomas, a soldier of tlie ^Revolution, died near Milledgeville, in 1844, well advanced in years. For meritorious conduct on tlic field lie received a sword from G-eneral Nathanael Grcene, his superior officer. He was the grandfather of the Confederate Brigadier-G-eneral, Bryan M, Thomas. The roll of patriots of '76 includes also William Anderson and Samuel Slaughter, both of whom arc buried in Baldwin. Abnor Hammond, a Revo lutionary patriot died at ]\:Ii]ledgeville and "Wm. A. Tennille was granted a Federal pension while a resident of Baldwin, in 1814.

Incidents of Sherman's Visit.

Volume IT.

Oglethorpe Univer sity : Where Lanier was Educated.

Volume II.

Near the site of Oglethorpe University was established in 1837 the Georgia State Sanitarium, nil institution, which, under the fostering caro of the State, has become ' one of the largest and best equipped plants 'of this character in the South. Forty acres of laud "were pur chased ou. "which to erect the original structure, and in 1842 the building was formally opened for the reception of patients. Medical services were at first rendered by the trustees "who resided in the immediate neighborhood, among "which number "was -Dr. Tomlinson Port, Dr. B. A. White, and Dr. George IX Case; but on account of the increased demands upon the time of these busy men the office of resident physician was created, and Dr. David Cooper "was chosen to fill this position. He remained in charge until 1846, when Dr. Thomas t\ Green succeeded him; and it was under this splendid organizer that the institution passed the experimental stage and began to develop upon broad lines. Dr. Green "was an exceptional

280 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
man. His father was an Irish exile, who, having joined the ill-fated rebellion of 3798, betook himself for safety to America, on the final collapse of the patriotic uprising which brought the noted Kobert Emmet to the scaffold, The refugee "was a man of culture who became a professor in the State University at Athens and bequeathed to his son a rich inheritance both of intellect and of patriotism. Dr. Green remained continuously in charge of the asylum as resident physician and superintendent until the time of his death, in 1879; after an unbroken tenure of more than thirty years. "Upon the walls of the main hallway, at the entrance to the sanitarium has been placed a tablet of marble which bears the following testimony to his virtues :
In memory of Thomas Fitzgerald Green, M. D., "born December 25, 1804, died February 13, 1879. Thirty-tihreo years of his lifej devoted with a supreme affection, unwearied zeal, and arduous labor, as resident physician and svi per in ten (lent of this institu tion, Georgia 'a greatest charity, "bear witness to his Christian character as a physician and philanthropist.
religion embalms his memory. Erected by order of the board of trustees, 1879."
In 3803, a penitentiary was established at Millodgeville; but, on the removal of the State Capital to Atlanta, it was 'Superseded by the notorious convict lease system. The latter in turn was finally abolished, in 1908, MS the result of sensational investigations; and since then the convicts of the State have been put to work upon the public highways. In 1897, 'the Prison Commission of Georgia was created by an act of the Legislature, with a view to the betterment of existing conditions, and one of the first acts of this board was the establishment near Milledgeville of a State Farm, embodying* certain refor matory features.

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281

Scottsboro, a town four miles to tlie south of Milledgeville, was named for General John Scott, an officer of the State militia.

Fort Wilkinson. Scarcely a vestige remains of this
famous stronghold which stood on the east bank of the Oeonee River, three miles to the south of Milledgeville. It was the scene of the important treaty of 1802. At this time, an extensive area of land embraced between the Oconee and the Ocmulgee Kivers was ceded to the State by the Creek Indians, also a tract soutli of the Altamaha. The treaty was negotiated by the Federal government through the following commis sioners: James Wilkinson, Andrew Pickens, and Benjamin Ilawldns. It was sjgned by forty chiefs and warriors, on June 16, 1802, and ratified by the United States Senate, on January ]1, 1808. The lands acquired by the State under this compact were organized into three parent counties : Baldwin Wayne and Wilkinson.

Near the court house square, an artistic monument to the Confederate dead was unveiled with appropriate ceremonies in 1912, under the auspices of the local Chapter of the IT. D. C.

Two Noted Schools Under an act of the General As-

of Milledgeville.

sembly, approved October 14, 1879,

the old State Capitol building at

Milledgeville--the most historic structure in the State--

became the property of the Middle Georgia Military and

Agricultural Colleg'e and entered upon a new career of

service to the commonwealth. The name of the institu

tion, by reason of certain organic changes, became in

282 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
1901 the Georgia Military College, a title by which it is still known. The presidents of the institution have been as follows: Dr. H. S. Dudley, 1880-1882; D. M. Cone, acting, 1882-1883; Dr. W. F. Cook, 1883-1885; D. M. Cone', acting, 1885-1886; General D. H. Hill, 1886-1889; Major J. Colton Lines 1889-1892; Colonel J. C. 'Wood ward, 1892-1896; William E. Reynolds, 1896 to 1912; and O. B. Ilorton, 1912 to date. The Georgia Military College is one of the best educational plants in the State. The discipline is strict, the standard of scholarship high, and the moral tone unsurpassed.
In the summer of 1889, the Georgia Normal and In dustrial College came into existence by an act of the State Ijcgislatvire. Hon. William Y. Atkinson, then a representative from Coweta County, afterwards Gover nor, was the author of the bill to establish this great institution. The corner stone of the main building was laid with impressive ceremonies, on November 27, 1890, and the college was formally opened for the reception of pupils, on September 30, 1891. The usefulness of this great school to the State has been demonstrated by the most thorough test. It stands today a monument to the practical statesmanship of the far-sighted man who, until the day of his death, was the President of the Board of Directors. M.uch is also due to the splendid power of organization which the first executive head of the institu tion, Professor J. Harris Chappell, brought to the helm of affairs. Dr. M. M. Parks, the present executive head of the institution, took charge in 1903; nor could the mantle of authority have fallen upon worthier shoulders. Dr. Parks is broadly equipped by scholarship, travel, and experience for the duties of his high position, and under Mm the command to halt lias never once been given. The famous old executive mansion, which for years sheltered the Governors of Georgia, is now one of the dormitories

BALDWIN

283

of this institution. It also contains the office of Dr. Parks.

Baldwin's Distin- In addition to the long line of Goverguished Residents. nors "who, from 1807 to 1868,
sojourned officially at Milledgeville, there were many distinguished Georgians who were permanent residents of the town. Governor David B. Mitchel], for whom a connty in Georgia was named and who twice filled the executive chair, lived and died in Milledgeville. Thomas P. Games, a native of Maryland, came to Milledgeville for the practice of law soon after the seat of government was located at this place. He represented Georgia in Congress, from 1793 to 1795, in association with Abraham Baldwin and George Matthews. He was the first Judge of the Western Circuit, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1798, and a commissioner to run the line between Georgia and Tennessee. The town of Carnesville, in Franklin County, was named for him; also the Games road, an important highway in the early days, running from Augusta northward.
General Jett Thomas was a resident of Milledgeville. He served with distinction in the War of 1812, under General Floyd, and afterwards became an officer of high rank in the militia. He superintended the construction of the first buildings occupied by Franklin College at Athens, after which he took the contract for the State House at Milledgeville. Thomas County was named for this eminent Georgian.
Judge TJ. Q. C. Lamar, Sr., father of the distinguished jurist and statesman of the same name,--himself a man of rare attainments, styled the great Judge Lamar,-- lived and died at Milledgeville.
Major Joel Crawford also lived here. He was a veteran of the war of 1812, a member of Congress for

284 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
four years, and a commissioner to survey the boundary line between Georgia and Alabama. He was at one time a candidate for Governor. Major Crawford died on his plantation in southwest Georgia, near the present town of Blakely.
Seaton Grant]and, who represented Georgia in Con gress from 1835 to 1830, "was a distinguished resident of Milledgcville. He was for years editor of the Southern Recorder, a paper which he founded in association with Richard McAIIister Orme. The late Fleming G. duBignon, one of the most brilliant men of Georgia, was his grandson.
Dr. Tomlinson Fort lived here. His father, Arthur Fort, "was a patriot of '76, sat in the Council of Safety, served on the field, and took an active part in shaping early State legislation. Dr. Fort raised a company during the War of 1812, went to the front, and was crippled for life by a wound received in the knee. PTe was afterwards twice elected to Congress.
Judge T.vcrson TJ. Harris, who served on the Supreme Bench for two years, was a resident of Milledgeville. Judge B. H. Pottle, of the Northern Circuit, also lived here. Two of his sons have lately risen to distinction: J. E. Pottle, of Baxley, the newly appointed Judge of the State Court of Appeals, and J. E. Pottle, of Milledgeville, Solicitor-General of the Northern Circuit and trustee of the University of Georgia.
Here lived Judge Daniel B. Sanford a gallant soldier and a much beloved citizen for whom the local camp of Sons of Confederate Veterans was named.
Dr. Samuel K\ Talmage was for years President of Oglethorpe University, an institution of learning located near Milledgeville. He was an uncle of the noted Brook lyn divine.
Brigadier-General George P. Doles lived here. He was killed at Cold Harbor, oil June 2, 1864, at the age

BANKS

285

of 33, one of the youngest of Confederate officers. He was a nephew of Bishop George F. Pierce. The list of distinguished residents also includes, Miller Greece, who succeeded Seaton Grantland as editor of the Southern Recorder; Augustus IT. Kenan, a member of the Confed erate Congress: William II. Torrence, Hines Holt, Bobert Rutherford, and William Y. llansell, noted law yers ; Zachariah Uamar and Leonidas Jordan, planters who amassed large fortunes, and scores of others too numerous to mention in detail.

BANKS
ties: Habersham and Franklin. Named for T5r. Richard Banks, one of the most noted practitioners of medicine on the frontier of Upper Georgia. Homer is the county-seat. Origin of the name tmauthciiticated.
Kichard Banks was a rioted antebellum surgeon. His professional circuit is said to have embraced an area of one hundred square miles; and he "wielded an influence possessed by few men in public life. I~Ie was bom in Elbert County in 1784. At the "University of Georgia he was a class-mate of the great jurist, Hon Joseph Henry Lumpkin; and after receiving his diploma from Athens he took his medical degree at the University of Pennsyl vania, This man of extreme modesty settled in the little country village of Ivuckersville to practice liis pro fession; but so pronounced was bis skill as a surgeon, that he soon became known throughout Upper Georgia, while he attended numbers of patients in South Carolina. He was veritably a knight of the saddle-bags, spending the greater part of his time on horse-back. lie was found as often at the bedsides of the poor as of the rich; and, though his fees were sometimes large, be never made them an object. In 3832, lie removed to Gainesville, where he resided until his death in 1850. The Federal government often employed Dr. Banks to visit the Cbero-

286 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
kee Indians, and lie earned the gratitude of the red men by some very marvelous cures. He was notably success ful in operations upon the eye, removing a number of cataracts, and was almost unrivalled in lithotomy cases. Some years before his death he stated to a friend that out of sixty cases of the latter character only two were un successful. It was due to the universal esteem in which, he was held by the masses that when a new county was created in 1858 out of the territory over "which he trav eled the people insisted upon calling it Banks, in Ms honor-
Original Settlers. See Habersham and Franklin, the parent counties, from which Banks was
formed.
To the pioneer list may be added these names: P. C. Key, Joshua Owens, T.ogan Perkins, W. B. Bell, S. W. .i/ruett, and a number of others.

BARTOW

Created by Legislative Act, December 3, 1832, from Cherokee County. It was first called Cass, in honor of General Lewis Cass, of Michigan. But the subsequent views of General Cass on the issue of slavery, caused a revulsion of feeling- at the South; and on December 6, 1801, the name of the county was changed to Bartow, in honor of the illustrious hero of Manassas,
Parish Carter, Esa-, the wealthiest of Georgia's ante-bellum land-owners. When first organized the county included a part oS Gordon.

Francis S. Bartow: Francis S. Bartow was an impas-

"I Go to Illustrate sioned advocate of State Rights.

Georgia."

Young, magnetic, eloquent, Ms voice

"was raised with dramatic power

from more than one platform in favor of secession; and

wherever he spoke he fired his auditors into a frenzy of

enthusiasm. He was a gifted member of the Savannah

BABTOW

287

Bar and a conspicuous figure in the military circles of the State. On the eve of secession, at the head of his com pany, the Og'lethorpe Tjight Infantry, he participated in the famous seizure of Fort Pulaski. At the outbreak of hostilities, he resigned his seat in the Confederate Con gress, at Montgomery, to plunge at once into the vortex of arms. Colonel Isaac W. Avery, a member of the gal lant band who accompanied him. to Virginia, tells the pathetic but splendid story in the following terse para graph. Says he:* "President Davis called the Con federate Congress together on April 29, 1861, when im mediately an act was passed authorizing the enlistment of troops for the war. Francis S. Bartow, chairman of the military committee, -was Captain of a volunteer com pany in Savannah, the Ogiethorpe I-iight Infantry, of which the "writer was a member. Tlie company was organized in 1850. Capt. Bartow was in communication with the company, and as soon as the act authorizing the enlistment of troops was passed, he communicated the fact to his company by telegraph. Thereupon a meeting was promptly called. The writer we]) remembers the spirit of that meeting. Amid a storm of enthusiasm and excitement a resolution "was unanimously passed tender ing the company for the war to the President. The tender was flashed over the wires in hot haste, and the accep tance was sent back as quickly, Capt. Bartow immediately seeking Mr. Davis. To this superb company of young men, scarcely one of whom was married, an organization made up of the best young citizen's of Savannah, sons of her old and honored families--belongs the honor of having been the first company in the entire Confederacy to give its services to the South for the whole war. The company left for Virginia, on May 21, 1861, escorted to the depot by the entire soldiery of Savannah, together with swarming throngs of citizens. Amid salvos of artillery and shouts of approval from the assembled populace, the train moved off with this splendid young
History of Georgia, by Isaac W. Avery, pp. 1B8-1&B, New Tork, 1881.

288 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENTIS
' organization. They bore arms belonging to the State and carried them without the consent of tile executive. This rape of the guns elicited a tart correspondence be tween Gov. Brown and Capt. Bartow, in which some harsh things were said on both sides, "which probably each of these patriotic gentlemen would have wished unwritten. G-ov. Brown contended for the State's author ity. Capt. Bartow repelled what lie regarded an assault upon his patriotism. In his letter he used an expression -which, in connection "with his early and glorious death at Manassas, became a marked utterance. He said: 'I go to illustrate Georgia.' All of these incidents--the par ticipation in the seizure of Fort Pulaski, the forcible taking away of the State's guns, the controversy over them, the fact that the company was the first to enlist for the "war, Capt. Bartow's hig-h position in the Confederate Congress, all tended to make the Og'lethorpe Light In fantry, of Savannah, a company of note. Together with other troops it was subsequently organized into the 8th Georgia regiment, and Capt. Bartow was made Colonel. The surgeon was Dr. H. V. M. Miller, so prominent in Georgia polities, "who afterwards presented a handsome portrait of Bartow to the Young Men's Library Associa tion of Atlanta,. The regiment -was finally commanded by Colonel I/ucius 'M. Lamar, a handsome and gallant officer. It .made an excellent record of service, on the march, in camp, and in battle, meeting every patriotic require ment. ''

Barnsley Gardens: A Lost Arcadia.
Shellman Heights: A Romance of Sherman's March.

Page 27. Page 31.

BARTOW

289

"Bill Arp": How

How Major Charles II. Smith--long-

Major Smith Found a residoiit of Cartersville--began

His Pen~Name.

to wHte llnder tke pe,i-name of

"Bill Arp" is best told in the words oi' the noted humorist himself. "Some time in the spring of 1861," says the mountain philosopher, ''"when our Southern hoys were hunting for a fight and felt like they could whip all crea tion, Mr. Lincoln issued a proclamation ordering us all to disperse within thirty days and to quit cavorting around."
;< I remember writing au answer to it as thougii I was a g-ood Union man and a law-abiding citizen and was willing to disperse if I could, but it was almost impossible, for the hoys were mighty hot and the way we made up our military companies was to send a man down the lines with a bucket of water and if a fellow sizzed like a hot iron in a slack trough we took him, and if he didn't sizz we didn't take him; but nevertheless, notwithstanding, and so forth, if w'e could possibly disperse within thirty days we would flo so, but I thought he had better give us more time, for I had been out in an old field by myself and tried to disperse and couldn't."
"1 thought the letter "was right smart and decently sarcastic, and so I read it to some of my friends and they seemed to think it was right smart, too. About that time I looked around and saw the original Bill Arp standing with his month wide open, eagerly listening. As he came forward he said to me:
" 'Squire, are you going to print that "V " " 'I reckon I will, Bill/ said I." " 'What name are yon going- to put to it ' asked lie." " 'I don't know yet,' said I, 'I haven't thought about a name.' " "Then he brightened up and said: 'Well, Squire, I wish you would use mine. 'Them's my sentiments'; and 1 promised him I would. So i did not rob Bill Arp of his good name, but took it on request."

290 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
On the walls of the Presbyterian Church, at Cartersville, of which religious body Major Smith was for years a ruling elder, there was unveiled to the memory of the noted humorist, iri 3908, a handsome memorial tablet, on which the following inscription -was placed:
"Charles H. Smith, 'Bill Arp. ' 1826-1903. Author, Philosopher, Boyal Arch Mason, Confederate Soldier, Glii-istlan. His pen, so like 'himself, Softened and Sweetened Life to Unnumbered Thousands. God Rest his Xiovcd and Loving Heart."

To the west of Cartersville is the former old country home of General P. M. B. Young, the famous soldier, congressman, and diplomat. It was purchased by his father from an old Indian Chief. The residence which today occupies the site is a handsome structure of red brick, with massive white columns in front, surrounded by a lusurant grove of forest oaks.

Ruins of the Fa- Three miles from Cartersville, on the

mous Cooper Iron Etowah Elver, are the ruins of the

Works.

famous old Cooper Iron Works. At

the present time large trees are grow

ing inside the dismantled buildings, and desolation riots

where once stood the pioneer industrial establishment of

North Georgia. Something- like $500,000 was invested at

this place which boasted of a rolling mill, a nail factory, a

store with a full supply of goods, tog-ether with houses

for five hundred laborers, and a stone mill with a capacity

for grinding per day three hundred barrels of flour.

Mark A. Cooper, the founder of this immense plant which

embraced twelve thousand acres in extent, was a uative

of Hancock County, where he was born, on April 29, 1800,

near the old town of Powelton. At the outbreak of the

BARTOW

291

Seminole war in .1836 lie organized a battalion and was given the commission of Major. He was an ardent advo cate of State Eights and on this platform was elected to Congress for two successive terms first as a "Whig and then as a Democrat. This somewhat anomoloiis condition of affairs was not due to any change of attitude on the part of Maj. Cooper but to pending- issues which caused a split in the Georgia delegation. Whether at the bar, in politics or in business, Maj. Cooper was an avowed leader, He was one of the most zealous promoters of both the Western and Atlantic and the Georgia Railways; and to connect with the former he built with his own means a branch line to his works at Etowah. Besides, he was>. a prime factor in the building of the Cartersville and Van Wert Railroad, afterwards extended to Cedartown. Major Cooper possessed marvel ons foresight. When a location was first chosen for Mercer University, sometime in the thirties, he advocated Whitehall, a village which then stood where Atlanta today stands. But Penfield was chosen, and the institution thus failed to acquire property which "was afterwards worth millions. Tt "was the opinion of Major Cooper that the currency of the Confederate government should have been based upon cotton and that every bale of this staple product should have been bought and held as a fund for redeeming obliga tions. He attained to the patriarchal limit of life and died at Glen Holly, his country home, six miles northeast of Cartersville, and was there buried.

Kingston: Story of the Old Beck Home.

Volume II.

292 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

How Bishop Heber's Some ten years before the Civil

Great Hymn was Set War, Dr. Francis R. Goulding, the

to Music,

noted author, on account of the

precarious health of his wife, came

to Kingston from his former home at Darien on the Geor

gia coast. !But the pure mountain air failed to produce the

desired effect. Mrs. Goulding grew no better and in 1853

died, leaving- six children. She is1 buried in the cemetery

at Kingston. The 'maiden name of this excellent lady was

Mary Howard. She was a sister of the Reverend Charles

Wallace Howard, an eminent clergyman and scholar, who

resided ,at Spring Rank, near Kingston. There is an

incident in the life of Mrs. Goulding which possesses an

international interest. "While living in Savannah, she

made the acquaintance of a young man named Ijowell

Mason, then a clerk iri one of the banks. At her request,

the latter, who had quite a talent for musical composition,

set to music Bishop Heber's renowned hymn, "From

Greenland's Tcy Mountains";* and Captain !B. TJ. Gould-

ing1, her son, owns the original copy of the song, ;|ust as

it came from the hands of the afterwards noted Dr.

Mason. Possessing a fine soprano voice, Mrs. (xoulding

sang the hymn in the choir of the old Independent Pres

byterian church, in Savannah, soon after the music was

composed, and this is said to have been the first presen

tation to the world of an air which is now familiar to

both hemispheres and is sung" by millions throughout the

whole of Christendom. While Dr. Goulding was engaged

in teaching school at Kingston he devoted his leisure time

to preparing a work on the "Instincts of .Birds and

Ben-its," in connection with which he frequently corres

ponded with Professor Agassiz, of Harvard. It is thought

ihat he wrote "The Voung Marooners" before coining to

Kingston. Dr Goulding invented the first sewing1 machine

ever used in Georgia.

BARTOW

293

Spring Bank. Hero the Keverend Char lew \Vu II ace Howard, established the first school in
North Georgia, after the removal of the (lierokee Indians. This pioneer of education was an extraordinary man. I'fc is said that as an orator he could have sustained himself in the Senate of the United States. At the outbreak of the Civil "War, though not a young man, he enlisted among' the very first; nnd iris parole, dated Kingston, Ga., May 12, 1865, shows that lie was one of the last to lay down his arms. He held the rank of Captain when the waxended. 'Released from military service his first move ment was to obtain an order from the superintendent of the Western and Atlantic railroad to make an examina tion of the coal, iron, and oil formations of North Geor gia. Traveling' on horseback, lie made an exhaustive search through this section, rich in mineral wealth. The Central of Georgia today climbs Lookout Mountain to Durham, one of his many discoveries. He ended his re port with these prophetic words: ''.Buried in her moun tains, Georgia holds in reserve for us her priceless treasures of coal and iron. By the creation, of new values we may more than compensate for the values we have lost."
As a minister of the gospel, this noted clergyman and scholar performed a. unique work early in life hy re organizing1 the famous old Huguenot church, in Charles ton, S. O. The original house of worship was destroyed by fire in 3745, after which the congregation scattered to various quarters. One hundred years later, in 1845, the church was rebuilt, and the Reverend Charles "Wallace Howard was called from Georgia to gather together once more the scattered band of believers. How well and how wisely he did it is told on a page inscribed to him in the records of the French Protestant Church, of Charleston, in which the highest tribute is paid to his achievements. Captain Howard was bora in Savannah, Ga., October 10, 1811 and died in Ellerslic, on Lookout Mountain, Ga., Dec. 25, 1876. He was buried on the east brow of the Mountain

294 Q-KoEGrA's IJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
but was afterwards removed to the family burial ground at Spring- Bank. His sister Mary became the first wife of the noted Dr. Francis K. Gouldiiig. Miss KHa Howard Bryan, who under the pert-name of "Clinton Dangerfield" contributes to tlie leading' hig'h-class periodicals is ;v grand-daughter of Mr. Howard. His daughter Sarali inherited the old home place at Spring Bank,
Adairsville. Twelve miles north of Kingston is Adairsville, a town of historic memories. It con
tains among other things an interesting old land-mark, the story connected with which is as follows: When Charles Hamilton, a soldier in the Mexican War, fell into the hands of the enemy, he was quartered in an ele gant old Spanish villa which belonged to the noted Gen eral Santa Ami a. -He was captivated by (he architecture of the romantic old building; and when in after years he reared a home for himself at this place he planned it upon the Mexican model, reproducing in every essential feature the home in which lie was a prisoner. The old Hamilton place is now the property of Mr. !Lewis Games. Adairsville was named for the famous Indian family of Adairs. Major John Ijewis, an officer in the American Revolution, is buried two miles north of Adairsville, in the old Octhcalog'a burial ground, on the road between Adairsville and Galhouri. The grave of the old soldier is neatly marked.
Cassville, the old county seat of Cass County, was the home of Brigadier-General William T. Wofford, who is here buried. When General Thomas K. K. Cobb fell mortally wounded at TTredericksburg, Va., it was Colonel Wofford who succeeded to the vacant command. He was in charge at the .Department of Vorth Georgia at the close of the Civil War. The last resting' place of Colonel Warren Akin is in this noted old town.

BABTOW

295

Original Settlers. As given by White the original settlers
of Bartow were: Colonel Hardin, Z. B. Hargrove, John Dawson, 13. Irvine, T. G. Baron, Robert Patton, Ijewis Tumlin, Dr. Hamilton, the John sons, the "Wyleys, and others.
To the foregoing list may he added the name of James Hamilton who owned in large part the land upon which Cartersville was bnilt. He was the father of the late Colonel D, B. Hamilton, of Rome. Wm. M. Thompson, a corporal, and John Weteel, a private in the Wax of the Bevolutkm, were both living in what was then Oass County "when they were granted Federal pensions, the former in 184-8, the latter in 18.38.

Prehistoric
Memorials.
Curious Relics Taken from the
Tumuli.
Testimony of a
Skeleton.
The Mound Build ers : An Unsolved Problem.

Vol nine IT. Volume II. Volume II. Volume II.

Bartow's Distin- There is not a county in Georgia guished Residents, which, in proportion to population,
surpasses Bartow in the names of distinguished residents. Men eminent in widely different spheres of activity have lived here, some of whom have achieved reputations international in extent. The world-

296 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
renowned evangelist, Sam P. Jones, lived in Cartcrsville. Unsurpassed by auy preacher of his day, lie was not only a platform humorist but a master player upon the chords of emotion. His knowledge of lumiari nature was most profound. Formerly a dissipated man, lie devoted his life to fighting the liquor traffic and to preaching tile gospel. Pelton's chapel, the little country church in which he was first converted, still stands. Wherever lie preached he drew thousands, surpassing in this respect even Dwig'ht Ij. Moody. Nor was he without honor at homo, where an auditorium was built for him, in which lie preached to vast multitudes. Some criticised what they called his vulgarisms; hut no one questioned his genius or his power. Death overtook Mr. Jones on the train while en route to his homo in Cartorsville to celebrate the anniversary of his wedding".
William H. Stiles, who represented Georgia in the twenty-eighth Congress, was Charge d'Affairs of tlje United States at Vienna, and wrote, in two volumes, a History of Austria, spent the latter years of his life in Cartersville. The town of Stilesboro was named for him.
Mark A. Cooper, who built the first iron works in North Georgia, lived six miles above Cartersville, on the Etowah. He was a Major in the Seminole War, a member of Congress, and at one time a candidate for Governor. He was also a pioneer of railway development.
Major-General P. M. PI. Young lived near Cartersville. He was a graduate of West Point, a cavalry officer of brilliant prowess, and the youngest division commander in the Confederate Army. He was one of the very first Democrats to represent Georgia in Congress after the war, serving from 1868 to 1874, and was afterwards Com missioner to the Paris ]K]xposition. President Cleveland, during his first administration, made him Consul at St. Petersburg and again in 1.898 Minister to GanUvmala and Honduras.

BAKTOW

297

Brigadier-Genera! William T. AVofford lived near Cassville. At tin: close of the war lie was in command of the Department of'North Georgia. He succeeded G-en. T. R. R. Cobb at Fredcrieksbitrg. Pnring the carpet bagregime he was elected to Congress but was not seated.
Warren v\kin ? a distinguished lawyer and planter, who opposed Jose]ill E. J>rown for Governor, and was also a member of Congress, lived here. His S'on, John "W. Akin, edited with Jndge Howard Van TCpps, a number of law digests and became President of the Georgia Senate. He was an accomplished orator. Two other sons have also become prominent, T. Warren Aldn, of Washington, JX C., and Paul "P. Akin, of Cartcrsville. Bishop Warren A. Candler was named for this distingnisTied Georgian.

Arnos T. Akcrmao, a man of Northern birth, but a Georgian by adoption, who fonght gallantly in the Con federate ranks, though he opposed secession, and who became Attorney General in the Cabinet of President Grant, lived and died in CartersvilJc. .Because he refused to pervert the powers of his office he was virtually forced from the Cabinet by the moneyed interests. Though a Republican he possessed the esteem of Georgia Demo crats. No one ever questioned either his integrity of character or his talents.
Major Charles II. Smith, famous throughout the length and breadth of the South as ".BilJ Arp"---Geor gia's rustic philosopher and htnnorist-- lived at Cartersville. It was during the days of Reconstruction that Major Smith began to write for the press in the back woods vernacular of the Georgia cracker. He sounded the first cheerful note which was heard amid the gloom. His letters became weekly events. They were read at countless firesides, where they produced the effect of wholesome tonics and prepared the people for better times to come.

298 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Mrs. Corra White Harris, the famous novelist, has recently purchased through Col. Paul F. Akin, an exten sive tract of land in Bartow on which she expects to build in the near future a beautiful country home.
Two distinguished clergymen--both of them men of letters--were at one time residents of Bartow--Dr. Charles "Wallace Howard, an educator of note and Rev. Francis R. Goulding, the renowned auth or of '' The Young- Marooners."
On the last of disting'uished residents belongs also Lewis Tnmlin one of the wealthiest pioneer planters of Bartow, a member of Congress and a leader in politics be fore the war.
Dr. William H. Felton, one of the most drama.tic figures in the political history of Georgia., also lived here. He was a power upon the stump. It is doubtful if either Toombs or Hill surpassed him in the magnetic spell which he cast upon an assemblage of listeners. Over six feet in height, awkward and angular, his tall figure bent by a stroke of paralysis, and his whole body tremulous by reason of disordered nerves, there was never a man who could surpass him in rocket flights of unpremeditated eloquence and especially in seething thunder bolts of denunciation. Thoug'h he leaned heavily upon his stick, he seemed to grow not only in strength bnt in statue and to acquire by degrees as he "waxed more and more elo quent something- of the vigor of a Roman athlete. His very infirmities seemed to impart an electrical energy to his withered frame and to suggest a dynamo hidden somewhere on his person. As a masterpiece of invective, his reply to Hon Edgar G. Simmons, of iSumter, in the Georgia Legislature, has never been excelled. He was a Methodist preacher, a doctor of medicine, a school teacher, a farmer and a statesman. It is said that he never accepted a dollar's pay for his religious ministrations, thoug'h scarcely a Sabbath passed without finding- him in

BEN HII.L

299

the pulpit, tie represented the State in Congress Tor six years, after which he served in the General Assembly for several terms, becoming the "old man eloquent" of Georgia politics. He usually affiliated with the Demo crats, but was independent of strict party lines. He was a relentless foe to corruption, a loyal friend to education, and a bold and tireless tribune of the people. ITe fought the Convict -Lease system and saved the State $120,000 per annum by securing the re-lease of the Western & Atlantic Railroad at an increased rental. To quote Tom Watson: "No flag was ever dipped to the foe while he held it, nor did he ever once say to triumphant wrong--'I surrender'." Notwithstanding his great physical decrepitude, Dr. Felton maintained his vigor of intellect until his death at the age of eighty-seven.
His gifted companion and helpmeet, Mrs. Rebecca Latimer Felton, has long' ranked among the South's most brilliant women. She was the tireless ally of her husband in ail of his heated campaigns upon the hustings. The thunder roll of Dr. Felton's eloquence was invariably accompanied by the lightning flashes of her pen, while her scrap-books became the dread and terror of the Georgia politician. On the court house square in Oartersvilie, Mrs. Felton has erected a monument to her husband's memory and has also recently published a, volume of memoirs in which she pays' her respects to his opponents in characteristic fashion and reviews with graphic power the dramatic pha,ses of his career.

BEN HILL

Ben Hill: Dramatic Incidents of Career.

ImmiEra ood her
Volume IT.

300 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJKGENDS

j

Fitzgerald: The Col- Fitzgerald was the outgrowth of a ony City of Georgia. scheme of colonization conceived in i
the brain of Mr. P. IT. Fitzgerald, of Indianapolis, and it stands practically in a class by itself among" the cities of Georgia. As1 editor of the Indianapolis Tribune, Mr. Fitzgerald was a wide-awake man of affairs, given to the exploitation of great public enterprises. He was also a lawyer; and in the capacity of pension attorney represented a large clientele of old soldiers' of the Union Army, many of whom were looking for a more congenial climate toward the South. Coming1 to Georgia he discussed the -matter at some length with Governor "VVm. J. Northen, who was then seeking to bring- into Georgia a sturdy class of immigrants from the North-west. The upshot of this interview was the organization of a stock company in the spring of 1895, known as the American Soldiers' Colony Association and 32,000 acres of unbroken pine forest lands were purchased immediately thereafter in the neighborhood of what was then Swan, in Irwin County, now Fitzgerald, in Ben Hill County, Georgia. The city was incorporated in 1S96 and was first laid off into squares with a five mile drive-way completely belting the town site. The streets were named for leading Federal and Confederate Generals, for fruit trees indigenous to the State and for well known rivers. There are two exceptions to this rule in the two broad avenues which, divide the city at right angles into four large wards. According' to the last Federal census the population of Fitzgerald was 5,795, a most conservative estimate. It boasts 22 blocks of brick paving, a white way, a light and water plant owned by the local authori ties, a complete sanitary sewerage system, four of the best equipped school buildings in the State, with free tuition and books, a paid fire department, thirteen religions de nominations, four "banks and three railway lines, in addi tion to a host of strong mercantile and industrial estab lishments. Some six miles distant from Fitzgerald in Irwin County President ,Tefferson l^avis was arrested in

BEHRITTM

301

1865. The citizens of this wide-awake community are planning" a, monument of reconciliation to commemorate the Blue and the Grrav and to cost in round numbers $100,000. 1

Original Settlers. See Irwin and Wilcox from which counties Ben Hill was formed.

To the pioneer list may be added the names of the following representative citizens of Ben Hill, most of whom were active in laying the foundations of Fitzgerald: R. V. Bowen, W. E. Bowen, E. K. Farmer, H. M. Warren, E. J. Dormirtev, J. I). Dorminey, Dr. W. D. Dorminey, J. E. Mercer, W. T. Paulk, L. Kennedy, O. H. Elkins, Marion Dickson, J. B. Seanor, J. A. Justice, TJ. O. Tisdel, .1. E. Turner, Sidney Clare, M. W. Garbutt, A. B. Cook, E. N". Davis, R. V. Haddley, Joshua Troup, T). !L. Martin, and Judge C. M. Wise.

BERBIEN

Berrien: The

During the year 1829, there met in the

American Cicero. upper house of Congress a galaxy of

brilliant intellects. The number in

cluded some of the foremost leaders of the ante-bellum

period of American politics. It was the beginning of the

golden age of the Senate. The high-water mark of

forensic oratory was soon to be reached by the great

Webster in a never to be forgotten tilt with tile gifted

Robert Y. ITayne of South Carolina. It was not the

1 Authority: Hon. Drew "W. Paulk. MiLyor of Kitzgerald. S 2 Authority: Judge C. M. Wise, ordinary of Ben Hill.

302

Gr-EORGEA'S L/ANDMARKS, MEMOT7JAI<S AND IjEOENPS

-d-ay of the mi.JJio:nai re-politician, hut of the oratorstatesman. In the chair sat Mr. Calhoun, the shaggyhaired old Nulliner. Before Imn, on either side of the chamber, were ranged men whose equals have not ap peared since then upon the stage of public affairs. Henry Clay "was still in the Lower House, but the Great Compromiser's kinsman was there, Thomas IT. Ben ton. The membership of the Senate at this time included also the eloquent Theodore Freylinghuysen. Yet in this circle of orators, at a time when the genius of eloquence was full-orbed M.nd resplendent, John MacPherson Ber-
rien, of Georgia, stood so conspicuous for polished .oratory in debate that he was dubbed by his colleagues and known until his death as the American Cicero.
In the phrase of .Beaconsfield applied to Lord Stanley, he was "the Kupert of debate." ."But the intrepid charge was ever made with the polished blade. He spoke the court language of the Augustan age. His1 great debate with John Forsyth, in the famous tariff' convention of 1.829, at Millcdgeville, perhaps registered 'the high-water ma rk of his intellectual powers. Judge Her rien was born near Princeton, N. ,J., in the famous old 33errien home, from which 'Washington issued his1 farewell, address to his troops, an event which occurred ;just two years after Judge Berrien's birth. Major John Berrien, his " father, was an officer of note on the staff of General Washington, and afterwards Georgia's State Treasurer, while his mother was Margaret MacPherson, whose brother John was aide-de-camp to General Montgomery, and fell with his gallant commander upon the heights of "Quebec. Judge Berrien was for ten years an occupant of the Superior Court Bench. He twice represented Georgia in the United States Senate, and was1 AttorneyGeneral in President Jackson's first cabinet.

'**' ~ ~

BEBRHSN

303

How Peggy O'Neill It was while Judge Berrien was At-

Dissolved a Presi- torney Genera] of the United States

dent's Cabinet.

that the famous rupture occurred in

the President's official household,

due to the marriage of the Secretary of War, Major John.

H. Eaton, to the notorious Peggy O'Neill of Washington.

The wives of the married men of the Cabinet refused to

call upon Mrs. TCaton, whereupon President Jackson

sought to prescribe rules of social etiquette for his

political family, but without success; and the Cabinet

went to pieces upon the rooks. Martin Van Bur en, an

old bachelor, played the wily diplomat in this dramatic

crisis, won the favor of General Jackson, and reaped his

reward by becoming the next President of the United

States. Mr. Berrien was not a man who bowed to Caesar.

He offended his constituents by refusing to accept dicta

tion from them, maintaining that public, leaders who

brought trained powers of thought to the consideration

of vital questions were something' more than mere

puppets. His last appearance in politics 'was in 1854

when he presided over the State convention of the

American party, with whose principles he sympathized,

after the old Whig- banner went down.

The Parrish family of Berrien holds a somewhat unique record. Seven sons of the Rev. Ansel Parrish, an itinerant Methodist minister, represent an aggregate weight of 1,568 pounds, or an average weight of 224 pounds each. They recently held a family reunion at the home of Mr. J. A. J. Parrish, of Adel, at which time the scales were brought into use, showing the weight of the brothers to he as follows: J. W. Parrish, of Adel, 308 pounds; E. C. Parrish, of Adel, 229 pounds; A. B. Parrish of Savannah, 221 pounds; J. A. Parrish, of Adel, 218 pounds; J. W. Parrish, of Lois, 209 pounds; PI. W. Parrish, of Sparks 202 pounds; and J. A. B. Parrish of Valdosta, 181 pounds. Individual instances of an even

304: GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
greater weight may be found in almost any county of the State; but "when it comes to a family of seven brothers, weighing in the aggregate 1,568 pounds, it may be doubted if the country at large can furnish a parallel. What is more, not a single member of the family has ever known a serious illness. With ages ranging at present from 42 to 63 years, they are vigorous, energetic, indus trious men, showing no signs of corpulent or surplus flesh, engaged in widely different occupations, wellesteemed, prosperous, intelligent and high-minded men. It is the custom of the brothers to hold a family reunion each year in the month of February; and no matter how far from home this season of the year finds them or on what business intent, they always return for these festive gatherings.
Original Settlers. Some of the first comers into Bcrrien were: Judge R. A. Peeples, John Knight,
Capt. Levi J. Knight, Reuben Fitch, Daniel Turner, W. J. Mabry, J. C. Lamb, Fish Griner, Daniel Turner, M. B. Roberts, John McCranix, John McMillan, James Patten, Jonathan Knight, Henry H. Knight, John G. Knight, John B. Dorminy, D. D. Dorminy, John Turner, James Sloan, Dr. William Lee Patten, William S. Walker, John R. Slater, N. W. Byrd, John O. Goodman, Dr. James W. Talley, the Alexanders, the Christians, the Harrisons, the Buies, the Powells, the Lovetts, the Lukes, the Moores and other pioneer families.

BIBB

305

BIBB

Recollections of William Wyatt Bibb was a practitioner Dr. W. W. Bibb, of medicine who attained to the highest
political honors in two different States, and who was still short of Ms fortieth year when, during a violent thunder storm, he was thrown from his horse, receiving fatal injuries. Dr. Bibb was born in Amelia County, Va., on October 2, 1781. He came of the same family which produced George M. Bibb, of Kentucky, a distinguished ante-bellum statesman. He migrated to Elbert County, Ga., with his parents soon after the Bevomtion and began the practice of medicine in the old town of Petersburg, of which hardly a fragment re mains. !Dr. Bibb was a member of Congress from Geor gia for eight years and in 1813 became the successor of the great William H. Crawford, in the Senate, when the latter was made an ambassador to the court of Napoleon. This position he held until 1816, when he resigned in great mortification of spirit because of the protest aroused throughout the country by an act increasing the salaries of Congressmen, for "which he voted. President Madison, however, in recognition of his conspicuous abilities, appointed him Governor of the territory of Alabama. He was the first and only man to hold this office; and in 1819 when Alabama donned the robes of statehood he was chosen by the people to be the first Gov ernor of the new State. But not long thereafter he died in the tragic manner to "which reference has been made, passing away at his home in Autauga County, Ala., in the summer of 1820. He -was succeeded in office by his brother Thomas, a coincidence rare in the history of politics.

306 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Colonel Albert J. Pickott, the noted pioneer historian of Alabama, was personally well acquainted witii Dr. Bibb whose characteristics of person and manner he describes as follows. S;"iys lie: 1 ''Governor Bibb was five feet ten inches in height, with ail erect but delicate frame. He was exceedingly easy and graceful in his bearing1. His face bore the marks of deep thought and great intelligence. His eyes, of a dark color, were mild but expressive. "Whether thrown into the company of the rude or the refined, his language was pure and chaste. No one ever lived, either in Georgia or Alabama, who was treated with a greater degree of respect by all classes. This was owing to his high moral character, un surpassed honor, excellent judgment, and a very high order of talents. Entirely free from those patronizing airs which characterize many of our distinguished men, he invariably treated the humblest citizen with courtesy and respect. He was, however, a man of firmness, swaying the minds of men with great success, and governing by seeming to obey. In reference to his Congressional career, we have often heard from the lips of many of his distinguished contemporaries, that the practical order of his mind, the wisdom of his views, and the peculiar music of his voice, contributed to render him one of the most effective of speakers."
Says Oovernor Giliner : 2 "He married Miss Mary Freeman, the only daughter of Col. Holmari Freeman, then the beauty of Broad Elver. My first knowledge of Dr. Bibb was his rcBcning me and several other boys, scholars of Dr. "Waddell, from an old tumbling down warehouse in Petersburg, into which we had retreated upon the approach of a hurricane. Shortly after his marriage he removed to a plantation in "Wilkes County, a mile or two from Broad .River."
1 Library of Suulliern Literature, Vol. 1X1, p. 1031, Atlanta, 1909. 3 Gilmer's Georgians,

BIBB

307

Fort Hawkins: 1806. This frontier stronghold occupied the site of ^wliat is now East Macon.
As soon.as the lands lying" between the Ocmulgee and the Oconee Rivers were acquired by treaty from the Indians, a portion of the ground adjacent to the former stream and known aw the Ocmulgee old fields, was reserved by the general government for purposes of defence, and here in 1808 arose Fort Hawkins. It was named in honor of the famous Indian agent, Colonel Benjamin Hawkins, who himself selected the site on an eminence near the river. One hundred acres were reserved for the fortifi cations which consisted of two large block houses1 sur rounded by a strong stockade. It was built of posts of hewn timber 14 feet long and 14 inches thick, sunk in the ground 4 feet, and with port holes for muskets in alter nate posts. The area enclosed within the stockade num bered 14 acres. According to T)r, Smith the area in question was an abode of the ancient jVloun.fl Ruilders, a race concerning which there are only the vaguest tradi tions.* "Wither at, or about the time of the erection of the fort there was also established in this immediate vicinity a trading post, around which in the course of time de veloped a village. The fact that it soon possessed two taverns and several stores is proof of the commercial activities which began at an early day to center at this point. On Swift Greek, a small tributary of the Ocinulgee, Koger Me Call and "Harrison Smith, two sturdy pioneer settlers, built homes, the former erecting a sa.w mill near his place, from which he derived substantial profit. The settlement boasted a printing-press owned by Simri Rose, from which the first: newspaper published in Central Georgia was issued on March 16, 1823, called the Georgia Messenger. Here at Fort Hawkins, on the extreme western frontier of the white settlement, was to be found the nucleus of an important town long before the future

* Dr. George G. Smith, in "Story of Georgia and the p. 53&, Atlanta., 1300.

308 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
metropolis, on the opposite side of ttie Ocimilgee com menced to stir under the creative touch which

Macon: The Metropolis of Mid-

But the doom of Fort Hawkins was scaled by the fates. In 1821, an

die Georgia.

extensive tract of land was obtained

by treaty from the Creeks at Indian Springs. Ft included

the fertile area between the Ocinulgee and the Flint

Rivers; and from this newly ceded domain was carved

the county of Monroe. Besides embracing the territory

on the west side of the Ocmulgec it was made to include

Fort Hawkins, on the east side; and two years later the

lower part of Monroe was organized into Bibb. Immedi

ately there began to arise on the bluff opposite Fort

Hawkins a town destined to supersede the latter. The

situation was ideal. Commanding the head of navigation

on the OcmuTgee, an extensive plain, luxuriantly wooded

with oaks and poplars extended back to an amphi

theatre of rug-ged hills. The town chosen as the county-

seat of the new comity was called Macon, in honor of

Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina. Four acres were

reserved for public buildings, while ihe area adjacent

thereto was divided into forty town lots.

Such was the genesis of Macon. Beginning at this

point, we "will let Dr. George 0- Smith tell the story of

the town in which he has long resided. Says "Dr. Smith:*

The town was laid out in 1828 by Oliver H. Prince, David

S. Booth, Samuel Wood, Charles J. McDonald, and Seth

~Ward. The streets running north and south were num

bered from one to eleven, and the cross streets were called

by the names of the forest trees, with the exception of

Ocimulgee or? as it was then called, "Wharf street. The

little town was encircled by high pine hills "which were

BIBB

309

regarded at the time as too remote for resident lots and too sterile for cultivatioii. Tt was evident to all that a great future awaited the new city, and the lots were eagerly bought and houses, mainly of logs, "were built along the numbered streets. At the log house of Mr. John Keener, on what is now Orange street, near the Mount DeSales Academy, in February, 1823, the county was organized by John Davis, Tarpley Holt, David Lawsou and L. K. Oarle. Mr. Butler says that the first frame house in Macon "was built near the river not far from the site of the present Southern Railway station." Tn 1826 Bdward D. Traey, became the first intendent and in 1835 Robert Augustus Bea.ll took the oath of office as the first Mavor.

Bibb County's first newspaper was the Georgia Mes senger. It was published at Fort Hawkins, by Major Matthew Robertson, and the initial issue appeared on March 16, 1823, while lots were being sold on the oppo site side of the river by the commissioners of the new town of Macon. Three weeks after the establishment of this sheet, Simri Rose became a partner in the business and retained connection with the paper until his death, which occurred nearly half a century later. Tn 1869, after undergoing various changes, it finally combined with the Macon Teleyrapl'i,, a paper which has long been one of the most dominant factors in Georgia politics. This famous org-an of public opinion was founded in 1826 by "Dr. Myrom Bartlett, who remained proprietor until 1844. It appeared as a daily paper only for a short fractional part of this time. Oliver FT. Prince, Jr., "was the next editor; and he was succeeded by J'oseph C'lisby, who, in turn, relinquished the helm to Harry Jjynden Flash, the famous war poet. From time to time the Telegraph absorbed various other papers, including the Journal, the Courier, the Republic, the Citizen, the Con federate, and perhaps others still. In 1868, Joseph

310 GEORGIA'S IJANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND Z/EGENTS
Clisby again purchased an interest and became the Nestor of the press of Georgia. The present editor of tlie ~M.acon Telegraph, Colonel Charles R. Peridleton, is one of the most virile writers and one of the most original thinkers in the journalistic ranks of the State.

Ma eon 's pioneer military organization was the Macon Volunteers organized April 23, 1825, under Capt. Tsano G-. Seymour. It was among" the first to respond to the call of Georgia for help in the Creek Indian War of 1836. At this time five companies were ordered into the service from, the interior of the State and formed into a battalion at Ma con under Major Mark A. Cooper: the Monroe Musketeers, Capt. Cureton, 63 men; the Hancock Blues, Capt. Brown, 63 men ; the Morgan Guards, Capt. Poster, Gl men ; the State "Fericibles of Putiiam, Capt. Meriwether, 67 men ; and the Macon Volunteers, Capt. Seymour, 92 men.

Dr. Adiel Sherwood wrote his famous Gazetteer while supplying the Baptist churcli in Macon between the years 1828 and 1829. He afterwards offered the resolution to establish at Penfield the famous school which later became Mercer University. He married] the widow of Ojfov. Peter Karly, but she survived only a year. Dr. Sherwood died in St. Louis, Mo., August 8, 1879, at the age of 88.

America's First

"Right Reverend Benjamin J. Keilcy,

Christian Baptism. Bishop of the Roman Catholic

See of Savannah, is the authority

for this unique item to the religious history of Macon.

Says he: "According to tradition, Macon was the first

place where Christian baptism was administered in ISTorth

BIBB

311

America. Two Indians were baptized by a priest with DeSoto, near tlio site of the present city, in 1540."

St. Stanislaus College, in Vincville, which, "was first organized under the name of Pio Nono College, Is quite a noted seminary for the education of Catholic priests. The corner stone of the institution was laid on May 5, 1874, by Eight Reverened William H. Gross, Bishop of Savannah.
Macon in the In 1845, when hostilities with Mexico comMexican War. menced, the Macon Guards left for the
sea,t of war. They formed a part of the famons Georgia, Regiment, of Volunteers, nnder the com mand of Colonel Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah. The officers of the company were: Isaac Holmes, Captain; E. L. Shelton, 1st I/ieut.'; E. S. Rodgers, 2nd Ijieut.; Wm. D. Griffin, 1st Sergeant; J. B. dimming, 2nd Sergeant; J. A. McGregor, 3rd Sergeant; P. ,T. Shannon, 4th. Ser geant; A. B. Boss, 1st Corporal; Edwin Harris, 2nd Corporal; Thomas E. Orcritt. 3rd Corporal; and R. T. McGregor, 4th Corporal. There "were ninety-two men enrolled.
La Fayette's Visit. The following1 account of General Lafayette's visit to Macon has been
preserved:* "On Mar'ch 30, 1825, a signal gun announc ed his approach to Macon, whereupon the ladies and gentlemen proceeded to form in line on Bridge street, near the ferry. He dismounted from his carriage and was received by the committee appointed a,nd by the com missioners of the town. On ascending the bluff he was welcomed in behalf of the citizens by James S. Frierson
* Historical Record of Macon, by Joan C. Butler, Macon, Ga., 1879, pp. 76-80.

312 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Esq., to whom the General replied * '* * . A procession was then formed and he was conducted to his quarters at the Macon Hotel, afterwards the old Wayside Inn, at the foot of Mulberry street. While the procession was moving- a national salute was fired. Soon after his arrival he was waited upon by the ladies who were individually introduced to him, after which came the citizens, to whom he gave a cordial grasp of the hand. He was then waited upon at his quarters by the brethren of Macon Lodge, Number 24, and addressed by Worship ful Ambrose Baber, of the Lodge, to which the General replied. He remained about two hours and a half, during which time, in company with >a large number of citizens, he partook of an excellent dinner prepared by Mr. Stovall. The following toast was given by Edward D. Tracy: "Our illustrious guest, the friend of our country, of liberty, and of men." To which the General respond ed: "The town of Macon; may its prosperity continue to be one of the strongest arguments in favor of republican institutions." Very soon after dinner he bade an affec tionate adieu to the ladies and gentlemen around him and resumed his carriage, whereupon another salute was fired. Pie wa.s accompanied by the committee, by the commissioners of tbe town, and by a number of our citi zens on horseback, for several miles on his "way, and stopped for the night at the Creek Agency on the Flint River." The General came to M'acon from Milledgeville, escorted by two of the Governor's aides, Henry G. Lamar and Thaddcus G. Holt. His son and his secretary accom panied him on the visit.

Historic Wesleyan Confers First Di ploma on Woman.

Page 200

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Mercer. ]3ut AVesleyan is not the only crown jewel pos sessed by College Hill. Somewhat to the south,
on the same elevated ridge extend the handsome grounds of Mercer University, the famous educational plant of the Georgia Bapsists. In another part of this work will be found an account of the origin of this noted school, which, for nearly fifty years, was located at Penfield. The circumstances leading to the change of site may be briefly stated: When the Civil War closed, in 1865, Mercer University was sorely crippled. The little town in which the institution was then located, some seven miles to the north of Greensboro, was not upon the main highway of travel. From the disasters entailed by the war, it suffered an additional backset; and lacking I recuperative power it could do nothing for the college whose doors were closed. The .Baptists of the State were in no financial condition, during the days of Reconstruction, to raise what was needed to revive the institution; arid for seven years it remained dormant amid the ashes at Penfield.
15ut the Central City of Georgia, was making rapid strides toward rehabilitation. The town was anxious to secure a male institution of high grade, and offered to furnish adequate grounds and buildings to Mercer, if the trustees would consent to remove it to Macon. Senti ment "was overwhelmingly in favor of the proposed change of location. The consequence was that in 1872 Mercer arose on the heights of Macon. Twelve free scholarships were awarded by the trustees, in perpetuity to local students, in return for the help extended. Colonel Gray a wealthy citizen of Jones County, left his entire estate to provide a fund for the education at Mercer of Jones County boys. Mr. John D. Rockefeller, the oil king, made a generous donation toward the erection of a college chapel. Not only the literary but the theological department also received an access of popularity, and soon the law department was added. The latter, under the efficient direction of Judge Emory Speer, the bril-

314 GEOEGTA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
liant dean, has become one of the prime nurseries of the legal profession in Georgia. The present executive head of Mercer is Dr. S. Y. Jamcson,
Macon's Tribute to Under the auspices of the Sidney Southern Women. J^anier Chapter of the United
Daughters of the Confederacy, there was unveiled in the park opposite the city hall, in Macon, on June 3, .1911, a superb shaft of marble to the memory of the Southern "women of the heroic "war times. The monument in Macon is the second memorial of this character to be erected in Georgia, the first having been unveiled in Rome on June 3, 1910, exactly one year earlier. But an inquiry into the origin of the movement will show that from the standpoint of inspiration at least the monument in Macon antedates the monument in Rome. Due to an unfortunate handicap in the beginning-, there was some delay on the part of the people of Macon in putting the idea into execution, but they are undoubtedly entitled to the credit of having- conceived it first.
It was at 5:45 o'clock, on the afternoon of June 11, 1913, that the little cannon in the park announced the formal opening of the impressive exercises. There" was iirst a prayer of invocation and then a selection of martial music, after which., on behalf of the city, Hon. John T. Moore, delivered an eloquent address. Mr. "W. A. Poe, adjutant of Camp Smith, United Confederate Veterans, was then introduced. H"e paid an eloquent tribute to the women of the Confederacy, after which he traced the history of the movement to erect a monument in Macon. Mrs. Walter D. Lamar next spoke for the Daughters of the Confederacy, accepting- the care of the monument committed to them by the veterans.
Captain Ab. F. Jones Commander of Camp Smith, acted as master of ceremonies and intro duced the various speakers on the program, the first

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part of which was rendered in the auditorium, the last part at the monument. Upon the conclusion of the address by Mrs. Tjainar, the huge veil which hid the marble column was drawn, by four young ladies, reveal ing to the vast assemblage amid tumultuous plaudits, the finished work of the artist. The Daughters of the Con federacy have planned to observe the 31st day of May each year as flower day, at which time the childen of Maeon "will place flowers upon the monument. Hor could any better way be devised of keeping the memory of the heroic Confederate women fresh and fragrant.

At the intersection of Mulberry and Second streets, stands an impressive monument to the heroes of the Con federacy, consisting of a series of granite blocks upon which is mounted the statue of a Confederate soldier, wrought of marble quarried in Carrara, Italy. 'It was unveiled on October 29, 1879, at which time the oration was delivered by Colonel Thomas Ilardeman. The speaker was introduced to the audience by 1-Ton. Alfred H. CoIqTiitt, then Governor. Inscribed upon the monu ment are the following words :

Erected A. D. 1879, by the Ladies Memorial As sociation of Macon, in honor of the men of Bibb County and all who gave their lives to the South to establish the independence or the Confederate Stales. 1 86.1.-1 86ij. With pride in their patriotism. With love for their memories. This silent .stone is raised, a, perpetual -witness of onr gratittide.

Two blocks removed, on the same principal thorough fare, is a splendid bronze statue of William M. "VVadley, who was long the President of the G-eorgia. Central Kailroad and one of the pioneers of industrial development in the South. Inscribed upon it are these four words: "Our President and Friend." The town of A^adley in Jefferson County is named for this industrial captain.

316 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Historic Washington Washington Place, on the Mil, is

Place.

one of the historic homes of Macon,

a seat of hospitality in the ante

bellum days, where many a brilliant social fete was held.

It is said that Macon escaped destruction at the hands

of the Federal army, in 1865, chiefly through the influ

ence exerted by the owner of this home: James II. R.

Washington. His wife, Mary Hammond Washington,

a daughter of Colonel Samuel Ilammond of the Revo

lution, founded the 13. A. R.. in Georgia. She was

also a charter member of the National Society, in the

ranks of which she "was the first real daughter to he

enrolled. Recently a handsome marble bust of Mrs.

Washington was unveiled in Continental Hall, Washing

ton, D. C.

Civil War Memories of Macon.

Volume II.

Indian Antiquities. "The Indian mounds in the vicinity of Macon, on both sides of the river,
have always been objects of curiosity to visitors and travelers. The one most noted called the Large Mound is on the east side, about half a mile below the bridge, from which, leaving the public road, a smooth carriage road takes you to the foot of the motind, about an eighth of a mile from the river. The face of the country sur rounding it is uneven, though having the appearance of having been formerly a level plain, and its present unevenness may be in consequence of the overflowing of the river or the lashing of the ocean. The top of the mound is about one hundred and twenty feet above the bed of the river, about one hundred above the ravine on the south, eighty above the plain on the southwest--between the mound and tlie river--and not over thirty above the plain on the north. The shape approaches that of a cone flattened at the top, which contains an area of nearly a quarter of an acre. The sides are covered with large

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oaks and hickories. Ifrom. the summit the trees have been removed, and some years since it was tended as a flower garden.
"Other mounds of a smaller size are near this. One situated in a secluded, romantic spot, goes by the name of .M!cl)ong-aid.'s Mound, from the circumstance of Cap tain Robert McDougald being' buried here---by his o\vn request--while commanding the garrison of Fort Hawk ing, .about the year 1809. It is a small hillock, thirty feet higii. A neat paling', on which many visitors have left their names, encloses the grave on its summit. About thirty-five years ago a brother of Captain McDoug-ald was buried on the same spot."
"Brown's Mount, seven miles belosv JVLa'Con, presents a long high ridge of shell stone, several hundred feet above the bed of the river. The ridge has much the appearance of the oyster reefs off the coast. The whole mass appears one vast eonglommeration of sea shells, the different species of which may be distinctly traced, thoug'h some parts are of the. hardest /lint, and others in various stages of decomposition."*

Original Settlers. According1 to White, the original set tlers of Bibb were: Roland Kevins,
G-eorg'e B. Wardlaw, B. Bullock, C. Baitman, John Douglass, James JTciiderson, Jonathan "Wilder, John .Loving, Thompson Bird, Jeremy Stone, Thomas Howard, Leonard Sims, Benjamin Mariner, Henry Bailey, Jere miah Burnett, Anson Kimberly, John Lam-ar, B. B. Ijarnar, .Daniel "Wadsworth, Jordan Witeller, Jeremiah Bang-h, Timothy Matthews, James AY. Alls ton, A. Meriwethcr, J. Bates, C. McCardell, S, Hose, James Fitz gerald, Henry "Williams, Thomas House, who was Clerk of the Superior Court for over twenty-four years; Thomas Moody, N. W. Wells, C. Bullock, and William Cummin gs.
* "White's Historical Collections, Bibb County, Savannah, 1856.

318 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
To the foregoing' list may be added Hugh McKay, a native >of the Hebrides Island; Thomas Hardeman, Sr., Dr. Cnrtis B. Nottingham, Dr. Thompson Bird, Mortimer R. W^llis and Dr. Dudley ~W. Hammond.
On March 20, 1823, Hon. Eli S. Shorter, Judge, the first session of the Superior Court was held in Macon. The Grand Jurors were : Alexander Meriwether, Josa,cher Bates, Charles McCardle, James Fitzgerald, Henry Williams, John H. Beard, Charles Ingram, Thomas House, Ilerdy Harrold, Lewis Foy, Roland Bevins, Redding Rutland, Jonathan A. Hudson, Thomas Bates, William Gumming, Nathan Braddy, Jonathan Wilder, Henry Randolph, James Ilenderson, John Douglass, Claiborne Bateman, Burrell Bullock and George B. Wardlaw. In addition, the following Petit Jurors were drawn: Jesse Palmer, Richard Bullock, John Bullock, James B. Hamilton, John Gafford, Button Brazill, Peter Stewart, Henry Turnage, Wade Harris, Zach Williams, Jr., Edmund Jones and Thomas Williams. Charles J. McDonald, afterwards Governor of Georgia, was Solici tor General; Nicholas W. Wells, Clerk; and E. C. Beard, Sheriff. Court was held at the residence of John Keener, Esq., a double log cabin, on the lot afterwards occupied by Simri Rose, Esq., on Beall's Hill, adjoining what is today the Mount DeSales Academy. The first Judges of the Inferior Court: were: John Davis, Tarpley Holt, C. W. Raines, D. Lawson, and Ij. K. Carle. The first frame house "was built by Messrs. Henry G. Ross and S. M. Ingersoll. It stood near the river, at Fifth and W^harf streets. The lower story was used for a store and the upper one for a dwelling. The house was neatly built, was painted white, and for years attracted visitors to the locality, eager to see the "most ornamental building in a score of counties."

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Bibb's Distinguished The distinguished residents of

Residents.

Bibb have been numerous. Oliver

H. Prince, a native of Connecti

cut, who came to Georgia in early life and became a

United States Senator, lived in Macon. He removed to

this place from Athens, when the town was first located.

The chapter in Longstreet's "Georgia Scenes," entitled

"The Militia .Drill," came from the versatile pen of this

gifted Georgian. Mr. Prince published in 1822 a

"Digest of the Tjaws of Georgia." Fifteen years later

he "went to New York for the purpose of issuing another

edition; and, on the return voyage, was lost at sea, off

Cape Hatteras. His wife perished with him. Oliver H.

Prince, Jr., his son, was a man of nnusual literary gifts

but died early in life, at Athens.

Judge Eugenius A. Nisbet, one of the purest of

Georgia's public men, lived here. When the Supreme

Court "was first organized in 1846 he was chosen by the

Legislature to occupy a, seat on this high tribunal, "with

Joseph Henry Lumpkin and Hiram Warner. He after

wards became a member of Congress. Judge Nisbet

wrote the ordinance of secession which formally separ

ated Georgia from the Union.

Though a man of small stature, he "was a giant in

moral and intellectual strength, a profound student of

the law, a gentleman of ripe culture, and a finished

orator.

Governor Charles J. McDonald was at one time a

resident of Macon.

United States Senator Alfred Iverson lived here for

a number of years, coming to Macon from Columbus.

He was a Brigadier-General in the Confederate army and

a jurist of reputation.

Distinguished also among Georgia's successful busi

ness men and financiers were I. C. Plant, John B. Eoss,

Leroy M. Wiley, Nathan C. Mnnroe and J. H. E. Wash

ington.

320 GEOBGTA'S. LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND I/EGENDS
Chief-Justice James Jackson came to Macon at the close of the war, from Athens. Liike Judge Nisbet, he was a man of stainless character, arid of vigorous intel lect. For a short period of time, after the war, General Ho well Cobb was his law partner; but General Gobb died in 1868. Judge Jackson, on. receiving his appoint ment to the bench, transferred his residence to Atlanta; but after his death the remains of the great jurist were brought to his old home in Macon for burial.
Jndge Richard F. Lyon, who succeeded General Henry L. Benning on the supreme bench, lived and died in Macon.
William M. Wadley, one of the early pioneers of railway development in Georgia, resided here for many years; and on the principal thoroughfare of the town stands a statue of this eminent citizen and farsighted man of affairs.
Here lived Colonel Thomas Hard email Jr., a member of Congress, a gallant Confederate soldier, and a prince of orators. Robert IT. Hardeman, his brother, Georgia's State Treasurer for a number of years, was born in Macon.
Judge Barnard Hill resided here. His son, Chancel lor "Walter B. Hill, of tlie State University, relinquished a lucrative practice at the Macon bar to become the official head of the State's greatest institution of learn ing--his alma mater. He was a man of blameless character, dominated by the loftiest ideals.
Hon. Clifford L. Anderson, Georgia's AttorneyGeneral for years, lived in Macon.
Here, in 1842, was born the greatest of Southern poets--Sidney Lanier. Subsequent to the war he estab lished his residence in Baltimore, where he became a member of the famous Peabody orchestra and a lecturer on English literature at Johns Hopkins. Clifford L/anier,

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Ms brother, was also a singer of rare melodies. The father of these gifted men was Colonel Kobert S. Lanier, a distinguished lawyer.
The i]Iiistrions statesman and jurist, Hon. L. Q. G. Lamar, died at Vineville, a suburb of Macon, and was buried in Rose Hill cemetery, but his body Was after wards exhumed and removed to Oxford, Miss.
His kinsman, Colonel John B. Lamar who was killed at the battle of Crampton's Gap in Maryland, resided here.
Here lived also Henry G. Lamar, a distinguished ante bellum Congressman and jurist.
Henry Lynden Flash, the celebrated war poet, lived in Macon for a number of years, where he was connected with the press. Here some of his finest lyrics "were "writ ten. He afterwards removed to the ^Vest. Mr. Flash is still living, though now an octogenarian. His home is in Los Angeles, Gal.
Chief Justice Osborne A. Lochrane practiced law here in early "life. He was one of the State's most elo quent men, an Irishman of sparkling wit and of brilliant imagination.
Chief Justice Thomas J. Simmons was a resident of Macon when elevated to the Supreme bench--a man of vig'orous mentality and a born jurist.

Georgia's senior United States Senator, Hon. Augus tus O. Bacon, has been a resident of Macon since tlie close of the Civil War. He is one of the ablest consti tutional lawyers and one of the best equipped debaters of the upper house of Congress, of which body he is a recognized leader. He has also wielded the gavel as President pro-tern. Succeeding to the toga in 1894, he has been three times re-elected. Major Bacon was a gallant soldier in the Confederate ranks. He was also five times in succession chosen Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives. As a parliamentarian he possesses no superior.

322 G~EOBGTA'S IJANDMARKS, MTSMORTAT.S AND I/EGENPS
Judge "Emory Speer, of the Federal Court of Georgia lias been a resident of Macon since his first accession to judicial honors, lie "was for three consecutive terms a member of Congress, in which body he was independent of party affiliations. Judge Speer is a cultured man of letters, a brilliant jurist, and an orator whose eloquent voice has been heard on important occasions in every part of the continent. For years he has been dean of the law school of Mercer University and recently de livered a. series of lectures before the law students at Yale.
James H. Blount, a, member of Congress for twenty years, lived and died in Macon. During President Cleveland's second administration, Mr. Blount perform ed an important diplomatic service for the government as special envoy to the Hawaiian Islands, a mission "which required peculiar tact on account of the delicate issues involved.
The present Congressman from the sixth district-- Hon. Charles L. Bartlett, who, since 3895, has ably main'tained the high standard set by his predecessor, is a resi dent of Macon.
Harry Stillwell Edwards, a writer of note, whose stories in negro dialect rank him with Joel Chandler Harris and with Thomas Nelson Page, lives here. His famous novel entitled, "Sons and Fathers," won him a prize offer of $10,000. Mr. Edwards is also a poet of rare gifts. He has for several years been the postmaster of Macon.
Two of the most magnetic and brilliant of Georgia's public men since the war, lived here--K. AY. Patterson and Washington Dessau. Both were suddenly removed from life. The former was killed in Oklahoma, to which State he removed when it was first detached from the Indian Territory and opened to settlement. He once characterized the eloquence of Judge Ijamar as "the

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Appian Way throng1li which, the banished cohorts of the Confederacy passed back into the heart of the Bepublic"; and he also said of the great jurist that "in the silken glove of courtesy lie mailed the iron grip of honor." Mr. Dessau received his death summons "while making an argument in the Supreme Court at the State Capitol. One of the judges had suggested to him a difficulty of Jaw to be overcome. "Tour Honor," he re plied, "I thank yon. The conflict of two minds causes the spark of truth to scientillate." Tt was the great lawyer's last utterance; and, with the accents of courtesy on his lips, he turned pale, staggered, and fell to the floor.
Hon. Nathaniel E. Harris, when a representative of Bibb in the State Legislature, framed and introduced the bill creating the Georgia School of Technology, in Atlanta.

Pour distinguished Georgians, "who were not in life residents of Ma con, at least for any leug'tb of time, sleep in "Rose Hill cemetery: Governor Alfred H. Colquitt, Judge Richard H. Clark, General Philip Cook and Governor George W. Towns.
The eloquent IBisbop George F1, Pierce, "while Presi dent of "Wesleyan Female College, resided in Ma con for a number of years.
To the foregoing- list should be added some of the members of the ante-bellum bar whose names have not hitherto been mentioned. The foremost lawyers of Macon during this period were: Judge Christopher B. Strong, Major Robert A. Beall, Hon. Washington POG., "who was elected to Congress, but declined to occupy the seat; Judge E. D. Tracy, Judge Aimer P. Powers, Judge Thaddeus G. Holt, lion". James A. Nisbet, N. T,. Whittle, Judge Carleton B. Cole, Samuel T. Bailey, William D. DeGraffenreid and Judge John J. Gresham.

324 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS BLECKLEY

cal man of affairs, who, as President of the old Macon and Brunswick ad, now the Southern, was largely instrumental in developing this n of Georgia. 1 Judge Coehran was the first Judge of the Brunswick
ssuming the ermine, he held office fom 1SG1 to 1SG5,

Recollections of

Judg'e Joseph li. Lamar, of the

Judge Bleckley.

Supreme Court of the United

States, thus portrays Judge Bleck

ley2 : "Jurist, philosopher, mathematician, poet; a

colossal and unique figure; mature in youth; in old age

youthful; a born judge, his first public utterance was a

plea for the creation of the court of which he was to be

an illustrious Chief Justice. The Constitutional Amend

ment providing for a Supreme Court had been duly

ratified in 183(7 but the determined hostility of those who

opposed its organisation had prevailed and, for several

sessions, the General Assembly mot and adjurned with

out passing the act necessary to make the amendment

effective. Living in the remote mountains of Rabun was

a frail and sickly lad of thirteen, older than his years

and with the judicial instinct so strongly developed that

he recognized the subtle principle which made the failure

to act a positive wrong"; and the pen, which was des

tined to illustrate the pages of Georgia's judicial history,

began its work with an article in the newspaper of an

adjoining- county, iu "which the boy joined issue with the

General Assembly, and, passing all qiiestions of expedi

ency, maintained the proposition that the authority to

create was in effect, a command to org'anize and that,

through non-action, the Legislature was guilty of an

2 Joseph H. 1-amar, in Men of Mark in Georgia, Vol. IV, pp. 80-88, At lanta, Ga., 1908.

BLECKI-.EY

325

active violation of the Constitution of the State. This was not precosity but maturity of thought.
"His mental attainments fitted him for either a. literary or a. scientific calling" but the legal environments of his mountain home naturally impelled him towards the Bar, a,nd, at an age when most of his companions were struggling with the multiplication table, this boy, when only eleven, began tile study of law. It is doubt ful if there is to be found in the biographies of lawyers or judges a parallel case, where one so young began, of Ms own accord, a study so abstruse and uninteresting to the youthful mind. Books were few. His knowledge was all self-acquired. He constantly attended courts, and J. "W. H. TTnderwood, Esq., having expressed the opinion that he would make a lawyer, loaned him Blackstone's Commentaries. Judge .Bleckley never forgot this act of kindness, and, many years afterwards, on the occasion of memorial exercises in the Supreme Court in honor of Judge Underwood, the Chief Justice referred to it; he also exhibited the two volumes, which, early in life, lie had prirchaserl. * * * With a genius for law perhaps never excelled, he was yet the hardest "worker, the most laborious student. He literally burned the mid night oil. He wrote and revised; revised and re-wrote, and again he revised; and of course he wrote great opinions. To her greatest favorites nature gives not talents alone, but yokes genius with a passion for work, from "which come those products of the brain which endure.

Anecdotes of Judge Bleckley.

Volume II.

Cochran. Cochran, the county seat of Bleckley, was known
in the early days as Dykesboro, so-called after a wealthy land owner of this locality, Mr. B. B. Dykes, who owned the site on "which the town was afterwards built.

826 (iijxmalA's IJANOMARICS, MEMORIALS AMD LEGENDS
Hoods to property in the city of Cochran traced to B. B. Dykes are unquestionably good. The oldest inhabitants of Dykesboro were: Austin Lanfair John 3. Green, Duggan McPliail and P. T. MeGriff. One of the early magistrates of the town, F. B. Green, became famous in the early days for performing marriage cere monies. Judge P. T. McGriff, the present Ordinary of Pulaski County, built the first store in the town of Cocli ran. Originally the Maoon and Brunswick Railway ran to a point six miles north of the town and when the line was extended to Oochran, Judge McGriff was made the agent at tills point. At the same time the name of the town "was changed from Dykesboro to Cochran in honor of Judge Arthur JC. Coehran, the president of the line. During the war the terminus at Ooehran was abandoned ; where upon Judge McGriff removed his office to Coley's station about five miles north of the town. In 1872, he relin quished the post of agent to become Ordinary of Pulaski County, an office which he has continuously filled for more than forty years. In unbroken tenure of service he probably ranks first among present day office holders in Georgia, and boasts a record seldom if ever equalled in His history of the State. The earliest settlers in Cocli ran located here to engage in the turpentine industry and they included: P. D. Peacock, J. E. O'Berry, C. D. AVoodward and A. T. AYiggs. Among the pioneer phy sicians was Dr. T. D. Walker, who served the to\vn as mayor.*'
On January 1, 1913, the first election of county offi cers for the new county of Bleckley resulted as follows: Ordinary, Judge AV. M. Wynn ; clerk, Joel T. Deese; tax receiver, James Holland; treasurer, J. B. Taylor; surveyor, AY. TI. Berryhill; coroner, Morgan Barrs; sheriff, J. A. Floyd ; and county school commissioner, C.
* Authority: Col. L. A. whipple, of Hawkinsville, Ga

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A. Willis. Hon. Leo H. Browning was chosen the first representative of the county in the State Legislature.

Original Settlers. See Pulaski from which county Bleckley was formed.

To the pioneer list may be added the following names: .Dr. J. B. Peacock, ,J. 1'. Peacock, J. O. Dunham, J. H. Mullis, Jr.; J. A. Walker, T. D. Walker, J. B. Thomp son, A. J. Thompson, B. J. Wynii, W. M. Wynn, T. Jj. Bailey and J. J. Taylor.* Those men laid the foundations of the present wide awake and progressive city of Cochran, one of the most enterprising communities in the middle belt.
BROOKS

The Tomb of Quit man was the home of the distinJudge Turner, g-uiwhed jurist and statesman---Judge
Henry G. Turner. For sixteen years he illustrated Georgia in the national House of Representa tives; and on the Supreme Bench of the State--adorned with the ermine of Georgia's highest court--he closed his useful career, at the age of sixty-six. ITe was not only a man of pre-eminent ability, but of unblemished character, of proven courage, and of lofty patriotism-- the lodestar of whose life was duty. Judge Turner is buried at West E&d, the beautiful local cemetery at
lislied by Mr. .]. J. Taylor, President of the

328 GEORGIA'S LANPMARKS, MEMORIALS ANP LEGENDS
Qu.itman, and the last resting place of (his beloved Geor gian is marked by a substantial monument of granite, inscribed as follows :
Here also lived Judge J. O. Morton, who at the time of his death was the oldest bank president in the United States. lie died on July 10, .19.11, at the age of ninetytwo, lie was one of the organizers of the first bank established in the county and on the day prior to his death was present at a meeting of the board of directors of the pioneer institution. When he returned to his home, on this last evening" of his life, he dismissed the driver tolling him that he would probably not need him again. With characteristic attention to matters of detail, he made every necessary arrangement in advance for the final hour of his departure, even to setting aside a designated sum for his funeral expenses; and so the Death Angel found this old knight of finance booted and spurred--ready to mount his black charger for the Holy -Land.
Judge W. B. Bonnet, an honored pioneer citizen of Brooks, is survived by numerous descendants some of whom have long been prominent in the professional cir cles of South Georgia. These inehide: Judge Joseph W. Bonnet, of Brunswick; S. S. Bennet, Esq.', of Quitman, and S. S. Bennet, Esq., of Camilla.
Judge J. G. McCall, a prominent factor in the business, social aud religions life of Quitman, has been a resident of Brooks since birth. To the list of representative men who have given character to the town of Quitman and galvanized this entire section of Georgia may be added:

BROOKS

32!)

the Og'lesbys, J. \Y. and %. \\ .; men of large railway, in (histri.nl a.nd. commercial interests, S. S. Uountree, .1. W. tfiKmi, Fl. W. 'Stubbs, I?. C. MHntosb, Hr., Dr. W. T. G-anldcn, .Dr. E. A. JeJks, (). K. Jelks, Fuller Groover, 8. M. Turner, J. H. Malloy, JD. 0. M alloy and Dr. Wallace Mathews. Throe native sous of Brooks, Messrs. Charles E. Groover, H. T). Stevens and B. A. Denmark, left the county to become yiroin"merit and \veaItlvy citizens of Savannah. *

Original Settlers. .John and James .McMulleii, brothers, were among- the earliest pioneers to
enter the pine solitudes of this section of Georgia, but they were soon followed by the Groovers, James, Aimer and Daniel. These pioneer settlers reared large families and cleared for cultivation extensive tracts of land, some of wliieb are sti 11 owned by we! 1-to-do descendants. Thomas I, Denmark, a soldier in the Creek Indian Wars, settled in 1H35 in what was then the eastern part of Thomas. JTe wa.s the father of K. I?. S. Denmark, of Valdosta, and. of the late Bran!ley A. Denmark, of Savan nah. John Wi Hi am Spain, James "Kklward Young1 and James Morton, kinsmen, came to this locality from .Bul led"! between 18->5 and 1840, settling' \\"hcre the county seat, Quitmaii, today stands. They were prominent in the up building' of .Brooks and amassed larg'e wealtli. The descendants of these men are among ilie financial leaders of the county and are prominent likewise hi social and religious circles. Francis S. Me( 'all located near the present town of Quiiman in 1845 and became the founder of a large and influential family of this name In "Brooks. Kev. Charles G, G-aulden. was a pioneer Rajitist minister and a prosperous f>la.nt.er of this section. Mis father Jonathan Gaul den is said to have settled in what was then Jjowndes as early as T8;>.'>. Andrew T. liouiitree, a soldier in the ('reek Indian \Vars, attracted to this part

330

(arXHiTA s S IjANDMABKS. M"RMORTAljS AND LKGRNDS

of Georgia during his military campaign, located here some time aftei- tlio close of hostilities. Albner Hunter was another pioneer citizen whose descendants have been active in the development of Brooks.* The list a,]so includes Thomas Hardee, "Win. -Lane, Kandolph Avera, T. .T. Christian and Wm. Campbell.

BRV'AN
ts. Clyde, the county-seat, oted field marshal of Scotia
Though a native of South (Carolina, Jonathan _Bryan was an actor in the earliest drama of events in tho Colony of Georgia. He accompanied Og'lethorpe from Beaufort to Savannah, and aided the great, philan thropist and soldier in founding1 the new town upon the bluffs. Ho became a member of the Kling' J ,s Council ; but despite his close relations to the Crown he was one of the first of the patriots to protest against the oppressive measures of Parliament. Included among the heirlooms of the Bray an family in Cfeorg'ia, there is still preserved an old silver piece of priceless value inscribed to tho sturdy patriot for espousing' the liberties of the people of Georgia at the sacrifice of hig'h official position. Though, past the patriarchal limit of years at the time of the Revolutionary outbreak, Mr. Bryan participated in the defence of G-eorgia soil; and upon the fall of Savannah was captured, sent to New York, and im prisoned on Ixmg Island. The circumstances of the old man's arrest are too dramatic to be omitted. Three nights after the reduction of Savannah, a party of armed men were secretly dispatched from the Phoenix, a man-
horlty: Mrs. Jeff Davis, of Quit man, Rege: W. T. Hardee, Historian.

BRYAN

331

of-war lying in the "harbor, with instructions to take the old man a prisoner. I Ee \vas supposed to have sought refuge on Ins ] thuitnii011 n cross the Savannah River; and moving' stealthily up Union Creek, under the cover of darkness, the arresti ng officers fbund him ja.it H;he pface indicated, mid, with liis son J~;.tmes, put him on board one of the prison ships. In vain his daugiiter, Mrs. ilorei, suod for the release of her aged father. She oven begged on her knees, so it is said. But the British commander, Sir Hyde Parker, was obdurate. The old man had. been too great an offender against the .British Crown. Consequently he was sent North. However, an exchange was effected in the course of time; and return ing to Savannah, he survived the Revolution, witnessed the adoption of the .Federal Constitution, and died at Bnunpton, his home place near Savannah, March 9, 1788 --Georgia's Pylean-N'estor of Independence.

Hardwick : One o the Lost Towns of Georgia.
Belfast: The Home of James Maxwell,

Volume TT. Volume II.

Fort Argyle. On the v/est side of the Great Ogeechee River, at the narrow passage above
Canouchee Creek, stood Fort Argyle, one of the very earliest of Georgia's Colonial strongholds. It w'as built in .1733, under the direction of Og-Jethorpe, to protect the settlement at Savannah against an inland invasion by the Spaniards from St. Augustine. There is no descrip tion of the fort extant; but it probaibly consisted of extensive earthen ramparts surrounding- an interior structure of tabby, not unlike the one at Frederiea, oil St. Simon ',s Island. Ten fa mi lies were settled in the

3313

GJ-KORfllA 'S TjANDMARRP,, Mf] MORTALS ATSTP LEGENDS

immediate neighborhood of the fort, or ^fertile river bottom plantations. It was the plan of Oglethorpe to develop a town at this point; but as soon as the garrison was withdrawn eight of the families I'emoved. The others soon followed, and ere long there was not a sign of industry left.

Indian Antiquities. Quite a number of ancient mounds are still to be seen on the banks of
the Ogeechee River, in this county, .showing that the region was one of the favorite burial places of the natives. Excavations have been made at times, and, besides disclosing a lot of human bones, have brought to light some very ornamental urns, the workmanship of which is in every way superior.* .But there is nothing to connect these tumuli with the aboriginal race' called the Mound Builders. They belong' to a (period more recent.

Bryan's Noted Samuel Stiles, a native of Bermuda,

Residents.

settled upon a plantation in Bryan about

the year 17(>9. When the Kevolution

began, he at once took sides with the Americans and ar

ranged a trade whereby quantities of powder were

secretly obtained from the magazine at Bermuda. The

British government offered larg'e sums for the unknown

offender, but without success. At the siege of Savannah

a horse was' shot from under him. Count D'Estaing

soug"ht his assistance in taking some of the West India

Islands, but he declined for patriotic reasons to embark

upon such an expedition. He married Catherine Clay,

a daughter of Joseph Clay, of Savannah, Hon. William

II. Stiles, a Congressman from Georgia, was his son.

John Wereat, an early Governor of Georgia, spent the

last days of his life in Bryan; and here United States

Senator Augustus O. Bacon was born.

* White's Historical Collections of Georgia, p. 279, New York, 1SS6.

BULLOCH

333

BULJjOCH

Created

froiri the Cr

lutic>n, Hon . Arch ibaltl B\.illocli. of SE

iali.

Bull oc'h., wb en ijrs t org-ani zea in 1"96, incl uded

ties: Enmm lei, Je 11 kins, J oil 11 s ori and Tooi nbs.

le Rei St. atesboro, the cou:nty-se: pa rts of the followii-ig COT.

Archibald Bulloch was one of the most distinguished of Georgia's Revolutionary patriots. His name was was signed to the famous card which appeared in the Georgia Gazette, of July 14, 1774-, calling the Sons of Liberty together for the first time in Savannah, to pro test against the oppressions of England. He was chosen to preside over the Provincial Congress "which, on July 4, 1775, severed the tie of allegiance to England and placed Georgia in patriotic league and covenant with the rest of the Colonies. He was elected to the Continental Con gress in Philadelphia, by this same body and in the fall of the year attended ail adjourned session, in which he took an active part. When the Provincial Congress again met, on January 20, 1776, he was made President and Conimander-in-Chief of Georgia, hy virtue of which election he became officially the head of the new com monwealth ; and though again elected to the Continental Congress he was prevented by duties at home from repairing to Philadelphia. For this reason his name was not affixed to the immortal scroll of freedom.
Nevertheless it devolved upon Mr. Bulloch to pro claim the Declaration of Independence to the people of Georgia. The famous document, accompanied by a letter from John Hancock, was "brought to him hy a courier, who made the journey from Philadelphia to Savannah on horseback. Due to this somewhat slow method of travel it was not until August 10, 1776 that the news was re ceived in Georgia, but instantly there followed one of the most dramatic of scenes. The old patriot .assembled the Provincial Congress and read the document aloud to the official "Representatives of Georgia, who listened in breathless attention. He next convened the populace in

334 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIAL.S AND LEGENDS
the public square of the town, at which time the docu ment was again read, amid the shouts o the multitude and the timnder of cannon. At a banquet which, was spread under the trees a number of loasts were offered to the success of the patriotic cause, while in the evening the town was illuminated "with boil-fires and 'King George the Third, with impressive ceremonies, was committed in effigy to the dust.
But the sturdy old patriot did not live to witness the success of the great struggle in tlie opening drama of "which he bore so conspicuous a part. On February 22, 1777--barely six months later--he died suddenly at his home in Savannah and was laid to rest in an old family vanlt in the Colonial burial-ground. He was a Democrat of the most pronounced type. In 1 776, Colonel McTntosh, who commanded the Provincial troops in Savannah, in accordance with previous customs, caused a sentinel to be posted at the door of his residence. But it savored too much of the Royal Court, and he protested with this remark: "I act for a free people in whom I have the most entire confidence, and I wish to avoid on all occasions the appearance of ostentation." Mr. Bullock "was born in Charleston, S. O., in .1730. On reaching- mature years he removed to Savannah to practice law -and here married Miss Mary DeVeanx, the daughter of an eminent jurist. She bore him four children. Among the descendants of Mr. Bulloch is Hon. Theodore Roosevelt, the twenty-sixth President of the United States. The latter's mother was Martha Bulloch.

Bulloch in the During the Revolution, this section of the

Revolution.

State, much to the terror of the inhabi

tants, was1 one of the favorite resorts of

Daniel McGirth, the celebrated Tory. But William Cone

came to the rescue. Says a "writer: ""When the notorious

Tory, McG-irth, with his followers, was terrorizing this

part of the State, it was learned that one Cargile har-

BULLOOII

335

bored the Tories and gave tlic.ni information about the Whigs, Oargile was advised that it meant death if he was again found in company with McGirth. Not long after, when William Cone "was hunting* deer on the Ogeechee., he saw them together in. the woods. TTe shot Cargile but McGirth escaped. The next day when friends went to bury the dead man, it was found that the wolves had almost devoured bis carcass."
"At another time the Tories fell on an unsuspecting" settlement, stole the horses of the settlers, oncl carried away everything possible. Headed by Captain Cone, the settlers pursued them. Finding" after a shower of rain that they were close on. their heels they sent forward one of their nnrriher to reconnoiter. The approach of this man became known to the Tories, one of whom, start ing out to make investigation, was killed by the scout, who was co?icealed behi?irl a V>g\ This was the signal for an attack, whereupon the patriots rushed forward, drove the Tories into the Ohoopee Kiver, and recovered the stolen goods. It is said that this raid ended the power of the Tories in this neighborhood."

The Cones: A Dis- In the county of Bullocli originated

tinguished Georgia one of the most noted families of

Family.

the State. Captain William Cone,

a native of North Carolina, settled

in this section of Georgia before the outbreak of

the Revolution and was an officer whose name is linked,

with many brave exploits against the Tories. Ho "was

living in Bnlloch when the county was organized, became

foreman of the first grand jury, and took an active part

in public affairs. His grandson, General Peter Cone,

served continuously in the legislature of Georgia for

thirty years and was the most dominant figure in the

county nntil the time of his death. At the outbreak of

the Civil War he was Major General of the State militia.

336 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
William Cone, Jr., another grandson, became a captain in the War of 1812, after which he settled in Florida, "went to the Legislature, and fought against the Seminoles. Some of Ms descendants in Florida have been men of note. Judge Wm. B. Cone, of Dooly and Judge Francis H. Cone, of Gfreenc, belonged to this same family connection.
Anecdote of When General Peter Cone was in the General Cone. Senate of Georgia, one of the candidates
for door-keeper approached him, canvass ing his support. "Have you ever kept a door?" inquired the General. "No," he answered. "Have you ever seen a door kept?" "No," came the reply. "Have you ever read a treatise on doorkeeping?" "No," he responded for the third time." "Well." finally returned the General, "since you have never taken a preparatory course to learn the mysterious art, you are unfit for the place. So get the proper books, apply yourself honestly and diligently to the subject for twelve months, and then you can have my vote next year."
Original Settlers. Among the original settlers of Bulloch, according to White, were the follow
ing : "William Cook, Benjamin Cook, Barnard Michael, John Bveritt, Jehu Everitt, Andrew E. Wells, George Threadcraft, Charles McCaill. Alexander Stehvart IM. Burkhalter, A. MeKenzie, Daniel Lot, Arthur Lot Wil liam Mezell, Lewis Lanier, Clement Lanier, Darnel Hendrix, N. Sweat, Mr. Oliff, Mr. Shorter, John Groover, William Bow, the Hodges, the Cones, the Hagans, etc.
On May 16, 1797, Wm. Stevens presiding, the first session of the Superior Court was held at the home of

BUEKB

337

Stephen Mills and the following Grand Jurors were empanelled: William Cone, foreman; John M. Buekhalter, James Jackson, John Fleteher, Samuel Peacoek, James Wcbb, Jacob Hoofroan, George MeCall, A. Hagan, Isaac Carter, John Bawles, M. Pridgeon, M. Carter, James Bird, M. Driggers, Francis Wells, E. Abritton, Jehu Everitt, and N. Sweat. The following members of tlie bar were 'present: D. B. Mitchell, Esq., Attorney General of the State; Jeremiah Cnyler, and William B. Bnlloch, attorneys at law.

To the foregoing list there are several additions to be made. William Brannen settled in Biilloch soon after the Revolution and became a planter of large means. His descendants in the conuty are numerous and influen tial. David Beasley was another early comer. He held nearly every office in the gift of the county and was long a power in politics. Dr. John W. Johnson was a pioneer physician who served in both Legislative branches. Stephen Kennedy was an original settler who lived to he 100 years of age. His son, Dr. Daniel Kennedy, was a veteran of both Seminolo and Civil Wars and a State legislator. Another early settler was Eedden Denmark.

BUEKB
Created by the State Constitution of 1777 from the Parish o.f St. George. Named in honor of the great orator and statesman, Edmund Burke, who espoused the cause of America in the English Parliament. Wayiiesboro, the county-seat, named for General Anthony Wayne, who took part in the military operations in Georgia during the last year of the Revolution. "When organized in 1777, Burke included parts of two other counties, Jefferson and Jen kins.
Historical There is an abundance of evidence to prove Traditions, that DeSoto's band in search of gold,
in ]540, passed through what is now the county of Burke, en route to an ancient Indian village called by the Spanish historians, Cntafa-chiqui. Most

338 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIAI-S AND LEGENDS
of the investigators, including Bartram, Pickett, Gallatin, Buckingham Smith, Jones a,nd others identify this village as the site afterwards occupied by Silver Bluff, the resi dence for many years of George Galphin, the famous Indian trader. It was on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River, some twenty-live miles below Augusta, and signs of an ancient civilization are still numerous in this immediate neighborhood. The supposition is that the town was an old capital of the Uchees, a tribe of Indians afterwards either dispossessed or absorbed by the Creeks.
Burke in the On the site of the present town of WaynesRevolution. boro stood Burke Jail, the scene of a noted
battle in 1779 between the British, under the famous Tory leaders, Brown and McGirth, and the Americans under the two gallant officers, Twiggs and Few, in which the latter were victorious. It was during this engagement that Captain Joshua Tnman performed his celebrated feat of slaying three men with his own hand. He was at the time in command of a body of horsemen.
Some few miles to the south-east of Waynesboro was fought the disastrous battle of Briar Creek, in which the Americans under General Ashe were routed with heavy loss.
Colonel John Jones, one of the most distinguished partisan lea:ders of the war for independence, "was a resident of Burke. Usually in association with Twiggs, we find him engaged in a number of skirmishes in which he sustained himself with credit. He was evidently a man of courage, and of some military skill, but except for fragmentary allusions to him in McCall's History of Georgia we know very little concerning this gallant officer.

BtiHKE

339

Due to tlie patriotic work of the Shadrach Imnaii Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution the graves of several soldiers of the first Avar for inde pendence have been located in Burke, aud ornamented with handsome markers furnished by the United States government. The list is as follows:
John Mnrphree, a private, who served in Collier's regiment of North Carolina militia. He died on March 6, 1798. His grave is in the old Murphee burial ground at Midville.
Benjamin Brack, a private, whose credentials' are given in the 3rd. Report of the National Society of the D. A. R. p. 349 and in the Georgia State Records. He died in 1827, and is buried on the Brack plantation near Midville.
Daniel Inman, a private. As a Revolutionary soldier, he drew Lot 45 in District 4, Section 3. He died on May 15, 1837 and is buried on the In man plantation near Mid ville.
Miles Murphree, a private. He received 500 acres of land, on a bounty warrant, as shown in book H. PI. H., p. 365, of the Secretary of State's office. His death oc curred on December 7, 1815, and he is buried 14 miles from "Waynesboro, in the family burial ground.
Lieutenant John Carswell. He was a son of Alex ander 1 Carswell, also a soldier of the Revolution. The younger Carswell was a Lieutenant in the 4th Georgia Battalion, as shown by the Records of the AVar Depart ment at AVashington, D. C. He fought under Colonel John White. The date of his death has not been fur nished. His grave is on the Carswell plantation in Burke.

On this list belongs also Alexander Carswell, whose last resting place was marked some time agx> with a handsome stone furnished by the United States gov ernment. Alexander Carswell was born in Antrim County, Ireland, in 1727 and died in Burke County, Ga.,

340 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
in 1803. He enlisted from Georgia as a private under Brigadier-deneral Twiggs and fought throughout the war. He was granted 150 acres of land in Burke, as shown by the Georgia State Records.
He lies buried by the side of his wife on a tract of land granted to him by the State for his services in the Revolution. It is known as the "Hopeful plantation" and is still owned by his descendants. His grave was marked, together "with those of two others, George Pal mer and Batt Jones, when Shaclrach Inman Chapter was first organized.
Abraham Jones, a soldier of the Revolution, died in Burke, in 1808. He was captured at the siege of Augusta. Hon. John J. Jones, a Congressman from Georgia, on the eve of the Civil War, was his grandson. Seaborn Jones, a patriot of the Revolution, whose grave is in the churchyard of old St. Panics, at Augusta, was also from Burke; and there were a number of others belong ing to this same family connection.
David Emanuel and Jared Trwin--both of whom afterwards became Governor of Georgia--were living in Burke at the outbreak of the Revolution, and both were active participants in the struggle,
'Matthew Lively was a soldier of the Revolution who lived in Burke. His father, Abraham Lively, was a Scotchman who came to St. George's parish in 1750.
John Laws on, a native of Liberty and a Captain in the war for independence, settled in Burke in 1796. His son, Judge Alexander J. Lawson, and his grandson, Judge E. F. Lawson, both achieved prominence in public affairs. Joseph .A. Roe, ;:i private soldier in the War of the Revolution, was granted a. Federal pension while a resident of Burke in 1S4S.
Waynesboro. Though not incorporated until 1812, Waynesboro was a village of some note at
the close of the Revolution. It was important enough to

BUBKH

341

attract the notice of General Washington, when lie ma "' Ms famous visit to Georgia, in 1791, and he even went six miles out of his way to stop at this little town. The
following entry appears in his Journal: '"Tuesday, 17th May. Breakfasted at Spinners, 17
miles dined at Lamberts 13 and lodged at Wayuesborough which was coming six miles out of our way 34, in all, 43 miles. Waynesborougli is a small place, but the Heat of Burkes County G or 8 dwelling houses is all it contains; an attempt is making without much ap parent ftm-cess to establish an academy at it, as is the
case also iu nil the counties." In 1010, another President of the United States was
entertained at Waynesboro Mr. Taft. Says Dr. Smith: "Waynesboro was laid off in 1783
and was named in honor of General Anthony Wayae who was a groat favorite in Georgia. The Legislature
incorporated an academy and granted two thousand acres of land as an endowment. The vi I lage was afterwards incorporated with Thomas Lewis, Si'., Thomas Lewis, Jr., James Duliart, r^dward Telfair and John Jones as commissioners. Two hundred lots were to be sold and the proceeds devoted to paying for the public buildings. The academy was among the first houses
built and the court-house was soon erected. The town grew. There was a race-course near by and the famous comedy, 'The Wax Works' in 'Georgia Scones,' was enacted in this village. There was no 'drarch, now ever, for many years, and the only preaching was an occasional sermon in the court-house; but in the early part of the century two Presbyterian churches one of which had been organized at Walnut Branch and the other at Old Olmroli, united and built a small house of worship in Waynesboro, wliicli was served by a pastor who in winter preached in Burke and in summer to the same people who went to the village of Batli in the pine woods of
Richmond.

342

GEORGIA'S L/ATSTDMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

How an Old Church White has preserved an amusing'

was Saved.

incident of an old pioneer church,

located six miles to the south-east of "Waynesboro on the old Quaker road leading- to

Savannah. It was formerly an Episcopal church, with a

glebe of forty-seven acres biit at the time in question it

was an unoccupied structure. As soon as Waynesboro

was made the county seat, so the story goes, the Justices

of the Inferior Court passed arj order directing the old

church to be torn down, removed to Waynesboro and

converted into a court house. To this proposed desecra

tion however, a lawyer by the name of Alien demurred.

He said that if such a step were taken it would be a ful

fillment of the passage of Scripture which says: '' My

house .shall be called an bouse of prayer but ye have

made it a den of thieves." The old church was not re

moved. In later years it became the property of the Methodists.

vj< a.ay , kz>*.iiij Lit;j j-jcisfti ui-i , tiLH-i \ v 11M i.'n v n
Queeiisboro, a Colonial town founded in Paul's Parish which afterwards became J efferson.

Burke's Distin-

John Iloustoun, an .early Governor of

guished Residents. Georg'ia, a member of the Continen

tal C'ong'ress and a patriot who

signed the earliest call for the "Sons of Liberty" in

Savannah, was born near the site of Waynesboro, in

what was then the parish of St. Georg'e. It was due to

BURKE

343

an unfortunate circumstance elsewhere explained that the name of Governor Iloustoun was' not affixed to the Declaration of Independence, an instrument which lie was entitled to sign. Most of Ms life was spent in Savan nah. Sir Patrick Houstoun, his father, "was an English baronet.
Lyman Hall, one of the immortal trio "whose names appear on the scroll of freedom, spent the last years of his life on his plantation at Shell Bluff, on the Savannah River; and here his ashes rested until 1848 when they were removed to Augusta and placed under the monu ment to the Signers.
George Wells, President of the Executive Council, who fell in a duel "with Governor J ames J ackson, was living in Burke on the eve of the devolution, near the old town of Queensboro in "what is now Jefferson.
Herschcl V. Johnson "was a native of Burke. Me i'epresented Georgia in the Confederate Senate and on the Superior Court Bench as well as in the Chief-Executive's chair; and was a candidate for Vice-President of the United States on the ticket with Stephen A. Douglas.
David Emanuel a native of Pennsylvania, lived and died in Burke. He \va& an officer in the devolution, who afterwards became Governor of Georgia.
Two other Chief Executives of the State, who owned plantations in Burke, were Edward Telfair and Jared Irwin. Both rwere patriots of the Eevolution; and the latter at his own expense built a fort for the protection of the district in which he resided.
George Galphin, the famous Indian trader, lived at Silver Bluff, on the Savannah Biver, opposite Burke; while his trading-post at Galphinton, on the Ogeechee, was located in a part of the county which was afterwards made into Jefferson.
Hon John J. Jones, a member of Congress when Georgia seceded, afterwards a member of Governor Brown's staff, and for years president of the board of trustees of Emory College, lived and died at Waynes-

344

GrKOIKUA *S I'ANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

boro. Hlon. Samuel A. Corker, a member of Congress from 1869 to 1871 and a gallant Confederate soldier, was also a resident of this town; and hero was born Jndg'e J. K. Hines, -whose father represented Burke in the Leg islature for a number of years.

BUTTS
hero of :New Orleans, afterwards President of the United States.
Captain 'Samuel Butts was a gallant officer of the State militia. He lost his life in the battle of Chalibbee, on January 27, 1814, while leading- a fearless charge against the Indians. It was. during the second war for independence, when the savage tribes on the frontier, instigated by the British, rose in arms against the whites. Major General John Floyd, at the head of tha State troops, undertook to complete bis victory over the Tndians in the battle of Autossee by penetrating" into the country of the Tipper Greeks. .News came to him that certain bands of savages had fortified a town on the TaJlapoosa River, in what is now the State of Alabama and he was marching thither. When the troops halted for the night within fifteen or twenty miles of the town, they went into camp only to be aroused before day break by the unexpected appearance of" the Indians. To quote a writer of the period: "The darkness of the hour, the covert afforded the Indians by a thick forest of pines, the total want of breastworks, the surprise "which the first yell of the savages occasioned, and the "estimated numerical superiority of the enemy's force, were well calculated to put the courage of the militia to a severe test; but not a pla.toon faltered. In less than fifteen minntes every hostile Indian but the dead and dying had filed from the battle field." Captain Butts fell, in the

BUTTS

345

thickest of the fight, shot through the abdomen, and the country lost a gallant soldier and a (rue patriot. Captain Butts was a native of Virginia, in which State he "was born on November 24, 1777. But he came to Georgia in early life, settling first in Hancock and then in Jasper, He was for some time engaged successfully in mercan tile pursuits; and when, at the outbreak of hostilities, the Legislature of Georgia advanced a sum of money to General Floyd with which to purchase needed supplies for the army, he placed this sum in the hands of Captain Butts, who promptly executed the commission.

Mclntosh Rock.

Page 161.

Mclntosh Trail. Beginning at Fort Ilawkins, opposite the
site of the present city of Macon, the Mclntosh trail ran almost due west to the Old Indian Agency on the Flint, thence northward following the valley of this stream to a point three miles north of the present town of Senoia, where it divided, one branch run ning eastward by way of Indian Springs to Augusta, the other running westward by way of Newnan to Talladega, Ala., and thence to the French villageK along- the Missis sippi. Portions of the trail still exist in well defined country roads but some of the connecting links are difficult to trace by reason of topographical changes. Andrew Jackson, during the second war with England, marched his troops over this trail to New Orleans where he won his celebrated victory on January 8, 1815. Near Senoia where the trail diverged, General Mclntosh built a fort the ruins of which can still be seen. The town which later arose in this vicinity -was named for an Indian princess famed throughout the forest for her beauty. She belonged to a tribe known as the Cowetas or Lower Creeks, of which Gen. McTntosh was the chief. Mrs. E. H. Hardaway, of Newnan, regent of Sarah Dickinson Chapter, D. A. E., is perhaps the foremost authority in

346 GEORGIA'S .LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the State on tlie Mclntosh trail, a part of which she has succeeded in tracing with wonderful minuteness of detail.
Mclntosh Reserve. What is known as the Mclntosh re serve is an area of land one mile
squa,re situated in a bend of the Clmttahoochee River, between Carroll and Coweta Counties, where it occupies both sides of the stream. The old home of General Mclntosh stood on the Carroll side of the river in the extreme southern part of the county, and was reached by the famous trail, a branch of which ran through the reserve. Here General Mclntosh was mur dered by a band of the Tipper Creeks in 1826. His last resting place is unmarked; hut in a grave somewhere in this neighborhood, overlooking the tawny waters of the Chattahoochee, the brave chief lies buried.
Recently a movement to purchase the historic Varner House at Indian Springs was launched by Piedmont Continental Chapter of the 1). A. K. Mrs. A. H. Alfriend, on behalf of the chapter, brought the matter before the State Convention at Marietta in 1012, at which time the initial steps were taken looking to an ultimate acquisition of the famous old tavern. The identical counter on which Gen. McTntosh affixed his signature to the treaty still stands in the office of the Varner house, preserved intact.
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers were: A. McLendon, Samuel
Clarke, Thomas Robinson, Colonel 7,. Phillips, John Terrell, Howell Andrews, Jesse Dolly, Thomas Buford, A. AVoodward, "VViliam .Barclay, .Tames Harkness, Abner Bankston, John McMichael, Mr. McCord and others. Quite a number of the early residents were from Upper Georgia and South Carolina.

CAiji-iotnsr

347

Distinguished Resi- John Wyatt, a soldier of the Eievo-

dents of Butts.

lutioii, who fought in the Virginia

campaigns, under 'Washington,

spei7t hjw last years in Ihiy county, where he died at the

age of 99. The burial place of the old hero is unknown.

The great Jessc Mercer died near Indian Springs, at

the home of James Carter.

Judge John 1. Hall, a. di stingui shed I a wyer and

jurist at one time assistant CJ. S. Attorney General, was

born in Butts.

Dr. James W- Beck, a noted scholar and a gifted

divine, was for years principal of the Jackson Institute,

prior to which time he was president of Bowdon College.

His son, Judge "Marcus "W. Beck, occupies an honored

seat on the Supreme Bench of Georgia, "while his

daughter, Mrs. Leonora Beck Ellis, haw achieved fame

both as an educator of Southern girls and as an author

of rare gifts.

Captain Tjarkiii IX ~Wn tso n, a. gall ant Confcder a te

officer, who lost a limb nt Sharpsburg, was long n resi

dent of Jackson. The local Chapter of the IT. D. C. is

named in his honor.

Hon. David J. Bailey, lived here. He was a distin

guished member of Congress, an ex-President of the

Senate of Georgia, a Captain in the Seminole "War, a

lawyer of high rank at the Bar, and. a cultured gentleman

of'the old school, possessed of large wealth.

CALHOUN
of South Carolina.. Morgan, t"he county-seat.
Original Settlers. See Early, from which county CaJhoun was formed.

348 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMOBIALS AND LEGENDS The following" pioneer residents may be added to the
list: "William G. Pierce, William E. Harvin, Capt. P. E. Boyd, John Colley, W. G. Sheffield, E. Padgett, Jefferson Lamar Boynton, Thomas J. Dunn Dr. John B. George, Dr. Thomas K. Leonard, Lorenzo D. Moore, J. H. Fntch, Dr. Winslow D. Cheiiey the F'ortsons, the Stricklands, the Davises, the Longs, the Lawsons, the Ranibos, the Calhouns, the Smiths, the Millers, and other well established families.
Arlington, a town named for the historic home of General Lee on the Potomac, is one of the rapidly grow ing trade centers of this section of Georgia.
CAMDEN
.._ --___ __-_ _-_--_---. ___ -- did ,not relinquish his principles; ,,,.. eventually resigned his high office for a more active career In British politic; He was an avowed friend of freedom, whether in upholding the Colonies on the far side of the Atlantic or in defending- the rights of English suhjects at home. Numerous townships and counties throughout the United States attest the esteem in which he was held by the Revolutionary patriots. St. Mary's, the county-scat of Gamden, was named for the river on which It stands and which was called by the Spaniards, Santa Maria.
Spanish Traditions. In the depths of the forest, some seven miles from St. Mary's may
be seen the ruins of an old structure, built of tabby, in regard to which there are a number of speculative theories but nothing in the way of definite or positive in-

CAMKEN

349

formation. To judge from the remnants which time lias spared, it must have been a Spanish mission, equipped with the means for defence against sndden attack 'at the hands of the Indians. The roof has long since fallen into decay and mingled once more with the soil around it; but the walls in part still continue to defy the elements. These are pierced hy numerous loop-holes which were evidently intended for guns; but the oldest inhabitant knows only that these ancient remains were here when ho first settled in the neighborhood. There is a local tradi tion to the effect that some two hundred years ago a Spanish vessel, with a number of pious monks on board, entered the mouth of the St. Mary's River and moving up the stream dipped anchor at this point; and since the fragments of this 'ancient structure are not unlike the ruins of the old monasteries, on the S<t. JYmns River, in Florida, there is at least some basis of probability for the conjecture that there was here located an old Spanish mission, whose origin antedates the arrival of Oglethorpe upon the bluffs at Savannah.*

Cumberland Island: The grave of General "Light Horse Historic Memories. Harry" Lee and the famous Carne
gie estate, at Dungeness, have made Cumberland Tsland a Mecca for tourists, second to no other resort on the South Atlantic coast. Beside General !Lee is buried a comrade-in-arms by the name of Charles .Tackson, who died while on a visit to the Grecne family, in 1801. The widow of General N'athanael Gfreene, who, after the death of her first husband, married Phineas Miller, is also buried here; but the remains of General Greene himself repose under a handsome shaft on Bull street in Savannah. The Bunkleys, an old Camden family, own a strip of land running from Cum berland Sound to the far-famed beach. On this property
Authority: Mr. James T. Vocelle, of St. Mary's.

350 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MOMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
the hotel is situated, in a grove of live-oaks, a mile from the ocean. The surf at Cumberland is unsurpassed, and the fishing in these waters annually attracts a multi tude of* anglers.
Old Forts on Fort St. Andrew, an old fortification Cumberland. Greeted by Oglethorpe in 1733, probably an
earthwork, .stood at the north end of Cumberland Island. The name is still borne by the sound through which the waters of 'the S'atilla River here meet the ocean. On the south end of the island, Oglethorpo at the same time, while making a tour of the coast, built Fort William, to command the entrance to the St. Mary's.
Fort 'Mclntosh, a Revolutionary stronghold, was bnilt in 1776 on the north east side of the Satilla River, some distance 'inland, to protect the exposed frontier from attack by the British. Tt stood about eighty yards from the water's edge and COURT sited of a small stock ade, one hundred feet square, with a bastion at each corner and a block house in. the center. Captain. Richard Winn, with, a small garrison, undertook to defend the fort against a force which outnumbered liis own by three to one and which, in ad'datiori to British regulars, in cluded Indians and Tories. On account of the heavy odds, lie was forced to surrender; but the fight which he made challenged the admiration of the enerny and secured fair terms of capitulation.

Historic Old Out of the beaten paths made common-

St. Mary's.

place by the tread of tourists, in the

extreme south-eastern corner of the State,

where it seems to occupy a sort of world apart, sits

quaint and beautiful old St. Mary's. It is one of the

most unique places to be found on the whole Atlantic

CAMDBN-

351

coast from Maine to Florida, a g-enulne fragment of Arcadia. Formerly an imxK>Ttaiit port of entry it. is today seldom visited by ocean steamers; and the even tenor of life which here ripples underneath the bonghs of gnarled old clrnids is disturbed only at rare intervals by messengers of any kind from the outside 'world. There is here no mad and feverish rush after mammon-- no seething vortex of trade--no Babel of commerce-- but instead., the coolest of ocean breezes play sportively among the pendant mosses. From the town 'center to the water's edge, there is one continuous expanse of green. The spring- daisies march boldly to the court house door "where they congregate in clusters unaffrighted by the minions of the law; the streets are paved with emerald from curb to curb; and life takes on a glint of the T.ost Paradise here in the cool shade of trees which mig-ht have graced the Garden of Kden. Nature in one of her most lavish moods has endowed this quaint old town. "War and pestilence, fire and storm, have each in turn visited St. Mary's, but the gentle surgery of mother earth has never failed to heal the wounds and to hide, beneath vine and flower, tree and shrub, even the scars "which these repeated scourges have left, making the town, if anything", more picturesque than before and preserving it in spite of Time's work, "a tiling of beauty and joy forever. 77

Smuggling Days Perhaps the most impressive land-

Recalled,

mark of St. Mary's is the historic little

house of "worship occupied by the

Presbyterians. Quite a mimber of traditions, some of

them undoubtedly based upon actual facts, cluster around

this ancient edifice. During the early part of the last

century when. Florida was a province of Spain, there

was a lot of smuggling done through the port of St.

Mary's by a shrewd band of sharpers who made large

352 GEOKQIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMOEIALS AND LEGENDS
profits out of this illicit traffic. On one occasion--so the story goes--there arrived in port a vessel loaded with contraband goods, but the officers of the law kept such sharp lookout that the smugglers began to despair of an opportunity to unload. With the suddenness of an inspiration, however, they finally resolved upon a scheme by which the authorities might be circumvented. At the witching hour of midnight, when the honest world was "wrapped in deep slumber, and only the evil-doer ventured forth into the darkness, the swindlers entered noiselessly into the stable where the minister's horse was kept; and, making the animal secure by means of a stout rope, they led Mm out of the yards and through the deserted streets to the little house of worship, where they hoisted him bodily into the old church belfry, high above the chimney tops of the slumbering town. From his lofty perch, the horse soon aroused the "whole community, by his loud neighing; and while the attention of every one--officers and villagers--was riveted upon the strange sounds "which were coming at the dead hour of night from this usually peaceful quarter, the smugglers made good use of a scene which was thus produced to divert the gaze of the revenue men from the docks. They speedily accomplished the task in hand; and by the time the minister's horse was lowered from the belfry day was breaking upon the ocean and far out at sea, on the ebb tide, floated the pirate vessel, safe beyond pursuit.*
Where an English During the War of 1812, the Flotilla Met Defeat. British ascended the St. Mary's
River for the purpose of burning the mills of 'Major Clark at a point where Folkston now stands, some thirty miles inland. Forty-three barges, loaded to the utmost limit with troops, started up the river but, "while ascending the stream, they "were attacked by a party of twenty-eight men, under Captain William
* Authority: Mr. James T. Vocelle, of St. Mary's.

CAMDEN

353

Cone. The heavy growth of palmetto, on either side of the river, shielded Cone's men from the view of the enemy, so that the British guns proved harmless, not withstanding the frequent shots which 'were fired. At every turn in the stream, Cone's men continued to pour red hot lead into the unwelcome visitors. Sheets of flame shot out from the banks like lightning, with the result that the British fell in large numbers. Finding themselves exposed to so deadly a lire and wholly with out means by "which to ascertain the strength of the force by which they were assailed from ambush behind the dense thickets of palmetto, they finally abandoned the enterprise. On returning to St. Mary's, the British of ficer in command reported 113 men killed and an equal number wounded. There was no loss of life on the American side; and in view of the wholesale slaughter of redcoats wrought by a party of twenty-eight Americans, without a mishap of any kind to themselves, the feat is almost without parallel in the annals of Avar. 'Major Clark, the owner of the mills, "which the British sought to destroy, on this ill-fated expedition, held for many years subsequent to the date of this episode, the position of collector of the customs for the port of St. Mary's; and, though he has long slept under the live-oaks in the little cemetery of the town, he is still kindly remembered by liis fellow citizens. State Senator AV. \V. King, of Tarboro, Gra., is a grandson of Major Clark.*

Revolutionary In the ancient burial ground at St. Mary's

Memorials.

there lies an old soldier of the Revolution

by the name of John Brown, whose grave

is marked by a substantial slab of marble, on "which is

* Authority: Mr. James T. Vocelle, of St. Mary's.

354 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORTAT.S AND LEGENDS
inscribed tlie following epitaph, the syntax of which is somewhat loose:
On July 5, 1904, by order of the Federal authorities in Washington, I). C., and with the consent of the town council of St. Mary's, the remains of Captain John "Wil liams, an officer of marines in the War of 1812, were removed from the burial ground at St. Mary's to the National Cemetery at Arlington, on the Potoinac Kiver. On being taken from the tomb in "which they had rested for nearly ninety-three years, the bones of the old hero were in perfect condition, showing no signs of decay. The monument which marked the last resting- place of Captain Williams "was also removed to Arlington.* On this memorial stone is chiseled the following" epitaph which, though somewhat lengthy, embodies a story which is not without dramatic interest:
"Here lie the remains of .Tot a Williams, .Esq., late a. Captain in tlie corps of United States Marines of War. Born in Stafford County, Va,, August 28, 17Gu and died, September 29, 1812, at (.lamp New JTope, in East Florida. The body of deceased was removed to this spot on winch his brother officers of the marine corps have can .sod this pile to be erected in testimony of his worth and of their mournful admiration, of. his gallant end.
"On September .11, ISIS, Captain Williams, on ihis march, with a command of twenty men, to Uavis Creek block house, in East Florida, was attacked toward evening by upwards of fifty Indians and
* Authority: Mr. James T. Vocelle, of St. Mary's.

CAMDEN

355

negroes who lay concealed in the woods. Ho instantly gave battle, gallantly supported "by liis men, who, inspired by his animating example, fought as long as they had a cartridge left. At length, "bleeding- from eig'ht galling wounds and unable to stand, he was carried off. the ground, whilst h.is heroic little "band,
"Eminently characterized by cool intrepidity, Captain "Williams evinced during his short but severe contest those military requisites which qualify the officer for command; and, if his sphere -of action was too limited to attract the admiration of the world, it was sufficiently expanded to crown him with the approbation of his country and to afford his brethren in armis an example MS ;highly useful as his death sealed with honor the life of a patriotic soldier."

Absalom Jackson, a soldier in the Continental Army, resided during the last years of his life at Miller's Bluff, near St. Mary's, where he held the office of Deputy State Surveyor for Georgia. He formerly resided in "Wilkes. Under authority of hcadright warrants, he surveyed large tracts of land which should have made him. one of the wealthiest men of his day, but he had not obtained patents for the surveyed land when his death occurred in the following extraordinary manner : w On a certain Christmas day, Mr. Jackson was giving- a dinner party to his friends. At the conclusion of the meal, it was proposed that they take a walk. The host excused him self on the ground of indisposition, but insisted'that his guests should go, accompanied by Mrs. Jackson. There was stationed at St. Mary's at this1 time a company of United States troops. According to an account given by one of Mr. Jackson's servants, soon after the members of the party set out to walk, two soldiers went to the house intoxicated and began to abuse Mr. Jackson saying

* Genealogy of the Jackson family in posse

of Mrs. S. W.

356 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
that he could give good dinners to others but that poor soldiers stationed at St. Mary's for his defence were not good enough to be invited to his home. Mr. Jackson was standing on the portico when thus addressed. The sol diers attempted to enter, but encountered resistance on the part of the owner, whereupon they seized him by force and threw him over the balcony, the fall instantly killing' him. This sobered the intoxicated men who, seeing what they had done, hurried to the river, escaped in a boat, and were probably never eapttired. One of the surveys made by Mr. .Jackson was Amelia Island, off the Florida coast.
Jefferson Town. There is no longer a place by this name to be found upon the map, but Jefferson
Town was the original county-seat of Camden, an impor tant commercial center in the early days. It stood upon a high bluff, on the south side of the Satilla River, or, as it was then written, the St. Ilia. The town was distant twenty-five miles from St. Mary's, twenty-eight miles from. Brunswick, and fifty miles from Darien ; "while the old stage road betw'cen St. Mary's and Milledgeville passed through the town, forming a busy avenue of traffic. TTere the last relay of horses was hitched to the old stage coach, before the lumbering vehicle at length reached St. Mary's. Owens' Ferry, a mile off, is still an important point. There lived in the close neighborhood of Jefferson Town, which "was at one time quite a market for cotton, a number of thrifty residents, including "Onr?crtn" L. Clinch, Steven King, John Bailey, S. W. TIazlohurst, Thomas Riley, "William T. TTopkins, Mangum Smith, William Cole, Charles Cole, John King-, G-eorge Land, Henry R. Fort, and others. General Clinch was a noted soldier and a member of Congress. Mr. Fort was an educator of some note.

CAMDEN

357

How Culprits Were On record in the court house, at

Punished in the

St. Mary's, is the appointment, on

Olden Times.

March 8, 1804-, of George Jones,

Esq., as Judge of the Kastern

Circuit of Georgia, by John Milledge, "who was then

Governor. The county-seat of Camden at this time was

Jefferson Town, seventy miles distant from St. Mary's.

Unless the documents on file belie his character, Judge

Jones "was a sort of Lycurgus. As an example of the

sentences which this stern officer of justice imposed upon

violators of law at this early period, the following in

stance is cited:*

"October 25, 1804. The State versus John Jones.

(There is nothing to .show what the crime committed by

the prisoner really was, but it must have been an in

famous deed of some kind). Ordered that the prisoner

be taken from the bar to the common gaol, there to re

main, and to be taken from thence tomorrow to the

pillory, at the hour of ten o'clock and there to stand for

the space of two hours, and, immediately thereafter,

publicly receive Thirty-Nine lashes on his bare back, and

to be branded with a red hot iron on the right shoulder,

with the letter "R"; and to receive Thirty-Nine lashes

on his bare back at the same place, on the 27th. inst.,

between the hours of ten and twelve o'clock, and also to

receive Thirty-Nine lashes on his bare back, on Monday

the 29th inst., between the same hours and at the same

place, and to be imprisoned for ten days, thereafter to

be discharged upon payment of Fine.' 7

Another sentence imposed by Judge Jones was in the

case of the State against Samuel King, convicted of per

jury. The sentence ran: "It is ordered, March 7, 1805,

that you, Samuel King, do pay a fine of Twenty Pounds,

that you be committed to the common prison of this

county for the space of sis months to commence this day,

* This transcript from the records was made by Mr. James T. Vocelle, of St. Mary's.

358 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and that you henceforth be infamous and incapable of giving your oath in any of the courts of record in this State, and if, after the expiration of said time, you have not goods sufficient to satisfy the said fine it is ordered that yon be Met in the pillory in front of the said prison and there to have both of your ears nailed."
Coleraine: A Famous On Juno 30, 1012, "Lyman Hall Old Treaty Town. Chapter of the Daughters of the
American Revolution unveiled at Goleramc, a large marble boulder, to commemorate a most important history-making event. The site of the old town is forty-five miles above St. Mary's, on the St. Mary's River. It witnessed in years past mnny bloody conflicts between the white settlers, Indians and Spaniards; but the dramatic episode which gives it a sure place in American annals was the signing here, in 1796, of a "Treaty of Peace and Friendship" between the President of the United States and the Greek nation of Indians. History states that among those taking part In the momentous gathering were twenty-two Indian Kings, seventy-five principal chiefs, and one hundred and fifty-two warriors, besides officers of the garrison, commissioners of the government, and representatives of the State. Tlic pipe of peace belonging to the old Chief Tallassee was smoked by the various participants and was afterwards presented to Governor Early.
Oolcrainc was an important Indian post. The region around this silent old town abounds in historic traditions. There are still to be found in this locality the ruins not only of Indian but of Revolutionary forts. Tears before the Indians ceased to wage bloody warfare on the Geor gia coast, Coleraine was considered a vantage point and was often the spoil of war. The Spaniards first started the town by sending hither a ban*cl from the settlement at

CAMDKN

859

St. Augustine; and a road from St. Augustine to Coleraine was built by the Spaniards, part of which still survives and is known far and near as the " Kings's Road." Filial possession at Goleraine did not pass to the Indians until a few years after the Revolutionary War, when they Anally succeeded in driving the Span iards out. They held the town for a number of years thereafter, giving it up only when the government erected Fort Pickering for the protection of the white settlers along the river front. Remains of this ancient fortification, one of the oldest built by the government, still remain, showing to what extent the United States went to fortify the place in former times. The famous compact of 179G was signed in an oak grove near the St. Mary's River on the river bluff. The oaks under which the historic scene was enacted are standing yet, magnificent in their age and grandeur. Here on the traditional site of the treaty was erected the handsome boulder, the inscription upon which reads as follows:

"Tliig bowlder is to commemorate the .mgiiing of the Treaty of rc:ico aiuL Friendship at (Jolei'iiine on (lie 29th of June, 1T0, between tlie rTeniacut of tlin tTmtokl Stutcs iul the K.ings and Chicfa, nud Warriors of Urn Creek Kntioii of Indiana. l?atifiud Mareh 38, 1TD7. Tbe CommissioOi-H on t1<e part of tho TJiiitod Htntos wore Tlenjmniii Tlawkinaj Croorge Clymcr and Andrew l*iekon. Flawed liero in inemoriam by the ljymn.n Hall Oliapter Daughters of tlic A?nericnn

The boulder w'fts unveiled by T^allcr Eustace Sirmans, Jr., a direct descendant of Gen. James Jackson, one of the commissioners who signed the Treaty ]1G yenrs before. Nearly 2,000 people attended the cere-

360 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
monies and gave an attentive audience to the following program:
Invocation, Rev. Osgood F. Cook, Waycross; Ad dress of Welcome from Charltou County, Joseph Mizo.ll; Introductory Addresses, Judge John T. Myers and Judge T. A. Parker, Waycross; Address, Fred Saussy, Esq., Savannah; Presentation of jVConument, Mrs. J. Ij. Walker, Waycross; Aeceptan.ee of Monu ment for Camden County, Judge David Atkinson; J. B. Sanders, of Waycross, was marshal of the day and 3. B. Lewis host.*
When Oglethorpe located Fort Saint Andrew, at the north end. of Cinnberland Island, a settlement grew up around the fort, as is usual in such cases. By 1740 twenty-four families were established around the fort, and in that year the village of Barrimacke was founded. Wlien the troops were recalled from the fort, the settlers went with them, and Barrimacke lives only in the tra ditions of Cumberland Island.
After Edmund Grey was driven from Brandon, in the northern part of the state, he and his followers settled on the Satilla River, not far from the present village of Bailey's Mills in Camden County. This settlement was named New Hanover. Here outlaws, fugitives from justice, etc., found a welcome, and in time the territory was peopled with desperadoes who had no valid title to the lands, and acknowledged allegiance to no civilized government. The people of Georgia and South Carolina entertained fears that this lawless element 'might foment trouble with the Spaniards of Florida, or the Creek
* These facts were Kindly furnished by Mrs . J. L. walke Historian D. A. R.

CAMDEN

361

Indians, and petitioned the Crown to remove them. Com missioners from .the two Colonies "were appointed. They succeeded in inducing the outlaws to remove from, the territory, and in time New Hanover ceased to exist.

Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of Camden were: Henry Osborne,
Talmage Hal], James Armstrong, Jacob Weed, Henry Wright, John Flemming, James Woodland, Thomas Staf ford, Langley Bryant, William Reddy, Hugh Brown, and John King.
Cryus and Urbanns Dart, father and son, were also among the earliest settlers of Camden. The former was drowned by the capsizing of a boat. Urbanus was born in a block housev at Coleraine, on the St. Mary's. He was the father of the late Judge Dart, of Brunswick.

Camden's Noted General John Floyd, an officer of the

Residents.

Sta.te militia who distinguished him

self in the war of 1812 by suppressing

the Indian outbreaks on the border, lived and died at

Fairfield, his plantation, on the Satilla River. Here, too,

the old soldier is buried. The County of Floyd, in the

upper part of the State, was name for him. Gen. Floyd

"was a member of Congress and a noted duelist. His

distinguished son, Gen. Charles TJ. Floyd, is also buried

alt Fairfield, where a monument erected by the United

States government marks the spot. At the request of

Gen. Floyd, his body was wrapped in folds of the beloved

flag for which he fought. Capt. Richard S. Floyd, a

son of the younger General, for years commanded a

vessel plying between San Francisco and Honolulu.

On quitting the sea, he located in California, where

he married. It was under his direction that the

862 GEOKCIA'S TJANDMARKS, MOMOKIALS AND LEGENDS
famous Lick observatory was built. When a young- man, lie served the Confederate government as a Lieutenant on boa.rd the Florida. His sister Mary married Dr. William G. McAdoo, a noted educator, from wltioli union sprang" the brilliant engineer of the same name who built the great tunnel underneath the Hudson River. It is not unlikely that the latter's genius for construction was inherited from his illustrious great-grandfather, Gen. John Floyd, who began life as a. builder of boats on the Georgia coa.st.
Buckingham Smith, the famous antiquarian, diplomat and scholar, was born on Cumberland Island. His writ ings on the prehistoric remains of the continent have given him a high rank among savants. As an atitliority on the Southern Indians he was perhaps unexcelled. He was Secretary of Legation both at Mexico and at Madrid, where he enjoyed unusual facilities for making exhaus tive researches. The greater part of his life was spent in Florida.
General Duncan L. Clinch for whom a, county in Geor gia w'as named, owned and operated a plantation in Camden. Ho was a soldier of very great distinction, a member of Congress, and a popular though unsuccessful candidate for Governor. General Clinch is buried in Savannah.
Andrew J. Miller, another eminent Georgian whose name is borne by a county of this .State, first saw the light of day at Point Peter, near the town of St. Mary's. .Tudg-e Miller was for twenty years a. member of the Senate of Georgia. He lived and died in Augusta.
Lieutenant G-eiieral Win. T. Hardee, one of the most disting-uished of Confederate officers was a native of Camden. Hardee's "Rifle and Infantry Tactics," a work prepared by him prior to the Civil AYar "was long a standard text book in military circles. General Hardee died on his plantation near Selnia, Ala., in 1873. Colonel

CAMPBBM,

363

AVm. Gaston Deloney, a gallant Confederate officer, who fell near Culpeper Court House, in Virginia, was ,1 -Dative of St. Mary's. He went to the front from Athens, Ga., where lie was then practicing law.

CAMPBELL,

Duncan G. Campbell was the pioneer advocate of female education in Georgia. While serving in the Leg islature he introduced a bill to charter -a school for girls. But it met defeat on the ground that it wa,s too novel an idea. This was in 1823. Some few years later, his son-in-law, Daniel Chandler, made an address at the State University on the same subject and it rired the public mind to such, an extent that Wesleyan Female Col lege at Macon was the result. Colonel Campbell, in asso ciation with James Meriwether, negotiated the famous treaty of Indian Springs by which the Creek Indians, in 1825, ceded the remaining landis occupied by the trioe in Georgia. He was a lawyer by profession but began life by teaching a school for young ladies at Washing ton, Q-a, It was from this circumstance that his zeal in furtherance of the new crusade was derived. Colonel Campbell was born in the State of North Carolina, on February 17, 1787, and died in Wilkes County, Ga., July 31, 1828 at the age of forty-two. His son, Judge John A. Campbell, settling in Alabama, became an eminent jurist and statesman. President Pierce made him an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and in 1861 he became Assistant Secretary of War under Jefferson Davis. He was also one of the peace commis sioners appointed by President Davis to attend the famous1 conference at .Hampton Roads.

364 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIAI-.S AND LEGENDS
Indian Antiquities : Tliere are quite a number of prehisAnawaqua's Tomb, toric memorials in Campbell: Says
White:* "Opposite the village of Campbellton, on the western hank of the Chattahoochee, in a tuft of trees, on one of those mounds so common in Georgia, rest the remains of Anawaqua, an Indian prin cess, the former proprietor of the soil. It is situated in a meadow, at the foot of a high hill, in a bend of the Ohattahoochee. Ancient fortifications are traced in every direction around the plain, extending from the river to the hill."
Mrs. Virgil Morse, of Decatur, Ga., in a recent news paper article, made the following contribution to the hitherto unwritten history of Campbell county. Says she: "It is a fact not generally known that the origi nator of Confederate Reunions was a Georgia woman, Mrs. Elizabeth Glover, now living in Corstcana, Texas. Mrs. Glover, in Jnly, 1865, called together in Campbell ton Ga., the survivors of Company A, Twenty-first Geor gia Regiment of "which her husband, Dr. T. C. Glover, killed at "Winchester, Va,, was lieutenant Colonel. Of the two hundred who went to the front, thirty returned, twelve of whom responded to her call. However, there were others, including widows and orphans of many sleeping on the Virginia battlefields, who came to hear recounted the story of the struggle. Then and there an organization was formed and the decision made to meet annually. Only three survivors of this company are now living."
Original Settlers. As given by White, the pioneer set tlers of Campbell were: George Mc-
Clarty, Wilson McClarty, James Stewart, Colonel
* Historical Colle 1854.

CAMPBELL

365

Latham, Robert O. Heavers, Reuben O. Beavers, W. A. J. Beavers, Mr. Roberts, Berry Whtts, ('. Cochran, Wade White, Martin Cobb, Henry Paulett, 1'. Skeene, E. Pennington, "William Ilightower, J. A. Hopldiis, Andrew Smith, William Jennings, D. Silvey, W. Silvey, M. Thornton, the Longinos, the Davenports, the Billiards, the Bryans and others.

To the pioneer list may be added: MoS'es Foster, Francis Nixon, John B. Smith, Capt. J. E. Steed, Capt. James Wood, Thomas Bullard, E. B. Thompson, Richard HoIJeman, John Jj. Camp, Moses R. Poster, Robert McWilliams Rev. Spencer Harvey, W. S. Harvey, M. P. Harvey, Thomas A. Latham, Owen H. Gocliraii, Robert R. Robinson, James N. Kobinsoii Hubbard McWaters, John F. Beavcrw, Dr. William S. Zellers, Dr. J. T. Davenport, and Duncan IvIeLcod. Th.e list oi? old families in Campbell includes also the Longinos, the Heids, the MeLarens, the Ilammoncls, the Wilkinsons, the McClures, and the Lairds.

On Monday April 20, 1829, at Campbellton, Judge Walter T. CoJqmtt presiding", the first session of the Superior Court was held and the first G-rand Jury "was empanelled as follows: Tarlton Shea.ts, Foreman; Jeremiah Sampler, 3. 1). Crompton, Stephen Baggett, Henry C. Bird, John Turner, Reuben Da-wson, Caleb Fields, George Harris Jr., Middleton W. Antony, Thomas Hill, Jacob Crow, James West, Elijah Dorsett, John Wise, James Gresham, Jacob Hogue, John Dorsett, Isaac Gray, Daniel Hull, Shadrach Grun, Daniel D. Smith, Moses W. Benson.

General Alfred Austell lived here for a number of years. He afterwards removed to Atlanta "where he

366 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
founded in 1865 the first national bank in the Southern States. The town of Austell in Cobb County was named for this master of finance. Atlanta's present chief of police, James Xjitchfield Beavers, whose recent reform measures have given him wide note, was horn in Campbell.

CAEEOLL
Act, December 11, 1826. Named for Charlej Carroll, of Carrollton, a Maryland patriot, who lived to be the last sur viving: .Signer of the Declaration of Independence. The County of Carroll was formed from a part of the land acauired by the State, under the treaty of Indian Springs in 1825, and was originally one of the largest counties in Georgia. Carrollton, the county--seat, was named for the stately oJd Colonial home of Charles Carroll, on the Chesapeake. The old patriot signed himself "Charles Carroll, of Carrollton," so that no mistake might be made concerning his identity, in. the event his head was to be forfeited as a penalty for his patriotism in espousing the freedom of the Colonies. When first organised in 182G Carroll embraced in part five other counties: Campbell, Douglas, Haralson, Heard and Troup.

Villa Rica:

It was the discovery of gold in 1826

Gold Discovered, that gave to the oldest town In "Wes

tern Georgia the musical. Spanish

name by which it is today known : Villa Rica, or ' * city

of riches." The treaty at Indian Springs was no sooner

ratified than numbers of settlers began to spread them

selves leisurely over the fertile area of country to the

west of the Chattahoochee Biver; but when the tidings

went forth that in the upper part of the new county there

were rich deposits of gold the feverish influx of popula

tion began to resemble an ocean swell. Villa Bica became

a sort of Klondykc, to which the argonauts of the period

rushed with pick in hand to unearth the fortunes which

they here expected to find. But the yellow metal did not

exist in sufficient quanities to satisfy the general expec

tation. It was profitably mined by some of the new

comers, who were fortunate enough to strike rich veins,

but most of the gold seekers were disappointed and In

time drifted to other localities. There was no market or

railroad nearer than Augusta, Ga, At first the mining

CARROLL

367

industry was carried on by means of panning the dirt from the surface of the earth in tin or copper cans, but eventually this crude process yielded to more approved methods. Three years after the discovery of gold in Carroll, the yellow metal "was found to exist in much larger quantities, in the neighborhood of Dalil'onega, and the centre of mlnig operations in Georgia shifted toward the north, hut not a few of the mines in the neighborhood of Villa Rica "were "worked with profit until the time of the Civil ^Var, netting substantial dividends to the own ers. In 3862, the Georgia Pacific Railway, now the Southern, reached the place where Villa Rica now stands, and gradually the old town disappeared.

TJncle Abe Harrison was one of the first settlers at Villa Rica. He "was quite an odd character. The follow ing anecdote in regard to him is still told in Carroll:* There was an old fellow who came to town every Satur day to get drunk. His voice being cracked, he talked both fine and coarse; and, on the way home, he fell into a gold pit and began to cry for help, at the top of his lungs. As Uncle Abe rode along, the old man exclaimed, "Hello, somebody come and help me out of this pit!" The first part of the sentence was bass, the latter trebHe. TJncle Abe replied, at once, "Help each other, there are two of you."
Bowden was incorporated in 1836. This town is situated near the Alabama line. It is a place of some culture. Dr. ~W. W. Fitts established a school here soon after the locality was settled; but he abandoned teaching for medicine and moved to Carrollton where he practiced (his profession for forty years. In 1857, Colonel Charles
* Private Joe Cobb in "Carroll County ana Her Feople," an historical pamphlet.

368 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
A. McDaniel and Major John M. Richardson, established Bowden College, a flourishing school at the outbreak of the war. Colonel McDaniel was a splendid teacher and a magnetic orator. He was killed at the head of his regiment in the battle of Perryville, Ky. Major Kiehardson lost a limb during the struggle, but 'Survived. In 1868, the college having been reopened, he "was made president but he moved to Oarrollton soon afterwards and thence to Texas. He was a man of gifts. Some of his productions in verse possess an unusually high, order of merit. He also published two military worlds and trans lated "Dies Irae." John W. Adamson, the father of the present Congressman from the Fourth District, was one of the early settlers in this neighborhood. The McDaniels and the Shellnuts were also among the first comers, together with Dr. H. M. "Williams.

Whitesburg was settled as a town in 1872. 3. A. Million built the first store. Hutchinson College, located at this place, was named for Arthur Hutchinson, the founder, one of the pioneer manufacturers of this sec tion of Georgia.

Carrollton, the county-scat of Carroll, was laid off "when the county was first organized and lacks only a few months of being as old as Villa Kica, which was at first only a mining camp. It was settled by an excellent class of people, including the Mandevilles, the Merrills, tiie Kingsberys, the Bealls, the Ixmgs, the Blalocks, the Bensons, and other well known families. At the pres ent time it is quite an enterprising commercial center.

The Murder o General Mclntosh.

Volume II.

CAKROLI*

369

Original Settlers. Hon. L. P. Mandeville in an article
written for the press in 1894, gives the following list of early settlers, most of whom located in Carroll during the first five years after the new county was opened: Needham Jarnigan, Isaiah Beck, Hiram Sharp, Thomas Bolten, Sanders Ray, Zadoe Bonner, Ms two brothers, John and Thomas; Elijah McPherson, Alien G. Fambro, Thomas Chandler, Tjindsey Chandler, John T. Chambers, Appleton Mandeville, Sanford Kingsbery, General William Beall, Isaac E. Cobb, Matthew Reid, Oolonel W. O. Wagnon, Jeremiah Cole, Levi Benson, William Merrill, Henry S. Cnrtis, W. G. Springer, Joseph Chambers, John Robinson, Dr. J. N. Rodgers, John Long1, H. P. Mabry, Thomas Roddy, A. M. McWhorter, Larkin Ttirner, David Bryant, Major W. D. Jones, Barney Mitchell, Giles S. Boggess, Ijevi Hamilton, Thomas McGrdre, Ranse Hopkins, Benjamin Merrill, George Reid, and Emanuel Martin.

The first Superior Court was held in a cabin on the Chattahoochee River, near Mclntosh Reserve. The late Thomas Chandler was the first lawyer to practice his profession in Carroll. Pie lived to be ninety years of age and earned the appellation of "Honest Tom." The connty-seat was first located at what is known as Old Carrollton, but was changed to the present site in 1830.

William T. Price, a private in the patriot army of '76, was granted a pension while a resident of Carroll, in 1844, at "which time he was quite an old man. Accord ing to White, William Coggins, a soldier of the Revolu tion, died in Oarroll, aged 94 years.

370 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORTALS AND LEGENDS

Cat-roll's Distin-

In 1833, Hon. Samuel C. Candler

guished Residents, located at Villa Rica and opened the

first g'eneral store in. the town. He

-was a descendant of the famous old Revolutionary

patriot, Colonel "William Candler, and was 'himself a

man of sturdy character and of rugged independence of

thought. He was not only a merchant but a planter; and,

duo to his positive type of mind, he was also vSome-

thing- of a leader. Hence we are not surprised to find

him serving- in both branches of the General Assembly,

where he "was prominent among1 the champions of educa

tion. Though he supported the Douglas ticket and op

posed the policy of secession, be bowed to the sovereign

will of Georgia. As an evidence of his strong mentality,

several of his children have attained to the most eminent

distinction. It is doubtful if any other family in Geor

gia can boast such, an array of names as the product of

a sing-le generation. Milton A. Candlcr became a mem

ber of Congress from Georgia and a lawyer of high

rank. Ezckiel S. Candlcr Sr. settled in Mississippi, for

the practice of the legal profession, and his son, Ezekiel

S. Oandler, Jr., is at present a member of the National

House of Representatives, where lie has served for sev

eral terms. Asa G. Candler, another son of the Gar roll

county pioneer, is the famous manufacturer, banker, and

philanthropist, of Atlanta, Ga. Warren A. Candler is

the well known "Bishop of the M. E. Church. South, a

man of great eloquence arid learning-, formerly president

of Emory College, at Oxford, Ga. "Willia-m 13. Candler,

is a successful merchant and banker of Villa Tiica. John

S. Candler, the youngest member of this noted family,

commanded a regiment of volunteers in the Spanish-

American War, was Judge of the Stone Mountain Circuit

and rose to the Supreme Bench of the State.

The Candler building* in Atlanta is a memorial to the

parents of these distinguished men and each year the

members of the family gather in full force to decorate,

the tablet with flowers.

CABROLL

371

John "W. Adamson -\v-as an early settler in the vicinity of Bowden. liere his son, William. C. Adamson was born. The latter studied law, became Judge of the City Court of Carrollton, and in 1897 -was elected to Congress, where he lias since been a recognized leader in the national councils:
General William BeaU at an early period settled just north of Carrollton. He was an officer in the Georgia militia, a farmer and a legislator of wide influence in local affairs.
Dr. John Slaughter located at Villa Rica, in 1844. He became an important factor in political (affairs, organ ized a company in 1801, and rose to the rank of Lieuten ant-Colonel.
John Long held the office of Clerk of the Superior Court of Carroll for forty years. His son, Benjamin M. Long, was the first male child born at the county-seat.
Apple ton Mancleville, a native of New York, was one of the pioneer merchants of Carrollton. H!e 'was a mari of rare force of character and of sound business judg ment, "whose counsel was "widely sought and followed. He built a splendid home on an eminence to the south west of the town and became an important factor in the commercial and industrial development of Carrollton. His two sons, Hon. L. P. and Hon. L. C. Mandeville, have inherited his constructive type of mind. They both be came prominent in political and mercantile life and both men of pa.rts.
Dr. John N. Rodg'crs was one of the best public speakers in the State before the war. He lived at Car rollton. On one occasion, the party which, was locally iu power held a meeting', at which time it "was quietly whis pered around that if an opposition leader arose to speak they should walk out in a body, leaving him to address an empty hall. Dr. Bodgers was present at this meeting and when he arose to reply every one left except Henry Chance. Though not in agreement with the speaker he remained. <f Go," said the doctor, "when he found him-

372 GF,ORQ-IA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
sell' deserted by the crowd. "You do not want to hear the truth. You are afraid to hear the truth." Uncle Henry ('hance then spoke up. ''Proceed, doctor," said he, "I am here." "Ko," said the doctor, "I will not do so. The truth never did make any impression upon you."

CATOOSA
Created by Legislative Act, Decembe
this region before the removal of the Cherokiees first designated "Catoosa." Rlnggold, the Co Major Kiliggold, a gallant Marylander, who fell Alto, in the first engagement of tile Mexican "War.

The Battle of Binggold was the scene of a fierce con-

Ringgold.

flict in the late fall of 1863. Says Prof.

Joseph T. Derry: "As General Bragg

was retreating from Missionary Bidge after his disastrous

defeat, General Cleburne halted his division at a gap in

Tiaylor's Bidge and inflicted a decisive repulse upon the

pursuing Federal army under Hooker, thus saving the

artillery of the Confederates and the supply trains. For

this gallant battle of Binggold, General Cleburne received

the thanks of the Confederate Congress."

Original Settlers. See Walker, from which County Catoosa was formed.

To the pioneer list may be added: Pressley Yates, J. T. McConnell, John E. Anderson, Dr. Thomas Hackett, Capt. E. J. Jones, Dr. W. J. Bazemore, and others, be sides a number of old established families, including the V^ards, the ^Vares, the Hixes, the Magills, the Wigginses, the Manns, the Tliomasons and the Trundles.
* Georgia Historical and Industrial, p. 572, Atlanta 1302.

CHARM-ON

373

CHARLTON
atetl by Legislative Act, February 18, 1854, from Wayne and Appling 5. Named for Hon. Robert M. Charlton, of Savannah, a noted ante-
nt family of Charlton, Dr. A. P. Folks, of Waycross, Ga., belongs to

Robert Milledge Charlton was a mail of varied and splendid gifts. lie was not only a statesman of high rank but a scholar and a poet. His father, Thomas Usher Pulaski Charlton, was one of the foremost men of Ms day in Georgia, who served six terms' as Mayor of Savan nah and wrote a life of Major-General James Jackson. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Walter, of South Carolina, was an eminent scientist, and the lautlior of a standard work on botany entitled "Flora Caroliniana." The younger Charlton followed closely in the footsteps of his distinguished father. At the age of twenty-eight 'he became Judge of the Eastern Circuit, and four years later Mayor of Savannah, an office to which he was twice re-elected. As a lawyer he encountered no superior at the bar during a period famed for great intellects. In 1844, he succeeded John MacPherson Berrien in the Senate of the United States; and. while holding this posi tion was made regent of Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D. C. He was also one of the original incorporators of the Georgia Historical Society, of Savannah. The literary tastes of Judge Charlton bore fruit in a number of contributions to the press. As a writer his style was felicitous and forceful. Besidies contributing to the Knickerbocker Magazine a series of sketches descrip tive of life on the coast entitled "Leaves from the Port folio of a Georgian Lawyer" he published in 1839 a volume of poems, some of which are characterized by rare beauty of finish. The collection includes several poems from the pen of his brother, Dr. T. J. Charlton, w)ho died at an early age. Judge Charlton was born in Savannah, on January 19, 1807--the same day on which the South's great soldier, Robert E. Lee, first saw the

374 GEORGIA'S TJANDMABKS, MOMORTAT^S AND I/EGETSTDS
lig'lit. ITe died in Savannah, on January 18, 1854. His son, Judge "Walter (-f, Charlton, is an eminent jurist and scholar of Savannah.
Center Village: An Formerly one of the most imporOld Cotton Market, tan't towns on the old stage road
between Milledgeville and St. Mary's "was Center Village, a sort of commercial rendezvous where cotton buyers congregated to purchase crops. Some of these were permanent residents, includ ing: Stephen Me Call, John "Mizzell, General T. H. Hilliard, of Indian "war fame, Peter Mumford, John Villaloiiga, and others. Stephen McCall is said to have been tihe only teetotaler in the vilJag'C, but while lie' tabooed whiskey it is said that he sold everything else "from a hoop-skirt to a trace-chain." Other residents were--the Vernons, the Laceys, the Hatchers, the Vickerys, the Roddenberys, the Johnsons, the Cains, the Wainwrights, the Lowthers, the Rakers, and the Hoivendorit's. The Okennokee Swamp Avr as only a few miles distant, and it was not in the least unusual to .see deer cropping herbs on the outskirts of the town.

Some ten miles distant from Center Village may still be seen the ruins of an old stronghold built of tabby and
known to the early settlers by the name of Burnt Fort.
The founder of the Colony may have built it to protect the frontier. But the probabilities are that it was con
structed by General Moyd, whose home was on the Satilla River, in this immediate neighborhood.

The Okefinokee Within the present borders of Charl-

Swamp.

ton, lies a part of the famous Okefinokeo

Swamp, one of the greatest submerged

areas to be found on the continent of North America. It

CHATHAM

375

is rivaled in. magnitude only by the Everg'lacles of Florida and by the Dismal Swamp in Virginia. During" the various Indian campaigns it was a favorite hiding place of the red men ; and as late as the time of the Civil War deserters found it a convenient asylum of refuge. The savage imagination made it the fruitful source o!f a number of legends. (Volume II.)

Original Settlers. See Appling and AVaync, from which Counties Charltoii was formed.

To the list of pioneers may be added: F*. M. Smith and II. M. Mcrehon who represented Oharlton in the secession convention at MilSedgeville; also the early residents of Center Village above enumerated.

CHATHAM

Spanish word, "sabanna," meaning a grassy plain. Savannah is the Ocean Gateway of Georgia and the most important sea-port on the South

376 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Atlantic coast. The financial stability of this time-honored metropolis of the tide-water is proverbial. There has never been a bank failure in the history of Savannah.*
Lord Chatham's On April 7, 1778, the Earl of Chatham Last Speech in made his last appearance in the House House of Peers. of Peers. It was a day long" to be
remembered in the annals of England. Tihe scene has doubtless never been surpassed in dramatic pathos; and while engaged in the delivery of his great speech on this occasion, the superb master of modern eloquence received his death summons. Says a wellkuo'Wn account: 2 "Lord Chatham was ignorant of the real state of feeling in America and still hoped to win the Colonies back. He therefore heard "with deep concern of the Duke of Richmond's intention, on the Seventh of April, to move an address to the King, advising him to affect a conciliation with America, involving her inde pendence. Such a measure he thought disastrous to the welfare of England. He determined, therefore, to take a "bold stand against it; and, accordingly, was car ried to the House of Lords, to raise his voice against the dlismemberrnent of the Empire. 'He was led into the House by Ms son., the Hon. "William Pitt, arid by his sonin-law, Lord Mahon. He was dressed in a rich suit of black velvet and covered to the knees in flannel. Within his large wig, there was little more of his countenance seen than his acquilnne nose and his penetrating eye, which still retained its native fire. He looked like a dying man, yet never was seen a more dignified figure. He appeared like a being of a superior species. The Lords stood up and made a lane for him; and "with the gracefulness of deportment for which he was so emin ently distinguished, he bowed to them as he proceeded.' With profound attention, be listened to the Duke of Richmond's speech. When the time came for reply, he
1 This statement is taken from a publication entitled "Savannah," compiled and edited by Joseph F. Gray, and issued by the Savannah Cham ber of Commerce. Mr. Gray is one of Georgia's Railroad Commissioners.
"World's Best Orations. Edited by Justice David J. Brewer, Vol. III. pp. 10-86-1088, St. Louis, Ferd P. KHser, 1899.

CHATHAM

377

arose, supported by bis two relations; and. lifting liia hand from his crutch, be raised it in the most impressive manner heavenward. To quote an eye-witness, * the reverence, the attention, the stillness of the House was most affecting: had any one dropped a handkerchief, the noise would have been heard.' At first lie spoke in a low tone, with the weakness of one who labors under a severe indisposition; but gradually as he warme:d with the sub ject, his voice became louder and more distinct, his into nations grew more and more commanding, and his whole manner became solemn* and impressive in the highest degree. When he had taken his seat, Lord Temple said to him: ' You forgot to mention what we have been talking about. Shall I get up? 7 'No/ replied Lord Chatham, 'I will do it by and by'. When the Duke of Richmond had concluded his speech, Lord Chatham made a strenuous effort to rise, but after repeated efforts to gain an erect position, lie suddenly pressed his hand to liis heart and fell down in convulsions. The Duke of Cumberland, Lord Temple, Lord Stanford, and other peers caught him as he fell; while his son, the celebrated William Pitt, then a youth of seventeen, sprang forward to support him. The debate -was immediately adjourned. Lord Chatham was conveyed in .a state of insensibility from the House to his country residence at Hayes, where he lingered a few days and expired on May 11, 1778, aged 'seventy years." He, was honored with a public funeral in Westminster Abbey, wfhere a statue was erected 'to his memory at the public expense. In addition, the Government voted 20,000 pounds sterling for the payment of 'his debts, and conferred a pension of 4,000 pounds a year on his de scendants. The inscription on the tomb reads:

*' Erected by 'the King and Parliament as a testi mony to the virtues of WilJIam Pitt, Earl of Chatham, during whose administration Divine Providence exal ted Great Britain to an height of prosperity and glory unknown to any former age,"

378 GEORGIA'S TJANDMARKS, MOMORIAT.JS AND LEGENDS
Savannah Founded: Four months "were devoted to the February IS, 1733. task of selecting- the first settlers of
Georgia. Only the best among the needy population of England "were cliosen for this humane experiment. No debtor "was taken without the consent of his creditor; no criminals were accepted; and no man was received whose object was to desert tho.se dependent upon him for support. The debtor prisons were carefully examined, and the worthiest of the unhappy inmates were taken. The plans for sailing' were made with care. At higii noon, on November 1G ; 1732, the good ship Anne spread her white wings .and began to plow the Thames on her perilous voyage across the Atlantic. There were thirty-five families -on board, numbering' one hundred and twenty emigrants, 1 under the personal care of the illus trious Oglethorpc himself. The Trustees of the Colony embraced members of the nobility and men of the highest rank and station in England. 2

"It has been idly charged that, in the beginning, Georgia's colonists were impecunious, depraved, lawless, and abandoned, that the settlement at Savannah was a sort of Botany Bay, and that Tamacraw Bluff was peopled by reneg'ad'es from ijusli.ce. The suggestion is utterly without foundation. The truth is, no applicant was ad mitted to the privileges of enrollment as an emigrant until he had been subjected to a preliminary examination and had furnished satisfactory proof that ho was fairly entitled to the benefits. Other American Colonies were founded and augmented ~by individuals -coming at will, without question, for personal gain, and bringing' no cer tificate of present or past good, conduct. Georgia, on the contrary, exhibits the unique spectacle of permitting- no

1 McCall Says 114.

2 Consult Law ton B. ISvans 'in School History of Georgia, p. 1C, New

York, 1904. Seft Vol. If, for a list of (lie Trustees.

,'

G*HATIIAM

379

one to enter her borders who w.as not, by competent authority, fudged worthy of citizenship."3

Over two months were consumed on the voyage, duringwhich time prayers were offered each morning and even ing for Divine guidance that no mishap might overtake the passengers on board. At length, on January 13, 1733, the vessel dipped .anchor in the harbor of Charleston, where the colonists were joyfully received. It does' not detract from the genuineness of this greeting to state. that Georgia was to be a buffer between South Carolina and her enemies: the Spaniards and the .Indians. The next stop 'was at Beaufort, where the colonists, by cour tesy of Governor Johnson, occupied the new barracks, until Oglethorpe, accompanied by William Bull and Jona than Bryan, could first visit the future settlement. The prospecting" party left in an Indian canoe; and, after winding in and out among the small islands at the mouth of the Savannah River, they at length espied, some eighteen miles up the stream, a bluff crowned with pine trees, at the "western end of which "was a village called Yainaeraw. The chief of the tribe to which the village, belonged "was named Tomo-chi-chi. There was here a trading-post owned by a man named John Musgrove, whose wife, Mary, was an Indian half-breed. At first the old chief refused to grant the request of the Europeans for land on which to settle; but, though the good officers of Mary Musgrovo, IT e fin ally con-sen ted t o enter into treaty negotiations, after which the land "was surveyed and the party returned to Beaufort for the colonists.^
On February 12, 3733 the little band of emigrants reached the bluff, on which the infant colony of Georgia was to be cradled. The ascent was made from the western ' end where the slope was less precipitous; and, an opening having been cleared among" the pines, four large tents
Boston, 1883.

380 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIALS AND LEGENDS
were spread upon the heights overlooking the river, one for each tithing into which the colonists had already been divided, previous to arrival. By snnset the baggage was all ashore. With the night-fall came an evening of trariquility and good cheer around the camp-fires. Prayers of thanksgiving were offered; and, under the silent stars, amid the vast solitudes of the forest, was spent the first night on Georgia soil. 1
Some of the Compa- According to White, the leaders nies of Oglethorpe. among the early colonists at Savan
nah were: General Oglethorpe, Cap tain Horton, Henry Parker, John Fallowfield, Colonel William Stephens, Patrick Tailfer, Thomas -Tones, Thomas Chriestie, Eachard Turner, Paul Amatis, James Burnsldes, Peter Morel, Hugh Anderson, Anthony Camuse, P. Delegal, Walter Fox, Peter Gordon, James Houston, Samuel T^acy, John Pye, Joseph A^ardrope, Thomas Young, the Messrs. Sheftall and "DeTjyons, Noble Jones, James Habersham, John Milledge, and T)r. Nnm's.
Derivation of the To quote Colonel Absalom IT. C 'hapName "Savannah." pell: "No one can ascend the river
from the sea or stand on the edge of the bluff "which the city occupies and overlook the vast expanse of flat lands on either side, without knowing at once that from these plains or savannas came the river's name, derived from the Spanish word "Sabanna"; and the fact that is "was baptized with the Christian, though not saintly, name which it bears is just as certain as it is that the great grassy plains in South America owe the name by which they are called to the same parental source." 2
1 Consult: Lee and Agnew in Historical Record of Savannah. 3 Absalom H. Chappell in Miscellanies of Georgia, Columbus, 1874.

Oglethorpe: His Monument and His Mission.

CHATHAM

381 Volume II.

Memorials to

In naming the streets of the infant

Earliest Friends, town, Oglethorpe remembered the

timely assistance given by the South

Carolinians and the five principal thoroughfares, travers

ing" the town at right angles to the river were called Bull,

Whitaker, Drayton, St. Julian, and Bryan streets in com

pliment to friends in South Carolina, "while the first

public sqnare iu the settlement was named for Governor

Johnson. The four wards into which the town was

divided, viz: Hcathcotc, Percival, Derby and Decker,

were named for English noblemen who were influential

members of the Board of Trustees; and the various tith-

ings, of which there were four to each ward, likewise bore

the names of friends on the far side of the water. Thus

framed in the daily accents of the people of Savannah,

the names of the earliest friends of the Colony of Georgia

was perpetuated. The following' paragraph from Ogle-

thorpe's pen is interesting in this connection:

"February--Colonel Bull came to Savannah with four

laborers and assisted the Colony for a month, he himself

measuring' the scantling and setting out the work for the

sawyers, .and giving the proportion of the houses. Mr.

Whitaker sent the colony one hundred head of cattle. Mr.

St. Julian came to Savannah and staid a month, directing

the people in the building''of houses and other work. Mr.

Joseph Bryan himself, with four of his sawyers, gave two

months work to the Colony. The inhabitants of Bdisto

sent sixteen sheep. Mr. Hammerton gave a drum. Mrs.

Ann Drayton sent two pair of sawyers to work in the

Colony. Colonel Bull and Mr. Bryan came to Savannah

with twenty servants, whose labor they gave to the

Colony. His Excellency, Robert Johnson, gave seven

382 GEORGIA'S IJANDMABKS, MOMORIAJ^S AND
horses, valued at twenty-five pounds sterling, in the currency of South Carolina,"*

The Wesleys in Georgia.
John Wesley's Love Affair.
John Wesley's Georgia Diary.
Savannah the Birth place of Sunday Schools.
The Monument to Tomo-Chi-Chi.
Christ Church: The Oldest in Georgia.

Volume II. Volume 31. Volume TJ.
Volume IT. Page 85. Page 77.

Old Independent: A Ju .1755, oil tlie petition of forty-

Branch of the Kirk eight f roe-holders, a lot was granted

of Scotland.

on which to erect a building to be

CJilled the Independent Presbyte

rian Chvm'lj, the land granted and the elm roll built thereon

to be for the use of suck persons in the district of Savan

nah as supported the doctrines of the Church of Scotland.

KYom its foundation, the Independent Presbyterian

Church has been independent in name and fact. It has no

connection either with the Presbytery of Savannah or

with the Synod of G-eorgia and is governed solely by its

* Consult: Lee and Agncw In Historical Record Stevena, etc.

OTTATHAM

383

own board of elders. .The lot granted to the congregation was located on Market Sqnare, betw^een St. Julian and Bryan Streets, and running east to Whitaker. It was specified in the gr*ant that tlie meeting-house was to be erected within three years. J^efore the expiration of this period, a brick structure was completed and u call extend ed to the Reverend John J. Zubly, a native of Switzerland who accepted the charge and remained pastor until 1778. At the time of the siege over a thousand shells poured into the town from the batteries of the allies, producing Hiavoc and destruction; four houses were bnrned, several were demolished, and quite a number injured almost beyond repair. Shots from the galleys in the river reached Zubly 's meeting house in J)eckcr AVard. Tlie cthnrch was turned into a hospital, and a ohimney built in the center; bnt when the siege was over it was little moru than a ruin. On April 15, 1784, there appeared in the "(rOgcZZe" a call from the trustees for a meeting to be held in the oiTicc of Olive Tjewis, Esq., the purpose of which was to devise plans for rebuilding the structure. Tlie call was signed by Jonathan Bryan, Robert BoTton, and William Gibbons, Trustees. Several years later, the new bnilding was destroyed by tire, 'and the congregation worshiped with the ]3nptiAts until another edifice was completed, in 1800, on Hf. /Tames Square, between Vork and President Streets.

On January 13, 1817, with impressive ceremonies, the oomcrstone of the present beautiful edifice of the Inde pendent l*rcsbyterian (Jhurch waa laid, and in the month of May, ]819, the building was dedicated. President James Monroc, then on a visit to Savannah, attended the exercises, together with other dignitaries. Dr. JTonry Eollock, the pastor, preached the dedicatory sermon from the test: "The glory of this latter ihouHO shall be greater than the former." JTaggai, 2:0.

384 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MOMORIAT^S AND LEGENDS

"Witli its adjunctive building's, the Independent Pres byterian CliurcJi constitutes one of the most impressive features of the city of Savanmih. The main structure is modeled upon the classic style of architecture, while the building* 'Occupied by the Sabbath-school, in the adjoin ing- area, is composite in design, an edifice of two stories, substantially built and handsomely equipped. Com mencing' on _Biill Street, the spacious grounds of the Inde pendent Presbyterian Church extended to Wliitaker. On the latter thoroughfare stands the gray-toned parsonage. The congregation is perhaps the "wealthiest in Savannah, According to the conditions of a legacy left to the church by the late Miss Mary Telfair, there are two features of the interior which, cannot be altered: the high Dutch pul pit and the galleries. .Among1 the distinguished divines who have occupied tlie pulpit of this historic church since the beginning may be included : Itev. John J. Zubly, D. T)., the first pastor; Rev. Willard Preston, I). I)., the late venerated and beloved Dr. \. S. K. Axsou, who officiated for more than a generation, and the brilliant and eloquent Dr. James Y..Fair, wlio recently resigned after a ministry of several years. Y)r. Axson was the grandfather of Mrs, Woodrow Wilson, the present Mistress of the "White House. On the list of Sunday School superintendents is included Judge E. J. Harden, who wrote the "Life of Gov. George M. Troup."*

The Moravians: An Extinct Settlement.

Volume II.

The Jews in Geor

gia: An Outline

History.

.

Page 97.

Bethesda: The Oldest Organized Charity in America.

Page 80.

* Consult: Lee and Agnew in Historical Record of Savannah.

CHATHAM

385

Tondee's Tavern:

Oil the northwest corner of Whita-

The Cradle of Lib ker and J>roughton streets, memo

erty in Georgia.

rialized by a tablet of bronze, is

one of the most sacred spots in the

city of Savannah. Rich in historic associations, it was

here that the earliest protest of the Colony was made

against the oppressive measures of the English Parlia

ment. Here the citizens of Savannah assembled in re

sponse to the first bugle call of patriotism. Here the

Council of Safety held weekly meetings on Monday morn

ings ; and here, on July 4, 1775, assembled the Provincial

Congress which formally severed the tie of allegiance

between the Colony and the Crown. In the spring of

1899, tlie Colonial Dames placed a tablet of bronze upon

tho building which occupies the site of Tondee's Tavern.

The inscription thereon reads:

.Ionia! times, Tondee's 'Sons of Liberty.' f the Colonial Dames

Peter Tondee, the owner of this famous hostelry, was a patriot of the most loyal pattern. According to tradi tion, he held the post of door-keeper, at the gatherings of the "Sons of Tjiberty"; and, though his establishment was open to the public, on ordinary occasions, no one could enter the long room, when the patriots were to meet there, without first pronouncing the shibboleth oT freedom. In front of the ta.vern, on June 5, 1775, was erected the famous liberty pole, which became the rally ing center of the town; and from the porch, Archibald Bnlloch, then President of the Council of Safety, rea.d the "Declaration of Independence to the assembled popu lace, after which thirteen guns were fired from the old battery on Bay street. Though little is known of the man who owned the tavern, beyond the fact that he was one of the patriotic band, his name is1 impcrishably writ-

386 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANP LEGENDS
ten among the immortals and his memory will be fragrant in Georgia to the latest generation.
More than fifty years after the Revolution there were a number of patriots of '76 still living in Savannah. Some of these were granted Federal pensions as follows: Peter Zavadooski, a private, in 1839; John Masterson, a corporal, in 1848; George Dunham, a private, in 1848; and Thomas Sullivan, a private, in 1849. The soil of Colonial Park is rich in Revolutionary dnst; and some of the most illustrious of the Georgia patriots lie here entombed.*

Colonial Park.

Volume II.

Resolutions of Pro- At the instance of Governor Wright,

test Adopted by

there was held in Savannah soon

Friends of the King. after the famous meeting of the

patriots, on August 10, 1774, a gath

ering of loyal citizens, whose purpose was to check the

growing sentiment of hostility to the Crown. Among

those who attended the meeting were quite a number of

conservatives, who were not prepared for radical action

at this time but were later found on the side of the

Colonies. To counteract the influence of the patriots,

resolutions were adopted protesting in very strong terms

against the rash and impulsive action taken by the "Sons

of Liberty" and seeking to discourage any future assem

blages of like character. The need of protection, the

weakness of the Province, and the uniform kindness

shown by the mother country to the youngest of her

offspring, were among the various arguments set forth.

The list of dissenters is herewith reproduced because it

contains the names of some of the first families of Savan-

t Vol. II for epitaphs and inscriptions on the monuments in Colonial

CHATHAM

387

nah at this time and throws an important side-light upon the history of the period:*

James Habersham Josiah Tattnall Jolin Jamieson
Alexander Thompson John Trvine Edward Langworthy .Tames Moasman TTenry "Youngs Thorn/as Moodie .Joseph Ottolengie John English James Bead Henry Younge, Jr. James Nicol James Thompson John B. Garardian John Patton James B. Powell, Moses !N"nnes TTenry Preston N"oble Jones James A. Stewart John M-ullryne Alexander Wylly William Moore Francis Knowles William Eos s John Graham Thomas Reid John Storr John Lowery Matthew Stewart Robert Gray Samuel Shepherd William Thompson Stephen Britton James Low Jonathan TTolden John Mills

Lachlau McG-illivary James Hume Thomas J'otmston James Robert son Lewis Johnson Alexander Stokes .Joseph, Butler William S. Kenner Philip Younge Philip Moore George Fraser David Montaigut William Moss James Farley Thomas Ross Richard Wright Abraham Gray John Hume Leonard Cecil Andrew Robertson, Robert Bolton Janies Habersham, Jr. Peter LaVein Robert Walt David Gray Qninton Pooler George Finch John Parkerson E Jones William Brown, Jr. .John Herriott N. Wade Charles Younge James Dixie, William Strother George Henly John Spenee T>. Mclnnes Henry Forest

ult: "White's Historical Collectlo

388 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Savannah in Hands of British: Betrayed By Old Negro.
Georgia Patriots Outlawed by the Tory Government.

Volume II. Volume II.

Fort Wayne. At the eastern extremity of the muff, a
site occupied in after years by the gas house, stood Fort Wayiie. It was constructed in the fall of 1778, when the likelihood of invasion was imminent, and was named in honor of the gallant officer who was afterwards largely instrumental in repelling the British from Georgia soil : General Anthony Wayne. But, ex cept on the water front, the city of Savannah was in an almost defenceless condition.

Savannah's Revolu tionary Monuments.
Wormsloe: The Home of Noble Jones.
Brampton: The Home of Jonathan Bryan.
Bonaventure: The Seat of the TattnaHs.

Page 103. Page 87. Page 93. Page 91.

White Bluff: The

On the Vernon River, nine miles to

Country-Seat of the the south of Sa%rannah, "was located

Houstouns.

the country-seat of Sir Patrick

Houstoun, Registrar of Grants

and Receiver of Quit-Claims for the Colony of Georgia.

On the death, of the old baronet, this splendid estate

CHATHAM

389

was inherited by his eldest son, Sir George IIoustoun, who remained loyal to England during1 the Revolution, though his brothers, John and William, were foremost among the rebels. The former be came Governor of Georgia on the eve of the fall of Savannah. This incident has been preserved among the family traditions: ''While the seat of govern ment was at Savannah, Governor Iloustoun's eldest brother, Sir George Houstonn, had a country-seat nine miles from the city, on the Vcrnoii River, called White Bluff. The Governor was accustomed to spend much of his time at this place. The British got wind of this and on one occasion sent a boat and crew up the river to capture the Governor. lie heard of this raid in time, however, and ran through the garden into the woods be hind the house, climbed a% tree, and remained hid until the raiders left.'' Governor Iloustoun died at White BJurT, on July 20, 1796.

Beaulieu: The

On a bluff of land overlooking the

Estate of Gov.

Vernon River, at a point seven miles

William Stephens, distant from the ocean, stood the ele

gant old home of William Stephens,

an early Colonial Governor. This noted Chief-Magistrate

was at one time a member of the English Parliament.

His famous ^Journal", a work of three volumes, pub

lished by a Ijondoii firm, in 174-2, constitutes an important

source-book, upon which later-day historians have largely

drawn. Thomas Stephens, a son of the royal Governor,

was a leader of the malcontents and a thorn in the pater

nal flesh. Deputed to present the grievances of Georgia

to the Trustees, he went to England for this purpose,

seemingly without the least regard for the feelings of

his father, an old man. The errand was not successful;

but so mortified was Governor Stephens by the circnm-

stnnccs connected with it that he soon afterwards relin-

390 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND .LEGENDS
quished the official helm. Withdrawing- to his plantation near Savannah he there lived in retirement until his death. The fine old estate embracing originally nve hundred acres was confirmed to him in 1739 by Oglcthorpe. ITe called his country-seat Beaulieu, after an old English manor owned by the Duke of Montagu, in the New Forest. The attractive bluff at this point is fragrant with other memories. Here, on September 12, 1779, debarked the troops of Count d'Estaing, the gallant French Admiral, to engage in the heroic but hapless siege of Savannah; and here to guard the approaches to the same town, during the Civil War, were planted strong batteries. Bcaulieu is today one of Savannah's aristo cratic suburbs.*

Tybee: First Cap- On Tybce Island, at the mouth of^the

ture of Revolution Savannah River, the first light-house

Here Made.

on the Georgia coast was built under

the supervision of Og'lethorpe, in

37-33. The present handsome structure, is the tallest light

house between Charleston and St. Augustine. This 'was

tlhe scene of the famous capture made by the first vessel

commissioned for naval warfare during1 the American

Revolution. The boat was a converted schooner, officered

by Commodore Oliver Bowen and Captain Joseph Ilaber-

sham. To meet the exigencies of the time, it was hastily

put in commission, in 1775, and within a few days there

after, off the coast of Tybce, 16,000 pounds of powder

was captured, some of which "was sent to Boston, "where

it was used in the battle of Bunker TrTill. At Fort Screven,

on Tybee Island, the United States government main

tains a strong- battery, the numerical strength of which

at present is 14 officers and 460 men. One of the quaint

sig'hts of the island is Martelle Tower, a structure built by

CHATHAM

391

the Federal government for defensive purposes, at the outbreak of the second war "with England, in 1832. This fort is still the property of the United States, Imt is no longer used except as a residence for officials. Tybec is today a great resort for lovers of the surf. It is the only island on the Georgia coast reached by direct railway connection, or to quote a Savannah rhapaodist "the only spot in. Georgia where the headlight of a'loco motive engine casts its silvery beams on the rolling- waves of the deep and dark bue ocean."

Thunderbolt: Five miles to the south-east of Savan-

How the Name nah lies Thunderbolt. Guarding one of

Originated.

the rear approaches to the city, it was

the site of early fortifications. Here also

an important garrison was stationed during the Civil

War. A,s for the origin of the name, there is still in

existence an old letter "written by Og'lethorpe, in

which he traces the derivation to a rock which "was here

shattered by a thunderbolt, causing a spring to gnsh

from the ground, which continued ever afterwards to

emit the odor of brimstone. At present, Thunderbolt is

one of the many play-grounds to which the population of

Savannah resorts in summer. It is also a place where

refreshments are served to patrons who are not strict

prohibitionists.

Georgia's First Newspaper: "The Gazette."

Volume IT.

Chatham Academy: Savannah's Pioneer School.

Volume II.

Sketch of the Roman Catholics in Georgia.

Volume II.

392 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Habersham House. One of tine stateliest of the lingering land-marks of Sava.iim.ili is Haber-
sliani House. Situated on Bernard street between Perry and MeDonoug1!!, rit faces Orleans Square. This quaint old monument of the ante-bellum South possesses a charm of interest both for the relic hunter and for the lover of art. It "was built some time after the War of 1812 for Mr. Archibald S. Bulloch, -a wealthy citizen of Savannah who lavished many thousand dollars upon the handsome dwelling-. Mr. .Jay, the architect who designed it, belonged to a noted family of New York, but was living1 at this time in London. His reputation for build ing artistic homes covered both sides of the Atlantic. When Mr. Bulloch began the erection of his home--so the story g'oes---he undertook to build it on the basis of so much per brick, without stopping- to count the ultimate cost; and in consequence of the somewhat unusual terms of the contract it is said that enough bricks 'Were pnt into the stately walls of the edifice to have reared a "whole block of tenements built after the fashion of modern times.
This fact was clearly established many years ago when. Mr. Neyle Ilabersbam, who was residing1 here at this time, soug'ht to dig a wine cellar through one of the walls. The workmen dug for days into a solid mass of brick and mortar, and finally when it came to lig'ht that the stubborn obstruction was not Jess than fifteen feet in thickness, the undertaking was abandoned. The contrac tor who built the house must have demanded a king's ransom for his work on completing the structure ; and, though Mr. Bulloch was a man of large means, he no doubt whistled when, he paid the bill. The orig'inal own er's occupancy of the mansion was short-lived. It soon passed to other hands. One of the subsequent purchasers was a Mrs. Maxwell. It was while this lady resided here that .Bishop England, one of the most celebrated "Roman Catholic prelates in America, planted a tree in a corner of the lawn which became for years a conspicuous senti.

CHATHAM

393

nel in this locality, but fell at last a prey to the destruc tive storm-king.

In 1823 the house was bought by Mr. Kobert Hutchinson who--palace though it wasT--acquired it for the small sum of $7,000, a nie^e bagatelle iii^eomparis'on. with what it cost Mr. Bullocli.^""Th-e--latter, in fact, paid this much for the iron railing- which enclosed the front yard1. Some ten years later the house became the property of Mr. Robert Habcrsbam who lived here until his death. TTe was the father of Mr. ISTeyle Habersham. above mentioned. Finally, in 1905, the historic mansion "was purchased by the present owner, Mrs. Arthur K. Boyd. In architec tural design Ilabersham House is a modification of the classic, representing a style typical of the ante-bellum South. There was a garden at one time on top of the house, a perfect jungle of sub-tropical plants and flowers. There "was also a portico in front extending' fifteen feet forward over the rooms of the first floor. This was built to furnisli two extra rooms when Mr. Ilabersham acquired the place.
Perhaps the most picturesque feature of the palatial old home is the stately stone portico in front upon which six-majestic columns arranged in circular position up hold a dome-like ceiling'. The parlor is sixty feet in length, the dining room thirty-five. The broad hallway extends to the rear of the house, while an old fashioned fliglit of stairs winds up from the center, supported by Corinthian pillars. The drawing room is very large and the ceilings very high. The mantels are made of Italian marble, in the panels to winch there are many delicately carved figures. The classic appearance of the hall is enriched by the flirted columns at each end, behind which in the concave walls stand huge gilded mirrors. The rooms are modelled upon the same impressive style, splendidly decorated and regal in proportions. From the external view-point, Ilabersham House is a lordly man-

394 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
sion, suggesting the opulent days of the old regime. It presents to the eyes a picture at once quaint and strange, fascinating the beholder's gaze and inviting him to linger.*

Other Historic

To mentipn in brief some of the

Homes of Savannah, numerous other historic homes of

Savannah, there is not to be found

on the G-eorgia coast a more picturesque retreat than the

Hermitage, owned by Judge Henry McAlpin. This fine

old estate -was settled not later than 1783. It was

acquired by the ancestors of Judge McAlpin nearly a

century ago and has remained in the possession of his

family ever since. The mansion is a well-preserved

specimen of ante-bellum architecture, recalling the

patrician life of the old slavery regime, and it was prob

ably built some time in the early thirties. Here may still

be seen the slave quarters, preserving amid an altered

scene the typical aspect of a thrifty plantation settlement,

such as here existed in the days of Judge McAlpin's

grandfather. The mansion is reached by an avenue of

oaks, forming a gate-w;ay of foliage to a bower of TCden.

Situated on the southern banks of the Savannah River,

it adjoins the country-seat of the noted old Revolution

ary patriot, Jonathan Bryan; and oil the landward side

connects with Savannah by means of the old Augusta

road.

The historic Owens mansion--today the home of Mrs. M. ~W. Thomas--presents much the appearance which it did in 1825, when it sheltered the great palladin of liberty, then on his last visit to America. It was built by the celebrated architect Jay, for an Englishman named Richardson, who married a Miss Bolton, and it came into
* These facts were obtained from a copy of the Savannah Morning News, bearing date of February 20, ] 905.

CHATHAM

395

possession of the Owens family some time before the Civil War. It was formerly one of the stylish boarding' houses of the city, kept by a Mrs. Maxwell and frequent ed by official visitors. The Marquis de la Fayette occu pied an elegant room on the south side overlooking the spacious veranda.

Greenwich, the handsome estate of Mr. Spencer P. Sliotter, on the Wilmington Elver, recalls the heroic m'artydom of the g-allant Count Oasimer Pu'laski. When the brave officer fell mortally wounded, during the siege of Savannah, he was brought to this place, where he received the most tender nursing until the end came. It was from a tomb in this immediate locality that his ashes were removed to the Pulaski monument on Bull Street in Savannah. There is no truth in the tradition that he died at sea. Wimberley, the home of Mayor George W. Tiedeman, on the Isle of Hope, is also one of the beauty-spots of Savannah. It is literally a palace of art, framed in a typical landscape of Arcadia, a scene in which green "woods and blue "waters blend in a conscious effort to show how Paradise must have looked. ^Vhite Hall also belongs to the list of homes which have made the environs of the Forest City famous. AVithin the ancient town itself, the elegant old Comer mansion, where President B'avis was entertained; and the homes of old Savannah families like the Jacksons, the Charltons, the Gordons, the Tjawtons--these must at least be mentioned in a list of Savannah's historic fire-sides.

Chatham's Historic Along the Vernon River lie scat-

Towns,

tered the ashes of not less than four

of Georgia's dead towns: Highgate,

Hampistead, Vernonburg, and Acton. The first two set

tlements were at the head of the stream. Highgate was

between four and five miles southwest of Savannah and

396 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOTMALS AND T-J"EG:RNT>S
was settled in 1733, at which time twelve families were here located, most of them from France. In the imme diate nighborhood, somewhat to the east of Highgate was planted at the same time a settlement of Germans. It was called liamipstead. The principal occupation of these foreigners was gardening;. They supplied veget ables to the inhabitants of Savannah. Francis Moore, who visited these towns in 1736, spoke of the neat huts in "which the people lived. He complimented them in high terms ; but the prosperity of the villages proved to be short-lived. In 1740 there were only two families at Highgate, "while the settlement at Ilampstead "was com pletely abandoned. Vcrnonburg and Acton were never more than little rural communities. Joseph's Town was situated on the Savannah River opposite Argyle Island. It was occupied by colonists from Scotland, but malarial fever caused it to bo abandoned.
Chatham in the Chatham was represented in the MexiMexican War. can "War by the famous Irish Jasper
Greens. The company "was annexed to the Georgia Regiment of Volunteers, in command of Colonel Henry R. Jackson. Its officers were as follows: Captain, J. McMahon; 1st. Lieut, G-. Curlette; 2nd. Lieut., i>- O'Connor; Sergeants, l>evany, M. Carey, P. Martin and Leo "Wylly; Corporals, M. Feery, P. Tierney, T. Bourke and Owen Rcilly. 86 members enrolled.
The Georgia Regiment of Volunteers which Colonel Jackson commanded in the Mexican war was composed of 898 officers and men. The field officers were: Colonel Henry R. Jackson; Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Y. Redd; Major diaries J. Williams; and Adjutant John Forsyth. It consisted of the following companies: the Columbus Guards, 87 members, the Georgia Light Infantry, 91 members and the Crnwford Guards 83 members, all from Columbus, Ga.; the Richmond Blues, of Augusta, 93

CHATHAM

397

strong; the Jasper Greens of Savannah, 86 strong; the Macon Guards of Maeon, -with 92 men; the Snniter Coun ty Volunteers, with 89 men ; the Fannin Avengers from Pike County, with 93 members; the Kennesaw Kangers from Cobb, 92 strong1 ; and the Canton Volunteers from Cherokee, with 90 men. There were ten companies in the Volunteer Regiment under Colonel Jackson.

The First Steamship to Cross the Atlantic.

Volume II.

Georgia's Oldest

On May 1, 1786, before the adop-

Military

tion of the Federal Constitution,

Organization.

the martial enthusiasm of Savan

nah asserted itself in the organiza

tion of the oldest military company in G-eorgia : the Chat

ham Artillery; and the initial appearance of the newly

organized command was made some few days later at

the funeral obsequies of the illustrious soldier, Major-

General Nathanael Greene. On Independence Day fol

lowing, the company participated in the patriotic ex

ercises; and, attired in full uniform, lent picturesque

and dramatic interest to the occasion. Among the origi

nal members were several veterans of the Revolution;

but, even in the faces of the youthful members, there

glowed the defiant arid intrepid spirit of seventy-six.

Capt. Edward Lloyd, a, one-armed Revolutionary soldier,

was the first commandant. The visit of President Wash

ing-ton to Georgia, in 1791, marked another important

event in the life of the Chatham Artillery; and, so im

pressed was the nation's Chief Magistrate with the

splendid appearance of the organization that, when he

returned to Philadelphia, he ordered two handsome

bronze field-pieces to be forwarded to the Chatham

Artillery -with the compliments of the President of the

1
398 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGKNDS
United States. These proved to be six-pounders, both of which were trophies of war captured from the British; and, on one of them was inscribed these words: "Surren dered at the capitulation of York Town, October nine teenth, 1781. Honi soit qni mal y pense--G. R." It was east in 1756 during the reign of George TT: and, besides the inscription, it bore the stamp of the imperial crown. Thongh no longer used in actual service the "Washing ton Gruns" are still treasured among the most precious keep-sakes and mementoes of the ancient organization. The Chatham Artillery participated in the War of 3312 and in the War between the States. When hostilities with Mexico began in 1845 the services of the company "were offered to the United States government but they were not needed.
During the first week of May, 1886, the centennial jubilee of the Chatham Artillery was celebrated. Visit ing companies from various States of the Union enjoyed the lavish hospitality of Sa,vannah; fetes and tourna ments were held in compliment to the city's distinguished guests; and round after round of merrijment imparted an endless charm of variety to the historic festival. Serious business of every kind was suspended. Old soldiers held reunions; the hatchet "was buried; and both the blue and the gray met in fraternal converse around the same camp-fires. It will ever be a source of the keenest satis faction to the people of Savannah that they were privi leged to entertain at this time the great leader of the Lost Cause. He -was then an old man, near the end of his long life of four score years; and it marked one of the very few occasions, after the "war, "when the recluse of Beauvoir consented to appear in public. With him was Winnie, the beloved and only "Daughter of the Confed eracy," whose birth in the White House at Richmond, during the last year of the -war, gave her this peculiar and exclusive title of honor. Both were the guests of

CHATHAM

399

Mr. H. M. Comer, at his elegant home on the corner of Bull and Taylor streets. Hon. John E. AVard, ex-Minis ter to China, was another distinguished guest. Though a native of Georgia, he -was then a resident of New York.*

In 1796 the Chatham Hussars came into existence. Twenty years later this company iinited with the Light Dragoons to form the Georgia Hussars under Capt. John MacPherson Berrien. The company claims to be the oldest organization of cavalry in the United States and boasts an unbroken lineal descent from a company of Bangers organized by General Oglethorpe in 1733. On the basis of this contention, the company was allowed by the Federal Government to retain its distinctive uniform notwithstanding- the law of 17.93 nnder which organiza tions belonging1 to the Federal Guard, if organized subse quent to 1796, "were required to adopt the regulation nniforms. At the beginning of the Civil War, the company went to the front and served throughout the struggle in the army of Northern Virginia,. Wlien the commandant, Capt. J. F. Waring, was made Colonel of the Jeff Davis Legion, Lieutenant David W^aldhauer "was chosen to fill his place. At the same time Lieutenant \V. ~W. Gordon was made a Captain on General Mercer's staff. The second division, known as company B., was organized during, the first year of the war under Capt. W. H. Wiltberger.
Georgia's oldest infantry corps dates back to 1802, when the Savannah Volunteer Guards were organized under the command of Ca.pt. John Cumming, M. IX His successors in office down to the outbreak of the Civil "War included Ed-ward F. Tattnall, Joseph W. Jackson, Cosmo P. Richardsone, M. D., James P. Screven and John
* Condensed from The History of the Chatham Artillery by Charles C. Jones, Jr., and from Historic and Picturesque Savannah by Adelaide Wilson.

400 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGEJSTDS
Scroven. The latter was in command when the company participated in the seizure of Port Pulaski. Early in the struggle Captain John Screven was advanced to the rank of Major and Capt. W. S. Basinger succeeded him to he in turn promoted. The second division known as com pany B. was organized in 1861 under ("apt. George W. Stiles. The armory of the Savannah Volunteer Guards was used by General Sherimm as a guardhouse during the Federal occupation of the city, and through careless ness was destroyed by lire. However, in the course of time, the personal activities of Lieutenant-Colonel Wil liam Garrard were successful in obtaining from the State of Georgia the old arsenal which was handsomely reno vated. This in turn fell a prey to the flames, after which the present handsome armory on Bull street, at the corner of Charlton, was erected. Since the Civil "War the corps has been a, battilion consisting of four companies. In 1900 to preserve its a,utononry it joined the artillery branch of the service hut retained the right to bear rifles. Dr. John Cummiiig the founder of the organiza tion was the first president of the Hibernian Society and one of the leading financiers of the city of Savannah. He was lost at sea, on the ill-fa,ted steamer, "Pulaski," off the coast of Hatteras, in 3836.

Fort Pulaski: Its Seizure on the Eve
of Secession.

Volume IT.

Fort Jackson. On the pa.ssage of the ordinance of seces
sion Fort Jackson, a stronghold, situated about three miles from Savannah, on the south side of the river, and named in honor of General Andrew Jack son, was seized and occupied by Savannah troops. In like manner, Oglethorpc barracks, near the city limits

CHATHAM

401

were taken, while Thunderbolt and other exposed points were fortified ag'aiiist the likelihood of attack.

Fort McAllister. On the right bank of the Great Ogeechee River, at a place called Genesis Point,
was situated Fort McAllister, a stronghold which .figured with conspicuous prominence during the last days of the Civil "War. The fortification was an earthwork, con structed on the outer line of defences to guard the ap proach to the city of Savannah. It was at one time as saulted by a fleet of seven Federal gun-boats. But so well was it defended by the brave men who constituted the garrison that, after eight days, the bombardment ceased and the fleet of the enemy withdrew, crippled and defeated. In recognition of this gallant fig-lit, the garri son was authorized by General lieaurcg'ard to inscribe on its flag- the victorious date: "March

Sherman's March to Nothing1 further occurred in the

the Sea Ends.

way of fighting, beyond an occa

sional skirmish, until December 11,

1864, when Sherman's army arrived in front of the ]ine

of defences, his force amounting- to sixty thousand infan

try, six th'ousand cavalry, and a full supply of heavy

guns. Along- the coast was a large fleet of iron-dads

and other war vessels, awaiting1 the establishment of com

munication "with the land force, to begin the sieg'e of

Savannah. For the city's protection, Lieutenant-General

William .J. Hardee commanded ten thousand men.

Before there could be a juncture between the military

and the naval forces to compel the surrender of Georgia's

port of entry, it was first necessary to overcome Fort

B, Evans, in History of Georgia for Scho

402 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
McAllister. At this critical season, Major George ~W. A.nderson wais in charge, and he resolved to make one of the pluckiest of fights before yielding an inch of ground to the modern Attila. The fort eventually fell; but, to quote an account of the affair written by the gallant com mander, "it was never surrendered; it was captured by overwhelming numbers." Special commendation was given to Captain "W. B. Clinch, and to other brave sub ordinate officers.
With the fall of Fort McAllister, the last vestige of hope for the beleaguered city was abandoned. In the presence of an enemy too powerful to be resisted, Gen eral Hardee saved his army by skillfully withdrawing from the intrenchments "which he occupied. lie made tile passage of the Savannah during the night, over pontoon bridges, and was soon out of reach on South Carolina Roil. Arriving in the city, on December 25, 3864, General Sherman wired his famous dispatch to President Lincoln, in which he tendered him the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift*

Hodgson Hall:

One of the chief centers of interest

Where Georgia's

in Savannah is Hodgson Hall, the

Heirlooms are Kept. home of the Georgia Historical

Society, where some of the rarest

documents and manuscripts in existence relating to Geor

gia's history are preserved. The handsome new build

ing faces Forsyth Park at the intersection of WMtaker

and Gaston streets. It was erected in 1876 by the lib

erality of two surviving- daughters of Gov. Telfair, whose

handsome estate was devoted mainly to public benefac

tions. His daughters were Miss ilary Telfair and Mrs.

Margaret Telfair Hodgson. The building was called

Hodgson Hall in honor of the letter's husband, "Win. B.

Hodgson, one of the most devoted members of the time-

CHATHAM

403

honored organization. It was on May 24, 1839 that the Georgia Historical Society was first organized with some twenty-five members representing the culture of Savannah and the pioneer officers were: Hon. John MacPlierson Berrien, President; Hon. .Tames M. Wayne, 1st VicePresident; Hon. "Win. B. Bnlloch, 2nd Vice-President; J. K. Tefft,* Esq., Coi-responding Secretary; Dr. Wm. Bacon Stevens, .Recording Secretary; George W. Hunter, Esq., Treasurer; Henry Kirk Preston, Librarian; and the following Board of Curators: Win. Thorne Williams, Charles S. Henry, John C. Nicholl, Wm. Law, Richard D. Arnold, Kobert M. Cliarlton and Mathew Hall MeAllister. Never in the history of the State was an enterprise launched by a company of men more illustrious for attain ment in the varied walks of life, including two United States Senators, a member of the Cabinet, a judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, and a distinguished clergyman afterwards Bishop of the State of Pennsylva nia. The Historical Society was organized for the three fold purpose of gathering, preserving, and publishing important historical data pertaining to Georgia and in the late fall of 1839 it was legally incorporated. In 1893 the Historical Society made a formal loan of both its rare collection of books and its handsome building to the Citj^ of Savannah for public library purposes, "while the society itself continued the specific work for which it was designed.

Savannah's Palace But Hodgson Hall is not the only

of Art.

monument to the munificence of the

Telfair family of Savannah. On

March 3, 1886, a century after Governor Telfair's induc-

.pitality of Mr. Tefft's home

404 G-EORGTA's LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND I/KGENDS
tioii into office as Georgia's Chief-Magistrate, the his toric old Telfair home became the afterwards equally noted Telfair Academy and "was at this time formally opened with impressive ceremonies. Miss Mary Telfair, the Governor's last surviving daughter, bequeathed in trust to the Georgia Historical Society at the time of her death, the fine old family homestead, together "with lier books, pictures and art treasures, to be preserved as a memorial to her distinguished father; and though the will was contested, the bequest stood in law.

Wm. W. Gordon: One of the most beautiful monuments

Monument to the in the city of Savannah is the hand-

Railway Pioneer. some structure of marble, in Court

House square, commemorating the

useful life of the great pioneer of railway development

in Georgia: "William Washington Gordon. He died at the

early age of forty-six. But he gave the most lasting

impetus to the material upbuilding of bis native State

and accomplished a work of constructive value which, was1

destined to live after him. As the first president of

Georgia's earliest railway enterprise, his genius was

initiative. He "was riot only a pathfinder but a builder

of splendid highways. Much of the subsequent history

of railroads in Georgia * ~

'

ultimate out

growth of his pioneer i

Georgia owes

much to railroads then ht

on to the man

who inaugurated the era

jrprise in this

State is beyond compwtatio-u.

,,.^0.0.01; an unmerited

compliment to Mr. Gordon that a county, soon after his

death, should have been named in his honor.

The Gordon monument in Savannah is unique. Best

ing upon a solid pedestal of granite, it consists of four

handsome columns of Scotch marble. These enclose at

the base an urn of artistic workmanship and support at

the top a globe of great weight. The symbolism is beauti-

CHATHAM

405

fully in keeping' with, the career of usefulness "which it thus commemorates. On the east side of the monument is portrayed a trestle over which a locomotive is drawing1 a train of cars. On the south side, an inscription reads thus :

'' "William "Washington Gordon. Born .Taiiuary 17, 3796. Died IVlareh 20. 1842. The Pioneer of Works of Interim! Improvement in his native State and the first President of the Central Raiiroad and Banking- Com pany of Georgia, to whio'h he gave his time, 'his talents and finally his life."
On the west side is inscribed the following: "Erected A. D. 1882 by the Central Railroad and .Banking- Company of Georgia, in Honor of a Brave Man, a 1'aithi'iil and Devoted Officer, and to Preserve his Name in the Grateful JrJemenibraiices of his Fellow Citizens.-'''

Forsyth Park: Con- Within the corporate limits, the

federate and Other chief pleasure-ground of Savannah

Monuments.

is Forsyth Park, named in honor of

the distingTiished diplomat and

statesman, John Forsyth. The principal, approach, by

which the park is reached is Brill street. In fact, the park

is simply an expansion of this handsome thoroughfare,

"which may not inaptly he called the rosary on which are

strung the monumental beads of Savannah. Ornamented

with plants and flowers, it is quite a beauty spot. There

is no lack of foliage; serpentine walks wind in every

direction through the umbrageous expanse; fountains

here and there vault gaily into the air from hidden

springs of crystal, and scats in abundance arc provided

for the weary peclestrain. On an artificial mound, in the

center of the park, stands the Confederate monument, a

liandsorne structure of brown stone, and one of the

earliest memorials in Georgia dedicated to the heroes of

the Lost Cause. To the north of this handsome pile, is

406 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJEGENDS
a column, perhaps five feet in height, on which rests a marble bust of Major-General I^ifayettc McLnws; while to the south is a similar tribute to Brigadier-General Francis S. Bartow. On account of the sub-tropical inten sity of the sun's heat at times in Savannah, a park in the center of the bustling metropolis is most refreshing. Old Colonial Cemetery has recently been made a park also, nor is the laughter of childhood among the tombs an offence to the meinorv of the dead.
Chatham's Distin- during the first one hundred years, guished Residents. tho history of Georgia and the his
tory of Savannah were almost synonymous; and to enumerate the distinguished resi dents of Savannah in anything like exhaustive detail would be an endless task equlvolent almost to calling the roster of Georgia's illustrious dead since the earliest Colonial times. However it is not a difficult matter to find a name with which to head the list; for in the affec tions of this State there will never be a rival to the true English gentleman in whose great soul the Colony of Georgia originated--James Edward Oglethorpe.
In close tonch with the illustrious founder of the Province stands a group including: Jonathan Bryan, KPoble Jones, John Milledge, James Habershain and a host of others.
John and Charles Wesley, the founders of Methodism --though at this time ministers of the Established Church --here began to preach the doctrines which afterwards made them famous throughout Christendom; and here the great Whitefield founded Bethesda.
From the establishment of the Colony until the time of the Revolution, Savannah was the seat oi' govern ment; and, during this time Georgia's Chief-Magistrates

CHATHAM

407

w.ere as follows: James Og'lethorpe, "William Stephens and Henry Parker, Governors of the Colony; John Reynolds, Henry Elllg and Sir James Wrigiit, Governors of the Province; James Ilabersharn, who was Governor ad interim while Sir James "Wright was absent in Eng'land, on the eve of the Revolution ; Archibald Bulled! and Button Gwinnett, Presidents of the TCxecutivc-Council, or Provisional Governors ; and John A. Treutlcn, the first Governor of the State, under the Constitution.
Since Georgia has been a Commonwealth, the office of Chief Magistrate has been occupied by the followingdistinguished citizens of Savannah: John Honstonn, John Were at, George 'Waltoii, Richa.rd Howley, John Martin, George Handley, Toyman TTall, Saurnel Elbert, James Jackson, JosiaJi Tattnall, John Mi 11 edge, "David B. Mitcliell and George M. Troiip.
Altogether Savannah has given the State twentythree Governors--(./oJo/iial, Provincial, Provisional and Constitutional.
Richard Howley and Lyrnan Hall eame to Savannah. after the Revolution.
Twenty-fonr comities of Georgia bear the names of distinguished residents of Chatham: Abraham Baldwin, Francis S. Barto-u^, Jolm MacPherson Berrien, Jonathan Bryan, Archibald Bnlloch, Robert !M. Charlton, Dnncan TJ. Clinch, 8amnel KJbert, William W. Gordon, ATathanael Greene, Bntton Gwinnett, Joseph Habcrsham, Charles Harris, Jolm TToustonn, James Jackson, James Jones, David B. Mitchell, James Edward Ogicthorpe, Josiah Tattna]!, Edward Tclfair, George M. Tronp,- Georg-e Wilton, Anthony Wayne, and Georg-e Whitefiold.
If Pnlaski and Jasper, both of "whom were killed at the siege of Savannah, be added to this list the number is increased to twenty-six.
Subsequent to the Revolution the Mclntosh and Hcreven families became identified with Havannah. Some of the famous exploits of Colonel John White occurred in this neighborhood; and Sergeant Newton was associa-

408 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
ted with Jasper in the celebrated capture of British officers which was made at Jasper Spring near Savan nah. These will add four more.
James Habersham, who accompanied \Vhitefield to Georgia, in 1736, established the first commercial house in Savannah. He succeeded AVhitetield in the care of the orphanage at Bethesda, became President of the King's Council, and acted as Governor. His devotion to the Crown never once wavered, despite the turbulent charac ter of the times. He died in New Jersey, on the eve of the Revolution; but was a stout loyalist to the last. His sons, however, "were fiery Whig's.
Jonathan Bryan was Georgia's first political martyr. Though a man of larg-e means and a member of the King's Council, he identified himself with the patriotic cause from the start, and in consequence of his devotion to liberty was deposed from office. The name of this sturdy old patriot is associated with the earliest events of Georgia's history; for he met Ogiethorpe at Beaufort, S. C. and accompanied him to Savannah, where he helped to plant the settlement. He afterwards established his country seat at Brampton, on the Savannah River, and a part of this handsome old estate is today included within the city limits of Savannah.
Noble Jones, "who came to Georgia with OgJethorpe, established his home at Wormsloc on the Isle of Hope, near Savannah, an old estate still owned and occupied by his descendants. He became Colonial Justice and Treasurer for Georgia and to the last remained loyal to the Crown of England; but his son, Noble Wymberley Jones, signed a call for the earliest meeting of the patri ots in Savannah; was uncompromising in his opposi-

CHATHAM

409

tion to the oppressive acts of the British Parliament; was deposed from the office of Speaker of the Georgia House of Assembly by Govci-iior Wright; ;::!{ in tribute to his fidelity as a patriot was styled "one of the morning- stars of liberty." Nevertheless, such was his filial devotion, that he declined to leave his father' sick bedside to at tend the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
T'o the Colonial era of Savannah's history beloiig-s an English baronet--Sir Patrick Houstoun.
The nobility of Europe was represented by few scions of the pnrple in the wilderness belt of North America; and the prestige in the Colony enjoyed by this gentleman of rank was somewhat unique. But notwithstanding the royal patents which bound him LO the Crown, two of the sons of this faithful old servitor became pronounced Whigs; and John Houstonu signed the famous card which first called the patriots together at Tondee's Tavern.
Joseph Clay wa:s another conspicuous figure of early Colonial times in Savannah. He "was a nephew of James ITabcrshain, the old loyalist, but was himself an ardent rebel, like his cousins. With Joseph TTabersham and several other bold patriots, he took part in the famous raid on the powder magazine. He became PaymasterGeneral for the Southern 'Department of the Revolution, under General Greeue; Treasurer of Georgia, and a member of the Continental CongreS'S. His son, Joseph Clay, Jr., after serving' on the Eederal bench in Georgia became an eminent pulpit orator and for years served a church in Boston, Mass.

Chatham was represented in the Continental Con gress by the following galaxy of patriots: Abraham Baldwin, Archibald Bulloch, Joseph Clay, William Gib bons, John Ilabersham. J ohn Houstoun, 'William Houstonn, Richard Howley, Noble Wymberley Jones, Edward

410 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND L^GKNBR
Langworthy, AVilllam Pierce., Edward Telfair, George Walton and John J. Zubly.
The Signers of the Declaration of Independence were each for a time residents of Savannah. George Walton was living' here when the instrument was signed. Button Gwinnett and Toyman Hall eaine afterwards.
Archibald t3ulloch and John Ilonstoun--both residents of Savannah--were entitled to sign the .Declaration, but Archibald Bulloch. was detained in Georgia by his duties as President of the Executive Council, while John Houstoim was called home to check-mate the activities of Dr. Zubly. The latter was one of the earliest of the patriots, but when he found that the Continental Congress was bent upon, separation from. England, he sought to keep Georgia anchored to the Crown. Though opposed to the tyrannical oppressions of England he 'believed that more could be accomplished by vigorous protest within the palo of allegiance than by open rebellion against the con stituted authorities.
Mr. Bulloch was an ancestor of Ex-President Theo dore Koosevelt. The old patriot was not spared to wit ness the successful conclusion of the war with England; but was privileged while President of the Executive Council to read the Declaration of Independence to the assembled populace at the scat of government.
Most of the members of the Council of Safety during the Revolution were residents of Savannah.
Conspicuous among the representatives of Chatham in the drama of hostilities were: General Dachlan McIntosh, General Samuel Elbert, the Ilabershams, Joseph, John and James, sons of the old loyalist, the Houstouns, John and William; Colonel George Walton, Captain Hugh McCall, Major James Jackson, Maj'or George Hadley, Major John Berrien, Commodore Oliver Bowen, John Milledge, William Pierce? Seth John Cuthbert, and a host of others.

CHATHAM

411

General Nathanael Greene, a.n officer of the Revolu tion who ranked second only to \Vashington and who was instrumental in expelling the British from Georgia soil, settled at Mulberry Grove, an estate given to him by the Legislature of Georgia, f ourteeii miles above Savannah ; and General Anthony W^tyrte, an officer under him, also became a resident of Chatham at this time, but after wards received all appointment from Washington which removed him to the North-west.
Colonel Sanmel Ilammond "was also for several years a resident of Savannah. He afterwards became the first Governor of the Territory of Missouri.
Oliver Bowen and Joseph Habersha,m captured the first prize of war and officered the first vessel commis sioned in the Colonies for naval warfare in the Revolu tion. The former became a commodore in the navy, and the latter a major in the first Georgia battalion.

Since the adoption of the Federal Constitution, in 1789, the following distinguished citizens of Savannah have worn the toga of the United States Senate: James Gunn, James Jackson, Abraham Baldwin, George "Walton, John Milledge, Josiah Tattnall, George Jones, William B. Bulloch, George M. Tronp, Alfred Cuthbert, John MacPherson Berrien, Robert M. Charlton, Thomas M. Nor wood, and Pope Barrow--in all fourteen.
To the Supreme Bench of the United States, Savan nah contributed James M. Wayne and to the Cabinet of the first President, Joseph Ilabersham.*
The following residents of Chatham have occupied seats in the National House of Representatives; Abra ham Baldwin, James Jackson, Anthony Wayne, Francis Willis, James Jones, Joseph Bryan, Samuel Hammond, Dennis Smelt, George Jones, George M. Troup, Thomas
* Strictly speaking tile Postmaster-General was not at this time a Cab inet official.

412 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Telfair, Alfred Cuthbert, John A. Cuthbert, Edward V. Tattnall, James M. Wayne, George W. Owens, Kichard W\ Habersham, John Millen, Joseph W. Jackson, Joseph "W. Clift, William W. Paine, Andrew Sloane, Julian Hartridge, John C. Nioholl, Thomas M. Norwood, Rufus E. Lester, and Charles Gr. Ed-wards--in all twenty-seven.
To the Confederate Array, Savannah furnished the following Brigadier-Generals: E. P. Alexander, E. H. Andersorj, Francis S. Bartow, George P. Harrisorj, Sr., George P. Harrison Jr., Henry E. Jackson, Alexander H. Tjawton, Hugh AV. Mercer and Gr. M. Sorrel. She also gave to the cause of the South, Major-General LaFayette McLaws and Commodore Josiah Tattnall. After the war, Major-General Jeremy F. Gilmer and Brigadier-General Peter McGlashan, both of North Carolina, became resi dents of Savannah.
The defense of Savannah against General Sherman, in 1864, devolved upon Tjieuteiiant-General William J. Hardee.
Here lived the great pioneer Baptist divine of Georgia, Dr. Henry Holcomb.
Savannah was also the home of Bishop Stephen Elliott, the first Bishop of the Diocese of Georgia,, and the home of Bishop F. X. Gartland, the first Bishop of the See of Savannah.
The ante-bellum bar of Savannah--between 1830 a,rul 1850--included Matthew Hall McAllister, Jeremiah Cnyler, William B. Bulloeh, l^evi T)cLyon, Counsellor Tjeake, Mordecai Sheftal], Sr., John M. Berrien, George W. Owens, Richard W. Habersham, James M. Wayne. Joseph S. Pelot, Joseph W. Jackson, William Law, William W. Gordon, "Richard B. Cnyler, Robert M. Charlton William H. Bulloch, William H. Stiles, FdwaTd J. Hardin, George J. 'Kolloek, John Millen, Charles S. Henry John E. W^rd and a host of others Imrdly lesn di stingtiished.

Jndg'O JVIcAllistcr removed to California, where he achieved fame as a jurist. John P], 'Ward became United States minister to China, after which he practiced law in the city of New 'York.
William. 'W. Gordon relinquished the legal profession to hecomo the first president of the Central of Georgia and the great railway pioneer of this State. The Cuylers also became identified with the development of railroads. William M. "Wadley, another president of the Central, live at one time in Savannah.
Two of Georgia's most accomplished diplomats were residents of the forest city; Henry It. Jackson and Alex ander li. Law ton. The former was minister to .Austria, during' the administration of President Franklin Pierce, and minister to Mexico, during the first term of President Cleveland. The latter was minister to Austria, from 1885 to 1889. Both were Brigadier-Generals in the Con federate Army, both leaders of the Savannah bar, both orators; and for years they were partners in the practice of law. Here Woodrow Wilson the twentyeighth President of the United States, led to the altar, in 1885, an accomplished daughter of Savannah : Miss Ellen Louise Axson.
But the list is still incomplete without the contribu tions of Sax^annah to the republic of letters. Her most distinguished authors include:
William Stephens, an early Governor, whose Journal is a mine of information in regard to Colonial times.
Captain I-Iugii. McOall, an officer of the Revolution, who published in two volnines, the earliest succinct His tory of Georgia, a work of great value, notwithstanding certain blemishes.
Dr. William Bacon Stevens, who wrote an. excellent History of Georgia, a work which he completed after be coming Bishop of Pennsylvania.

414: GICOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND JJEGICNDS
Thomas TJ. P. Charlton, who wrote a Jjife of MajorGeneral James Jackson.
Robert M. Charlton, his son, a United States Senator, who, at leisure intervals, wrote a number of graphic sketches, besides several poems of rare merit.
Dr. George White, a noted educator and divine, whose t\vo volumes--Statistics of Georgia tind Historical Col lections of Georgia--are treasuries of information in regard to the various counties of the State, rich in the materials of antiquarian research.
Edward J. liar din, the port r aye r of an important epoch, in his biography of George M. Troup.
General Henry R. Jackson, orator, diplomat, and soldier, who wrote the famous poem entitled: "The !Red Old Hills of Georgia."
"William T. Thompson, the noted humorist, who found ed the Savannah Morning News and wrote Major Jones's Courtship, an ante-bellum classic. Judge Thomas M. Norwood who wrote a political novel called, " Plu tocracy," besides a number of scathing satires.
And Colonel Charles O. Jones, Jr., the Georgia Macaulay, whose History of Georgia, in two volumes, is the most delightfully 'written, the most complete, and, the most authoritative work of the kind in existence. Colonel Jones removed from Savannah to Augusta, some time after the war, and there resided on the Sand Hills until his death.
CITATTAHOOCHKE

Lower CroeK Indians.

"Chattahoochee": Gen. A. C. Gordon, of Alabama, in an What the Word old letter to the Columbus (Ga.) En-

Means -

gmrer, gives the meaning of the

word "Chattahoochee". Says he : "It means 'Red Rock*.

The name was obtained from a rock found on the river

CTTATTOOGA

415

hanks, between lOufanla and Columbus. They used tliis rock for paint when on the war path. The Indians came a great distance to get this paint. It was red and hard to rub off. I tried to get the Indians to pilot me to the place where they obtained it, but they invariably re fused."

Original Settlers. See Mnscogec and Randolph, from which counties Ohattahooehee was
formed.

E. A. Flcwellyn and James A. Smith, who represented Olmttahooch.ee in the Secession Convention, at Milledgeville, were both pioneer settlers.

OIIATTOOGA
December 28, 1838, fr<

Indian Villages. In the vicinity of Snmmerville there were once two Indian villages--Broom
Town and Island Town----whose chiefs were very im portant men in the Chcvolcec nation.
Old Broom, the chief of the former village, affixed his signature to a treaty which was concluded at Tellico, October 24, 1804.
Cabin Smith, the chief of the latter village, signed two treaties--one at the Gherokce Agency, July 8, 1817, and one in the city of "Washington, D. C., February 24, 1819.

416 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND TJEGENDS
Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of Chattooga were: Robert Came-
ron, Charles .Price, Francis Kirby, John Laniar, William McConnell, Isaac Cha,ndler, James Herndon, James Wells, John Johnson, Philip Burns, Sanders Dickson. William Price, Hugh Montgomery, Albert Mitcliell, Ed ward Adams, Reuben Slatoii, N. Allman, liHrjali Mosley, Thomas Tredaway, Albert Quiim, Joseph Crook, Charles A. Heard, John I\ Beavers, Hugh McMuIlin, and James Price.
Judge A. P. Allgood was also an early resident of Chattooga, coming- to this county with his father, De Forrcst Allgood, from Walker. He established the famous cotton mills at Trion. In 3890, Mr. A. S. Hamilton was elected president and treasurer of the company owning this power plant, and, under his management, the capacity of the plant lias more than doubled. It is one of the largest cotton mill establishments in the South. Trion was the name given to both the town and the factory by a trio of men--Allgood, Marsh, and Briers--who were the originators of this great industrial enterprise, in 1836.
To the list of early settlers should be added: Wesley Shropshire, Dr. Robert Y. Rudicill, Calvin Cordle, and others. Besides there, some of the oldest families of the county include: the Jolmstoiis, the Peims, the Bushes, the Kings, and the Palmours.
Men of Note. Seqnoya, the famous Indian half-breed, who invented the Cherokee alphabet, lived
for a while near Alpine, in the County of Chattooga. He was known among- the whites as George Guess. To com memorate the achievement of this singular genius the great redwood trees of California have been christened the Sequoias.
Judge John W. Maddox, of Rome, a former member of Congress, was born in Chattooga.

CHEROKEE

417

Here the late Colonel William C. Glenn, once AttorneyGeneral of the State, first saw the light of day. His father, Jessc G-lenn, commanded a regiment during the Civil War, and, on the eve of the surrender, was nomi nated by President Davis for promotion to the rank of Brigadier-General.
Dr. Willia'tn S. ICendrick, of Atlanta, a distinguished physician, formerly lived in Ohattooga,

CHUROKEK
Created by legislative Act, Uec. lif., 1S31, out of the Cherokee lands. Named for the famous Cherokee nation ol Indiana who formerly occupied the
to the final deportation and formed into ;i single connLy of vast dimensions
The prophets of the ny-tion were called Cliera-lo^-hye, or "men of fire," in recognition of the divine unction received by thc7Ti from the Great Spirit.

The Chcrokees were the prehistoric monntaineers of the Southern A])pala(?]iiaiis. Tliey occupied at one time an area of country embracing- 40,0(10 square miles, .ft reached from the Blue Ridge, on the east, to the GmnberJaiid range, on the west; while the rich intermediate valleys were thickly settled with populous towns and villages for a distance of several hundred miles. The Cherokees were the most cultured Indians on the conti nent of North America. They possessed not only a written language, but a well-organized government, based upon Constitutional law. Toward the hist, only a frag ment of the vast forest empire of the Cherokees remained, due to the steady incursions of the white settlers; and for several years prior to the removal of the tribes' to

418 GEORGIA'S LANDMARTJK, MEMORIALS AND LKGENDS
the Indian Territory, the capital of the nation was at New Echota, in Gordon County, in an angle of land between the Coosawattee and the Connassauga Elvers.
Indian Villages. Old Sixes, an Indian town, was situated about seven miles south-west of Canton.
In 1833, it numbered a population of 400. Old Stop was the chief.
Ball Ground, a village some ten miles to the nortlieast of Canton, occupies the site where an Indian town stood. The name was derived from the favorite sport of the savage tribes, and it may have been given in this instance to commemorate the famous game which was played between the Creeks and the Cherokees to settle a disputed boundary line.
Little River Town "was an Indian village located four teen miles to the south-east of Canton. At the time of the removal it possessed a population of 300.
The county of Cherokee is rich in minerals. Soon after Governor Joseph E. Brown settled in Canton for the practice of law, he purchased a tract of land in the neighborhood for which he paid $450. It was found to contain a rich mine of copper, a half interest in which the Governor afterwards sold for $25,000; and this hand some sum of 'money which he "wisely invested in pro ductive farm lands in Cherokee became the basis of a fortune which, at the time of his death, ran into seven figures. Gold in rich deposits has been found in the neighborhood of Canton. The Franklin mine is one of the richest in Georgia. During" the past sixty years It has yielded large quantities of the yellow metal.

CHEROKEE

419

Much of the marble quarried at Tate is fashioned into beautiful forms of art at Canton. The industry began in a small shop opened by Capt. T. M. Brady, some time in the early nineties. There was no 'machinery employed at this initial stage and everything' "was wrotig'ht by hand. But Mr. Brady, in 1894, secured the contract for the famous Lion of T-Aicerrie, an artistic monument of great beauty erected to the unknown Confederate dead in At lanta. An object of universal admiration, the monument is almost an exact reproduction of the far-famed original, carved in the living rock of the Swiss Alps. From a modest beginning the enterprise has developed into a great plant. On the deatli of Mr. Brady, the executive management devolved upon Mr. R. T. Jones, the present official head of the marble works, under whom the enter prise has taken no backward step. There has never been any disorder or discontent among the labor/ legions em ployed in this extensive industry; and from the busy marble works at Canton the most beautiful of ornamental stones have been shipped to every part of the United States and to far-distant Europe.

The former home of Georgia's "War Governor, near the town center of Canton, has been converted into a handsome city park, owned and kept by the local authori ties. It was deeded to the town for this purpose by the heirs of Governor Brown. The park is a beauty spot, adorned with flower beds and shaded by luxuriant trees.

Cherokee in the At the outbreak of the war with Mexico, Mexican War. in 1846, a company was organized and
equipped in Cherokee called the Canton Volunteers. "It ]eft for the front with the famous Georgia Regiment of Volunteers, in command of Colonel Henry

420 GEORGIA'is LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
R. Jackson of Savannah. Its officers were as follows: Captain, K. Gramling; 1st Lieut., A. Keath; 2nd Lietrt., W. F. Mullens; Sergeants, W. G. Gramling, S. J. Cook, D. F. Daniel, N. F. Strain; Corporals, John G. Rhodes, Alien Moody, Robert S. Knox, Joshua Hughes. 90 mem bers enrolled.

Besides giving' Georgia a war Governor "who held office from 1857 to 1865--covering' the entire period of hostilities--the County of Cherokee was gallantly repre sented on the Confederate muster-rolls.

History of the Fa mous "Joe Brown" Pike.

Volume II.

Keinhardt College, a co-educational school, controlled by the North Georgia Methodist Conference, is located at Waleska. It was founded in 1884 and named for Lewis W. Reinhardt wlio located here in the early thirties before the removal of the Cherokee Indians. He built and estab lished on this site a church called Reinhardt chapel. The board of trustees was formally organized in 1885 with Mr. J. J. A. Sharp, one of the most zealous pioneers of education in this part of the State, as chairman. The college was in fact the outgrowth of a school which he built at AValeska.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers of Cherokee were: Daniel H. Bird,
John P. Brooks, John Wagner, General Eli McConnell, John McConnell, John B. Garrison, R. F. Daniel, James Daniel, William Grisham, John Eperson, Washington Ijumpkin, Henry Cobb, Charles Christian, John Maddox,

CHEROKEE

421

Thomas Johnston, William Greene, Samuel Tate, Peter Kuykendall, John P. "Winn, Joseph S. Dyer, Martin Evans, John M. Chambers, Joseph Donaldson, Merrick Ford, E. Putnam, T. Cbamlee, S. Eucker, James Dorris, David Rusk, John Hunt, sen., John Tjeonard, "William May, William TCey, James A. Maddox, B. Bailey, John Muffins, John Pugh, John Hcnson, John Wheeler, Henry Wheeler, P. O. Boger, K. Dyer, and others.

Samuel Freeman, a soldier of the Revolution, is buried in an unmarked grave at Canton. John T. Hughes, also a patriot of '76, is buried at Hickory Flat. His grave is likewise unmarked. Two miles west of "Waleska, in a private burial ground, sleeps an old patriot by the name of Branham or Brannan.

Cherokee's Distin- To the County of Cherokee belongs guished Residents, the unique honor of having furnished
the only instance on record in the his tory of (he State where father and son have held the office of Chief Magistrate. Joseph E. Brown was Geor gia's famous war Governor, remaining continuously at the helm of affairs from 1857 to 1865. Joseph M. Brown succeeded to the gubernatorial chair in 1908; and, after a brief interval of retirement, was again made Governor in 1,911. The elder Brown was at one time Chief Justice of the State and twice a Senator of the United States. During the days of Reconstruction he was ostracised by reason of his position on public issues ; but when calmer views prevailed he was recalled to power and at the time of his death was the most commanding' force in public affairs. Governor Brown by prudent investments accu mulated a large fortune. His judgment became a proverb. On resigning the ermine he was made presi-

422 GEORGIA.'s LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
dent of a company leasing- the Western and Atlantic Rail road, an office which he filled for twenty years. The elder Brown, was not a native of Cherokee; but lie located in Canton when a young' in an. On the outskirts of the town is the famous wheat field in which he "was binding wheat "when he received the news of his nomination for Gov ernor. The younger Brown was born in Cherokee. As the author of "Astyaiiax," a tale of pre-bistoric America, he is not unknown to the world of letters. PTe became Governor after serving on the Railroad. Commission from which he was displaced somewhat arbitrarily by Governor Hoke Smith. Judge James R, Brown, a brother of Geor gia 's war Governor, himself a distinguished jurist, re sides in Canton. Here also lived Dr. John "W. Lewis, an early benefactor of Governor Brown, who in after years appointed him a Senator of the Confederate States.
CT.ARKE
On "Broad street, in the city of Athens, there stands an impressive monument of white marble on which the following- inscription is lettered:
Says Colonel Absalom H. Chappell: i: If 1 were asked to name the man who was most to be dreaded by the sav age foe, who rendered the greatest service to the exposed frontier, who was ever foremost in doing' or attempting whatever was best for the security and advancement of the State--who, whilst he lived made himself strongly

CLABKE

423

felt wherever he took part--and who now, when we look back, continues st:.ill to he seen In the mind's eye, stalking sternly with his armor on, across the troublous spaee which he once so bravely filled in our dim historic past -- hjg1 stalwart "war-hardened form yet dominant on the theatre where Jio was so long" wont at different periods to sufter, fight, and strive for Georgia, not against the Indians only but against the British and the Tories also --my prompt answer would be Elijah Glarke."

Athens Founded: The location of an institution of learnOriginal Settlers, ing1 to be known as Franklin College
on the heights overlooking the north fork of the Oconee River, at Cedar Shoals, in 1801, gave rise to the city of Athens, today one of the largest inland cotton markets in the world, an important depot of insur ance, and the seat of the oldest State University in America. The original owner of the land purchased by the State for Franklin College was Daniel EJasley. His holdings lay on both sides of the river arid inducted a .toll bridge and a mill, both of which he reserved. Six miles distant lived Josieli Morton, on an extensive upland plant a lion, while J ohn Kspey lived on Sandy Creek. There may have been other residents in the neighbor hood, but it was not until the college was located at Athens that the settlers began to come in large numbers.
We are indebted to Mr. A, L. Hull for the following list of pioneers who settled in the neighborhood of Athens between 1800 and 1820: Reverend Hope Hull, John Billup.s, Judgv? Angus tij? S. day ton, Madame Gouvain, Dr. Hugh Xeisler. Zarloc Cook, Professor Josiah. Meigs, Robert Barber, Dr. Henry Jackson, Thomas Mitchell, William Mitdiell, Alsa Moore, Governor Wilson Lomipkin, Jo 1m Xewton, Elizur Xewton, Dr. James JSTisbet, William II. Jackson, General David Meriwether, Thomas Stanley, John Talmage, Stevens Thomas, William Wil-

424 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
liams, and Dr. Moses Waddell. Wm. Park, a soldier of the Revolution, also settled in Athens and here was horn his son, Major John Park.
Between 1820 and 1850 came the following well known heads of families: John White, Nicholas Ware, Edward E. Ware, Ferdinand Pliinizy, Alexander B. Linton, Dr. Orawford W. Long, John A.ddison Cobb, Junius Hillyer, Shaler G. Hillyer, James L. Griffith, Daniel Grant, Wil liam Dearing, James Bancroft, David C. Barrow, Sr., Thomas W. Baxter, Thomas Bishop, James R. Garlton, Dr. Alonzo Church, William H. Dorsey, Charles Dougherty, Thomas Golding, Stephen W. Harris, Blanton M. Hill, Thomas N. Hamilton, Edward E. Hodgson, Dr. Nathan Hoyt, Frederick W. Lucas, Joseph Henry Lumpkin, William M. Morton, John Nisbet, Charles M. Eeese, Professor Williams Rutherford, Pleasant A. Stovall, and Robert Taylor.
According to White's Historical Collections of Geor gia, the original settlers of Clarke were as follows: Thomas Greer, Charles Dean, F. Eobertson, Colonel Wil liam Craig, Solomon Edwards, William Clark, William Williams, William Jones, Francis Oliver, Thomas Wade, David Elder, Zadoc Cook, John Jackson, Hugh Neisler, Thomas Mitchell, James Cook, Wyatt Lee, Robert Bar ber, Eeverend Hope Hull, A. Bog'gs, Jesse White, General David Meriwether, Joseph Espey, John Espey, Colonel Reynolds, father of Governor Reynolds, of Alabama, Major Dougherty, father of Judge Charles Douglierty, and others.
James Pittman, a Revolutionary soldier, lies buried eight miles from Athens in an unmarked grave. He "was born March 4, 1756, and died December 25, 1850, in his ninety-sixth year. James Espey, a patriot of '76, is sup posed to be buried at Colt's Mill on Sandy Creek.

r
Franklin College: Oldest State University in America.

CljARKE

425
Page 139.

Growth and Such was the genesis of Franklin College. Expansion. In the course of time the University by
selling- the lands acquired from the State accumulated $150,000 in notes secured by mortgages. However, there was no fixed income on which the institu tion could rely and, on December 15, 1815, the Legislature authorized the Governor to advance to the Board of Trustees two-thirds of the full value of these notes, when the same should be placed in the hands of the State Treasurer. No money was paid for them, but, upon the organization of the Bank of the State of Georgia, the Governor bought one thousand shares of stock for the University, which were duly transferred as soon as the conditions were met. The income from the investment was guaranteed by the State to amount to $8,000 per annum. At first the revenue exceeded this sum; but, amid the ravages of war, the investment was lost. Never theless, the State of Georgia assumed the obligation; and, in the Constitution of 1877, the annual interest on $100,000 became a fixed charge upon the Commonwealth.
For more than fifty years the history of the University was the history of the State. There were often times of great stress, -when the fortunes of the institution seemed to be at low ebb; but during this period it sent forth the Cobbs and the Lumpkins; it produced Toombs and Ste phens and PCill; it gave to science the two LeContes; it furnished Pierce and Palmer to the pulpit, and it put both hemispheres under Roman tribute in the great work for humanity of Dr. Crawford "VV. Long.

But chang'es were needed to keep the college apace "with the diffusion of knowledge. The expanding intelligence

426 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of the nineteenth century demanded wider areas of cul ture. In 1859, a plan of reorganization was adopted by the Trustees in which it "was proposed to establish a system of schools, each separate and distinct, to include, besides Franklin College, a law school, a school of agri. culture, a school of medicine, a school of civil engineering, a normal school, and .a school of commerce, these to be under an executive head called the Chancellor.
From this radical change of policy dates the rise of the University proper.
At the same time, by an act of the Legislature ap proved December 4, 1859, the Senatus Aeadcmicus was abolished, and the Trustees given final jurisdiction.
Under the proposed scheme of re-organization, a law school -was established, with Chief-Justice Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Thomas !R. R. Cobb ? and William Ilo.pe Hull as instructors.
In the summer of I86'2, the Congress of the United States granted to each of the States a donation of land to establish a college in "which science as applied to agri culture and the mechanic arts "was to be taught. It was not until the war period was over that Georgia became the beneficiary of this generous gift from the government, at which time the sale of her quota of land netted some thing like $243,000. "With this sum of money the trustees, in 1872 established the Georgia State College of Agricul ture and Mechanic Arts, as a co-ordinance department of the institution. The Connor bill passed by the legisla ture, in 1905, greatly enlarged the scope of this depart ment, which today includes a farm, of 830 a.cres. Under the direction of J)r. A. M. Soule, as president, the work has been still further extended by means of institutes for farmers, educational trains, extension schools and other modern methods of instruction.
But the broadening process went considerably beyond the original plan of reorganization. In 1872, the North

CljARKE

427

Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega, became a department of tlie University, through a contract with the local trustees, wliile the Georgia Medical College, at Augusta, was acquired in like manner. Since then the following,institutions have been established as depart ments or branches of the University, viz., the Georgia School of Technology, in Atlanta, established in 1885; the Georgia Normal and Industrial College for Girls, at Milledgeville, established in 1889; the Georgia Industrial School for Colored Youths, near Savannah, established in 1890; the State Normal School at Athens, established in 1895; and the South Georgia Normal College, at Valdosta, established in 1912. Besides these, the University has developed in recent years at Athens a school of pharmacy and a school of forestry, both of which have accomplished splendid work; and, through the engineering department, under Professor Charles M. Strahan, has taken the initiative in the building of good roads'. More than nine hundred acres of land have been added to the campus, scores of handsome new structures have been reared to meet the growing needs of the institution, and plans are under consideration for enlarging the work of the Uni versity in the near future beyond anything of which the founders' dreamed. Thus from a simple college, with a close curriculum, the plant at Athens has grown into a -complex system, planned upon a broad and philosophic basis, with a splendid corps of teachers, abreast in every respect with the progress of modern thought and method, an institution where the technical and scientific as well as the literary branches are taught and where- the best educational equipment of the times can be obtained.

Presidents and Josiah Meigs remained at the helm of

Chancellors.

affairs until 1811. Some of the Trustees

were disappointed because he did not at

once evolve an institution like Yale or Harvard; but they

expected him to make brick without straw. Polities also

428 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
played a stellar part in cutting his tenure of office short. On the issues of the day he was an extreme Jeffersonian. This1 made him somewhat unpopular with men of wealth. So, without other employment in sight, Professor Meigs,. weary of the official harness, tendered his resignation,, remaining in Athens until Mr. Jefferson gave him the post of surveyor-general, with headquarters in Cin cinnati.
Dr. Henry Kollock, of Savannah, was then chosen by the board to fill the vacant chair, but he preferred the work of the pulpit. Thereupon the Trustees turned to the Reverend John Brown, of Columbia, S- C., who ac cepted, serving from 1811 to 1816. But he was not a success, though Dr. Talmage styled him "our apostle John." The attendance diminished and the income dwindled until it was necessary to cut salaries in half.
Dr. Finley took the oath of office in 1817, made a tour of the State, and aroused some enthusiasm for the col lege ; but unfortunately on his return to Athens he was seized with an illness from which he never rallied.
Dr. Nathan S. S. Beman, who founded the famous academy at Mount Zion, near Sparta, -was chosen to suc ceed Dr. Finley. He accepted the call, but afterwards on account of his wife's enfeebled health he declined to assume the responsibilities.
Next came Dr. Moses Waddell. He was undoubtedly the greatest of the presidents' of Franklin College. The success of his famous school at Willington, S. C., attrac ted the attention of the Trustees; and he seemed to be the providential if not indeed the only man who could lift the prostrate institution. Dr. Waddell accepted the invi tation of the trustees and came to Athens. ^While serv ing as president of Franklin College, he also filled the pulpit of the Presbyterian church. He was a ScotchIrishman of stout physical and mental fiber, a rigid disciplinarian, and a teacher who, in addition to varied attainments, possessed the faculty of imparting knowl edge to others. William H. Crawford, John C. Calhoun,

CLABKE

429

George McDuffie, and George K. Gilmer were among the former pupils of this eminent sclio1a,r.

Dr. Waddell believed in the birch. It is said that he even advocated the flogging of freshmen, but there is no record to the effect that he ever carried his authority to this limit. He established a steward's hall, where the bill of fare, though substantial, was in no wise open to the charge of extravagance. By resolution of the Trus tees in 1820 the quality of board required was as follows: "For breakfast, a sufficiency of cold meat, with wheaten flour biscuit or loaf bread, butter, tea or coffee. For din ner, a course of bacon or salted beef, with a proper pro portion of corn bread and at least two kinds of vegetables, and on Wednesday to have an after course of pies, pud dings, or pancakes. For supper, a plentiful supply of tea or milk, with a sufficiency of wheaten biscuit or butter.'' Ideas of what constitutes a substantial meal for hungry college boys have been modified somewhat "with the introduction of modern athletics.
Becitations before the breakfast, hour was also with Dr. Waddell a custom which was seldom honored in the breach.
Another restriction put upon the student made him limit Ms walks on the Sabbath day to one mile.
But Dr. Waddell, while firm, was not tryannical. His administration, judged by the standard of results, was successful. He raised the standard of scholarship, in creased the attendance, and stamped upon the institution the impress of his genius as an educator. He remained at the head of Franklin College until 1829. When he resigned under the conviction that his usefulness was at an end, every effort was made to keep him but without success. Finally arrangements were made for a public leave-taking at commencement and, after impressive exercises in the chapel, the students marched to 'his

430 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
house in a body to bid him farewell. He resumed his school work at Willing-ton for a short while, but over taken by ill-health, he returned to Athens, where he died at the home of his son.
Dr. Alonzo Church, formerly professor of mathe matics, succeeded Dr. Waddell and remained at the head of the institution from 1829 to 1859, a period of thirty years. Dr. Church was a native of Vermont. In person he "was tall and well-proportioned, with lustrous black eyes and dark complexion, his bearing- dignified1 and erect. He was an absolutely fearless man but with a somewhat quick temper which he usually kei.it under fair control. Dr. Church was not in sympathy with some of the advanced methods of education ; and it was while he occupied the chair that tho two eminent scientists, John and Joseph LeOonte, withdrew from the institution; and with them went also Charles S. Venable. The IjeContes became identified with the University of California. Prof. Venable entered the faculty of the University of Virginia. The president of the college was also hampered by the necessity for retrenchment in expenses and by the politi cal differences which existed between Clarice and Troap men on the Board of Trustees. The attendance upon the college steadily declined. AVar broke out in the faculty; and, amid the excitement, Dr. Church tendered his resig nation, roundly excoriating some of his colleagues.
Thereupon the Trustees demanded the resignation of the entire corps of professors; and what seemed to be a grave crisis was at hand. The care-worn president did not long survive. His resignation took effect on January 1, 1859 and, in the year following, the end came.
With the close of Dr. Church's administration dates the formal rise of the University of Georgia from the

CI.ABKB

431

chrysalis of Franklin College. As soon as the plan of reorganization was fully outlined by the board, Dr. Andrew A. Lipseomb, a distinguished Methodist divine and a ripe scholar, then conducting a school for young ladies with great success in Alabama, was called to the helm. It was during the troublous days of the Civil War when the first of the Chancellors took charge; and there was little opportunity at this time to put the enlarged ideas of the board into effect. The period was one of industrial and educational paralysis. But the new executive head took vigorous hold. Dr. Lipscomb "was a native of Virginia, "where his boyhood days were spent in the region of Manassas. He was characterized by the fire of his ancestral stock. To cjuote Mr. Hull:* "as a sermonizer he was prone to get beyond the depth of his audience but at times both in the pulpit and on the ros trum he rose to flights of eloquence rarely equalled in a land of orators." He was the best critic .of the Sbakesperean drama known to his day. He inagurated the custom of holding Sunday afternoon services in the chapel which he often packed to overflowing.
Dr. Tjipscomb stamped the impress of his character upon the men who went out from under him during1 this dark period. The late Samuel Spencer, President of the Southern railway, "was one of the pupils of Dr. Lipscornb; and, in closing an address to the students of the Georgia School of Technology, he sounded what was perhaps the key-note of his life, in an utterance quoted from Dr. Lipscomb to this effect: "Young gentlemen, let truth be the spinal column of your characters into which every rib is set and upon which the brain itself reposes." On retiring from the Chancellorship, Dr. Lipscomb con tinued to reside in Athens until his death some years later. In personal appearance he "was strikingly hand some even in old age, his long white locks making- him an
object of universal interest.
From 1874 to 1878, Dr. H. H. Tucker held the office of Chancellor. He was a brilliant scholar, a profound

432 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS theologian, and a vigorous writer; but the University was

1

not prosperous under Dr. Tucker, due to friction with

the Board of Trnstees. For one thing he lacked tact;

but some of his policies were undoubtedfy good. This

distinguished divine was at one time President of Mercer.

He also edited for a number of years the Christian Index.

As a preacher when at his best he was almost unrivalled.

During the next ten years the office of Chancellor was

held by one of the ablest parliamentarians in America--

Dr. Patrick H. Mell. His Manual is still the standard of

authority with many deliberative bodies. Dr. Mell was

for years the presiding officer of both the State and the

Southern Baptist Conventions, in which capacity his tall

figure made him literally one of the landmarks of his

great denomination. As Chancellor of the University he

developed fine executive talent. He brought to the office

a ripe experience as a college professor and a well diges

ted policy with respect to the management of students,

in. dealing with whom he bore himself like a. Chesterfield.

Opposed to the dormitory system the views of Dr. Mell

upon this subject brought him into unpleasant disagree

ment with the Board of Trustees; and while the matter

was pending the end came. Worn by the cares of his

office the old Chancellor needed rest. Peace to his ashes!

The next executive head of the University was Dr.

William E. Boggs, a Presbyterian divine of wide reputa

tion, then occupying a pulpit in Memphis, Term., though

formerly a professor in the Theological Seminary at

Columbia, S. C. Dr. Boggs brought to the office new

ideas and vigorous methods; but he was not in touch

with the Board of Trustees in a number of matters which

he deemed essential. Consequently his administration

was embarrassed. However, the University continued

to grow.

With the resignation of Dr. Boggs, there came a change in the policy of electing Chancellors. Hitherto

CLAKKB

433

the office had been filled by ministers of tlie gospel. But the times, while needing no less of piety, demanded more of administrative skill. Consequently the choice of the Board in 1899 fell upon a layman--Hon. Walter B. Hill, of Maoon. He was the first alunmus of the institution to be called to the helm of affairs. Mr. Hill was a distin guished member of the bar, a ripe scholar, and a man of unblemished character. From the moment of his induc tion into office, there was tlie greatest enthusiasm mani fest, not only on the part of the student body but among the alumni throughout the State. He put himself in close touch with the educational progress of the times, attracted the attention of men of wealth at the North, who made gifts to the institution; and dreamed of larger things to which the University was destined. Several hundred acres of land, reaching- back to a point beyond the old home of Governor Wilson Lmnipkin, on the Oconee River, were annexed to the campus ; new buildings were erected ; and in other ways the institution began to exhibit un wonted vigor. !But while still intent upon putting his magnificent plans into effect Chancellor Hill died at his home in Athens, on December 28, 1905, at the age of fifty-six. During the brief period in which he was per mitted to serve his alma mater, the University received in legislative and private gifts not less than $308,000. Besides he overcame .the prejudice existing in certain quarters toward the University and secured from the State an annual maintenance fund of $22,500. To quote Dr. W. W. Tjandrum: "His fight for such an agricul tural college as Georgia needed is a part of the educa tional history of the State."

When a successor to Mr. Hill was named, the choice of the Board of Trustees fell upon the present Chancellor, Prof. David C. Barrow, an alumnus of the institution, then temporarily discharging the duties of this office, while

434 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
filling the chair of mathematics. No wiser choice could have been made. Chancellor !Barrow lacks none of the magnetism of Mr. Hill. His popularity with the students is unbounded; nor is he less securely entrenched in the confidence of the alumni. He is hroad in his views, aggressive in Ms methods, and firm in his convictions. He is at once both firm and gentle- -characteristics most powerful when united. P"lnans are under way not onlj

Gifts and Bndow- Mention has heen made of the TJniver-

ments.

sity's gifts of land, including the

Milledge tract upon which the city was

built. The State legislature, from time to time, in addi

tion to fixed annuities, has made gifts in money to the

institution with which to erect buildings and to make

needed repairs. Tt cannot he said without violence to

the truth that the State has always1 heen generous in

dealing with the college at Athens; for often even of

late years the Chancellor has been forced to supplicate

the law-makers on bended knee for the merest pittance

with which to fight starvation. But today an altogether

different policy prevails. Georgia has come to realize

the moral obligations which rest upon her to place the

University abreast with the forward movement of the

times.

Mr. James Grunn, Jr., of Louisville, Ga., in 1802, gave

tlic University $1,000 in cash, which was the first gift

of this character made to the institution. It helped to

build Old College, known to a later generation as the

Summey House.

In 1817, Mr. John Marks, of Madison County, Ga.,

gave an equal amount for the purchase, of apparatus.

But--to quote Mr. Hull--there was no further loosen ing of private purse-strings until 1854 when Dr. William Terrell, of Sparta, gave tlie institution $20,000 to endow a chair of agriculture; and not long thereafter Governor George R. Gilmer, of Lexington, left $15,000 for the pur pose of educating teachers, the income of which is now given to the State Normal School.
Besides the T^and Script fund--which produced an endowment of $24-3,000 -- the University is indebted to the Federal government for two additional grants, ineluding one in 1887 for the support of agricultural experi ment stations in connection "with the Co]]ege of Agricul ture and one in 1890 for the support in part of the State Normal School.
In 1873 the city of Athens gave the University $25,000 for the erection of the Moore hnilding and in 1908 an eqnal amount for the campus extension fund.
.In 1879 Professor Charles F. McCay, 'formerly a professor of mathematics, made a donation to the Uni versity to be kept at compound interest for a certain period of years, neither the interest nor the principal to> be touched until the limit of time expires1. It is estimated that the MeCay gift will eventually yield the institution a fund of $10,000,000, from which an interest sum of $500,000 annually will be derived for the payment of salaries.
In 1882 the University was given the sum of $50,000 by United States Senator Joseph Pi Brown, the interest upon which amount became available at once for the purpose of assisting poor boys to obtain an education. It was stipulated that the beneficiaries' of this fund were to assume moral obligations for the re-payment of the sums boirowed, at a nominal rate of interest, and that,

436 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
when returned, these sums should he added to the prin cipal, thus increasing the endowment- This fund is known as the "Charles J. McDonald Scholarship Fund," in honor of a son of the g'enerous donor, who "was to have received this amount on. his twenty-first birthday, but "who died while a student of the University of Georgia.
The latest benefactions to the institution have been as follows : $50,000 from George Foster Peabody, of New York, for the new Library building; $30,000 from the same generous contributor to the campus extension fund; $50,000 from the alumni for the erection of a ~Y. M. 0. A. building-; $5,000 from the estate of Brantley A. Denmark, of Savannah, used in erecting Denmark Hall; $10,000 from the citizens of Athens for the campus extension fund, in addition to $25,000 from the city of Athens for the same purpose; and $40,000 from the Peabody hoard o.C trustees for a School of Education building1 to be erected on the campus.

The first Manual Labor School in the United States was organized in connection with Franklin College, as a preparatory school, in 1803. Mr. Moses "W. Dobbins was the teacher, a stern disciplinarian, who believed in the efficacy of the rod. This school became a grammar school under the late Dr. Shaler G. Hillyer. It stood on an eminence of laud today occupied by the home of Mr. E. H. Hodgson, Sr., on Prince avenue. The Presbytei'ian church bought it from the University in 18.72. Later, it became the property of United States Senator Oliver II. Prince.

The Toombs Oak.

Volume II.

John Howard Payne's Georgia Sweetheart.

Volume IT.

CLARKE

437

The Lucy Cobb Dear to the heart of every college boy

Institute.

whose worship of the beautiful has led

him sooner or later to Milledge avenue

--the favorite promenade of the undergraduate student

from time immemorial--is an institution of learning

which scarcely less than the University itself has con

tributed to make Athens a seat of culture, famous

throughout the South--the Lucy Cobb Institute. Since

the decade which witnessed the stormy on-coming of the

Civil War, 'this splendid school has held a place of unique

honor among the seminaries of the land. It has trained

for useful womanhood not less1 than 2,000 pupils "who are

today scattered throughout the United States; and if

few of them are found in the crusading ranks of ballot

reform they have nevertheless been evangels of true

culture; and while keeping abreast with the real progress

of the New South they have at the same time modestly

exemplified the gentle traditions of the Old. The circum

stances under which the Lucy Cobb Institute came into

existence are as follows: In 1854 there appeared a com

munication in the Southern Watclwnan appealing1 to the

patriotism of Georgians to establish a high school for

Georgia girls. It deplored the necessity of sending the

daughters of this State to the far North for an education,

at a time when there was so much divergence of view

point between the sections. The author of this communi

cation was Mrs. "Williams Rutherford. It was published

under an assumed name, due to the characteristic modesty

of this gentle woman; and, without suspecting the source

from which the letter came, it was Thomas R. R, Cobb,

her brother, then a lawyer of State-wide prominence,

living in Athens, -who was moved to respond to this im

portunate appeal from Mrs. Rutherford's pen. With

characteristic enthusiasm, Mr. Cobb took the streets of

Athens. He canvassed the town, stirred the people, raised

the subscriptions, and organized the Board of Trustees.

He also drew the charter for the institution, a model of

brevity, in less than fifty lines. On the first Monday in

January, 1859, the school was formally opened.

438 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBTATJS AND LEGENDS
Professor ^Vright was tlie first principal. At a period somewhat later, the famous Madame Sosnowski, who afterwards organized the Home School, was called to the helm. But the dark days' of the Civil War were at hand. Mr. Cobb was killed on the battle-field of Fredericksburg, while wearing the stars of a Brigadier-General; and the era of Reconstruction only intensified the gloom which hovered over the despondent Southland. But, finally, in 1880, Miss Mildred Kutherford, a niece of General Cobb, leased the school, assuming the burden of debt by which it was then encumbered. The rolls of the institution attest the success 'which crowned the labors of this gifted woman. As a -writer of text-books on literature and history she has achieved a reputation national in extent and as a leader in the ranks of patriotic societies she has long been prominent among the brilliant women of the South. In 1895 Miss Rutherford surrendered the care' of the Institute to her accomplished sister, Mrs. M. A. Lipscomb, retaining a place in the faculty, but devoting nrach of her time to letters, varied somewhat by foreign travel. Mrs. Lipscomb was equally successful in her management of the school; but she too retired from active control of the Institute in 1908, relinquishing1 re sponsibilities to the present talented principals, Misses Gerdine and Brumby, who have proven themselves worthy successors.
The Jackson Oak: At the foot of Bearing street, in the A Property Owner, section of Athens known as Cobb-
ham, there stands a majestic shade tree of white oak whose claim to distinction is unrivalled by the forest giants. For more than three quarters of a century this tree has been a freeholder, owning in fee simple the soil upon which it stands. The following story has been found in an old file of newspapers: "There is a tree at Athens, Ga., which is an owner of land. In the early part of the century the soil on which it stands was

CI-ABKK

439

owned by Colonel "William H. Jackson, who took great deliglit in watching it grow. In his old age the tree had reached magnificent proportions, and the thought of its being destroyed by those who should come after him was so repugnant that he recorded a deed, of which the follow ing- is a part:

'' 1, "W. I-I. Jackson, of the County of Glarte, Staie of Georgia, of the one part, and this oak tree-- giving the location--of tuc County of Clarice, of the oilier part, witness, ilu-tt the said W. H. Jackson, for
mi in eoiisidevation. of the groat affection which, ne a said tree and his desire to see it protected, .has ,-eyed nml, "by these presents, does convey unto Band tree entire possession of itself and of the ! vn'tiiin cJgiit feat of it on all sides."

To the foregoing* account., Mr. Hull adds: ''However defective this title may be in law, the pnblic nevertheless recognized it, and this splendid tree is one of the boasts of Athens and will be cared for by the city for many years to come. Sonic generous friend to Athens, in order to show his interest in this unique freeholder, has, at his own expense, placed around the tree granite posts con nected by chains, replaced the earth which the storms of a cenlury bavo washed from the roots, and neatly sodded the enclosed area with grass." The friend to whom Mr. T-Iull refers is Mr. Ocorg-e Foster Peabody, of Now York.

The Only Double 'Directly in front of the city hall, on

Barreled Cannon in College avenue, stands a ciirions relic

the World.

of the war period the like of which

can be found nowhere els'e in the

world. It is the famous Gil lei and gun ; and the story

connected with this nondescript instrument of homicide

is as follows: "Mr. John G-illeland, one of the Thunder

bolts, conceived the idea of making- a double-barreled

440 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
cannon. His plan was to load the cannon with two balls, connected by a chain, which, when projected, would sweep across the battlefield and mow down the enemy some what as a scythe cuts wheat. The cannon was cast at the Athens Foundry, duly bored out and mounted, and, on the appointed day, "was taken out for trial to a point on the Newton Bridge road, beyond Dr. Lintou's. Here a wide track was cat through the pines and a target of poles set up side by side. From a safe distance in the rear, a company of interested spectators, among whom was tbe writer, watched the proceedings. The gun was loaded and the balls rammed home, with the chain con necting them. The signal was given and the lanyard pulled. One ball went out ahead of the other, snapped the chain, which flew around and diverted the course of the missile into the standing pines. The other shot went wide of the mark, and the poles which represented the hostile army stood uninjured. The experiment was a failure. The cannon was taken from the field and was onl}* used in after years to celebrate Democratic vic tories. ''

The Confederate Just a block removed from the famous

Monument.

Gilleland cannon, on College avenue,

stands the Confederate monument, one

of the very earliest shafts erected in the South, to com

memorate the heroic dead of the Civil War. It was

dedicated on June 3, 1872, with an eloquent address by

Judge Alexander S. Fjrwin, of Athens, then a youthful

veteran who had lately come to Athens for the practice

of law. The officers of the pioneer Memorial Association

consisted of the following ladies : Mrs. Laura Cobb Ruth

erford, president; Mrs. Howell Cobb, first vice-president;

Mrs. Young TJ. Gr. Harris, second vice-president; and

Mrs. Augusta Clay ton King', secretary and treasurer.

When the necessary funds were in hand, the order for

the monument, a shaft of pure Italian marble, was given

CLABKE

441

to Mr. Markwalter, of Augusta, Gra. The base of the marble is granite, forming a series of steps, on which rests a tall marble column, so divided as to combine solidity and grace, flags, wreaths, and other military symbols adorn the upper portions of the pedestal, while above them are urns and flowers. The names of the gallant officers and soldiers of Clarice County, who fell in the Confederate struggle, are inscribed on the lower facades. Over this section of the monument rises the main division, of the column, an ornamental block of stone, containing' four inscriptions, one on each side. The following- tribute to the Confederate dead constitutes the chief inscription on the monument. It is from the scholarly pen of the late Chancellor Lipscomb:

' ( True to the soil that gave frhem birth and reared them, men; true to the traditions of their Revolu tionary ancestors of high, renown and hallowed worth; alike by instinct and "by principle cherishing the senti ments of liome aud country and the allegiance there unto due as one and inseparable; these heroes, ours in the unity of blood, ours in the unity of patriotism, struggled for the rights of 'States as held by the fathers of the EepubJic; and by the fathers of the Republic as a sacred trust unto them, bequaatlhed. The measures of their years suddenly completed, in the fatal issues of battle, reached the consummation of earthly glory in their death; last and holiest office of human fidelity, possible to brave men, attesting their sincerity, vindicating their honor, and sealing their integrity, they won their title to an immortality of love and reverence."

This is the monument to "which Mr. Gfrady referred in his celebrated .speech before the New England Society of New York, on December 21, 1886, when he said: "In my native town of Athens is a monument which crowns its central hill--a plain white shaft. Deep cut into its

442 GEORGIA'S [LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS A?m LEGENDS
shining Ride is a name dear to me above the names of men, that of a brnve and simple man who died 5n brave and simple faith. Not for all the g'lories of 'Xew Knglarvd, from Plymouth Kock all the way, would 1 exchange the heritage he left me in his soldier's death. To the foot of that shaft I shall send my children's children to rever ence him "who ennobled their name with his heroic blood. but, sir, 'speaking' from the shadow of that memory which 1 honor as I do nothing else on earth, T say that the eanse in which he suffered and for which he gave his life was adjudged by higher and fuller wisdom than his or mine, and I am glad that the omniscient God held the balance of battle in His Almighty hand and that human slavery was swept forever from American soil, the American Union saved from the wreck of war."
It may be doubted if there was a town either North or South which made larger contributions to the Confed erate armies--in proportion to population--than did Ath ens ; for out of I,5t3 white men and boys 1,300 were on the firing line of battle. Sixteen per cent, of these were wounded, eleven per cent, were killed, and ten per cent, died from, disease, making a total of thirty-six per cent. The various companies from Athens were as follows: The Troup Artillery, the Athens Guards, the Clarke Eifles, Deloney's Cavalry, 'Hitch's Cavalry, Lnmpkin's Battery, the Moll Hides, the Johnson Guards, and the Highland Gua.rds. Besides there were a number of indi viduals who enlisted in other commands; nor should men tion be omitted of the famous company of home guards, known as the JVIitchell Thunderbolts. Most of the above named organizations were in Cobb's I^egioii; and to the famous Troup Artillery was assigned the honor of firing the signal gun which preceded Pickett's immortal charge at Gettysburg.

Origin of the South ern Cross of Honor.

CljARKE

443
Page 222.

dark's Distin-

_A the seat of the University of

guished Residents. Georgia, Athens, from the start, en

joyed a sort of intellectual primacy

among1 the cities of Die State. It became at an early

period the home of a thrifty class of people. The wealthy

planter i'vom the coast hastened hither to put his sons

in college and to establish his permanent abode in an

atmosphere of culture, made doubly attractive to him by

the invigorating climate of the uplands. Gradually the

merchant began to find in the new village a market for

bis wares and the professional man a Acid for his talents;

and so Athens in the course of time "became something

morn than a college town.

Reverend Hope Hull was the first arrival. As the

real founder of Methodism in Georgia he occupies a

unique position in the historic background. He built his

home on the campus, wlierc lie became a resident trustee

in the most literal sense; donated the first chapel;

attendee! every meeting of the Board of Trustees, except

on one occasion when the .Board met on the Sabbath day;

and, throughout an era of beginnings, fraught with the

most serious consequences not only to the institution but

to the IState, proved Inn?self the University' earliest and

best friend.

On the outskirts of the town he reared Hull's Meeting

House, a cabin of rough logs which, under his preaching,

became a tabernacle in the wilderness, around which fell

tlie heavenly manna.

The streets of Athens are still fragrant with the

memory of this good man.

ITis sons, Ron. Ashniy Hull and Dr. Henry Hull, weru

long connected with the University, the former as treas

urer of the institution for forty-seven years, the latter

as professor of mathematics. TTis grandson, Augustus

444 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Li. Hull, was for years secretary and treasurer of the Board of Trustees.
Augustin S. Claytoh, after receiving his diploma as a member of the first graduating- class, located in Athens for the practice of law. He became a Judge of the Superior Court, a member of Congress, and a political essayist whose pen was almost unrivaled in the vein of satire. He also founded the Demosthenian Society of the University of Georgia-
Charles Dougherty, perhaps the foremost lawyer of his day, established his residence iu Athens where lie continued to reside until his death.
General David Meriwether, a member of Congress and a commissioner to treat with the Cherokee Indians, settled upon a plantation near Athens, where the evening of his life was spent. James Meriwether, his son, was also a member of Congress and a commissioner for the government in the famous treaty with the Creeks at Indian Springs.
Xadoc Cook, an early representative from Georgia in Congress, lived and died on a plantation near Athens. It is said that his powers of memory were such that he could quote the Bible from cover to eover--probably an exaggeration.
Dr. Ignatius A. Few, the first president of Emory College, spent his last years in Athens, where he lies buried.
Dr. Henry Jackson, who accompanied William IT. Crawford on his mission to France, in 1813, and who brought back an account of the famous episode of the French Court, was for many years a professor in the " college at Athens.
Here his distinguished son, General Henry R. Jack son, who wrote "The Bed Old Hills of Georgia," was horn. The latter was a veteran officer of both the Mexican and the Civil Wars, a diplomat at the Courts of Austria

CLARKE

445

and Mexico, a lawyer at the head of his' profession, and an orator with few equals. He was retained by President Buchanan, in 1858, to assist the government in prosecut ing the owners of the famous slave yacht, the Wanderer.

Dr. Crawford W. Long, who immortalized his name by the discovery of Anesthesia, spent the autumnal years of his life in Athens, where the picturesque home in which he lived yet stands on Prince avenue, an object of interest to thousands of visitors. He was stricken with paralysis, at the bedside of a patient, while engaged in the ministrations of his healing- art. The Legislature of Georgia has twice named T)r. Long as one of the two great Georgians whose statues are to adorn the Capitol at Washington.
Here lived the Cobbs. The founder of the Athens branch of this noted family was John Addison Cobb, who came from Louisville, Ga., and settled in the locality which, still bears the name of Cobbham. Two of his sons attained to the highest distinction. Howell Cobb, the elder, became Speaker of the National House of Repre sentatives, Secretary of the Treasury vmder President Buchanan, Governor of Georgia, President of the Pro visional Congress at Montgomery, and Major-General in the Confederate Army, besides holding a number of minor but important offices. Thomas E. R. Cobb became a lawyer of wide note. He wrote "Cobb on Slavery" before he was thirty-five, a masterpiece of legal litera ture. On the election of Mr. Lincoln he became the most powerful advocate of unconditional and immediate seces sion and was largely instrumental in carrying Georgia, out of the Union. lie rose to the rank of BrigadierGeneral in the Confederate Army, and was killed at the
battle of Fredericksbnrg, in Virginia, on November 13, 1863, by the explosion of a shell.
Governor Wilson Lumpkin settled near Athens in 1819. His picturesque old home "Cedar Hill" still over-

446 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
looks tile Oconee River, two miles to the south of the town. Mrs. Coinpton, nee Martha Lumpkin, his daughter, for whom the town of Marthasville was named, still resides here, at an age which cannot be far removed from the century mark.
Chief Justice Joseph Henry TAunpkin came to Athens somewhat later. PTe presided with great ability for twenty-one years over the supreme tribunal of the State, founded the Phi Kappa Society and the Tjumpkin Tjaw School, ranked as an orator with Colquitt and Toombs. His stately home on Prince avenue was occupied at one time by the Home School, a seminary for girls taught by the gifted Sosnowskis. Until removed from the place which it occupied originally in a grove of splendid trees and on a high knoll it was the most majestic in appear ance of any of the ante-bellum mansions for which. Athens is famous.
Chief Justice Osborne A. Tjoehranc began his career here as a, clerk in a drug store. Athens was also the home at one time of Chief Justice James Jackson.
Benjamin H. Hill, the great orator and statesman, lived here for a few years after the war, occupying the palatial home built by Air. John T. Grrant and owned to day by Mr. James White. It was from this district that he was first sent to Congress in 1874. His sons, Judge Benjamin H. Hill and lion. Charles !1). Hill, were both educated in Athens.
Oliver H. Prince, a lawyer of high rank who filled at one time a seat in the United States Senate, also lived here for some time. He is credited with having written "The Militia Drill" in Long-street's "Georgia Scenes". Mr. Prince was lost at sea, off the coast of Hatteras, in the wreck of the steamship "Home", in 1836. Prince avenue was named for him.

CljARKE

447

Henry "W. Grady, the great orator and editor, was a native of Athens, where he spent his boyhood days. The old home place still stands on Prince avenue. His father, Major W. 8. Grady, was a gallant Confederate officer who lost his life at Petersburg, Va.

Here lived the brilliant Emory Speer who for three terms represented the Athens district in Congress as an independent Democrat. His political campaigns have seldom been surpassed in dramatic elements. Judge Speer for more than twenty-eight years has presided over the United States Court for the Southern District of Georgia. His father, Ur. Eustace ~W. Speer, was one of the most eloquent men of his day in the Methodist pulpit.
Junius Hillyer, an eminent lawyer and statesman of the ante-bellum period who represented Georgia in Con gress and on the bench with great distinction, resided in Athens for a number of years'; also his brothers, Shaler G. Hillyer and John F. Hillyer. The family came from Wilkes County in 1821. Tt consisted of these boys, together with a widowed mother, Mrs. Rebeoca Freeman Hillyer, the daughter of a Revolutionary soldier. Here Judge George Hillyer was born.
Nicholas Ware, a former mayor of Augusta, who succeeded Major Freeman Walker in the United StatesSenate, removed to Athens in 1823, jnst a year : prior to his death.
Here lived Major-General M. Ij. Smith, a distinguished Confederate engineer; Brigadier-General William M. Browne, a noted educator; Ferdinand Phinizy, one of Georgia's wealthiest kings of finance; Young L. G. Har ris, long president of the Southern Mutual, a philanthro pist and a financier; Captain H. H. Carlton, a member of Congress, a gallant Confederate soldier, arid a fearless editor; Joseph H. Lumpkin and Andrew J. Cobb, both

448 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

1

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Georgia; the former a grandson of Chief-Justice Lumpkin; and s'cores of others too numerous to mention. The present wellequipped young Congressman from the eighth district, Hon. Samuel J. Tribble, is also a resident of Athens; and here Brigadier-General Edward Lloyd Thomas1 was born.

From a cursory g-lance over the foregoing list it will be seen that seven counties of Georgia have been named for Athenians : Clayton, J5ougherty, Meriwether, Lump-t kin, Ware, Ben Hill, and Grady. The county of Oobb was not named for the Athens family but for Judge Thomas W. Cobb, of Greensboro, a former United States Senator from Georgia. Five judges of the Supreme Court have been residents of Clarke--Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Osborne A. Loehrane, James Jackson, Andrew J. Cobb, and Joseph Henry Lumpkin, a grandson of the great ChiefLJustice; two Governors of the State have lived here--Wilson Lumpkin and Howell Cobb; four United States Senators--Wilson Lumpkin, Nicholas Ware, Oliver Prince, and Benjamin II. Hill; twelve mem bers of Congress--Augustin S. Clayton, David Meri wether, Zadoc Cook, Ilowell Cobb, Wilson Lumpkin, James Jackson, Benjamin H. Hill, Emory Speer, Junius Hillyer, Henry H. Carlton, and Samuel J. Tribble; two Major-Generals--Howell Cobb and M. L. Smith; four Brigadier-Generals--Thomas E. R. Cobb, Henry B. Jacksou, W. M. Brownc and Fjdward Lloyd Thomas; and three Chief Justices--Joseph Henry Lumpkin, O. A. Lochrane, and James Jackson.

CIAY

449

Created by Leffisla

CD.AY

Fort Gaincs, built on the side of the present town, was a stockade fort, erected during the Creek Indian War to defend the frontier. Twelve miles north-west of Fort Gaines are the beautiful Pataula Falls. Says White: "The creek runs through, a bed of blue marl containing a profusion of sea-shells, some of thera quite large. Em bedded in the rock are balls of compact blue limestone the size of twelve-pound shot. Factories to any extent could he established at these falls."
Original Settlers. See Kariy and Handolph, from which counties day was formed.
To the list of early settlers may be added: Thomas King, who built the first mill in this section; Alexander Foster, Prof. Norman Coolidge, Dr. Mark M. Shivers, Robert Thompson, Philip Tiusley, Joe] II. (,'rawford, W. D. K. Crawford, William Neves, Dr. Thomas Bigbie, John Davis, Thomas K. Dams, Richard G-rimsley, Joseph B. Grimsley, John P. Best, Hilary M. Shaw, James B. McCord, and Jonathan Hayes. Besides these, the old established families of Clay include: the Viusous, the Holleys, the Petersons, the Footes, the Plowdens, the Burnetts, the Davenports, and the Shelteess.

450 GEORGIA'S IJANDMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
CLAYTON
Created by Legislative Act, November 30, 1858, from Fayette and Henry Counties. Named for Hon. Augustin S. Clayton, a noted ante bellum jurist and statesman of Georgia. Jonesboro, the county-seat, was originally Leaksville. The name was changed to .Tonesboro when the Central Railroad reached this point and was so called in compliment to one of the Civil Engineers who surveyed the line, Capt. Samuel C. Jones, father
Augustin Smith Clayton was a no'ted jurist and states man, the greater part of whose life was spent in the town of Athen's. He was appointed by the General Assembly in 181.0 to compile the statutes of Georgia. For many years he was judge of the Western Circuit, after which he was elected to Congress whore he served for two terms. Judge Clayton was a writer of rare charm and power and at leisure intervals, under the pen name of "Wranghani Fitz-Ramble, he 'wrote "The Mysterious Picture," a political satire which at the time produced1 a sensation. He was also credited with a work entitled: "The Life of David Orockett, by Himself.'' But, aside from these books, he wrote a number of letters for the press. The election of Governor Troup, after a heated contest in 1824 wias attributed to a series of articles signed "Atticus," which were written by Judge Clayton. For fifteen years he was the only lawyer in Athens. Henry "W. Grady married his grand-daughter. Judge CUiyton was a native of Virginia, in which State he was born November 27, 1783. lie died in Athens, Ga., June 21, 1839.
Judge Clayton married a niece of Thomas P. Carnes, in whose office, wlien a resident of Augusta, lie began to read law. He was a student in the Richmond Academy, when Washington visited Augusta, in 1791, and he received at this time a, prize for declamation awarded by the distinguished visitor. Judge W. W. Clayton says: "In my father's library is a copy of S'allust, presented to him by General AVashing'ton, in which the following1

CLAYTON

451

appears--'Premium of the President of the United States to Smith Clayton, a student of Richmond' Academy as a memorial -of esteem and a premium due to merit. Pre sented by his request. Signed: Robert Porsyth, Abraham Baldwin.' "

The Battle of One of the most important "battles of the

Jonesboro.

Civil War was fought at Jonesboro, on

August 31, 1864. It wa;s in this engage

ment that Governor Alien T>. Candler lost an eye. Says

Professor Joseph T. Derry: "Shermaii, after trying- in

vain for more tbun six 'weeks to force his wiay into

Atlanta, marched with his main, army to the rear of the

Confederates and threw a 'strong- force across the Central

Railroad, at Jonc'.sboro, 'the last lineof supply for Hood's

army. Creneral William J. ITardee wa,s unable to dis

lodge him, but by a. desperate fig-lit against tremendous

odds, he secured the safe retreat of Hood from Atlanta."

Original Settlers. See Henry and Fayette, from which counties Clayton was formed.

To the pioneer list may be added: R. ID. Morrow and J'ames F. Johnson, who represented Clayton in the secession convention 'at Milledgeville. The old estab lished families of the county include: the'331alocks, the Huies, the Morrows, 'the Adnmsons, the Camp's, the John sons and others. Wm. Overton Betts -was also an early settler.
Men of Note. Robert Adamson, Private Secretary to Mayor Gayuor, of the City of New York,
was born on a farm in Clayton. Choosing journalism as

452 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
a profession, he served his novitiate on the staff of the Atlanta Constitution. In 1896 seeking a wider field for his talents he went to New York where lie soon made his mark in the newspaper life of the metropolis. "Fie is today a power in. New York politics. As this voh.imo g'oe.s to press, itr. .A dam son's name is mentioned in connection with the Private Secretaryship to Presi dent Wilson; or, in lien of this appointment, the sooth sayers predict for him an important office under the incoming Democratic administration. Mr. Tilden Adamson, a younger brother., 1ms also achieved a brilliant suc cess in New York.
OUNCE
Created by Legislative Act, from \Vayne County, February 14, 1850. Named for General Huncan L. Clinch, a, noted officer of the TJ. S. Army, who distinguished himself In the Indian campaigns, afterwards a member of Congress. J-Tomcrville, the county-scat, was named for Dr. John Homer Mattox who originally owned the land lot on which me town was built, and by whom the town was laid out, in 1850, at which time the old Atlantic
General Dimea.n L. Clinch was a soldier of marked attainments. On reaching the age of twenty-one, he entered the rcgnlar army of the United States, receiving a Lieutenant's commission. He became a Colonel in the War of 1812, by reason of his gallantry on the field, after which he distinguished himself still further in the cam paigns against the Seminole Indians in Florida, where, in 1.835, he effectually suppressed an uprising by a d ec J s ive victory over th e great chi ef, O s-ceol a, a:t th e battle of Withlaeoo'chee. But finally provoked by the inefficient tactics of the War Department he resigned with 'the rank of Brigadier-General and re-tired to his plantation, near St. Mary's, G-a. Twenty-eight years of his life were spent in the military service of his country nor is there anything- in his splendid record as a poMier for which the State of Georgia needs to blush. In

OLiNCii

453

1844, ho was elected to a seat in Congress, made vacant by the death, of John Millen, but served only one terra. He wa:s also narrowly defeated for Governor by George W. Towns, in 1847. General Clinch was born in Edgecombe County, N. C., on April 0, 1787, and died in Macon, (Ja. October 28, 1849. He was three times married. ExGovernor Duzjcan C. Ileywarcl, of South Carolina, is his grandson.

Magnolia: A Lost By act of the General Assembly in

Town.

1852 the 'town of Magnolia was made

the coimty-seat of Clinch. Previous

to this tiine the little cluster of homes at this point was

called Polk. Tn 18GO another act of the Legislature

authorized the removal of the county officers to "Station

Number Eleven" on the Atlantic and Gulf Railroad

where Homcrville, the present county-seat of Clinch, was

incorporated in 1869. The town of Magnolia, no longer

exists upon the map, though a militia district still retains

the name. There i!s an old church still standing in the

neighborhood but naug'ht else--save a few gaunt and

spectral chimneys--to tell where cheerful fires once

warmed the hearthstones of this silent town of Southern

Georgia.

Original Settlers. Among the early pioneers of Clinch,
according to White, were: Benjamin Semmons, J. C. Kirldand, Samuel Register, John Tomlinson, sen., John Roberts, J. J. Robinson E. PI. Morgan, John North, Wm. Starling-, Abraham Register, and H. Sears.
Charles Griffin and Sanders Nobles, both patriots of '76, are buried somewhere in this county, presumably near Homerville.

454 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Over the eastern -border line of Olineli tliere extends a, part of the famous Okefinokce Swamp, one of tile most extensive areas of submerged land on tlie North Ameri can continent.
COBB
Created by Legislative Ael, December 3, 1832, from C'lierokee County. Named for lion. Thomas \V. Cobb, a distinguished United States Senator from Georgia. Marietta, the r-ounty-seai, was probably named for the I'amoxis pioneer town of the Onio Valley, settled in 1788 by General Uutnam. Tliere are no less than eigbt towns of this name in the United States.
Thomas Willis Cobb was ail eminent jurist and statcsm!an of the ante-bellum period. lie studied law under the great AVilliam H. Cra'wford and be'camc the legal guar dian of the illustrious Robert To'ombs. He represented the State in Congress for three terms, two of which were in succession; and, on the death of Nicholas 'Ware, was chosen to succeed liira m the United States Senate. TTour years of. service in tlie upper forum sufficed to lilj the measure of his ambition; and relinquishing: the toga he was elected to a seat on tlie Superior Court bench, where he remained until his death. Judge Cobb was richly endowed with the gifts of his noted household. Tie was born in Columbia County, Qa,, in 1784- and died at Greens boro, Ga., February 1, 1830, at the age of forty-six. His grandfather, Colonel Tliomas Cobb, was a soldier of the devolution "who reached the phenomenal age of 110 years and died possessed of large holdings. Joseph Beckham Cobb, the Senator's son, settled in Mississippi, where he attained liigli rank at the bar and became distinguished as an author. He published .a novel entitled: "Creole Bays, or the Siege of New Orleans," and two volumes of sketches, viz.: "Leisure Hours" and "Mississippi S'cencs," besides a. number of essays.
Indian Traditions. According to an old Indian tradition, the line between tlie Creeks and the
Cherokees commenced oil the Chattahoochee Eiver, in

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the extreme southern, angle of what is now1 Cobb County, extending1 thence in a northwesterly direction toward tlie Co'osa. Prior to the establishment of this line, there was some dispute between the tribes concerning1 the exact boundaries which divided them, and to settle the vexed issue they agreed to abide the result of a game of ball. Quite a strip of territory was staked upon the 'outcome. It included, th.e present areas of Oobb, P'anldiug, and Polk Counties, all of which was. to be awarded to the success ful contestant. The Greeks lost. Consequently the land in question, became the prize of the victorious. Oherokees. Xear liolton, Ga., on the Cobb side of the river, under neath the trestle of the Southern Railway, there is still to be seen an 'ancient mound. It is doubtless an old burial-place 'of the Indians.
Kennesaw Town, was an Indian village located be tween, the Ghattalioochce Kiver and rvcnucsaw Mountain. It gave to the latter place the historic name by which it is tod:ay known. In 1833, the village numbered 200 inhabi tants.
AJtoona on the ICtowab was another important settle ment. Its population, was something like 500 at the time of the removal.
Sweet Water, Old Town and Buffalo Pish. Town were also at -one time important pla.ces, 'but commenced to de cline before the Cherokecs left for the West. The site of the former was on a plantation owned lief ore the war by Mr. Israel Casey. The location of the latter was near the old homest'end of Mrs. Va crier.

Where Two Gov ernors Have Lived.
Charles J. McDon ald: An Episode of His Career.

Volume If. Volume IT.

456 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AISTD LEGENDS

Pine Mountain: The On June .1.4, 1864, while engaged in

Death of General

reconnoitering, at Pine Mountain,

Leonidas Polk.

some few miles to the west of

Marietta, Lieutenant-General Loon-

idlas Polk, was killed by a cannon-ball. He was a Bishop

in the Episcopal Church, a man of great piety and an

utter strang'er to the sense of fear. On tlie person of

General !Polk, at the time of his death, were found a

"Book of Common Prayer," and four copies of a little

work by Bishop Quintard entitled: "Balm for the Weary

and the Wounded." He intended to give the latter to

some of his comrades. Upon the fly leaves "were found the

following names: General Joseph E. Jolm.ston, Lieuten

ant-General Hardee, and Lieutenant-General Hood. In

each case the inscription was made "with the compli

ments of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk," together

with the date, "June 12, 1864." Tt was only two days

before he was summoned to his reward. The spot on

which General Polk fell has been appropriately marked

by Captain J. Gideon Morris, of Marietta, a gallant Con

federate officer. The burial of the martyred soldier-

priest occurred at Augusta, Ga., in famous old St. Paul's.

The Old Gignilliat It was on the lawn in. front of this

Home.

famous old residence that the brief

funeral rites of Genei/al Polk were

conducted, in 1864. Rev. Samuel Benedict, the rector of

St. James's Episcopal Church, was at this time a

prisoner of war in Canada, because he refused to pray

for Mr. Lincoln and insisted on remembering' in his

petitions "the President of the Confederate States." The

church at this time was used as a hospital for Confed

erate soldiers. Some few years ago, Mrs. Charlotte

Gignilliat, the mistress of the old GignilKat home, died in

ner ninety-first year. She -was the widow of a wealthy

rice planter, of Darien, Captain Norman Gignilliat, who

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457

equipped at his own expense one of the first Confederate volunteer companies--the Macintosh Guards. If Shermtai had been aware of this fact, there might have "been left only a heap of ashes where the old land-mark now stands. It is said that the building was saved from de struction by fire, on account of a, crippled young inmate whose helpless condition excited the pity of the Northern soldiers. Though built in the simplest style of ante-bellum architecture, the old home is an im pressive land-mark, reminiscent of the refined and cul tured life of the old regime. It is today the property of Mrs. J. J. Daniel, a grand-daughter. The old chestnut tree, under "which the funeral of General -Polk was con ducted, in 1864, is standing yet, but one of the large upper branches of the gnarled old giant has fallen.

The Georgia Mili tary Institute.
The Little Brass Cannon.

Volume II. Volume II.

Woman's Tribute to Over the silent bivouac of the dead

Kennesaw's Heroic in which 3000 martyrs of the South-

Dead,

ern Cross to'day sleep in the Con-

federate cemetery at Marietta,

there rises a, shaft of granite thirty feet in height. It is

one of the most artistic monuments to be. found in the

State. The fact that it stands almost in the shadow o'f

Kennesaw Mountain and on soil consecrated by the blood

of the martyred dead, invests it with an interest which

few memorials of this character possess. The shaft was

unveiled with impressive ceremonies on July 7, 3909.

General Clement A. Evans, then Commander-in-Chief of

die United Confederate Veterans, delivered the oration.

He was introduced to the vast assemblage by his gallant

408

7 s TJANDMAKKS,

comrade-in-arms, General. "William Phillips, a citizen of the town; and those who have often heard the old soldier declare that 'he never surpassed the effort which, he made on iliis occasion. Governor Hoke Smith, who was pres ent, also delivered tin eloquent address, and was followed upon the program by two distinguished members of the .Legislature, Ifoil. J. J. Flynt, Presient of the Senate, and Moil. Seaborn "Wriglit, one of the leaders of the House. Fourteen, little girls, representing the various States whose soldiers were sleeping- in the sacred area around the monument unveiled the shaft and revealed the finish ed work of the artist, "while the great throng' gaze'd upon the scene in muto admiration. Mr. Georg-e Sessions of Marietta was marshal of the day.
This beautiful tribute of stone was jointly reared by two organizations which labored side by si.de in this labor of love: The Ladies Memorial Association and 'Kemiesaw Chapter of the TJ. I). C. The monument con tains the following inscriptions :
On the south side of the monument in raised letters, are the words:

On the north, side is a larg'e unfurled Confederate ag', and the words :
""For though <ronfj vioi'-eflj Hiey sidoi'tj it, Lov. the. cold dead hands that, bore it.'
Oil the went side is a Confederate Cross, beneath which is the inscription:
"To Our Gobi) County Soldiers, who so nobly illus trated Georgia on many a 'hard won field; to those who died foi- a sacred cause, and to those who lived to win a nobler victory in time of peace."

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On the c;ist side is this tribute:
"To tlio 3,000 Soldiovrt in the Ceniotery, from every Southern State, who foil on Georgia soil, in flel'euso of Georgia Homes. They sleep tho aleep of ouv noble sl;un ; det'oEited, yet without EI stain, proudly and peacefully."

459

Besides erecting- tins superb monument, the patriotic women of Marietta pkiced marble headstones over each, of the three thousand mounds; secured from the State an appropriation of $5,000 with which to put the 'cemetery in proper order; and induced the State to assume the care and maintenance for the future of tliis sacred resting' place of the Confederate dead. It was due largely to the zealous work of Cob!) County's two rep resentatives in the Legislature, Messrs. Foster and Anderson, that the happy result was accomplished. Since the State has taken the matter in. charge tlie man agement of affairs has 'been placed in the hands of n board of trustees.

Mrs. Eebecca L. Nesbitt wa.s for ten years President of Kemiesciw Chapter of tire U. 1"). C., in addition to which she has been President of tlie .Ladies Memorial Association since the time of organization. Tinder the leadership o'f this patriotic; woman Marietta was one of the first towns of the State to adopt the custom of decorating* annually tlie graves of the Confederate dead. In a brief outline history of the work, 'Mrs. Nesbitt states that the first bodies were interred here in 1863. How ever it was not until tlie close of the war that most of the graves were made on tlie beautiful hillside, at which time the battle-iields ar<omid Marietta wore rigidly searched for the heroic ashes *>f Georgia's brave defend ers. Says Mrs. Nesbitt: "Along the line of the Western and Atl'antic "Railroad,on tlie "battle-fields of ChickamaugTi, New IIo|>e, ICoib's Farm, in isolated spots, there were

460 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
graves, sometimes marked by rude bead-boards on which the soldier's name and command were hastily carved; sometimes underneath the spreading branches of a tree on whose barks the faint epitaphs were fast disappear ing ; but many of them were unmarked and unknown.
"In the late sixties, Mrs. Williams, long gone to her reward, and Miss M. J. Greene, now residing at 25 Cur rier street, Atlanta, applied to the Legislature for funds to remove these bodies to Marietta, and this beinggranted and the land being donated for the purpose, these noble women set about their .arduous task and today over three thousand Confederate soldiers, representing every Southern States, sleep on the gentle slopes of this lovely site, in full view of historic Kennesaw Mountain. After the bodies -were removed, for a year or two the Legisla,ture appropriated money to care for the graves, and then this was refused, and the .task being too heavy for the depleted ranks of the Memorial Association, the cemetery gradually fell into neglect. But about fifteen years ago the Memorial Association was reorganized and, receiving new impetus and fresh courage, determined to rescue the cemetery from ruin. There was noit one dollar in the treasury and the task was one before which hearts less steadfast, less devoted, would have quailed. But by patient, persistent work, order has been evolved out of chaos. Kennesaw Chapter, United Daughters of the Con federacy, our younger and more vigorous sister, has nobly aided in the work.''

Marietta's Two

}>uring the Civil War, the town of

Silent Bivouacs:

Marietta "was a storm-center of hos-

Where Sleep the tilities. In fact, the entire length

Blue and the Gray. of the Western and Atlantic rail

road, from the Tennessee Hue to the

Chattahoochee River hais been called "the dark and

bloody ground" of Georgia. It witnessed the giant

F

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461

grapplings of the two great western armies; and at the close of the war, presented an area of complete desola tion. The central location of Marietta, with reference to the field of slaughter, caused it to become the burialplace for the dead on both sides, and for miles around the bo'dies of the slain were brought here for interment. The Confederate Cemetery is to the west of the main line of the Western and Atlantic Eailroad, and there are three thousand Confederate soldiers buried on the hill side lo'oking toward Kennesaw Mountain. The Federal Cemetery is on the eastern outskirts of the town. It occu pies an extensive area, beautifully shaded with forest trees. The winding drive-ways are bordered with plants and flowers, the slopes sodded with rich velvet, and there are many handsome marble piles in this splendid Vaihalla; while not less than twelve thousand Federal sol diers are here buried.
It -was the privilege of the author of this work on April 26, 1910, to deliver the Memorial Address at Marietta, on which occasion he made allusion to the historic environment as follows. Said he: "We stand today on consecrated ground. Before ris looms historic Kennesaw. Yesterday a peak of death; today a monument of peace. In the distance can bo seen the knob where a cannon ball opened the breast of General Polk. But the batteries today are silent. Neither Hood nor Johnston is longer in com mand of the army of the Tennessee. Yonder sleeps Lester with his empty sleeve. Over there dreams Waddell. Beyond that hedge of green lies Phillips, waiting to rejoin his legion. On the neighboring hill--twelve thousand strong--stretch the laureled beds of the boys in blue. On this velvet couch--'outnumbered but not out braved'--lie the 'Crumbled hearts of the boys in gray. Three thousand of the Dixie Knights dream here; and between the two white camps of silence is the old ratio of battle--four to one. For the victor a nation's grati-

462 GEORGIA'S L/ANDMAHKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tude stands sentinel; but woman's love keeps vigil o'er the vanquished."

Miss Rambo Makes One of the fair daughters of

a Record.

Marietta, Miss Regina Rambo, was

the first woman in Georgia to join

the crusade for good roads. On July 17, 1910, she started

upon ra tour of the State, driving her own car, a Columbia.

As she appeared upon the scene, to begin the long

journey around the State, in company with the touring

party organized by the Atlanta Constitution, she "was

greeted with enthusiastic applause. It was 'a novel sight.

But the record made by Miss Rambo was even more

unique. She completed the trip of 1,000 miles, without

an accident and finished with 'a perfe-ct score, having

made a circuit of the State in less than ten days and

having- remained continuously at the wheel. On behalf

of the Constitution, she was awarded a handsome loving

cup, with the following inscription beautifully engraved

upon it:

"Presented to Miss Eegina Rambo by the Atlanta 1,000 miles around Georgia. October 20, 1910."

In view of the modem era of good roads and of im proved methods of travel which the automobile has inaugurated, Miss. Kambo has accomplished something vastly more than the mere feat of making a record. She has incidentally marked an epoch.

John Hames: The On July 11, 1911, there occurred at

Oldest Survivor of the Federal Cemetery, in Marietta,

the Revolution.

an event long to be remembered. It

was the re-interment, with impres

sive exercises, of the dust of an old Revolutionary soldier

! *r

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463

! j who, at the time of Ms death, is, supposed to have been

j 131 years of age. He was certainly well beyond the

I

century mark, for he lived until 1860. His name was

John Ham.es. Permission to re-inter the ashes of the old

soldier in the beautiful burial-ground of the Federal dead

was readily granted by the government, his record of

service in the first War for Independence having1 been

established. The s'ol emu ceremonial wa s performed

undei" the auspices of the Fielding Lewis Chapter of the

D. A. B. in the presence of a multitude of spectators.

Prior to the removal of his body, the grave of Mr,

H'ames was in a very old cemetery in the wild woods of

Murray County, some distance from Spring Place, but

it was marked by a piece of limestone, which furnished

the means of identification. 'Wlrat was once a Hardshell

Baptist Church stood in the immediate neighborhood. To

avoid the possibility of mistake and to make the evidence

complete in every respect, the descendants of the deceas

ed, who conducted the removal, were met by John Shan

non, who made the coffin, 'and Henry Beemer, who dug

the grave in which John Hames was buried. The coffin

was made some time before the old soldier died, and it

was found to tally with Mr, Shannon's description. It

was dovetailed and the lid was put on with pegs. Parts'

of the coffin were brought to Marietta, together "with the

headstone. The grave gave up nothing but the dust and

a few bones.

John Hames, entered the army of Washing-ton as a

private and came out a major. He married a sister of

Sergeant Jasper, whose statue stands on Bull Street in

Savannah.

Lieutenant Brumby Raises the American Flag at Manilla.

Volume II.

464: GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEOE:NDS

Senator Clay's

On the afternoon of August 12,

Monument: The Ex- 1912, a handsome bronze statue of

ercises of Unveiling. the lute Senator Clay, mounted

upon a solid pedesta 1 of Georgia

marble, was unveiled with impressive (ceremonies, iu the

town square at Marietta. There were present many of

the chief officials and dignitaries of tlic State, in addition

to a vast throng1 of people. TTon. ~Wrn. G. Brantley, of

Brunswick, and Bishop Warren A. Gaudier, of Atlanta,

both intimate personal friends of the deceased,, the for

me i~ an associate in Congress for more than twelve years,

delivered addresses. The following account of the exer

cises is taken from a newspaper report :

"Miss Evelyn Ohiy, the late Senator's only daughter,

l-ho idol of her distinguished father, pulled the silken cord

which released the long "white veil. As it fluttered to the

ground, the Gem City Band stationed near the monu

ment, played 'Nearer My God to Thee.' Prayer was

offered by Rev. G. W. Duval, pastor of the First Method

ist church, of which Senator Clay was a member. Colonel

D. W. Blair, the master of ceremonies, then introduced

the first speaker of the occasion, Hon. Wm. G. .Brantley,

of Brunswick, who delivered a masterful address, review

ing* the career of the illustrious dead and paying a, well-

deserved trbute to the noble character o-'f: Senator Clay.

Next cnmc Bishop Candler. The Bishop's address was

extemporaneous, but impressively eloquent. 'Following

the speech of Bishop Candler, (''apt. Fred Morris grace

fully presented Miss Clay, who then drew the long cord

which unveiled the monument.' 7

Erected by popular subscription, the statue of Senator

Clay represents the voluntary free-will offering's of his

fellow-citizens. The funds were raised by a committee

of 200 members, each of whom was an intimate personal

friend; and. aside from the donations made by the city of

Marietta and the county of Cobb there were no larg'e

amounts sought or subscribed. Colonel 1). W. Blair was

chairman of the committee and Captain. Fred Morris,

secretary and treasurer. The statue is a splendid like-

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465

ness of Mr. (J.ia,y. "It is mounted on a handsome marble pedestal, which stands -ai the rear of a platform sur rounded by an artistic, coping". On either side arc group ed clusters of electric lig'hts, underneath which there are drinking" fountains. Seats are also provided for pcdestrains. Thus not only the g'low of sympatlietie feeling' but the spirit of helpfulness which made Senator Clay's Kfe a benediction to the State are perennially represen ted. The inscriptions on the monument arc as follows:

466 GEORGIA'S IJAJXTDMAKKS, MJSMOKIAL.S AND LEGENDS

Roswell: A Famous Old Town of AnteBellum Regime.

Volume II.

Bulloch Hall: Home of Ex-President Roosevelt's Mother.

Volume II.

Barrington Hall. Within sight of the old Bulloch home, stands another stately mansion of the
ante-bellum period: Barrington Hall. Built in tlie form of a square, two .stories in heig'ht, the handsome old struc ture is surrounded on three sides by handsome pillars, giving- it a dignity of aspect which few homes of the modern, type possess. The area is beautifully shaded with forest trees, and to the west of it runs the main highway of the town. This was formerly the home of Barrington King, who was for years President of the Roswell mills. It is today the residence of his daughter, Mrs. William, ID. Baker. Her husband, who was a Pres byterian minister, has been long since deceased; and she is now spending the tranquil 'and serene eventide of her life amid the scenes of her youth. Mrs. Baker was one of the attendants at the wedding of President Roosevelt's mother.

Phoenix Hall. In outward appearance, an exact reiiro-
duction of the old Bulloch home is Phoe nix ITall, which faces the open court or driveway leading to the former mansion. There is a story to the effect that it was built at first entirely of wood and that 'when after the prevalent fashion of the period, it was formally opened with 'a house-warming", it took fire and burned to the ground, despite the efforts of the assembled guests to extinguish the flames. On being rebuilt, the wood was replaced with brick, and the building stands today intact.

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467

as substantial as when it was iirst erected. This wa.s the home of Major John Dimwody, who was related by mar riage to the Bulloehs. It was afterwards occupied by General Andrew J. ITanscJ], the successor to Barring-ton King, as1 president of the Koswell Mills.

The First Sewing
Machine : Invented
by Dr. Goulding.

The Grave of

Dr. Goulding.

^

The Grave of Roswell King.

Where a President's
Grandfather Sleeps.

Volume II.
Volume II.
Volume II.
Volume IT.

Original Settlers. Aft given by White, the early pioneers
of Gobi) were: Taliaferro McA'fee, Colonel Merritt, Osburii Mullins, Daniel Keid, Isaac G-rey, Thomas Hairs'tou, Da,niel R. Turner, TJ. Simpson, Mat thias Bates, John L. Moore, James Andersoii, JosiahMassey, William C. Greeue, Simon Strickland, Eeuben Benson, Alien A. Winn, Archibald Ilowell, Samuel M. Malony, Millinm Malony, Joseph .D. Shewmake, Samuel Young', AVilliam Mayes, Kobert I-iemou, William Guess, Martin Adams, Bradley Smith, Jaickson Gregory, Wrilliam W. Duiican, Tjema TCirtley, John Kowe, (^eorg-e W. Winter, Thomas Pritchard, Alfred Edwards, Wiley Ro'berts, James Foot, sen., Georg'e W\ Gobcr, M7illiam B. Crane, John B. Brockman, T. II. McCIusky, P. M. Oliver, Thomas Whitehead, Ilobert Groves, J). Moore, and others.

468 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
To the foregoing' list may be added Roswcll King, the founder of Roswell; Barrington King', his son; Gen. Andrew J. Hansell, long president of the Ro'Swell mills; Major Dunwody; Joseph Morris, and R. T. Latimer. Thomas I. Oglesby, father of the two "well known finan ciers and business men of Quitman, Ga., was also an early settler. He was one of the pioneer manufacturers of cotton gins. As early as 1849, Dr. Cox established a water cure sanitarium at the base of Kennesaw mountain, to which a number of people from the malarial districts resorted.

On September 16, 1833, Judge John W. Hooper pre siding, the first session of the Superior Court was held at Marietta and the first Grand Jury -was sworn as follows: Jacob R. Brooks, George Baker, Simp son Dyer, James Berry, Ferdinand Jett, William B. Maloue, Sidney F. Fouche, John W. Lowrey, John Moore James L. Davis, William Pursell, John Pag^e, "William Harris, Daniel May, John Clay, John James, Samuel Hannon, 13avid Ken nedy, James Power.

Cobb's Noted Two of Georgia's honored Chief-.Execu-

Residents.

tives belong- to the roster of Cobb's distin

guished residents. Governor Charles J.

McDonald and Governor Joseph M. Brown.

David Irwin, an eminent jurist of the ante-bellum

period, lived at Marietta. He was the first Judge of the

Blue Ridge Circuit, an office which he held by virtue of

several different elections. He served continuously from

1851 to 1855 when Joseph K. Brown succeeded him; and

again, after an interval of ten years, he resumed his old

place on the bench, retaining it from 1865 to 1868. With

Thomas R. R. Cobb and Richard II. Clarke, he was one

of the original codifiers of the laws of Georgia. As first

named, the commissioners appointed by the -Legislature

COEB

469

to execute tliis task were: Iverson 1'j. Harris, Herschel V. Johnson and David Trwin. The first two declined to serve, whereupon Judge Clarke and Mr. CoM> were sub stituted f,or them. The importance to Georgia of the work performed hy this g-reat trio of lawyers hardly admits of exaggeration. Judge Irwin reached the ripe old age of 79. lie died in Marietta.

George D. Anderson, a brilliant young South CaroEnian, settled in Oobb soon after the new county was opened. He filled a number of high positions; and, on one occasion, was appointed by President Van Bureri to investigate certain alleged frauds perpetrated upon the Indians. He achieved distinction, on the bench; but at the early age of thirty-eight he died suddenly, at Spring Place, in Murray County, Ga., while holding court. His son, Dr. William D. Anderson, began a career of unusual promise in G-eorgia politics, was elected Speaker of the ITouse of Representatives, and seemed to be on the way to Congress when he relinquished his ambitions for public life, much to the surprise of his friends, entered the Methodist pulpit, and became quite a noted preacher.
William II. Sparks, a distinguished minister, who in his old age devoted his leisure hours to compiling his "Memories of Fifty Tears" spent the evening of his life at Marietta.
D7". Georg'e White, the famous author of the two price less volumes, "White's Statistics of Georgia" 'and "White's Historical Collections of Georgia," lived here for several years, after which he removed to Memphis, Term. He was an. Kpiscopal clergyman and an educator. Wilfiam II. Underwood, the noted wit, died at Marietta, while making the rounds of his judicial circuit. Here lived Colonel James D. Waddell, a gallant soldier, long1 clerk of the Georgia. House of Representatives. He wrote, an excellent biography of Judge Tjintoii Stephens.

470

GrlCOTCGI.VS T-JAXDMARIsK, INT^MOTflALS AXD T-JEGJiMDS

Tlio distinguished William 0. McAdoo, o.t' New York, who built the gref.it tunnel underneath the Hudson, one of the most stupendous achievements of modern engineer ing* skill, wa.s a native of Oobb. To complete this gigantic project an expenditure of more tliaii $70,000,000 was re quired. The management of the "Wilson, presidential cam pa igii i n. 1912 de v olved 1 a r gel y upon Mr. MoA'doo, due to the serious illness of the campaign manager.
George N". Lestcr, a member of the (Confederate Con gress, a Captain in the Civil War who lost an arm in the struggle, a Judge of the Superior Court, and a. lawyer of high rank, lived at Marietta. He assisted Judge Irwin in revising- the Code of Georgia and held at one time the office of Supreme Court lieporter. .H~e sought election to the Federal Congress but vras narrowly defeated by Dr. William H. Felton.
Brigadier-Genera I William Phillips who organized arid comiirauded the famous Legion which was called by his name during" the Civil War lived at Marietta. He became a lawyer of some note, and died at the age of four-score years.
-John T>. Goodwill, of T^altimore, Md., one of the most eminent Odd FeJknvs in the United States, was born in Cobb. "He was twice mayor of the city of Atlanta. John W. Robertson, formerly au Adjutant General of the State, lived in Cobb. This was also the home of Colonel II. T. Xesbitt, for several years State Commissioner of Agriculture.

."But the most distinguished resident of Marietta was United States Senator Alexander Stephens. Clay. Afterserving in both branches of the State Legislature and presiding' "with great dignity over the deliberations of each, body, he was elected in 189(5 to succeed General John 13. Gordon in the Senate of the United States. He was twice successively re-elected to this liigli office and was entering upon his third term, when Ins brilliant career

COFFKK

471

of usefulness in the public councils w^as suddenly tcrmlrta.ted. The cause of his death was an 'affection of the stomach. TCven when the hand of disease was laid heavily upon him and the end was fast approaching, he remained at IIIK post of duty like a sentinel of ancient Rome. Me literally died "with all his harness on and every buckle shining bright." The funeral of Senator (.'lay at Marietta, will long' be remembered. Me was a native of (/obb, in wliicli county he was horn on September 25, 1853. Ills death occurred in Atlanta., (la.., November 13, "1910. "He was hi the fifty-eighth year of his age, and was survived by his father and mother. The residence of Senator ('lay in Marietta stands in a, grove of trees, facing the rail road.

Created by I .ewislative Ai-t, .February n, 185-1, i'rotn j>urLs oC three
distinguished snldier, who \\aw twice elected to Congress from (Georgia. Douylas, the tjoimly-seitt,, named for Hon. Stephen A. l.)ouyU\a, of Illinois. When organised in 185-1, Coffee includecl a part o Ben 1-lill.
General Jo]in Coffee was 'an Indian fighter who.so services to the State on the frentier, extending over a number of years, made him one of the most conspicuous Jig'ures of his day in Georgia. Though a native of Vir ginia, in which State he was born, in .1784, he came to Georgia at an early age, settling first in .Hancock and afterwards in Telfair. The latter county then embraced an area of 800 square miles and was rich in g'lurto, afford ing the young pioneer an abundance of sport. He often spent weeks with his gun in the pathless solitudes of the forest. It was chiefly the region of country around his 'Lome and in upper Florida, which supplied the arena for
"Old Coffee Koad." Today a part of it forms the

472 G-pJORGJA's LANDMARKS, MEAMORIAI^ AND TJEOKNDS
boundary line between .Bei'rien and Coft'ee Counties. He was not a man of showy gifts, but lie possessed great strong-til of character. General Coffee was twice elected to Congress but did not live to complete his second term, the nnexpired portion oC which was filled by William G. Dawson, of Greene.
Historical Hernando de Soto, in the spring of 1540, Traditions, probably passed through Coffee County, on
bis famous expedition in search of gold. One of the Indian villages at which he stopped in South Geor gia was Taolli. Says Jones, in Vol. I, History of Geor gia: "The site of Taolli cannot now be definitely ascer tained ; but since it -was near Aehese, whic:h, according to Mr. Gallatin, is the Mnseog-ee name for the Ocmulgee River, we may not greatly err in locating' it somewhere in Irwin or Coffee Comity. [Irwin, at the present time, does not reach to the Oemulgee Eiver.]
Original Settlers. See Appling- and Irwin Counties, from which Coffee was formed.
T'o the list of pioneers may be added: Daniel Jjott, George Wilcox, Nathaniel Ashley, James Ward, Abram Hargroves, Elijah Panlk, John Vickers, Hampton Tan ner, Moses Kirkland, James Pearson, Hal Peterson, Hhnerick Meeks, John Rieketson, John M. Spence, Staf ford Davis, Dunk Douglas, and John Gaskins.*
Douglas, the county-seat of Coffee, is one of the busi est young towns of South Georgia, a center of numerous commercial activities. It is destined to beicome an impor-
sbed by Judge \V. P. Ward, Ordinary of

CoiLiQUITT

473

tant city in the near future. Some of the far-sighted men of affairs who, foreseeing the possibilities of the town, located, lie re at an early period were: J3en Peterson, C. A. Ward, Dr. John Barber, F. W. Bart, J. E. Overman, Marshall Ashlcy, J. W. Quincy, Dr. W. F. Sibbett, J. F. Overs fereet, J. M. Dent, 'Frank Sweat, and Joe Brewer, In the fall of 3.911 a handsome Confederate monument Tvns unveiled at Douglas to the heroes of the "Lost Cause.

COLQTJITT

Judge Walter T. Golquitt -was one of the most bril liantly gifted of Georgia's ante-helium statesmen. As an orator his achievements on the hustings have rarely been excelled; ho was also a. .minister of th.e gospel and a jurist of high rank; and by reason, of liis prestige as a. popular leader he was elected to a seat in the Senate of the "United States. Judge Golquitt came ot1 English stock and was born in Halifax County, Va., on December 27, 1799. His boyhood days were spent in Hancock County, Ga., whither his parents removed, and he received his educa tion in the famous academy at Mount Zion. Later he located in Columbus, where lie continued to reside until his death. He was twice elected to Congress as a, Whig; but, on the nomination of William Henry Harrison, he gave his support to Van !Bnren, the nominee of the Demo crats. Notwithstanding this change of front--the result of deliberate conviction--he was soon thereafter elected to the United States Senate, where his power as an ad vocate was most distinctly felt; but he resigned his seat in 1848, taking no further part in politics. Judge Gol quitt died at his home in Columbus, while in the merid ian of life, at the age of "fifty-six. He is buried in Tjinn-

474 GEORGIA 's IMKDMABKS, AT.KMORIAT.-M AND LEGENDS

wood Cemetery, on the Jeter Jot, where his g-i'ave is un marked. Jiulge Colqnitt was three times married. Of his children.--Alfred If. Colquitt, "the hero of Olustee," became a Major-General ill the Confederate army, Gov ernor of Georgia, and United States Senator; while -Peyton II. Oolquitt was killed at the head of his regiment while leading' a gallant charge, in the battle of Chick;!-rmvuga, in .1.863.

Recollections of of Judge Walter T. Colquitt.

Volume II.

Moultrie: An Out- Written only in bare facts, strip-

line Sketch.

pod of any embellishments, the his

tory of Moultrie for the past twenty

years reads like a story of? the Arabian Nights. Two

derades ago, the population of Moultrie was ninety souls.

Ten years "later the town numbered 2,250 inhabitants;

and, accord ing1 to a local census taken in the spring' of

1912, there wore living1 within the corporate limits 5,045

people. Twenty years ago the business enterprises of

Monltrie consisted of some half dozen g'rog shops and

grocery stores combined. Today there; are more than

one hundred and lifty solid commercial and industrial

establishments. There was not a bank in Monltrie until

I_89u*. At the present time there are three strong banks

with an ag'g1 rebate deposit of over $1,250,000. lowing1

census figures and bank deposits as a basis of comparison,

the official records of the governmont show that in per

capita of wealth, Moultrie outstrips any other city in

Georgia. TLse first railroad reached the future town,

then a mere village, in 3896. This was the Georgia

Xorthern, Today there are five lines entering the city:

"I 1 he Georgia Northern, the Atlanta, Birmingham and

Atlantic, the Valdosta, jVToultiie and Western, the Flint

River and Northeastern and the Georgia and ."Florida. It

is an item of .some interest to note in this connection that out of the many hundred adult residents of JMoultrie, only one is a native of Cohpiitt. The typo of citizenship is unusually high. There is not a community in Georgia in which a larger percentage of the people stand for good morals and progressive business methods.
To mention some of the pioneer spirits ~\vho imparted the first impetus of growth to the future town, the list is headed by the present wide-awake and popular mayor, Hon. W. (J. Vereen. Mr. Vereen is one of the "wealthiest citizens of the Htate, a. captain of industry, a leader hi the religious as well as in the business life of the comni unity, and a man. respected l>y all for his unblemished character. Mr. ,"J. It., Hal], a. large wholesale dealer, was an early settler in the town to whose growth ho has made substantial contributions. He is one of the financial pillars of jYIoultrio. Colonel %. II. ('Mark, a hanker, has for seventeen years been a powerful factor in local affairs and to him is due in largo measure Ihe splendid school system foe which the town is noted. The Into Rev. K. IT. Bryarij pastor of tl?o first church organized here in the early days, was the religions pioneer of Monltrie. Judge K. L. Sitipp, one of the loading members ol* the Georgia Bar, was among the first lawyers and aJso one of the first mayors. The Pidoooks, incliulhig the late Jolm Pidcock, j. N. Pidcock, O. W. Pidooek, and F. E. Pidcock, were the builders of the Georgia Northern TJ-ai!road. The last three still own and operate the line and are active citizens of ifoultrie. The late W. 15. Dukes was one, of the most influential men of the community in the early days, fie was also one of the coni; nrissioners who built the present court house, an edifice universally admired by visitors1 . Mr. A. Huber, a wealthy landowner, has possibly erected more buildings in Moultr.se than any other one citizen, Judge "W. A. Covington, a resident of

476 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEM OBTAINS AND L/EGENOS
Moiiltric, is one of the foremost citizens of the State, and a great temperance leader to whose powerful advocacy in the Georgia Legislature is chiefly cine the present State-wide prohibition law.*

COLUMBIA
Created by l.,ciKhvUvc Ai-.t, December 10, 17iiD, JYum Kielimond County. Karnecl for the groat navigator and discover fir of I. lie Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus. Appling, tho county-scat, named for the notecl Appling family, to \vnien Colonel Daniel Applinpr, an officer of the War of !St2, belonged. When first organized in. 1700 Columbia inclmled tlie prrcater part of McDuffie.
At TTopewell, on the Kiokee, a treaty of good-will be tween tlie State of Georgia aucl the Greek nation of Indians was negotiated on April 17, 1786. Colonel BcnjaTtiiii Ilawkins, General l^achlan McTuto.sh, General Andrew Pick ens, and Joseph Martin, "Esq., witnessed tho compact 011 the part of the State. Bnt the treaty was repudiated by the Indians, tinder the leadership of Alex ander McGillivray, who for more than ten ycar.s was the dominant siTivH of tho long' protracted strug-gle known art1 the Oconoe War,

The Tomb of Daniel Just to the south oC th.c court house,

Marshall.

in the town of ApplLng, on the old

August a road, rest the inortal ashes

of .Daniel MarshalJ, the founder of the .Baptist church in

Georgia: and on the handsome marble stone which marks

the sacred spot is- chiselled the following epitaph:

linv. Ttaniol Marsha.ll. J'-orn 1706. "Died 1781. T'i oncer Jiaplist minisici-. KstabHshod Kioketv, iJic first Baptist ehiirch in Georgia, in 1 772. "Erected by the People of Georgia, in 1903, in recognition of his devotion find consecration to the cause of Christ.

* For the info mation contained in this sketch the author is indebted to Capt. ThacJ Ada ^s of Moultrie.

Old Kiokee: Daniel Marshall's Arrest.

COLUMBIA

477 Volume XI.

Moses Waddell. In the spring of 1794, thero came to Mount Carmel: Columbia County, from his former home
in North Carolina, a devout Presbyte rian minister, destined to become one of the most re nowned educators of his day: Dr. Moses Wa.ddeU. Two miles and a half east of the present site of Appling, he established in the first year of his ministry in Georgia a school which he called Mount Carmel. Soys Ex-Governor North en: "Among his pupils at this time was William II. Crawford, who afterwards became one of the most distinguished citizens of the nation, and whose entire scholastic training' was received from Dr. Waddell, since lie never attended any other institution of learning. About this time, Dr. Waddell received a. call to Abbeville Dis trict, S. C., in what was then known as the Calhoun Settlement, s'o called because the family of Calhoims had selected this part of upper South Carolina for settlement when they were driven from Virginia by the Indians in 1756. Patrick Calhoun, the father of John C. Calhonn, was at the head of the settlement, and an elder in the Presbyterian church.
"Hero Dr. Waddell met the lady who afterwards bccniue his first wife, Miss Catherine Calhoun, the only daughter of Patrick Callioun. In 1795, during his resi dence in Columbia County, he was married to Miss Callioun. She survived the marriage by little more than a year, leaving an infant daughter who soon followed the mother. .John C. Calhoun, the younger brother, was under .the tuition of Dr. Waddell for two years, during which time he was prepared for the .Junior class at Yale College. While in attendance at JTampden-Sklney Col lege in Virginia in 1793, he became greatly attached to Miss Elizabeth Woodson Pleasants. The acquaintance culminated in an engagement but the parents of Miss

478 G-uoKGTA's LAA; UJMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEUI^NDS
Pleasants objected because tlie borne of the young min ister was located in tbe wilds of Georgia, a frontier State exposed to devastation by Indians. The young people accepted the situation, and later Air. Waddell married AEiss Calhoim. After her death, be remained a widower four years, and, having- learned that Miss Pleasants was still unmarried, be renewed his suit and was married to her in 1800. 1 "

Captain Thomas "With the single exception of John

Cobb: A Noted Hamcs, a soldier of the Kevolution

Centenarian.

buried at Marietta, (he record for lon

gevity in this State belongs to a former

resident of Columbia: Captain Thomas Cobb--an ances

tor of Henry W. Grady, of Judge Henry L. Benning, of

Mrs. Samuel Spencer, and of many well known people

of Georgia. He was also a brother of John Cobb,

of Jeffers'on, from whom the Cobbs of Athens are de

scended. Captain Cobb was an officer in the Kcvolution,

He came to Georgia at the close of hostilities, purchased

extensive tracts of land in Columbia, outlived not only

his children but most of his grandchildren, and died at

the phenomenal age of 110 years, possessed of large

holdings.

There are various traditions among the descendants

of Captain Cobb respecting the age to which he attained.

Some place it at 115 years, some at 120, and some even

as high as 130 years'. But these figures are probably

exaggerated.

White puts the age of Captain Cobb at 110 years.

From this recognized authority we quote tbe following

paragraph : 2

"Captain Cobb, aged 110. '.He was a native of Buck

ingham County, Va. His patriotism induced him to take

part with the country in the struggle for the independence

1 William J. Northen in Men of Mark in Ocorg-ia, Vol. TI. -While's Historical Collections, Columnia County, Savannan, IS^G.

COLUMBIA

479

of these States and lie was often associated hi the counsels of the chiefs of those startling times. Ue held offices under the Commonwealth, after it obtained self-govern ment, and removed to Georgia about the year 1783. He wag an agriculturist, and the efficient manager of his plantation for eighty or ninety years. Such was the com prehensiveness of his mind and physical activity that he was surrounded with abundance under every difficulty of season. Perhaps no man in Georgia, during so long a time, enjoyed so much entirely from his own resources'."
There is quite an amusing tradition to the effect that when the old man was ninety years of age he became possessed of matrimonial intentions. According1]}- he mounted hi* nag and rode twenty-five miles across the country on horseback to visit the lady in question. On arrival, he wax met at the gate by a servant who offered to help him alight. But the old man waived him aside. "Tut, tut!" Maid lie; ''get away 1 I've come a-courtin."
His last will and testament, dated April 20, 183], when his age was 109, is on file in the county court house at Appling. PTe begins by saying that he is "extremely debilitated" but --despite his five score years and nine-- in full possession of his mental faculties. To the two children of his grandson, Senator Thomas W. Cobb, he left nineteen negro slaves, besides a half interest in the proceeds of his estate, real and personal. He adds that he is under greater obligations to Senator Cobb than to his other relatives "for circumstances not necessary to be made known." To his granddaughter, Sally Ooblt Lainar, lie ]eft seventeen negro slaves, in addition to a half interest in his estate, real and personal; and she became the largest beneficiary of his will since her handsome portion was undivided, rfe also appor tioned a lot of slave property among other relatives. The executors named in his will were Peter Lamar and Wil liam Payne, but the former alone qualified. The old home
place of Captain Cobb stood near the present boundary line between OoJmnbia arid MeDulIie Counties; and in this

480 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
immediate locality, but on the Mo.Dume side of the line, there is still a post-office called Cobbbam.
The climate of Columbia seems to have been conducive to old age. Another centenarian was David Hodge. It is not known exactly to what limit of life lie attained but at the age of 102 years he took the marriage vows. The unique event called forth the following comment from the Angiista Chronicle:
"The spirit of Seventy-six! Another hero of the iicvolntion has fallen--before the shrine of hymen! On the 23rd ult. was united in the holy bonds of matrimony, by Jolm McGehee, "Ksq., Mi1 , David tFoclge, aged one hundred and two years and two mouths, to Miss Elizabeth Bailey, aged forty years, both of Columbia County, Ga. Mr. Tlodge was at 33raddock's defeat and S'ervcd through out the whole period of the Revolutionary AVar."
Captain .Leonard Marbury died at the age of 93. He left ninety-six descendants. During- the past decade two unmarried daughters of the late T>r. Nathan Crawford died, both of them near the century mark.
ijieutenanl James Hamilton, a patriot of the Revolu tion f rom Columbia, lies in an unmarked grave on TCiokeo Creek.
Original Settlers. Among the original settlers of Colum bia were: Colonel William Candler,
Captain Thomas Cobb, Colonel "William Few, Colonel Benjamin .Few, Captain Ignatius Few, Captain Charles

COLUMBIA

481

Crawford, Dr. Nathan Crawford, Hon. Peter Crawford, Major Joel Crawford, Rev. Daniel Marshall, Rev. Abra ham Marshall, John l^amar, Basil Lamar, John Benning, Jesse Bull, Jaines Fleming, Richard Dram, Benjamin Dunn, John Duun, Thomas White, Joseph Mattock, John Holliday, Colonel Daniel Appliiig', David Buslmell, Joel Cloud, William Drane, Jesse Winfrey, John Ray, the Doziers, the Waltons, and mimerous other families. Most of these hore an active part in the War of the Revolution, not a few of them officers of distinction. Some of the early settlers of Columbia lived in the neighborhood of Wrightsboro, a part of the county afterwards included in McDuffie.

Columbia's Distin- In the year 1 768, when Columbia was guished Residents. still a part of the parish of St. Paul,
Colonel William Candler, a surveyor by profession, came to Georgia and located in the neigh borhood of the old Quaker settlement, which was first known as Brandon Imt which in 1770 became Wrigbtsboro. The old town is still to be found upon the map in the "upper part of what is now McDuffie; but from 1777 to 1790 it formed a part of the county of Richmond. Cokme] Candler was a native of Ireland, who traced his lineage in an unbroken line back to an officer of the same name in Cromwell's Ironsides. The family in after years adhered strongly to the established church.; but Colonel Candler, if not himself a Quaker, was allied to this g-entle sect through his wife, who, according to Dr. Ignatius A. Few, was not only a Quaker but a preacher.* With such an impulse of heredity, therefore, it is not a matter of surprise that an army of distinguished ministers should have sprung" from this virile and devout stock.
Colonel Candler bore an active part in the struggle for independence; and when Upper Georgia was over run by the Tories lie assisted General Jillijah Clarke in transporting the helpless women and children of the
* Colonel Wm. CanOler, of Georgia: EHs Ancestry and Progeny, by his great grandson. Alien r>. Candler, Atlanta, 1902.

482 GEORGIA'S.LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGKNDS
Broad River region to a place of safety beyond the mountains in Tennessee. He died in 1784, while still in the prime of life. His descendants in Georgia are legion. The long1 list includes: Dr. Ignatius A. Few, the first president of Emory College; Governor Alien D. Candler; Bishop "Warren A. Candler; tfudg-e John S. Gaudier, a former occupant of the Supreme Bench; Asa G. Candler, the well-known financier and manufacturer; and a host of others.
On the eve of the Revolution came also the Pews, who likewise settled in the neighborhood of Wrightsboro. Captain Ig'natins Few married a daughter of William Candler and from this union came Dr. Ignatius A. Few, who was early in life a skeptic but afterwards became a minister and a. college president. Colonel William Few and Colonel Ben.jam in Few were both officers of note in the patriot army, while the former was also a member of the Continental Congress and a. delegate to the Con stitutions,! Convention of* 1787, which framed the organic law of the United States. Captain -James Few, another brother, was styled "the fivst martyr of American lib erty." lie was one of. the leaders in the famous insur rection of 3771, in North Carolina,, known as the battle of Alamance; and for the part which he played in this tragic prelude to tlie drama of independence he was hanged by order of Governor Try on. The Fews were of Quaker anteeedants, bnt embraced Methodism at an early period.
The noted Dr. Moses Waddell for a number of years taught school at Mount Carmel.
It was on Kiokce Creek, in Columbia, not far from the Savannah River, that the standard of the Baptist faith was first planted in Georgia by the Marshalls--

COLUMBIA

483

Daniel and Abraham. Billington M. Sanders, another land-mark of this denomination, first saw the light in Columbia.
The famous old centenarian, Captain Thomas Cobb, settled upon his baronial acres in this county, at the close of the Revolution; and here his illustrious grand-son, Senator Thomas W. Cobb, was horn. For the latter, Oobb Comity "was named. John Benning, wlio married his daughter Sarah, was the grandfather of Judge Henry L. Benning, of Colnnihus.
Colonel Daniel Appling-, an officer of distinction in the war of 3-812, lived and died in Columbia. The countyseat was named for his father, John Appling, an early settler, whose resideziee was at this place while the county of Appling, in the lower part of the State, was1 named for Colonel Appling himself.

Here, too, lived the Crawfords L a family whose gifted representatives have been prominent in the public life of the State, since the days ofthe Revolution. The great William H. Crawford, though a native of Virginia, "was for years a resident of Columbia. He represented this country at the Court of France, "where his impressive fjg'ure "when arrayed in conrt dress is said to have fasci nated the great Napoleon. He was twice United States Senator, twice Secretary of the Treasury, and, except for an unfortunate attack of paralysis, might have become President of the United States, an office "which he missed by only a few votes. The distinguished G-eorge "W. Crawford, Secretary of War. member of Congress, and Gov ernor of Georgia, "whose last public service "was to preside over the famous Secession Convention of 1861, "was born in Columbia. Major Joel Crawford, a member of Con gress and one of the commissioners to run the boundary line between Georgia and Alabama, "was born here. This was also the home of Dr. Nathan Crawford, one of the

484 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORTATJS AND LEGENDS
first physicians successfully to perform the delicate sur gical operation known as trepanning' in cases of fracture of tlio skull. The noted George McDuffic of South Caro lina, was a native of Columbia. George Gary, an early member of Congress from Georgia, lived in this county; and here was born Colonel John C. Reed, an author of legal text-books widely-known throughout the South.

COWETA

the west banks of the Chattahoochee River, two miles below the present city of Columbus. Fort Mitcheli was afterwards built on the site of the old town, which here commanded an important bend in the stream, known to tho scattered tribes, far and near, because of its fancied resemblance to a serpent. Coweta IFa.lls was tho name given to the Rapids in the Chatta hoochee above Columbus. The county of Coweta was formed from some of the land acquired by the State, under tho treaty of Indian Springs, in 1825, and was so called in commemoration of the part taken by the brave
to the whits, an act of friendship for which he was subsequently murdered by a band of Creek Indians. Newnan, the county-seat of Coweta, was named for General naniel Newnan, a distinguished soldier of Georgia in the Indian wars and a membr of Congress. General Newnan fills an unmarked grave in Walker county, a.t Green's l,ake, near l^ossville, Ga. "When organized in 1826 Coweta Included purts of twu other counties: Campbell and Heard.

Bullsboro : A Lost Two miles and a half to the north-cast

Town.

of the present town of Newnan, on

the old Fayettevillc road, there for

merly stood a settlement, the last vestige of which, has

long since disappeared. The name of the village was

Bullsboro. Here Coweta County's first seat of govern

ment was' located. The distinguished Judge "Walter T.

Colquitt, afterwards a United States Senator, organized

at tills place the first Superior Court and empanelled the

first Grand Jurors. The following outline sketch of this

forgotten town, is furnished by Mrs. E. H. Ilardaway,

regent of Sarah Dickinson chapter of the D. A.. Ifc. Says

she:

COWKTA

465

"At the boi^imiijiiv of tliu last century Ooweta. County
was a wilderness occupied by the Indians. As early as 1820, however, settlers began to enter this region, coming from the eastern counties1 of Georgia and from the two Carolina*. The town center which seemed to leap spon taneously into existence was called Kullsboro. The little community boasted a store, a physician, and two churches --Baptist and I-'resbyteriari; and this modest combina tion was the only excuse for a town which Coweta could boast until a gentleman named Winneld gave to the Bap tists several acres of land situated where the town of Xewnan now stands. The donation thus made was in tended to furnish a pastor's home, a cemetery, a church, nnd a school lionse. There were already in this locality quite a few residents; and after the Baptist church was removed from Bullsboro to this new site, a number of other people settled in the neighborhood."
"It Ay a s not long before a gift of land waa also made in this quarter to the Presbyterians, with the result that in 1827 the members of this denomination likewise ceased to worship at Bullsboro find came to the new town site, where an excellent school was built. Stores multiplied; arid at an early date the growing; importance of the young town as a center of trade and travel necessitated two taverns. Tt was called Newnan, in honor of an onicer of the State militia, General Daniel ISTewnan, who achieved some note aw n fighter in the Indian wars and afterwards represented the State in Congress."
"Bullsboro is now marked by an old pecan tree which some ignorant negro has girdled."
"There are two or three small cabins near by; but except for these flecks in the snowy whiteness: of an area which is now covered by rich cotton fields there are here no other signs of life."
"Dr. North, who was assistant surgeon in the 7th Georgia regiment, once told me of R visit which his father and mother made years ago to the doctor at Bullsboro. Mr. and Mrs. Anthony North lived in the White Oak

486 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND 'LEGENDS
neighborhood, about fifteen miles south of the old countyseat ; and after Mrs. North had for several days suffered tortures from toothache they decided to go to the doctor's office in the little town and have the tooth extracted, for there was no other means of cure for toothache, in pioneer days, except the forceps. They rode horse-hack through the rough woods and, in due time, arrived at the doctor's office, where the troublesome tooth "was taken out; and such was the relief which the sufferer experienced after an ordeal of pain which made her for clays a stranger to food of any kind that hunger at once asserted itself. The doctor's wife invited them to remain to dinner, a courtesy which they were glad to accept iu view of the distance "which separated them from home, and they shortly after wards sat down to a meal, which consisted of wheaten hoe-cakes, served with cucumbers pressed in salt, pepper, and buttermilk; but Mrs. North declared that never in her life had she eaten so delightful a dinner."
"This old lady reached the age of 102 years and died in 1895. By a strange coincidence an English magazine chronicled the death, in the north of England, of a woman of the same name, Mary North, in the same year and at the same age. Tt is1 of further interest to note that Mrs. North received a pension, during her life-time, as the daughter of a Revolutionary soldier and as the widow of a soldier of the War of 1812, a double distinction some what unusual. Dr. North, mentioned above, was the youngest of a large family of children and devoted to the cause 'which they call lost."
The first session of the Superior Court of Coweta County was held at Bullsboro, in the fall of 1827. Judge Walter T. Colquitt presided. The Solicitor-General was Samuel A. Bailey, and the following pioneer citizens qualified as Grand Jurors: Tsaac Gray, foreman; Eli Nason., James Caldwell, Anthony North, Samuel Walker,

r

COWETA

487

Nathaniel Nichol, Edward Sec;our, Thomas Dyei% Edward Beeves, Daniel "Webster, Moses "Kcllcy, L/ewis M. Paulett, Bobert O. Beavers, Elijah ITammond, John Oaldwell, S. Green. -Tohu ICisor, Miles Wood, and Daniel Hull.

Says White: "On a tract of land belonging- at one time to Major Checdlc Cochrarie are the remains of an old fortification, circular in form, containing an area of from six to ten acres, situated on a. point of land between a small creek and a branch. Facing the creek is an almost perpindicular precipice, by means of which the fort was made secure against attack, while in the rear there was a gentle slope, which gave the garrison a convenient means of access."
College Temple was quite a noted school in the early days, It was located in Newnan and was taught by Professor AT. P. Kellogg. Other fine schools which, came later were IjOTigstroet institute, Henoia Institute, and lioclv Springs Aendo'my.

The Old Calhoun As the train leaves Newnan, going to-

Mansion.

ware] iLaGrange, there may be seen to

the west of the railroad, in a magnifi

cent grove of forest oaks, the stately old mansion of ])r.

Andi'ew .H. Calhoun, long a dominant figure in the politi

cal and social life of this section. J-tc earne of the noted

.Abbeville stock and was a near kinsman of the Great Niii-

lifier, who divided the laurels of statesmanship in ante

bellum days with Clay and "Webster. .Or. Calhonn often

served in the General .Assembly of Georgia.; but the

demands of his large practice and the cultivation of his

broad acres, baronial in extent, kept his love of politics

488 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS., MEMORIALS AND
somewhat in abeyance, thoug'li his advice was paramount in the shaping' of policies. Without permitting' his au thority to be questioned, he governed by the golden rule of kindness the feudal estate over which he presided. In the finest sense of the pJn'a.se, lie was a gentleman of the old school, given to hospitality, courteous and brave, a man. with on t fear an d with out rep roach.. Be si de the mansion house, there is still to be seen the little cottage to which Or. Oalhoun brought his bride, when ho first came to Xownan in the early forties; and here, in this cosy nest of a home, were born his six cliildren: Martha Frances, who married Dr. rC. (A Divine; Ann Eliza, who married a Mr. Culdwell ; Or. Abner ~W., who became one of the most eminent specialists in the South ; Susan Kath arine, wlio married .Tohn. T>. Hill; .Tudg'c Andrew E., a jurist of hig'h reputation, and Ephraim I-J.amsoy, who died on the threshold of manhood. The father of this noted Georgia, household attained to patriarchy] years, passing' away near the close of the last century at the ripe old asye of eighty-nine.

Soldiers of the Revolution Buried : Coweta.
epitaph :

On an old box-fashioned tombstone, i n the J ot of th e .Rob i us on fa mily, i.n Oak Hill cemetery, in. the tow a of Xewnan, is chiseled the following
uri.eil tli is. lifo on tlio 27Ui in l,ho SOtli yi>sii- of his a s e. I To l-l.o 1,'ovijlntimiai-y \\iit 11,11! n-:is IIL'T of tlio Tinjil-iwi i/liuriili.
>f tlio LOJ-I! is 1-ho ileadi of

ItobbiKOTi was a dcscoiulanl of the first Governor of North Carolinn, Tie eulipted at -tlie nge of fourteen and served for 189 days in a. Palmetto State regiment.

OOWETA

489

He became one of the earliest settlers of Coweta and with his family organized the first Baptist church. His great-great grand-daughter, Mrs. Marie Kobinson Wright, is a well-known author, who lias written some excellent books of travel.

From mi obscure grave in the county the remains of William Smith, another soldier of the first war for inde pendence, were brought to Newiian some time ago and re-interred ill the Confederate burial-ground, in the south east corner of Oak Hill. He was given the sobriquet of "He!! Nation", a somewhat descriptive title which may indicate the fiery quality of his valor. Mr. Smith died at the age of 81. TTe enlisted in Moore County, N. C., and "was granted a pension on September 3, 2832.
iMIen Gay, a soldier of the Devolution, died in Cowcta County, at the age of 82, the year of his death unknown. According to While, he was only a lad when he joined a battalion in General Grcene's army but at the battle of Kutaw Springs performed the feat of taking five of the enemy prisoners. 3f is1 said thnt ho entered the war as a substitute for his father who had heen summoned to appear at the high hills of the Saute to serve for twelve months. Subsequent to the close of hostilities, Mr. Gay removed to Georgia. Holies buried at Macedonia church, where bis1 g'rave has lately been marked by the Sarah rtickinson chapter of the T). A. B. He was one of the founders of the church at this place, and was the first person to lie buried in the churchyard. The monument over bis grave was donated by the United States govern ment.
Tt is also of record that the following soldiers of the 1'evolutiori died in Coweta : Colonel John Dicks'on, an elder in the Presbyterian etrarcb, in 1831, aged 80; Isham Hnckeby. in 1835, aged 93 ; John Tlmrmond, 'in 1839, aged 80; and William Wood, the date of his death unknown. Major James Wood resided in Coweta for a number of vears but died in Heard.

490 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

The Grave of

Under a handsome marble stone, in

Governor Atkinson. Oak Hill cemetery, in tile town of

Newnan, rest the mortal ashes of

WilJiam Y. Atkinson, one of the ablest of Georgia's Chief-

TOxecutives. His death, in the prime of manhood, bereaved

the State of an illustrious son who seemed to be predes

tined to wear sti]l higher honors. The following epitaph

is inscribed upon his tomb :

William Yates Atkinson. 1854-1S99. As son, brother, husband, father, ho was tender and true. A friend to the poor and the weak. In tho path of duty 'he knew no fear, nis fellow citizens recognizing him a leader among men called him to be Governor of Georgia,. A friend of public education, he -was the author of the acts establishing the Newnan Public Schools and the Georgia Normal and Industrial Col lege.
While still i from earth to ;

Original Settlers, From a sketch of this county by Cap
tain William TJ. Anderson, the follow ing list of Coweta's earliest residents lias been compiled: Joseph Edmondson, AcquiJja Hardy, Andrew ,7. Berry, Christopher 13. Brown, George Pentecost, James Hicks, Major Nicholas Dwyer, John Underwood, Caleb Fields, .James Stamps, John E. Robinson, Washington Arnold, Colonel Zachariah Phillips, Dr. Levi T. Wellborn, Turner Persons, Samuel I). Echols, Colonel W. B. W. Dent, Captwin William Hitchcock, Captain William JT. Anderson, John Ray, James Hutchinson, Levi Phillips, Daniel Web ster, William Nonunions, John Fleming-, William Bailey, Robert Neal, John Neal, Clark A. Boney, Dr. James1 M. Lyons, Josephns Kchols, R. T. Returns, James G-. Jjyle, Dr. Joel W. Terrell, William B. Cobb, John W. Hooper, Jjevi Willcoxon, John B. Willcoxon, Robert J. Pinson,

COWETA

491

Jolm S. Beavers, William Daniel, Winchester Dumas, John Hunter, Thomas Honey, Dr. .J. Palmore, Colonel Thomas A. Tjatharo, William B. Pryor, J. Pollard, Dr. Wheeler Randall, Dr. William P. Kchols, Anthony North, Beniah MeLendon, Winston Wood, John McKnigiit, Judge Owen H. Kcnan, Dr. Jeremiah Bell, Dr. W. P. Rainey. Ishain IT. Rainey, Herbert C. Rainey, John Terry, Joseph Shaw, Dr. A. I". Calhonn, Colonel John W. Pentecost, Judge Grigsby- E. Thomas, Ansel B. "Leigh, Benjamin Leigh, Dr. I. K. Smith, Dr. Cannon H. Shipp, Major Hugh Brewster, Samuel W. Minor, Richard B. Wooten, Major Beverley D. Thompson, Young J. IjQng, John Hardeman, Silas Reynolds, Captain Gilbert D. Greer, Norman Brad ley, J. "W. Bradley, William Taylor, George A. Wilson, Rev. Joseph Y. Alexander, General E. M. Storey, Colonel Augustus IT. Stokes, Phillip Orr, Robert Cole, Samuel Dennis, ST., William Westmoreland, Sr., Enoch Knight, Carrington Knight, Rev. John Bigby, Bennett II. Conyers, Ijcwis Redwine, John Redwine, Captain William Speer, James Powel, Sr., Dr. IJrqnhart, Thomas Delk, William Askew, the Russells, the Carmichaels, the Bridges, the Dieksons, tlie Duncans, etc1 .

Coweta's Distin- Besides giving the State a Governor, guished Residents, in the person of William Y. Atkinson,
Coweta has been the home county of a number of distinguished Georgians. Judge John Krskine, an occupant of the bench of the United States Dis trict Court in Georgia, during the days of Reconstruction, who rendered the State an important service when a friend in authority was needed, lived at one time in Coweta. Here also lived a number of other distinguished jurists, among them, Judge Dennis P. IIamlmond, Judge L. IT. Featherstone, Judge Owen H. Kenan, Judge John S. Bigby, and Judge Hugh Buchanan.
The last two, in addition to gracing the ermine, also served the State iu Congress.

492 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
lion. "W. 15. W. Dent was another resident of Coweta who served In the National House of Representatives. He was not a lawyer but a merchant, possessed of an unusual capacity for public affairs. Mr. Dent at one time owned Stone Mountain.. Hon. Charles L. Moses, a member of Congress, lived at Turin. Dr. Abner W. Calhoun, one of the South'.s1 pioneer specialists, was a native of JSTewnan; and here for more than forty years lived Dr. James Stacy, a distinguished Presbyterian divine and a noted author. Or. Luther M. Smith, a gifted president of Emory Col lege, lived at Newnaii; and here resided until recent years, Hon. Peter Francisco Smith, a lawyer of distinction and a well-known man of letters, from, whose pen have coine a number of books. Two of Atlanta's pioneer bankers came from Newnan: F. M. Coker and John H, James. .Here, too, was born one of the South's truest poets, Carlyle McKinley.
CKAWFORD
William Harris Crawford, in the opinion of many competent critics, was Georgia's greatest intellect. He arose from the plow handles to the United States1 Senate, became Secretary of the Treasury under two administratioiis, represented this country at the Court of Napoleon, and barely missed the highest office in the gift of the American people, after a protracted contest in the Nat ional House of Representatives. During the campaign an attack of paralysis, supposed to have been caused by an improper use of lobelia, for which an inexperienced doctor was responsible, made him an almost complete physical wreck, though prior to this time he was a giant

CKAWFORD

493

in stature and a man of the most superb personal aspect. He recovered his health in sufficient measure to become an efficient Judge of the Superior Court and, to the last, his memory "was something marvelous. It is said that he could quote whole chapters from the classic authors of antiquity and "was as familiar with the dead languages1 as with the English tongue. But he was never again the same man. Mr. Crawford died at the age of sixty-one, while making the rounds of his circuit, and was buried at Wootllawii, his country-seat in Oglethorpe.

Mr. Crawford at the In a letter written to Major Stephen Court of Napoleon. F. Miller by Col. George M. Dudley,
son-in-law and biographer of Mr. Crawford, the following authentic account is given of a famous episode which occurred at the French Court in 1813. Says Col. Dudley:* "Though Mr. Crawford has told us of the bow he made on his presentation to the Ejmperor Napoleon, his modesty prevented him from saying what special favors he received in return. We are indebted to his Secretary of Legation [Dr. Henry Jackson], for the following incident: go impressed was the Emperor with his firm step, his lofty bearing, his tall, manly, and imposing figure, decorated for the first time in the court dress of the Empire that he avowed [oil meeting the American Ambassador] that Mr. Crawford was the only man to whom lie had ever felt constrained to bow and that on this occasion he had involuntarily bowed twice as he received the minister from the United States. The homage thus paid by the Emperor was said to be a rare if not an unprecedented occurrence at this court; and the Emperor himself was one of those who observed, upon looking at Mr. Crawford, that he was among the few distinguished men whose actual appear ance more than realized what one anticipated before seeing them."
* Miller's Bench and Bar of Georgia, Vol. I, Sketch of Mr. Crawford.

494 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJKGENDS

Old Creek Indian Agency: "Where a Patriot Sleeps.

Page 18.

Where the Creek

It was at the Old Agency on the

Claims "Were Finally Flint that the State of Georgia, on

Extinguished.

November 15, 1827, acquired a per

fect title to tlie remaining lands of

the Creek Indians between the Flint and the Chatta-

hoochee Rivers, thus removing the last vestige of the old

Creek Confederacy in Georgia. The treaty at Indian

Springs, of February 12, 1825, was abrogated by the

United States government, on the ground tha,t it repre

sented a minority of the nation, the Upper Creeks, who

opposed it, outnumbering the Lower Creeks, who favored

it! The Treaty of Washington, on January 24, 1826, by

a change in the boundary lines, gave back to the Creeks

a part of the territory originally ceded. But in the com

pact made at the Old Agency, on November 15, 1827,

everything was harmoniously adjusted. At this time, in

consideration of a quit claim title to the remaining lands

within the State of Georgia, the United States government

agreed to pay the Creek Indians $27,491, an amount wkich

finally appeased the reluctant tribes and ended the pro

longed litigation. It "was signed by two commissioners

on the part of the Federal government, John Crowell and

Thomas Ij. McKinney, and by eighty-four head men and

warriors of the Creek nation, who by this solemn act

forever relinquished claim to the Georgia lands. Two

other important treaties were concluded at the Old Agency

--one, on November 3, 1804, between Benjamin Hawkins

and Iloppoie JVTicco, by which certain lands between the

Oconee and the Ocmulgee "were acquired by the State;

and one, on April 22, 1818, negotiated by ex-Governor

David B. Mitchell, then agent of Indian Affairs for the

Creek nation, who, as sole co'mmissioner for the purpose,

obtained an important cession of land south of the Ocmul-

CBAWFOKD

495

gee, not included in the cession of Fort Jackson, during the War of 1812.

General Lafayette, on bis visit to this oonnty in 1825, was entertained at the Old Agency on the Flint. He spent the night here after leaving Macon en route north ward. B

Where the "Lone

The State of Texas will erect a

Star" Flag of Texas monument in the near future to

Originated.

the memory of the lamented Geor

gia woman who designed the "Lone

Star" flag-. During the month of February, 1913, the

remains of Mrs. Vinson, formerly Miss Joanna Trout-

man, were exhumed from a neglected little country grave

yard near Knoxville, Ga., and forwarded to Texas, to he

reinterred with public honors in the soil of the great

Commonwealth whose historic emblem she originated.

The removal of her hody from Georgia to Texas was the

result of an extended correspondence "between Mrs. L. L.

Brown, of Fort Valley, Ga., and Gov. O. B. Colquitt, the

present Chief-Executive of Texas, a native Georgian.

Miss Troutman was twice married, first to Solomon Pope,

and second to Green Vinson. She was a sister of the late

John F. Troutman, Sr., of Fort Valley, Ga. The remains

of Mrs. Vinson will repose in the State Cemetery, at

Austin, Texas.

Volume II.

Francisville:

On the site of the old Indian Agency

A Buried Town, there arose subsequent to the death of

Colonel Hawldiis a town called Francis-

ville. It stood almost upon the identical site of his

official residence, but the town has1 long ago ceased to

exist even in the memory of the oldest inhabitant of the

region. ~We quote the following account of this long1

496 GEORGIA'S TVANDMAKKS, Mi=MOKiAr,s Ann LEGENDS
deserted village from Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr.* Says lie: "For several years after the death of this prominent man, neglect and decay supervened. New life wa.s infused mto the settlement, however, by Francis Bacon, of Massachusetts, who married Jeffersonia, the youngest daughter of Colonel Hawkins. He established himself on the site of the Old Agency about 1825 and founded the town of Francisville. Traffic with the sur rounding country was freely invited, Beingf a man of means, of intelligence, and of enterprise, matters pros pered. From 3830 to 3850 the town numbered an average population of one hundred "whites, but, on the completion of the railway running from Macon to Columbus, the resident merchants sought other and more convenient localities. Trade began to languish and soon the town entirely disappeared."
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers of Crawford were: John Hancock,
William Hancock, H. B. Troutinan, Stephen Wright, Ben jamin Beland, John S. Brooks, Henry Bradford, Samuel Dukes, Benjamin "Lightfoot, EJisha P. Turner, Willis Taylor, William Richardson, Matthew J. Jordan, Benja min Diekson, Jarnes Lang', William Zaigler, W. C. Cleve land, Mancel Hancock, T. I). Hammock, S. D. Burnett, Green P. Culverhonse, John Culverhouse, William Simmons, George I{. Hunter, James dark, John Perry, John Dent, Kzekiel Hall, Flijah M. Amos, M. Whitington, Adam Files, Wm. T. Brown, James A. Everett, Heni'y Crowell, John Andre^vs, John Kobinson, William Williamson, Sa'imiel CalhouTi, William Trice, Robert Howe, Archibald Grey, James A. Millar, and Rev. Henry Hooten. Some of these lived on the wewt side of the Flint River, in the section afterwards 'set apart to Taylor.
* Dead Towns of Georgia by diaries C. Jones, p. 241. savannah, 1878.

CRISP

497

The following .Revolutionary soldiers were living in Crawford in 1840 and were drawing' pensions at this time from the United States government: Phillip Ma thews, ag'ed 88; Jason Meadow, aged 81 ; James Bailey, aged 80; Joel "Rtheridge, aged 77; Thomas Turner, aged 89; Daniel Hart, aged 97; T^ewis Goodwill, aged 74; and Jacob Fudge, aged 82.

Chief-.Just ice Hiram Warner began the practice of law at Knoxville, in Crawford County, where he remained -until his election to the Superior Court Bench, when he removed to Greenville.

Dr. Ezekiel Mail, a native of South Carolina, settled in Crawford in 1836. He was the father of Judge Samue.1 Hall, who rose to the Supreme Bench, and of Robert P. Hall, a gifted man of letters, whose early death was a bereavement to the State. Chief-Justice Thomas J. Siminons was also a native of Crawford.

CRISP
atcd by (.legislative Act-, August. nd slat earn sin. of Georgia, Son
Crisp, former Speaker of the Tsa.tionai .House of Hepreentati'
Charles Frederick Crisp--the second Georgian to wield the gavel of the national House of Representatives --was born in Sheffield, England., on January 29, 1845, of actor-parents, who were touring the British Isles. Mr, Crisp's father and mother came of good American stock; and, though the subject of this sketch was born under the Knglish colors, his allegiance to the Stars and Stripes was not impaired by this accident of fortune. Indeed, he only tarried long enough upon foreign soil to prepare

498 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
for the journey homeward. The very same year which ushered him into life found him speeding1 upon the ocean highway to New York; and in literal fact he "was "rocked in the cradle of the deep".
Tt was chiefly between Ma con and Savannah that he spent the period of hoyhood, though he passed ia season in Virginia, where lie went to school. The outbreak of the Civil War interrupted his studies in the Old Dominion, and, enlisting- as a private in Company K, of the Tenth Virginia regiment, he went to the front with the historic brigade whose commander "was the great Stonewall Jackwon. Emerging- from the conflict with the rank of Lieu tenant, though barely of age at this time, young Crisp joined his parents at Kllavillc, Gra., where he began the study of law. Later he removed to Americus for the practice of his profession, and here he established his1 permanent home. For a few years he held the office of Solicitor-General, after which he became Judge of his circuit; but relinquishing the ermine in H 882, he entered the race for Congress.
Once upon the floor of the great national forum, the genius of the Georgia jurist for statesmanship became apparent and six times in succession he was re-elected "without serious opposition. TTe "was not an orator in the popular sense. ITe possessed none of the sophomoric attributes of the declaimer. Though fluent he was not florid of speech. He preferred logic to rhetoric--argu ment to ornamentation; and he spoke to convince rather than to please. It cannot be said that he lacked anima tion; but his speeches, as a rule, were characterized by the pellucid crystal of the mountain stream rather than by the impetuous vaulting of the cataract. As* a parlia mentarian he possessed few equals. "When Mr. Carlisle was promoted to the Senate, he succeeded the great Kentuckian as the leader of the minority forces upon the floor: and when Democracy swept the country in the elections which followed he wrested the gavel from Speaker Reed, the famous C^ar of Congress.

CRISP

499

Amos J. dimming- of New York, lias styled Mr. Crisp the "John Brig-lit of (lie American House of Co'mmons." His tilts with Mr. Keed, while the latter still occupied the chair, have become historic. On more than one occa sion he successfully turned his batteries upon the auto crat, causing- him to seek cover under the terriffio fire. Though not without ambition to enter the Senate, he declined the toga in 1894, on the death of Alfred H. Colquitt. The vacant seat was formally tendered to Mr. Crisp by Governor Northen; but fidelity to existing obli gations constrained him to remain at his post of duty in the House and to "waive a promotion "which he honorably coveted. Later he met Mr. Smith in joint debate, on the money question, when the latter was Secretary of the Interior; and, on the retireraeTrt of General Oiordon, from the Senate, there being 110 further obstacles in his "way, he aspired to become his successor. T'y an overwhelmingexpression of the popular will he was awarded the tog-a; hut, on October 2'J, 1896, while the glittering- trophy 'was almost within his grasp, he died of heart failure; and like the great Hebrew lawgiver, on the heights of Mebo, in full view of the Promised "Land--
"Coil's flugor touched him and ho slept."

Cordele: How a

Cordele, the county-seat of Crisp,

Metropolis Leaped \vas twenty-live years ago unknown

From a Log House. io the m'ap of Georgia. The nucleus'

out of which it grew was a solitary

log" house located on a tract of land, then the property

of Mr. H. C. I3agley, of Americus, commonly known as

the Joe Brown plantation, containing* 1,200 acres. The

story of how it leaped into life reads like a modernized

fable of Aesop. In the year 1887, the Savannah, Ameri-

cns 'and Montgomery Railway, an enterprise financed by

the Americus Investment Company, was partially built

through this land; and to avoid antagonistic individual

500 G-IOOKGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
interests Air. .Bagley, who "was engaged in developing town sites at strategic points along the line of this rail way, sold to the Americus Investment Company, of which he was president, the property in question. At the s'ame time lie negotiated with, the Mac on Construction Com pany, -which was then building the Georgia Southern and Florida Railway, a deaJ whereby in consideration of an undivided half interest in 200 acres of land in the center of the town, donated to them by the Americus Investment Company, they agreed to intersect his railway on the site of the Joe .Brown plantation, rather tlian at a point two miles east on the Hamilton plantation, which was then contemplated.
This was the 'master stroke "which located the future metropolis where it today stands. The town was incor porated in 1888 and named Cordele in honor of the eldest daughter of Colonel Samuel II. Plawkins, president of the Savannah, Americus and Montgomery Railroad. Miss Cordelia Hawkins is now Mrs. T. Furlow Gatewood, of Americus. In recalling the pioneer days of Cordele, the founder of the town narrates some very spicy incidents. Says Mr. Bag-ley: "As I now recall, the first lots were sold by me, at a public sale conducted on the site of the future town, on November 9, 3887. Cordele was then some 3'3 miles from the nearest town and was reached only by private conveyance. These lots, which were fifty by one hundred feet each, were offered at a level price of $100 per lot, half cash and the remainder in twelve months. Similar lots were offered in the residence sec tion for $50 per lot, on the same terms. Purchasers were given the privilege of selecting 'any of the unsold lots shown on the plat and in this way future bank sites were chosen according" to the somewhat variant judg ments of pioneer investors. At that time, the Joe Brown plantation, a double-pen log- house, with shed rooms, stood on the present site of the Suwanee Hotel. The first building in the town vras the village school house, erected by the Americus Investment Company, on the

501
site wliere now stands the handsome four-story American National Bank building. The school house was removed to a lot in the .Tear of' this structure wliere it is1 used at present by one of the local churches as a house of "wor ship. ''
Helena. DeSoto, Lyons, and other towns on the line of the old S. A. and M. Railway, now the Seaboard, were likewise founded by Mr. Bagley. But the predestined flower of the group was Cordele. Today it forms the center of n perfect cobweb of iron rails. Twenty-six passenger trains daily enter the local depot; five banks, with an aggregate capita,! of $300,000, finance the busi ness activities of the town ; fifteen vigorous manufactur ing enterprises give it a recognized industrial prestige; and out of more than two hundred commercial establish ments not a failure has occurred since the panic of 1907. It claims to possess a lower record of mortality than any city south of Baltimore and to hold the key to a region of country larger than the whole of the Netherlands-- the rich and fertile domain of the Georgia, "wire-grass.
Original Settlers. See Dooly, from which county Crisp w? as formed.
To the list of early coiners into this section may be added the following pioneer residents of the city of Corclcle: Judge S. W. Coney, Judge E. F. Strozier, Dr. Thomas N. Baker, James H. Borough, Z. A. Littlojohn, William S. Thomson, Joseph B. Scott, and Prof. James M. Kelley. Besides these, some of the old established families of this belt include the Dunlaps, the Coles1, the Durretts, the Flemings, the Frasners, the Palmers, the Musselwhites, the O'Neals, the Hamiltons, the Williamses, the Jenningses, the Hunts, the Cannons, the Perrys, and many others.

502 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS DADEi
Says White: "On the farm of Colonel Pevldns there is a stono fort enclosing: three or four acres, concerning which the Indians could give no acconnt whatever. There are more than fifty monnds in this county, besides which many of the rnde cabins in which the red men onco lived are still standing (1854). These are now occupied by the farmers."
Original Settlers. Among the pioneers who first settled in Dade, according to White, "were: J.
B. Perkins, Joel Hrtlsey, James Stewart, Howell Tatum, John Gninn, Isham Cole, A. Hale, William Hughs, T. L. Tanner, Jacob McCollnm, W. Hnlscy, G. Stephens, A. B. Ilannali, 2. O'Neal, L. Hendrieks, Jesse Carroll, Jeremiah Pace, M. Cnnningham, M. Morgan, Jacob Sitton, ~W. H. Taylor, K. Tj. Taylor, David Killion, Daniel Killion, Alfred Gra,rner, James M. Hall, Leroy Sntton, and George Sutton.
DAWSON
William Crosby Dawson was one of Georgia's most distingmsned sons. Beginning public life as clerk of .the

DAWSON

503

Georgia House of Kepresentatives for twelve years, lie afterwards served with- credit in both branches of the General Assembly, compiled the laws of Georgia from 1820 to 1830, was commissioned Captain of a volunteer corps in the Creek "War of 1836, represented Georgia, in Congress for five years, after which he became Judge of the Ocmulgee circuit, and, from 1849 to 1855, he occupied a seat in the Senate of the United States. Judge Dawson was born in Greene County, Ga., June 4, 1798, and died at his home, nea,r Greensboro, May 5th, 1856, at the age of fifty-eight. The family was of Knglish extraction and came to Georgia from Virginia. During his term of office in the United States Senate, Judge Dawson acquired a reputation 'which was national in extent; and, on retiring to private life, some of his friends in ^Washington, D. C., tendered liim an elegant set of silver.

Said Chief-Justice Lumpkin: "The flatterers of Georg'e TV of Kngland were accustomed to speak of the royal debauchee as the first g-entleman of TOngland. How much more properly might William C. Dawson be held up to the imitation of all as the first gentleman of Georgia."

Original Settlers formed.

See Forsyth, Gilmer and Dumpkin, from which counties Dawson was

Alfred Webb and B. H. Pierce, delegates to the Seces sion Convention at Milledgeville, were among the pioneers of this section of Georgia. The old established families' of the county include: The Tnckers, the Aliens, the Kvanses, the Beardens, the Kelleys, the Hugheses, the Palmours, the Howards, the Gentrys and the Vandivers.

504 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
DECA.TUR
William Bainbridgc, a gallant nai IG celebrated frigate "Constitution, /ar with Tripoli. When organized :
Bainbridge. Bainbridge, the county-seat of Decatur--for merly known as Fort Hughes--was founded
in 1828, under a commission form of government, with three commissioners. On the authority of a well-recog nized local tradition there was a settlement here as1 early as 3810. The old fort commanded a bend in the Flint River a mile distant from the site of the present town. On account of fine advantages of location, Bainbridge became at an early period the center of very important commercial activities. Tt monopolized the trade of quite an extensive area of country, hut with the development of railroads, other localities began to enter the lists of competition. For years after the advent of the iron horse, the growth of the town was only normal. But the export trade in lumber inaugurated a marvelous change; and, with the completion of the Panama Canal, it is more than likely that Bainbridge will become one of the most important towns in the South. The Ohattahoochee River borders the county on the west, while the Flint flows through the center, thus giving it two fertile valleys, and supplying1 it with abundant facilities for water transportation. The soil of Decatur is adapted to the culture of tobacco as well as of cotton, and is other wise rich in possibilities.
Decatur is honey-combed with caves. Says Dr. Cotting, who once made a survey of this portion of the State: "Decatur abounds with what are called lime-sinks. Some are filled with water, others are empty. Some have

PECATUR

505

streams passing through the bottom, by means of which they communicate with the river. The walls of these caves are lined with slag-, in which there are quantities of marine organic remains. At Curry's Mills there is a large sink. The rim or crater is nearly circular in shape, wttii a circumference of 666 feet and a depth of 102 feet. Sixteen miles from Bainbridge there is a cavern which lias been explored for a distance of 83 feet, and through it runs a small stream. Three miles east of the Flint River there is a large fissure, one hundred yards long, ten feet in breadth, and thirty feet in depth."
One half mile south-east of Black Creek, Dr. Cotting found fragments1 of huge animal tusks.

Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of Decatur were : Q-. Mitchell, Wil
liam Martin, Win. Donalson, .Joel Darsey, John Darsey, W. Williams, H. Ingram, B. Crawford, James Griffin, M. Hardin, James Brown, Samuel Cherry, AVilliam Powell, Samuel Williams, Daniel O'Neal, Hiram Atldnson, James T. Neal, William Forson, M. Kelly, William Hawthorn, John White, John Jones, Duncan Bay, Edmund Herring, Joshua Proctor, William Whigham, Blias McElvan, Wil liam Powell, Philip Pitman, John Donalson, R. B. Doug las, A'lmer Bishop, Jeremiah Slade, William Chester, Captain Parham, K. Strickhmd, J. Sauuders and Cr. Gr. Gfaines.
To the foregoing list may be added: Alexander Shotwell, the original owner of the site on which the city of Bainbridge today stands Jacob Harrell, Jonathan Donal son, William Williams, John Harrell, W. W. Harrell, Duncan Curry, Charles Munnerlyn, Len Griffin, S. II. Dickenson, Hezekiah Thomas, Isaac Boyeft, Suttou H. Trulock, and Dr. M. II. Martin.

506 GEORGIA'S IJAKTJMABKS, MEMORIALS AND TJBGENDS
John Donalson, one of Decatur's pioneer settlors, was a patriot of the -Revolution.

Decatur's Noted lion. Berg, i]. Kussell, a distinguish-

Residents.

ed editor of Bainbridge, served the

State in Congress from 1.893 to 1897.

He was also a gallant Confederate soldier. Here lived

ColoneJ Charles J. Munnerlyn, a member of the Confed

erate Congress, who, relinquishing the forum for the

field, became an officer of high rank; Colonel John W.

Evans and Captain K. A. 'Smith, the former of whom fell

in battle, fighting for the cause of the South; Judge W.

O. Fleming and Judge Byron B. Bower, both noted

jurists; and Colonel John I). Harrell, U. S. Marshall for

the Southern District of Georgia under Mr. Cleveland.

Judge John. TL Martin, of liawkmsville, a distinguish

ed occupant of the Bench and a gallant ex-Confederate

officer, recently in command of the G-eorg'ia Division, U.

C. V., spent his boyhood days in .Baimbridge. Ileve

Colonel John E. Donalson, a "widely known member of

the local .Bar, was born and reared. His wife is one of

Georgia's most brilliant women. John TV. Callalian,

owner of the famous Callahan line of steamboats, is a

resident of Bainbridge. Mr. Callahan is one of the most

generous and public-spirited citizens of the town.

Jrlon. Kienzi M. Johnson, appointed United States

Senator from Texas, to succeed lion. Joseph W. Bailey,

for the uri expired term, was once a resident of the town of

Bainbridge. He fought gallantly in the Confederate

ranks, though a mere lad; and at the close of the war

entered the newspaper office of lion. Benjamin 15, Russell

where ho received his journalistic equipmeyit. For years

Colonel Johnson has 'been president and editor-in-chief

of the Houston Post, "From 1900 to 1912 he was a mem

ber of the National Democratic Committee from Texas.

The Senator-elect will merely fill the unexpired term of

.DJI-KALB

507

Mr. Bailey. lie was not a supporter of tlie Wilson ticket in the preferential primary and for tliis reason was not a candidate for the full term.*

I >jsK A"L B

with James Barren. Both were Commoclorc*. \Vhfm organized in 1S22 DeKalb included a part of Fnltoii.
Sutherland: The On an eminence to the north of the Home of General Georgia Railroad near the town of John B. Gordon. lO'rkwood, stands Sutherland, the pict-
riresque home of the great soldier and statesman, General John B. G-ordon. It is four miles to the east of Atlanta, but well -within the limits of De.ICalb. The stately mansion is one of tlie best specimens' of the classic type, to which the wealthy planters of the South, during the ante-bellum days, were much attached. Tts colossal and elegant p7~oportions, rising- io a height of three stories, broad wings, ample grounds and stately forest oaks, all suggest the opulent and splendid days of the Old South. Though General Gordon was a Democrat, the home in which he lived was patrician. If it contras ted with his simple and unaffected manners, it empha sized the importance which he put upon home life, and the large place which he Jillcd in the dramatic history of his times. It is doubtful if there ever lived in Georgia a man whose home life approached nearer to the ideal. His wife, a daughter of General Hugh A. Haralson, was his devoted companion and helpmeet. She accompanied him

508 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS ANI> LEGENDS
to the battlefield, she dressed his wounds, she shared his privations, and in every circumstance whether of defeat or of victory she was 'constantly at his side, ready to congratulate or to console him. This gentle woman was never more gracious than, in her beautiful home at Kirkwood. The hospitality "which she hero dispensed was reminiscent of the old regime, and here too she was supremely enshrined in the affections of her household, the idol of her husband and the devoted mother of her children. Sutherland was destroyed by a fire some time in the nineties. Tlie manuscripts of General Gordon's war memoirs were also consumed by the flames. When the news "went abroad, there was an immediate offer of funds with which to restore his stately home; but he promptly declined these generous proffers of help. From the proceeds of bis famous lecture on "The Last Days of the Confederacy," he rebuilt Sutherland; and at leisure moments he wrote his ".Reminiscences of the Civil War." Since the death of General Gordon, Soutlierland has passed into other hands, but the handsome mansion is still preserved intact, not only ns an attractive feature of the landscape but also as a patriotic shrine for pilgrims.

The Colquitts: A Parallelism.
Thomas Holley Chivers: An Erratic Genius.

Volume JT. Volume II.

Decatur. Decatur, the county-seat of DeTQilb, is a city of homes. It is practically a suburb of Atlanta,
from which bristling- center of population it is only six miles distant. The beautiful thoroughfares which con nect the towns are lined with elegant mansions. But the older city possesses a wealth of peculiar attractions. For

DEKALB

509

years past it has been a favorite place of residence with, professional and business men, who maintain offices in Atlanta but who prefer to live in Deeatur, where an atmosphere of refinement, unvexed by the feverish tur moil of commercialism, greets them at the close of busi ness hours. The little town of Decatur has always pre ferred culture to commence. When the Georg'ia Railroad was built there was little hospitality extended to the new comer. It -was kept at a distance of more than half a mile from the court house, to avoid the disquieting ef fects; while Atlanta, on the other hand, true to her COTIImercial instincts, greeted the swarthy stranger with open arms. Thus Decatur missed tile opportunity of becoming' a metropolis. She stepped aside in favor of her rival, content to pursue the even tenor of her way along the forest paths and to keep in touch with the fragrant memories and lofty ideals of the Old South.

Agnes Scott College. Agnes Scott College is located at
Decatur. Established in 1880 by the munificent liberality of Colonel George W. Scott, an elder in the Decatur Presbyterian Church, it has since become one of the foremost institutions of the South for the higher education of women. To say that it ranks with the best schools of the North and East is to employ no extravagant figure of speech. It possesses a plant valued at $1,000,000; maintains an admittedly high standard of scholarship ; and from more than a score of States draws an increasingly large patronage. The presiident of the institution is Dr. P. H. Oaines, an accomp lished educator. Included among the benefactors of the college, besides Colonel Scott, may be mentioned Andrew Carnegie, of Pittsburg, Pa., Samuel M. lumaii and Robert J. Lowry, of Atlanta, and many others. Though under Presbyterian control, it is conducted upon broad and liberal lines of policy and is in no sense sectarian.

510 GEORGIA'S IJANDMATIKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
The high altitude of the surrounding locality, its excel lent health record and its delightful charm, of environ ment, are among the additional secrets of its success.

Decatur is also the site of the Orphan Home of the North Georgia Methodist Conference--the first institu tion of the kind to be established by Georgia Methodists,

During the Civil War almost the entire western half of DeKalb County was involved in the operations inci dent to the historic battle of July 22nd, 1864; and on the court house grounds at Decatur stands a superb monu ment to the heroes of the Lost Cause. Ag-nes Lee Chap ter "U. D. C. has also mounted on the court house square a relic of the Indian War of 183(3, in the form of a cannon.

Stone Mountain : . A Monolith of Granite Reared in Prehistoric Times.

Volume II.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers of DeKalb were: William Jack
son, James Montgomery, John R. Brooks, William Kzzard, W. M. Hill, Joseph Ilewey, Stephen Mays, Reuben Cone, J. M. Smith, William David, Mason Shewmake, John Simpson, Amos Towers, John W. Fowler Edward Jones, Andrew Johnson, John Turner, J. P. Carr, James W. Reeves, Colonel Charles Murplicy, George Cliffton, James Jones, Jesse Lane, L. Johnson, William Terrcll, and George Brooks.

B

51.1

To the above list may be added: Rev. John S. Wilson, D. D., Elijah N". Ragsdale, William M. Ragsdale, William Morris, William Ore sham, James M. Calhoun, William H. Dabney, Charles L at timer, Jacob Redwine, John K. Holcombe, Samuel McElroy, William McElroy, Jennings Hulsey, Eli J. Hulsey, the Kirkpatricks the Colliers, the Masons, the Rossers, and other pioneer families.

The first session of the Superior Court of DeKalb was held in the house of "William Jackson, on the old MeDonough road, a mile to the south of the present court house square. Under an act of the Legislature, approved December 10, 1823, the county-seat of DeTCalb was fixed at Decatur. The town site was surveyed by James Diamond, a resident of the county, then living in Dia mond's militia district, near the present town of Tjithoiiia. The first court house was built of logs, at one end of the square. In a few years- this was abandoned for a small brick structure which was built in the center. De stroyed by fire in 1842, it was replaced by the old land-mark which occupied the same spot until 1898, when the present handsome edifice was erected. The first com missioners appointed, with plenary powers, to govern the new town, were : l^cuben Cone, William Morris, William Grresham, James White, and Thomas A. Uobibs."*

Soldiers of the Two soldiers of the Revolution are buried

Revolution.

in the town cemetery at Dccatur, John

Matfett and John Hayes. The former-

was a commissioned officer, with the rank of Colonel.

Both graves are marked by weather-beaten headstones,

one of which at least needs re-placing'. The old patriots-

512 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
occupy areas enclosed by pipe railing's. William Morris, a, veteran of the first war for independence and a pioneer settler, is buried at Cedar Grove, in the lower part of DeKalb. At Fellowship Church near Tucker on the Sea board Air Line three patriots of '76 lie buried in a group: Daniel Phone, Learell Kdward and Graner Whitley; and there are doubtless a number of others, who sleep in graves which have never been marked, or from which the headstones have disappeared.

Distinguished Resi- Hon Charles Murphey, who repre-

dents of DeKalb.

sented Georgia in Congress from

3852 to 3854 resided at Decatur.

His son-in-law, Hon. Milton A. Candler, likewise a mem

ber of Congress from. 1877 to 1881, resided at the county-

seat of DeKalb for more than fifty years. The present

chairman of the State Kailroad Commission of Georgia,

Hon. Charles Murphey Gaudier, is the latter's son.

.Judge William Ezzard, an early mayor of Atlanta,

lived for years .in Decatur.

Hon. .Tames M. Calhoun resided here. He afterwards

became Atlanta's war mayor. It devolved upon Mr.

Calhoun to surrender the city to General Sherman, in

1864, when there was no discretion left to him in the

matter, but he insisted upon the protection of non-com

batants and exacted the best terms possible under the

circumstances. His son, Colonel William Liowndes Cal

houn, was at one time mayor of Atlanta and for years

Judge of the Court of Ordinary of Fulton. His brother,

Dr. E. N. Calhoun, was an eminent physician.

General John 13. Gordon, one of the most illustrious soldiers of the Civil War, was for years a resident of De Kalb. He attained the rank of Lieutenant-General, was

513
three times elected United States Senator, twice Governor of Georgia, and Commander-in-Chief of the United Con federate Veterans for fourteen years. He also achieved distinction on the lecture platform and left a volume of memoirs entitled: "Reminiscences of the Civil War."
General Gordon's near neighbor at JCirkwood was Hon. Alfred H. Colqnitt. This distinguished Georgian, during the Civil War, attained the rank of Major General and was dubbed "the Hero of Olustee" by reason of an unparalleled victory over the enemy at Olustee or Ocean Pond, in Florida. During his first term as Governor occurred the famous Goldsmith, and Renf'ro impeach ment trials. There was an effort to discredit his adminis tration on account of these inquiries, but he was trium phantly and overwhelmingly re-elected, and finally closed his distinguished career in the nation's highest public forum.
Colonel Thomas C. Howard was another brilliant son of DelCalb. But he subordinated his own ambitions to promote the political interests of his friend, Governor Oolquitt. lie was a gifted speaker, a virile writer, and a man of sparkling wit. On one occasion lie said of Gen eral Butler, that lie wouldn't trust him in the Desert of Sahara with the anchor of the Great Eastern.
Hon William Sehley Howard, the present Congress man from this district, is a son of Colonel Thomas C. Howard. His victory over Hon. Leonidas i\ Uivingston created a sensation in national politics. The latter had been an occupant of the office for twenty years; and though repeatedly opposed he was seemingly invincible until he encountered his Richmond in the person of this eloquent young tribune of the people.
The gifted Mrs. William H. Feltoii, of Cartersville, was bom in DeKalb. Her father, Mr. Charles Latimer, kept the inn at Decatur, during the red hot days when there was war to the knife between the Democrats and the Whigs; and here it was that Mrs. Felton, then only a slip of a girl, received her first introduction to the public

514 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
men of Georgia and acquired lier first taste for politics. The statesmen to whom she listened around the open fire place of her father's inn little dreamed of the powerful pen which she "was one day to wield in the political con troversies of her State, when most of them should be forgotten.
Here lived the celebrated Dr. Thomas H. Chivers, a melancholy child of genius, from who Poe is said to have borrowed the metrical lilt of his immortal "Raven." Jesse F. Cleveland, a lawyer, who represented Georgia in Congress from 1837 to 1841, resided at Decatur. General Thomas G-lascock, a distinguished soldier of the war of 1812 and a former member of Congress, removed to Decatur from Aug'usta, some time prior to the Civil War, and was hero killed by a fall from his horse.
Dr. John S. Wilson, one of the earliest pioneers of Presbyterian! sin in North Georgia, lived for several years at Decatur, whore he preached and taught school. He afterwards became the first pastor of the First Pres byterian Church, of Atlanta.
Bishop Warren A. Candler, of the Methodist Episco pal Church, South ; Colonel Asa G. Candler, the distin guished manufacturer, capitalist and banker; and Judge John S. Candler, Ein ex-member of the Supreme Court of Georgia, have been identified with DelCalb. Bishop Candler today lives on the county line, with his property running back into Fulton. Judge Candler, just across the street from him, lives in DeKalb. Both reside at Druid Hills. Colonel Asa G. Candler's home is in Inman Park.

DODGE

515

DODGE
Created by Legislative Act, October 26, 1870, from parts of three

William E. Dodge was a wealthy merchant of New York wlio, acquiring' extensive tracts of timber land be tween the Oconee and the Ocirmlgee Elvers, developed the saw mill and lumber industries of this section and became one of the State's foremost benefactors, though never for any length of time a resident of Georgia. Mr. Dodge was a native of Hartford, Conn., in which cultured, old town of New England he was horn in 1802. When quite a; lad he "worked for a "while in his father's mill, after which he entered the business world of the great metropolis and became in time an active member of the firm of Phelps, Dodge and Co., of New York, marrying- the eldest daugh ter of his senior partner. This noted mercantile estab lishment made heavy investments in timber lands, pro moted railway enterprises, and engaged in various opera tions the object of which was to develop the country's material resources. On succeeding' to the sole manage ment of the business, Mr. Dodg-c turned his attention chiefly to the South. Trie purchased the Conper estate on St. Simon's Island and erected thereon a mill which em ployed a force of one hundred hands, while along the upper tributaries of the Altamaha River he purchased large bodies of pine lands, from which the timber was transported by private railway lines to the Alt am aha, and then down the Altamaha by water to the mills to be made into lumber for the world's market. It is said that the quality of lumber produced by Mr. Dodge was such that the city of New York gave him an unlimited order for every foot of lumber which he could produce of this character. Appurtenant to the mills a town was estab lished by Mr. Dodge who personally supervised the build-

516 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ing of houses and the laying' off of streets and lots; and since the government of the town was vested exclusively in the superintendent of the mills there were no municipal elections to disturb the community life. Mr. Dodge was an ardent believer in temperance; and to further the ends of sobriety as well as to insure good workmanship he caused a bill to be passed by the .Legislature of Geor gia forbidding- the sale of intoxicating liquors not only oil St. Simon's Island 'but on any of the waters leading thereto. Though a strong Republican Mr. Dodge was a staunch friend to the South. Ho represented the State of New York in Congress for two terms, was a in ember of the Indian commission under appointment of Presi dent Grant, g~ave liberally to religious, temperance, and other causes, and died in 1883 in the city of New York, leaving a large estate, not a small part of which was dis pensed in philanthropic gifts.
Eastman. At a point on the Southern Railway chosen for a station, soon after the county was
formed, in 1871, arose the present town of Eastman. It was then only a little cluster of wooden shacks, in the midst of a vast primaeval forest of pines; but today the town is a wideawake and vigorous young metro polis, with a future of splendid possibilities. Eastman is provided with an abundant supply of pure water from artesian wells.
Original Settlers. Sec T elfair, Montgomery and Pulaski Counties from which Dodge was
formed.
To the pioneer list may be added : W. P. Eastman, for whom the town of Eastman was named; L. M. Peacock,

DOOLY
W. "VV. A'shburn, Judge David M. Roberts, Colonel John F. DeLacey, Dr. Harris Fisher, Dr. J. M. Buchan, tlic first Representative from Dodg'e in the .Legislature ; Judge C. B. Murrell, W. N. Leitch, J. M. Arthur, H. Herrman and others. These were the representative business and professional in on whose pioneer labors laid broad and deep the civic foundations of the present growing- metropolis of Eastman.
DOOLY
for the famous Austrian capita.l oil the Danube. When organized, in 3S21 Dooly included Crisp and parts of Lee and Worth.
Colonel John Dooly wns a Revolutionary patriot who met his death at the hands of the Tories. lie was a native of North Carolina, hut coming to Georgia prior to the Revolution, with a number of his kinsmen and neighbors, he settled in. what is now the upper part of Lincoln, not far from the Savannah River. These were troublous times for the pioneers. Between the Indians, and the Tories, they were constantly beset by dangers, which, added to the hardships of the frontier, made life in the wilderness a bed of thorns. On Jrtly 22, 1776, Captain Thomas Dooly, a brother of Colonel John Dooly and a gallant officer, was murdered by the Indians, on the Oconee River, in a skirmish, under circumstances of great aggravation. Says Otis Ashmore: "Fired by resentment at his brother"s death, as well as by a lofty feeling of patriotism, he became a terror to the Indians throughout Georgia. So eager was he to carry out his purposes that he planned an attack upon the Indians at , Galphinton, after propositions of peace had been made by the constituted authorities. The plan, having been discovered, Dooly was put under arrest and General

518 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Elbert was ordered to try Mm by court-martial. But he was permitted to resign his commission." Shortly after this episode he was made a Colonel of militia in his home county of WTlkes; and joining forces with Clarke and Pickens he helped to win the victory of Kettle Creek, by which the Tory power in Upper Georgia was broken.
"When not engaged in fighting the Tories with sword and rifle he was pursuing them vigorously with the processes of law. According to the records, it was on August 25, 1779 that the first court was held iu Wilkes, and at this time Colonel John Dooly was appointed to act as attorney for the State. Not less than nine persons were sentenced to be hanged, at the first session, mainly for treason; and, on the authority of Judge Garnett Andrews, "the indictments were about as long as your finger." We quote again from Professor Ashmore: Says he: "The name of Dooly (became a terror to these parties, and in 1780, a band of Tories, headed by Captain Corker, who had been dispatched by the British commander at Augusta into the adjacent country, with authority to grant protection and to exact oaths of allegiance to the British Crown, forced an entrance into the dwelling place of Colonel Dooly, and in the most barbarous manner murdered him in the presence of his wife and children. There is a well authenticated tradition that three of these Tories were caught and hanged to a red oak tree near what is still known as Torry Pond, on the Egypt planta tion in Lincoln. !Pive of the party crossed Broad Biver and paid a visit to Nancy Hart, whose famous part in effecting the capture and execution of the whole number, forms one of the most thrilling episodes in the history of the Revolution. Colonel Dooly was the father of the celebrated wit, Judge John M. Dooly, of Lincoln."
Original Settlers. White in his Collections of Georgia omits to mention the original settlers
of Dooly. He merely gives the names of a few old peo-

DOUGHEETY

519

pie of tile county who reached the century mark, among them, Mr. and Mrs. Wadsworth and Mrs. Napier. Dooly's two delegates to the Secession Convention, both of whom represented pioneer families, were John S. Thomas and Elijah Butts. Thomas H. Key, a delegate to the Tariff Convention of 1833, and Judge Win. B. Cone, a noted jurist were also among the pioneers of this section.

DOUGHERTY

Charles Dougherty was one of the leaders of the ante bellum Bar, who practiced his profession at Athens. He be'eame judge of the Western Circuit, an office to which he brought the most signal qualifications; and since he occupied no high political office it is in the nature of the most eloquent tribute to his professional attainments that one of the counties of Georgia should have been named for him soon after his death. Nor is it any less a tribute to this eminent jurist that Georgia's great Sena tor, Benjamin H. Hill, should have conferred the name of Charles Dougherty upon his youngest son, one of the brainiest solicitors the State has ever known. Judge Dougherty was a Whig in politics, hut was identified with the extreme wing of the party which advocated South ern rights. He "was a man of unselfish patriotism and of spotless character. Two of his brothers, Robert and Wil liam, also achieved high honors. The former located in Alabama. The latter is said to have accumulated the largest fortune ever derived from the practice of law in Georgia. Judge Dougherty died in Athens during the decade which immediately preceded the Civil War.

520 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Anecdotes of Judge Dougherty.

Volume II.

Albany. Albany, the county-seat of Doug'herty, is located on the "west bank of the flint River, 107 miles
south-west of Macon. There is perhaps no city in Georgia more signally favored with respect to situation. A.t the head of high water navigation on the Flint it communi cates with the Gulf of Mexico by a splendid system of steamboats; and when the .Panama Canal is opened the ocean trade of Albany will be more than doubled. Numer ous radiating lines of railway also center at this point, to-wit: The Central of Georgia, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Seaboard Air Line, the Albany Northern, and the Georgia Northern, forming Jiere a net-work of iron rails. In a rich agricultural region, Albany controls larg~e commercial interests, especially in cotton, cotton seed oil, melons, peaches, p.ecans, fertilizers and lum ber. The town was founded in 1836 by Nelson Tift, Esq., of Mystic, Conn., who built the first house in the future metropolis. (See county of Tift.) Most of the early settlers of Albany came from Palmyra, a town 1 ong si nee obi iterated from the map but once the most populous community in this part of the State. It was located some five miles north of the present city of Albany, in what i s now the county of Lee. White, in speaking of the early days of Albany, says:* "The place where it now stands was in 1836 an unbroken pine forest, without an inhabitant. The removal of the Creek Indians from the south-western part of the State promoted the settlement of this fertile territory by the whites. In .1.841 the Legislature granted a charter for the city of Albany." For many years the growth of the town was oiily nomi nal. The water was not the best and the climate was thought with good reason to be unwholesome. But with the introduction of artesian wells, there dawned a new
* Historical Collections, Baker County, Savannah, 1856.

DOUGHEBTY

521

day for this region of Georgia. Conditions were revolu tionized. Today the city of Albany is one of Georgia's best regTilated and most progressive .municipalities. The government, under a charter of .1899, is administered by a mayor elected every two years and by a city council whose consent is required for all appointments of ad ministrative officials made by the mayor. Up-to-date electric light and water plants are owned and operated by the local authorities. Wide streets, substantial oificebuilding-s, and1 beautiful private homes are the chief physical characteristics of the town. Albany boasts five banks, a splendid public school system, in addition to a normal school for the negro race; numerous churches, including- a handsome -Jewish synagogue; several busy manufacturing plants, and scores of solid mercantile establishments. One of the most cultured communities in the State. Albany wa-s one of the first of Georgia cities to organize an annual chantaitqua and here ou the issue of free silver Speaker Crisp, of the National .House of Representatives met lion. Hoke Smith, former Secretary of Interior, in a famous joint debate.

1 ' Tlir on atce ska." was the name originally given to the Flint River by the Creek Indians. The local chapter of the D. A. H. bears this beautiful Indian name; and, besides possessing a most enthusiastic and loyal member ship, it probably boasts a larger number of genuine Revo lutionary relics than any 'chapter in the State, not even excepting" those of Savannah and A.ugusta.

Original Settlers. See Baker from which county Dougherty was formed.

522 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
To the pioneer list belong the names of the following early residents of Albany: Nelson Tift, who founded the town in 1836; Judge Lott Warren, one of the first lawyers to locate here, a Congressman and a jurist, who came from Palmyra; Judge Richard H. Clark, a former resi dent of Savannah, afterwards a noted occupant of the Bench; Rev. Jonathan Davis, "who founded the First Baptist Church, of Albany, a former resident of Pal myra; Dr. Jeremiah Hilsman and Dr. John B. Gilbert, two pioneer physicians, who came from Palmyra; Capt. Wm. E. Smith, a gallant Confederate soldier, afterwards a member of Congress; Judge David A. "Vason, a distin guished lawyer and jurist; Capt. Y. C. Rust, commander of the famous Albany Guards; Jeremiah Walters, N. J. Crnger, John Temple Hester, Henry ATTjIarver, Samuel B. Wright, C. E. Mallory, Rev. J. H. B. Shaekleford, Dr. W. L. Davis, Capt. John A. Davis, Capt. Richard Hobbs, George W. Collier, Davis Pace, Judge TJ. D. D. Warren, Dr. P. L. Hilsman, Colonel J. L. Boyt, the Coleys, the Godwins, and other pioneer families. Mrs. Adelaide E. Jackson, who came to Albany a bride, on November 5, 1842, still lives here in the enjoyment of a green and beautiful old age. She is the oldest resident of Albany and is ruiiversally beloved.*

Dougherty's Noted Nelson Tift, the founder of Albany,

Residents.

was for more than fifty years a resi

dent of the town which he gave to

the map of Georgia. For two consecutive terms prior to

the Civil "War, he ably represented the State in Con

gress. He afterwards served the Confederacy by con

structing boats for the government and by furnishing

supplies to the troops. Mr. Tift was one of the great

industrial pioneers of Georgia. To the vigorous initia-

Authority: Mrs. S. J. Jones, of Albany.

DOUGHERTY

523

tive of tliis one man is due in largo measure the develop ment of the entire south-western area of the State.
Albany was the home of Captain Wm. B. Smith. IJQSing a limb on the battle-field, he returned home to repre sent Georgia in the Confederate Congress. It "was this gallant soldier who in after years rescued the second dis trict from the carpet-bag regime and made it a Demo cratic stronghold. He was the only representative from Georgia who raised his voice against the high-handed fraud "which seated Rutherford E. Hayes in the White House at the expense of Samuel J. Tilden. In comment ing upon his courageous course, Gen. Toombs paid him this high tribute. Said he : "The people of Georgia should build Tete Smith a monument, whose summit should tower among the clouds, as a lasting memorial to the man whose wisdom, foresight, patriotism, and grand sense of duty caused him to brand the electoral humbug with infamy in its conception and to vote against its pass age by the Congress of the nation.''

Judge Lott Warren, a noted jurist of the ante-bellum period, who served in Congress from 1839 to 1843, spent the last years of his life in Albany, "where he died at the beginning of the war. Here also lived Judge L. D. D. Warren, a leading- lawyer of this section, who wore the ermine for a short while. Judge David A. Vason, long a trustee of the University of Georgia; Capt. Richard Hobbs, Capt. John A. Davis, and Dr. P. L. Hilsman, "were also prominent citizens of Albany and men of wide repu
tation Judge Samuel Hall, in the opinion of many, one of
the ablest occupants of the Supreme Bench of Georgia since the war, was a resident of Albany for years. Judge Richard H. Clark began the practice of law in Albany, to "which place he rode on horseback from Savannah. With Thomas R. R. Cobb and David Irwin he was one of the

524 GEORGIA Js LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
original codifiers of the laws of Georgia. AVitli O. E. Mallory lie represented Doug'herty in the secession con vention.
Brigadier-General Gilbert <T. Wright was long a resi dent of this town. He was a gallant Confederate soldier and a judge of tbe Albany circuit from 1875 to 1880.
Judge C. B. Wootten, one of tbe leaders of tbe Geor gia bar, lived bere. His son, William B. Wootten, the late Solicitor-General of tbe Albany circuit, was one of the most brilliant la.wyers of the State.
Henry M. Mclntosh one of the best known editors in Georgia, a man of affairs and a leader in politics, has been for years a. resident of Albany. He recently de clined a nomination to Congress, on tbe ground that he could best serve his people at home.
Robert 1ST. Ely, who held the office of Attorney-General under Alfred H. Colquitt and who collected a quarter of a million dollars in back taxes from the railroads, lived here. When a member of the State Legislature, in 1860, Colonel Ely reported to the House the famous Dougherty County resolutions, urging conservatism in the matter of secession and suggesting the wisdom of co operation among the Southern States. In his old age, Colonel Ely suffered financial reverses.
DOUGLAS
Created by Legislative Act, October 17, 1870, chiefly from Carroll County.
bellurn Democrat and a candidate for President of tbe United States, in 18G1. jDouglasville, tbe county-seat, also named for Senator Douglas.
Skin Chestnut. Dr. K. J. Massey, a former resident of Douglas, contributes the following bit of
local history. Says he : '' The original site of Douglasville was known for almost one hundred years as "Skin

DOUGLAS

525

Chestnut." At this point, the landscape rises to an elevation some two hundred feet higher than the city of. Atlanta, and on the summit of this ridge there once stood a large chestnut, which for years before the white man occupied the country was used by the Indians as a land mark. Afterwards, in order to make the tree still more conspicuous, the Indians skinned it from top to bottom. Here, in the course of time, the roads began to converge; and as a place from which, it was convenient to measure distances, the settlers called it by the name of Skin
Chestnut. When the county was organized, the seat of government was located at this point, and quite naturally a more euphonious label was needed for the new town, site, to harmonize with the honor which was thus bestow ed. Hence the name of Douglasville, so called for Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, candidate of the national democracy for President, in 1861, after whom the county was also named. The stump of the old tree continued to be an object of much interest for years after the settlement of the town. The extensive wholesale warehouse of Duncan Brothers now covers the ground on "which the tree formerly stood, and' in the rear 'Of this establishment can still be seen the old stump which, tells where the Indian trails once centered and which marks the birth-place of the modern town of Douglasville."

Original Settlers. According .to Dr. Massey, the original
settlers of this county included: Dr. E. W. Maxwell, F. N. Mitchell, Richard Abercrombie, Wil liam Hunter, Henry Morris, Dr. W. H. Poole, F. M. James, John Ergle, and Captain Fountain. Moreover, the following families were established in the county at the time of organization; the Baggetts, the Arnolds, the Bullards, the Germans, the Fergusons, the Summerlins, the Whites, the McClaughtys, the Wynns, the Watsons, the Bobos, the Carvers, the Bowens, the Lipseonibs, the

526 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MTSMOBIAT^S AND LEGENDS
Stones, the Selmans, the Dorsetts, the Prays the McGuirks, and the Holders. Colonel Joseph S. James, U. S. District Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia, nnder President Cleveland, lias long been a resident of Douglasville, and here lived for many years Hon. Joseph G. T. Camp, a distinguished legislator, afterwards out; of the foremost figures on the American lecture platform.

Created acquired from executive of G Blakely, the c

EARLY

well-equipped vessels, the Avon and the Atalanta. In the fall of 1814, the "Wasp sta-fted on a cruise, but failed to return to port; and the brave sloop was presumably wrecked. Captain Blakely was a native of Ireland and a graduate of the University of North Carolina. He entered the
time when his vessel mysteriously disappeared at sea, was in his thirtyfourth year. When m-ganizcd in 1818 Early included Baker, Calhoun, Decatur, Dougherty, Grady, Miller, Mitchell and a part of Thomas.
Peter Early was Georgia's twenty-third Governor under the Constitution. He was also for six years a member of Congress, serving from 1801 to 1807, and his speech in the famous impeachment trial of Judge Samuel Chase is said to have been the ablest argument made .by the prosecution. Afterwards for four years he became Judge of the Ocmulgee Circuit and in 1813, at the age ol thirty-eight, he was elected Chief-Magistrate of Georgia. It was during the period of the second war with. England that he was called to the helm of affairs in Georgia and the policy of his administration was resolute and vigor ous. He made nimself unpopular 'by vetoing a measure which meant the practical repudiation of rig'hteous con tracts, costing him the support of Ms party in the State, though, it was passed over his protest. At the close of his term, he retired from office never expecting to re-enter

BABLT

527

politics. But the people of Gtreene, in compliment to Ms Koman integrity of character, immediately elected him to the State Senate, and while serving in this body he died, August 15, 1817, at the age of forty-four. He was buried at Scull Shoals, on the east bank of the Oconee Biver, near his summer residence, where his grave is marked by an unpretentious mormment. Judge Early was born in Madison County, Va., June 20, 1773 but came to Georgia at an early age "with his parents.

Recollections of

Peter Early.

,

Volume H.

Memorials of an

Says \Vhite: "Six miles north of

Ancient Civilization. Blakely, on little Colomokee Creek,

at the plantation of Judge Mercier,

is a mound 52 feet high, with an embankment surround

ing it and a ditch leading to the creek. Upon the summit

are large trees. This mound has recently been penetrated

for a distance of 50 feet by parties who expected to find

buried treasure, but nothing has been unearthed except

bones. There are other mounds on Dry Creek and Chat-

tahoochee River."* Investigations made by scientists

confirm the belief that these tumuli were bnilt by the

Mound-Builders, an unknown race of people, who pre

ceded the Indians. In general characteristics, these

tumuli are not unlike the famous mounds of the Etowah.

In Pickett's History of Alabama and Georgia, pub lished in 1851, the author states that trees were then growing on the top of the large mound from 400 to 500 years old. He says that a shaft was sunk in the center of this mound to the depth of sixty feet and that a bed of
* Historical Collections of Georgia. Early County, savannah, 1854.

528 GEORGIA'S IVANDMARKP. MEMCYRTATJS AND LEGENDS
human bones five feet in thickness was found at the bot tom. He estimates the height of the large mound at 70 feet and the circumference at 600 feet. It is supposed to have been used for sacrificial rites.
Original Settlers. According to "White, the original set tlers of Farly were: "I sham. Shef
field, Arthur Sheffield. James Bush, John Hays, Joseph Grimsley, Richard G-rimsley, Richard Spann, KYederick Porter, Joseph Boles, John Roe, Abiier, Jones, Nathaniel "Weaver, James Jones, Solomon V. Wilson, John Dill, Alexander Watson, James Carr, John Tilley, William Hendrick, John FJoyd, D. Roberts, Andrew Burch, B. Collier, J. "Fowler, Martin Wood George Mercier, Wil liam Dickson, A. Haves, F. Hays, West Sheffield, and James Braiitlcy. Some of these resided in the neigh borhood of Fort Gaines a part of the comity which is now embraced within the limits of Clay. See also Tinker and Decatur Counties
Jesse Brown, n soldier of the Revolution, settled in Early "where he resided until the time of his death.
James Bush, a soldier in the Seminole wars, was an early settler. He was thrice married and reared a fam ily of twenty children. His father came from North Carolina with General Blackshear and settled in "Laurens.
James Buchanan, a lieutenant in the patriot army, "was granted a pension "while a resident of Farly in 1847.
Major Joel Cra.wford, a member of Congress and a candidate at one time for Governor, died on his planta tion in Early County, at the ag-e of 75. He was also a soldier in the Indian wars and one of the commission ers to survey the boundary line between Alabama and Georgia.

ECHOL,S

529

EcnoT.s

Brigadier-General Robert INT. Eehols was a soldier of hig-h rank who, at the outbreak of the war with Mexico, went to the front as Colonel of the 13th IT. S. Regiment. He made a record for gallantry during* the struggle and was breveted a .Brigadier-General; hut, while on dress parade, at the National Bridge, in Mexico, be was thrown from his horse, sustaining injuries from which he died on September 3, 1847. He was a native of "Wilkes County, where he was born four 'miles from the town of "Washing ton; but the family soon after removed to Waltou County, settling on a plantation some live miles to the west of Monroe, at a place called A.rrow Read. -Before going to Mexico lie achieved some distinction in public life, having" served in both branches of the Legislature, where he'was three times ejected president of the Senate. Gen eral Eehols was buried in Mexico, but several years later an appropriation was made by the General Assembly for the removal of his remains to 0-eorg'ia and he was reinterred in the soil of his native State, near his -old home in Walton County, the leading officials of Georgia parti cipating in the impressive ceremonies. The immediate family of General E'chols has become extinct.
Original Settlers. See Clinch and Tjowndcs, from which counties rOchoIs "was formed.
To the list of pioneers may be added : Harris Tonilinson and J. B. Prescott, who represented Eehols in the Secession Convention at Milledgeville, in 1861.

530 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
EFFINGKHAM
Created by the State C nial Parishes, St. Matthew
relinquished it when his regiment was ordered to New York, to aid In subjugating English subjects who were fighting to maintain English prin ciples. Said ho: "A resignation appeared to me the only method of
tinavithcntieated. But the town was yiot the first county-seat OS Effingham.

Ebenezer: The
Story of the Salzburgers.

........

Volume II.

Fort Ebenezer. In 1757, William DeBrahm, his Majesty's
Surveyor General for the Southern Dis trict of North America, erected a. fort at. Ebenezer. It was intended primarily to protect the settlement from Indian attacks. During- the Revolution the town was still further fortified, first by the Americans and then by the British. It was in the possession of the latter almost uninterruptedly for five years ; and during this time it became a famous rendezvous for prisoners. The church building- served alternately as a hospital for the sick and wounded and as a stable in which the horses of the offi cers were stalled.

Original Settlers. Quite a list of tlie onrly pioneer set
tlers of Effingham is given by Mr. Strobel in Ms excellent -work on the Salzburgers. Accord ing to White, the leading members of the German com munity at Bbenezer, were:

-Rev. John Martin Bolzins, Uev. Israel Christian Gi'Onan, Thnnms Gsohwandel,

Kupretch Zimmerman, Simon Sterner, Goorge Swaiger,

EFFINGHAM

Gabriel Maurer, John Maurer, George K.ogler, Paulas Zittrauer, Peter Renter, Simon Keifcr, iMatthias Brandner, Christian Leimberger, Martin Laekncr, Lupretcht Steiner, Veit Lemmfinhoffer, John Flocrl, Carl Floerl,

Matthias JBergsteiner, Veit Landseldcr, .1 oseph Ernst, John Miehel Rieser, Thomas Pichler, John Spiel Bieg-ler.

531

To the foregoing list should be added Jacob Casper Waldhauer, a member of the Provincial Congress of 1775 and a devoted patriot. He emigrated to America in 1725 on board tlie "Symond" and was for years an elder in the Jerusalem Church.
Bethany. Five miles northwest of Kbenezer a settlement was planted by "William DeBrahm,, in 1751. He
established here one hundred and sixty Germans. Most of the new comers were either friends or relatives of the settlers at Ebenezcr,- and between the towns a road was opened across Ebenezer Creek. The settlers probably supplied the filatures at Ebenczer with cocoons. There is no evidence that they were themselves eng'aged in the manufacture of silk. The town was little more than an agricultural community and "was fated to perish amid the clash of hostilities with Eng-land.

Goshen. Goshen was located about ten miles below Ebenezer, near the road leading to Savannah. It
was another rural town of the pious Germans destined to become extinct soon after the Revolution. According- to

532 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AJSTD LEGENDS
DeBrabm, there were fifteen hundred Salzburgers in Georgia, when the wave of emigration from Germany reached flood-tide.
Abercorn. Abercorn was located in the extreme southern part of this county, on a tributary stream or -
creek of the Savannah Kiver. The site of the old town was some fifteen miles north of the city of Savannah and four miles inland. It was settled in 1733' by a colony of ten families detached from the main body of settlers at Savannah and was named in Ironor of the Duke of A.bercorn, an English no'blemaii who encouraged the philanthropies of Og'lethorpo. The original plan of the town embraced twelve lots, besides two for the Trustees, located at the opposite extremes. The location seemed at the time to have been wisely made. It was not only within easy access of Savannah but convenient also to South Carolina. But there was not one of the pioneer families to be found at Abercorn in 1737, when John Brodie, with twelve servants, moved into the settlement, and lie in turn abandoned the place three years later. William Stephens visited the town in 1739, in company with. Noble Jones, to inspect a ferry-boat bui.lt here by a resident of the town named .Bunyon. He pronounced the locality an ideal one, surpassed by no settlement of equal area in the Province but nevertheless it continued to languish. Eventually the town passed into the liands of two Englishmen who converted it into an extensive plantation. In !December } 1778, Colonel Campbell selec ted this immediate neighborhood as a convenient base for operations ag-aiiist the interior of the State. But the place was only a memory when White wrote his Statistics in 1849, with nothing- to mark where it stood. Though one of the earliest of the settlements of Georgia, it was also one of the very first to suffer complete extinction.

Georgia's First Governor: His Mysterious Death.

KFFTKGHAM

533 Volume II.

Effingham's

IJirigadier-Greneral Claudius C'1 . Wilson,

Noted Residents. a gallant Confederate officer, was a

native of Effing-ham. Judge Richard EL Clark, a noted jnrist and one of the
original codi/iers of the laws of Georgia, was born at

Springfield.

Hon, Morgan Bawls, a former member of Congress,

lived at Guyton ; and Hon. Angus N. Grovenstein, a State

Senator and a, descendant of tlie original Salzlmrg-ers,

resides here.

Benjamin BUtch, Jr., a native of lijffinghain, was a noted patriarch in this section of Georgia. From the loins of this pioneer minister of the gospel has come an army of descendants, not a few of "whom have risen to high distinction. He married Harriet Wilson, grand daughter of James Wilson, a Signer of tlie "Declaration of Independence from Pennsylvania; and when a young man he was known to walk eleven miles in the dead of winter and to wade streams of water in which the ice was floating-, to superintend a Sunday school. He was after wards ordained to the field work of the g-ospel ministry,
and for a period of forty-one years, with scarcely the loss of a day, he labored in obscure parts of the Master's vineyard. But he reaped his reward. There were born to him fourteen children, five of whom became Baptist ministers of note; and between them, they preached in nearly every State in the Union. Without an exception, they were men of talent. James E. BHtch, the eldest son, was a minister, a Confederate soldier, and a historian;
Daniel I. Blitch, a minister, a Confederate soldier, an artist, a theologian, and a machinist; Josepb L/. Blitch, a minister and a theologian; S. B. Blitch. a minister, a Con-

534: GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
federate soldier, a theologian, and a poet; arid "William ~W. Blitch, a minister, a theologian, and a historian. .Be sides these a grandson, Benjamin R. Blitch, became an ordained minister. The descendants of the old patriarch today number more than four hundred. They are scat tered throughout the South, there is not a black sheep among them, nor an infidel, and they are faithful and devout witnesses to the same gospel which he preached.

EL-BERT

seat, also named for < included parts of two

distinguished officer- of the Revolution and

Major-General Samuel Elbert was a distinguished officer of the Revolution and Governor of Georgia at the close of hostilities. He "was born of English parents in the State of South Carolina, in 1740, but engaged in mer cantile pursuits in Savannah. Partial to military life, he became one of the King's soldiers. But he resented the oppressive measures of the British Parliament and identified himself with the Colonial partiots. He was a member of Georgia's first Council of Safety, a delegate to the Provincial Congress, on July 4, 1775, and, when the Georgia Battalion of Continental troops was organ ized he was commissioned Lientenant-Colonel. On the departure of General Mclntosli from Georgia, subsequent to an unfortunate duel with Button Gwinnett, the supreme command of the Continental forces in Georgia devolved upon Colonel Elbert.

Saved by the When Savannah fell into the hands of the Masonic Sign. British, in 1778, after a gallant but un
successful resistance, Colonel Elbert re treated up the Savannah Elver; and, some time later,

ELBERT

535

participated in the battle of Briar Creek, where General Ashe was in command. Though a disastrous repulse was sustained in this engagement, the Georgian's gallantry in leading an attack was most conspicuous. Says a writer: "The left flank under Colonel Elbert, stubbornly held its ground until every man of his command "was either killed, wounded, or captured. The brave Colonel was himself struck down and was about to be dispatched by a bayonet thrust when he gave the Masonic sign of distress. An officer saw it and instantly responded, and Colonel Elbert's life was saved by the benevolent principle of brotherly love. "While a prisoner on parole in the British camp every courtesy "was shown him, offers of promotion and other inducements tendered him in the hope of "winning him to the British cause; and when these failed an attempt was made by two Indians to take his life. He fortunately discovered them in time and gave them a signal which he had formerly been accustomed to use among them. The guns were immediately lowered and they came forward to shake his hands. Tliey "were thus reminded of the time "when, "with his company, by order of Governor Wright, he guarded the Indian Chiefs to the Creek Nation."
On the fall of Charleston, Colonel JOlbert was finally exchanged and released from prison. Going north, he offered his services to Washington, who eagerly accepted them, and, in the final surrender at Yorktown, he bore an important part. Here also began an intimate friendship between Colonel Elbert and General Lafayette, "which "was afterwards continued for a number of years through a frequent interchange of letters, and the former named one of his sons after the great French palladin. Georgia honored her brave Elbert with the rank of Major-General in the State militia, while at the same time he was ad vanced to the rank of Bragdier-General in the Conti nental Army; and, returning home, he -was soon made Governor of the State, in which capacity he signed the bill chartering the University of Georgia. He died on

536 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
November 2, 1788, at the age of forty-eight, two years short of the half century mark. The militiary of Savan nah, the Masonic Lodge, and the Society of the Cincin nati, attended his funeral, which was an event of great impressiveness. General Elbert was buried in the private cemetery of the Itae family--his wife's people-- four miles from Savannah, bnt the site was never marked and cannot at the present time be identified.

Petersburg: An Old Forgotten Tobacco Market.

Volume II.

Fort James. This stronghold was situated on a point of land between the Broad and the Savannah
Rivers and was built to defend the old Colonial settle ment at Dartmouth. It probably rendered service also to the town of Petersburg. In the spring of 3776 Mr. Wil liam Bartram,* who was engaged at the time in studying the flora of Georgia, forded the smaller of the two streams and became the gnest of the commanding- officer at Port James. He describes it as a four-square stockade, with salient bastions at each angle, surmounted by a block house, and guarded by a number of swivel guns. These were planted one story higher than the curtains. The latter were pierced with loopholes, breast high, and de fended by small arms. The stockade of "Port James was an acre in extent. It enclosed a substantial house for the commandant, quarters for the various officers, and barracks for the garrison. The entire force consisted of fifty rangers each of them well mounted and armed with the following "weapons : a rifle, two dragoon pistols, a hanger, a powder horn, a shot pouch, and a tomahawk. Three miles above Petersburg, this same noted traveller discovered an Indian mound.

Travels, pp. 321-322, London, 1792.

BLEEBT

537

Heardmont: The Near the outskirts of the little town

Home of Stephen of Heardmont, in the eastern part of

Heard.

the county, stood the old home of

Stephen Heard, the founder of Wash

ington and one of the most noted of Georgia's early

patriots and pioneers. It was called Heardmont, from

the name of the owner. The residence is said to have

been the first lathed and plastered house in this part of

the State, and when the contractors were building it

people came miles to see the handsome structure. In ap

pearance it was not unlike the old Heard house at

Washington, with a double veranda enclosed by tall

columns. The furniture xvas of solid mahogany pur

chased in London. The home "was destroyed yea,rs ago.

But the little cemetery is still to be seen and the monu

ments are well preserved. In the family burial ground at

Heardmont lie the mortal remains of the old patriot. The

inscription on his tomb is as follows:

Sacred to the memory of Colonel Stephen Beard. He was a soldier of tlie American devolution, and fought with the great Washing-ton for the liberties of his country. lie died on the 15th of November, 18115, in the 75th year of his age, beloved by all who knew him. "An honest man is' the noblest work of God."

Ten acres of land near Heardmont, including the grave yard, have been acquired by the Stephen Heard Chapter of the ]). A. E. for memorial purposes.

The Home of On AVar AVoman's Creek, a little tribuNancy Hart. tary stream some few miles above the
ford on Broad Biver, in the lower part of Elbert, stood the cabin of Nancy Hart, the renowned heroine of the Revolution. Here this undaunted queen of the forest performed her courageous feat of capturing six; Tories at the point of her musket. Five acres of land

538 GEORGIA- 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANI> I/EG~ENDS
in tliis immediate vicinity have been purchased jointly by the Stephen Heard Chapter of Elberton and by the Nancy Hart Chapter of Mi Hedge ville, D. A. E., and these pa triotic organizations intend in the near future to mark with some appropriate memorial the site where the cabin once stood, and also to erect in Elberton a monument to this immortal heroine of the struggle for independence. Some time after the devolution, Nancy Hart removed to Kentucky, the State in which her husband's people lived, and the grave of the heroine in the Blue Grass common wealth is said to have been located. Captain Hart was a kinsman of the great Missouri statesman, Thomas Hart Beuton, and a connection by marriage of the illustrious compromiser, Henry Clay.

Beverly Alien : Homicide and Preacher,

Volume II.

Original Settlers. According to White, the lirst settlers of Elbert were: Dr. W. W. Bibb, Wil
liam Bowen, A Brown, William Barnett, Beverly Alien, James Bell, P. M. Wycbe, Joseph Deadwyler, Rev. Mr. White,.Rev. I). Thornton, Thomas Maxwell, Kichard Tyner, William Key, William Caines, John Watkins, J. Higginbotham, Colonel James Jack, Peter Oliver, Wil liam Rncker, Mr. Highsmith, P. Dimeaii, William Haley, William Ward, E. Shackelford, "William Woods, Mr. Lindsey, Stephen Heard, 13. Oliver, J. Oason, William Brown, L. Kiee, William Moss, E. Kagland, William Tate, J. Howard, S. Nelson, Thomas Burton, Isham Thomp son, William Hodge, S. Wilson, and T. A. Carter. See also ^Vilkes County, from which Elbert was formed.

To the forgoing list may be added Beni Napier, Joseph Underwood, Joel Thomas Samuel McGehee,

KLBBRT

539

Aaron Johnson, Benjamin Maddox, Captain James Jack, William A. Allgood, Prank Power, Samuel Patton, Wil liam Tigner, Etbrel Tucker, tlie Swifts, etc.

On January 20, 1791, Hon. Greorge Walton presiding, the first session of tlie superior curt "was held in the honse of T. A. Carter, at Elberton. The Grand Jurors empan elled at this time were as follows : Stephen Hoard, Moses Haynes, Richard Easter, Isham Thompson, William Aycock, William Hatcher, Richard Gatewood, Edward Mc-
Cay, James Crow, Angus Johnson, Archer Walker Ed ward W^are, James Shepherd, James Patton, John T>avis, Cornelins Sale, Oliver White and William Hodges.

Most of the early settlers of Filbert were North Carolinians, but along the Broad River, in the lower part of the county, there were a number of settlers from Virginia. These came to Georgia xvith Governor Matthews, in 1784. On the opposite side of the river, in Oglethorpe and WiJkes, there were settled a number of other emigrants from the old Dominion.

On the muster rolls of the Revolution, there were several residents of Elbert, among them, William A. Allgood, Frank Power, and Samuel Patton.
Captain William Moore served with distinction in the Indian wars. William Barnes, a patriot of '76 was gran ted a Federal pension in 1847, when a very old man.

Elbert's Noted There are few counties in Georgia richer

Residents.

than Elbert in. historic names ; and first

upon, the list belongs the world-renowned

heroine of the Revolution--Nancy Hart.

540 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMOEIALS AND LKGENDS
Captain James Jack, an officer of distinction who came from the famous Macklenburg' settlement, in North Carolina, where he played a dramatic role in bearingAmerica's earliest declaration of independence to the Continental Congress died in Elbcrt, on January 18, 182IJ, at the ag-e of 84.
Colonel Stephen. Heard lived here. It was this sturdy old pioneer who built Heard's Fort, 011 the site of the present town of "Washington--at one time the seat of government. He also became ex-officio the Chief-Magis trate of Georgia, during the absence from the State of Governor Howley, when the latter went to Philadelphia to attend the Continental Congress.
He established his home at He.ardmont, where his grave is still to bo seen.
Dr. "W. W. Bibb was a native of Elbert. Here he lived for years. lie became a physician of note, a member of Congress, and a United States Senator. On relinquishing the toga, he was made territorial Governor of Alabama, and afterwards by vote of the people first Governor of the State. He was killed by a fall from his horse and "was succeeded in ofHce by his brother, Thomas.
Dr. Richard Banks was a native of Klbert. Hero he practiced his profession tin til well advanced in life when tie located in Gainesville.
Four counties of Georgia have been named fur resi dents of Elbert--Hart, Heard, Bibb and Banks.
General Samuel Blackburn, a soldier of the "Revolu tion, who married a daughter of Governor ^Matthew^, lived in Elbert; hut he made himself unpopular when n\ the Legislature by voting for the Yazoo purchase and he subsequently removed to Virginia.
Here lived Judge William H. Underwood, the cele brated jurist and wit; aud here was born his equally dis tinguished son, Judge John W. H. Underwood, who be-

BMAKUBD

541

! came a member of Congress. Both subsequently removed I to Rome.

The distinguished Judge Cluirles Tait lived for many years in Elbert. He represented Georgia in the Senate of the United States. On one occasion he challenged 1he famous Judge Dooly, of Lincoln, to a cine], but the latter declined in a "witty rejoinder which has gone the rounds of the press. On another occasion Judge Ta.it "was him self assaulted with a cowhide in the hands of Governor John Clark. Later in life he removed to Alabama.
One of the most distinguished of present day novelists Mrs. Lundy H. Harris was born near Elberton. Her two best known works "A Circuit Bider's "Wife" and "Eve's Second Husband," have earned her an international reputation.
Wiley Thompson, a member of Congress before the war, lived in Elbert.
Nathaniel J. Hammond, a member of Congress after the war, was born here; and here--in the old village of Buckersville--the distinguished Georgian who today oc cupies a seat on the Supreme Bench of the United States first saw the light of day--Associate Justice Joseph R. Lamar.

EMANUEL

Little is known of David Emanuel. The somewhat meagre details are easily told. He was a native of Penn sylvania, in which State he was born of German parents, in 1744. Coming to Georgia, on the eve of the Eevolu-

542 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tion, lie settled on Walnut Branch, near Waynesboro, but afterwards moved' to the head of Beaver Dam Creek. The family became an influential one in Burke. John Twiggs, a brother-in-law, destined to become an officer of high rank in the partisan service of Georgia and to command an independent body of troops, famous throughout the Southern Colonies, accompanied him to Georgia; and, during- the hostilities which followed, was attached to the latter's command. Near McBean's Creek, he was made a prisoner while acting in the capacity of a scout and was ordered to bo shot by a mulatto soldier who was promised his clothes. But, taking advantage of the darkness, young Emanuel leaped into the midst of the horses and escaped amid the confusion which ensued. Though he mired up to his neck in the swamp, he managed to elude pursuit and to reach the American lines. Subsequent to the Revolution, he was1 a member of two Constitutional Conventions, first in \1789 'and second in 1795. He served in both branches of the Gen eral Assembly, was three times "President of the Senate of Georgia and, when Governor James Jaeks'on, in 1801, relinquished the executive chair to become United States Senator, he succeeded him by virtue of his official posi tion. Later, he was a member of the legislative com mittee appointed to investigate the Yazoo Fraud and by helping to put the brand of outlawry upon this iniquitous transaction, he did much to redeem the fair name of his adopted commonwealth. Governor Emanuel may possi bly have been of remote Tsraelitish origin, for of six children born to him, four of them bore Old Testament names. But, according to Dr. Sherwood, he was a Pres byterian in religious faith; and, as stated above, one of his sisters married General John Twiggs, while his daughter Sarah became the wife of Hon. Benjamin Whitaker. Governor Tlmanuel is supposed to have been bnried in Biirke, but efforts to locate his grave have been unsuccessful.

EMANUEL

543

In an isolated locality, twelve miles from Swainsboro, there is an old grave-yard, in "which lies Ephraim Herrington. a soldier of the Revolution. He served in a North Carolina regiment and afterwards removed )to Emamiel. The exact spot in which he is bnried is known only to a few people who reside in the immediate neigh borhood. It is the intention of the D. A. B. at an early date, to mark the grave of the old patriot.

Paris, the original county-seat of Emanuel, disap peared from the map of Georgia more than fifty years ago, and there is nothing to mark the site on which it formerly stood.

An Early Hold-Up. White narrates the following dra-

sj

ma tic episode. Says he:* "Sev

eral years ago a very singular robbery was committed

in this county. A physician had been treating

the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Gregory. After the

recovery of the patient, her father paid the doctor for

his professional services the sum of forty-five dollars,

which, with other collections made by him at the same

time, amounted to seventy or eighty dollars. While pass

ing a swamp, on his way home, this infirm and aged son

of Esenlapius was accosted by a foe clad in no ordinary

terrors. It was none other than Mrs. Gregory, the

mother of Ms late patient, as the doctor declared under

the solemnity of an oath before a civil tribunal, habited

in the attire of a warrior, her face well blacked, a musket

upon her shoulder, and two or three pieces of pipe-stem

thrust in her mouth. She advanced with the intrepidity

of Joan of Arc, seized his bridle rein with one hand, and

with the other laid hold of the pocket which contained

the money, never relaxing her grasp until she tore away

the pocket and secured its contents. We are unable to

* White's Historical Collections of Georgia, Emanuel County, Savannah, 1854.

544 GEORGIA 's TjAxmHAKKs. MKMORIAI.S AMD JJ~EG.T:NDS
inform the .reador whelhei' Airs. (! re^-ory was tried for this offence.''
Original Settlers. According1 to White, the first persons who settled in Emanuel were: James
Moore, William Stephens, iTenry "Dnrden, George Rountree, Kichard Edinfiekl, M. Thigpen, A. Gardner, N. Rowland, K. Swain, James1 Tapley, John Snell, James Hicks, William Phillips, J. Siitton, E. Lane, B. Johnston, John "Wig'gins, P. Newton, AVilliam "Rowland, "William Norris, J, Norris, William Douglass, B. Powell, John Rhiner, M. Cuhl, S. Kennedy, K. Colman, I). E. Rich, E,, AVilks, S. Winifim.son, B. Key, and J. C. Summer.

CreateO t>y Leg-isln live Act, January 21, 1854, from Union and Gilmer Counties, botn originally Cherokeo. K"rtmecl for Colonel James W. Fannin, a native oi1 Georg-ia, wlio perished with his entire regiment in tlie cele brated massacre at Goliad, during the war for Texan independence. Blue P^iilge, tlie county .seat, named for the noted range of mountains which traverses this region of the State.
Morgan ton, the original comity-seat of Pannin, was named for General .Daniel Alorg-aa, of the Revolution.

Fannin at Goliad :
The Story of the Brutal Massacre of 1836.

Volume IT,

Original Settlers. Bee Union and Gilmer, from, which counties Kannin was formed.

To the pioneer list may be added "W. C. Fain arid E. W- Chastain, who represented the county in the Seeds-

FAYKTTE

545

sion Convention at Milledgeville. The latter afterwards became a member of Congress. The old established families of the county include also : The Halls, the Carv ers, the Fains, the Curtises, the Jenkinses, the Mathises, the Young's, the Baughs, the Waldrops, the Kings, the Crawfords, the Princes, and the Clements...

FAYETTE

Soldiers of the Two miles below Aberdeen the grave of

Revolution.

a Revolutionary patriot by the name of

Benjamin Brown has been identified.

Joel Knight and flosea Camp, both privates1 hi the army

of the Revolution, were granted Federal pensions, the

former in 1823, the latter in 1838. They were among the

first coiners into Fayette. The following' Hems are taken

from White's Historical Collections of Georgia:

"General J.)avid Dickson died in this county in 1830,

aged 79 years. "He joined the standard of American

Independence in February, 1775, at the Snow ("amps1, on

"Reedy River, at the taking' of Colonel Cunningham and

his Tories. In 1777, he brought a company of minute-

men to Georgia and was stationed on the frontiers. Til

1778, he and Ids company went with the American Army

to take St. Augustine, and served in the artillery. The

taking of St. Augustine miscarried; the minute-men were

discharged, and he returned to South Carolina, joined

the standard of Independence, and continued in the

service of his1 country to the end of the war."

546 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MKMORIAT-S AND IJEGTCNDS
White also gives us this information: "Samuel Parsons died in 1832, aged 70 years, pie was a native of the State of Virginia. At the age of fifteen he entered the Army of the Revolution, was en gaged in' the battle of Gnilford Court-House, was at the siege of Jjittle York, and "witnessed the surrender of Ijord Cornwallis."
Original Settlers. 3,1. U. Tidwell and J. L. Blalock, who represented Fayette County in the
Secession Convention at Milledgcville, "were among the earliest pioneer settlers. On April 22, 1824, at Fayetteville, Judge Eli Shorter presiding, the first session of the Superior Court was held and the first Grand Jury, composed of the following1 pioneer citizens, "was empan elled: Jsvmes Strawn, William Morgan, Matthew Pmrge, William Watts, Joseph H. Shaw, John Levi, Charles Lisles, John Hamilton, James Head, A. Tilghnauw, Wil liam Gillclaiid, William Powell, T^arkie Tjaudneur, John Chambers, Stephen Smith, William Harkies, James Garratt, M. Glass, R. Barrow.
Dr. "Willis F. Westmoreland and Dr. John G. WT estmoreland, two noted surgeons, were natives of Fayette, in "which county they grew to manhood. They afterwards removed to Atlanta. The children of the former bore names which evinced the father's strong patriotic attach ments. His son, Willis1 F. Westmoreland, Jr., also an eminent surgeon, was nick-named "Hood", because he was born while the battle of Atlanta was in progress; and he called his dmighter "Caroline", because1 she was born on the day when South Carolina seceded from the Union.
Judge Rufus T. Dorsey, of Atlanta, a distinguished jurist and lawyer, was born in Fayette. As an advocate

FLOYD

547

FLOYD

IS 12 who is. Rome,

Major-General John Floyd was a noted officer of the State militia. lie distinguished himself during the "War of 18.12 by a minibor of victories over the hostile Indians. In September, 1813, the Federal government called for a levy of Georgia troops', .hi response to which. 3,600 men were ordered to rendezvous at Camp Hope, near Fort Hawkins, on the Ocmnlgee River. General Stewart, of Oglethorpc, the senior officer of the State militia, due to .his somewhat advanced years, resigned his commission at this crises, in consequence of which the duties1 of com mand devolved upon General Floyd. Taken unawares, he nevertheless assumed the responsibilities of leader ship, negotiated a loan from the State treasury for the purchase of supplies, and started, without a moment's "delay, to the endangered border.
On reaching' the Chattahoochee River, he constructed an earthwork which he called Fort Mitchell ; and, leaving a garrison here., he placed himself at the head of nine hundred men and started into the country of ttie Tipper Creeks. His first victory over the savages was in the battle of Autossec, so called after one of the most popul ous of the Indian towns on the Tallapoosa River. Not far distant was Tallassee, another important village. Kn route to the scene of action, every man for waut of better means of conveyance took his rations in his knap sack; and, though wearied by a march of sixty miles; the

548 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

troops upon arrival simultaneously attacked both strong holds. The engagement lasted an hour, at the expiration of which time the savages were put to flight and the towns reduced to ashes.
General Floyd was seriously wounded in this action; hut as soon as he was able to ride horseback he started with a force of 1,500 men to Hatlewaulee, another town which the Indians had fortified some distance further up the Tallapoosa River. But, when camping for the night, within fifteen or twenty miles of his destination, he was suddenly surprised by the Indians just before daybreak. The situation was critical; but he ordered an attack which was vigorous]y and fearlessly made in the dark among- the dense pines which surrounded the camp, and, after fifteen minutes of hard fighting, the Indians were routed with great slaughter. Captain Samuel Butts, a gallant Georgian, fell in this engagement, known as the battle of Chilabbee.
For meritorious service in suppressing the Indian outbreaks, Floyd was given the rank of Major-General. He was also sent to the State Legislature and, in 1826, was elected to Congress. General Floyd was born in Beaufort district, S. C., on October 3, 1769. It is said that during the Revolution, though only a lad at this time, he wore on his hat a silver crescent with the motto "liberty or death". Besides a long imprisonment, he suffered the loss of his estate which "was ruined by devas-. tation; but later in life he again accumulated large means. He was skillful in the use of tools and followed for some time the profession of boatright. General Floyd died on his plantation in Camden County, Ga., on June 24, 1824, beloved and honored by the people for whom his sword was drawn.

Hernando De Soto: There is little reason to doubt that

Rome's First

in prehistoric times there stood on

European Visitor. the site of the present city of Borne

a town which was known far and

wide among the aboriginal tribes of North America; and

FLOTD

549

here, at tlie meeting place of the waters,--two centuries before Og-lethorpe landed at Savannah--an illustrious
cavalier of Spain was entertained in state by a king, who loaded him with royal gifts, Pickett, Irving, Jones, Shea, and others who have written on the early antiquities of the continent, identify the modern town of Rome as the "Ghiaha" of the ancient chronicles, toward which the march of DeSoto was directed. The adventurous argo
naut had no sooner landed upon the shores of the new world tlian rumors of this Indian capital which was located somewhere among the hills, in this land of gold, began to reach him; and hither he "bent the helmets of his mail-clad followers. James Mooney, who published in 1900 a work entitled: "The Myths of the Cherokee", is the only commentator who doubts the authenticity of this1 well established tradition. He is inclined to the belief that it was on the site of the present town of Columbus that the Spaniards camped. The following description of the locality is taken from Richard Hakluyt's translation of an account written by "The Gentle man of Elvas", a Portugese, wtio accompanied DeSoto on the expedition. It reads thus : "On the 5 day of June the Gonvernonr entered into Chiaha. . . . The towne was an Island betweene two armes of a River and "was seated high on one of them. The River divideth itself into these two branches, two crosse-bow shots above the town and meeteth again a league below the same. The plain be tweene both the branches is sometimes one crosse-bow, sometimes two crosse-bow shots over. The branches are very broad and both of them may be waded over. There were along them verie good meadows and manie fields sown with maiz," etc.

Pre-historic Memo rials : Remains of the Mound Builders Near Rome.

Volume II.

550 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Where an Important On October 17, 1793, the last enBattle was Fought. gagement between the Cherokees
and the whites in Upper Georgia occurred near the forks where the Oostanaula and the Etowah Rivers meet at Rome. Human bones have been found in large numbers on this old battle-field. The fight here was occasioned by an attack of the Gherokee Indians upon Knoxville. General Sevier pursued the savages across the Tennessee line in Georgia, destroying numer ous towns and villages along the way and finally engaging them in desperate battle near the site of the present city of Rome. So panie-stricken became the Indians, under the galling fire of the American guns, that they are said to have dug holes in the river bank, in which to secrete themselves. But they could not elude the wily Tennesseean; and these places of refuge became little more than catacombs', in which the fugitive Indian found only a grave for his bones. General Sevier was supported in this expedition by Colonel John I^owry, who was wounded in the arm while watering his horses at the ford of the Ooosawattee. Hugh L. White, afterwards a Senator from Tennessee and a candidate for President of the United States, "was in this engagement.
In honor of the hero of this decisive battle, a memorial has been erected on the battle-field by Xavier chapter of the D. A. R. It is reached by a driveway along the banks of the Coosa River and is visited annually by a large number of tourists. The monument is built of Floyd County marble, the gift of a local firm, and while not an expensive work of art is neat and substantial. The late Mrs. Robert Emory Park, then State Regent, delivered the address at the exercises of unveiling, and was intro duced by the chapter Regent, Mrs. Charles "Word. There was als'o an address by Colonel Harris, "whose grand-

FLO YD

551

father fought in this battle. The monument contains the following inscription:

This tablet was planed here "by Xavier Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, October 10, 1910., to mark the battle-field on which, October 17,- 1793, G-eneral L. John Sevier met and conquered the Indians under their leader, King Fisher.

Livingston: The

In the early thirties "when the State

Forerunner of Rome. of Georgia was issuing land grants

to the territory formerly occupied

by the Cherokee Indians, the site where Rome now stands

was acqnired by five men, who laid off the town of Rome

in the new county of Floyd. At this time the comity-seat

was Livingston; but the founders of the new town pro

posed to provide free ferries and bridges, and to give

one-half the proceeds from the sale of town lots for a

definite period, in addition to locations for connty build

ings, provided the county-seat "was removed to this point.

The offer was accepted, and in 1834 the legislature

passed an act designating Rome as the seat of govern

ment. "When the court-house was removed to Rome,

Livmgston was sold to a private party, who converted it

into a farm.

According to the official records--see Georgia Acts, 1834--the following parties contracted for the removal of the county-site from Livingston to Rome, viz., Daniel R. Mitchell, "William Smith, Philip W. Hemphill, and Zacliariali B. Hargrove. The pioneer whose name is first mentioned in this list suggested the name by which the new town was afterwards known. Pie is therefore com monly regarded as the founder of Rome.

Rome Builds the First Monument to the Women of the Confederacy.

Page 241.

552 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
The Forrest On tlie same thoroughfare stands a superb Monument. memorial to the great Confederate
cavalry leader, General Nathan Bedford Forrest, who saved Koine from destruction during1 the Civil War. It was erected by the Forrest Chapter of the IT. D. C., an organization which has since 'merged into the Rome chapter. At the unveiling exercises, in 1908, Judge John "W. Mnddox, of Rome, was the chosen orator of the occasion. The inscriptions on the monu ment are as follows :
Front: .Erected by N. B. Forrest Chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, May 3, 1908.
Bear: On Sunday, May 3, 3803, Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, by liis indomitable will, aff-cr a running fight or three days and nights, with 410 men captured Col. A. 1"). Streig-ht !s raiders, numbering .1,600 men, thereby saving- Rome from destruction.
Left side: " Forrest 's capacity for war seemed to "be limited only by the opportunities for its display."--Gen. Beauregard, ' ' His cavalry will travel a hundred miles in less time than ours will ten."--Gen. W. T. Sherman.
Right side: "He possessed that rare, tact imlearnable from books, which enables him not only effectually to control his men, but to attach them to him personally with hoops' of steel.''--Woolseley.
Shorter. One of the most famous institutions of the land for the higher edueali on of women is located
upon the hills of Rome--Shorter College. The former location of the school having proven inadequate to the demands of expansion, Hon. J. L. Bass, a member of the board of trustees, in 1910, gave to the college his beautiful suburban home, Maplehurst, with 155 acres of land, valued at something like $75,000; and, on this magnificent campus, shaded by forest

FLOTD

553

oaks and hickories, a superb plant is now in process of erection "which will surpass,, "when completed, anything of like character to be found in the South, and which will indeed be rivalled by few of the great institutions of the North and East. The present head of the college, Dr. A. "W. Van Hoose, is an organizer --far-sighted, resourceful, and thorough; possessed in tile highest degree of the confidence of business men. The following- brief historical outline is condensed from the catalogue of 1912 :
"To the late Dr. L. E. Gwaltney, a man of sainted memory, is perhaps due the idea which resulted in the founding of this noted school for young ladies. He took an active part in establishing Cherokee Baptist College, but saw the need of an institution projected upon a broader basis. Without delay he addressed to Colonel Alfred Shorter a letter in which he set forth the need of such an institution. To this letter Dr. Gwaltuey received no reply. Some months later he was called to the Presi dency of fTudson Institute, now .Judson College, at Marion, Alabama. Before leaving Eome, he received a note from Colonel Shorter, asking him to call at his office. He did so and Colonel Shorter immediately referred to the letter, stating that he had delayed an answer because he was trying to mature plans for carrying out the suggestions which it contained. He proposed, if Dr. Gwaltney "would decline the .Tudson proposition, remain in Rome, and assume the Presidency of the College, to expend a large amount of money in buying Cherokee College, erecting new buildings and leaving as an endowment a fund suffi cient to guarantee the permanency of the institution. Matters had progressed too far to allow Dr. Gwaltney to decline the Presidency of Judsou, but he urged Colonel Shorter to carry out the plans "which he had suggested. Colonel Shorter then called to his aid Dr. Or. A. Nnnnally, his pastor, and with him, Colonel Pennington and other faithful friends, and expended about $125,000 in the erection of the buildings which for nearly

554

GEORGIA 'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANX> LEGENDS

forty years were used for the education of thousands of girls from every section of the South. He also left a large endowment for the College which sum is still intact and which has enabled the College to weather successfully many periods of financial depression."

Anecdotes of the
Underwoods.

Volume II.

Cave Spring. Due to the abundance of limestone in the soil of this region, there are quite a number
of grottoes and other curious formations of like character in the neighborhood of Rome. Cave Spring, a famous locality in the lower part of Floyd, ha,s long been a favorite resort for sight-seers. The spring issues from a mountain, to the east of Vann's Valley, near Little Cedar Creek, and the force of the water is here sufficient to turn a,n overshot -rniJl. Fifty yards distant from the spring is the cave, reached by a somewhat precipitous descent, sloping toward the entrance at an angle of ninety degrees. There are numerous apartments in the cave, some of which 'are beanti Cully ornamented with stalactites and stalagmites.

Says White: "About a mile and a half north-east of Borne, near Mr. Mitchell's plantation, is Nix's cave. The interior is filled 'with stalactites. Mr. Nix resides near the cave and is always ready to guide visitors through its mimerous apartments. On Mr. Mitchell's plantation is also Woodward's cave, formerly notorious as a depository for stolen goods. The entrance is1 through a large rock which is nearly one hundred feet perpen dicular. ''

A-t Cave Spring is located the Georgia School for the Deaf. It is a fact of some interest in this connection

FLOYD

555

that the land on which the school stands was formerly a famous hall ground used hy the Oherokces. They assembled here from various points within a wide radius south of Rome, where once a year they held a series of games and enjoyed a most elaborate feast. The Indians north of Rome went elsewhere. Hearn Academy, located at Cave Spring1 , 5s one of the oldest schools in this part of Georgia. The main road through Cave Spring leading to Alabama was surveyed by General John Floyd and was for unanv vears known as the old Alabama road.

During the Civil "War there was a village called 'Dirt Town some twelve miles north-west of Rome, on the road leading1 to Trion Factory., and not far from the present post office of Lavender. On September 12, 1863, a skirmish occurred here between a detachment of Gen eral Polk's army and a force of Federal troops, at which time both armies were maneuvering for position preced ing the battle of Chickamaug'a.

Floyd's

Here lived the Underwoods--father and

Distinguished son--William I~L Underwood, a noted wit

Residents.

and a great jurist, who came to Rome

from Elberton, in the early forties; and

John "W. !H. Underwood, whoso gift of ready repartee,

whether on the bench or before the jury, was an anvil

which never failed to produce fire when struck. But like

sheet lightning1 it flashed without hurting" a flower. As

a politician, the younger Underwood was more successful

than the elder; and besides duplicating the roles which

his father ably filled, he also represented Q-eorgia in the

national House of Representatives.

John H. Lunvpkin, a distinguished ante-bellum Con

gressman and jurist, lived here. He was a candidate for

556 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Governor in the famous convention of 1857, at which time a dead-lock resulted in the nomination of Joseph ID. Brown.
Augustus E. "Wright, one of Georgia's roost brilliant orators, lived here. He was a noted ante-bellum Con gressman and jurist. His two gifted sons, Hon. Seaborn Wright and Judge Moses Wright, have both inherited the paternal gift of eloquence in an eminent degree and have risen to high distinction. The former is one of the greatest temperance advocates on the American platform.
Here lived Alfred Shorter, a prince of financiers, who founded Shorter College.
The noted humorist, Major Charles H. Smith, at one time practiced law in Rome where he was a partner of Judge John W. H. Underwood.
Dr. H. V. M. Miller, a physician whose eloquence on the hustings caused him to be dubbed "the Demosthenes of the Mountains", became a resident of Rome in 1847. After the war, he removed to Atlanta, and while living at the State capital was elected by the State Legislature to a seat in the United States Senate. He continued to reside in Atlanta until his death. But the music of the Etowah was always in his heart; and today it still sings to him. at the base of Myrtle Hill.
Brigadier-General Alfred Gumming, a gallant Con federate officer, resided in Rome for more than thirty years. He left the city of hills only to be carried to his burial in the city of Augusta, his boyhood's home.
Dr. -Robert Battey, one of the most eminent surgeons of his day in the South, lived here.
Colonel Benjamin C. Yancey, a lawyer of note, who served in the legislative assemblies of three separate States, spent the greater part of his life in Rome. He was a brother of William L. Tancey, of Alabama, the matchless orator of secession.

FOBSYTH

557

Hon. Judson C. Clements, the present distinguished chairman of the Inter-State Commerce Commission, rep resented this district in CongTess for several years, de
feating the noted Dr. Felton. Judge John "W. Maddox, who has ably served the
State both as a member of Congress and as a jurist, resides in Borne. Here, too, live Judge Joel Branham, Hon. Thomas ~W. Alexander, and a host of other distin guished citizens. Nor will the list of Romans be complete without naming Donald Harper, a former resident of Rome, who has achieved fame and fortune as a counsellor-at-law in the city of Paris. One of the first official acts of the present Chief Executive of France was to make Mr. Harper a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, a distinction which in England is equivalent to Knight hood.

aled by Legislative Act, December S, 1S32, trt

John Forsyth was one of Georgia's most illustrious orators. He was also a diplomat and a statesman of the very highest order. "With the gifted Berrien he engaged in a grapple of argument "which lasted for three days. It occurred in the famous tariff convention of 1829 in Milledgeville and registered the high water mark of eloquence in Georgia prior to the dramatic era of secession. From Ferdinand VII of Spain he negotiated the purchase by the United States government of the peninsula of Florida, on terms which gave satisfaction to both powers. Mr. Forsyth was a native of Frederick County, Va., where he was born in 1781. "When four years old he accompanied his father to Georgia. The latter was subsequently killed in Augusta, Ga., by the noted Beverly Alien, whom he was seeking to arrest in

558 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tlie discharge of his duties as United States marshal Mr. Forsyth. received his elementary instruction under the Rev. Mr. Springer, in "Wilkes County, after which he obtained his collegiate education at Princeton. He settled in Augusta, Ga., for the practice of law. His rise to distinction was both brilliant and rapid. He became Attorney-General of Georgia in 1808, a Congressman in 1812, and a United States Senator in 1815; then he was made Minister to Spain in 1819, chiefly for the purpose of negotiating the purchase of Florida; on his return to Georgia he was again elected to Congress, in 1823, where he sternly voiced the demand of his State for the removal of the Indians; again, in 1829, he entered tlie United States Senate where he became the great cham pion of the Jackson administration; and finally he closed his brilliant career as Secretary of State under two Chief Executives. Mr. Forsyth died at the seat of government in Washington, D. C., on Octob'er 21, 3.841, in his sixtyfirst year, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery' overlooking" the Potomac River. Enclosed within an iron railing and marked by an unpretentious but solid shaft of granite, on top of which rests an urn, is the grave of John Forsyth. The inscription is as follows:
John Forsyth married a daughter of Josiah Meigs, the first president of Franklin College, at Athens, and several children survived him, among whom were: John Forsyth, Minister to Mexico, and Julia, wife of Senator Alfred Iverson.

FORSYTH

559

Indian Antiquities. Twelve miles south of dimming, on
the road to Lawrenceville, there are several small mounds, supposed to be the graves of Cherokee chiefs. Ten miles north-west of Gumming, on the road between Canton and Dahlonega, there -is an unhewn mass of granite, eight and a half feet long and two and a half feet wide with irregular converging points, on which have been carved by an unknown hand quite a number of mysterious characters, most of them enclosed within circles. There are seventeen distinct variations to he found among these inscriptions, the largest ones of which are eight inches in diameter. They are supposed to have been executed by the same race of people who built the mounds in this neighborhood.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers
of Forsyth were: A. Scudder, L. Black burn, John Jolly, "W. "W. Vaughan, A. Cameron, William Rogers, John Rogers, Noah Strong-, TJ. Hudson, B. Alien, W. H. Bacon, I;. D. Harris, E. Harris, George Kellogg, Mr. Julian, Alfred Hudson, and W. G. Fields.

James G. Austin and John Childers, both patriots of '76, were granted Federal pensions in 1849, while living' in Forsyth, at which time they were both octogenarians.

Hon. Hiram P. Bell, one of Georgia's most distin guished sons, was for more than fifty years a resident of Gumming, the county-seat of Forsyth. He was a member of the famous Secession Convention of 1861, by which body he was chosen a commissioner to Tennessee to urge co-operative action. During the Civil "War he

560 GEORGIA'S TJAMDMAKKR, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
commanded a regiment, and, at the "battle of Ghickasaw Bayou, near Vioksburg, WHS severely wounded. He be came in 1863' a member of the Confederate Congress and in 1872 a member of the United States Congress1. "When somewhat advanced In years, he entered the General Assembly of Georgia, and served with distinction in both branches. He published, after retiring from public life, a volume of reminiscences entitled: "Men and Things". Colonel Bell "was a far-sighted man of affairs. As early as 1.874 he advocated a canal to connect the Mississippi River with the Atlantic seaboard; and within the past five years a movement has been organized by some of the ablest financiers of the nation to put this magnificent scheme into effect.
FRANKLIN

smaller ones were subsequently Franklin, named 10 and lawyer, of the Banks, Jackson, Cl

in the treaty of 3783, at Augusta, one in the upper pa.rt of the State, iic lower part of the State, to be lose parent counties, a number of formed. Carnesvllle, the county-seat of

Anecdote of Judge Carries.

Volume II.

Franklin in the Captain James Terrell, an officer of the

Revolution.

Revolution, lived and died in Franklin.

Tie was one of the original settlers in

this part of the State. At the time of his death he was

77 years old. Says AVhite: "He was among the fore

most to join the standard of his country, though beset

.FRANKLIN

561

on all sides by the adherents of royalty. By reason of his distinguished services, he was soon promoted to the Captaincy of a company, in which station he served "with fidelity and honor, until disabled by a musket-ball which shattered his hip into pieces."

To the same authority we arc likewise indebted for the following item : "A company of volunteers from, this county, commanded by Captain Morris, was engaged in a battle with the Creeks in Pea River Swamp, in Alabama, March 25, 1837. They won for themselves a reputation which may be envied by the victors of any field. One of the Franklin volunteers was in hot pursxiit of an Indian, who, finding that he must fall into the hands of his pur suer, attempted to save himself by running in the midst of the women, two of whom seized the volunteer. He used every exertion to disengage himself from them, but they made a furious and deadly assault upon him with knives, and in self-defence he drew his bowie and with two blows killed them both."
"This section of the State was for a long" time ex posed to the ravages of the Indians. In almost every part it was found necessary to erect fortvS and block houses to protect the inhabitants against the savages. Cruelties were inflicted upon the helpless women and children, the record of which would chill the blood."

Isaac Gray, a native of South Carolina and a veteran of the first war for independence, died in Franklin at the age of 81. Grideon V. Holmes and Henry "Wade, both privates, -were granted Federal pensions in 1849 for services in the Revolution. Thomas Farrar and Moses Guest, both patriots of '76, are buried in Franklin. The grave of the last named veteran is marked.

562 GEORGIA'S TJAXDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
The Franklin Springs, located nine miles' south-east of Carnesville, were quite celebrated during- the early part of the last century when numbers of people from the coast flocked hither to spend the heated summer months. But the development of railways brought other localities into prominence and the multitudes began to betake themselves to less attractive watering places along the main highways of travel.
Lavonia, the most important commercial center in the county, was named for Miss Lavonia Jones, of Elberton.
Carnesville was the home of the late Hon. James S. Dortch, a distinguished lawyer whose talents fitted him to adorn the highest public stations; but, eschewing polit ical honors, he devoted his rare gifts to the practice of law. Mrs. Helen T). Longstreet, his daughter, is one of the State's most intellectual women. For years she edited a weekly newspaper at Carnesville, after which .she became Assistant State librarian of Greorgia. Her marriage to Grcn. Longstreet occurred in 1897. She has since been a resident of Gramesvllle, where, following the death of her illustrious husband, she has held the office of postmistress, in which position she has made a most unique record. Contrary to established precedents, the Senate of the United States, when the time came for her reappointment, confirmed the action of the nation's' chief-executive, before the ink was dry on the parchment. The recent fight made by Mrs. Long-street for the rescue of Tjillulah Falls, in which she forced the State of Greor gia, after a heated campaign, to bring1 suit for the recov ery of this property, has become historic. It is said that ii/making- this fight for the State she spent $10,000 of her own personal funds. The names of other well-known

FBANICT.IN

563

Georgians appear on the roster of Franklin's distin guished residents, among- the number: Col. McMillan, Dr. McEntire, K. D. Yow, Win. Bowers, Thomas Morris, John Freeman, ~W. TS-. Little, Dr. H. D. Adder-hold, Lewis Dortch, and others. Dr. Adderhold recently died at the advanced age of ninety-two years.

On August 10, 1910, one of the handsomest monu ments in the State outside of the large centers of popula tion was nnveiled by the Millican Chapter, XL D. C., on the court-house square, in Carnesville. Carved in Italy of the finest quality of stone, the figure on the massive pedestal is a work of art. Tt represents a private soldier, musket in hand, ready to obey orders. The inscriptions ou the monument are as follows:
South: In memory of the Vranklm County Veterans, from the Millictm Chapter, TJ. I). C., August 10, 1910.
Xort.h: This wo raise a loving- tribute to the pji.st, preseTit, and future.
West: To our Confederate soldiers.
It is estimated that fully 0,000 people witnessed the impressive ceremonies. Prof. J. W. Landrum, County School Commissioner of Franklin, in a happy speech of introduction, presented the orator of the day, Mr. Lucian Lamar Knight, of Atlanta, whose tribute was followed by an address from Mrs. Helen D. Longstreet, widow of the great Confederate hero. The officers of the local chapter, at the time of the unveiling, were: Mrs. B. T. Smith, president; Mrs. Alice McKenzie, vice-president; Miss Emma Manley, historian; Miss Belle Carmichael, secretary; and Miss Klizabeth Conger, treasurer.

564 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Original Settlers. According io White, the original set tlers of Franklin were : Peter William-
son, Joseph Humphries, John Payne, Thomas Payne, L. Cleveland, N. Cleveland, John Gorham, William Harden, John Smith, Benjamin Watson, Colonel James H. Little, John Stonecypher, Clement Walking ; Samuel Sewell, Thompson Epperson, William Spears, William Blackwell, Russell Jones, !Daniel I3nsh, Mr. Gilbert, George Rucker, John Morris, Captain James Terrell, Henry Smith, S. Shannon, James Hooper, Peter Waters, Josiah Stovall, George Stovall, Joseph Chandler, James Blair and others.
Jacob Albrig'ht was also an early settler of Franklin. His son Oswald ran away from home to enlist in the Indian wars.
The wholesome climate of this elevated region is attested by the large number of people who have attained to old age in Franklin. White records the following in stances of longevity among the early settlers: Mr. Hale, 117; John Watson and his wife, both 90; Thomas Clarke, 90; William Spears, 110; Henry Parks, 100; Elisha Dyer and his wife, 93; Samuel Mackay, 100; Jesse Marshall, 97; John Stonecypher, 96; David Guess, 90; Mr. Shannon, 83; A. Sannders, 85; Colonel James H. Little, 83; Joseph Parker, 85; John Pearce, 85; Samuel Daily, 85.
FULTON
Created by Legislative Act, December 20, 1S53, from DeKalb County. Named for the celebrated inventor, Robert Fulton, -whose pioneer steam boat, the Clearmont, first plowed the waters of the Hudson, in 1807. But long before the date of this spectacular voyage, the records show that a Georgian, William I-iongstreet, of Augusta, was successfully applying steam to navigation on the Savannah River. (See Richmond County). John Fitch, on the Delaware, and James Ramsey, on the Ohio, also fore stalled the experiments of Fulton with some degree of success; but the shrewd New Yorker was the first to secure patent rights. Atlanta, the county-seat of Fulton, became the State capital of Georgia In 1867. The
of years.

FTTLTON

565

Atlanta: The Situated on the foot-hills of the Blue

Offspring of Kidgc at a point seven miles to the oast of

Railways.

the Ohattahoochee River, a stream which

at this point is not open to navigation,

Atlanta is an inland city in the most restricted sense of

the term. But the high elevation of the town--1100 feet

above the level of the sea--its fine natural drainage and

its splendid climate, have .supplied compensating-

assets. Such a thing1 as an epidemic has never been

known in Atlanta, though her gates have always been

opened to refugees from less favored latitudes. The

gentle ridges on which the town is built form a watershed

between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico; and

there are not a few lots so located that when it rains the

water falling in the front yard is destined to reacli the

Grulf, while the water falling in the rear is carried through

a labyrinth of streams to an outlet on the Atlantic Ocean,

in the harbor at Parien. However, the chief factors in

Atlanta's phenomenal growth are the railway lines "which

converge at her civic center, there forming a web of steel,

from the bi-focal points of "which they radiate in every

direction.

Georgia was one of the first States of the Union to grasp the possibilities of the Iron Horse. As early as 1833, the Central Railroad was chartered by the T^egislature; while at the same time two other lines were authorized: the Monroe and the Georgia. To connect these with the interior of the 'continent, the State of Geor gia herself, in a great convention held at Ma con, decided to construct a line running northward, through the newly acquired country of the Ohcrokees; and, accordingly, on December 21, 1836, an act of the Legislature Was duly approved by Governor Schley, authorizing a. line to be surveyed from the Tennessee River, at Chattanooga, to the southwestern bank of the Chattahoochee River, at a point best suited for running branch lines to various

566 GEORGIA'S LANDMAKKW. MTCMORTAT.S AND I^GENDS
towns within the State. The survey of. tlie proposed route was made in 1837 -by Stephen H. T^ong, the engineer in chief. Finding- no point on. either Bank of the river
suited to the purpose, Mr. Long- located the Terminus, terminus of the proposed Jine at a point seven
miles to the cast of the stream. .But with respect to the possibilities of the site ho was always a skeptic. ISTot a dollar of his own money went to purchase a lot; nor did ho advise any of his friends to buy. How ever, there was a great political seer who, tarrying- at the place one day, observed the topography of the landscape and predicted for the young village a future of wonderful growth. It was an instance of far-sightedness in keeping with the character of the illustrious statesman, who was none other than John C. Calhomi, of South Carolina. The earliest name given to the pioneer settlement which arose in the virgin forest at this point was Terminus; and the first settler to brave the solitude of the wilderness was Hardy Ivy, who purchased a tract of land on which he built a shanty, in 1836, before the town was 'surveyed. To the memory of this pioneer citizen one of the principal streets of the village was afterwards named. Another very early resident was John Thrasher, whose genial and open manner of address earned him the sobriquet of "Cousin John," but lie was not cast in the molds of the old patriarch Job and losing patience he removed to Griffin. The only building- of two stories in the place for quite a while was the wooden structure in which the chiefengineer's office was located. Here in the capacity of a bookkeeper, then unknown to fame, was a young man of slender figure but of intellectual cast of features, destined to become the Chief-Justice of Georgia and to give his name to one of the great counties of the Commonwealth : Judge L/ogan E. Bleckley.
At first the growth of the settlement was slow. But with the progress of work on the various lines which were

FUI.TOIT

567

then creeping' slowly toward the foothills, to meet a line from Chattanooga, it became evident to many that some day a metropolis was destined to occupy tliis im portant strategic site. By 3842, the work of building- the State road was completed to Marietta, At this stage it was necessary to test tlie track. Accordingly an engine, drawn by sixteen mules, was brought across the country from Madison, sixty miles distant, to Terminus, where it was placed upon the new iron rails. Hundreds of the lii.ll people nocked to Atlanta to witness the, novel experi ment; and, with WiDiam F1. Adair at the throttle, the initial trip was successfully made. The effect was pronovmeod. There seemed to Vie an i.rupartation of electrical energy to the poymlation. It was the first 'distinct sign of what, in after years was called "the Atlanta spirit." Scores of people flocked to the village, stores multiplied,
churches arose, and finally, in 1843, the Marthasville. old name was discarded for Marthasvillc.
ITom Wilson Jjumpkm, an ex-G :overnor of the State, was at this time one of the commissioners appointed to supervise the building of the A'Vestern and Atlantic Kailroad. In co-operation with Charles V. M. G-arnett, chief-engineer, he made a re-survey of the laud and, after fixing a site for the depot, negotiated with the owner, Mr. Samuel Mitchell, for enough property to afford terminal facilities. Tlte latter deeded to the State live acres of ground, for which he refused to accept COTTK pensation, an act of generosity today memorialized in Iho street which bears his name. Several land lots, at the same time, were laid off, and one of these, at the corner of Peaehtree and 7>eeatur, was purchased by Greorge W. Collier, who held it until his death more than fifty years later. The prominent part taken by Governor "Luiripkin, in laying' off the young towTri, created a sentiment in' favor of naming the town for him; but he discouraged the movement. Nevertheless, it was named for his yoringest daughter, Martha.
The year 1844 was signalized by the coming of Jona than Norcross, a native of New England. He bnilt the

568 GEOBGIA 's .LANDMARKS, MEMOBIATJS AND LEGENDS
first planing mill, a crude affair in which tile motive power was furnished 'by a blind mule, but it marked the begin ning of the future metropolis. "When a post-otteo was established, the duty of handling- the mail fell to George W. Collier, who lived on the out-skirts of the town. De clining to sell any of the property which he subsequently acquired, Mr. Collier awaited developments. He built the Aragon Hotel to control the drift of population north ward, and died the owner of property worth millions. One of the original Collier land lots has since been con verted into the beautiful residential area known as Ansley Park.
Some of the profits made in real estate by far sighted investors shrewd enough to read the leaves of the sibyls at this early day sound like the yarns of Sinbad the Sailor but they possess the literalism of truth. In the beginning' tracts of land w'ere purchased for old shot-gains which were afterwards1 worth a King's ransom. But prices were soon advanced. The arrival of the Georgia Railroad in 1845 contributed to this end. It was another energizing factor in the growth of the town. On bo'ard the train was Hon. J. P. King, of Augusta, a pioneer in railway build ing", afterwards United States Senator from Georgia. The conductor on the train wa.s George "W. Adair, a. man des tined to become identified for half a century with the material development of the town. It is quite an amusing episode in the life of Colonel Adair, who exemplified the typical virtues of the Scotch-Irishman, that when the use of tickets was introduced on the Georgia Railroad, he considered it a,n imputation upon his integrity and refused to pull the bell cord any longer. In 1846, the line from Macon was completed and the young town be came the converging centre of three separate lines of rail way, each in itself an important asset.

PULTON

569

Atlanta's With metropolitan prospects looming ahead Early Days, another name was needed to meet the de
mands of the growing community; and, on December 29, 1847 an act was passed by the legislature incorporating' the "City of Atlanta." The next year, Gfeorge W. Collier ]ost his official head as postmaster. He was an avowed Democrat. Consequently with the election of the Whig candidate for President, General Taylor, he was forced to retire. His successor was Jonas S. Smith, a merchant, who held the office for two years, resigning it in 1851 to Dr. George G. Smith, a physician, whose son of the same name, afterwards the distinguish ed historian and minister, became his clerk. The postoffice was then in the little angle made by the intersec tion of what is now Bdg-ew'ood avenue with Decatur street, and it paid a salary of $600. The first charter of Atlanta was drawTn by .Tudge John Collier. The first house of religious worship in the town stood at the corner of Houston and Peachtree streets, in the neighborhood of what is now the Candler building, and was used as a day school during the week. Rev. John S. Wilson D. D., after wards pastor of the First Presbyterian church, preached the earliest sermon to which the villagers listened, but the little building was not the property of any one parti cular denomination. The first mayor of Atlanta was Moses W. Formwalt.*

Origin of the Name. Concerning the origin of the name "Atlanta" there is quite a diver
gence of opinion. Some derive it from the middle name of Martha Lunrpkin. Others trace it to the heathen god dess who was fleet of foot. In fact there is quite a litera ture on the subject. But after carefully sifting the evi dence, gathered from various sources, the facts seem to be these: Tn 184-5, "when the Georgia Railroad "was first
* Wallace P. Reed, in History of Atlanta; E. Y. Clarke in Illustrated History of Atlanta, and Thomas H. Martin in Atlanta and Its Builders.

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORTAT.S AND
completed to Atlanta, Mr. Hi chard Peters, one of the earliest pioneers and one of the most substantial citizens of the town, approached Mr. .1. Kdg-ar Thompson, the chief engineer of the new road, requesting him to suggest a substitute for the name of IVtarthasville. His objection to the name was that it took too long" to pronounce it; but the desire for a ehang'e was quite general , due to one reason or another, some contending that it was too sug gestive of village ways. Mr. Thompson promised to give the matter thought. Tn the course of time several letters were exchanged upon the subject, but at last the problem was happily solved by the following- paragraph:
" Eureka!" wrote Mr. Thompson. "1 have found it! Atlantic, mas'culine ; Atlanta, feminine-- a coined "word, but well adapted,"
It caught the fancy of the whole town. At once the citizens began to use it, and, long before it was confer red by charter from the Legislature, it was applied to the depot. Mr. Peters, when still in vigorous health, was asked in 1887, to reduce to writing his recollection of the circumstances under which Atlanta was named, and he cited the foregoing particulars.
There is no doubt that the nickname of Martha. Lumpkin was Atalanta. It is also quite likely that Mr. Thomp son, who was an educated man, possessed some knowledge of Greek mythology; but the probabilities are that the process by which he arrived at the derivation of the word was wholly disconnected from either of these sources. He simply coined it from the word Atlantic. The railway enterprise of the time was to connect the uplands with the Atlantic, seaboard ; and, moreover, the young' town was a terminal point 'of the Western and Atlantic, Rail road. So the elements which entered into the naming of Atlanta are doubtless all here in solution. Martha Lumpkin, now Mrs. Compton, is still living, 3912, at the old Lumpkin homestead, on the outskirts of Athens, Her life has been wonderfully preserved; and, though verging' upon th e century mark, sh e i s a ri a cti ve ol d 1 ady,

r

FUITTON

571

with eyes stiH bright. Long ago she expressed a desire to be buried in Atlanta, and when the end comes she will be laid to rest in Oakland cemetery, where a, place has been reserved for her in the shadow of the Confederate monument. *

"Peachtree": How the Name Originated.

Volume II.

Pioneer Residents. jn the following- carefully prepared list will be found the names of some
of the most prominent residents of Atlanta prior to the Civil War:

Abbott, B. 1\ Abbott, W. Ij. Abbott, Lewis Adair, A. D. Adair, George W. Adair, W. 1\ Alexander, Aaron Alexander, Dr. James V. Alexander, Joseph A. Alexander, Julius M. Andrews, Ezra Angier, Dr. N. TJ. Austell, Gen. Alfred. Bailey, John Baker, Bev. Josoph Tiald-B-iu, Wm. W. Ballard, James M. Barnes, Jnmea Barues, Joseph Barnea, Wm. Bartlett, Isaac Bartlett, Myron Bell, Marcus A. Bennott, B. ".

Burkcle, John Berry, Maxwell R. Biggers, Dr. Stephen T. Bleekley, Judge Logan B. Bomar, "Dr. B. 1:\ Boring, Dr. John M. Boswovtlj, .Tosiah Boyrt, Hugh M. -Boyd, .7. F. Boyd, Thomas J. Brady, A. J. Brady, Isaac Bridwell, J. W. Bridwell, Sion P.ullard, "R. W. Buell, Willia Butt, William M. Calhoun, Dr. B. K. (Jalhoun, James M. Calhoun, Win. B. Carlisle, Willis Carr, ^Robert Chapman, W. B. Chisholm, Willis,

* Richara Keters: His Ancestors'and Descendants, by Ne5Iie Peters Black; also Wallace P. Keen, E. Y. Clarke and T. H. Martin, in historical works heretofore mentioned.

572 GEOBGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Chisholm, A. G. C'lapp, Joseph B. C'larke, James Clarke, E. V. Ciarke, Lewis H. Clarke, Robert M. Clarke, Thomas M. Collier, George W. Collier, Judge John Oollins, James Collins, James 15. Cone, Reuben Conley, Abner Corrigan, Michael Cozart, H. W. Craven, "Rev. I. N. Crawford, Win. Crew, James R. Crockett, David Crussello, Thomas G. Orusselle, Thomas 15. ~W. Currier, Honry L. Dabney, Win. II. D'AIvigny, Dr. Noel D 'Alvigiiy, Dr. Charles Daniel. Rev. David G. Da vis, Rov. L. B. Itoano, James T. Doane, John A. Doonan, Tei-renee Donghorty, David H. Dimning, James L. Dunning, Volney Durham, Dr. W. B. Rriaiernau, F. M. Emmel, Jacob -Klyea, Charles Erskine, William Everett, William S. Ezzard, Judge Wm. Farrar, Jesse Farrar, Bobert M. Fernenden, Dr. W. H. Fieken, John Fleming, Thos. P. Flynn, John H.

Fctreacre, G. J. Fornnvalt, Moses Forsyth, A. B. Forsyth, ~W. G. Fowler, Noah R. Fuller, Wm. A. Cannon, L. V. Gatins, John Gatins, Joseph Gartrell, Gen. Luoius J. Gihbs, Dr. Thomas F. Gilbert, I>r. Joshua Glen, .John Gleun, Luther J. Gooda.ll, Solomon Grant, Lemuel P. Griffin. Dr. Eli Grnbb, Thomas F. Gullatt, Henry Gu]latt, Jamc-s Haas, Sol Haimnond, Amos W. Hanimond, N. J. Hanoy, Thomas Hanliiiter, Cornell IIH R. Ktnilniter, "\ViVnam R. TIape, Dr. Samuel TIardin, F. M. Hnrding, Dr. W. 1>. Harp, W. A. Harris, James O. Harris, Judge John L, Ilaydeii, Julius I,. Tlaygood, Green B. Hnygood, Rev. F. >1 1 iayJies, Augustus ITaynes, Reuben flealey, Thomas G. Herring, William T-Iendrix, John C. Hodge, P. M. Holcomb, Henry C. Holland, E. W. Hoot, Rev. Daniel, D. D. Hornady, Rev. H. C. House, Paschal

Houston, Oswald Houston, W. J. Howell, Clark, ST. Howell, Albert Howeli, Kvan P. Howell, Singleton G. Hoyt, Judge 8. B. Hnbbard, W. TJ. Hmsey, Eli J. Hulsey, Wm. H. Humphries, Cliarner Himnicntt, C. W. Himnioutt, E. T. ' Inman, W. P. Ivy, Hardy T.vy, Henry P. Ivy, M. J. Ivy, Socrates Jack, F. M. Jack, Geo. W. Jack, W. F. James, .John H. Johnson, Alien E. Jones, A. W. Jones, E. K. Jones, Dr. B. O. Jones, Dr. W. B. Jones, Oliver H. Karwisch, Henry Kay, "Wm. Keely, John Kelsey, Joel Kelsey, Wm. KictligMer, F. J. Kicklighter, Wm. Kidd, 'Wm. Kile, Eiohaid Kile, Thomas Kile, Wm. Kontz, Christian Krouse, Harry Kuhrt, Henry, Sr. Langston, Jeptha Lawshe, Er La-wshe, Lewis Lester, German L.

FULTON

573

Leyden, Austin Lloyd, James Lloyd, James, Jr. Lloyd, John Lin, E. H. r.ogan, Prof. J. H. Logan, Dr. J. F. Lovcjoy, J. H. J/ovejoy, Bnrt Lowry, Wm. M. Lowry, Kobt. J. Jjuckio, A. P. J.ynch, Jolin I^ynch, James Lynch, Michael Lynch, Peter McArhor, Thomas W. MeConnell, Wm. McDaniel, L. O. Md>aniel, P. 15. MaLCTidon, Nicholas W. McNaught, Wm. MePhei-Son, James Maddroc, Bobert 1'. Miingum, Xa,t Mnngmii, Bohert Manj/nm, \Yheelcr Alangum, William Manning, .Tethro Markham, William Martin, Dr. F. .J. Massoy, Dr. E. J. 3V:!ayer, I)avid Mecaslin, J. H. Minis, John P. Mitchell, A. W. Mitchell, Samncl Montgomery, James Morris, Levi Murphy, Anthony Murphy, Timothy C.
Nelson, Allison Nichojs, Wm. P. Noreross, Jonathan O'Keef e, Dr. T>. C. Oliver, J. S.

GilORGIA : S LANDMARKS, JVIKMOKIALS AND LEGENDS

Orme, E. C. Orme, A. 3. Orme, Win. P. Ormond, W. L. Overby, B. H. Parr, C. D. Parr, L. J. Parsons, Edward Payiie, Edward Paync, Columbus M. Pease, O. O. Peck, John B. Peck, John C. Peek, Willis Peters, Richard Peters, AVm. G. Petersoii, J. S. Pilgrim, O. A. Pilgrim, Isaac Ti. Pittman, Daniel Powell, Dr. Chapman Powell, Dr. ThoB. S. Tfamsey, Dr. J. A. Rawson, E. E. l-tawsou, W. A. Heed, Thomas
Renean, Tinsseil Rhodes, Wm. Rice, Frank P. Bice, Z. A. Eiehards, J. ,T. Hiehards, B. P. Richards, Will. C. Ripley, Thomas R. Richardson, F. M. Roach, Dr. E. J. Roark, W. W. Bodes, C. C. Rogers, John C. Root, Sidney Royal, Win. IT. Rueker, J. AV. Riig'gles, W. B. ISushton, William Rnshton, "Robert E.

Ryan, iFrank T. Seago, A. K. Seago, E. M. Seals, A. B. Seals, John II. Shaw, Augustus Shaw, George Shaw, AVm. Shearer, Wm. Sheehan, Cornelius Sheridan, Thomas Shivers, Thomas Silvey, Eev. D. II. Sih-ey, John Simpson, TJ. C. Sisson, V. P. Sloan, D. 1ST. Smith, J. Henley
Smith, George G. Wtone, A. W. Strong, Cicero H. Talley, A. S. Tanner. .1. P. Tanner, W. .T. Taylnr, Dr. J. A. 'I'erry. Stephen Terry, George W. 'Iliomas, Dr. A. G. Thompson, Dr. Joseph Thornton, Simeon W. Thurmond, W. H. Toon, J. J. Toy, James M. Trout, John F. Venable, "W. R. Walker, B. P. Walker, E. B. Wallace, Alex. 11. Wallace, John R. Walton. A. W. Walton, T-ee AVare, A. G. Warlick, M. AVerner, E. A. A\restmoreland, Dr. John G.

FTJJYTON

Westmoreln-nd, ])r. W. ~\<\ Whitaker, .Tared T. Williams, Ami Williams, .Tames .E. "Williamson, Robt. "W. Williford, B. F. Wilson, Prof. A. AT . Wilson, Henry L. WJlson, John T.

Wilsoi), Wm. T. Wilson, Dv. John S. WinsMp, Joseph Winship, George Win ship, Robert Wood. Wiastoji "WoodrnJT, John W. Wriglit, TJ. TJ. Yarbrougli, .Tool.

There arc several patriots of" '76' buried in the neigh borhood of Georgia's capital. The grave of Isaac Howell lias been located on the OhattahoocJiee River. Some where in the upper part of the county lie .Tohn Mareomson and John Gibson, in graves from which the markers have long sinee disappeared; and there may be a. number of others who received land-grants in this locality "when the region around Atlanta was embraced in the old limits of Henry,

The Fight Between Mr. Stephens and Judge Cone in the Old Atlanta Hotel.

Volume II.

"Gate City": When the Sobriquet was First Applied.

Volume II.

Atlanta During At the outbreak of hostilities in 1861 the the Civil War. population of the future capita! of the
State numbered some fifteen thousand souls. "With, the advent of another railroad, the Atlanta and "West Point, the town at this time possessed four con verging lines, and was already quite an important com mercial market. The sentiment in favor of secession, however, was strong and the delegates*!'roin Fulton to the

576 GEORGIA 's IJANDMABKR, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
State Convention at Milledgeville, voted for the ordi nance of Judge Nisbet. These were Dr. James F. Alex ander, Dr. J. P. Logan and Colonel Luther ,1. GJenn--all residents of Atlanta. The Gate City Guards left immed iately for tlie front, when war was declared and several other companies were promptly organized. A.mong the earliest victims of the struggle were Colonel William T. Wilson, who fell on the Held of Manassas, August 30, 1861, and Colonel Thomas L. Cooper, who was1 thrown from his horse, near the same locality, on December 24, 1861, soon after arriving in Virginia. The strategic importance of Atlanta was recognized early in the pro gress of hostilities. On account of its commanding posi tion, it became one of the military centers and supply depots of the Confederacy: a citadel of strength. The manufacture of war implements and munitions was here conducted upon the most extensive scale.
In 1862, the city passed tinder martial law and be came at once the headquarters of Confederate Quarter masters and Commissaries. Several hotels', the Medical College, the Female Institute, and various other build ings, were converted into hospitals, where, from time to time, it is estimated that fully 75,000 Confederate, sick and wounded, were placed under treatment. These dif ferent enterprises required a large force of men and a heavy expenditures of money, the effect of which was to stimulate trade; and, due to the exigencies of the times, there was a constant influx of population to recoup the losses. But the elements of power which she possessed exposed her to the dangers which wrought her down-fall. In the Federal army there was a man of blood and iron whose gaze was riveted upon her. With the 'trained eye of the soldier he perceived that she held the key to the situation, and with the compression of his lips her fate was sealed. His name was William Tecurnseh Sherman.*
* E. Y. Clarke in Illustrated Uislory of Atlanta; * of the Confederate States; 'Wallace P. Reed, Tho

The Battle of the 22d of July, 1864.
Incidents of the Siege.
Walker and McPherson Killed: Battle field Memorials.
Applying the Torch to Atlanta : A Me tropolis in Flames.

FULTON

577 Volume II. Volume II. Volume II. Volume II.

Rehabilitation:

There is nothing in the annals of

The Phoenix Rises. American cities to sui^ass Atlanta's

phenomenal record in emerging

from the fiery furnace of Civil War. At the close of

hostilities in. 1865 the famous Confederate citadel was

literally a "parched desert." The very streets were

obliterated by the ruins. There were not a dozen struc

tures standing within a half mile of the old car shed. It

was a picture of desolation upon which the returning

veterans of Lee's army looked; and when added to the

pathos of defeat it was well calculated to subdue the

stoutest heart. 'But instead of brooding over the ashes

these gray knights turned with resolute and hopeful faces

to the future bent upon retrieving with the implements of

progress the disasters of the sword. Today with a popu

lation of 200,000 souls, the chief city of a great empire

State and the trade emporium of a vast region of country,

she constitutes in very truth a splendid sequel which the

New South has written to the Appomattox of the Old.

iSTever wa,s Atlanta more thoroughly democratic than

during1 the period of rehabilitation. Distinctions of rank,

like the highways were wiped out of existence. Men of

note in the community like Capt. Evau P. Ilowell, Col.

Robert F. Maddox, Judge George Hillyer, Major Camp

bell Wallace, Col. Robert J. Lowry, and others worked

side by side with the laborers. As early as 1865 General

Austell organized the pioneer national bank of the

578 GEORGIA'S lj AND MARKS, MEMORIALS AXD LEGENDS

'Southern States; John H. James, some two years later, built the first Peach tree home, a residence which, he after wards sold to the State of Georgia for a Governor's mansion; block after block of splendid business property rose; and from every pojnt of the South came sturdy men of affairs to share in the fortunes of the growing city whose destiny was assured. There also came at this time quite a contingent from the North, including H. I. Kimball, who built the famous hotel. Without crediting General Shcrman with any benevolent intentions, the evil wrought by him in the city's destruction was to some extent overruled for good. The burning of Atlanta served to advertise the strategic and commercial im portance of the towu, causing not a few of his own followers to locate here. There was no perpetua tion or revival of strife. It was the spirit of the new order of thing's which quickeucd the pulse beat of the young metropolis : and Henry "W. Grady, the great paci ficator, whom she sent to the North, in 3886, truthfully voiced the local sentiment, when lie said in his own charm ing way: "I want to tell General. Sherman, who is con sidered an able man in our parts, though kind of careless about fire, that, from the ashes which. He left us in 1864, we iiave built a brave ami a. beautiful city, that, somehow or other, we have caught the sunshine m the brick and mortar of our homes and have builded therein not one ignoble prejudice or memory." During the first decade, after the war, a. fourth railroad entered the town, the State Capital was removed from Mill edge vi11e to Atlanta, and the erstwhile obscure and insignificant little village of Terminus became the Alllitant Gate City of the South. Some of the many strong and useful men who became identified with Atlanta at the close of the war, in time to aid in the work of rehabilitation were as folllows :

Bain, Donald M. Baas, Prof. Win. A. Beck, Lewis H. Block, Prank K. Boylaton, Henry

Boyuton, Charles E. Boynton, Hollis A. Brown, .Joseph K. Brown, Julius I-.. Brothertou, William. H.

579

Adair, A. B. Adair, G. B. Bullock, Gov. Kui'us B. Burke, Capt. J. F. Calhoun, I>r. A. W. Candler, Asa G, CJayton, Jticlg-e W. W. Chamberlain, E. P. Cokcr, P. A't. Counally, Dr. E. L. Cox, Win. B. Crane, Benj. E. Crew, B. B. Currier, Chas. E. Daniel, John B. DeGive, Eaurent Dodd, Green T. Dodd, Philip Dodson, Win. C. Elsas, Jacob English, Capt. James W. Erskine, Judge John Fitten, Major John A.. Fox, DT. Amos Garrett, Win. J. Gholstin, Louis Goldsmith, J. W. Grady, Henry W. Gramlmg, John R. Gramling, W. S. Grant, John T. Grant, Wm, I>. Haas, Jacob Harrison, George W. Harris'on, James P. Harrison, Zadoc D. Hemphill, Wm. A. High, James M. Hill, Hon. Benjamin H. Hill, John M. Hill, I- J. Hill, L. M.
Hill. W. B-horte

Hillycr, Judge Junius HiUyer, Judge George Hillyer, Henry Hirseli, Joseph Hopkins, Judge John I,. Hurt, Joel inman, Hiigh T. imiian, Samuel M. Jaekson, Capt. Henry Kimball, H. I. Kirkpatrick, John C. Kiser, John P, Kiser, Marion C. Laugston, T. L. Loclirane, Judge O. A. Love, Dr. Wm. A. Marsh, Edwin "W. Moore, Wm. A. Miller, Dr. H. V. M. Neal, John Oglosby, J. G. Orme, Dr. F. H. Parrott, George W. Pattillo, W. P. Peel, Wm. L. Phillips, Harvey T. Porter, J. H. Richards, Robert H. Romare, Panl B.oy, Dr. G. G. Bussell, W. A. Kyan, John Sanders, Wm. G. Slaton, Major "Wan. F. Spalding, Dr. B. D. Speer, Major D. N. Turner, Dr. J. I>. Wallace, Major Campbell West, Gen. A. J. White, Dr. Wm. H. Whitner, Major John C. Van Winkle, E. Wylie, James B.

Atlanta: An

As. an educational center Atlanta Is

Educational Center. rapirlly acquiring a recognized

prestige among Southern cities.

The Georgia School of Technology, one of the largest

580 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
industrial plants in the country, is located here. In response to a practical need of the time for hometanght men to superintend our factories and to engineer our works of construction, Hon. Nathaniel E. Harris, of Uibb, in the summer of 1882 ? introduced a resolution in the Georgia Legislature authorizing the appointment of a committee to gather statistical information looking to the establishment of a school of Technology in Georgia. The resolution passed both houses; and the committee appointed thereunder visited numerous institutions throug'hout the North and East. As the result of this legislative inquiry; a school was1 recommended on the general plan of the Worcester Institute. But the Legis lature was not ready to act. The idea was new and the necessity for retrenchment in expenditure "was argued as a reason for postponement. Colonel Harris was not dis couraged. He inaugurated at once a campaign of educa tion, lie took the stump. Tn the State elections he made it an issue; and finally by dint of the Herculean efforts exerted by this far-sighted Georgian, a bill "was enacted into law creating the Georgia School of Technology. This was in 3885. Colonel Harris is rightfully regarded asthe founder of this great institution and in recognition of his eminent service to the State, he was g'iven the de gree of Doctor of Laws by his alma mater, the University of Georgia. The first executive head of the institution was1 Dr. Isaac S. Hopldiis, a former president of Emory College, under whom the new methods of instruction started in a small way experimentally on the campus at Oxford. He gave the initial impetus to the work of organization. Captain Lyman Hall, a man of wonderful administrative talent succeeded him, but he died in har ness while the institution was enjoying the rich fruit of his labors, to be in turn succeeded by the present official head, Dr. K. G. Matheson. The Georgia School of Tech nology constitutes an important part of the University system. It wa.s located in Atlanta for the reason that the project met with substantial encouragement on the part

FULTON

581

site for the purpose and because of the obvious advantages be longing* to vsuch an industrial market.

In the summer of 1912 a movement ^cvas lauiichcd to revive in Atlanta a famous institution formerly located near Milledgeville: historic Oglethorpe University, ttic alma mater of Sidney T^anier. Tlie suggestion aroused widespread popular interest. Subscriptions "were prompt ly raised, an extensive tract of land on Peachtree Road, near Silver Lake, was donated and initial steps taken to lay the corner stone of the main college building in May 19J3, at which time three Genera] Assemblies, of the Presbyterian church, were scheduled to meet in At lanta. (See Vol. II.) Agnes Scott College at Pecatnr only six miles distant is virtually 'an Atlanta institution. One of the best military schools in the South is located at College Park, under the Presidency of Col. -T. O. Woorlward--the Georgia Military Academy; and here also is located Co_x College, a famous institution for the educa tion of Southern girls under the executive oversight of Dr. William Crensbaw. Within the city limits there are quite a number of high grade seminaries for young ladies including the "Washington Seminary, the Woodbury School, Miss Hanna's School and a- number of others. At one time Mrs. Ballard's School was a prosperous local institution. Mary Johnston, the famous novelist, received her education in part at this school. Headed by the Marist College, of Atlanta, the institutions for hoys arc; also widely known throughout the South. The city po.sses'scs a splendid system of public schools. Organized in 1872 by Prof. Bernard M.alloii, they were subsequently superintended for a period of thirty years by Major Win. F. Slaton, whose mantle has since fallen upon the shoul ders of his son, Prof. Win. M. Slaton, an accomplished educator. The various colleges and seminaries on the

582 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
outskirts of tlie city for the education of the colored race represent an agg"reg*ato investment of several millions of dollars 'and confer upon Atlanta the distinction of being educationally the most important center for the colored race in the world.

Historic Memorials: On May 3, 1886, in an angle where

The Ben Hill

the two Peachtrees intersect, the

Monument.

handsome marble statue of Benja

min H- Hill, Georgia's foremost

orator, was unveiled with, impressive ceremonies. It is

estimated that twenty thousand people witnessed the

dramatic spectacle. The occasion was rendered doubly

historic by the presence upon the platform of the illus

trious ex-President of the Confederate States, then an

aged man verging- upon four-score years. Major J. C. G.

Black, of Augusta, pi"onounced the oration in addition to

which short addresses were delivered by Mr. Davis, the

honored, guest of the State, "by rTon. Heny D. MeDaniel,

Governor of Georgia, and by Dr. K. D. Spalding, president

of the Hill Monument Association. General Clement A.

Evans offered the prayer of iuvoca-

Mr. Davis Comes tion. and Henry W. Grady introduced

From Mississippi, the speakers. In presenting" the illus

trious former chieftian to the vast as

semblage, Mr. Grady characterized Trim as the " South J s

uncrowned long.'* Tlie scene of tumultuous enthusiasm

which followed resembled an ocean swell. More than

half the audience was composed of Confederate soldiers,

"whose joy at the sight of the ag'ed leader knew no bounds ;

and it was fully ten minutes before the rapturous ap

plause subsided. As Mr. Davis arose to .speak, the scene

upon which he gazed seemed to renew his youth. Tall and

erect, there was not the suggestion of a stoop in his

shoulders nor the hint of a quaver in his clear voice,

which rang' like a bugle to the utmost limits of the crowd.

Ftrr/roisr

583

In the course of his short, address, Mr. Da vis alluded feelingly to the great Georgian, who had been the recog nized champion of his administration in the Confederate Senate,
Said he: "If I were asked from Georgia's history to name three typical men. I would choose Oglcthorpe the benevolent, Tronp the dauntless, and Hill the faithful."

General Longstreet One of the most dramatic incidents Given an Ovation. of the unveiling' was the appearance
upon the platform of LieutenantGeneral James Long-street. The old soldier had been under the ban for more than twenty years. .Duo to his affiliation with the Republican party at the close of the war-- though his motives were patriotic and honest-- there followed an estrangement amounting; almost to ostracism. Nevertheless, he was included among' the invited g'uests. At the last moment, he decided to make the trip from Oairiesville to Atlanta, and the exercises were just about to begin when General T-oiig'street was seen on the outskirts of the crowd--clad in Confederate gray and mounted on horseback. Without a moment's delay he was broug'lH to the platform, where, with out stretched arms, Mr. Davis greeted tlm old hero of Gettys burg; and naught save the heroic memories of the sixties was remembered. It is needless to attempt a description of the scene which followed. Shouts filled the air. Hats rose skyward in numbers which almost eclipsed the sun. It gave evidence of the fact that time had healed the old wounds--when an. audience which had met to honor the g'reat orator who had pronounced the most withering1 anathemas upon Reconstruction could at the same time forget the wormwood and the bitterness of the past.
Again the name of Longstreet seemed to thrill the very air.

584 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
At the conclusion of the address of Dr. Spalding, who formally tendered the monument to the State, Captain Joseph K1. Burke, the marshal of the day, removed the veil.
The life-like statue of Mr. Hill, portraying' him in his characteristic mood of profound meditation--as he ap peared so often when seen upon the streets--was the work of the eminent sculptor, Alexander Doyle, of New York, who chiseled it of the finest quality of Italian mar ble. The inscriptions upon the monument are as follows:
On the sooth side: " Benjamin Harvey Kill. Born September 14, 1823, Died August 16, 1382. This monument is erected by his fellow-citizens in commemoration of the indomitable courage, unrivaled eloquence and devoted patriotism characterizing the illustrious dead."
On the east side: Mem bar of the House of Representatives of Georgia during- 1859 and 1800. Member of the Convention of 1861. Beloved in private life, distinguished at the bar, and eminent iu public relations, he was at all times the champion of. human liberty.''
On the west side: Member of- the Provisional Congress of the Con federate States. Senator of the Confederate States from 1801 to 1805. Member of the House of Repre sentatives of l:he United States from 1875 to 1877; and Senator of the United States from 1877 to the date of his death."
On the north side: "We are in the house of our fathers, our brothers .-ire our companions, ami we a.re at home to stay, thank Ood."--Amnesty Speech, January 11, 1S70. "Who saves his country, saves himself, saves all things, and all things saved do bless him. Who lets his country die, lets all things die, dies himself ignobly, and all things dying- curse him. "~-N"otcs on the Situation. "The Union under the Constitution knows no section, but does know all the States."--Speech in the United States Senate, June 11, 1879.

FUL-TON

585

Several years ag-o tiie statue of Mr. Hill was removed from the Intersection of the two Peach-trees to the corri dors of the State Capitol, where it stands near the stair way, in the northern wing.
On the original site a memorial fountain in honor of Judge .To)ui Erskinc was donated to the city by his daughter, Mrs. Ward, of New York.

The Grady Directly in front of the new city hall, on Monument, Marietta street, stands the hronze statue of
the South's great orator-journalist, Henry "W. Grady. The statue, which represents Mr. G-rady in the act of delivering- an address, was reared by means of coiitributions from every part of the Un.j on--a tribute for which there is neither a precedent nor a parallel in American history, when viewed in connection with the fact that he held no office in the gift of the peo ple, and died an unpretentious private citizen. At the time of his death--though barely thirty-nine years of age --he wielded an influence upon national affairs, which no Senator or Representative in "Washington surpassed.
Governor David B. Hill, of New YorJr, while still an occupant of the executive mansion in Albany, delivered the address at the exercises of unveiling, "which occurred in the fall of 1891.
The inscriptions upon the monument are as follows:
On the south side: '' Henry AV. Grady. .Journalist, Orator, Patriot. Editor of the Atlanta Constitution. Born in Athens, Ga., May 24, 1850. Died in Atlanta, December 23, 3889. Graduated at the State University in the year 1868. He never 'held or sought public office. 'When lie died he was literally loving a nation into peace'."

586 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
(Continued)
On the noxth side: "This hour little needs the loyalty that is loyal to one section and yet holds the other in enduring suspicion and estrangement. Give us the "broad and perfect loyalty that loves and trusts Georgia alike with Massachusetts-- that knows no South, no North, no East, no West; but endears with equal and patriotic pride every foot of our soil, every State in our "Union.'' Boston, December, 1889. *' The citizens standing in the doorway of his home--contented on his threshold--his' family gathered about his hearthstone--while the evening of a well-spent day closes in scenes and sounds that are dearest--he shall save the ^Republic when the drum-tap is futile and the barracks are exhausted.'' University of "Virginia, Juno 25, 1SS9.
The Gordon On the north-west corner of the Capitol Monument. grounds, where Washing-ton street is inter
sected by Hunter, stands the impressive equestrian statue of Lieutenant-General John B. Gordon, the Chevalier Bayard of the Confederacy, afterwards Governor of Georgia, United States Senator, and Com mander in Chief of the United Confederate Veterans.
The handsome bronze memorial to the illustrious soldier and civilian was nnveilcd on May 25, 1907 in the presence of a vast 'concourse of people.
General Clement A. "Evans--to whom was entrusted the command of Gordon's division -at Appomattox--de livered the principal address of the occasion.
Others who participated in the impressive exercses were: Judge "William Lowndes Calhoun, president of the Gordon Monument Association, who read a report; Hon. Joseph M. Terrell, Governor of Georgia, who presided; Major Charles ~W. Huhner, who read an ode appropriate to the occasion; and Captain Nathaniel E. Harris, who formally tendered the monument to the State of Georgia. Dr. Wilber P. Glenn, D. T)., a gallant Confederate soldier, offered the prayer of invocation, while the Keverend

FTTI/FON

587

Richard Orme Flinn, I). D., pastor of the North Avenue Presbyterian church, pronounced the benediction. The latter was formerly pastor of the church at Kirkwood, where General Gordon was an elder.
The cost of the monument, in round numbers, was $22,500, of which sum $35,000 was appropriated by the Legislature of Georgia.
It was designed and executed by the famous sculptor, Solon H. Borglum, of New York. One hundred promin ent citizens of the State constituted the Gordon Monu ment Association, of "which Captain AV. !L. Calhoun "was president. The commissioners on behalf of the State were: Governor Joseph M. Terrel], General Clement A. Evans, General "W. W. Gordon, Judge Sampson W. Harris, Captain Robert E. Park, Captain AV. L. Calhoun, Captain W. H. Harrison, Captain Nathaniel E. Harris, and Captain John W. Clark. The secretary was Profes sor Joseph T. Derry and the treasurer Mr. Eugene H. Thornton. Captain Robert E. Park "was made vicepresident.
. As portrayed by the sculptor, General Gordon is mounted upon his famous charger, "Marye," in the act of reviewing a, column of troops, and both horse and rider are at ease. It is not without signifig-anee that the great soldier's face is turned toward the North. Says Prof. Derry: "The General's famous mare was captured from the Federals at the second battle of Frederieksburg*, Va., in May 1863, when Gordon's brigade recaptured the line on Marye's Heights. During the advance, this blooded mare came rushing into Gordon's line without her rider, but equipped "with saddle-blanket, saddle, and bridle. She "was at once taken by a staff officer to General Gordon whose horse had been disabled in the charge. General Gordon mounted the captured animal and rode her through the campaign and into several other engagements later in the war."
On the front of the solid pedestal of Georgia granite is chiseled in raised letters:

588 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
There are Iw'o bas-reliefs of bronze embedded In the granite pedestal on either side. One portrays General Gordon in the famous battle scene at Spottsylvauia, C. H., 011 May 12, 1804, when clutching- the bridle of General Lee's horse, in the midst of a heated engagement, he urged the great soldier to fall back to the rca.r. It was this dramatic incident which caused General Gordon to be dubbed "the Man of the Twelfth of May," and which furnished the theme of Judge Robert Falligant's famous poem. Tli6' other bas-relief represents General Gordon as a civilian, in the act of making an address ; and under neath the figure are 'carved the words:
Mrs. Frances Gordon Smith and Mrs. Caroline Lewis Gordon Brown.--both daug'hters of the illustrious hero of Appomattox--drew the veil.
Bordering the walk at the main entrance to the capitol on "Washington street, there are two ponderous brass mortars, both of which are trophies of the Spanish-American war. They were turned over to the State of Georgia by the Federal Government in recognition of the gallantry of the State troops. They are handsome pieces of ordnance, engraved in the most artistic manner. To quote Senator A. O. Bacon : "If the published reports are correct, the State whinh in proportion to population fur nished the greatest number of soldiers to the late war was the State of Georgia.* There is one of these guns on either side of the walk, and the inscription rip on eac.li in duplicate is as follows:
"This gnu. captured "by American troops fit the tie of Santiago do Cuba, July 17, 1898."
B Speech aolivered in

FULTON

589

The Spencer Directly in front of tlie main entrance to Monument. tlic Terminal Station, :il the extreme end
of the wide plaza, on Madison avenue, stands a bronze statue of tlic first president of the South ern Kailway --Samuel Spencer. At the time of his death, which occurred in a wreck near the border-line between Virginia and North Carolina, Mr. Spencer was on a hunt ing expedition. It was just before the hour of dawn, on Thanksgiving Day, November 29, 1906, that the end came to this useful Georgian. AVoru out by official labors, Mr. Spencer sought to recover his buoyant tone of spirit by needed relaxation; but liis great work for the upbuilding of the South was finished. The statue is cast in bronze of heroic size and is mounted upon a pedestal of solid gran ite. It portrays Mr. Spencer seated in his chair and looking upon the animated scene produced by the con verging lines of the great railway system which his con structive genius called into existence, (hi the pedestal in chiseled an ornamental border of fruits.

Piedmont Park:

Piedmont Park, on tlie north side.

The Peace Memorial, occupies an area of ground which

during the summer ol' 18G4, wit

nessed one of the reddest carnivals of the Civil War.

But for more than a quarter of a century this old battle

ground has boon consecrated to the sentiment ol' peace.

It furnished a site for the famous series of Piedmont

Impositions, t'be first of which was held in 1887, when

President Cleveland was the city's guest of honor. The

initial achievement of Air. Grady's constructive genius

was registered in the success of this project, at least so

far aw it bore fruit in the development of the South's

material resources. Here it was in 1895 that the Cotton

States and 'International Exposition was held: an enter

prise oi colossal magnitude, which served to place At

lanta in the metropolitan class ol' cities. Here, too, the

Daughters of the American Revolution Lave deepened

590 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
and intensified the national sentiment by establishing perimment chapter homes; and here, too, on October 1.0, 1911, at the main entrance to the park, on Fourteenth street, was unveiled the Peace monument: an artistic memorial in bronze commemorative of the mission of peace undertaken in 1879 b3' the Gate City Guard--At lanta's oldest military organization.
It bespeaks an unexampled growth in the grace of forgetfulness for a company whose origin dated back to the year 385S--whose enlistment under the Confederate flag coincided with the tocsin's first call--whose member ship almost to a man was horn and reared under the old regime at the South--thus to conceive the idea of invad ing the North on a mission of peace, in the year 3879.
Yet such was the errand which took the Gate City Guard to the North, under the command of Captain Joseph K. Burke.
The stopping-places' of the company included Wash ington, 1). C., Baltimore, Md., Philadelphia, Pa., New York City, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Hartford, Conn., Boston, Mass., and other important centers; and wherever these bearers of the olive branch halted they were greeted with the most enthusiastic acclaim. The whole country rang with plaudits of approval ; and it seemed to be the uni versal comment among the repi'eseiitative newspapers that more was accomplished by this trip toward solidify ing the nation than by all the speeches delivered in Congress1, since the South's return to the Union.
It was to commemorate the great victory of peace achieved by the knights of this gentle crusade that on October 10, 1911, the Peace monument was unveiled at Piedmont Park. Besides the visiting military companies from various parts of the State, the following organiza tions from the North and East, came to Atlanta to return the friendly visit made by the Gate City Guard in 1879 and to aid in welding" the sections more closely together:
The Ancient and Honorable Artillery of Boston, Colonel Everett C. Ecntun, in Command.

FULTON

591

The Boston Light Infantry, Captain Conrad M. Gerlaeh.
The Boston Light Infantry "Veterans, Colonel William H. Jackson.
The Pufcnam Phala.cs of Hartford, Conn., Major Bigelow.
The Old Guard, of New York, Major S. ~RUis Bright. The Governor's Foot Guard, of Hartford, Conn., Company No. I, Major Frank L. Wileox. The State Fencibles of Pennsylvania, one ^ battalion, Major Thuririan T. Brazer. The State Fenc.ible Veterans of Philadelphia, Captain Emannel Forth. The Richmond Lighfc Infantry Blos, Virginia. Nat ional Guard, Colonel .T. Edgar Bowles.

Besides these historic organizations--some of which, were more 'than a century old--the United States army was represented by Brigadier-General Albert L. Mills, of the .Department of the Gulf; and the various local camps of the United Confederate Veterans attended in full strength.
The occasion was also graced by Mrs. Matthew T, Scott, President-General of the Daughters of the Ameri can Revolution; by Hon. Simeon 1^. Baldwin, Governor of Connecticut; and by other distinguished guests.
One of the beautiful features connected with this gala event in Atlanta was the visit of the veterans of the Boston Light Artillery to Oakland cemetery, where a wreath of flowers was' placed on the Confederate monu ment and a speech, was made by the gallant commander, Colonel William H. Jackson.
At the exercises of unveiling, Governor Simeon FJ. Baldwin, of Connecticut, delivered the principal address. The other speakers on the program were Colonel Joseph F. Burke, marshal of the day; Mayor James1 H. Preston, of Baltimore, Md., Mayor E!dwin T_J. Smith, of Hartford, Conn., Colonel William IT. Jackson of Boston, Mass., and Governor Hoke Smith, of Georgia.
Despite a downpour of rain, there was no break in the well-ordered ranks of the magnificent pageant, which

592 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
division after division, fiJed from the State Capitol to the base of the monument at Piedmont paj'k.
The memorial consists of art artistic group m bronze, seven feet in height, .surmounting1 a pedestal of granite, the height of which is ten feet. The group represents the angel of peace, with outstretched wings, standing be side a soldier who is about to fire his musket, but, per suaded by her voice of entreaty, desists. Lettered upon *\ tablet of bronze, embedded in the front of the pedestal is the following inscription:
"The Gate City Guard,, Optain G. Harvey Thomp son, in the conscientious conviction of their duly to uphold the cause of the Southern Confederacy, offered their services to the Governor of Georgia, and wore enrolled in the Confederate army, April 3, 1861.
' ( Inspired with the same sincerity of purpose and accepting in good faith the results of the heroic strug gle, tho Gate City Guard, under the command of Captain J. F. Burke, desiring to restore fraternal sentiment and ignoring sectional animosity, OIL October 6, 1879, went forth to greet their former adversaries in the Northern and Eastern Stated, inviting them to nniio with the South in healing the nation 's wounds, in a peaceful ;tnd
as an enduring testimonial to their patriotic contribution to the cause of national fraternity. Dedicated October 10, 1911, by Simoon K Bnlihvm, Governor of Connecti cut, and Hoke Smith, Governor of Georgia. "

FULTON

_

593

The Erskine Memorial Fountain, -which stood for years at the intersection of the two Peachtrees, where it succeeded the Ben Hil] monument, has recently been removed to the north entrance to Grant Park. This fountain was a gift to the city made by Mrs. Willard Ward of New York, in honor of her father, Judge John Erskine, a distinguished occupant of the Federal Bench in Georgia during the days of Reconstruction. The memorial was unveiled in 1895. Judge Erskino, though a Republican appointee, greatly endeared himself to the people of Georgia by giving the State judicial protection at a time of great lawlessness when Georgia was at the mercy of her foes. He was a native of Ireland.

Grant Park: Its Grant Park, on the south side, occupies

Memorials o the another part of the bloody field over

Civil "War.

which Hood and Sherman wrestled for

the possession of Atlanta, in the

famous battle of July 22, 1864. Unlike Piedmont Park,

which memorializes the sentiment of peace, Grant Park

is an extensive museum, rich in historic souvenirs and

relics of the Civil War. It was on the -wooded heights to

the east of the park that two distinguished Major-Gen

erals fell on opposing sides in the battle, of Atlanta --

General William II. T. Walker, wearing the Confederate.

colors1, and General James MePherson, the Federal. Both

sites have been marked by appropriate memorials.

The area of ground included within the park is liter

ally seamed with breast-works, over which time has deftly

woven a mantle of verdure, while up and down the

trenches great oak trees have risen from the acorns which

fifty years ago took root in the soft earth which was here

watered by the blood of expiring heroes. At the main

entrance to the park, on the west side, stands the Cyclo-

rama, which depicts on canva,ss some of the most dra-

ma.tic scenes and incidents' connected with the battle

594 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
which was here fought -- one of the bloodiest in the entire history of the Civil War. Directly across the park, on an eminence, near the east side, is Fort Walker, an earth work, built circular in form, and named for the noted Confederate officer, "who was killed while leading1 a charge, in this neighborhood. The exact spot OTT which General Walker fell is perhaps a mile distant. Behind the ram parts have been planted a number of heavy grins, gath ered together from various sources and here preserved as relics. The fort is of post-bellum construction.
To the south of Fort Walker stands the famous "Texas", nn engine which figured in one of the most thrilling episodes of the Civil AVar period, it was this plucky little engine that overtook and captured, the famous "General", which was seized in 1862 by a party of raiders, under the command of Captain James; Andrews. Had this bold exploit on the part of the Fed erals been crowned with success, the 'means of communi cation between Atlanta and Chattanooga "would have been destroyed, the Tennessee stronghold taken by the enemy, and the territory of Georgia instantly invaded, with the result that the Confederacy might have been overthrown and the war ended, at least two years earlier. It was Hon. John M. SI at on--afterwards Governor-- who in 1910 while Sf.ato Senator introduced the bill which pro vided for the preservation of the "Texas", then barely more than a mass of old iron encumbering the AVestern and Atlantic Kailroad shops. !But no legislative appro priation WMS made and the funds for making- the neces sary repairs were raised by public subscription.
To the north of Ijake Abana--a picturesque sheet of water--there are some interesting relics of the SpanishAmerican AVar; and in the same area of ground stands a monument which has lately been erected by the city of Atlanta to Colonel Lemuel P. Grant, the generous public benefactor who in 1882 deeded to the city one hundred acres of beautifully wooded land io be used for park purposes. This distinguished engineer was one of the great railway pioneers and magnates of Georgia. Be-

FnijTOx

595

sides the historic relics to which reference has been made, the park contains an up-to-date zoological garden, is adorned with statues and fountains, and is duirrnmgly threaded by ornamental walks and driveways. Much, of the transformation which has here taken place is due to Mr. Dan 0. Carey, the park manager, who has laid the whole continent under tribute for artistic ideas.

Fort McPli^rson, a military post established by the United States government in Atlanta, at the close of the Civil War, commemorates the gallant federal officer, Gen. James IVIcPherson, who fell in the famous battle of Jn!y 22, 1864. It is located 4 miles from the town center and is reached by two lines of railway: the Central of Georgia and the West Point. One of the finest military roads in II10 Mouth gives it direct communication with Atlanta. Fort MePher.sori has recently been raised from a regimental to a brigade post. The Georgia Home for Confederate Soldiers is located on an old battle-ground, some two miles1 to the sontli-east of Grant .Park, it was inspired by Mr. Crady's famous editorial in the Consti tution: "Come Back Home, >lajor Stewart." The build ing is a handsome structure, surrounded by a. beautiful grove of forest oaks. The corner stone was laid in the early nineties by TTon. John H. Davulson, Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge of <!eort>ia.

How the "General" was Captured: The Story of the Famous Andrews Raid.
Atlanta's Great Newspapers.

Volume II. Volume II,

596 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Snap Bean Farm : The Home of Uncle Remus.

Volume II.

Woodrow Wilson: An Incident in his Career as a Lawyer.

Volume IT.

Fulton's

As the sent of Georgia's State government

Distinguished ami UJG great railway center of the cot-

Residents,

tou bolt, Atlanta possesses a somewhat

lengthy roster of distinguished residents,

though it was not until the Civil War period that the

future Gate City of the South became an important cen

ter of population. Chief-Justice ~Logan E. Bleekley

heads the list. He first caine to Atlanta in 1842 as1 book

keeper for the Western and Atlantic Railroad, at which

time the village- --then known as Terminus---contained

less than live hundred inhabitants. ..Judge Bleckley way

a jtirist, a wit, a philosopher, a mathematician, and a

poet--one of Georgia's1 rarest intellects.

Another arite-belJmn resident of wide note was Gen

eral I.j. J. Gartrell. lie Joca ted here in the fifties, and

represented this district in Congress before the war. He

afterwards became a Confederate Brigadier General;

and, on the- field of Mauassas, caught the wounded Bar-

tow in his1 arms. As a criminal lawyer, he met no1 supe

rior at the Georgia bar.

Since Atlanta became the capital in 1868 the follow

ing" Chiet'--.Kl\eeutLves have held office here: Rufus B.

Bullock, Benjamin Con Icy, ,7 ames JYI. Smith, Alfred H.

Colqvritt, Alexander II. Stephens, James S. Boynton,

Henry I). MeDaniel, John B. Gordon, "William J. Xorthen,

William Y. Atkiiison. Alien 1). Candler, .Joseph M. Ter-

rell, Hoke (Smith, Ju.seph M, Brown, and John M. Slaton.

Ft:r/roJsr

597

Kx-Governor Joseph R. Brown--Georgia's W^r Govevnor--made Atlanta his home during the period of Reconstruction. After locating here he became succes sively Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, President of tile Western and Ail antic Railroad, and United States Senator from Georgia.
The old Brown mansion on "Washington street is one of Atlanta's historic laud-marks.
His distinguished son, afterwards Governor, became a resident of Cobb sometime in the eighties.
it was in Atlanta that the great Benjamin H. Hill hurled, his immortal phillipics against the measures of Reconstruction. The J^avis Hall speech was delivered here in 1867 and the Bush Arbor speech in 1868. Subse quently Mr. Hill removed to A-tlanta from Athens; and after representing this district in Congress--where his tilt with Blaine gave him a national reputation--he was' elected to the United States Senate, but died before his term expired. During the Civil War period, Mr. Hill was a member of the. Confederate Senate, in which body he was the recognized spokesman and champion of Mr. T)a,vis.
The old Hill home on Peaehtree street--just a 'block south of where the great statesman's monument for merly stood--is today occupied by Mrs. Bell's boarding establishment.

Judge John l^rskine, a native of Ireland and a jurist of note, came to Atlanta, in 1866, from Newnan, G-a., under an appointment to the Federal Bench, from Presi dent Andrew Johnson; and, during the days of Recon struction, when the State was overrun by carpet-baggers who sought to make capital out of the misfortunes of the Southern people, Judge Ersltine, by means of legal safe guards, protected the residents of his district to the full extent of Ms power, and thus placed the State underlasting obligations to his patriotism.

598 GEORGIA'S "LANDMARKS, MKMORIAT.S AND 'LEGENDS
Though an ardent Union man, Judge Jih'skine took no active part in the Civil War.
His appointment to this1 high office was made chiefly upon the recommendation of another distinguished resi dent of Atlanta--General Alfred Austell. The latter was a personal friend of the President, whom he had known since boyhood, when they romped together among the hiJls of Kast Tennessee.
Genera! Anstell, in .1.866, established in Atlanta the first national hank organized in the South after the war --the famous A'tlaiita .National Bank.
Brigadier-General George T. Aiiderson--better known as "Tige" Anderson--was for years after the war At lanta's chief of police. Tie subsequently removed to Anniston, Ala.
Brigadier-General Clement A. tivans, a distinguished officer of the Civil War, who commanded General Gor don's division at Appomattox, lived here. After the war General Evans became a Methodist minister. He was at one time a candidate for Governor against "William Y. Atkins on, bnt withdrew from the race sometime before the election. As a. member of the Prison Commission, however, he rendered the State an important service , and liis old comrades-in-arms elected him to succeed General Stephen I). ."Lee as eommander-m-chief of the United Confederate Veterans. General Kvans delivered the orations at the unveiling- of both the Davis monument, in Riclmiond and the Gordon statue in Atlanta.
While occupying' the office of Secretary of State, Gen eral Philip Cook, another gallant veteran of the Civil War lived here ; and at his death the mantle of this faith ful public servant fell upon the shoulders of his distin guished son, Hon. Philip Cook, the present incumbent-- a coincidence with out a par all el in. the hi story of the commonwealth.
.Brig'adier-Genernl Alfred Iverson, Jr., here spent his last days.
Dr. H. V. M. Miller--"the Demosthenes of the Moun tains"--came to Atlanta from Rome, Ga., in 1867. He

FIJI/TON

599

already possessed at this time a state-wide reputation as a campaigner, and in the following year was elected to the United States Senate, but was not seated until the last hours of the session. Dr. Miller was a sld.llfi.il prac titioner, a distinguished educator, a brilliant orator, and a cultured man of letters.

Uovernor William J. N'orthen and Governor Joseph M. Terr elf, after leaving the executive chair, became per manent residents of Atlanta. The former, at the head of a bureau of immigration, was an instrumental factor in the upbuilding of south Georgia. The latter was ap pointed by Governor Brown to nil the unoxpired term of Hon. Alexander S. Clay, in the United States Senate; and, except for fin nnfortunate illness, might have been bis own successor.
Governor Handler, after retiring from office, rendered tbe State an important service by compiling Georgia's Colonial, Revolutionary, and Confederate records, for which purpose he maintained an office in Atlanta, though his homo was in Gainesville. On the death of Governor Candler, his unfinished work devolved upon Governor Nor (ben.
Governor Slat on was n resident of Atlanta, at the time of his elevation to the Governorship. As President of the Senate, TIG succeeded to the chair of State, on the resignation of Governor Smith. Tn 1912 he was elected Governor of the State by one of the largest majorities ever polled.
Chief-Justice Osborne A. Loohrane, on being elevated to the bench of the Supreme Court of Georgia, in the early seventies, became a resident of Atlanta. He was one of the most brilliant of Georgia's orators, an Trishman ivho possessed the characteristic wit and fire of the Kmerald isle. On leaving the bench, he became general counsel for the Pullmans1.

600 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Here also lived during his tenure of office, ChiefJusticc Iliram Warner--one of Georgia's most illustri ous jurists, Prior to the "war, Judge Warner was a member of Congress, defeating the afterwards famous Benjamin H. Hill.
Chief-Justice James Jackson, on assuming the ermine of the Supreme Bench, in 1875, established his home in Atlanta, where lie continued to reside rintil his death. Before the war he was a member of Congress from the Athens district. Judge Jackson was one of Georgia's purest public men. He was a grandson of the famous old Governor who exposed the Yazoo fraud.
Chief-Justice Thomas J. Simmons was a resident of Atlanta only during his tenure of office. He was always associated in the popular thought with Macon; but ChiefJustice Fish--the present distinguished occupant of this high seat--has by long residence become thoroughly identified with his adopted home.
Since the Supreme Court was established in Atlanta, in the late sixties, the following members have occupied the Bench: Richard F. Lyon, Dawson A. Walker, Iverson L. Harris, Joseph E. Brown, Henry K. McCay, W. W. Montgomery, Robert P. Trippe, Logan E. Bleckley, James Jackson, Martin J. Crawford, Willis A. Hawkins, Alexander M. Speer, Samuel Hall, Mark H. Blandford, Thomas J. Simmons, Samuel Lumpkin, Spencer R. Atkinson, William A. Little, Henry G. Lewis, Joseph R. Lamar, Andrew J. Cobh, Henry G. Turner, Samuel B. Adams, John S. Candler, William H. Fish, Joseph Henry Lurnpkin, Marcus W. Beck, Beverly O. Evans, Horace M. Ffolden, Samuel C. Atkinson, and Hiram Warner Hill.
When the Court of AppeaJs was organized in Atlanta some five years ago, it was constituted as follows: Ben jamin H. Hil), Kichard B. Russell, and Arthur G. Powell.

FULTON

601

The last named member of the court has since resigned to enter the practice of law in Atlanta; and J. R. Pottle
'has succeeded him on the Bench. William H. Pope, a distinguished jurist, who recently
resigned the office of Chief-Justice of New Mexico to accept from President Taft an appointment to the Federa] Bench, was for years a resident of Atlanta, where lie spent his boyhood days; and licnry Xj. Rosenfeld, a dominant fignre in the insnrance world of New York, received! his educational -outfit in the Atlanta public
schools.

Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, exGoverrior of New Jersey and ex-President of Princeton University, began the practice of law in Atlanta. He was admitted to the bar, in 1-882, nnder George Hillyer, whose signature was affixed to his license. But the future chief-evecutive of the nation found clients somewhat scarce. He was even at this time a philosopher and a scholar--perhaps too much of both to insure his imme diate success. What most lawyers took for granted were the things which he was most anxious to know. He wished to get at the bed-rock principles; and finding that he could not satisfy his intellectual hunger at the practice of law, he relinquished the profession, became a fellow in history at Johns Hopkins, where he wrote and pub lished his first book entitled: "Congressional Govern ment--A. Study in the Science of Politics". Here he discovered his life-work and struck his gait on the royal road to success.

Henry W. Grady, the South's greatest editor, became identified with journalism in Atla,nta in 1870, but it was not until 1876 that he joined the staff of the Constitution. At this time an interest in the paper was purchased by Captain Evan P. Howell, a man of fine judgment and

602 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOKJAI.S AND LEGENDS
of Krent enterprise, \vlio offered Mr. Grady a position. The latter, having- experienced a series of disasters in Atlanta--due to the fact that his methods were far in advance of the times--had purchased a ticket to New York and was ahont to take the train, when this tender was made. Tie accepted the offer; and here he found immortality, first as an editor, afterwards as an orator. Afore than any other man of his day, he was instrumental in promoting- brotherhood hetween the sections and in stimulating- the industrial development of the South.
As editor-in-chief of the Constitution, Hon. Clark Howell has been a worthy successor to Mr. G-rady. He ha& been Speaker of the House and President of the Senate of Georgia, has served for years on the National Democratic Executive Committee, and has delivered ad dresses on numerous public occasions.
Jolm Tehmple Graves, the present distinguished editor of the New York A.ine/ncan, was for years a resident of Atlanta. He was first identified with the Journal, after which he edited successively the NKWS and the Georgian. As an orator, Colonel Graves1 enjoys an international fame. It was from his celebrated eulogy of Grady that tiie sentiment inscribed npon the latter's monnment in Atlanta was taken---"And when he1 died he was literally loving a nation into peace."
Here lived Nathaniel ,(. Hammond, a member of Con gress from 1879 to 1887. On the floor of the national House of Representatives1, Colonel Hammond ranked with Carlisle and Rnndall.
Milton A. Candler--another Congressman from tins district--though a resident of ]}ccatur, maintained an office in Atlanta for the practice of law; and here his distinguished younger brothers have lived for years1-- Warren A. Candler, the Bishop; Asa G. Candler, the financier; and John S. Oandler, the jurist.

FTJJ/I'ON

.

603

John B. Gordon and Alfred H. Colquitt--two of Geor gia's most illustrious sons--both, soldiers, both Govern ors, and both United States Senators, lived at Kirkwood, a suburb of. Atlanta, only four miles distant.
Judge Junius Hillyer, an ante-bellum Congressman and a jurist of note, spent his last years in Atlanta, and here Ms son, Judge George Hillyer, occupied a, seat on the bench and served the city as 'mayor.
Judge John L. Hopkins, the Nestor of the Georgia bar, who, at the ripe old a.ge of eighty-four, was1 still a tower of intellectual and moral strength, became a resi dent of Atlanta in the late sixties. His work -on "Per sonal Injuries" is a legal classic. The State Legislature, in accepting his revision of the Code of Georgia down to the year 1912, paid to him a tribute without precedent in the history of this commonwealth.
Two of the State's most distinguished jurists lived here: Judge John Collier and Judge Cmcinnatns Peoples.
Georgia's present junior United States Senator, Hon. Hoke Smith, became a resident of Atlanta in 1873, at which time he located here for the practice of law. Tn 1893, President Cleveland appointed him Secretary of the Interior. In 190G, he became Governor of Georgia. Defeated for re-election in 1908, by Joseph M. Brown, due to certain political complications, he was victorious over Mr. Brown in 1910; and within six months after beginning his second term of office he relinquished the Governor's cha.ir to assume the Senatorial toga.

Though Atlanta is best known to the world as a metropolis of trade, the Gate City of the South is not without claim to distinction as a literary center; for here lived the most famous man of letters which this section has produced since the war--Joel Chandler Harris, the renowned creator of Uncle Kemus. His home at "West Knd has been purchased by popular subscription and eonverted into a permanent memorial to the great author.

604 GEORGIANS LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Here lived Professor William Henry Peck, a writer of historical fiction, "whose serials for the New York Ledger often brought him as much as $5.000 each.
Dr. John William Jones, a distinguished Baptist clergyman and a noted author, Hvecl for years in Atlanta. He was chaplain of Washington College during" the encumbency of General Lee as president and was made the official biographer of the great soldier. His writings include ''Personal Reminiscences, Anecdotes and 'Letters of Robert E. Lee," " Christ in Camp," "The Memorial Volume of Jefferson "Davis," and several others. Dr. Jones, at the time of his death, was chaplain-general of the United Confederate Veterans.
The celebrated novelist; Mary Johnston, was educated in Atlanta at the famous seminary founded by Mrs. Ballarcl, and the equally well-known writer of fiction, Lillian Bell, spent her girlhood days here.
Here lived J. R. Bar rick, A. R. Watson, Charles J. Bayne, and Montgomery Folsom--poets of no mean gifts; "Wallace Pntnain Roed and H3. Y. Clarke, who wrote excellent histories of A.tlaiita ; .Maria J. Westmoreland, a novelist whose war-time stories were widely read throughout the South; John C. Eeed, who wrote a story of the ICn KTlux and published n number of law books; Clara D. Ma clean, a novelist and a. poet; B. F. Sawyer and Henry Clay I"1 airman, both novelists; Colonel Isaac W. Avery, who wrote a Histoiy of Georgia, 3850-1881; and a host of others.
Frank L. Stanton, the foremost ginger of the Southern press, bas been a member of the Conslituiion's staff and a resident of Atlanta, for twenty-five years:
Tbe gifted Mary EL "Bryan, n novelist of wide note and a poet of high rank, has been identified with Atlanta since she first began to write for Sunny South in. the early seventies; but sbe now spends most of her time at Claries ton, Cra.
Major Charles W. Hubner, a gifted poet, a ripe scholar, and a brilliant critic, came to Atlanta from

FULTON

60S.

Baltimore at tile close of the Civil War and for nearly fifty years has1 been an honored resident of the com munity in "which he still lives. Major Hubner's writing's embrace several volumes and include poems, histories, biographies and essays.
Here for a number of years has resided Professor Joseph T. Derry, formerly a member of the faculty of historic Wesieyan. AVhile a resident of Aug'ustn just after the war he taught President "Woodrow "Wilson and Associate Justice Joseph B. Lainar of the Supreme Court of the United States. He is the recognized historian of the Southern Confederacy, having' written "The Story of the Confederate States" and the Georgia volume of the Confederate Military series, besides a school history of the United States, and other volumes. Professor Derry is also a poet. In a work entitled, "The Strife of Brothers", he has set the "whole narrative of the Civil' War to music.
Atlanta was also the home of Colonel Wm. L. Scruggs, a distinguished diplomat, who published a work on Vene/Aicla and Colombia, besides a number of political essays.
Jndi^e Howard Van Upps, orator and jurist, who compiled a number of important digests, lived in Atlanta for years.
i-^or will the list of present-day a,uthors' who reside in the capital city of the State he complete without ineluding: William IJurd Ilillyer, Henry E. Harman, Joseph W. Humphries, Thornwoll Jacobs, Tjucius Perry Hills, Maria Locliett A vary, Lollie Belle "Wylie, and Julia Eiordan.
Dr. James W. Lee, a Methodist divine of wide note, has written a number of books, the circulation of which has been co-extensive with the breadth of the land. His two sons, Ivy and AVideman, have both climbed to the top of the ladder. The former as the representative of' a wealthy syndicate maintains an office in the city of London; the latter as publicity agent for the Pennsyl vania Eailroad, is located in Philadelphia.

606 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Jacques Futrelle, the famous novelist, and one of the victims of the Titanic, was formerly a member of the newspaper guild of Atlanta.
Robert Adamson, a writer of note, who recently relin quished an editorial position on one of the metropolitan dailies to become private secretary to Mayor Gaynor, beg-an his career here; Alfred C. Newell, a grandson of Governor Colquitt, after winning his way to the front in New York journalism, has achieved an equal success in the insurance world, with Atlanta as his headquarters; and Joseph H. Johnson, who has become a power in New York politics, at one time edited a column in the Atlanta Journal entitled, "Done, Heard, Seen, and Said."
GILMEB

George R. Gilmer: Some Incidents of His Career.

Volume II.

Old Indian Towns. The beautiful region of country in
cluded within the present limits of Gfilmer, was long a favorite place of abode for the Cherokee Indians, and they built a number of towns in the picturesque and fertile valleys between the mountains.
Ellija, an Indian town, formerly stood where Ellijay, the present county-seat, is today located. The chief of the town was White Path. On the eve of removal, he accompanied John Eoss to "Washington, in 1834. General Jackson invited him to dinner at tile White House, and also gave him a silver watch, which he always kept as a precious treasure. En route to the "West, he died at

GLASCOCE:

607

Hopkinsville, Ky., where it is said that during his last illness the people showed him great kindness. After his death, the watch was sold and the proceeds applied to the erection of a marble monument over the old Indian's grave.
The present village of White Path was named for him. Tahma was sonth of Ellija. It was sometimes called Sanderstowii, after the principal chief, George Sanders, who kept a house of entertainment along the Federal road, and was considered a high-minded man. He also accompanied Koss to Washington. On his return he was taken ill and died at Kaleigh, N. C. Mountain Town was situated in the eastern part of Gihner. The principal chief was Cartilana.

Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of Gilmer were: B. Chastain,
James Cody, Alexander Tiell, James Kell, Benjamin Griffith, TJ. Holt, C. Cooper, ,T. E. Price, John P. Alex ander, Samuel Jones, E. Chastain, A. Johnson, J. A. Johnson, E. Gibson, James Simnions, Jacob Gibson, C. Goble, J. C. King, S. Griffith, H. K. Quillian, Thomas M. Burnett, William Cox, B. M. Griffith, and others.
To the foregoing list may be added Coke Asbury Elliiigton, Watson Ti. Coleman, William F. Hill, Pinkney H. Milton, and John I. Tate, whose sons afterwards became identified with the marble interests of Pickens. John R. Tate died at Ellijay, Ga., Dec. 28, 1838. He was a sturdv Scotch-Irishman from Ijondonderrv.

Created by Leyislati Named for General rl"ltoi militia, and a lawyer of Judge Wm. Gibson, who Judge Gibson presided ( to 1870.

GTjASCOCK

608 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Brigadier-Genera] Thomas Glaseock, an officer of note in the State militia, a member of Congress and a distinguished lawyer, was born near Augusta, Ga., Octo ber 21, 1790, and died at Decatur, Ga,, May 19, 1841, as the result of injuries sustained by a fall from his horse. Trie came of an ancestry illustrious in the annals of Geor gia. His grandfather, William Grlascoek, was Speaker of the House of Assembly during the Revolutionary War period. His father, Thomas Glascock, immortalized himself at the siege of Savannah, "where, amid a storm of shot and shell, he rescued the body of his gallant commander, Count Pnlaski. The subject of this sketch was a Captain in the War of 1812. Subsequently, at the age of 27, he served under Andrew Jackson, in the Seminolc War, with the rank of Brigadier-General. Elected to Congress in 1835, he was returned without opposition in 183'7, after which he resumed the practice of law. At the time of his tragic and sudden death he stood at the head of his profession.
Original Settlers. See Warren, from which county Glascool< was formed.
To the list may be added: Calvin Ijogue and Joshua TJsry, both of whom represented Glascock in the Seces sion Convention at Milledgeville. Judge AVm. Gibsoii was also an early settler. The old established families of the county include : The Pools1, the McNeals, the Waldens, the Irbys, the Kitchenses, the Braddys, the Snyders, the Glovers, the Kellys, the "Laseters, the Whiteleys, and others.

GL.YNN

609

GLYNN
Created by the State Constitution of 1777, from two of the former Colonial Parishes, St. Patrick and St. r>avid. Named for John Glynn, a noted member of Parliament who befriended the Colonies and who acted as counsel for the celebrated John Wilkes. Brunswick, the county-

Fort Frederica: 1738.

Page 59.

Where the Old Says Colonel Charles C. .Jones, Jr. .- 1 Town Stood. "Frederica was located in the midst of
an Indian field containing between thirty and forty acres of cleared land [on St. Simon's Island]. The grass in this field yielded an excellent turf which was freely used in sodding the parapet of the fort. The bluff upon which it stood rose about ten feet above high water mark, was dry and sandy." According to the same authority,2 the town lots as a rule were 60 by 90 feet, but those which fronted the river were 30 by 60 feet. At first the Colonists lived in palmetto booths. These were erected in the rear of the lots' on which they intended to build permanent homes, and they afforded an excellent shelter for temporary purposes. Besides the booths, there were three large tents, two of which belonged to Oglethorpe and one to Major Horton, an officer in his regiment. The whole circumference of the town was less than two 'miles. At the north end were located the barracks. On the 'west was the fort, while toward the south stretched a dense forest which offered an effectual blind to the enemy in case of attack. Through the woods to the lower extremity of the island was cut a road, by means of which access to the ocean front was obtained. Fort Frederica was at one end of this road while at the other end was Fort St. Simons.

Oglethorpe's Regiment.

Volume II.

Dead Towns of Georgia, pp. 6fi-S7, Savannah, 1878. Ibid, pp. 68-64.

610 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND

Old Estates on

Perhaps a mile from Froderica, on

St. Simon's Island. tlie road to the old fort, stood the

home of General OgJcthorpe, The

exact spot cannot be identified at this ]ato day, "but it was

probably not far from where the highway enters the deep

wood. There was nothing' pretentious or elegant in this

wilderness abode of the great soldier. It was merely a

cottage, but appurtenant to it was a garden which lie

beautified with choice flowers arid an orchard wherein

grew oranges, figs, grapes, and other fruits. The entire

area comprised barely more than fifty acres. The roar

of the house was overshadowed by immense live-oaks,

"while the front looked out upon the entrenched town and

fort, and afforded also a glimpse of the sound. On the

departure of Ogiethorpe for .England, his homestead be

came the property of* James Spaldiap;. Jt was1 sold after

the Revolution, about which time also the eottag-e was

destroyed. But the oaks remained until far into the

thirties; and the final destruction of these trees was

mourned as a sort of sacrilege by tho older people of

St. Simon's.

Due east from the General.'s cottage, there diverged

a road which, led a mile and n bnlf to the country seat

of Captain Eaymond Demeree, one of the oldest officers

of Oglethorpe 's regimeut. Captain _!.)ernorce was n

Huguenot by birth, with aa ample fortune. Much of Ins

wealth was spent in ornamenting his home on the "island.,

but he followed the current French taste rather than the

English. Marring ton I fail was the name of Ins estate.

The borders were, entirely of orange ov cassiva, tlie laitor

a species of ilex, with, small fleshy leaves.

Among the wealthy planters who established them-

selves at an early day on Bi. Simon's Island and who

erected homes, the hospitality of which became proverbial

the country over were the Build's, the King's, the Pages,

the Conpers, the Ilamiltcns. the Postells, and the ~W.vll.ys.

They possessed large estates,, upon which they lived like

lords, cultivated sea-island cotton and owned numerous

GLYNN

611

slaves. Perhaps nowhere in the South have the softer aspects of tho old feudal system of ante-bellum times been more charmingly exemplified.

Hampton's Point: Some ten miles to the north of Fredc-

Where Aaron Burr I'ica was one of the most famous

Took Refuge.

estates on tlio island: Hampton's

Point- --tlio ma,gnificent country seat

of Major Pierce Bntler. To tlii.s secluded spot on the

Georgia coast came Aaron Purr, during the days wnen

his political fortunes were beginning1 to suffer eclipse

and when an asylum of refnge was1 needed by the ill-

starred man of g'enins, who once held the high office of

Vice-President of the United States. !Despite the odium

which attached to him, there was nevertheless a welcome

for the old statesman underneath the shelter of Major

Butler's1 home, for the latter was not the man to desert

a friend in the hour of distress. Here, on this remote

island of the G'eorg'ia coast, cnf off entirely from the out-

wide world, Aaron Burr remained for weeks an honored

guest. While on the ishmd lie was also a visitor at Can

non's Point, the home of Mr. John Counter. The room

which he here occupied contained for years a memento

of his sojourn in the nature of his anfogTaph. scratched

upon a pane of window glass. Major Butler's grand-son,

Pierce Butler, married the famous English actress, Fam

ine fvemblo, whom he afterwards divorced. The latter

wrote a somewhat libekuis book entitled: "The Journal

of a, 'Residence on a Georgia Plantation," in which she

purports to give an insight into slavery at the South;

but her viewpoint was doubtless colored by her domestic

infelicities. The volume was not published until four

years prior to the war, though it was written in the late

thirties. Pierce PJutlcr was survived by two daughters,

Sarah and Fannie. The former married Dr. Wister and

became the mother of O\ven "Wisier, the celebrated novel-

612 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEQENBS
ist. The latter married Cannon Leigh, of England. Pierce Butler was originally a Shaw. Old Major Butler, of Hampton's Point, had a daughter who married Dr. Shaw, of Philadelphia. There were two children, born of this union, John and Pierce, whose patronymic was afterwards changed to Butler.
Cannon's Point: Adjoining the plantation of Major But ler, at Hampton's Point, was the equally
noted country seat of Mr. John Couper, at Cannon's Point. The coast of Georgia is still fragrant with the recollections of this pioneer planter, who was one of the most cultured inen of his day in the South. Mr. Couper was a native of Renfrewshire, in Scotland. The attain ments of his family were most unusual. James Couper, his eldest brother, was for twenty-five years professor of astronomy in the University of Glasgow; while his second brother, William Couper, was an eminent surgeon. Soon after arriving in Savannah, from the old country, John Couper wedded a daughter of James Maxwell, of Liberty County, Ga., an event which, occurring in 1792, was followed by his settlement on St. Simon's Island. During the earlier years of bis life ho took an active part in public affairs, represented the county of Glynn in the Constitutional Convention of 1798, at Louisville, Ga., and 'was an uncompromising opponent of the Ya^oo specu lation.
But he relinquished political aspirations to devote himself wholly to scientific planting. He operated upon a scale which was little short of regal and which taxed his colossal energies to the utmost. "With James Hamil ton, he became part owner of a number of plantations, some of which were devoted to the production of riee and some to the culture of sea-island cotton. The former were along the rich alluvial bottoms of the Altamaha River, some fifteen miles inland; the latter were mainly

GMTNN

613

upon St. Simon's Island. Heaclqimrters were established in Savannah, then the principal market town of the State, but trade relations were maintained 'with the most distant parts of New England, and even 'with Europe. Mr. Couper was a man who thought far in advance of his time. He introduced many new practical ideas. He tried many novel experiments. Tt was nothing unusual for people to come hundred of miles to consult him on matters of common interest. His1 orchards were famous. In beautifying his estate at Cannon's Point "he spared neither pains nor expense. Mr. Jefferson, "with v^hom he corresponded on terms of intimate friendship, procured for him in France a mrmber of plants which he cultivated "with great success. The plantation re mained in the hands of his descendants until the close of the Civil War when it was purchased by William K. Dodge, of New York, the great lumber merchant.

Constitution Oak. But the country-seat of Mr. Couper
possesses still another claim, to dis tinction. Tt was on this famous ante-bellum estate that the tree grew from which "was made the keel of "Old Ironsides", one of the most noted of the earlier American war vessels. In the pioneer days of shipbuilding it was customary to make keels from trees of sturdy material whose shape adapted them with only slight changes to tlie end in view. The whole Atlantic1 seaboard "was put under the search-light for the purpose of securing a specimen which possessed the requisite length and charactor for the proposed new boat. It so happened that an immense live-oak at Cannon's Point "was found to meet the requirements; and from the tough fibres of this forest giant on the coast of Georgia was fashioned the keel of "Old Ironsides." The dramatic part played ill the war "with Tripoli and in numerous other en
gagements upon the high sea by this primitive little

614 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
fighting craft can hardly be matched in naval annals. Though technically known as the Frigate "Constitution", it is best remembered as1 "Old Ironsides", a name which was given to the ship because of the stubbornness with which it met the shocks of war and defied the ocean gales. The poem of Dr. Holmes has given it a place in literature quite apart from the renown which it deservedly enjoys upon the historic page. For years after the tree was felled to the ground the stump remained an object of curiosity to sightseers. Today, however, there is not a vestige of "Constitution Oak" to be seen at Cannon's Point. It decayed long ago, like the civilization which here bloomed and flowered only to fall itself a victim to the axe of the Great Forester of Time; but the place whereon it stood is still treasured among the historic spots of St. Simon's Island.

Thomas Butler

To one of the wealthy sea-island cot-

King: His Dream ton planters of Georgia belongs the

of a Trans-Conti- credit of having first conceived tho

nental Railway.

idea of an immense trunk line to con

nect the two oceans. This far-sighted

man was Thomas Butler King, a resident of St. Simon's

Island. He was the advocate of a trans-continental rail

way to extend from Brunswick, Ga., to San Diego, Calif:

The suggestion doubtless originated in his own vast and

lucrative operations as a planter and in his perfectly

natural desire to market his crops to the best advantage.

He realized far in advance of his time the importance to

the South of cultivating trade relations with the Orient.

So impressed was he with the wisdom of the proposed

route that he delivered a number of speeches upon the

subject both in and out of Congress and wrote a number

of articles for the press. He was a man whose reputa

tion was country-wide and whose influence was felt in

national affairs. There is no doubt that he helped to

GLTTNIT

615

mold public opinion and to pave the way for the final consummation of the stupendous project. But the iron horse as a factor in commerce was still new. The popu lar mind was almost dazed by the thought of such an undertaking.
As early as 1849 Mr. King sat for Ms portrait. It is still in existence and represents him with pencil in hand demonstrating on a globe the advantages of the proposed route and indicating the various points through which the line was to pass. He was willing for posterity to sit in judgment upon him, and for this reason he was not loath to he identified with his favorite scheme upon the enduring canvas. Today the continent is spanned by four magnificent highways of steel. With the building of the new line from Birmingham to Brunswick, his dream "was literally fulfilled, save only in one particular. Los Angeles, instead of San Diego, was made the termi nal point on the far Pacific slope. Bnt when the idea of a trans-continental railway was first advanced, Los Angeles 'was only an obscure little pueblo where Indian trails crossed and was not dignified with a place on the map until fifty years later. Over the grave of Mr. King, on St. Simon's Island, the leaves have fallen for more than half a century; but his judgment has been triumph antly vindicated. It is an item of some interest to notein this connection that the district of which Brunswick is the chief commercial centre was represented by Mr. King in Congress, first from 1839 to 1843, and afterwards from 1845 to 1849; and that during a part of this time two of his brothers, Andrew and Henry, -were in Congress with him as representatives from other States. Mr. King was a native of Massachusetts. He was at one time sent to Europe by the United States government in the interest of direct trade between the two opposite shores of the North Atlantic.

The Tomb of Thomas Butler King.

Volume II.

616 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

The Story of the Dodge Millions.

Volume II.

Hopeton. ,Some fifteen miles from the mouth of the Altamaha River was one of the most famous
rice plantations in Georgia: Hopeton. It belonged originally to two noted planters of the Georgia coast, John Couper and James Hamilton, whose operations were for years combined. In the final adjustments, this superb old estate passed to the descendants1 of the latter, but, in ante-bellum days, it was chiefly associated with the name of James Hamilton Couper, under "whose mod ern scientific management, it became one of the best known plantations in the Southern States. The happiest phases of life under the old regime were here typified; and much of the progress since made in agricultural economics was anticipated at Hopeton by slave labor at least two decades before the "war. Mr. Couper, after graduating "with the highest hono-rs of Yale, traveled for some time abroad. Wherever he went he gathered ideas to be put into practical effect upon his return home. The system of flood-gates which he established at Hopeton proved to be so efficacious that damage by freshets was something unknown. It became the model for the whole Atlantic seaboard.
To the cultivation of the soil he applied the latest methods. He sought also to develop indigenous or native plants to the highest state of perfection. He planted orchards "which made him famous. He was one of the pioneers of Georgia in the extensive cultivation of cane, converting his immense crops into sugar and molasses. In 1829, he erected the most complete sugar mills in the Southern States. He also successfully cultivated the olive. As a planter he was at least half a century in advance of his time. He even anticipated the manufac ture of oil from cotton seed. At great cost he collected one of the largest libraries in America. Sir Charles

GrLYKN

617

Lyalt, F. B. S., who was once a guest at Hopeton, ex pressed his amazement at the collection, which contained Atidubon's Birds, Michaud's Forest Trees, Catlierwood'a Antiquities of So^itli America, and many other STimptnously illustrated folios, some of which could not "be dupli cated. Quite an important part of this splendid library is still in the possession of his son, Major James M. Couper, of Atlanta. But there were other proofs of his marked intellectual and social attainments; and Prederica Bremer, the Swedish novelist, in speaking of the cultured planter, whom she visited when in America, declared that in urbanity and grace of conversation he reminded her of Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Bethel. Another extensive plantation on the Altamaha River was Bethel, the handsome old country-
seat of the Tisons, where a bountiful hospitality was dispensed in ante-bellum days. It is a fact of some interest that for years after the war, Bethel was the only estate in Glynn County which preserved amid changed conditions the semi-regal life of the old Southern regime. There "was no reduction in the vast acreage cultivated by the owner at the close of the Civil War. Most of the slaves refused to quit the service of a Mud master to avail themselves of an unwelcome release from bondage, preferring to remain on the estate where a shelter was provided for them in old age and where there was more of real happiness to be enjoyed in a freedom of slavery than they could possibly hope to find in a slavery of freedom. Sea-island cotton, sugar cane, rice, corn, and other products were cultivated in vast quantities at Bethel. The late owner, ,T. M. B. Tison, was famed for his manifold acts of generosity; and even to the present day traditions of his kindness still abide like a lingering incense around the hearthstones of Grlyrm. No one ever appealed to him in vain. A.t the time of his death, notes

618 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND L
to the value of $50,000 were found by his executors among his papers. These notes represented various sums of money advanced to unfortunate debtors who were never pressed for payment. Eight miles from Bethel was the summer home of the Tisons: Coleridge, an estate still owned by the Tisons where several generations of the family lie buried.
Some of the numerous other plantations on the Altaniaha River "were Evelyn, ISTew Hope, Altama, Broad Fields, Eliza Fields, and others which exist today only in the memories of a vanished but splendid era. At Evelyn are still to be seen the ruins of an old Spanish fort or chapparel built of tabby, the origin of "which is veiled in obscure traditions. There are also a number of Indian mounds in the neighborhood showing that in former times an important band of the Creek Indians must have dwelt on the site of this old plantation. Bnt the materials of romance abound everywhere in Glynn.
The German Village. Situated at the extreme southeast ern end of St. Simon's Island was
''The German Village", at which place some of the Salzburgers who came to Georgia settled. An old slave market was once prominent in the heart of the village, and through the medium of this obscure place many a ship load of negroes "was smuggled into the Colony of Georgia. The daring Captain du Bignon's boat often landed here, sailing1 away, "with only the erew on board. Nothing is left of this once active place to recall the memories of pirate days when slave vessels landed on St. Simon's from the African shores.
Fort St. Simon's. At the southern extremity of the island, near the site of the present
lighthouse, Oglethorpe established a fort in 1735 to com-

jiiand the waters of Jekyl Sound. It was destined to play an important part in the wars against the Spaniards. Close to the fort were located the barracks, while, in the near-by waters, somewhere in the vicinity of the present docks, were gathered the vessels of the two great world powers of the eighteenth century: Spain and England, to contest for the mastery of the North American conti nent. The locality is today occupied by summer hotels. The fort has long since crumbled to the ground; but the old foundations are somewhere underneath the garden plot, adjacent to the Arnold House; and, from time to time, fragments of the ancient structure are still up heaved by the plowshare, disclosing an occasional relic of unusual interest.
Jekyl Island: Just to the south of St. Simon's Island, A Mecca for on the Georgia coast, lies another island, Millionaires. famous throughout the length and
breadth of the country as the winter resort of eastern millionaires. Oglethorpe named it Jekyl Island, in honor of Sir Joseph Jekyl, an eminent English statesman. It was acquired during the-early part o):' the last century by Christopher Poulaine du t>igTiori, :i native of Bordeaux, in France, and a member of the royal navy, who fled to the United States upon thedownfall of the Napoleonic power. His grandson, Joseph du Bignon, an extensive planter of sea island cotton, after making himself the sole owner of the property by pi?7-chasmg the interests of the other heirs, here organ ized the famous "Jekyl Island Club," an organization composed of some of the wealthiest men of the North and Ka.st and said to be the greatest out-of-town club in the world. The island is plentifully stocked with game, is beautified with many artistic summer homes, possesses handsome driveways, and annually, during the winter season, becomes a mecca of resort for the men of millions who here enjoy a ceaseless round of sport. The island

620 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
is not open to the general public but is touched daily by boats en route to Femandina and Cumberland.

Exploding an Old Myth of Jekyl Island.

Volume II.

Brunswick. Brunswick, the county-seat of G-lynn, named for the royal house of England, was
first declared a port of entry in 17C3--more than twelve years before the ^Revolution. The town is located on a peninsula, 'where it occupies the site of an estate formerly owned by Mark Carr, a wealthy freeholder of Colonial times. His tract of land in this locality contained 1,000 acres. By order of the Council of State and with the consent of Mr. Carr, this body of land "was afterwards exchanged for an equivalent area further inland. Bruns wick was first incorporated as a town in 1837, but the charter lapsed in the course of two years, and in 1856 the charter under which the city is today governed was granted. Perhaps the finest natural harbor on the South Atlantic coast is at Brunswick. It is deep enough to accommodate with safety the largest ocean steamers. The railway facilities of Brunswick put the town in communi cation with every part of the continent; and there is naught lacking in the way of signs to forecast a great future for Brunswick as a sea-port metropolis. The disastrous hurricane of 1893, with its train of accom paniments, only served to emphasize the latent power of recuperation possessed by a town whose peculiar advan tages of location are unsurpassed.*

On the outskirts of Brunswick, commanding a view of the wide marshes to the south and east, stands the
Authority: Capt. C. S. Wylly, of Brunswick, Ga.

THE

LAN/ER OAK,

ON

THIEE OF

OOGUULTTYSSNKKIINR,T" SIMOMFOBRRTUANLISZWEDICKB,Y

FTAHCEINGPOTEHTE.

F*- AftR-Fl-AAM MEEOD

"MMAARRSSHHFESS

GLTNN

621

famous Lanier Oak under which the most gifted of Geor gia poets is supposed to have caught the inspiration for his world-renowned song: "The Marshes of Glynn." The tradition which associates this particular tree with the musmg's of the bard is verified by the testimony of personal friends of Mr. Lanier many of whom are still in life. Nor can any one stand on the site traditionally sacred to the authorship of this great poem without re calling those mellow lines, in which Genius walks the companion of Faith :
'' As the marsh-hen secretly builds on the watery sod. Behold I will "build me a nest on the greatness of God: I will fly in the greatness of God as the marsh-hen files In the freedom that fills all the space 'twist the earth
and the skies: By so many roots as the marsh-grass sends in the sod
I will heartily lay me ahold on the greatnes's of God: Oh, like to the greatness of God is the greatness within The range of the marshes, the liberal marshes of
Glynn."

Somewhat nearer the civic center, at a point where Albany and Prince street intersect, may be seen another land-mark of Brunswick: "Lover's Oak." This huge forest giant which has doubtless come down from a period of time beyond the birth of the Colony covers an extensive area of ground and pictures to the eye an ideal bower for love-making. The gnarled and twisted arms of the old tree, reaching almost to the ground, furnish a trysting-place in the truest sense Arcadian. Here Nature has bnilt a balcony of green for Juliet and reared a bower of shade for Rosalind. The visitor to Brunswick who fails to see Lover's Oak misses a sip of the real spiced wine of Romance.
In a little park, facing Newcastle street, near the court house, stands Oglethorpe monument, a handsome

622 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AWD
granite cross of Celtic design, unveiled in 1893 to the great philanthropist and soldier who founded the Colony of Georgia, On this occasion the address was delivered by Colonel AY. E. Kay, of "Brunswick. The inscription on the cross reads:
In memory of -Tames Edward Oglethorpe. Pounder of the Province, now the State., of Georgia. Soldier, Philanthropist and ".Lover 01 his fellow-man, most ard ently those of poor estate. Born 1696, Died 1785. Erected "by the efforts of Captain James Spalding- Wylly and the Erniiswiek Chapter of the Daughters' of the American Revolution.

Glynn's

To the County of Glynn belongs the

Distinguished honor of having given to the illustrious

Residents.

Founder of the Colony of Georgia the only

home owned by him in America. Within

two year.s after landing upon the bl nil's at Savannah.,

Oglethorpc established his permanent home at Fredcrica,

011 St. Simon's Island. Here, in the shadow of the fort

which overlooked the delta of the Altamaha, the great

soldier enjoyed the only tranquil moments which softened

his none too peaceful life in the Georgia wilderness.

For six years he was a resident of Glynn--from

1736 to 1742.'

Both the Wesleys lived for a while at Fred erica--

Charles, the great hymn-writer, and John, the renowned

theologian and founder of ^Methodism.

Here lived Thomas Spaldiug, a member of Congress

during the first decade of the nineteenth century, a

wealthy planter, and a prominent man of affairs. H =

was born on the site of Cglcthorpe's old home, and the

earliest biography of the Founder of the Colony came

from his pen. Spalding' County was named for this

pioneer patriot.

His father married a niece of General Laohlan Mc-

Intosh of the Revolution.

GLYNN

,

623

John Coupcr, a native of Scotland, established Ills - residence at-Cannon's Point, on St. Simon's Island. He
cultivated a number of rich sea island and river "bottom plantations, imported rare plants from abroad, reduced the science of agriculture to a fine art, and made experi ments fifty years in advance of the times.
His son, James II. Conper, who lived at Hopeton, on the Alt a ma ha, enjoyed an international reputation as a, man of letters. The letter's library "was one of the largest in .America, embracing several thousand volumes, some of which could riot be duplicated in Europe.
At Hampton 7 s Point, on 'St. Simon's1 Island, lived* Pierce Butler, a wealthy planter of the ante-bellum perioclj "who marriec] Kannie K>mblc, the noted actress.
The celebrated Aaron Burr WHS for "weeks a guest of ilajor Butler, the former's distinguished .errandfather.
On tho lower end of St. Simon's Island--not far from the present light hon-e--at a place "which he ealled "1-lfA reai, " li^d Thomas Butler Iving, a wealthy planter, a member of Congress, and a far-sighted man of affairs. Mr. "King was tho first to conceive the idea of a trans continental railway eystern.
William ~R. Dodge, the great, lumber baron, though never a permanent resident of Glynn, founded the town of St. Simon's, "where lie established extensive saw-mills. He owned largo bodies of land along the Altamaha Elver.
Two of G-corgia's ablest ante-bellum Judges lived in Brunswick. Judge Arthur E. Cochran and Judge "W. M. Sessions. The former was the first Judge of the Bruns wick circuit.
ITero also lived the distinguished Judge John TJ. Harris, a member of the Secession Convention.
AVilliavn G-. I 7 raritley. one of the ablest representatives sent, by Gcoi'gia to Congress since the war, lives here.
Brvmswick was1 nlso for years the home of the Atkinsojis--Spencer I?, and Samuel O.. both occupants of the l)ench of the Supreme Conrt of Georgia, on which for merly; sat an honored grandfather, Charles J. McDonald.

624 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND

GORDON

Created by Legislative Act, February 13, 1850, from Floyd and Cass
Counties, both originally Cherokee. Named for Hon. William Washington
Gordon, of Savannah, the first President of the Central of Georgia and one of the most distinguished pioneers of internal improvements. Calhoun, the county-seat, named for the illustrious John C. Calhoun, of south Carolina.

Resaca: 'Where

The town of Besaca, in the upper

Sherman Lost 5,000 part of Gordon, was named for the

Men.

famous field of the Mexican War

on which G-eneral Zachary Taylor,

on May 9, 3846, with an inferior force, gained a decisive

victory over the Mexican Army under General Arista.

Here, in the spring- of 1864, the name of the town was

still further enriched with the associations of victorious

valor. Says Lawton B. Evans: "Sherman with a part of

his army, exceeding- in numbers the 'whole of Johnston's

force made an attack on him at Dalton; and at the same

time sent a large body of troops to Eesaea, eighteen miles

South, to destroy the railroad and to cut the Confederates

off from their supplies of food. Johnston could not spare

enough men to meet the force and was compelled to

retreat to Eesaea. Here Sherman attacked him again,

but lost 5,000 men in the battle which continued two days,

May 14th and 15th. Finding that he could not crush

Johnston, he again sent troops around to the south

toward Calhoun and forced Johnston to retreat to Cass-

ville." Says Prof Joseph T. Derry: "At this place,

Johnston hoped to fight a decisive battle. There was

heavy skirmishing during the day and the Confederate

soldiers were eager to decide at once the issue of cam

paign. But the judgment of Hood and Polk was against

fighting a defensive battle at this point."

New Echota: The Last Capital of the Cherokees.

Page 170.

1 History of Georgia for Schools, p. 288, New York, 1904. 3 Story of the Confederate States, p. 344, Richmond, 1898.

'"" " ~ " " -
Where the First Newspaper in Cherokee, Georgia, was Published.
Under the Lash: Incidents of the Removal.
Harriet Gould: A Romance of New Echola.
Sequoya: .The Modern Cadmus.

QOBDON

'" .

625

Page 174. Page 176. Page 183. Page 190.

In Cupid's Net. Just before the removal of the Oherokecs, when the United States troops were sta
tioned at New Ech'ota, a young pale-face officer became enamored of an Indian girl. One day they rode to the Big Spring which was about two miles from the towu. The soldier "was mounted on a fiery charger; the maiden oil an Indian pony. The officer's spirited animal had long been the envy of the Indians who saw him; and when ready to return from the spring, the girl begged to be allowed to ride him back home. Her lover demurred, but she pleaded; and finally he consented. Eight nimbly she mounted, but for some reason she decided to change bridles. No sooner were they slipped from the wild animal's neck than the horse realized his freedom and was off like an arrow. The almost frenzied lover threw himself on the pony and started in hot pursuit, dreading every hill and turn, lest he should find the mangled body of his inamorata. But he did not overtake her until lie reacted New Ectoota and found her at her father's home. The horse had run the entire distance,

626 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
but the girl declared that it \vn.s the boat ride she liad ever taken."

Lingering

Some few years ag'o there stood on tlio

Land-marks of site of Nov.' Kehota, n part of the old

the Cherokees. council bouse in which the Oherokees

assembled to discuss iiaiionai affairs;

while, in a field o cotton iienr by, there sv.rv.ived after

the lapse of seventy-five years a -walnut tree raider wliicli

iinportartt committee meeting's were formerly held. In

this same neighborhood was located tin: block-house, a

structure built of her-m logs, in which .lohn IToward

Payne was held, a prisoner.

Most of the houses occupied by Ihe ('herokees were

hnilt of log's. But in somo of the later structures plank

was used. One of these--tlio home of Eiias Boiidinot,

editor of the Phoenix--was standing1 in 1900. It. was ;i,

two-story bnilding-, witli a rock chimney on the out-side;

while it contained within a miinber of book-slielves arid

closets.

If the local traditions are trustworthy, it was in the

neighborhood of New Echota that the famous ball game

was played, the. result of which settled the old boundary

line dispute between the Oherokees and the Creeks. The

former claimed jurisdiction over the hill country of

G-eorg'ia. as far south as the Cliattahoochee River. Ac

cordingly the issue was submitted io \ rial by combat in

this somewhat novel and unique Jiifiiiii'"-. 'loth sides pre

pared for the contest which was witjirssinJ in due season

by hundreds oE excited spectators. But the S.!r,-vokues won.

So the boundary line was drawn at the, T'liattahoochee

Hiver, and. there was no further strife botsveen the two

powerful tribes over this vexed question.

Though no record has ever been found of the ball

game, the tradition in regard to it. is persistent.

newspaper article on Kow I^cuoUi. b^ Maggie V. Tliornton.

GoiinoN

627

There are .still exlant slories ol' the depredations com mitted by two outlaws who murdered a prominent Indian by the name of Hicks. The killing took place at a green corn dance on a plot of ground which is now withiji the western limits of Calhoun. What became of them no one knows. Z'lut they used to live in a cave near the month of Oothcaloga Creek. ]t was on a steep bluff arid to reach tlie entrance it was necessary to climb to the top by means of the brooiu sedge which grew upon the almost perpen dicular walls.

Old Indian Hi loquoy, on tlie Tennessee road, was the site Settlements, of a British agency during- the Revolution,
conducted by John Waters. It continued for a number of years to be a favorite gathering place of tlie Indians.
Oostanaida was oL iiite a large town in 1791. .But the residents of [his place? were decidedly hostile to the Americans.
Oothcaloga was the residence of the Adairs. The Indians arc said to have lived better here than in any other part of the Cherokoe nation, but the settlement was sparsely inhabited.

Original Settlers. As given )>y "White, the original settlers
of Gordon were: John B. Adams, IX G-. King, A. Stroup, T. O. T>hillips, Uriah Phillips, AV. IT. Bailey, (!. Kinman, William f'urtis, N. Grant, James Shelnot, Joseph Wilson, I!. 8. Gardne]', T. B. Rliockley, M. Vandivier, I). "Morrow, Jesse Swain, Oliver C. Wyley, Martin Duke, Colonel l^awson, 1). S. Ijaw, James W\ Strange, George StoAvart, Dr. Gideon. D. R. Barrette, Dr. Wall, James "Long-street, Colonel Adams and J. R. Knolt.

628 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
To the foregoing list may be added Joshua Daniel, who moved to North Georgia from Lincoln, settling first in Floyd and afterwards in Gordon.

On November 12, 1850, at Calhoun, was held the first session of the Superior Court. The following pioneer citizens were sworn as Grand Jurors: Alexander Stroup, Foreman, Uriah Phillips, Joseph L. Neel, B. Lowry, M. Boaz, D. D. Roany, A. G. B. Vandiveu, ID. Morrow, James H. Burch, Henry H. Pitman, Thomas Bird, Israel P. Bowen, S. T. King, D. G. King, William J. Fuller, Den nis Miller, Alexander Stewart, B. Kiker, sen., H. McOonnell, Tyilliam B. Chandler, James Moore, M. M. Douglass, Oliver C. "Wyley.
Charles Harves, a soldier of the Revolution, is buried somewhere in Gordon.

Dr. Mark A. Matthews, a distinguished Presbyterian divine whose church at Seattle is the largest and wealth iest on the Pacific slope, was horn in Calhoun. Dr. Mat thews seldom preaches to less than 5,000 people. In May 1912, he was chosen Moderator of tlie Northern General Assembly.

GRADY
Created by Legislative Act, August 17, 1905, from Thomas and Decatur Counties, both originally Early. Named for the brilliant orator and editor, Henry W. Grady, whose response to a toast at a banquet of the New England Society of New York, in the winter of 18S6, made Ii5s reputation international. He was not only a peace-maker between the sections but a captain of the great industrial cohorts of the South. Cairo, the county-seat, named for the ancient metropolis of the Nile, in Egypt.

How Grady Played Cromwell.

'^"7:^X^1;;^

Volume II.

GKADT

629

Historical It is more than likely that Hernando de Soto Traditions, on his famous expedition in search of gold, in
1540, first entered the territory of Georgia in wliat is now Grady County, traveling almost due northward from Tallahassee. Says Jones, Vol. I, History of Georgia: "On the fourth day the army encountered a deep river, for the passage of which it became necessary to construct a periagua. So swift 'was the current that a chain was stretched from bank to hank for the guidance of the craft. By this means the soldiers and the baggage were put across, and the horses directed in swimming the stream. We believe this to have been the Ochlochnee River.''

Original Settlers. See Decatur and Thomas, from which counties Gradv was formed.

To the list may be added: W. B. Koddenbery, J. L. Paulk, J. B. Wright, Ira Higdon, E. H. Harris, W. O. Jones, and J. A. Garney, who "were among the first set tlers to locate at Carlo; W. B. Hawthorn, E. E. Terrell, J. TJ. Peebles, C. B. Trulock, Z. Trulock, Martin Harrell, and Sampson Harrell, pioneers of "Wliigham; J. M. Blackshear, Henry Mitchell, and S. M. Beach, of Beachton; C. W. Maxwell, E. H. Maxwell, J. O. Darsey, and B. H. McNair, of Calvary; C. F. Eehherg, J. M. Sasser and J. J. Terrell, of Eeno; M. Pope, of Ochlochee; and Ij. TJ. Barwick of Pine Park*
ishea by Judge P. H. Herring. Ordinary

630

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
GRETCNF,
sliiUvy AvA, !<>.l>vuary 3, 1786, from "Washington county. Nathanael Oreene, of the Revolution. Next to the
Ler-in-Chief, Oeneral Greene was the foremost soldier st war for independence. He took command of the it in 1780 and was largely instrumental in expelling soreia soil. (See Mulberry Grove, page 108; Greene
jensrjoro, tlie county-seat, also named for Gen. Greene. county mbraced parts of five others, Hancock, Oeonee,

Greene in the Opened to settlement at the close of the Revolution. struggle for independence, the historic
county of Gri'eene became the abode of pioneers most of whom were veterans of the first war with England. These men inured to arms were wellsea,soned for the hardships of life 'On the frontier; but some of them escaped the fire of the British only to fall before the tomahawk of the murderous savages. It is doubtful if there is a county in the State whose soil is more thickly sown with heroic dnst; but most of the graves in which these heroes of seventy-six lie entombed --due largely to the unsettled conditions which prevailed for yeiirs on the border--are marked by no memorial headstones. But the spirit in which these men toiled-- after converting their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks--is perpetuated in a line of worthy descendants; and to one inquiring for the tomb of some ancestor who is here buried an answer might be given him in the epitaph of Sir Christopher Wren: "If you seek his monument look around you."
Ezekiel Evans Park, (1757-1826), a patriot of '76, lived on a plantation near Greensboro. He was a graduate of William and Mary College and was a man of culture. Mr. Park witnessed service in a number of engagements and was wounded at the battle of Gruildford C. H., in North Carolina.
Stephen (Jatlin, a private, was pensioned by the Fed eral government in 1834, while a resident of Greene.

G-BEENE

631

Thomas Pambrough, at the age- of 80, died in Greene. To quote an obituary notice : '' There is no doubt that he was in nine a:s tough battles as were ever fought ill the Revolution.''
Captain Joel Parish was another old soldier. He died on his plantation at the age of 73, one of the last of the heroic remnant who fought under Washington.

Alexander Gresliani died in Greene, on February 28, 1823, aged 70. He was an officer in the Revolution. At the outbreak of the war of 1812, though somewhat feeble, he was oue of the first of the Silver Grays to volunteer. The following incident is preserved : On the day of his death he wa,s uncommonly cheerful. While sitting, at dinner, application was made to him for assistance by a distressed traveller, whose wng'on was stalled near the house. The servants being all out of the way but one, he went himself to the scene of the accident; and after helping the stranger to get his conveyance up one hill he was preparing to ascend another, when he overtaxed his . strength. With his hand upon the wheel, he was making an effort to start the wagori, and while in this attitude he must have ruptured a blood vessel, for he dropped im mediately to his knees and expired in about one minute.
Major Davis Gresham was also a patriot of '76. Oliver Porter, a soldier of the Revolution, settled in Grreene at the close of hostilities. Tie was present at the surrender of Coruwallis. His son, Oliver S. Porter, Sr., became a soldier in the war of 1812. His grandson, Oliver S. Porter, Jr., was the founder of Porterdale, near Covrngton, Ga., at which place he built a number of cotton mills.
William Jackson, a soldier of the Revolution, lived and died in Greene. He was a native of England.
Another hero of independence was John McGough, a veteran of Brandywine and Saratoga. Twice wounded-- once with a saibre and once with a musket--he reached the

632

G-EOBGJA 's LANDMARKS, MBMOB3AT.S ANP IjEGBNDS

age of 86 years. Mr. .McGough was a native of the north of Ireland. His liorne was at "White Plains.
Michael Fjly, who for years kept a public tavern in Greene, was a soldier of the Revolution. His son, John "W. Ely, fought in the war of 1812. Arthur Foster and John "Wilson were also patriots in tlio Continental army.
Another veteran of the first war with England was Thomas Wright. Josepn "Wrig'ht, liis son, mnrried Mary, a daughter of the famous John Stark, who distinguished himself in the struggle for independence, hut unfor tunately, as the result of a quarrel, Mile;' a roan and dis appeared. "What "became of him no one evor know.
Mrs. Catherine Freeman, the widow of Colonel John Freeman, of the Rcvoliition, was living in Pcrrneld, in 1854, at the age of 86.

Adam Livingston, a native of the north of Ireland, grandfather of Congressman L. F. Tjiving'ston, came to America in 1760. He bore arms in the struggle for inde pendence, after which he removed first to Virginia and then to Georgia, settling in Greene County where his first wife was killed by the Indians while getting water at the spring. In 1805 the old veteran started to Kentucky, but died at Cumberland Gap while cu route. Thereupon the family returned to G-reene, where n plantation "was pur chased and a permanent home established. John Adams, a patriot of 76 settled in G-reene, at the close of the Revo lution, coming from Tar River, N". C. His sons, Robert and John, reared large families in this section. John "Walker, a. soldier under Washington, migrated from Vir ginia to Georgia early in 1800 and settled in Greene. His descendants are numerous, including the "Walkers of Hancock, Putnam, and "Walton.

GBEENB

633

One of Georgia's

Some time ag-o, in the Ordinary's

Oldest Documents. office at Greensboro, was found an

old bundle of parchment yellow with

age which proved on. examination to be one of Georgia's

very oldest documents. It contains the complete records

of the Court of T^and Oommissouers appointed by the

Royal Governor James "Wright to issue the"ceded lauds,"

by which name the tracts of land acquired from the

Creek and Ohcrokee Indians on the eve of the devolution

were known. The Governor's formal instructions given

at Augusta on November 19, 1773, are also included. Out

of the land which the commissioners issued under the

terms of these instructions was afterwards organized the

original comity of Wilkes ; and just why the document in

question happened to come to light in Q-reene when the

logical place for it was either hi the office of the Secretary

of State or in one of the Court Houses of the territory ori

ginally belonging' to AVilkcs is one of the unsolved conun

drums at present puzzling the minds of historical investi

gators. 111-. ,T. A. JjeContc, of Atlanta, lias recently made

a transcript of these records for .loseph Habersham

Chapter. They cover a period of two years.

Muster-roil of To protect the settlers against the repeat-

Dragoons,

ed incursions of the Indians, there was

organised a Militia Troop of Dra

goons, under the command of Captain Jonas Fouche,

which was destined to become famous, ait least in the

traditions of Middle Georgia. From an old muster roll,

dated February 25, 1794, a list of the members has been

obtained; and sinec it throws an important side-light

upon the history of the period, it is herewith reproduced,

ft is almost a complete roster of the prominent families of

Greene. The following members were enrolled :

Jonag Fouehe, Captain, Peyton Smith, Cornet, George Phillips, Sergeant,

Charles Watts, Terrauce Byron, Joseph White,

634 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AWD LEGENTJS

William Browning, Sergeant, Uharlcs Harris, Corporal, John Toung, Corporal, Samuel B. Harris, Ti'm-npeter, William Heard, "Farrier, Samuol M. Devcreaux, John Harrison, Abiier Fanner, Is.'tae Stocks, Samuel Dale, .losiah McDonald, Jess'o Standi-fer, Williui^ Scott, Arthur Foster, William George, .John Capps, \ricajnh Wall, Robert Patrick, .TPSSP .Jcnkins,

James McGuire, Kobert Finley, William Curry, Joseph Shaw, John Pinkerd, Little B- Jenkins, Presly Watts, Theodore Scott, Robert Watson, Henry Potts, Dennis Lynch, Skelton Standifer, Joseph Heard, James' Moor, Humphrey Gibson, Robert Grinatt, George Eeid, Douglas Watson, George Owen.

Early's Manor:

On a bluff: of land overlooking- the

The Old Home of an Oconee "River, near Scull Shoals,

Illustrious Governor, rest tlie mortal ashes of Peter

Ea.rly, one of the most noted of

G-eorg'ia 's aiTte-bellntii statesmen. I~Ie sleeps on land

which once belonged to the old family homestead. But

the handsome 'brick residence which formerly crowned the

eminence was long ago destroyed by fire, "while the family

burial ground of the Karly's today forms part of Mr.

At. Li. Bond's horse and cow lot.* The little cemetery is a

parallelogram, eighteen feet in leng'th by twelve feet in

width and is enclosed by a brick wall live feet in height,

one corner of which has crumbled to the ground. On the

yellow marble headstone which marks the last resting

place of Gov. Karly--a slab some three feet and six

inches high.--appears the following inscription :

Here lies the body oJ: Peter Early who died on the 15th of August, 1817, in the 45th year of his age.

* Letter from Mr, Bond to the author of this work, dated Oct. 25, 1912.

GREENB

635

There are two other graves on the lot. One of these is occupied by Mrs. Ann Adams Sherwood. She was Gov. Early's -widow. Subsequent to her first Irasband's death, she married the noted pioneer Baptist preacher, Dr. Adiel Sherwood. I3ut she jived only a short while after contracting wedlock a second time. In the grave beside her sleeps an infant daughter, whose death pre ceded the mother's by only six months. The inscription on the tomb of Mrs. Sherwood reads :

Gfov. Early's old home place was located 20 miles south of Athens, 2 miles north-east of Wrayswood, 9 miles south-west of Maxey's, and 8 miles east of Farmington. The Early plantation is owned by Messrs. F. K. and W. G. Griffith, of Athens. Only a small part of the original estate belongs to Mr. Bond, who boiight the par cel of land on which the old Governor lies buried. The grave 5s some 200 yards from where the mansion former ly stood and is less than thirty feet distant from the Oconee River, on a high point of land, which is never inundated by freshets. "We quote the following paragraph from Dr. Georg'e G. Smith. Says he:* "The Governor's father, Joel Early, came from Virginia and purchased a very large body of land on the Oconee River, where he located what he called Early's Manor, in -which lie maintained the style of an old English baron. His will is on record and is a document of unique interest. It gives direction, not only as to the distribution of his property but as to methods for pruning his apple orch ards and for resting his fields. He bequeathed his land to trustees to be given to his favorite sons wtten they -were
* Story of Georgia and the Georgia People, Atlanta. 1900.

636 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
thirty-six years old. Two of Ms boys lie disinherited, one for extravag'ance, the other for disrespect."

Tombs of Two In the town cemetery at Greensboro Noted Senators. rest two distinguished Georgians, both
of whom wore the toga of the TJnited States Senate, besides i]lustrating Georgia on the Super ior Court Bench: Thomas ~W. Cobb and William C. Dawson. They are both, memorialized by counties, in addition to which both rest in graves which are most substantially marked. (See Historic Church-yards and BurialGrounds, Vol. 2).

Penfield: The Cradle of Mercer University.

Volume II.

The Methodist Schism of 1844: Greene's Part in the Great Rupture.

Volume II.

The Dawson Judge Dawson was twice married, first, Family Record, in 1820, to Henrietta, daughter of Dr.
Thomas Wingfield; and, second, in 1850, to Eliza M. Williams, a widow, of Memphis, Tenn.
His eldest son, William Heid Dawson, died while a student at the University of Georgia, in the junior class. The second child 'was Henry M. Dawson, who died at the age of three years. ISText came George Oscar Dawson, who became a lawyer of Greensboro and frequently rep resented the County of Greene in the State Legislature. The fourth child was Henrietta Wlngfield, who became the wife of Joseph. B. Hill, of ColnrnbTis.
Edgar Gilmer Dawson, the fifth child, married the only daughter of Dr. William Terrell, of Sparta, an

GBEBNB

637

eminent physician and member of Congress. Soon after being admitted to the bar, Mr. Dawson moved to Colum bus.
Eimma Caledonia, the sixth child married Edward W. Seabrook of South Carolina, the nephew of Gov. Seabrook.
Luoien Wingfield Dawson, the seventh and last child, became a lawyer of Greensboro and married Eliza, daughter of George Dent, of Athens.*

On the court-house square in Greensboro stands a handsome monument erected by the patriotic women of Greensboro to the gallant Confederate dead. The monu ment was formally unveiled on April 26, 1898, at which time the address of the occasion was delivered by Lucian Lamar Knight, E>sq., of Atlanta. The speaker was pre sented to the audience by Hon. James B. Park, after wards Judge of the Ocmulgee Circuit.

Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of G-reene, were: Thomas Horton,
Davis Gresham, William Fitzpatrick, Henry Graybill, Oliver Porter, John Bailey, Charles Cessna, Thomas Baldwin, M. Rabun, John George, Alexander Reid, Michael Rogers, David Dickson, Walton Harris, Peyton Smith, Ezekiel E. Park, Peter Curtwright, G. W. Fos ter, John Amour, Major Poullain, Jesse Perkins, Joel Newsome, James Armstrong', Thomas Harris, and Ma jor Beasley.
To the above list, Dr. Smith adds the Abererombies, the Dales, the Fouches, and the Brewers.
* Stephen P. Miller, in Bench and Bar of Georgia, Vol. I.

638 GEORGIA'S LAJXTDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Thomas Hart, the grandfather of Judge John O. Hart, was also among' the pioneers. Likewise "William Janes, Obediah Copelaii, McKiimey H"owcll, A rchibald Perking, John C. Wood, Dr. James Nisbet, John Dolvin, the Da vises, the Mc:Whorters, the Lewises, etc.
The first resident of Grecne to leave a will on record was Joseph Smith, a surveyor. Mis estate comprised: 17. t:owR; 4 horses, 3 -Biblos, 3 Testaments, 0 sermon books, a .number of surveying- instruments, and 4 1-2 yards of gray cloth. The first Grand Jury was constituted as follows: Thomas Harris, foreman ; David Love. "Walton Harris, David Greslumi. John A. !M tiler, William Fitzpatrick, William Heard, JNJose.s 81j.ol.by, James Jcnkins, Joseph White, IZobert Baldwin, William She! by, Jcsso Connell, Jose})h Spradling-, and William Daniel.

Greene's

"Years ago, J udge I3nj$enius -A - Nisbet--

Distinguished then a member of the Supreme Coiu-t of

Residents.

Georgia- sundo the remark thnV no count}'

in the State \vas more prolilio in men of

note than the conn.ty of Ureeiie and even the mo^t casual

glancf* at the records will ^"nffiec to make obvious the

truth of this statement.

The illustrious jurist himself was; a native of Gveene.

Judge Nisbet, besides occupying- a sent on the Supreme

Bench, represented Georgia in Comvress and wrote the

Ordinance of Secession, .lie was one of Georgia 7 s purest

public men.

Dr. T.jovJc;k Pierce w;i:- a resident of Oreene, during

the early days of his ministry; and here at the old Foster

place, near Greensboro--the great orator of Methodism,

Bishop George 1\ Fierce, ^yas born.

General J:Ing'h A.. Tiara Is on, a member of Congress

and an officer in the State militia, was a native of Groene.

Here lived the great Thomas W. Cobb, statesman and

jurist, vrho represented Georgia in the United States

Senate, and for whom the county of Cobb was1 named.

GHHENF,

639

Sere lived Judge i'Vaneis II. Gone, an eminent lawyer, whose personal encounter witli Mr. Stephens on the steps of the old Atlanta Hotel, in 1844, was one of the most dramatic- episodes of ante-bellum politics.
Greensboro was also the home of the noted William C. Dawson, who served Georgia on the bench, in the national House of Representatives and in the Senate of the United States. l)a\vson County was named in his honor.

Dr. Francis Cunimius, a soldier of the Revolution and a noted Presbyterian divine, the tutor of Andrew Jackson came to Georgia at an early period and was pastor of a church in Grecrie for twenty-three years. ITe died of influenza, on the day after preaching his farewell sermon to the congregation 1 *r. < 'nmrnhis was a native of Penn sylvania .
Judge Thomas Stocks, one of the founders of Mercer, was a native of Greensboro. Tie first saw the light of day in one of the log forts.bruit to protect the frontier. Jndge Stocks jived to be an octogenarian.
The celebrated Judge l^ongstreet lived at one time in (Jreeiishon; ; where he married "Miss KUizabeth Park.
Governor Peter Marly- one of the greatest of Georg'ui's ante helium public men- -was a, resident of G-reeuc. His borne was at Scnll Shoals on the east bank of th' Oconec Klver. Here the distinguished statesman and jurist lies buried.
Thomas Irdoiirnoy Foster, a noted lawyer and legis lator of the ante-bellum days, lived here. He was sent to Congress while a resident of Greene and, after removing to Columbus, was again elected to a seat in the national House of Uepresentatives.
The following anecdote of Mr. Poster is preserved in White's Historical Collections of Georgia: "A plain citizen from a distant county visited Milledgeville about the commencement of the session of the Legislature and,

640 G-EOBGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
on his return home a neighbor inquired about the oranization and asked who -was elected speaker. The artless reply was 'A little frisky hard-favored, pop-eyed man from Greene was the speaker, for he was nearly all the time speaking, while the man whom he called the Speak er, higher up in a chair, did nothing but say--' The gentle man from Greene.' "
Here lived Miles W. Lewis, long a member of the General Assembly of Georgia and R. TJ. MeWTiorter, for years a power in politics.
Judge Henry T. Lewis, who occupied a seat on the Supreme bench of Georgia and who put William J. Bryan in nomination for President at Chicago, in 1896, lived in Greensboro.
Julius O. Alford, a member of Congress, famous at one time as "the old war horse of Troup," spent his boyhood days in Greene.
Bishop James O. Andrew, the martyr-bishop of Meth odism, lived for a short period in Greensboro; and here he married the widow Greenwood from "whom he acquired the slave property which rent Methodism asunder in 1844.
Yelverton P. King-, a distinguished legislator, who was at one time Charge d'Affairs in one of the South American countries, was a resident of Greensboro.
The great Jesse Mercer lies buried at Penfield where Mercer University was loca,ted prior to the Civil War; and here at one time resided Nathaniel M. Crawford and John TJ. Dagg, both eminent Baptist theologians. Billington M. Sanders, the first president of the institution, also resided here; and Shaler G\ Hillyer, Shelton P. Sanford, J. E. Willet, and Patrick H. Mell--all noted educators-- were at one time residents of Penfield.
Dr. Adiel Sherwood, while serving the Greensboro Baptist church, in 1829, published his famous1 Gazetteer.

r

GWINJSTETT

641

Archibald Henry Scott, an eminent educator, taught school for quite a while at Greensboro, where tlie future bishop of Methodism, G-eorge F1 . Pierce, was among- Ms pupils.
He was the fath er of tlie ripe scholar and man of letters, Or. "William T. Scott, wh_o founded and edited Scott's Magazine, an .Atlanta periodical of the early seventies.
Judge -John C- I.Tart, a distinguished former AttorneyGeneral of Georgia, was born in Grreene, near his present home at Union .Point.
Here Jived Nathaniel G. Foster, a member of Congress and a noted Baptist divine; also his brother, Albert G. Poster, a. jurist of note.
Four counties in Georgia have been named for resi dents of Greene, viz., Klarly, Cobb, .Dawson and .Elaralson. Two United States Senators Jived jn Greene, viz., Oobb and Dawson ; eight members of Congress, viz., Early, Cobb, Nisbet, JDawson, Ilaralson, A]ford and the two Fosters, Thomas F. and Xathaniel G.; two bishops of the Methodist church. Pierce and Andrew; two judges of the Supreme Court., Nlsbet and .Lewis ; one G-overnor of Georgia, Peter Early; and a number of strong judges of the Superior Court.

GWINNETT
Crea-ted by Legislative Ac;!., LJecembcv 15, 1818, out of treaty lands acquired, from the Cherokeos in the same year. Named for Button Gwinnett, one of tlie signrs of the Ueclaruiion of Independence, from Georgia. Lawrenceville, the countyea l, named for Cuplain James Lawrence, of the Chesapeake, who fell mortally wounded on board his ship, on June 1, 1813. His lust words have since become historic: "Don't give up the ship!"
Gwirmett's Earliest On the court-house square ill the Martyrs: A Monu- town, of 1 jawrenceviJle, there stands ment Which Tells n. monument which the people of this of Two Tragedies. community erected in 1836 to com
memorate a double-sacrifice which was made at this time by the county of Gwinriett upon

642 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the altar of patriotism. There is nowhere in the State a shaft of marble around which gathers a more pathetic story; and to the youth of the town it has ever been the most powerful incentive to heroic deeds. On one side of the monument is chiseled the following inscription:
This monument is erected by friends to the memory of Captain James C. Winn and Sergeant Anthony Bates, Texan "Volunteers, of this village, who were taken in honorable combat, at Goliad, Texas, and shot by order of the Mexican commander, March 27, 1836.
The following inscription appears on the side opposite:
To the memory of Ensign Isaac Lacy, Sergeant James C. Martin, and privates William M. Sims, John A. V. Tate, Kobert T. Holland, James H. Holland, brothers; Henry W. Peden, and James M. Alien, members of the Gwimiett company of mounted volunteers, under the command of Captain H. Garmany, who were slain in battle with a party of Creek Indians, at Shepherd's, in Stcwart County, Ga., June 9, 183(5. Their remains rest beneath this mormmeTit.
The story of the brutal massacre of Fannin's men at Goliad is elsewhere told. Captain Winn, on the first call to arms, "went to the relief of the distressed Texans, ac companied by his boyhood's companion, Anthony Bates, who perished with him in Fannin's devoted band. The remains of the victims were left unburied in the neighbor hood of the mission where they were shot by order of Santa Anna. Three months later occurred the second holocaust, whereupon a town meeting; \vas held in Lawrenceville; and, on motion of Colonel N. L. Ilutchins, it was decided to erect a monument to the memory of these gallant men: G-winnett's earliest martyrs.

GWINNETT

643

Button Gwinnett was a native of England, where he was born in 1732. Coming to America only four years in advance of the Revolution, lie located first in Charleston, S. 0., after which he purchased St. Catharine's Island and settled on the coast of Georgia. Due largely to the influence of Dr. Lyman Hall, a fellow-citizen of the Parish of St. John, he espoused the patriotic cause, and, together with Dr. Hall and George "Walton, while serving in .the Continental Congress, he signe'd the Declaration of Independence for Georgia. He was also a member of the Council of Safety, and, on the death of Archibald Bulloch, became President and Commander-in-Chief of Geor gia. ^Vhile occupying this office, on May 16, 1777, he fought a duel with General Ijachlen Macintosh, a rival for military honors; and, receiving in this en counter a mortal wound, he breathed his last, within a few days after the fatal exchange of shots. He was doubtless buried in the old Colonial Cemetery at Savan nah, since he was living at the seat of government, when the unfortunate affair with Mclntosh took place, and it was on the outskirts of Savannah that tho hostile meeting occurred. But when an effort "was made to find the body of Button Gwinuett, in order to place it under the monu ment to the Signers, in Augusta, the grave of the old patriot could not be located.

Original Settlers. Elisha Winn settled in what is now the
county of Gwinnett as early as 1800, coming to this State from Virginia. Nathan L. Hutchins, a native of South Carolina, who afterwards became a Judge of the Superior Court, settled in Gwinnett when the county was first opened. The noted Simrnons family was also established in Gwinnett at an early period; and with the first tide of immigrants came--the Baughs, the Borings, the Kings, the Howells, the Stricklands, the Anthonys, the Baxters, and the Grahams. The list of

644 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
early settlers also Includes : Madison H. Mitehell, Asahel B. Smith, J. G. Park, Hines Holt, S. McMullin, Noah Strong1, William. Maltbie, Richard Lester, "William Nesbitt, William McDaniel, Levi M. Cooper, "Egbert M. Brand, Isaac Hamilton and others.
White, in liis Statistics of Georgia, gives quite a lengthy list of Gwinnett county pioneers who attained to phenomenal years. The number includes John. Davis, "who joined the church, when, ho was- 99 and who lived to be 110; George Wilson, who reached the century mark; a Mr. Hunt and a Mrs. Shaddock, both of whom lived to be 100; John McDade, who registered 95; George Thrasher, whose span of life reached 93; and Stephen Harris, who died at the age of 90. Besides these, there "were still living" in Gwinnctt, when the volume from which we quote went to press, in 1849, a Mrs. McCree, who was then in her ninety-fourth years, and Nathan Dobhs, T,eonard Willis, and Thomas (.'ox, three old patriarchs, each of whom "was 92.
Major C. H. Thorn, a patriot of '76, is buried some where in Gwinnett. Wm, McRig'ht, a private in the .Revo lutionary ranks, was granted a Federal pension while a resident of this county in 1837.

Gwinnett's

Major Charles II. Smith, the noted hu-

Distinguished inorist, was "born in Gwinnett. He re-

Residents,

moved to Rome in 185'1 for the pi*actice

of law, and still later established his resi

dence at Cartersville, where he spent the remainder of

his days.

Here lived two distinguished judges of the same name

who served on the Superior Court Bench of the Western

Circuit--Judge 1ST. L. Hutchins, Sr., who served from

1857 to 1868, and Judge N. L. Hutchins, Jr., who served

GrWINNETT

645

for a number of years beginning- in. 1882. Ala JOT Smith married a daugiiter o.F the elder Judge llutehins. The name is still worthily borne by a distinguished lawyer of Tjawrenceville, lion. N. TJ. JTutchins, who has represented Grwinnett in. the General Assembly of: Georgia.
The younger Judge Hntchins commanded the 2nd Georgia Battalion of Sharp Shooters during the Civil War.
Captain -Tames C. "Wiim, one of the martyrs of Goliad, went from. Gwinnett to Texas, where he perished in the brutal massacre of March 27, 1830, at, the famous Spanish mission, near San Antonio. His brother, Rich ard IX "Wirrrij was a distinguished resident of Gw'innett. The latter's son, Hon. Thomas l-O. Winn, represented Georgia in Congress from 189J to 189'*. Judge Samuel J. Winn, a well-known lawyer and jurist of Lia.\v.reneevil]c\ was the father of Atlanta's well-known mayor--TTon. Courtland S. Winn.

Brigadier-General Gilbert J'. Wrright, a noted < 'onfed erate officer, was a, native of Gwhmett.
Colonel T-iOvick P. Thomas, who commanded 1 lie famous 4'2nd Georgia regiment in tlie battle of Atlanta and who afterwards held for years the office of sheriff in the county of Fulton, was born here.
Dr. James F. Alexander, a noted surgeon ? of Atlanta, who served in the Secession Convention, spent his 'boy hood days on a farm in Gwinnctt.
Here lived Hon. James P. Simmons, a noted author and a leader for years in Georgia politics. He was ;\ member of the Secession Convention, in which body he was one of the .six delegates who signed the celebrated ordinance under formal protest. Hon. W^m. E. Simmons, one of Georgia's ablest Constitutional lawyers lias been a resident of Lawrenceville since boyhood.
Colonel Tyler M. Peeples, a distinguished lawyer and publicist; Railroad ('ommissioiier J. A. Perry;

646 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Judg'e Charles EC. Brand, and other prominent Georgians, live here; and Hon. John R. Cooper, of Macon, one of the best known criminal lawyers in the State--recently a popular candidate for Congress--was horn in Gwinnett.
HABERSHAM
acquired from the Cherokees in the same year. Named for Major Joseph H.abersham, an illustrious patriot of the Revolution, afterwards PostmasterGeneral in tne Cabinet of President Washington. Clarkesvllle, the countyseat, named for Governor John Clarke, of Georgia. Originally Habersham included White and a part of Stephens.
Major Joseph Habersbam, a native of Savannah, horn July 28, 1753, was the second son of the staunch old loyalist, James Habersliam, 'who, during- the absence of Governor "Wrignt in England, was placed at the helm of affairs. Joseph was an ardent patriot, despite his fath er's zealous attachment to the Crown. He was one of the six bold liberty boys, who broke open -the powder magazine in Savannah, on the night of May 1 1, 1.775 ; and, at still another time, in association with Captain Oliver Bowers, he commanded the first vessel equipped for naval warfare durng the American Revolution, and captured a schooner loaded with military supplies for the Royal government. ITe was a member of the Provincial Con gress which met in Savannah on July 4, 1775, a member of the Council of Safety, and, wlien the Georgia Battalion was organized, he was chosen Major.
In the drama of hostilities which followed, he bore a conspicuous part; and from 1785 to 1786 lie sat in the Continental Congress. He was also a .member of the Convention which ratified the Federal Constitution. President "Washington appointed him Postmaster Gen eral of the United States, an office which he filled until the inauguration of Mr. Jefferson, when he resigned to become President of the Branch Bank of the United

HABEBSHAM

647

States at Savannah. He died in the city of his birth, on November 17, 1815, leaving behind him an untarnished reputation. His two brothers, .John and .Tames1, were also distinguished patriots of the Revolution.

Tallulah Falls.

See Rabnn.

Six miles south-east of Clarksville stood the Chopped Oak, a land-mark famous in the traditions of the early settlers. It was a favorite rendezvous of the Indians and a place where a number of trails met. Here the red men recorded their trophies of battle and planned their savag6 exploits against the whites. For each scalp taken a gash was cut into the tree; and to judge from the ap pearance which the old oak presented when last seen, the Indians mnst have made life in this region a nightmare to the settlers. But the old land-mark has long- since disappeared.
Matthew Rhodes, a soldier of the Revolution, lies buried at Clarksville. He died on December 5, 1855, at an age not given, but the old patriot must have been a centenarian. Time has almost obliterated the inscription on the soft g'ranite slab, which "was evidently cut by an inexperienced hand from a rongh boulder. The g^rave stone will doubtless be replaced in time by a handsome marker. There are a number of Revolutionary patriots buried in Habersham, but they sleep in graves which can no longer be identified. Henry Halcomb and Charles Rickey, both privates, were granted Federal pensions while living in Habersham, the former in 3845, the latter in 1844.

648 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
In the old Methodist Church, yard in the town of C'l'arksville is the tomb of Richard W. Habersham, a member of the noted family of Savannah and a former representative from Georgia in Congress. The grave is "walled np roughly with granite rocks to a height of some two feet, in addition to "which there is also a head stone hearing this inscription:
The grave of Hon. Richard W. Habersham, M. G. Born, Pec. 10, 178G. Died, Bee. 2, 1842. Filii patri.

Colonel Gtarnett McMillan, a brilliant lawyer, who de feated Benjamin H. Hill for Congress but died without taking his seat, is 'buried in this same churchyard.

Two Splendid Piedmont College, at Demorest chartered

Schools.

in .1897 as the J. S. Green Collegiate In

stitute, is one of the best equipped plants

in the upper part of the State for the higher education of

youth. It w'as founded by the Kev. C. C. Spence, I). D.,

a former president of Young Harris College, who organ

ized it upon the model of the famous Methodist school at

Young Harris. It became Piedmont College in 1903. Dr.

Spencer's successors in office have been as follows: Eev.

J. C. Campbell, Eev. H. C. Newell and Dr. Frank K.

Jenkins. The growth of the institution has been marked.

In 1911 a, disastrous fire crippled the school; but in con

sequence of the temporary backset the friends of the col

lege applied themselves with intensified zeal to the work

of rehabitation. Recently a campus of one hundred acres

was acquired on the east side of the TalHilah Falls Rail

way; and to this beautifully wooded tract of land the

transfer of the college properties has already begun with

the erection of several handsome buildings on the new

HABERSHAM

649

site. In addition to the College proper there is also an academy in which young- pupils are prepared for the more advanced studies.

One of the iinest schools iu the State for the education of Georgia's mountain hoys and girls--though one of the youngest--ris the Tallulah Falls Industrial School, an in stitution established and maintained in this picturesque land of the sky by the Georgia Federation of Women's Clubs. Barely three years have elapsed since the school w'as started. But the little educational plant has already performed miracles. It has wiped from the map of Habersham the wretched one room shack, provided by the county authorities, in which, during four months of the year, the children who attended school in this dingy death-trap were forced to sit upon hard benches and to shiver in the ra,w gusts which blew through the broken window panes. Getting an education is no longer a bug bear from which these urchins shrink but a privilege in which they delight; nor is it any exaggeration to say that the wholesome effect of the school has been felt at every mountain fireside within a radius of fifty miles. To quote a happy expression coined by Mrs. AVillet, one of Geor gia's most brilliant club women, "the fairy god-mother whose wand has wrought this miracle is Mrs. M. A. Lipscomb, of Athens." Much of the credit undoubtedly
belongs to Mrs. Ijipscomb. From, a rich experience of many fruitful and splendid years at the head of the noted Laicy Cobb Institute, this gifted gentle-woman has cometo the rescue of the mountain boys and girls of her native state, sacrificing a leisure which she has well-earned in order to lend a helping- had to these unfortunate children of the hills. Several handsome buildings today adorn the beautiful campus; and there stretches before the school a prospect of great usefulness, if the friends of education will only rally around the banner "which this unselfish

1
650 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
woman has here planted in the green heart of our Georgia Switzerland.

Original Settlers.

As given by White, the early set

tlers of Habersham were: General

Wafford, Gabriel Fish, Major "Williams, John Kobinson,

Alexander "Walden, B. Cleveland, John Whitehead, John

Grant, Jesse Kiney, Charles Eiche, Mr. Vandevier, Hud

son Moss, and William Herring.

Reverend James West, the grandfather of the late Dr.

E. P. West, of Clarksville, was also an early settler. He

lived to be quite an old man and died almost within sight

of the century mark.

Alexander Brwin, a native of North Carolina, settled

in Habersham in 1834. Colonel William S. Erwin, of

Clarkville, and Judge Alexander S. Erwin, of Athens,

were his sons. Zachariah Kytle was also an early settler

of Habersham.

Habersham's Here lived a Georgian whose untimely Men of Note, death alone prevented him from attaining
to the highest public honors--Garnett McMillan. His capacity for leadership -was most pro nounced. In the Legislature of 3870 he leaped at once into prominence by demanding a rigid inquiry into the Bullock administration. He was one of the first men in
Georgia to challenge the high-handed officialism of this period. His speech on the fradulent bonds caused Gover nor James M. Smith to appoint him on the famous Bond Committee of 1872, the other members of which were Hon. Thomas J. Simmons, afterwards Chief Justice of this State, and Hon John I. Hall, afterwards an assistant Attorney-General of the United States. The purposes of this committee were advertised on both sides of the water. Meetings were held not only in Atlanta but also in New York; and, after an impartial hearing, in -which all the

r

HABEBSHAM

651

facts "were sifted and all the parties at interest were exmined, the committee submitted a report, which wan
adopted by the Legislature, relieving- the State of an incubus in the way of illegal bonds amounting to millions of dollars. In recognition of the patriotic service which
he thus rendered to the State, Mr. McMillan, in the fall of 1874, received the Democratic nomination, for Congress in his district over the great orator of Reconstruction, Benjamin H. Hill; and, in the election which ensued, ho swept the field by a majority of 5,500 over his Republican opponent But the irony of fate lurked in these splendid laurels. On January 14, 1875, not quite two months be
fore the opening of Congress, Mr. MeMillan died, at the early age of 32; and, by a singular turn of the wheel of fortune, he was succeeded by his former competitO'r, Mr. Hill. In the untimely passing of this gifted Georgian there is something more than a mere suggestion of the brilliant Hallam for whom Tennyson wrote his "In Memoriam." Mr. McMillan was a student at Emory and Henry College in Virginia when the Civil War com menced. On the eve of graduation he enlisted as a pri vate in the 24th Georgia regiment, commanded by his father, Colonel Robert McMillan; but he subsequently be came a Captain in the 2nd Georgia battalion of Sharp Shooters.

His fatter, Colonel Robert McMillan, was a distin guished lawyer and legislator, who came to Olarksville from Elberton in 185.1.

Two well known ante-bellum members of Congress, both of whom sprang from famous Savannah families, resided here--Jabez Jackson and Richard "W. Habersham. Little is known of the former beyond the fact that he served in Congress from 1835 to 1839. The latter suc ceeded him in office and served for two consecutive terms.

652 GEORGIA 's TJANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Governor John Mil ledge of .Augusta, married a daughter of Mr. Habers'liam.
Brigadier-General William T. Woft'ord, who com manded the Department of North Georgia, at the close of the war, was a native of Habersham.
Near the present town of Clarkville, in 18061, was born a noted Indian of mixed blood--James T). "Wofford.* The English equivalent for his Cherokee name was ""Wornout Blanket." He sprang from the famous South Carolina family of Woffords and was a kinsman of the well-known Confederate General. He spoke with great ease both English and Cherokee and became a writer of distinc tion. In 1824 he was appointed census enumerator for the district of the Cherokee nation embracing Toccoa and Hiawassee. In 1834 he commanded one of the largest detachments of emigrants, en route to the West, on the eve of the general removal. His knowledge of tribal antecedants was vast. He was educated at the Valley Town Mission school under the Reverend Evan Jones and just before the adoption of the Cherokee alphabet, he finished the translation into phonetic Cherokee spelling1 of a Sunday School speller. His grandfather, Colonel Wofford, was an officer in the American Revolution; and, shortly after the treaty of Hopewell, in 1785, he estab lished a colony in Upper Georgia known as "Wofford's Settlement." It was subsequently found to he within the Indian boundaries and "was acquired by special purchase in 1804. The name of this pioneer was affixed to the treaty of Holston, in 1794-, as a witness for the State of Georgia. On the maternal side, James IX Wofford was of mixed Cherokee and Natchez stock, together with a strain of white blood, and his mother was a cousin of Sequoya- He was a firm believer in the Nun-ne-hi, or Cherokee Immortals, notwithstanding his education, and was an authority on myths and leg'ends. He died at his home in the Indian Territory, in 3896, at the ripe old ag'e of ninety years.
* The name often incorrectly spelled "WafCord".

HALI,

653

HALL

15, 1S18, out of treaty lands Named for Dr. Lyrnan

Dr. Lyman Hall was a native of Wallingford, Conn., in which New England town he w'a,s horn on April 12, 1724. When a young1 man lie came to Dorchester, S. C., where he identified himself with the famons Puritan colony which later crossed into Georgia and formed what is known as the JVlidway settlement in the Parish of St. John. He was an active physician who, sympathizing with the Boston sufferers, in the outrages of 1774, began openly to advocate independence of Kngland; and, before the rest of the Province was ready to send delegates, he was dispatched by his constituents to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia in which body he sat as an accredited delegate from the Parish of St. John. Later, when joined by other delegates, he signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of Georgia, tog-ether with 'Button Gwinnett and George Walton. His property at Sunbnry, having been confiscated by the royal govern ment, he removed to the North, where lie resided until 1782, when he returned to the South and settled in Savan nah to practice medicine. But he was almost immediately called to occupy the office of Governor, a post of honor which, he filled for one term. Subsequently he became judge of the inferior court of Chatham, after "which he settled on a plantation, at Shell Bluff, in the county of Burke, where, on October 19, 1790, he died. His remains -were placed in a brick vault on an eminence overlooking the river, but -were taken to Aug-usta in 1S48 and buried under the monument erected to the Georgia Signers.
When the remains of Dr. Hall were taken from the tomb at Shell Bluff for re-interment in Augusta, the mar-

654 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ble slab embedded in the brick wall of the vault was transmitted to the corporate authorities of the town of Wallingford, Conn., the old home of Dr. Hall, where it is still preserved as a memorial to the illustrious patriot. The inscription on the tablet reads as follows:
Beneath this Stone rest the Remains of the Hon. LYMAJN" HALL, Esq., formerly Governor of this State, who departed this life the 19th of Oct., 1790, in the G7th Year of his Age. In the Cause of America he was uniformly a Patriot. In the incumbent duties of a Husband and a Father, he acquitted himself with, affec tion and tenderness. But, Reader, above all, know from this inscription that he left this probationary scene as a True Christian and an Honest Man.
* * To these, so mourned in death, so loved in life, The childless Parent and the widowed Wife, With tears inscribe this monumental Stone That holds his Ashes and expects her own."
Brenau. G-ainesville is the seat of Brenau Colleg'e, an in stitution of note for the higher education of
young ladies. It was chartered in 1878 as the Georgia Baptist Seminary, with the following board of trustees-- O. B. Thompson. J. W. Bailey, D. G-. Candler, D. E. Banks, W. C. Wilkes, David E. Butler and W. P. Price. Dr. W. C. TVilkes, then pastor of the First Baptist church, was chosen by the board to serve as the first president. He died in 1886 and Professor A. W. VanHoose was elected to succeed him. Under the new president, there was a fresh infusion of life, and plans for enlarging the school were discussed. But the educational era had not yet dawned. Tlie support of the denomination failed to materialize. The indebtedness of the institution increas ed; and finally the board accepted a proposition from Pro fessor VanHoose to assume this obligation provided the title to the property should be vested in himself. This was in 1890, at "which time the name of the institution was

HALL

655

changed to tihe Georgia Female Seminary and Conserva
tory of Music. . Three years afterwards, Dr. H. J. Pearoe, then presi
dent of the Columbus (Ga.) Female College, purchased a half interest and became associate president. In the summer of 1893 a new dormitory was erected, large enough to accommodate one hundred students. This was the beginning of a series of improvements and extensions which have continued each year until the present, at which time the plant is one of the largest in the South.
In 1900 Dr. Pearce arranged for a leave of absence and spent three years in Germany and France studying the problems of education and subjects in his own depart ment of philosophy.
At this time also the name was changed from Georgia Female Seminary and Conservatory of Music to Brenau College-Conservatory. In 1909 Dr. Pearce purchased the interest of Professor VanHoose and assumed entire charge of the affairs of the institution. According to Dr. Pearce, the name "Brenau" is a hybrid expression formed by combining' an abbreviation of the German word "brennen", to burn, "with the Latin "word "aitrttm" signifying gold. Thus the word Brenau means gold puri fied or refined.

Riverside, on the bants of the Chattahoochee, some two miles from Gainesville, is a young but flourishing military school for boys.

Lula, one of the most important towns in the upper part of the State, was named for a daughter of the late Ferdinand Phinizy, of Athens. She afterwards became the wife of Dr. A. ~W. Calhovm, the noted occulist of Atlanta.

6S6 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS In the center of the town square at Gainesville stands
a handsome Confederate monument unveiled on Jan. 7, 1909 by Longstreet chapter, U. D. C. The solid pedestal of marble is surmounted by the figure of a private soldier portrayed by the sculptor in the act of firing his musket. The monument is a real work of art. Next to the new post office building an exquisite memorial fountain has recently been erected to the memory of the late Colonel C, C. Sanders, for whom the local chapter of Children of the Confederacy was named. Philanthropist, finan cier, soldier, and public-spirited citizen, Colonel Sanders was greatly beloved by the people of Gainesville. The fountain is enclosed by marble columns forming a cir cular pavillion, classic in design, and bears the following tender inscription:
Two of the daughters of President Woodrow Wilson were born in G-ainesville, at the home of an aunt, Mrs. Brown. The historic old home stood on the site of the present Hotel Princeton facing the town square. The fact that an inn bearing this name should occupy the same ground in after years is a coincidence worthy of note. Original Settlers. According to White, the original set
tlers of Hall were: William H. Dickson, E. Donegan, Joseph Wilson, John Bates, B. Rey nolds, R. Armour, Joseph Gtailey, T. Terr ell, John Millar, D. Wafford, M. Moore, W. Blake, Joseph Read, R. Young, J. McConnell, R. Winn, Thomas Wilson, William Cobb,

HALL

657

N. Garrison, Joseph Johnson, John Barrett, E. Cowen, A. Thompson, Jesse Dobbs, James Abercrombie, and Solomon Peake.

Henry Peeples, a merchant, settled in Hall when the county was first organized, but later in life removed to South Georgia. His son, Judge Richard PI. Peeples, was Judge of the City Court of Nashville for sixteen years. Judge Cincinnatus Peeples spent his boyhood in Hall. He afterwards removed to Athens, where he became mayor of the town. He also represented Clarke in the Legislature. He then removed to Atlanta.
Ira Gaines and Eadford Grant were both early set tlers of Hall.
Joseph Thompson came by private conveyance from Virginia to Georgia and settled in this section before the removal of the Indians. He owned and operated the first tobacco factory in Georgia. As a captain of indus try he was a pathfinder and a pioneer. The enterprise failed for the reason that he "was too far in advance of the times. He afterwards removed to Alabama.
Patrick O'Connor, an Irishman, lured to America by tales of the fabulous wealth of Georgia's gold mines, embarked upon the Atlantic in a sail boat, which was ninety ways in crossing the waters. He became one of the pioneers of Hall. According to Governor Candler, he owned the first six-inule team in the county and built one of the first two-story houses. At the outbreak of hostilities in 1861 five of his sons went into the army to fight for the Confederacy, and there "were no better sol diers. Patrick O'Connor, Jr., was one of the first post masters of Gainesville. He was also at one time a mer chant in Dahlonega. He came to Atlanta in 1862. His daughter, Mrs. A. MeD. "Wilson, is one of the foremost women of Georgia.

658 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Joseph T. "Winters, a patriot of '76, was granted a Federal pension in 1848 while living' in Hall, at which time he -was an octogenarian.

Hall's Distinguished One of the most illustrious soldiers

Residents.

of the Civil War was for years a

resident of Gainesville--Lieutenant-

General James Longstreet. His commission antedated

Stonewall Jackson's; and, throughout the entire struggle,

he commanded the celebrated First Corps of the Army

of Northern Virginia. He was a veteran of two great

conflicts--the War with Mexico and the War between

the States. Gen. Longstreet devoted his last years to

writing his masterful work entitled: "From Gettysburg

to Appomattox," in which volume incidentally he defends

his part in the battle of Gettysburg. The old soldier was

survived by his gifted wife, Mrs. Helen I). Long-street,

upon whose shoulders the mantle of his office as post

master of Gainesville, has fallen. Mrs. Longstreet has

published a splendid volume in defence of her husband

entitled: "Lee and Longstreet at High Tide."

Dr. Richard Banks, a noted ante-bellum surgeon, re moved to Gainesville from Elberton, in 1832, and for the remainder of his life was an honoro:! resident of Hall. He is today memorialized by orio of the counties of Georgia.
Here lived Governor Alien D. Candler, who repre sented the State in Congress from 1883 to 1891; who succeeded General Philip Cook in the office of Secretary of State from 1894 to 1898 ; aud who filled the gubernato rial chair of Georgia from 1898 to 3902. On relinquishing the reins of office, Goveriaor Candler rendered the State an important service in. compiling Georgia's Colonial,

HANCOCK

659

Bevolutionary, and Confederate Kecords. During tlie

Civil War, lie was a gallant Confederate officer, retiring

at the close of hostilities with the rank of Colonel. Gov

ernor Candler was at one time mayor of Gainesville, an

office which 'was also held by his distinguished father,

Daniel G. Candler.

Governor James M. Smith, thongh identified in life

with Columbus, is in death associated with Gaiuesville,

where he occupies an unmarked grave in beautiful Alta

Vista cemetery, surrounded by the peaks of the Blue

Ridge mountains. Governor Smith was twice married,

but died childless.

Hon. Thomas M. Bell, a distinguished member of

Congress, "who has served the district ably for eight years,

is a resident of Plall.

*

HANCOCK
Created by Legislative Act, December 17, 1793, from Washington and Greene Counties. Named for the celebrated patriot of the Revolution, John Hancock, whose'name heads the list of Signers of the Declaration of Inde pendence. "When the immortal scroll of freedom was signed, in 1776, John Hancock was President of the Continental Congress. Sparta, the county-
organized Hancock included a part of Taliaferro.
Mount Zion: The Says Gov. AVm. J. Northen. a native Era of the Birch. of Hancock: "In the early years of
- the nineteenth century, Nathan S. S. Beman, a native of New Y<ork, established a high school at Mount Zion, in Hancock County, Ga. This school was for both sexes and was intended to fit pupils for the duties of life and to prepare them for the more advanced classes in the few colleges which then existed. This school rap idly gained celebrity and was easily the most famous of its day. Nathan Beman's system "was Draconian. He knew of but one penalty for the broken law--the rod; and he applied it to all violators, irrespective of age or

660 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
condition. Carlisle 33email, a younger brother of Nathan, trained under the latter, acquired almost equal distinc tion, and later became president of Oglcthorpe Univer sity, a Presbyterian school fostered by the Synods of Georgia, South Carolina and Florida. lie afterwards resigned his chair because the trustees forbade his flog ging students more advanced than the Sophomore class. 1
At Powelton, the great pioneer Baptist preacher, Silas Mercer, organized one of the most noted churches of the .Baptist denomination in Georgia. Jessc Mercer, his famous son, afterwards assumed pastoral charge, and under him it became the great religious rendezvous of the Baptists. Here was organized in 1803 "The General Committee" of the church in Georgia; and here in ~IH:>2 was formed " The Baptist State Convention.''- It is therefore one of the historic land-marks of the church iu this State. There was also an academy at Powelton, and in the immediate neighborhood a number of the best people of the county were settled. Robert Sirnms, n patriot of the Revolution, is buried at the old Powelton church. He died in 1815.

The Grave of

On a plantation, four miles west of

Governor Rabun. Mjayficld, in a grave neglected for more

than three quarters of a century,

repose the mortal ashes of one of Georgia's most distin

guished Chief-Executives: Governor William Rabun. It

was not until the spring of 1910 that the last resting1 place

of the old Governor was definitely ascertained. At this

time Mr. K. A. Evans, of Andersou, Ala., an old gentle

man then 83 years of age was visiting' Mr. "W. "W. Stevens,

1 "William J. Northen, in Men of Mark in Georgia, Volume II. -'History of the Baptist Denomination in Georgia, Atlanta, 1881.

HANCOCK

661

at Mayfield. Jn company with tile latter Mr. Evans who formerly owned the plantation, visited the old burial ground; and, without the least difficulty, succeeded in locating Governor Babun 's tomb. Thereupon Mr. Stevens for future identification marked the grave with an iron bar, which he has since replaced with a more substantial marker. The burial place of Governor Rabuji was long unknown and except for the timely visit of Mr. Evans it might never have been discovered. The State is indebted to Mr. Stevens for seizing an opportunity to locate the old Governor's grave and to resolve the doubt in question. The town of Mayfield was named for an old plantation acquired in this part of the State by the once noted Judge Wm. 'Stith, of Savannah, during- the early part of the last century at which time it formed a part of "Warren. The famous Judiciary Act of 1799 has been credited to Judge Stith's pen. The father of Mr. Stevens became in after years the purchaser of tliis plantation within the original limits of which lie the almost forgotten remains of Gov ernor William Rabun.

Hancock in the Quite a number of Revolutionary sol-

Revolution,

diers settled in Hancock at the close of

hostilities with England.

One of these was Henry Graybill, who died at the

age of 82. Says White: "He was born in Lancaster,

Penn., but removed to South Carolina before the Revolu

tionary War, and afterwards settled in Georgia, where

lie lived forty-two years. He was a conspicuous and

active man during' the contest which obtained our inde

pendence, and filled with credit to himself and country

the important offices of surveyor and clerk of the court,

and was four times elected by the Legislature of this

State one of the electors of Pz*esident and Vice-President.

He had been a member of the Baptist church for fifty

years and of the Masonic fraternity since the first estab

lishment of regular lodges in our State. He sustained

through a long life the most unblemished character."

662 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Capt. John Cook, a native of Virginia, who com manded a company of dragoons under Col. ~Wm. Wash ington, lived in Hancock.
Boiling Hall, a veteran of the first war for independ ence, though, still a beardless yonth when Comwallis sur rendered, lived for many years in Hancock, during a part of which time he represented the State in Congress. He afterwards removed to Alabama, where he died at "Eillerslie," his plantation near Montgomery. The in scription on his monnment gives the following particulars in regard to his career :
old in the Revolutionary War in if America.''
Colonel Hugh Hall, Robert Simms, and John Epps Scott "were also on the honor roll of patriots. Absalom Harris (1758-1824 enlisted at the age of 27 in Virginia He was an early settler of Hancock.
Among the other veterans of the Revolution who lived and died in Hancock -were: John Hamilton, aged 78; Amos Brautley, aged 70; Dr. Edward Hood, aged 71; Robert Flournoy, aged 62; General Henry Mitchell, aged 79; and General Epps Brown, aged 61. The last two became officers in the State militia.
At Shoulder Bone, on November 3, 1786, a treaty of good-will which promised a termination of the Oconee War was concluded between the State of Georgia and the Creek nation of Indians; but under the leadership of the crafty Alexander McGillivray it was repudiated by the Creeks.

Sunshine: The Home of Bishop Pierce.

HANOOOK

663 Volume II.

Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of Hancock were: General Henry
Mitchell, Boiling Hall, Charles Abercrombie, General David Adams, Henry Graybill, Joseph Bryan, William Eeese, Jonathan Adams, John Montgomery, Jacob Den nis, Archibald Smith, T. Holt, Thomas Raines, James Bishop, Isham Reesc, M. Martin, R. Clarice, R. Shipp, F. Tucker, L. Barnes, W. Wyley, William Saunders, James Thomas, Jesse Pope, John Shivers, William Hardwick, I/. T'atum, and R. Moreland.

To the foregoing list may be added the following names found in a list of accounts filed by the executor of the estate of David Clements, in 1801, to-wit: Joseph Maddox, Abram: Betts, Samuel Barron, George H. Mitch ell, Boiling- Hall, Charles Abercrombie, M. Martin, Dr. Charles L. Bidley, Absalom Harris, John Lewis, David Clements, Captain Samuel Hall, Dixon Hall, Dr. John Pollard, WTlliam Hardwick, Peter Flournoy, William Lawson, John Trippe, James Lucas, Jonathan Davis, Simon Holt, John Dowdell, Alexander Bellamy, Lindsay Thornton, Isaac Evans, John Shackelford, Robert Tucker, John Hall, William Harper, Thomas Winn, Dr. R. Lee, James Lamar, Thomas Lamar, Peterson Thweat, Job Taylor, Duncan McLean, R. Respess, Dudley Hargrove, Robert Montgomery, Seth Parham, Homer Holt, James Huff, Philip Turner, Thomas Bird, Francis Lawson, Thomas Glenn, Gabe Lewis, David Lewis, Josiah Lewis, Archibald Lewis, Little Reeso, John Freeman, William Lewis, Isaac Dennis, John Dudley, Thomas Jones, Wil liam Kelly, Isaac Dunegan, John Dyer, William Johnson,

664 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND I/EGENDS
Malaci Brantley, Francis Lewis, George Lewis, George Weatherby, John Perkins, James Parnell, Thomas Broadnax, John Cain, Joseph Middlebrooks, H. Jones, E. Tredewel), Woodruff Scott, John Sasnett, James Bonner, Isham West, Thomas Carney, Isaac Wilson, John Brewer, Thomas Carter, Drury Thweat, James Arthur, Daniel Melson, S. Parham, Harris Brantley, William Hatcher, C. Leonard, W. Collier, C. E. Bonner, S. Kirk, Isham Lloyd, Andrew Jeter, Isham Askew, James Childs, Joel Beese, Thomas Pentecost, James Hamilton, William Powel], Ben Harper, B. Bomar, and Robert Simmons.
Eight generations of the noted Battle family are buried in Hancock. At the beginning of the last century Peter Northen, the Governor's grandfather, a, native of Virginia, settled at Powelton.

Hancock's Noted Settled by a superior class of people,

Residents.

Hancock became at once a county of

splendid schools and of great planta

tions; and from the virile stock which peopled this fertile

region in pioneer days there flowered a host of noted

descendants.

Here lived Dr. William Terrell, a wealthy physician

and a prominent man of affairs, who "was one of the first

Georgians to endow the State University at Athens. The

county of Terrell was named in his honor.

Absalom H. Chappell, a member of Congress, a jurist,

and an author, was born in Hancock. Afterwards he

removed to Columbus. Colonel Chappell, when quite an

old man, published a volume of rare interest entitled:

"Miscellanies of Georgia."

Four miles from Sparta, the great Bishop George F.

Pierce established his country home at a place which he

called "Sunshine"; and here his reverend father, Dr.

Lovick Pierce, closed his long and useful career, at the

age of ninety-four.

HANCOCK

665

Near Bishop Pierce, at a place which lie called "Roekby", lived the noted author, .Richard Malcolm Johnston. Here he opened a school for boys which ho conducted with great success until the close of the Civil War. Jjater he removed to Baltimore "where he founded an institution which he called Pen Lucy, in memory of a little daughter whose grave he had left behind him in Georgia. But he abandoned teaching1 after a few years and began to write the famous Dnkesboro* Tales, descrip tive of ante-bellum life in Hancock.

Near Powelton lived Governor William Babun, a Chief-Executive whose zeal for the honor of the State is well attested by his famous controversy with General Andrew Jackson. Two daughters survived the old Gov ernor, one of whom, Mary, became the wife of a promi nent physician, Dr. Larkin Bass; the other, Jane, married Thomas Neal, a soldier of the War of 1812. From this latter union sprang Mrs. William J. Northen.
In this same part of the county the great Jesse Mercer was at one time settled as a pastor.
Two distinguished members of Congress before the war lived at Sparta--Boiling Hall and Charles E. Haynes.
For a short period, when a lad, AValter T. Colquitt resided in Hancock where his father, Henry Colquitt, was an early settler.
Here also Governor Charles J. McDonald spent a few years of his early boyhood.
General John Coffee, a noted Indian fighter and a member of Congress, lived at one time in Hancock, where Iiis father settled in 1780.
Judge I^inton Stephens, one of Georgia's most illus trious sons, lived at Sparta. He was a half-brother of the Great Commoner and a member of the Supreme Conrt of Georgia on the eve of the Civil War. For several

666 G-EOKGTA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
months lie commanded a regiment in the field. His coura geous example during the days of Reconstruction has forever endeared him to Georgians. Judge Stephens occupies an unmarked grave in the front yard of his old home in Sparta.
David W. Lewis, the first president of the North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega, lived here for years. Colonel Lowis was a distinguished Confed erate Congressman and a man of letters.
Dixon IT. Lewis, a power in Georgia polities before the war, resided in Sparta.
Charles W. DuBose, a distinguished ante-bellum law yer and legislator, lived here. His wife, Catharine Anne, a gifted woman, wrote a story entitled: "The Pastor's Household", besides a number of poems.
Here lived Judge Eli Baxter, and Judge James Thomas, noted jurists.
Judge Seaborn Reese, a member of Congress after the war, resided in Sparta.
Two of the most noted of Georgia's ante-bellum edu cators taught at Mount Zion--Nathan S. S., and Carlisle P. Beman.
Governor William J. Norttien, on completing- his studies at Mercer, settled in Hancock, his father's old home. For years he conducted the famous academy at Mount Zioru Subsequent to the war he devoted himself to agricultural pursuits and became Governor of the State. The town of Fitzgerald in south Georgia was established largely through the instrumentality of Governor Northen, who, on leaving the executive mansion became the head of a State bureau of immigration. He edited a work entitled "Men of Mark in Georgia"; and, on the death of Governor Candler, in 1911, was made the compiler of the State Records. One of the purest of Georgia's public men, he has always been a tower of strength in the cause of righteousness. The State Normal School at Athens

HARAJ.SON

667

and the Georgia Normal and Industrial College at Milledgevillc were established during his administration as Governor.

HARAI-.SON

Major-General Hugh A. Ilaralson was one of the most conspicuous figures in the public life of Georgia, prior to the Civil War. He was a native of Greene County, Ga., where be was born on jSTovember 13, 1805, and, after graduating from the State University, at Athens, was admitted to the bar by special act of the Legislature, being still short of twenty-one. For the practice of his profession he located at LaGrange, Ga., where he arose almost at a single bound to the front. At first a "Whig, General J-Taralson separated from his associates when the party advocated a bank of the United States as a remedy for existing evils. He then became a Democrat; and, notwithstanding the fact that Georgia voted over whelmingly for the Whig ticket in 1840, he -was elected to Co'ug'ress two years later, Before his term expired, the State was divided for the first time into Congressional districts; and the Whigs having organized his own--the fourth--his defeat seemed to be a foregone conclusion, hut he was triumphantly returned to Congress, and again re-elected in 1846. General Ilaralson was an ardent champion of State Rights. Fond of military life he organ ized a company for the protection of his home town during- the Indian troubles and by reason of his services to the State ho was given the rank of Major-General in the State militia. General John B. Gordon and ChiefJustice Logan F. Bleckley, both married daughters of Hugh A. PTarals'on. The latter died at his home, in

668 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND I/EGENDS

Original Settlers. See Carroll and Polk, froin which coun ties Haralson was formed.

To tlie foregoing list may be added: Capt. "W. J. Head, B. B. Walton, Martin Ayers, William Garner, L. B. Eaves, C. C. Eaves, William Sranmerville, George R. Hamilton, William J. Brown, Dr. William Gaulding, Dr. D. B. Head, James K. Head, John K. Holcombe, Sr., John K. Iloleombe, Jr., Seaborn Goldin, Dr. W. F. Goldin, A. J. Hunt, William L. KeUey, Joe W. Kelley, Dr. K. B. Tlutcheson, William Johnson, Sr., William Johnson, Jr., William Morgan, Benjamin F. Morgan, and Andrew J. Stewart.
John l\oweIJ, a patriot of '70, is Lnriod in Haralson.

Created by Legislative . ogee Counties. Named fo:

HABKIS

Charles Harris was an eminent lawyer of Savannah who took little part in politics. He "was a native of Eng land, where he was born in 1772 but Ms early education was obtained in France. He came to Savannah at the age of sixteen and, entering the law office of Samuel

HARRIS

669

Stirk, lie eventually readied the top round of the legal profession. He declined an unsolicited election to the judgeship; and, when both the Clarkc and the Crawford parties united upon him for the United States Senate, he modestly refused the proffered toga, notwithstanding the unique character of the compliment. He died in , Savannah, on March .13, 1827, at the age of 55 and was buried in the old Colonial Cemetery, near General Ijachlan McTntosh. .He is said to have been connected with the nobility of England.

King's Gap. Says1 Chappell: ".King's Gap, in the Pine Mountain, a few miles above Hamilton, in
Harris County,, on the road to Greenville, is the last memento now remaining of a set of Tndian trails "which, in various directions, perforated the region between the Flint and the Ohattahoochec." Colonel Chappell once took one of these trails, in 1S27, when visiting the country north of Pine Mountain, on the way to T^ullsboi'O, the county-seat of Coweta. Tie was lost in the wilderness, hut found some one who told him of another trail which led up the Chattahoochee. Pi no Mountain, a .noted ridge, which, penetrates Harris and runs into Meriwethcr, is one hundred miles nearer the sea than any other ridge of the same height.
Original Settlers. The first corners into Harris, according to White, were: Anderson Bedding,
T. -Tories, W. C. Osborn, A. Johnson, Joseph. Davis, IK. I). Hines, Thomas Hal], B. Johnson, A. Goodman, S. Huey, James Eamsey, John White, Judge Wellborn, General Low, R. Mobbley, Nathaniel H. Barton, William Whitehead, Thomas WMtchead, Lewis Winn, John. J. Harper, Tho-mas L. Jackson, Jackson Harwell, Stringer Gibson, John Mitcliell } Julius Mitchell, and Thomas IVTahone,

670 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
To the foregoing list may be added: Joseph J. Hamil ton, Calvin J. Brannon, Henry Kimbro"ugh, Isaac Middlebrooks, Keuben R. Mobley, A. J. Burt, Jesse Cox, D. P. Hill, Nicholas Hutchinson, Thomas Spivey, Thomas Bowles, Adger S. Ellison, Dr. Erastus C. Hood, Martin Cochran, S. C. Goodman, W. J. Hudson, David Jenkins, .John F. Jenkins, Thomas McGee, Henry J. Lowe, Tillman Pearce and H. D. "Williams. The Pattillos were also established in the county at an early date. William P. Pattillo, a generous benefactor of Emory College, a min ister of the gospel, and a prominent figure in the insur ance "world, was horn here.
James N. Bigbee, a patriot of '76, "was granted a Fed eral pension while a resident of Harris, in 1847, at which time he was near the century mark.
On March 20, 1828, at Hamilton, Judge Walter T. Colquitt presiding, the first session of the Superior Court was held in Harris. N". H. Baden "was elected clerk, an office "which he held for twenty-five years. The following pioneer citizens qualified as Grand Jurors : George W. Rogers, William Heard, J. Bass, James Loflin, George Chatham, George H. Bryan, Silvester Naramore, Bennett Williams, Edward D. Perryman, Boiling Smith, Stephen Curvin, William Watts, T^evi Ebzell, Burwell Blackmon, Thomas G. Bedell, John D. Johnson, Drury Kendrick, John Jordan, Tho'mas Mahone, Eeiihen E. Mobhley, Ben jamin Meddows, AVilliam Pee], John S. Beckham.
Men of Note. Two members of the Supreme Court of Georgia once practiced law at Hamilton:
Judge Martin J. Crawford and Judge Mark H. Bland-

HART

671

ford. They afterwards removed to Columbus. Colonel J. N. Ramsey, a member of the Confederate Congress and a gallant officer in the field, was born In Harris. He delivered the address at the first Memorial Day exercises ever held. Judge Porter Ingram, a member of the Con federate Congress, lived at one time in Hamilton. This was also for several years the home of Judge Marshall J. Wellborn who, after serving Georgia on the Bench and in the national House of Representatives, became a noted Baptist preacher. Here lived two widely known lawyers : J. M. Mobley and L. L. Stanford. The present ordinary of Harris, Judge Cooper "Williams, who holds a record for continuous service in office, is a well-known and much beloved Georgian. Colonel D. B. Hamilton, a noted lawyer of Rome, was born at Hamilton, a town named for his family.

HART

counties: Elbert, Franklin, and Madison. Named for the famous heroine of the Revolution, Nancy Hart, whose bold exploits occurred in this section
county in Georgia and one of the few counties in the United States named for a woman. Hartwell, the county-seat, likewise named for Nancy Hart. The dead town of Hartford, on the Ocmulg'ee River, in Pulaski County, was also a memorial to this celebrated Georgia war-queen.

Nancy Hart: An During the year 1825 there appeared

Early Sketch.

in the columns of a Milledgeville

paper what is probably the oldest

extant biography of the Georgia, "war queen. The name

of the author is unknown but the account reads as fol

lows : "Nancy Hart, with her husband, settled before

the Revolutionary strng-gle a few miles above the ford

on Broad River, known by the name of Fishdam Ford

in Elbert County, at the bend of the river, near a very

extensive canebrake. An apple orchard still remains to

point out the spot. In altitude, Mrs. Hart was almost

Patagonian, remarkably well limbed and muscular, and

672 GEOEQIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
marked by nature with prominent features. She pos sessed none of those graces of motion which a poetical eye might see in the heave of the ocean wave or in the change of the summer cloud; nor did her cheeks--I will not speak of her nose--exhibit the rosy tints which dwell on the brow of the evening or play on the gilded bow. No one claims for her throat that it was lined with fiddle strings. The dreadful scourge of beauty, the small-pox, had set its seal upon her face. She was called a hard swearer, was cross-eyed and cross-grained, but was never theless a sharp shooter. Nothing was more common than to see her in full pursuit of the stag. The huge antlers which hung around her cabin or upheld her trusty gun, gave proof of her skill in gunnery; and the white comb, drained of its honey, and hung up for ornament, testified to her powers in bee-finding. Many can bear witness to her magical art in the mazes of cookery, for she was able to prepare a pumpkin in as many ways as there are dayw in the week. She "was extensively known and employed for her knowledge in the treatment of various kinds of ailments. But her skill took an even wider range, for the fact is well known that she held a tract of land by the safe tenure of a first survey, "which she made on the Sabbath, hatchet in hand."
"I3ut she was most remarkable for her military feats. When the clouds of war gathered, Nancy's spirit roso with the tempest. She proved herself a friend to her country, ready to do or die. All accused of Whigism had to swing. The lily-livered Mr. Hart was not the last to seek safety in the canebrake with his neighbors. They kept up a prowling sort of life, occasionally sallying forth in a kind of predatory style. The Tories at length determined to beat the brake for them. However, they concluded to give Mrs. Hart a call; and "while there they ordered a repast. Nancy soon had the materials for a good feast spread before them: the smoking venison, the hasty hoe-cake, and the fresh honey comb. These were sufficient to prove the appetite of a gorged epicure. They simultaneously stacked arms and seated themselves,

HAKT

673

when, quick as thought, the dauntless Mrs. Hart seized one of the guns, cocked it, and with a blazing- oath, declared that she would blow out the brains of the first man who offered to rise or to taste a mouthful. They knew her character too well to imagine that she would say one thing and do another, especially if it lay on the side of valor. 4 Go f ' said she to one of her sons, 'and tell the Whigs that I have taken six d--d Tories.' They sat still, each expecting to be offered up, each bearing the marks of disappointed revenge, shame and uiiappeased hunger; but they were soon relieved, and dealt with according to the rules of the times. This heroine lived to see her country free. However, she found game and bees1 decreasing; and--to use her own expression-- the country grew old so fast that she sold out her posses sions in spite of her husband and was among the first of the pioneers who paved the way to the wilds of the west."*

The Hart Family The Harts were from 1-IiLlsboro,

Record.

Orange County, N. C. Thomas Hart,

the founder of the family in the Tar

Heel State, was a merchant who married Susan Gray.

The children born, of this union were as follows : Susan,

Lucretia, Nancy, John, Nathaniel, and Thomas, Jr. With

the two noted pioneers, Daniel Boone and William John-

ston? the elder Hart bought large tracts of land from

the Indians in Kentucky whither he removed his house

hold. Susan married a Price. T/ucretia became the wife

of the renowned Henry Clay. Nancy married a Brown,

and her husband was afterwards United States minister

to France. The darighter of Thomas Hart, Jr., married

Jesse Benton, Clerk of the Superior Court of Orange,

N. C., and became the mother of Thomas Hart Benton,

the g'reat pioneer statesman and orator of Missouri.

Nancy Hart, the Georgia heroine, belonged to this family

'Condensed from The Mi lied Seville Recoi-dcr.

674 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of Harts. Site came to Georgia from western North Carolina, and, subsequent to the Revolution, emigrated to Kentucky, where the remainder of her life was spent.*

"Who Struck Billy It is claimed on the basis of a well-

Patterson?

established local tradition that the

famous query "Who struck Billy Pat

terson?" originated in Hart. The incident is said to

have occurred several years before the war at a piiblic

drill given by the State militia. The muster-ground was

in a section of the county which then formed a part of

Franklin, one of the oldest counties in Upper Georgia.

There was a large crowd present to witness the manoeuv-

ers', among which number was the celebrated William

Patterson. In a moment of excitement when there was

something of a tumult on the ground, an unknown party

dealt Mr. Patterson a blow and in the confusion of the

(moment escaped recognition. The injured man on re

covering sensibility exclaimed "Who struck Billy Patter-

son?" But no one could tell him. Throughout the day

lie continued to repeat this question, without receiving

an answer. Finally it crystallized into a phrase which

everyone on the ground was using; and, when the crowd

dispersed it was carried into the rural districts.

Mr. Patterson was a stranger in the neighborhood.

He was, moreover, a man of powerful .physique; and

both, of these circumstances invested the assault upon

him with a certain dramatic interest while at the same

time it inspired no doubt a wholesome dread of his wrath.

A-Ccording to tradition he "was the famous Win. Patterson,

of Baltimore, Md., whose daughter, Betty, married

Jerome Bonaparte; and owning- property in Georgia, his

HART

675

visit to the State at this time is not without an adequate explanation. Says a newspaper article on the subject :*
"Fully determined to avenge the indignity offered him, Patterson persisted in his search, and subsequently offered a reward to any one who would name the man. But even this tempting bait elicited no response, and in the course of time Patterson died with his dearest wish unfulfilled. Uut he provided for a posthumous triumph by leaving- in his will a codicil to the effect that a legacy of $1,000 was to be paid to the person who, in any future time, should reveal the secret to his executors or heirs. A copy of this "will is said to be on file in the ordinary's office at Carnesville, "Franklin County, G-a." 2

Halcyondale, the plantation of Hon. A. G. McCurry, near Hartwell, has been in the possession of Mr. Mc Curry's family for over one hundred years. It was from this farm that the cotton boats started to Augusta in former days. At the beginnng of the war, Mr. McCurry 's father lost a rich cargo caused by the sinking1 of a vessel heavily loaded with cotton.

2A new Ugrht was thrown on tlic myslery in 1885 when Mrs. Jenny O. Conely, of Athol, N. Y., came forward and announced that her father, George W. Tillerton, struck Ihe blow, out was so terrified by the reports of Patterson's ang-er that he retired precipitately from the town, and the family having heard of the sum offered, Mrs. Concley implicated her father in order that she might obtain the reward. But she failed even although she related very graphic details of the occurrence as told her by her father. There was another claimant for the honor, Alban Smith Payne, M. IX, who
Medical College, Atlanta, Ga. The encounter, according- to Dr. Payne's
Patterson because I saw old tTsher Parsons, the surgeon to Commodore Perry on Lake Erie, lying on his back in the road, unable to rise, his white hair streaming in the air, ruthlessly knocked there by a brutal bully, and I said, 'By the eternal, [ will hit you, my man, and I will hit you hard.' And I did." Dr. Payne was a close friend of Oliver Wendell Holmes* John G. Saxe and Edgar Allan Poe, and a lineal descendant of Colonel Payne, who, It is said, once knocked down George "Washington.

676 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

"Center of the " Center of the World", a locality three

World."

miles to the south-west of Hartwell, is

one of the ancient land-marks of Upper

Georgia. It was at this point that a number of Indian

trails crossed, by reason of which fact it became a famous

gathering-place for the red-skins. Important council

meetings were held here. The region of country around

Hartwell abounded in wild gnme of various kinds and the

Indian Imnters found it a convenient place at which to

meet when in quest of pelts for the Augusta market, or

when bedecked with feathers they started upon the war

path. After the Indians were removed from this section,

the locality was still used by the whites as a place of

rendezvous for hunting., and they continued to call it by

the name which the Indians bestowed upon it in the very

earliest times: "Center of the World/'

Original Settlers. As gathered from various sources, the pioneers' of Hart who wore most con
spicuous in the history-making" affairs of the county, prior to the Civil War, were: F. 13. Hodges, Sinclair McMullan, John B. i^enson, J. V. "Richardson, John G-. McOurry, Dr. Joel L. Turner, Olayton S. Webb, Wm. R, Pool, Major J. H. Skelton, R. S. TTil.1, Peter T,. Fleming, Sr., Micajah Carter, Oapt- John F. Croft, Wm. F. Bow ers, James B, Alford, James M. Williams, S. M. Bobo, S. V. Brown, Colonel R. J. D. Dunnett, F. TJ. McMullan, James 'Stapler, John lender, James Vickery, William Vickery, and others. Major Skelton and R. S. Hill rep resented Hart in the Secession Convention at Milledgeville.
Amos Richardson, a soldier of the Revolution, lies buried at Sardis church. John McMullan, also a patriot of '76, fills a grave somewhere in Hart.

HEARD

677

John B. Ben son, a wealthy pioneer resident of Hart, built the first house in the town of Hartwell. He also served in the State Senate during- tlie Civil War period, Hon. A. C-j. Me. Curry in.arr.ied his daughter, and from this union sprang- Julian ~B. McCurry, a distinguished legislator.

HKAKI)

Stephen Heard, patriot and pioneer, belonged to an English family with large estates in Ireland, but the subject of this sketch was himself a native of Hanover County, Va., where he was born in 174-0. It Is said that liis father used a pitchfork npoil a minister of the estab lished Church of Ireland, in consequence of which the family escutcheon was borne somewhat hastily to America and planted upon the waters of the James. Coming to Georgia, in 1769, with several of his kinsmen, he settled in what was'then known as St. Paul's Parish, but when new lands were pnrcbased by Governor Wright from the Indians--possibly even before this1 time--he located at what afterwards became Hoard's Fort, so called from a stockade which lie here built with the help of his brother. During- the reign of Toryism in Upper Georgia, his wife and babe were one day rudely thrust into a snow storm by the Tories, from "which wanton act of cruelty both died ; and if Stephen Heard needed an additional incen tive to patriotism he found it in this tragic bereavement. Joining CJarke and Dooly lie waged relentless warfare against the Tories, and also at intervals served the State in civil, capacities. The circumstances under which Hoard's Fort became at one time the capital of Georgia may be briefly told. During the absence from the State

678 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of Governor Howley, who was called to Philadelphia by an important session of the Continental Congress, the dnties of Chief-Magistrate devolved upon George Wells, President of the Council, but he was' killed almost im mediately thereafter in a duel with Governor Jackson, whereupon Stephen Heard, who was next in line of suc cession, became de facto Governor of Georgia; and, when Augusta fell into the hands of the Tories in 1780 he transferred the seat of government to Hoard's Fort, "where it remained until Augusta was retaken. After the cessation of hostilities with England, Stephen Heard be came a justice of the county court and a Brigadier General in the State militia. He died at Heardmont, in what is now the county of Elbert, November 13, 1813, universally esteemed.
Original Settlers. The first comers into Heard, according to "White, were: Colonel Dent, Win-
ston Wood, John Ware, Daniel Whitaker, D. Sullivan, C. B. Brown, James Adams, Dr. Ghent, J. T. Smith, Thomas Pinkard, P. H. Whitaker, Blisha Talley, Dr. Joseph Reese, Bailey Bledsoe, WT. Kirk, Rev. Samuel Dane, Rev. Jesse George, James Wood, J. Stevens, Rev. W. W. Stegall, and John. Scoggins.
Major James Wood, a patriot of '76, died in this county, in 1836. Sarah Dickinson Simms, a heroine of the Revolution, lies buried at St. Cloud, in Bethel church yard. She died in 1857, well advanced in years. She was a daughter of Capt. John Dickinson, of North Carolina, and the wife of Robert Simms, a private in the latter's company. With her husband she emigrated to Hancock County, Ga., and after his death removed to Heard.

HENRY

679

Judge W. R. Hammond, of Atlanta, a well-known jurist and lawyer, was born at Franklin, where his father, the distinguished Judge Dennis F. Hammond, was then practicing law. The elder Hammond afterwards removed to Newnan and finally in 1862 located in Atlanta.

HENRY
Created by Legislative Act, May 15, 1821, out of lands acquired from the Creeks under the first treaty of Indian Springs, in the same year.
impassioned speeches in the House of Burgesses fired the patriotism of the Colonies. McDonoush, the county-seat, named for the gallant hero of Lake Champlain, Captain James McDonough, one of the most distinguished heroes of the War of 1S12. Originally Henry County embarced Roekdale, and in part: Butts, Clayton, DoKalb, Fulton, Newton, and SpaldinS-

Soldiers of the Near tho town of McDonough lies buried

Revolution.

an old Revolutionary patriot--Bzekiel

Cloud. He served under General Elijah

Clarke, and besides participating in the battle of Kettle

Creek, he also fought at Briar Creek, the Second Siege of

Augusta, Cowpens, Ninety-Six, Guildford Court House,

Long Cane Creek, Wofford's Iron Works, and King's

Mountain. In the last named engagement he was one of

iifty Georgians sent to assist Colonel Campbell, After

the Revolution, we find him fighting the Indians, notably

at Jack's Creek, in 1787. Mr. Cloud was born on the

Yadkin River, in North Carolina, the date of his birth

unknown. He died in Henry County, Ga., in 1850.

Though he never acknowledged to being over 95, his

daughter was heard to observe that he was 95 for eleven

consecutive years. The grave of the old hero of inde

pendence was marked by the family, at the time of his

death, but the vines have covered it since, and the original

slab has long ago disappeared. Mark A. Hardin, for

years Clerk of the Georgia House of Representatives, and

Howell Cobb Cloud, a successful business man of Atlanta,

are his grandsons. The former remembers the old

680 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
patriot well, and on one occasion hoard him state tliat a "white horse was shot From under him at Kind's Mountain. Mr. Cloud received a land bounty lor services performed at the Second Siege of Augusta. Four of his descendants have been regents of D. A. R. Chapters.
"William Wrigbt, a soldier of the Revolution, who came to Georgia from Virginia, is supposed to be buried somewhere near McDonough. Samuel McLendon and Thomas Cook, both of whom died in Henry also belong on the list of patriots of '70. Thomas Mitchell a lietitenant in the Revolutionary ranks is supposed to be buried somewhere near McDonoug'h.
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers of Henry were William Hardin,
Jesse Johnson, James Sellers, H. J. Williams, William Pate, J). .Johnson, W. H. Turner, M. Brooks, S. Weems, Woodson Herbert, James Armstrong, Robert Beard, James Patillo, Josiah McCully, Roland Brown, E. M. Sims, 'William Crawford, E. Moseley, John Brooks, who built, the first mill, Reuben Bearing, Jacob Hinton, E. Brooks, John Galloway, B. Jenks, William Jenks, Colonel S. Strickland, Pa,rker Eason, Joseph Kirk, William Grif fin, Daniel Smith, II. Longiiio, William Tuggle, and John Ijovejoy.
In 1828 there was a newspaper published at Mc Donough called the JacJtsonian, owned and edited by

HOUSTON

681

On June 10, 1822, in the house of "William Kuff, at, MePonoug-b, Judge Augustin S. Claytoii presiding, the first session of the Superior Court was lield and the fol lowing' Grand Jurors were empanelled : "William Jackson, William Malone, James Sellers, James Pate, Thomas Abercrombie, C. Cochraii, G. Gray, William. Wood. Wilie Terr ell, Jothro ^Barries, Robert Shaw, James Col well, John Brooks, F. Pcarson William McKnight, B. Liassetcr, Jacob Hint on, Jackson Smith, and S. Stricldand.

Henry's Noted Governor James S. Irioyjiton first saw

Residents.

the light of day on a plantation in Henry,

to which county his father !FHisha S.

Bonton, a native of Vermont, removed sometime prior

to 1833, the year in which the future chief executive of

Georgia "was born.

Here the noted Captain. W. A. Fuller, "who achieved

distinction during the Civil "War by recapturing the

famous "General" from a party of raiders, spent his

boyhood days.

General Daniel Newnan, a member of Congress and

an officer in the State Militia, was at one time a resident

of MeT)oiiOTigh.

HOUSTON
Creeks under the first treaty of Indian Springs, in the same year.
s Governor and Chief-Justice of Georgia. Perry, the county-seat, named iaptain Oliver H. Perry, a gallant naval officer, who won his chief claim imortality in the battle of Lake Erie, September 10, 1813. Six years
on his thirty-fourth birthday, he died at Trinidad, on the coast of

682 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Spain, where he was buried with military honors. In 1826 his body was brought back to America, on the sloop-of-war, Lexington, for re-interment at Newport, R. I. Captain Perry was a brother of the no less distinguished American Commodore, Matthew C. Perry, who was styled "The Father of the Steam Navy" and who opened to commerce the hitherto closed port of Japan, an event to which dates the modern history of the Orient. "When organized Houston embraced parts of four other counties: Bibb, Crawford, Macon, and Fulaski.
John Houstoun, "was one of the most illustrious of Georgia's Revolutionary patriots, and it was only by the merest caprice of fortune that his name was not a.ffixed to the great charter of freedom. He signed the famous card which appeared in the Georgia Gazette, on July 20, 1774, calling for the earliest assemblage of the people in Savannah to protest against the oppressions of England. He was therefore one of the prime instigators and organ izers of the Sons of Liberty, in addition to which he was a member of the first Provincial Congress and of the first Council of Safety, and with Archibald Bnlloch and Noble "W. Jones, he was also chosen to attend the Continental Congress of 1774 but for lack of authority to represent the entire Province the delegation did not repair to Philadelphia, choosing1 rather to address a communication to John Hancock explaining the facts. Mr. Honstoun rep resented the town of Savannah, in the Provincial Con gress which met in Savannah, on July 4, 1775, to sever the tie of allegiance to England. He was also the first delegate chosen at this time to the Continental Congress. Archibald Bnlloch and J. J. Zubly were also elected and together they repaired to the seat of government. In the following year, Mr. Houstoun was re-elected. His col leagues were Archibald Bulloch, Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, and George Walton. Mr. Bulloeh was detained in Savannah by reason of his duties as President of the Executive Council. Mr. Houstoun left for Philadelphia, hut he was called back to Georgia to neutralize the in fluence of his former associate, Dr. ^ubly, who had with drawn from the patriotic ranks and "was advocating sub mission to England. The prestige of Mr. Honstoun, not only as a patriot but also as an orator, is distinctly attes-

HOUSTON

683

ted by this important commission. It was while he was thus occupied in checkmating the designs of Dr. Zubly that the Declaration of Independence was signed and though he was not enrolled among those who signed this sacred instrument he nevertheless belongs to the band of Liberty's immortals. Tn 1778, Mr. Houstoun succeeded John Trent!en at the helm of affairs and became Geor gia's second Governor under the Constitution. He was again called to this high office in 1784; and two years later was made Chief Justice of the State. Governor Houstoun was born near the site of the present town of Waynesboro, in the parish of St. George, on August 31, 1744, arid died at White Bluff, the old family home on the Veriion river, nine miles from Savannah, on July 20, 1796. His father, Sir Patrick Houstoun, was an English baronet. The family was one of high descent and of purpJo lineage, but it was none the less devoted on this account to the time honored principles of English free dom. "William Houstoun, a brother of the Governor, was also a member of the Continental Congress and a patriot of the Devolution.

Near the town of Perry rest the mortal ashes of Major James M. ICelly, the first reporter of the Supreme Court of Georgia. The grave is substantially marked b^ a handsome marble monument, now discolored with age, on which the following epitaph is inscribed:
Sacred to the memory of James M. Kelly, Esq. Born in Washington County, Ga., January 1795. Died in Perry, Houston County, Ga., January 17, 1849, aged 5-1 years. Respected and beloved, he lived and died an honest man. Major Kelly was the first reporter of the Supreme Court of Georgia.
Somewhat intemperate in his habits during the early part of his life, Major Kelly overcame his infirmities, took a prominent part in public affairs, and was sent to

684 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJKGENDS
-the State Legislature, where he was instrumental in ori ginating the Supreme Court. His work as a reporter was characterized by extreme thoroughness and five volumes embody the fruits of his labor. lie lived to see these volumes quoted with respect by the profession in every State in the Union. Says Chief-Justice Lumpkin: "Having no off-spring on which to lavish his parental fondness, Kelly's Reports became the Benjamin of his old age."
Howell Cobb, an uncle of the Governor, was for several years a resident of Houston. He was a member of Congress and a wealthy planter. General Eli Warren am. officer of note in the State militia lived at Perry. Brigadier General Charles D. Anderson lived at Fort Valley. Attorney General Thomas S. Felder was reared in the town of Perry.
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers of Houston were Abner Wimberly,
James Clark, David Clark, Alien Sutton, Alien Williams, Meredith Joiner, Thomas Gilbert, J. M. Kelley, Colonel Howell Cobb, Lewis Hunt, Daniel Dupree, Jacob Little, James Bveritt, Rev. Daniel McKenzie, Thomas Scott, David ^W. Mann, Henry W. Kaly, Jesse Pollock, Amos Wingate, James Duncan, and F. Patillo.
George S. Riley, a native of South Carolina settled in Perry at an early date for the practice of law. He was the father of Judge A. C. Riley of Fort Valley.
Colonel Samuel Bateman, an officer in the War of 1812 died in Houston, August 7, 3841. While engaged in the rescue of a wounded comrade "who, was left oil the field, in a skirmish with the Indians, his clothes were pierced by bullets but he escaped unharmed.

IKWIW

685

Pour miles south of Perry are the remains of an old fortification on which large trees "were growing "when the county was first settled.

The first session of the Superior Court, Judge Thomas W. Harris presiding, was held at Perry, in the house of Mr. Jacob Little.

IEWIN

and "Worth.
Jared Irwin, was twice Governor of Georgia, first from 1796 to 1798 and second from 1806 to 1809; and while occupying the executive chair it devolved upon him to sign the bill rescinding the famous Yazoo Act of 1795. He also participated in the solemn ceremonial before the court house door in Louisville of committing the records of this iniquitous transaction to the flames. He was born in Mecklenburg County, N. C., in 1751. When a lad he came with his parents to Georgia,, settling in what was then the Parish of St. George, afterwards the county of Burke, where he resided for thirty years. He was an officer of the Revolution, entering as a captain and re tiring as a colonel; and at his own expense he erected a fort in Burke County for the protection of his neighbor hood. He was a delegate to the Convention in Augusta which met to ratify the Federal Constitution, a member of the Convention of 1789 which framed the Constitution of Georgia,, and President of the Convention of 1798 which remodelled the same instrument. He also repre sented the State in important treaty negotiations with the Indians. Governor Jrwin died at Union Hill, his country-seat, near Sandersville, Ga., oil March 1, 1818,

1
686 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
aged sixty-eight. He is biiried in a elmrcli yard, not far from his plantation, on property given by him to Union Ohurch. It is today owned exclusively by the Baptists who have changed the name to Ohoopee Church. In front of the court house in Snndersville, stands a monument erected by the State of Georgia to this illustrious patriot,

Where Jefferson Davis Was Arrested.

Page 13.

Original Settlers. The first coiners into Irwin, according
to White, were: John Dorminy, R. H. Dickson, M. McDuffec, TJ. Mobbley, John Henderson, Thomas Bradford, Lot Whiddon, Redding Hunter, John Joice, William Bradford, S. Griffin, James Wallace, James Alien, John Ford, Snmnel Story, Thomas Gibbes, John Gibbes, William Kussells, and J. C. Summers.

On July 13, 1836, on the Allapaha River, near the plantation of Mr. William H. Mitchell, a battle was fought between the whites and Indians. Captain Levi J. Knight commanded the whites, numbering about seventy-five men. The Indians were defeated and all killed except five. Twenty-three guns and nineteen packs fell into the hands of the whites.
JACKSON

JACKSON-
Grov. Jackson died while serving1 Georgia in the Senate of the United States and was buried in the Congressional cemetery in "Washington, I). C., on the banks of the Potomac. His grave is marked by one of the numerous square blocks erected by Congress to commemorate the services of distinguished public servants who died iu official harness. As a memorial it is most inadequate and Georgia owes it to the memory of this devoted patriot to reinter his ashes beneath a handsome shaft of marble in her own soil. With his expiring breath he de clared that if his breast were opened after death Georgia would be found lettered upon his heart. The inscription on the front of the monument reads :
*' To the memory of Major-General James Jackson, who deserved and enjoyed the confidence of a grateful country, A soldier of tlie Revolution."
On the liEU'lv are these words: "He was the determined foe of foreign tyranny, the scourge and terror of corruption at home. Died March 19, 1SOQ, in the 49th year of his age."
Joseph Y/ehher Jackson, a son of the old Governor, became a member of Congress. Chief-Justice James Jackson, of tLe Supreme Court of Georgia, was his grandson.
Impetuous and higii strung1, Governor Jackson was easily provoked to auger.'-' He became involved in a duel with Governor "Wells, as the result of which the latter fell a victim on the field of honor. Thomas II. Bent on, of Missouri, is authority for the statement that the wounds which the old patriot received in personal com bats caused by Ms relentless prosecution of the Yazoo conspirators undoubtedly hastened the end. Nor is there anything1 at variance "with this supposition in the biog raphy of him written by Judge Charlton. His devotion to Georgia, may be said to have caused his death; and thus allied in double similitude to the ancient Tishbite, he not only drew down the fire of heaven to consume the

688 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS A3sm LEGENDS
workings of iniquity but he also rose to heaven in the flaming chariot of his zeal for righteousness to blaze upon Georgia's burnished scroll like another splendid Mars.
Winder. Winder, one of the most progressive towns of of North Georgia, is located on the Southern
border of Jackson and is partially included in two other counties : Gwinnett and Walton. The original name of the town was Jug Tavern, Later for a short time it was known as Brandon and finally when the Seaboard Air Line was built and the town began to acquire a real com mercial importance the name was changed to Winder in honor of the distinguished president of the railroad com pany, Gen. John H. Winder, of Raleigh, N. O.

Jefferson: The

It was in the town of Jefferson, Ga.,

Monument to Dr.

on March 30, 1842, that an

Crawford W. Long, operation was performed, by a

young physician, then wholly un

known to fame, the effect of which "was to inaugurate a

new era in the history of medicine, and to put an end to

the reign of terror caused by the relentless knife of the

surgeon. The young physician was Dr. Crawford ~W.

Long. On this occasion, sulphuric ether was employed

for the first time as an anaesthetic. It was used in ex

tracting a tumor from the neck of James M. Venfible

an operation "which "was not only successful but painless.

(See Vol. II.) The little building which served for an

office has long since disappeared, hut the site is marked

by an old tree, in the immediate vicinity of "which the

operation in question was performed.

Dr. Long made no haste to exploit his achievement by

any obsequious flourishing of trumpets. He bestowed no

pet name upon his off-spring. Neither did he seek by

JACKSON

689

means of some secret formula to convert his discovery into profit. He was a modest country doctor of the old school. His little home town was then remote from nny railroad. He lacked the brilliant stage-settings with which his rivals were favored in the populous heart-cen ters of New England. But it was nevertheless reserved for this unobtrusive gentleman to unlock the barred door of the gods with his open sesame and to confer upon the world the noble;st boon of medical science since the days of Hippocrates. There are affidavits on record which establish beyond a doubt the prior claims of Dr. Longto the discovery of anaesthesia.

On April 21, 1910, there was unveiled at Jefferson, near the scene of Dr. Long's discovery, a monument of impressive dimensions. Thousands of visitors "witnessed the dramatic spectacle, including a number of specially in vited guests; and some of the most eminent surgeons and physicians of the land were present for the purpose of doing honor to the memory of the great philanthropist. Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, of Savannah, was the orator of the occasion, but there "were several other addresses made by distinguished speakers. It was a red-letter day in the history of Jefferson. The monument stands on one of the main tihoroug'hfares of the town, a perpetual reminder of the great event with which the name of the little com munity is forever associated; and inscribed upon it are the following records :
(North)
Sulphuric Ether Anaesthesia was discovered by Dr. Crawford W. Long, on March 30, 1842, at Jefferson, Ga., and administered to James M. VonalJe for the re moval of a tumor.

690 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
(East) In memory of Dr. Crawford W. Eong, the first dis coverer of anaesthesia, the great benefactor to tne human race. Born, Daniels villc, Madison County, Ga., Nov. 1, 1813. Died, Athens, Ga. June 10, 1878.
(South) Given by Dr. Larnartine Griffin Hardman, of Com merce, Jackson Co., Ga., in the name of his father and mother, Dr. "W. E. J. Hardman and Mrs. E. S. Hardrnan, life-long friends of Dr. Crawford W. Uong--Dr. W. B. J. Hardman being a physician in Jackson County.
(West) Erected by the Jaekson County Medical Association, at Jefferson, Ga. Committee: W. E. Hardman, M. D.; S. J. Smith, M. D.; J. A. Eryan, M. D. City Com mittee: H. W. Bell, J. C. Bennctt, M. D., F. M. Bailey, Unveiled by the Georgia Medical Association, April 21, 1910.
On March 30, 1912 a handsome bronze medallion in honor of Dr. Long was unveiled in the medical depart ment of the University of Pennsylvania. The exercises occurred >on the seventieth anniversary of the great achievement which this impressive ceremonial was intended to commemorate, and some of the most distin guished men of science in America were present. The following extract from "Old Penn," a weekly review pitblished by the University, gives an account of the exercises:
"Er. Crawford Williamson Long, who first made use of ether as an anaesthetic fo.r surgical purposes 'on March 30, 1842, was memorial ized on Saturday afternoon, March 30, 1912, when a handsome gilt bronze medallion was unveiled in his honor- The exercises were held in the Medical Building of the University of Pennsylvania. Addresses were made by Dr. J. William White, of the University, and Dr. J. Chalmers Da Costa, of Jefferson Medical College. The medallion was modeled by Dr. E, Tait MeKenzie of the University, and represents

F

JACKSON



691

Dr. Long as a young man admmistoring- ether for the first time to a patient about to be operated upon.
"Provost Edgar ~F. Smith presided a,nd introduced the speakers. The tablet was unveiled by Mrs. Florence L, Bartow, a daughter of Dr. Long, after the address of Dr. J. William "White, an-d the

trances jjong -j.ayior, ivirs. Alexander \j. iiarper, ana Mrs.

L. BartoW, the daughters of Dr. Long, added great interest an

.

,

gia, for the express

purpose of attending the ceremonies, and during their stay in Phila

delphia were the guests of the University.''--< ( Old Penn,'' "Weekly

Eeview of the University of Pennsylvania.

Original Settlers According' to White, tlie original set-
and Men of Note, tiers of Jackson were: Jacob Bankston,
Richard Ea.slcy, John Smith, Jordan Clark, jMoediiego Moore, Thomas Hill, Paul Williams, Edward Callehan, Parks Candler, Andrew Millar, Bed ford Brown, Z>. Coll ins, S. Uvely, Johnson Strong", Miles Q-athright, and D. W. Easley.

Nathaniel Pendergrass, a soldier in the Indian wars, came to Georgia from South Carolina in 1811 and set tled in Jackson. He was the grandfather of Dr. James 13. Pendergra-ss, aoi eminent physician and surg-eon.
Jackson W. Bell was a prominent merchant and legis lator of the early ante-helium period. His son, Judge Horatio W. Bell, was made ordinary of the cotinty, in 1877, an office which he filled by successive re-elections for more than thirty years.
Thomas R. Holder also settled in Jackson at an early date. His son, Hon. John 1ST. Holder, of Jefferson, a dis-
* Dr. B. J. Spratllng, of Atlanta,, a kinsman of Dr. Long, was unable to be present on account of business engagements.

692 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS A
tingulshed legislator and journalist, lias ably filled the office of Speaker of the Georgia House of Representa tives, In the last campaign he was a popular candidate for Congress against Hon. Thomas M. Bell.
George Wilson was an early comer into Jackson, locating here soon after the county was opened. He was a member of the convention called to frame the first Con stitution of the State. His son, James "Wilson, was a soldier in the war of 1812.
Captain A. T. Bennett was for years a prominent figure in the early ante-bellum public life of Jackson.
Dr. William B. J. Hardman also belong-s to the list of distinguished pioneers. He achieved eminence both, as a physician and as a minister. He was the father of Dr. Lamartine O. Hardman, a former State Senator who was larg'ely instrumental in placing the present prohibi tion law upon the statute books of Georgia; a leader in politics, a successful practitioner and a man of affairs.
Captain ^vVm. Matthews, Isaac Matthews and Sher wood Thompson, patriots of '76, are buried somewhere 133 Jackson. Major Cochrane a Revolutionary officer set tled on land three miles from the present town of Jeffer son. The place is owned today by Dr. Do La Perre.
Francis Bell, a soldier of the Revolution (1750-1838) is buried at Liberty M. E. church in Jackson. He was at the battle of Guildford C. H v in Worth Carolina and years later wrote an account of it in verse.
JASPER
Created by Legislative Act, December HO, IS12, fron
ounded at the aieg

JASPER

693

Jasper in the Unless an exception be made of Chatham, Revolution. there is not a county in the State of Geor
gia richer than Jasper in the shrines of Revolutionary patriots and the graves in which these stern heroes of independence sleep are not only well kept hut are marked by substantial monuments. Within the quiet precincts of the little burial ground of the Baptist church, at Monticello, there is an ancient tomb on which the following epitaph is inscribed:

Sacred to the memory of William Fenn, who depart ed this life on the 2Gth of July 3836. Aged 74 years. The deceased "bore arms in the defence of his country during the ^Revolutionary War, and after long enjoy ing the blessings thus obtained, lie peacefully and joy fully resigned them for a far more exceeding and eternal "weight of glory.

In the Methodist cemetery, at Monticello, there is a monument yellow with age, but well preserved, on "which the following inscription appears:
Sacred to the memory of Thomas Grant, who de parted this life on the 27th of November, 1827. Aged 71 yeavg, 6 months and C days. The deceased was a native Virginian. In early life 3ie was a soldier of the Revolution, and for more than, forty years a soldier of the Cross. The annals of the M. 33. Church, of which he was a pioiis member, record his extensive benev olence, ^nd his memorial Js in the hearts of the brethren. His warfare is accomplished, and he has entered into rest.

Under an old cedar tree of gig^antic proportions, there sleeps within this same enclosure an officer whose grave is several years older than Thomas Grant's. It is en closed in a granite box with a gray marble slab on top. At the head of the .slab are engraved several weapons which he is supposed to have used at different times. They include a hatchet and a dagger. There is also a

694 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
scabbard for the latter, around wliicla is coiled a serpent. It seems to be of Mexican make. There is also a flag which bears five stars and ten stripes. The slab contains the following' inscription :
Sacred to the inem. jry of General William Lee, who departed this life on the 15th of March, 1815. Aged 38 years. Esteemed and honored by liis country and universally beloved. His benevolence was unbounded and his virtues exemplary. He livod as he died, fear less of death and in .-joyful 'hope of immortal felicity.
Here shall the morn her earliest tears bestow Here the first roses of the year shall blow AVhorc angels with their silver -wings o'ershade The ground now sacred by his ashes made.
In the burial-ground of the Jordan family, six miles east of Monticello, lie the ashes of Thomas Meriwether, a soldier of the Revolution. He "was a native of Amherst County, Va., where he was born in 1761. Removing from Virginia to Georgia, sometime after the straggle for in dependence, he settled "with other members of his family, on the Broad River, in Oglethorpe; but several years later he followed his children and his son-in-law into Jasper. He was at one time employed as a scout in the neighbor hood of Richmond; and afterwards at the siege of York town he was chosen to guard a number of prisoners.
Jeremiah Campbell, A Reddick, and Sion Barnett were 'also Revolutionary patriots. The latter was at the battle of Cowpens. He is said to have published the first proclamation of the famous Mecklenburg Declaration of Independecnce.
Mr. Yancey, another hero of the Revolution, stood within five feet of Pulaski when the latter fell at the siege of Savannah. Zephaniah Harvey, a patriot of '76, is buried somewhere in Jasper.

JASPER

695

Jackson Spring:. During the period of the Seminole War Andrew Jackson, while enroute to Flor
ida, at the head of his troops, found a spring of water in the midst of a luxuriant grove of oaks and poplars, not far from the 'site of the present town of Monticello. Here, to obtain rest and refreshment for his tired men, he camped for nearly two weeks in the shade of the forest trees. The locality has ever since been called Jackson Spring in honor of the illustrious soldier, who soon afterwards became President of the United States. Eeubert Jord'an, in 1828, purchased and settled the planta tion which then embraced Jackson Spring', and ever since then the property has been owned by his descend ants. Jackson Spring has been the scene of many famous barbecues and political gatherings in times past and lias been the silent witness of no small amount of historymaking. Sergeant Jasper Chapter of the D. A. E. is planning to mark Jackson Spring at an early date.

Hillsboro: The In the beginning of the century, John Birth-Place of Hill came from North Carolina and Senator Hill. settled in Jasper County, Ga. He was a
farmer of very moderate means and of limited education, but a man of strong individuality, ex tensive reading, and deep reflection. He believed in edu cation, religion, and temperance, and he gathered around Ms home a school-house, a church, and a temperance society in each of which he became the dominant spirit. He was also an enterprising citizen, foremost in every movement looking1 to the public good, and beloved by his neighbors. The little town was named for him, and to this day is called Hillsboro. When quite a young man, he married Miss Sarah Parham, a 'woman with a noble and tender heart, deeply religious, and a most excellent wife and mother. In this home, where, with the simplicity of perfect faith, God was honored and love reigned, the

696 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
biography of Benjamin Harvey Hill begins. Born Sep tember 14, 1823 ; he 'was the fifth of six sons and the seventh of nine children. From an early age, he worked with his brothers, side by side with the few slaves on his father's plantation. In this respect no difference was made between the children and the slaves; they were all made to work early and late. Aided by her daughters, Mrs. Hill did the entire work of the household, spun, wove, cut and made the clothing1 for husband, children, and slaves. When Ben was ten years old his father moved to T'roup County and settled in a little place called Long Cane. The boys walked tbe entire distance, helping to drive the cattle, while father, mother, and sisters rode in wagons containing the household furniture and per sonal belongings.*
Original Settlers. Among the early settlers of Jasper, according to White, were: Jeremiah
Cox, Richard Carter, Adam Glazier, Sylvanus Walker, Joel Wise, Charles Cargile, William Scott, Stockely Morgan, Anthony Dyer, General J. W. Burney, Isaac Hill, Captain Eli Glover, Major Person, William Penn, Thomas Brotcrs, James Smith, S. Bnrnett, W. Dozier, John Powell, A. Chapman, W. L. Thompson, K. Jorden, F. Malono, S. Malone, M. Whitfteld, D. Meriwether, Nathan Fish, E. Lovejoy, N. Williams and William Reid.
William Ileuderson settled near Moiiticello in 1818, coming from Wilkes. With his 'brother Flisha, he was ti soldier of the War of 3812.
The Campbells and the Anthonys located in Jasper when the county was first opened.
John Maddux came in 1808, settling four miles west of Monticello, on the Indian Spring's road. William II.
* Benjamin H. Hill, Jr., in Senator Benjamin H. Hill, of Georgia: His Life, Speeches and Writings.

JASPEE

697

Preston, a native of South Carolina, became a resident of Jasper, in 1812, settling on Murder creek. The Belts family also located in Jasper about this time.
Jonas H. Holland came to Georgia on horseback, in 1816, from Virginia, and built a home in Jasper. He was only sixteen when he married, his bride only thirteen. The parents of both opposed the match, but an uncle gave bond to take care of the bride, !and the ceremony was performed. Placing1 his child-wife on horseback, he started upon the long journey through the wilderness; but, after arriving in Georgia, his youthful brido sur vived only two years.
Durrell Leverett, a pioneer settler of French extrac tion, came to Jasper in 1824. He reached the age.of 91 and died a.t the old family homestead near Machen.
Acquilla, Phelps, David Johnston, Win. Hardwick, John W. Hardwick and John Willsoii were also among the first coiners into Jasper.
In 1810, quite a colony came from the Broad River settlement in Oglethorpe, including Thonms Meriwether, David Meriwether, George Meriwether, Colonel Fleming Jordan, Dr. David Eeese, and others.

Jasper's Noted Dr. Milton Anthony, one of the most dis-

Residents.

tinguished of Georgia's ante-bellum phy

sicians, practiced his profession for

several years at Monticello. He afterwards removed to

Augusta where lie became the founder of the oldest

medical college in the State.

Captain Samuel Butts, an officer of distinction in the

Georgia militia, who lost his life in the battle of Challib-

hee, lived here. The county of Butts was named in his

honor.

Alfred Cuthbert, ail ante-bellum United States

Senator, spent the greater part of his long and useful

career in Montieello, where he practiced law, when not

kept by official duties in Washington, D. C.

698 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
David A. Keese, a member of Congress before the war, lived at Monticello.
Benjamin H. Hill, one of Georgia's most illustrious sons, a United States Senator, a member of Congress and a matchless orator, was born on his father's plantation^ at Hillsboro, in Jasper.
General. David Adams, an officer of note in the State militia, lived here. ITe served with distinction, under General Floyd, in the Indian wars, after which he repre sented Jasper in the Legislature for twenty-five years. He was several times Speaker of the Honse.
Charles L. Bartlett, a distinguished lawyer and legis lator, who for several years past, has represented the sixth district of Georgia in Congress, was born here.
The present Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Tesas, Hon. 1\ J. Browne spent his early boyhood in Jasper--the county of his birth.
Harvie Jordan, for years one of the recognized lead ers among the farmers of Georgia, was born in Jasper where he still owns large interests.
Robert P. Trippe, a former occupant of the Supreme Bench of Georgia and an ante-bellum member of Con gress, first saw the light of day in Jasper.
JEFF DAVIS

Putting Mr. Davis in Irons: The Story Told by His Prison Physician.

Volume II.

JEFF DAVIS

699

Hazlehurst. Hazlehurst, the county-seat of Jeff Davis, came into existence when the old Macon and
Brunswick Railroad, now a part of the Southern, was first built; but the town for more than half a century 'was marked by little growth. In 1900 the population w'as only 793. Today it is over 2,000. At the intersection of the Georgia and Florida with the Southern system, Hazlehnrst is today a wideawake trade center, 189 miles from Atlanta, 86 from Brunswick, 128 from Augusta and 104 from JVladison, Fla. Three churches are represented in the religious life of the town, Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist, besides numerous fraternal orders; and there are also prosperous business establishments, two strong banks, an excellent graded high school and a number of well equipped grammar schools.

Original Settlers. Some of the pioneer settlers of the
county most of whom established them selves at or near Hazlehurst and who were the founders of the town may be mentioned as follows: Millard Surrency, for whom the town of Surreucy in Appling County, was named; Thomas Pace, W. H. Pace, J. C. Tatem, J. H. G^raliam, for whom the town of Graham, in Jeff Davis County was named; D. L. Girtman, A. J. Wilcox, James Council, J. B. Grady, Col. K. T. Williams, B. N. Williams, Bev. J. L. "Williams, Napoleon Weatherly and Dr. James H. Latimer. Among the prominent residents of Jeff Davis at the time the new county 'was formed in 1905 were: Judge J. A. Cromartie who located here in 1885 where he dealt in naval stores; T^ott W. Johnson, J. J. Frazier, George F. Armstrong, Judge Henry Cook, Dr. J. M. Christian, Dr. John M. Hall, B. H. Ellis, W. H. Ellis, T. J. Ellis, Henry C. Girtman, Dr. Wm. M. Girtman, B. J. Boddenberry, J. E. Curry, L. W. Speer and Dr. J. W. Barber.

700 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Men of Note. "When a member of the State Legislature in 1903, Judge John A,. Cromartie, of
Hazlehnrst, introduced an amendment to the State Con stitution providing for the creation of eight new Georgia Counties. It passed the General Assembly in T904; and in the year following these counties were duly created according" to law. Jeff Da vis was one of the counties formed at this time. The people of the proposed new county first selected the name of "Cromartie" in honor of the distinguished author of the Constitutional amend ment; but they were over-ruled in this preference because of a policy adopted by the lawmakers to name none of the counties after a living person. Thereupon the name was changed to Jeff Davis; but the compliment to Judge CromartJe was nevertheless unique in character especial ly since the second choice of his fellow citizens of the county was the illustrious first and last President of the Confederate States. Hon. Lott W, Jolinson, president of the Citizens Bank of Hazlelmrst, has represented the county with, distinction in the General Assembly of Geor gia.

JEPFE.RSON

Created by Legislative Act, February 20, 1790, from Burke and Warren Counties, Named for Thomas Jefferson, founder of the democratic party, author of the Declaration of Independence, arid third President of the United States. Louisville, the county-seat, was designated as Georgia's first permanent capital. Named for Louisville, Jefferson County, ly., a town founded in 1779 by Colonel George Rogers Clarke and named for Tjouis XVI of France. Jefferson originally included a part of GlascocK.

Galphinton: The Story of an Old Indian. Trading Post.

Volume 31.

George Galphin: A Merchant Prince of the Georgia Forest.

Volume II.

JEFFERSON

701

Queensboro: A Lost Some eight miles to the north-west

Town.

of Galphinton, a trading post "was

established about the year 1769 by a

band of Scotch-Irish settlers, "who called the place

Queensboro in honor of Queen Anne. It was located in

an angle made by the Ogccchcc River with a large creek

which enters the stream at this point. The locality was

somewhat elevated and seemed to meet the two-fold re

quirement of a stronghold which was secure from Indian

assaults and conducive to general good health. Colonel

Jones estimates that in the immediate vicinity of the

trading post there were at one time as many as two

hundred families settled. It wr as sometimes called the

Irish Settlement or the Irish Reserve because of the pre

dominance of this racial element, most of the settlers

having* come either directly or indirectly from the North

of Ireland. George Galphin and John Rae, were instru

mental in obtaining for them a reservation of 50,000

acres of land on the branches of the Ogeechee River.

They were Presbyterians in religious faith and were

served for many years by Kev. David Bothwell, a man of

Tumsu'al force of intellect and character who came to them

from the home-land in response to earnest overtures.

Queensboro survived for a number of years ; but when the

town of Louisville arose only two miles off, it gradually

declined in population until finally it ceased to exist.

St. George's

It was not until the battle of Lexing-

Parish: A Nest of ton that the Scotch-Irish settlers 'at

Loyalists.

Queensboro in tho Parish of St.

George renounced allegiance to the

Crown of England. The reason for the strong loyalist

sentiment which prevailed in this part of the Province

were numerous. In the first place, the settlers lived on

the frontier belt, where they were constantly exposed to

attacks from the Indians. They needed the protection of

702 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

England. Not a few of them "were wealthy planters, who

possessed large estates. Moreover, they resented a con dition of affairs which they laid at the doors of the med

dlesome Puritans of Boston and they did not see why Georgia should become a party to New Kngiand's quarrel. So following1 the famous meeting at Tondee's Tavern,

there was entered, on September 28, 1774, a protest from the Parish of St. George, hi which the resolutions adopted at Savannah, on .August 10, 1774, were condemned a? "reflecting- improperly ii]>on the King and Parliament of

England." It was signed by the following freeholders,

who were the earliest settlers of what afterwards became

the county of Jefferson:

George Wells, after wards Lt. -Governor,
Peter Shand, James Doyle, Shadrach Barrow, Joseph Gresham, James Boe, Wm. Doyle, Joseph Tilley, Daniel Thomas, Gidcn Thomas, "Robert Henderson, John Bed, James Williams, Alexander Berryhill, Charles Williams, John Tiogers, Drewry Roberts, James Bed, Jo'hn Kennedy, Paul MeCormiek, John Green-way, TTugh Irwin, James Erantley, John Catlett, John Pettigrew, John Frier, William Milner, Samuel Berryhill, John Bledsoe,

Wm. Moore, Richard Curton, Philip Helveston, Kphraim Odom, Thomas Gray, John Greone, Starling Jordan, Zachariah Wiinberley, Benjamin Warren, John Gray, Pleasant Goodall, Wade Kitts, John Roberts, Nathan 'Williams, John Stephens, .Moses Davis, Amos Davis, Alien. Brown, James Douglas, Kobert Douglas, Sr., ITenry Mills, Amos Whitchead, Ezekicl Brumiield, Clement Yarbrough, Barnaby Lamb, T-ewis I-Tobbs, John Ho well, James Moore, John Sharpe, Win. Hobbs,

John Tillman, Kobert Cade, John Thomas, Francis Lewis Feyer, James AVatreii, Samuel P,ed, JSdmoiid Hill, TboniOH Pciinington, Job Thomas, Joel Walker, William X. Xorrell, Francis Stringer, fTumphrey Williams, "Robert Blaishard, Thomas Carter, John Anderson, David Greene, \Vm. Catlett, James Davis, Elijah Dix, Thomas Red, 'Win. Whethcrs, Wm. Godbo, \\'m. Curton, Elias Daniel, Benjamin Brantley, Jeremiah Brantley, John Burnsides, Patrick Dickey, Stephen Lamb,

'

703

Seth Slockumb, Charles Golightly, Bud Cade, .lolm "VV'hitcibcad, Thomas Odom, John Thomas, Sr., Caleb Whitehead.

Despite the foregoing' protest, delegates "were sent to the Provincial Congress which met in Savannah on July 4, 1775 at which time the tie of allegiance to England was severed; arid throughout the Revolution the Parish of St. George was the abode of the most intense loyalty to the patriotic cause and the theatre of some of the most tragic engagements.

Louisville: Georgia's First Permanent
Capital.
The Yazoo Fraud: An Episode of Dramatic Interest
Recalled.
Burning the Infamous Records With Fire from
Heaven.

Page 146. Page 149. Page 152.

General Solomon "Wood, a Oaptain in the "War of the Revolution, died in Jefferson County. He distinguished himself by his opposition to the Yazoo fraud, held many offices in the county, and wa.s highly esteemed by his fel low citizens. Aaron Tomlinson, an officer of the Revolu tion under General Greene, and Jacob Sodown, a comrade in arms both reached the age of 80, There is an old

704 GEORGIA *s LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Revolutionary patriot buried in Ijouisville by the name of King' 'whose g'rave is said to bo in a state of absolute neglect. G-eorg'e Larson Stapleton and John Peel, both patriots of '76, are supposed to be buried somewhere in Jefferson.
Original Settlers. According* to White, the original set tlers of Jefferson were: "William Ilard-
wick, John Fulton, Roger J.a.wson, Hugh Tjawson, Joseph Gamble, William Gamble, Major John Berrien, Captain "William Iladdon, Captain Patrick Connelly, Andrew Berryliill, James Shellrnnii, the Pattersons, the Whiteheads, the Hamptons, and others.
To the above list may be added the names of the fol lowing-persons, most of them emigrants from the North -of Ireland, "who received land grants prior to the Revolu tion and settled in the township of Quccnsboro : Z. Albritton, John Alien, David Alexander, Hugh Alexander, Thomas Atkins on, Matthew Barr, Samuel. Barren, John Bartholeinew, Mitchael Beatty, Thomas Beatty, James Blair, James Bogg's, J ohn Boggvs, James Breckinridg'e, John Brown, William Brown, John Bryant, John Busby, John Campbell, John Cary, John Chambers, Alexander Chestnut, Isaac Col cm an, George Cook, Robert Cooper, John Orozier, John Dickson ? M. Dor ton, Isaach DuBose, Davd Doug'lass, Robert Dun can, John, Evans, John Finley, James Fleming-, R. Fleming, 'Samuel Fleming, Rich ard Fleeting, John Gamble, Robert Gerviri, John Gilmore, R-. Gray, John Green, David Grcer, James Had en, Joseph Hampton, D. Hancock, Robert Hanna, William Haima, William Harding, Garland Hard~wick, C. W7". Hard^wick, W. P. Hardwick, James Harris, Sherrell Hartley, James Harvey, James Hogg1, Henry Hard, John Ingram, David Irvin, Isabella Irwin, Joseph Johnson, John Kennedy,

JEFFERSON

705

Isaac Laremore, Henry Lewis, Samuel Little, Matthew Lyle, Samuel MeAllister, John MeClinigan, Elizabeth McClinigan, William McConkey, William McCreery, James McCroan, Thomas McCroan, Patrick McCulloch, B. MeCutlers, Patrick McGee, Adam Mcllroy, James McKelvey, John McKelvey, Moses McMiehan, James MeMiehan, Daniel McNeill, John Mack, Patrick Mackay, William Mackay, John Martin, John. Maynard, James Meriwether, Robert Miller, John Mineely, Andrew Moore, Matthew Moore, Adam Morrison, John Morrison, John Murdock, Arthur O'Neal, Jesse Pa.ulett, John Peel, Richard Peel, Robert Prior, Jesse Purvis, John Reese, Clotworthy Eobson, James Bodgers, Robert Rodgers, Edward Rog ers, David Russell, Robert Sampson, William Sampson, Love Sanford, Joseph Saunders, John Scott, M. Shellman, James Simpson, Jesse Slatter, William Skelly, Walker Steveris, Edward Thompson, George Thompsou, James Thompson, John Todd, John Toland, James Ton kin, Henry Tucker, Esther Tweedy, John Warnock, Robt. Warnock, Benjamin Warren, John Wilson, Seb. Witherup and Thomas Wellington. Most of the eai'ly settlers of Jefferson -were patriots of the Revolution. In addition to those mentioned in the foregoing list, General James Gram, Colonel Wood, Moses Newton, William Walker and George Oorvan, veterans of the first war for independ ence, died in Jefferson.

Perhaps nothing happened of greater importance to the town, while Louisville was the capital, than the estab lishment of the Louisville Academy, one of the oldest and best institutions of the State. When Jefferson County was formed from Warren and Burke Counties, in 1796, there was included in the act which provided for the new county a provision also for the establishment of a school in Louisville, to be a branch of the State Univer sity, founded at Athens, in 1785. The school at Louisville was one of a group established about this time by the

706 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Legislature as feeders to the State University and these schools are probably the oldest in Georgia. The commis sioners to organize the academy were: David Bothwell, John Shellman, James Meriwether, John Cobbs and Josiah Sterrett.

The Old Slave Market.

Page 155.

Jefferson's

On account of the location of the seat of

Distinguished government at Louisville, some of the best

Residents.

families in the State settled in the immed

iate neighborhood, and quite a number

came from Virginia and North Carolina. They acquired

large tracts of land and lived in the ample style charac

teristic of wealthy planters. Hugh Lawson, whose

father, a North Oarolinian, settled in the district prior

to the Revolution, became a Captain in the War for

Independence, a commissioner to locate the capital at

Louisville, and a trustee of the University of Georgia.

Roger Lawson Gamble, Sr., a son of Joseph Gamble,

"was twice elected a member of Congress, and was a Judge

of the Middle Circuit from 1845 to 1847. He lived and

died in Jefferson. The latter's grandson, of the same

name, also became an occupant of the Bench.

John Milton, who held the office of Secretary of State

during the Revolution and who saved the official records

of Georgia from destruction by carrying them to Mary

land, was a resident of Jefferson. The county of Milton

in North Georgia was named for him. His son, John

Milton, became Governor of Florida, and the widow of

the late Governor William Y. Atkinson, of Georgia, is one

of his descendants.

Major John Berrien, the father of the distinguished

Senator, lived for several years at Louisville. He held

the office of State Treasurer of Georgia. During the

Revolution he earned his military title by conspicuous

gallantryj "was wounded at the battle of Monmouth, was decorated by Washing-ton with the emblem of the Cincin nati, and ]ater became President of the Georgia branch of this organization. The emblem in question was an eagle. Major Berrien was born four miles from Princeton, N. J., in the famous "Berrien Mansion," where Washington issued his farewell orders to the -American Army, at the close of hostilities. lie died at Savannah, Ga.
Benjamin WM taker, long Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives, lived and died in -Jefferson.
Governor Herschcl V. Johnson, owned an extensive plantation in the neighborhood of L/ouisvillc. where the last years of his life were spent. lie is buried in the new cemetery underneath an impressive monument.
United States Senator James Gunn also lived at Louisville. Unfortunately he became associated with the Yazoo speculators, whose designs were thwarted by his colleague, Governor Jackson.
Governor Howell Cohb and General T. E. R. Cobb were both natives of Jefferson but "were reared in Clarke.
Howell Cobb, Sr., an uncle of the Governor, a planter of large means also resided .in Jefferson. He was a mem ber of Congress from 1807 to 1811.
One of the early settlers of Jefferson was Ambrose Wright. His son, Major-General A. K. Wright, became an officer of high rank in the Confederate Army, and an editor of distinction. The present Comptroller-General of Georgia, William A. Wright, who has held this office continuously for thirty-six years, is a grandson.
Daniel Hook, an eminent pioneer minister of theChurch of the Disciples1, resided for several years at Louisville, where his distinguished son, Judge James S. Hook, commissioner of education, jurist, and scholar, was born.
The celebrated Patrick Carr, who is said to have killed one hundred Tories with his own hand, lived and died in

708 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Jefferson. Among the other soldiers of the War for Inde pendence, who came from this immediate vicinity were: General Solomon Wood, a Captain in the Revolution, afterwards a General of militia, who bitterly opposed the YViZoo fraud; Aaron Thompson, an officer under General C.reene; Chesley Bostwick and Littleberry Bostwick, both officers; Seth Pearce and William Lyon.
Chief-Justice James Jackson a grandson of the old governor, was a native of Jefferson. Here also lived Rrigadier-General Reuben W. Cars well, a distinguished Confederate soldier, and a jurist of note.

JBNKINS
Created "by Legislative Act, August 17, 1905, from parts of four counties: Hulloch, Burke, Bmanuel, and Screvcn. Named for Governor Charles J. Jenkins, an illustrious chief-magistrate of Georgia, who bore the executive weal of the State into exile during tlie days of Reconstruction. Millen, the county-seat, named for Hon. John Millen, of Savannah, a noted lawyer, who died on the eve of taking- his seat in Congress.

Charles J. Jenkins: While occupying- the office of Gov-

In Exile Preserves ernor, during the days of Recon-

Seal of Georgia.

struction, Charles J. Jenkins per

formed an act of civic patriotism, the

bare mention of which, after a lapse of fifty years, still

awakens a thrill of admiration. To prevent the executive

seal of the State from being' profaned by the military

satraps, Governor Jenkins, on being" deposed from office

by the Federal officer in command of the district, General

Meade, took the instrument of authority with him into

exile among* the mountains of Nova Scotia, and there kept

it until the reins of government in Georgia were restored,

to the Caucasian element.* Under an act of Congress,

:at seal of
le of Reconstruction. The great seal of the State is :rs which bear upon inter-state or foreign relations i piece of wax, which is then attached to the docu-
seal is used in the ordinary transactions of the without the formalities above indicated.

JENKINS

709

passed early in the year 1867, Georgia was grouped with Alabama and Florida, in "what was known as the third military district of the seceding States ; and the Saturna lia of Reconstruction was begun. The negroes now voted for the first time and the registration lists, which were supervised by the Federal authorities, contained as many blacks as "whites. At an election held for delegates to a Convention, the avowed jmrpose of w'hich was to remold the organic law of the State, thirty-three blacks were chosen; and the mongrel -body which met soon thereafter amended the Constitution, committed Georgia to Republican pledges, and ordered another election for Governor and State House officers. Thus having disposed of thie business on hand, the Convention was ready to adjourn.
But the hotel bills of the delegates still remained to be paid. As commander of the military district, General Meade directed Governor Jenkins to draw a warrant upun tbe treasury of the State, for the purpose of defraying the conventional expenses. But Governor Jenkins did not tbink that the disfranchised tax-payers of Georgia should be made to foot the bill for this sort of a banquet, and he firmly refused to issue the desired order. On receiving this note, General Meade forthwith removed Governor Jenkins from office, detailing General Thomas II. Rrtger to act as Governor; and, to avoid any unpleasant hitch in the proceedings, Captain C. F. Eockwell was detailed to act as Treasurer. The sovereignty for Georgia "was ruthlessly outraged by the usurpers.
It was now the victorious high-tide of the military regime in Georgia. The rule of the bayonet was supreme. But Governor Jenkins was determined to uphold the lionor of the commonwealth at any cost; and he quietly departed into exile, taking not only four hundred thous and dollars in cash and leaving an empty strong box for the carpet bag administration, but also taking the execu tive seal of the State, which he avowed should never be affixed to any document "which did not express the sever-

710 G-EOBGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
eign will of the people of Georgia. Depositing the money to the credit of the State in one of the New York city banks, he then crossed the Canadian border line into Nova Scotia, where he kept the insignia of statehood until Georgia was at last emancipated from the bonds of the military despotism which enthralled her. On the election of Governor James M. Smith, he emerged from his retire ment and formally restored the executive seal to the proper authorities, expressing as he did so the satisfac tion that never once had it been descrated by the hand of the military tryant. The Legislature of Georgia suitably acknowledged the fidelity of Governor Jenkins by adopt ing appreciative resolutions in which the Governor then in office was authorized to have struck without delay and presented to Governor Jenkins a facsimile of the execu tive seal of Georgia, wrought of gold and stamped with the following inscriptions: "Presented to Oharles J. Jenkins by the State of Georgia. In arduis ridelis."
Millen, the county-seat of Jenkins is one of the most progressive towns of South-east Georgia, a bee-hive center of trade, "well supplied "with banking facilities. The town boasts a number of solid business establishments. On the court house square the local Chapter of the TJ. 13 C. has unveiled a handsome monument to the heroic dead of the South.
Original Settlers. See Bullocb, Burke, Emanuel and Screven, fi'om which counties Jenkins
was formed.
Some of the old established families of the county in clude : the Daniels, the Joiners, the Brinsons, the Parkers, the Eldenfields, the Applewhites, the Bolts, the Kirkendalls, the Lanes, the Laniers, the DeLoaches, the Andersons and the Cliftons.

JONISS

711

JOHNSON

Herschel V. John son: Incidents of His Career.

Volume IT.

Original Settlers. Jethro A.rline and William Norris
were among1 the first coiners into John son. The former lived in a part of the county which was cut off from Montgomery; the latter in a part which was taken from Emannel. The list also in cludes John !B. Wright, for whom the town of WVightsville was named; AV. P. Ilicks "who gave the land for streets and pnhlic buildings at the county-seat; Major James Hicks, Dr. H. Hicks, M. A. Outlaw, James Tapley, T. A. Persons and B. ~W. Holt. Johnson's two delegates to the secession convention at Milledgeville "were also pioneer residents: AVm. Hurst and J. R. Smith. The old established families of Johnson include: the Daleys, the Lovetts, the Wiggineses, the Htrrisons, the Claxtions, the Kents the Robinsons, the Baileys, the Flanderses, the Thompkinses, the Jenkinses, the Bryans, the John sons, the Harrises, the Brinsons and the Pages.

JONES
10, 1807, from Baldwin County, annah, a. distinguished lawyer of the nnty-seat, named for a pioneer family anized Jones included a part of Bibb
James Jones was an early patriot whose name has become somewhat obscure, with the State's lengthening

712 GEORGIA'S IJANPMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJEGKNDS
annals. The average Georgian labors under the impres sion that the county of Jones was named either for Dr. Noble Wynuberley -Jones or for Major John Jones, both patriots of the Revolutionary War period, and both of them better known than the comparatively forgotten Georgian whose name has thus been rescued from obliv ion. Why the Legislature should have ignored Dr. Jones, "whose devotion to the principles of independence caused him to be styled "One of the morning stars of liberty" or Major John Jones whose gallant career was terminated by a cannon ball at the siege of Savannah, is a conundrum of politics somewhat mystifying to the brain of the twen tieth century historian. The subject of this sketch must have been a favorite of his generation, though character ized by none of the greatness which endures. Mr. Jones was a native of Maryland, who received his education at the academy in Augusta, after which he came to Savannah, at the age of eighteen. He studied law hnt relinquished it upon his marriage and became a planter. He served in the Legislature which passed the Yazoo act, but opposed the bill; was a member of the Conven tion which framed the Constitution of 1798; and, during the same year, took his seat in the sixth Congress of the United States. lie died while occupying the latter office, on January 12, 1801, and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, in Washington, D. C., where he rests beside his personal a,nd political friend, General James Jackson.
Clinton. Clinton was a town of some importance long before Macon was founded and for a number
of years thereafter. It was first called Albany. Hugh M. Comer, Thomas White, John Cook, and William Hoiton were among the earliest judges of the inferior court. The little town was famous throughout the land for the cotton gins which were here manufactured. Samuel Griswold and Daniel Pratt, two ingenius and wide-awake

JONES

713

pioneers, came to Clinton from the State of Connecticut when the county was1 first opened and in a modest way began to build cotton gins. The plant grew, and agents were soon distributed throughout the Southern States. Great wagon loads of cotton gins 'were sent out from Clinton long before the first railroad wa,s ever built in Georgia. It is estimated that something- over 900 cotton gins were sold annually by this establishment. Mr. Pratt afterwards removed to Alabama, -where he founded the town of Prattville, while Mr. Griswold, remaining in Georgia, established the town of Griswoldville, on the Central Railroad. The iron works at Griswoldville were so completely destroyed by the Federal troops during the Civil War that they were never afterwards rebuilt.

Revolutionary John Lamar, Esq., a soldier of the war

Soldiers.

for independence and a man of some note

in his day, died in Jones. The following-

record of Mr. Lamar has been preserved in Historical

Collections of Georgia. Says the author: "As a soldier

of the Revolution he -was not only brave to a fault but

Ms services -were of long duration and his sufferings

excessive. Very shortly after entering the army, he was

deputed with others to the performance of a perilous

duty, in which, he was deserted by his companions and

left to execute the order alone, which, he did to the admi

ration and astonishment of all. For this act of intrepid

ity and fidelity, the government tendered him a Tjicuten-

ant's commission in the regular forces -which, however,

he modestly declined, on the ground that he was too

young and inexperienced to assume the responsibilities

of the station, being at this time only in his seventeenth

year. He served under Generals Marion and Pickens,

attached generally to the battalions of the latter; was at

the battle of Eutaw and Oowpens, at the siege of Au

gusta, and in several other engagements; was once taken

714 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
a prisoner but made his escape from the camp of Lord Cornwallis, rescuing at the same time one of his cousins; and was twice -wounded during the war by the British, and once by the Indians after his removal to Georgia."
Another veteran of the Revolution was Benjamin Reynolds. He died in Jones at the age of 73. Says White: "He was a native of Caroline County, Va. At the breaking out of the Revolutionary War, he was too young to enter the service. As soon as his age would admit, however, he took up arms. After the war he removed to South Carolina, settling in a neighborhood whose residents were distinguished for loyalty to the British Crown. Mr. Reynolds, from his zealous devotion to the cause of liberty, encountered the most violent per secution from his misguided associates. After the open ing of Middle Georgia to settlement he became one of the earliest pioneers of Jones."
Oliver li. Morton, a soldier of the Revolution, came from North Carolina to Georgia in 1807 and settled in . Jones. He was a native of Boston. During the struggle for independence he was carried a prisoner to England. He followed the sea for twenty-eight years.
John Lowe and Alexander Dunn, both patriots of the Revolution, were early settlers of Jones. The latter afterwards removed to Alabama.
In a private burial ground of the Comer family, five miles west of Clinton, is the grave of James Comer, a, patriot of seventy-six. Mr. Coiner died at the age of 108 years. His last resting place has been substantially marked.
At the first session of the Superior Court which was held in 1808 the following Grand Jurors were empanelled : John Bond, Daniel Hightower, James Jones, John Mitchell, George Ross, Stephen Gafford, "William CaldweW, Elkamiah Sawyer, Nicholas Ferrell, William Mong, Samuel Caldwell, Peter Sanders, Philip Catchings,

JONES

715

Bphraim Ellis, Elijah Turner, Seymour Caterings, Thomas Seals, Zachariah Booth, Jacob Dennis, Ebenezer Moses, John Harvey, William Jackson, John Bond, James Mclnvail, James Huddleston, Giles Driver, Charles Gatenet, William Perry, Jesse McPope, John Coolce, Green Winne, Thomas Stephens, and William Carr.

The Famous Bunkley Trial.

Volume II.

According to Dr. George G. Smith, deeds to property in Jones were executed, prior to 1818, by thirty-one women, only one of whom could write.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set
tlers of Jones were : Captain Jonathan Parish, Peter Glower, Henry Low, William Williams, Wilkins Jackson, Jeremiah Dumas, Thomas1 White, Jere miah Pearson, Major Humphries, James Comer, Hugh Comer, Boger McCarty, Alien Greene, Benjamin Tarver, Bailey Stcwart, James Anthony, George Harper, John Chapell, Jesse M. Pope, Henry Pope, John Bayne, Ste phen Kirk, William Carbanus, P. A. Lewis, James Jones, William Jones, Eobert Hntchins, and James Gray.

To the foregoing list may be added: Thomas Blount, William Brown, J. C. Freeman, Eobert McGough, George Cabaniss, John Cabaniss, Henry Cabaniss, Ephraim Sanders, Ellisha Tarver, Eobert Ousley, Isaac Moreland, James White, Samuel Griswold, Daniel Pratt, and others. The Bunkleys were also among the first settlers, and at a period somewhat later came the Winships--Joseph and Isaac.

716

GrKOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IjEGENDS

Noted Residents of United States Senator Alfred Iver-

Jones.

son was at one time a resident of

Jones, in which county liis distin-

guished son, Alfred Iverson, Jr., was born. .Both of the

Iversons "were Confederate Brigadier-Generals.

lienry G. Lamar, a noted ante-bellum Congressman

and jurist, lived for many years at Clinton. He was a

candidate for Governor in 1857, at which time a dead

lock in the convention resulted in the choice of Joseph E.

Brown. The latter afterwards appointed him to the

Supreme Bench. Judge Lamar was a member of Con

gress from 1829 to 3833. His father was John Lamar,

a soldier of the Revolution. He married a cousin of

Jefferson Davis. Chief-Justice Osborne A. Lochranc

married a daughter of Judge Lamar.

Here lived Jacob Martin, an eminent lawyer, who

served with credit in both branches of the State Legisla

ture. But tubercular consumption claimed him for an

early victim, and lie died on the train between Macon and

Savannah, while en ronte to Florida.

Judge Robert V. Hardemau, when a yotmg man, came

from Lexingtoii to Clinton to begin the practice of law.

He became one of the best equipped lawyers and one of

the ablest jurists in the State but died in the prime of

life in 1871. Here his distinguished son, Colonel Isaac

Ha.rdeman, of Macon, was born.

William S. C. Reid, a lawyer of brilliant prospects,

lived at Clinton. His talents promised to place Mm in

the front rank at the bar; but, disappointed in love, he

neglected his practice, acquired intemperate habits, and

finally died in Monroe County at the age of 37.

The late Hugh M. Comer, of Savannah, one of the

great railway magnates of Georgia, was1 a native of Jones.

General David E. Blackshear died near Clinton, bnt

was buried at his old home place in Laurens.

Here lived Captain H. B. Ridley, a political leader,

who was quite a prominent figure in public affairs just

after the war and here on his father's plantation was born

LlAURUHS

717

one of the most honored Chief-Kxeeutives of the State: Governor "William .T. Northen.

LAURENS

-, from Washington and of the Revolution, Lieu10 fell mortally wounde<3 native State. He was a

Historical in the spring of 1540, passed through what Traditions. The probabilities are that Hernando de Soto,
is now the territoi-y of I^aurens. Says Jones, in Vol. I. History of Georgia: "Resuming- his march on the 1st of April, De Soto moved along a river whose shores were thickly populated. On the fourth day lie passed through the town of Altamaea, and on the tent}) arrived at Oeute. If we are correct in our impression, the Spaniards were now probably in Laurens."

Sumterville: The The locality selected as a county site

Forerunner of

for Laurens in 1809 was called Sum-

Dublin,

terville. It was located in a thickly

settled part of the county between

Rocky and Turkey Greeks. But it did

not long remain the seat of government. Says Dr. Smith:

"In 1.809 a part of the county was added to Pnlaski. At

the same time land on the opposite side of the Oconee

was taken from the counties, Montgomery and Washing

ton, and added to Laurens. No public buildings had been

erected at Sumterville, and when this new addition was

made to the county it was decided to put the county site

at a point near the river, and an Irishman who had a

sawmill offered land for the public buildings, provided

T
718 GEOBGIA "s LANDMARKS, MEMOBIAT.S AND LEGENDS
lie was permitted to give the county site a name. This was agreed to, and with, the remembrance of his native isle present, lie called the future village Dublin." But Dublin is no longer a village. It is today one of the most enterprising towns of the middle belt, a commercial metropolis whose futtire growth is well assured.

Soldiers of the Eight miles north-west of Dublin, near

Revolution.

Poplar Springs church, lie bnried two

patriots of the war for independence--

Josiah Warren and Amos Love--both of them natives

of North Carolina who settled in what is now Laurens

when this region of country was a "wilderness.

Josiah Warren was the father of three distinguished

sons :

1. Kittrell Warren, a noted Baptist divine, who was

in turn the father of two eminent men (1) Kittrell J.

Warren, who founded the Macon Neivs, a man of rare

gifts, and (2) Dr. E. W. AVarren, a celebrated Baptist

preacher. The latter's son, Dr. Lewis B. "Warren, is the

present pastor of the Second Baptist church, of Rich

mond, Va,

2. Lott Warren, a member of the first board of trus-

trees of Mercer University, a judge of both the Southern

and the Southwestern Circuits, and a member of Con

gress. Judge L. D. D. Warren was his son. The Jatter

was the father of Robert II. Warren, of Albany, Ga.

3. General Eli Warren, an officer of note in the State

militia. Five daughters of General Warren married as

follows: (1) James ~W. Lathrop, organizer and first

president of the Savannah Cotton Exchange; (2) Dr.

Sylvarius Landrum, a prominent Baptist divine and

father of the well-known Dr. W. W. Landrum, of Louis

ville, Ky.; (3) Colonel Charles T. Goode, of Americus;

(4) Judge Walter L. Grice, of Hawkinsville, a distin

guished jurist; and (5) S. P. Goodwin, of Savannah.

LAUKENS

719

General Warren's' only son was the late Josiah Love Warren, of Savannah. The latter was the father of Charles K. "Warren, a prominent lawyer of Blonntstown, Fla.
Amos Love was also the progenitor of an important offspring as follows:
1. Peter E. Love, a physician, a judge of tlie Superior Conrt, and a member of Congress.
2. A daughter who married Moses Guyton. From this branch of the family came Moses Guyton, of Mariana, Fla., Judge J. G. Park, of Dawson, Olin ,J. Wimberly. of Macon, James Bishop, of Eastman, Charles J. Guyton, of Marietta, and the Rev. Gnytou Fisher, of the Sonth Georgia M. E. Conference.
3. A daug'hter who married General Eli ^Warren. From this branch of the family came Judge Walter L. Grice, Dr. W. W. Landrum, and others.
4. A daughter from whom sprang Hon. Walter ,T. Grace, Solicitor-General of the Macon Circuit, and Jiidge John S. Montgomery and Mrs. Fondren Mitchell, of Thomas.
Hardy Smith was also a soldier of the Revolution. He settled in Lanrens soon after the county was first opened, coming from the State of North Carolina. His son, Captain Hardy Smith, was Ordinary of the county for a number of years.

Springfield: The Home of Gen. Blackshear.
The Blackshear Family Record.
Governor Troup's Will.

Volume IT. Volume II. Volume II.

720 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AISTD IJEGENDS
Original Settlers. Among the early settlers of Laurens, according to White, were: General
Blackshear, Colonel McCormick, Jonathan Sawyer, Colo nel Hampton, the T\obinsons, and others.

To the foregoing list may be added: Moses Guyton, Amos Love, Josiah Warren, Hardy Smith, "William Bush, Dennis McLendon, and Isaac Pipkin.
Amos Love, a veteran of the war for independence, was the first clerk of the Superior Court of Laurens ; and, after holding office for a nnmber of years, he "was suc ceeded by his son-in-law, Moses Guyton. Among the descendants of the latter are Moses Guyton, of Marianna, Fla., Judge J. G. Parks, of Dawson, the late Oliu J. Wrmherly, of Macon, and the late James "Bishop, of Eastman.
William Bush was a half-brother of General Blackshear. He accompanied the General when the latter emi grated from North Carolina to Georgia. The father of General Blacksliear married the widow Bush.
At the, first session of the Supei'ior Court of Laurens, held at the house of Peter Thomas, near the present town of Dublin, the following Grand Jurors were em panelled: John Speight, Benjamin Adams, Andrew Hampton, Leonard Green, Jesse WTiggins, Benjamin Brown, Charles Stringer, Nathan Weaver, William Yarbrough, William Boykin, John Gilbert, Joseph Yarbrotigh, James Sartin, William McCall, Edward Hagan, John Stringer, Simon Fowler, Jesse Stephens, Henry Fulgham, Thomas Gilbert, Robert Daniel, Charles Higdon, Samuel Stanley, Samuel Sparks, Joseph Vickers, Mark May, George Tarvin, David Watson, Joseph Denson, George Martin, Gideon Mays, and Benjamin Dorsey.

Distinguished Resi- The celebrated Governor George M.

dents of Laurens.

Troup, one of the State's most illus

trious sons, was for years a resi

dent of Laurens. He owned two extensive plantations in

LEE

721

the county--Valdosta and Vallombrosa--on the former of which he lived. Valdosta was named for a celebrated valley among the Swiss Alps. Vallombrosa was so called, after a noted retreat near the Italian city of Florence. Governor Troup was a man of large means but of some what eccentric habits. He died while on a visit to a plan tation owned by him in Montgomery Connty, on the oppo site side of the Oconee River; and there he lies buried in the midst of a dense thicket, seven miles west of the village of Soperton, on the Macon and Dublin Railroad
But the grave is substantially marked. It is not unlikely that the ashes of the great apostle
of State Rights will rest eventually in the city of Dublin General David FJ. J31a,ckshear, an officer of note in the
State militia, lived like a feudal lord on his magnificent estate overlooking the Oconee River. His home was originally in the county of Washington, but when a part of this county was' added to Laurens in 1809, General Blackshear by virtue of this change in the boundary line
became n resident of Ijaurens. Here lived for 'many years a noted ante-bellum Con
gressman and jurist, Peter B. Love, who was also at one time a physician. He afterwards located in Thomasville, Ola. General Eli Warren, a gallant officer in the State militia, .Judge Xjott Warren, a former Congressman and jurist; and other members of this celebrated Georgia family, were for years identified with Laurens. Judge Warren afterwards removed to Albany, Ga., while Gen eral Warren settled in the countv of Houston.

Created by Legislative Act, December 11, 1S-2G, out of lands iicquired from the Creeks under the last treaty of Indian Springs, in the same year. Named tot- Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, who. in the Continental Con gress, at Philadelphia, on June 7, 1776, moved the independence of the Colonies. The county of Lee was formed from a part of the land acquired by the State of Georgia, in 1825, from the Creek Indians, under the treaty of Indian Springs; and when first organized it constituted one of the largest counties in the State. Leesburg, the county-seat, was also named for the

722 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

great Virginia patriot whose historic resolution led to the Immortal Declara tion, originally Lee embraced Quitman, Randolph, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Terrell, and Wehster, and in part Chattahoochee, Clay and Marion.

Chehaw: Whose

Near the present town of Leesburg

Destruction Became there was once a populous Indian

An Issue of Politics, settlement, reckoned among the

six most important towns of the

powerful confederacy of Creeks. It was called by the

Indians Che-haw or Che-raw, while a,nother name

for it was Au-muc-cnl-la. The site of this old Indian

town was formerly marked by an immense live-oak, which

is said to have been nine feet in diameter and to have

measured one hundred and twenty feet from tip to tip.

The tree fell to the ground years ago but the spot on

which it grew it still clearly defined by a circle of oaks

which liave sprung from the acorns. Under it the Indians

held council-meetings.

There is also a tradition to the effect that the first

session of the Superior Court in the newly created county

of Lee "was held under this forest giant.

Forty Indian warriors from Cheraw were in Andrew

Jackson's army, and when the great soldier was en route

to Florida during the Seminole War lie stopped at this

Indian village. Cheraw supplied the army with provis

ions. It also cared for the sick and wounded. Conse

quently "when the town was wantonly and cruelly de

stroyed by a force of Georgia troops, under Captain

Wright, on April 23, 1818, there followed a great revul

sion of public sentiment. Tho enormity of the offence

was pronounced at the time to be without a parallel in

the annals of war. It also gave rise to a spirited con

troversy between General Andrew Jackson and Governor

William Eabun.

But the old Indian settlement has not been forgotten.

The fidelity of the loyal tribe of red men who perished

here has been memorialized by a handsome granite boul

der, erected on the site of the old Indian village.*1 The

* The plot of ground on which, the boulder stands was donated by the

LKE

723

boulder is six feet in height by four feet in width. It is planted vertically upon a mound four feet liigfi, and the inscription on the tablet reads as follows :

CHBHAAV.
Large Indian town, home of the Chehaws. A friendly agricultural people of the Orcelt tribe, who aided our early settlers. They contributed men, food, and horses, to siiTjcl-Lic the 'hostile Sejninolcs. Here Andrew Jack son rested with his starving- army and was given help JTI ISIS, Here also, in 1818, through misunder standing, \veve sacrificed seven of tltJs trjbe by Georgia troops, for which all possible amends were made. Greeted in "JS)I2 by Council of Safety Chapter, D. A. B.

At the exercises of unveiling, which occurred on June 14, 1912, Judge J. E. "D. Shipp, of Americus, a distin guished historian and scholar, delivered the address of the occasion. He was introduced to the audience by the chapter reg'cnt, Mrs. Charles A. Frieker. There was also an address by the vice-president general or the .D. A. Ii., Mrs. "William L. Peel, of Atlanta, whose father, General Philip Cook, long- a resident of Lee County, was one of Georgia's most distinguished sons. Short addresses were also made by Miss Anna C. Kenning1, ex-State reg'ent, and by Mrs. Joseph S. Harrison, State editor. The prayer of invocation was offered by the Eev. J. W. Stokes, of Amer'icus, after which, in a neat introductory speech, Mrs. Peel was presented to the audience by Miss Annie May Bell. Throe little children of Americus, Mary Dud ley, Lucy Sinrmons, and Frank ITarrold, Jr., at a given signal, unveiled the monument. The ceremonies ended with a sumptuous dinner among the trees of the forest.

Palmyra. Palmyra was the name of a once populous town on Ivinchafoonee Creek, the memory of which
has1 long since grown dim; but it boasted at one time the

724 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
residence of a member of Congress, Hon. Lett Warren. Palmyra was five miles north of the present town of Albany; and when the latter began to rise the former commenced to decline. The well-known Davis family of Albany came from Palmyra; and here too lived the Vasons and the Hilsmans. The little building erected by Judge Vason for a law office is still standing.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set
tlers of Lee were: Mr. Woolbright, Dr. Mercer, John McClendon, William Spence, Joshna Clarke, J. O. Edwards, John Lawhorn, John Cook, Abra ham, Dyson, Lewis Bond, William Janes, E. Janes, D. Janes and D. Sneed.
Likewise included among the early settlers was Wil liam E. Gill, whose grandfather, Days Gill, fought under General John Clarke, in the Indian Wars.

Lee's Distinguished Brigadier-General Philip Cook own-

Residents,

ed an extensive plantation in Lee.

The first service rendered to the

State by this gallant Georgian was during the Seminole

War, when a mere lad; and he completed his education

after returning home from the field. At the outbreak

of the Civil War, in 1861, he enlisted as a private soldier.

But such was his genius for arms that he leaped to the

front by a rapid series of promotions and, on the death

of Brigadier-General Doles1, at Cold Harbor, succeeded

the latter in command. He represented Georgia for sev

eral consecutive terms in the Congress of the "United

States and closed his career of great usefulness in the

high office of Secretary of State. General Cook, for a

number of years', practiced law at Americus, in partner

ship with Judge Crisp, afterwards Speaker of the national

LIBERTY

725

House of Representatives. He was one of the commis sioners appointed to supervise the erection of the new State Capitol building-, in Atlanta, one of the very few public buildings in America erected within the original appropriation. Something- like $118.50 was turned into the State treasury unexpended, after the structure was finished. General Cook was one of the most advanced planters of his day in Georgia. His vast acres of land cultivated on strictly scientific principles furnished an object lesson to the farmers in the neighborhood, and the subsequent prosperity of this entire belt of the State may be traced to the splendid initiative of this one man.
Hon. Philip Cook, Jr., who succeeded his father as Georgia's "Secretary of State, was a resident of Lee until his removal to Atlanta, in 1894.
Frank Ij. Stanton, perhap the most widely known of the South's present-day poets, began his literary career on a paper in Smithville, where he was then a sort of factotum. He edited the paper, gathered: the news, set the type, and collected the bills. His earliest poems were produced at the printer's case. Instead of writing them out in long hand, he cast them at once into type--a most unusual method of composition. In 1890, he accepted a place on the staff of the Atlanta Constitution, after a brief tenure of service on the Rome Tribune; and hero he has since remained. His poems are widely reproduced throughout the United States. Ho is a master of dialect, both Negro and Cracker; a droll humorist, and a gifted interpreter of the muses.
Colonel Leonidas Jordan, one of the wealthiest men of the State, owned a number of fine plantations in Tvee.

LIBEBTT

726 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Historic Old Midway : A Shrine of Patriotism.

Page 135.

New England in To find the historical g-enesis of this

Georgia: A Brief pious community on the coast of

Retrospect.

Georgia, we must go back to the an

cestral seats, beyond the water, in

England. On March 30, 1630, there gathered upon the

docks of Plymouth, to embark for the New World, a band

of Puritans. They came together from the neighboring-

counties ; and, after a day spent in -worship, took passage

on the Mary and John, a small vessel of 400 tons, com

manded by Captain Squeb. Entering the harbor of Nan-

tucket, on the coast of Massachusetts, they settled in the

tide-water region near-by, calling the place Dorchester,

in honor of the old home in England from which many

of them came. There were one hundred and forty mem

bers in this pioneer flock. At the expiration of five years,

becoming dissatisfied, they removed to the present site

of Windsor, Conn. In 1695, some of these same Puritans,

migrating southward, planted a settlement on the Ashley

River, in South Carolina, which they likewise called Dor

chester; and when, in 1751, the restriction upon slave

labor and land tenure in Georgia were removed by the

Trustees, these enterprising planters sent representatives

into the adjoining Province to reconnoiter. At last they

decided to locate upon the fertile bottoms of the Midway

district. According to the records, the first settlers were

beset on the journey by the most violent storms ever

known on the Georgia coast; but they were not to be

deterred. They proceeded into the interior some ten

miles, and selecting a locality which seemed to meet the

IJIBEKTY

727

requirements, they called it Dorchester, thus memorializ ing for the third time this prime favorite among the English towns.

On December 5, 1752, the advance guard arrived at the place of settlement, Benjamin Baker and Samuel Bacon, each accompanied by his family; hut the death of Mrs1. Baker, on the day following1 , cast a gloom of sadness over the little camp. In the spring- of the next year, Parmenas "Way, with his family, arrived; and dur ing the year 1754 there came seventeen families, includ ing the pastor's, Rev. John Osgood, and two single men, John Quarterman, Jr., and Moses Way. Those having families were : Kev. John Osgood, Richard Spencer, John Stevens, Richard Baker, Josiah Osgood, Samuel Way, John Quarterman, Sr., Sarah Mitchell, John Mitchell, Samuel Burnley, Edward Way, Edward Snmner, William Baker, John Shave, Nathaniel Way, and Benjamin An drews. Three of these were from Pon Pon, a settlement on the lower Edisto River, viz.: Sarah Mitchell, John Mitchell, and Benjamin Andrew. In 1755, there arrived six families and two single men. The heads of families were: John Gorton, John Winn, John Lupton, Joseph Bacon, Andrew Way, Isaac Girardeau. The two single men were : Thomas Peacock, of Charleston, and Joseph Massey, of Pon Pon. Five families came in 1756, those of William Graves1, John Stewart, Sr., John Stewart, Jr., John Garves, and Daniel Dnrtnom. The next year came the family of Richard Girardeau; and in 1758 Samuel Jeans and family, James Andrew and family, and Mrs. Lydia Saunders. Then came an interval of several years until 1771, -when three families came, those of Jonathan Baicon, William Norman and Isham Andrews, making a total of thirty-eifi-ht families, in a,ddition to five single persons.

728 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJKGTCNDS
Besides the above named settlers, there were some from other localities ; arid the fact must not be overlooked, that .several families -were established in 'the district before the Dorchester colonists arrived. The journal of the fii'st General Assembly of the Province in Savannah, in 1751. shows that the community was represented by Atidley Maxwell, whos'e family was probably the oldest one in this section of Georgia.
Vast changes have taken place since 1752 ;_.bnt the names of the old settlers are still preserved by descend ants in the immediate neighborhood. The sturdy John Quarterman from whose loins have come 23 ministers of the g'ospel. seven foreign missionaries, and eight dis tinguished educators, is not with out witnesses in the old settlement to testify to his manifold virtues. The Ways have also replenished a large part of the earth, nor is the name likely to become extinct in Liberty for some time to come, for here it still flourishes amid the deserted fields in "which other stalks have withered. "Relation ships have been greatly mixed by intermarriage between the various families. Says Dr. Stacyr "The case is very aptly put in the following eonplet of names, formed, it is said, by Dr. W. P. McGonnell, in 1843, a year generally known, as one of exceeding" scarcity and hardness, which I give both as a specimen of .Liberty County Tvit and as an illustration of the point. Said he:
* '"We ihave HnT7is and Dun-hams, Ha cons and Greens, Manns and Quart or mans, a plenty of "Ways, but no Means.' -'

Dr. Abiel Holmes Among the earliest pastors of the

An Early Pastor:

Midway flock was the Rev. Abiel

The Father of the Holmes, D. D., a clergyman of very

New England Poet, great distinction, who was born in

"Woodstock, Conn., December 24,

.1703, and died in Boston, Mass., June 4f 1837. He "was

the father of the celebrated New England poet; Dr. Oliver

LTBKHT*

729

Weadell Holmes. Soon after receiving' his diploma from Yale College, tlio elder Holmes accepted a call to the Midway church, and for six years ministered to the spiritual needs of this congregation. It was a life of manifold hardships upon which he entered; but Dr. Holmes was no ordinary man. The house of -worship in which he preached throughout his entire pastorate was a structure built of rough logs, occupying a floor space of 40 by 30 feet, lit was in fact little better than a bush, arbor, made by driving posts into the ground and filling the intermediate spaces with poles. But the congrega tion could afford nothing better at this time, on account of the recent severe ravages of war. The labors of Dr. Holmes were most successful. On returning tc New England Dr. Holmes married first a daughter of Dr. Kzra Stiles, the President of Tale College, and, after her death, a daughter of Hon. Oliver Wendell, of Cam bridge, Mass., from which union came the illustrious author who has added such a charm to American letters. But the elder Holmes was also a man of eminent attain ments. He occupied the pulpit of the Congregational church, at Cambridge, for a period of forty years and, besides editing the manuscripts of his father-in-law, Dr. StileSj lie published, in two volumes, his famous "An nals", a work of monumental scholarship.

Dr. I. S. K. Axson: But Dr. Holmes was not the only

The Grand-Father divine associated with Midway

of Mrs. Woodrow whose name has been trumpeted

Wilson.

abroad. One of the most beloved

pastors of Midway was Dr. I. S. K.

Axson, the grandfather of Mrs. Woodrow "Wilson, the .

present mistress of the White House in Washington. Dr.

Axson was born in Charleston, S. C., on October 3, 1813.

When a very young man he served the church as co-

pastor, with the Rev. Robert Quarterman; and, after the

730 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
latter's death, as pastor in full charge. Here he remained for seventeen years. He declined a number of calls to wider fields, and relinquished the work only "when dis abled by a serious throat trouble. For a short "while he became president of a female college at Greensboro, Ga.; but, his health improving, he re-entered the pastorate and for thirty-four years served the old Independent Presby terian church of Savannah. Here, during the long pas torate of her grand-father, Ellen Louise Axson, destined to become the first lady of the land, was born. Her father, the Rev. Samuel El. Axson, was also a Presbyterian clergyman. He was a native of Midway, and for eighteen years was pastor of a church at Rome, Ga., "where the girlhood days of Mrs. Wilson were spent and "where her brother, Dr. Stockton Axson, who heads the department of English at Princeton, was born. Returning to Mrs. Wilson's grand-father, Dr. I. S. K. Axson, he excelled as a preacher. To quote the historian of Midway, "He always brought beaten oil into the sanctuary.'" Me usually read his sermons from manuscript, but the con gregation was trained to this method of delivery and he never lacked for eager listeners. Dr. Axson died on March 31, 1891, in his seventy-ninth year and "was buried at Tjaurel Grove, in Savannah.
Individual mention cannot be made of the various pastors; but the memory of the pioneer servant of God, Rev. John Osgood, who accompanied the little flock to Georgia, is still fragrant in the traditions of the settle ment. Covering a period of one hundred and twelve years, the church was served by the following pastors: Rev. John Osgood, 1754-1773'; Rev. Moses Alien, 17771778; Rev. Abiel Holmes, 1785-1791; Rev. Cyrus Gildersleeve, 1791-1811; Rev. Murdock Murphy, 1811-1823 ; Rev. Robert Quarterman, 1823-1847; Rev. I. S. K. Axson, 18361853, co-pastor during the greater part of this time; Rev.

LIBERTY

731

T. S. Winn, 1848-1855, co-pastor for the entire period; Rev. T. L. Buttolph, 1854-1867; Rev. Francis H. Bow man, 1856-1859, co-pastor with Dr. Buttolph. There were occasional intervals when the church was without pas toral ministrations. Rev. Moses Alien was made H prisoner of war during the Revolution and lost his life while attempting" to escape from a prison-ship, at Savan nah. The longest tenure of service was enjoyed by Rev. Robert Quarternian, the first son of old Midway to occupy the pulpit. It is of some interest to note in this connec tion that while the Midway church was Congregational in form of government, it was served throughout almost continuously by Presbyterian ministers, the only excep tions being Rev. John Osgood and Rev. Abiel Pfolm.es. It supported the Presbyterian church, was often so desig nated itself, and, though it produced eighty-two clergy men, some of whom became Baptists', some Methodists, and some Episcopalians, not one of them embraced the Congregational system.*

The Parish of St. John Stands Alone For Independence.

"Volume IT.

Two Generals of the In the center of the famous Midway

Revolution Honored burial ground the United States

By the Federal

government, at a cost of $10,000,

Government.

is erecting a superb monumental

shaft to commemorate two illustri

ous soldiers of the Revolution, both sons of old Midway;

Gen. James Screven and Gen. Daniel-Stewart. (See Vol.

II). The former was killed near Midway church, Novem

ber 22, 1778, while engaged in reconnoitering. The latter,

an ancestor of President Roosevelt, was only a lad when

* History of Midway Congregational Clrurcli, by Rev. -Tames Stacy, Kewnan, 1S99.

732

GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGICNDS

hostilities with England began, but he distinguished him self in the struggle "which followed. The Midway Monu ment Commission is composed of the following members, most of them descendants of Revolutionary sires identi fied with this historic settlement: Honorary Chairman, Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt; Chairman, Hon. New ton J\ Norman; Vice-Chairman., United States Senator Augustus O. Bacon; Treasurer, Col. "K. C. Miller; Secre tary, Col. ISTeyle Colquitt; Congressman Charles G. Ed wards, Col. A. Gordon Cassels, Capt. Thomas F. Screven, Capt. Stephen N. Harris, Hon. A. F. Wlnn, Col. James B. Way, and Col. "W. H. Martin. The unveiling of the monument will probably occur either in the late summer or in the early fall of 1913. In addition to former Presi dent Roosevelt, an invitation has been extended to the present Chief-Executive of the nation, Hon. Woodrow Wilson, whose wife, nee Ellen Louisa Axson, is a grand daughter of the lamented Dr. T. S. 1C. Axson, long pastor of the Midway church. Dr. Samuel ,T. Axson, a patriot of '76, sleeps in the old cemetery. Here, too, repose a number of others who bore arms under "Washington,

The Historic Old Burial Ground.
Sunbury: An Extinct Metropolis Once a Rival of Savannah.
Fort Morris: The Last to Lower the Colonial Flag.

Volume IT. Volume II. Volume IT,

Colonel's Island: One of the Arcadian retreats of the coast of Georgia, this1 picturesque
little island was at one time called Bermuda. It was so

LIBERTY

738

named because it was settled long prior to the Revolution by pioneer emigrants from the famous group of islands of this name in the North Atlantic. It was not until 1778 that it was rechristcned. At this time the contribu tions of the island to the official lists of the Revolution were so note- worthy, that the name was changed by universal adoption. Says I>r. Stacy, 1 in a foot-note to his History of Midway Church: "According to tradition there were as many as six Colonels living on the island, an extraordinary statement when we consider its diminu tive size, for it was not more than three miles across it in either direction. Who these Colonels' were I have "been unable thus far to ascertain. Colonel Alexander Herron had a grant there; and Colonels Screven, White, Elbert, Baker, Maxwell, and Mclntosh were at different times at or near Snnbury, several of them owning" plantations upon the island at the close of the war. But whether these are the ones to whom this honor belongs I am unable to say. ' ' Moreover, the well-to-do planters on Colonel's Island furnished most of the slave labor by which Fort Morris on the neigh-boring1 heights, was con structed.
Says another local chronicler: 2 "No one knows now for a positive fact who the Colonels were. It has often been said that Colonel James Maxwell was one and that Colojiel Ivaw was another; but there is no record to sub stantiate the claim. However, it is on record that Alex ander Ilerron, of Oglethorpe's regiment, in 1748, peti tioned for 500 acres of land 'on an island called Bermuda, facing St. Catherine's Sound,' whereon he had been some time settled. The grant was made to him and his homo on Colonel's Island was called 'Heron's Point'; but no one knowr s which point on the island was given this desig nation. Maxwell Point was named for Colonel Audley Maxwell, who came later. I5utterfield Point, the old home

1S99. 2 Letter written to the author by Miss Julia

734 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJISO-ENDS
of General Butterfield, was on the north end of the island. This was afterwards the property of Colonel John Baker, of Revolutionary fame. In his will he says: 'I give and bequeath unto my son, John Baker, one tract of land on the Colonel's Island, containing four hundred acres, known as the Butterfield Point, and I give and bequeath to my son, Stephen Baker, one tract of land containing four hundred and thirty-seven acres, on the Colonel's Island, where my lumber yard is at present.' Butterfield Point is today known as the Harris Place."
From a well known Georgia lady, connected with the Law family of this State, it is learned that one of the Colonels for whom the island was named was undoubtedly Colonel Joseph Law. 3 He called his beautiful countryseat, overlooking the waters of St. Catharine's Sound, **"Woodville' Jj and here at the ripe ago of 88 he ended his days. Colonel Law was a native of Scotland. He emi grated to Charleston in 1720, and came to Georgia in 1754. He was five times married. United States Senator A. O. Bacon is a descendant of this pioneer Georgian. Colonel's Island is not an island in the ordinary sense of the word. It is an elevated tract of land surrounded l>y low marshes; but frequently these marshes1 are flooded by the swollen tides, necessitating the building of a cause way by which it can be approached over land, while from the water front, at the mouth of the Midway River, it is reached by means of inlets1. The soil of the island is exceedingly fertile and the oyster beds produce in large quantities some of the finest specimens' of the luscious bivalves.
White House. There were two places known by this name in Revolutionary days. One "was
McKay's trading house, a half-mile west of the town of Augusta, and the other stood near Ogeechee Ferrj7", in Liberty County. At the latter a skirmish occurred on
3 Mrs. S. J. Jones, of Albany, Ga. See also "Colonial Families in America" by Eleanor LeSington.

I/IBERTY

735

June 28, 1779, between Major Baker and thirty men, who were on their way to Sunbury, and a company of Georgia Royalists1 under Captain Goldsmith, in 'which several of the Tories "were killed and "wounded. Among the former was Lieutenant Gray, whose head was almost completely severed from his body by a single blow from the sword of Robert Sallelle.
In the fall of 1781 there was a British garrison here, commanded by Captain Oohnston. Taking Stallings' dragoons, Carr's volunteers and McKay's rifle men, Co). Jackson made a descent upon the place on November 38th, captured the pickets, and summoned Jolmston to sur render. The demand was promptly complied with, but just as Johnston was in the act of handing his sword to Jackson, Captain Goldsmith, "who had long terrorized that part of the country, was killed by Patrick Carr. Thinking a massacre imminent, Johnston rushed into the house, ordered his men to resume their firms, and in the end Jackson was compelled to retreat.'"

Georgia's Oldest Kmulous of the brave deeds1 of men

Organization of like Sereveii and Stewart and Mclntosh,

Cavalry.

the sons of these men and of those who

fought with them, met together and

organized--either in 1791 or in 1792--the Liberty Inde

pendent Troop. It survives to the present day--the old

est cavalry organization in Georgia. With the single

exception of the Chatham Artillery, it is the oldest mili

tary organization of any kind: a distinction of which the

county may well be proud. In the various State tourna

ments which have been held from time to time, the Lib

erty Independent Troop has seldom failed to win the

trophies. Its record in this respect is phenomenal. In

1845, another company was organized in the upper part

of the county, viz.: The Liberty Guards, an organization

736 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
which likewise exists today. To quote -Dr. Stacy: "These companies have never failed to make the offer of their services, when needed by their country, and they liavo, won laurels on every knighted field."

Religious Work Among the Slaves: The Labors of Dr. Chas. C. Jones, Sr.
One Hundred Years of Usefulness: The Midway Centennial.
Laurel View: The Home of Senator Elliott.
Liberty's Oldest Family: The Maxwells.
The Le Conte Pear Tree: How A World Renowned Product of Georgia Originated.

Volume IT. Volume Tl. Volume 11. Volume Ti.
Volume II.

The End: Old Mid- Says Dr. Stacy: "From the organiway Passes Into the zation of the Dorchester church, in Land of Memories. 1781, may be reckoned the final dis
solution of the Midway Congrega tional church, though virtually extinct, even as early as the removal of Dr. Buttolph'in the fall of 1867. The church was never formally dissolved, but simply ex hausted itself by repeated colonization, together with

LIBERTY

737

numerous departures to other localities. On tlie removal of Dr. Buttolph, the building was left in the hands of the colored members, "who continued to use it and "were organized the next year, 1868, into a separate Presbyte rian church, with 600 members." The marble font which stood in front of the pulpit was given to the Dor chester church, while the old bell was given to the church at FJemington. The silver pieces "which composed the communion service "were also divided between these churches; but some of the pieces have disappeared. Strange to say, the church at Walthonrville, Midway's eldest born daughter, received nothing in this division. For a number of years the church property at Midway was leased to the colored people, who agreed to keep it in repair, and also to tend the little grave-yard adjacent; but the sacred old heir-loom lias since reverted to the Midway Society, an organization which exists solely for the purpose of preserving this sacred shrine. The last record in the session book bears date of October, 1867. To quote the -words of the Midway historian: "Thus, after one hundred and thirteen years, this old church, venerable with years and abundant in fruit, yielding to the stern demand of an imperious necessity, laid aside her armor and, drawing around hei~ the drapery of her couch, laid herself down to rest."

Distinguished

To enumerate the distinguished

Descendants of Mid- Georgians who either directly or

way: A Roll of

indirectly trace descent to the pio-

Honor.

neer settlers of Midway is a task

of serious proportions. Indeed,

it may be gravely questioned if the record made by the

Dorchester colonists on the coast of Georgia can be sur

passed anywhere in American annals. The district which

they settled at no time occupied an area of more than

twenty miles square and the membership of the little

738 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
church at Midway scarcely enrolled at any time more than three hundred and fifty communicants. Yet the remotest waves of the sea have home the missionaries of the Mid way settlement, while the highest public honors in the gift of the nation have been conferred upon men who have come from this historic stock. Six of the counties of Georgia are memorials to the patriotism of the Mid way settlement: Liberty, Gwinnett, Hall, Baker, Screven, and Stewart.
The conspicuous part taken in the struggle for independence by the settlers at Midway has already been discussed at some length. It is enough to say here that of the three Colonial patriots who signed the great charter of freedom for Georgia, two of this number were from the Parish of St. John. They were Lyman Hal] and Button Gwinnett. The latter resided on St. Cath arine's Island. He was an Englishman, and strictly speaking was not of the Dorchester colonists; but he became thoroughly identified with them in opposition to the oppressive measures of the British Crown. Dr. Hal! was an active member of the Midway church. He was prominent in the very earliest meetings of the patriots and was for months the sole representative from the Colony of Georgia in the Continental Congress at Phila delphia.
Both of these Signers of the Declaration of Independ ence subsequently occupied the Chief-Executive chair of the State ; an office likewise held by two other representa tives of the Midway settlement: Richard Howley and Nathan Brownson. The two last named served also in the Continental Congress. Nathan Brownson, like Dr. Hall, "was a physician but a man active in public affairs. He was also one of the members of the convention called to frame the Federal Constitution, in 1787. Three United States Senators are among the sons of Midway: John Elliott, who served from 1819 to 1825; Alfred Ivergon,

JjIBERTY

739

who served from 1842 until the outbreak of the war; and Augustus O. Bacon, who is now serving his fourth term in this high office to which lie was first elected in 1894. Two of these, John EJIliott and Alfred Iverson, served in the national House of Representatives, "while the latter afterwards became a Brigadier-General in the Confed erate Army, a rank to which Ms son, Alfred Iverson, Jr., likewise attained. Three other residents of the district won Congressional honors: Benjamin Andrew, John A. Cufihbert, and "William B. Fleming, while several nar
rowly missed the coveted goal, among them, Samuel M. Varnadoc, in 1856, and Walter W. Sheppard, in 1908. The latter lias since become Judge of the Atlantic Circuit.

To the foreg'oing list of distinguished civilians may be added: John E. "Ward, who became the first United States Minister to China, and "William JO. "Law, a noted jurist of Savannah, who delivered the address at the Centennial Celebration at Midway in 1852.
Two of the most distinguished scientific scholars of the nineteenth century were natives of the county of Lib erty: John and Joseph LeConte. Both were distin guished educators, who, after teaching in South Carolina and Georgia, became identified with the University of California: an institution 'which, they established. The former specialized in physics, the latter in geology; but, they roamed together the whole realm of scientific thought and were most appropriately styled the Gemini of the Scientific Ileavcns. They were each the recipients oT numerous badges of distinction from home and foreign institutions of learning and from various scientific bodies throughout the world. The father of these eminent educators, Louis LeCorite, was a nian of wide note, dis tinguished as a naturalist, a mathematician, and a scholar; and so was Dr. J. M. B. Harden, a young physi cian, who married Jane LeConte, his daughter. Rev.

740 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Patrick II. Mell, 3). 1)., the distinguished parliamentarian and divine, for years Chancellor of the University of Georgia and Moderator of the Southern Baptist Conven tion; Bev. Daniel Baker, D. D., who established the Pres byterian College, at Austin, Texas; Prof. Milton E. Bacon, who founded the LaGrange Female College, at LaGrange, Ga.; Rev. John W. Baker, D. D., a professor for years in Oglethorpe University, near Milledgeville, Ga.; Capt. S. D. Bradwell, a former President of the State Normal School, at Athens, Ga., were descendants of the Midway settlers and natives of the district. To this same group of educators' belong also Dr. William Louis Jones, a kinsman of the LeContes; Prof. Samuel M. Varnadoe, Prof. John B. Mallard, and others.
Dr. William McWhir, the noted principal of the Academy at Snnbury, was a native of Ireland, though identified with the Midway settlement for thirty years.
In the field of literature the descendants of the Dor chester Pnritans have risen to the most eminent distinc tion. Perhaps the best known member of the group is the Rev. Francis R. Goulding, D. D., who wrote "The Young Marooners". This charming story of adventure is one of the standard juvenile classics' of the world, rank ing with the two great masterpieces, Swiss Family Robinson and Robinson Crusoe, and is today read wherever the English language is spoken. The book has been translated into numerous foreign tongues. Maria J. Mclntosh, writer of stories for children, once a popular favorite, "was born at Sunbury. Joseph LeConte's great text-book on Geology is used in many American colleges and universities. His work on Evolution, in -which he undertakes to harmonize the teachings of science with the revealed truths of religion, is admittedly the ablest treatise of this character. Colonel Charles; C. Jones, Jr., whose scholarly researches entitle him to the highest rank

LIBERTY

741

among Georgia historians, spent his boyhood days in the Midway settlement, where his father, Dr. Charles C. Jones, labored for the uplift of the slave and where lived his grandfather, Major John Jones, who "was killed at the siege of Savannah. Chancellor Mell was the author of the famous "Manual", a text-book on parliamentary procedure, still the recognised standard of authority among deliberative assemblies throughout the South. Theological books without number have been written by the various ministers of the gospel from Midway who have attained to eminence; but these are too technical in character to be here enumerated. Dr. Joseph Jones, an eminent physician and educator of ISTew Orleans, was born in Liberty County; and his great work on "Medical and Surgical Memories" is1 a volume of profound interest, written in a style both graphic and popular.

To the forces of industrialism engaged in the great work of developing the material resources of the South this settlement has contributed Grant Wilkins, of Atlanta, a distinguished civil engineer.

G-eneral James Screven and General Daniel Stewart were both natives of the Midway district. The former fell mortally wounded within a short distance of the Midway church. The latter, when only fifteen years of age, joined the American army and served with gallantry throughout the entire Revolution. Colonel John MeTntosh, though a native of Darien, lived for some time at Sunbnry, -where he "won renown by his gallant defence of Fort Morris; and here too was born his distinguished son, Colonel James S. Mclntosh, who lost his life in the Wa,r "with Mexico. Colonel John Baker, an officer of note in the Revolution, was a native of Midway; and so was

742 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Major John Jones, who was killed by a cannon-ball at the siege of Savannah. The list includes also AdjutantGeneral Kell, who was First Lieutenant, under Admiral Semmes, in command of the famous Alabama; the Con federate Brigadier-General Claudius C. Wilson, the two Iversons, father and son, both of whom attained the rank of Confederate Brigadier-Generals ; and numerous others. Commodore James' M. Mclntosh, "who died on the eve of the Civil T^ar, lies buried in the cemetery at Midway, and the noted General Lachlan Mclntoso, of the Revolu tion, was also identified for some time "with tftie Midway settlement.
But the heroic list will not be complete without adding thereto the name of the distinguished Bough Eider, who "won his spurs at San Juan, in the Spanish-American War, and became the twenty-sixth President of the United States--Theodore Boosevelt.
His mother, whose maiden name was Martha Bulloch, was the grand-daug'hter of General Daniel Stewart, of Midway, and the great-grand-daughter of Governor Archibald Bulloch, of Savannah, both of "whom were among the stoutest of Georgia patriots.
President Woodrow Wilson is also connected by mar riage with the Midway settlement. His wife, nee Ellen Tjouisa Axsou, is a grand-daughter of Eev. I. S. K. Axson, for years the beloved and honored pastor of the church.
Without undertaking to mention by name the various ministers of the gospel who have come from the Midway settlement, it may be said that, under the preaching of the Eev. Daniel Baker, himself a man of very great note, were converted Bishop Stephen Elliott, of the Episcopal church, Dr. Eichard Fuller, one of the most noted Bap tist divines in the South, and Hon. Ehett W. Barnwell, n member of Congress from South Carolina, and President of South Carolina College. The first native born Presby-

*

LIBERTY

743

terian minister in Georgia was also a son of old Midway: Dr. Thomas Goulding. The list of eminent preachers also includes, Dr. John Jones, who was for years chap lain of the Senate of Georgia. He was a cousin of Dr. Charles C, Jones, and was sometimes called "the Fight ing Parson" because of his courageous mettle, but there was never a man whose life was more sweetly attuned to gentleness1. Eev. Robert Quarterman, who was for twenty-four years pastor of the Midway church and the first native of the settlement to become the shepherd of the nock, must not be omitted. Dr. James Stacy, the historian of the Midway church; Dr. E. Q. Mallard, for years pastor of the Napoleon Avenue church, of New Orleans; Dr. Donald Fraser, for years pastor of the Presbyterian church, at Decatur, Ga.,--these are likewise entitled to special 'mention, because of pre-eminent attain ments ; and though not themselves natives of Liberty, two other distinguished divines, not hitherto mentioned, are descendants of these Dorchester Puritans: Dr. Timothy Dwight Witherspoon, for years an honored professor in the Theological Seminary, at Louisville, Ky., and Bishop James Osgood Andrew, of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. From the Midway settlement have come not less than eighty-one ministers of the gospel, and eight missionaries to foreign fields. Well may it be asked : Can the record of the Midway Congregational church, hi usefulness whether to the cause of religion or to the service of the State, be surpassed? In the language of Bishop Stevens, these pioneers1 of faith constituted in large measure the moral and intellectual nobility of the Province; and none will dare to challenge the words of Dr. Stacy: "The earth has produced but one Niagara, but one Mount Blanc, but one Lake Como. So it has given us but one Midway church."

744 G-EOROTA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
LINCOLN
Created by j/cfi-islalivo Act, Kcbr-nary 20, I7!)fi, from Wilkes County. Named for General Benjamin JLincoln, a distinguished officer of the Revolution. Early in the struggle he was placed in command of tlie Southern Department. At the battle of Briar Creek a detachment of his army was repulsed with srea t loss, after which he combined forces with Count D'Ewtaing, at the unsuccessful siege of Savannah. Kate seemed to be somewhat against him at this time: but in 1781 he w-as transferred to Virginia where ho joined Washing-ton a.nd was chosen by him to receive tlie
War in th
General Elijah There is strong presumptive evidence, if Clarke's Tomb, not indeed conclusive proof, that, in the
northern part of Lincoln, on what is known as the Oliver place--a plantation owned by Marcus A. Pharr, of Washington, Ga.--rest the mortal ashes of Georgia's most illustrious soldier in the first war for in dependence: General Elijah Clarice. It was for a long time quite generally believed that the old hero was buried in Wilkes, a theory supported by the fact that he was most conspicuously identified with this county during his life-time and that, near the battle-field of Kettle Creek, some of the members of his family were known to be buried. The fact that General Clarke lived in what was originally the county of Wilkes cannot be gainsaid. But a number of counties were su.bsequen.tly formed.from Wilkes, in any one of which there is the possibility that he might have been buried. It Is a matter of record, however, that he owned an extensive plantation in a part of the county which "was afterwards erected into Lincoln.
Moreover, a document has recently been unearthed which sheds an additional light upon this problem. Dur ing1 the past year, a Daughter of the Revolution--Miss Helen M. Prescott, of Atlanta--while engaged in making researches discovered the old soldier's will in the ordi nary's office at LincoTnton. So putting" two thing's together--the finding of his will arid the fact of his resi-

r

LINCOLN

7-15

dence--there is little room for doubt that somewhere on the old Oliver place the mortal allies of General Olarke He entombed. It is true that White, in his "Collections of Georgia,'' states that Mrs, Clarkc, Home twenty-eight years later, was buried beside her husband at Woodburn; and, while there is no such place in JAncoJn known at present by this name, the same is equally true of "Wilkes; and the probability is that it was merely the name which General Clarkc, after the fashion of the period, gave to his Lincoln County plantation.*

Tory Pond. Six miles north-east of Jjiiicohiton, on the road leading from Groshen to Dallas Ferry, is Tory Pond, one of the most historic spots
in the county of Lincoln; for here it was, according to
* The following Ictti by Mr. James T. Hudsc some additional parti It runs as follows:

those who are looking for evidence si But such as I have heard I give you.
Sometime In the 'SO's I was at the home of Mr. John Che
that he was buried on the Phui place in Lincoln. This he stated, i with Mr. John T. Shewmate, a ye;
grave which he had often been told held the remains of a Governor of Georgia. Now, of course, we know that John Clarhe was the Governor. We are likewise sure that he removed to Florida, where he died sometime in the thirties and where a shaft was erected to his memory, near SiAndrew's Sound. But the tradition is nevertheless significant as showing that some distinguished man was here buried. Again, in 1S02, I was at the home of Captain r>. B. Cade, in historic old Petersburg, a quondam
the site of the old town. Incidentally lie pointed out the site of the old tobacco warehouse; and, passing a, eertafn spot, remarked that Genera? Elijah Clarke once had a law office there. We laughed at the Captain and informed him that this was a role in which we had never known General Clarke to figure. The Captain then told me that Genreal Clarke lived and died at the :Pharr place and was buried there. Curious to relate, in search-

746 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tradition, that the Tories who murdered Colonel Ootrn Dooly "were hanged. Dr. "W. B. Crawford, of Tjincolnton, whose boyhood days were spent within half a mile of Tory Pond says that among the credulous darkies it is still a prevalent belief that the 'woods in this vicinity are patrolled by spooks, and even to this day it is the rarest thing in the world for a negro to be seen in this neighbor hood after nightfall. Colonel Dooly lived some three miles to the south of Tory Pond. The ruins of the old house, in which the murder took place, are still to be seen, near the road side; and the grave of the sturdy old patriot is supposed to be somewhere in this neighbor hood, but the exact spot is unknown. At the time of his death, he was prosecuting attorney for the county of Wilkes and was pursuing the Tories with a vindictive spirit for the murder of his brother, Colonel Thomas
ing the minutes of the Superior Courts of both Wilkes and Lincoln for data concerning the record of Mrs. Carrie Tait Thompson's grandfather, during his tenure of office as judge of the Western Circuit, I found Elijah Clarke's name as attorney attached to several cases then litigated. But since General Clarke died prior to this time, we must conclude that the party in question was his grandson. In support of the belief that he lived in the neighborhood of ^Petersburg is the fact that the names of the parties litigant are still very common names among people now living in upper Lincoln and in lower Elbert. * * *
"We threshed out our respective claims, and Hon. T. W. Hard wick formally presented a bill in Congress to appropriate $5,000 to mark the graves of Lincoln County's two noted Revolutionary heroes: General Elijah Clarke and Colonel John Dooly. In regard to the present status of this
opinion that I had established my case and he anticipated favorable action. Now, if you will re-peruse the probated will and the recorded returns of .Tohn Clarke, executor, you will further see that the estate was not fully wound up before Mr. ClarKe's death. One of the daughters of General Clarke married B. Smith; and, on examination, It -will be found that B. Smitn was Eenajah Smith, who was sheriff of Lincoln in 1802-3. In a.n entry on the clerk's books there is recorded a coroner's sale, the sheriff having been disqualified as a party defendant, in which appears an advertisement of the land to be sold to satisfy the ft. fa. The land was purchased by a party find subsequent transfers show unmistakably that it lay in upper Lincoln, in the Vicinity of the Oliver place. Mr. Shewmate tells me that there are here four graves In juxtaposition, two walled with rock and two bearing the names of the Smiths--B. Smith and --------, E. Smith's wife. The last two are still standing; the other two have been partially demolished. If you have waded through this mass, hurriedly penned, in an effort to comply with your resquest, and can use it, T shall be glad.
"Yours truly, "JAMES T. HUDSON."

LrwccHu^

747

Dooly, Both of the Doolys participated in the battle of Kettle Creek. It is said that the murder of Colonel John Dooly, which occurred in his bed at home, was witnessed by his son, the afterwards celebrated jurist and wit, Judge John M. Dooly.

Judge Dooly's Last Judge John M. Dooly, one of Geor-

Resting-Place.

g-ia.'s most illustrious sons, is buried

in Lincoln on his former plantation,

some seven miles north-east of Tjinoolnton, near the

Savannah River. Here he spent practically the greater

part of his life. The house which he built and occupied is

still well preserved. It is known as the White House

because it wa,s the iirst house in this region to possess

a coat of white paint. The house is occupied at present

by Mr. Rob Simsr one of the county's most progressive

young farmers, but is owned by Mr. C. TJ. Groves, of Din-

colnton. The burial ground is in the rear of the old

garden and Judge Dooly's grave is easily pointed out

but, save for a crumbling sacophagus of briek and mor

tar, is unmarked. No shaft rises above the spot where

sleeps one of the most noted men in Georgia's historic

annals.

Sterne Simmons:

In the old Simmons biirial-ground,

Weight 650 Pounds, at Goshen, on property today

owned by Mr. E. H. Samuels, is the

grave of a Georgian who doubtless held the record of the

human family in the matter of weight; and, on the upper

surface of the immense marble box which covers the

tom'b, is the following epitaph:

Sterne Simmons. Bora August 22, 1824. Died August 25, 1853. Aged 29 years and 3 days. The deceased weighed at the time of ibis death 650 pounds.

748 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND L
Even to this day the tra.ditions are numerous con cerning- the ponderous bulk of this youthful giant. It is said that on the day of his funeral it was necessary to remove the door-facings in order to take his body from the house. The stories in regard to his ravenous appetite are doubtless exaggerations, but the requirements, of such an immense organism could not have been met by an ordinary meal. Besides his flesh was due to diseased conditions which probably intensified his cravings for food. As might readily be supposed he suffered intensely from the heat of summer. The buggy in which he trav elled when he rode over the country was twice the size of an ordinary vehicle and was made specially for his use. He came of an excellent family of people. His brother, Dr. John Sinamons, was a man of small statue, a master mason, and one of the finest presiding officers in the State. Captain Lafayette Larnar's first wife was his sister. The old Simmons home is still standing in Groshen.

Original Settlers. According to White, the original

settlers of Lincoln were: Thomas Mur

ray, Uobert ^Valton, Jo'hn Lockhart, B. Lockhart, Thomas

Mitchell, Sterne Simmons, J. Stovall, Captain John

Lamar, Basil Lamar, Stephen Handspiker, M. Henley,

.Robert Fleming, James ^Vallace, and Peter Lamar.

Quite '76.

a

number

of

these

pioneer

settlers

were

veterans

of

Jacob Zellars, a soldier of the Revolution, settled in Lincoln at an early period and accumulated large means.
Bern Eensen, a native of Virginia, settled in Lincoln soon after the county was organized. His grandson, Judge T. H. Eemsen, held for years the office of ordinary and owned at one time the old Judge Dooly home.

LINCOLN

749

Dr. Thomas Sandwich, a native of Harrow-on-the Hi]], near "Windsor, Eng-Jaiid, was an early settler of Lincoln.
Robert Fleming-, the pioneer whose name is men tioned above, was the grandfather of ex-Congressman William H. Fleming, of Augusta. Frank Fleming was another early settler. The Crawfords have been identi fied with the county for a number of years, hut the ances tral seat of this family is in the county of Columbia.

Lincoln's Noted Thomas \V. Murray, a noted legislator,

Residents.

who served in the General Assembly

for sixteen years and who wielded the

gavel as Speaker of the House I!or several terms in suc

cession, was a resident of Lincoln. Tie died on the eve

of an unopposed election to Congress. The county of

Murray wax named for him.

Tie re lived the Doolys, two of whom were officers of

note in the Revolution--J ohn and Thomas. TBoth were

murdered, the former by the Tories, the latter by the

Indians,

Judge John M. Dooly, the celebrated wit, was a life

long resident of Lijicohi. Ho was a won of Col on el John

Dooly, of the Revolution, for whom Dooly County was

named.

W^e quote this paragraph from Governor Gilmer: "If

the sayings and doing of Judge Dooly could be known

they would furnish more interesting matter for biography

than Lord Campbell has furnished in many of the lives of

the Lord Chancellors of England.**

G-eneral lOlijali OJarko lived on a plantation in what

was formerly the north-eastern part ol' AVilkcs but which

was afterwards formed into Lincoln.

Here lived Colonel Peter Lamar, a wealthy planter

and a dominant tig tire during the ante-bellum period in

750 GEORGIA'S TJ AN DM ARKS, MEMORIALS AND "LEGENDS
public affairs. He was a first cousin of Miraheau B. Damar, of Texas. His distinguished son, Captain La fayette Damar, gave his life to the Confederate cause, at Warrenton, ~Va., in .1861. The late Colonel Wilberforce Daniel, of Augusta, a gallant Confederate officer, was a grandson of Colonel Lamar. Dr. John B. Daniel, of Atlanta, one of the foremost manufacturers and mer chants of the South, is also a grandson.

LOWNDES

Irwin Coun of South Ca

.f his native State in 1821 but an enfeebled constitution called for nd death overtook liim while making a voyag-e at sea. Mr, Clay

ior of Congress, especially when engaged in the discussion of great :iic questions he encountered no superior intellect. Valdosta, the
owned oy Governor Troup, in va,s spent. Originally Lowndes i and Tift.

Troupville: A Dead In an angle of land between Wil-

Town.

lacoochee and Tjit tie Rivers, some

four miles "west of the present

county-seat, stood the old town of Troupville, named in

honor of Georgia's famous chief-executive--Governor

Georg'C M. Troup. It promised at one time to become an

important center of population. There "were living- here

in 1849, when Dr. White published his Statistics of Geor

gia, something1 like twenty families.* The little town

boasted three hotels, two churches, four stores, and sev

eral sliops owned by mechanics. The professional lists

included two physicians and four lawyers, a proportion

which speaks well for the health of the town; and there

must have been no small amount of business transacted

here to have nourished a quartet of legal Ug'hts. But the

little hanlet among the pines failed to develop a growth

LOWNDES

751

in keeping with, the great name it bore; and when the first railway was projected through the county, Troupville was ignored by the surveyors, who ran the line some four miles to the east. Here another town arose; called "Valdosta," a name given by the great apostle of State Bights to his favorite plantation in tlie county of Tjaurens. Valdosta became the new county-seat. To this point the commercial establishments drifted one by one, until final ly the little town became extinct; and today, according to Major Varnadoe, little more than a sand hill marks the site on Which the first county-seat of Lowndes once stood.

On the authority of Dr. White, there were still to be seen near Troupville, in 184-9, the ruins of an old town, whose origin probably dates back to prehistoric times.* Large live oaks "were flourishing' in the same neighbor hood. The idea of spontaneous growth was precluded by the straight and uniform rows in w'hich the trees "were planted; but who could have set them out is a mystery which, time has not solved. It is quite within the possi bilities that an old Spanish town may have been located here before the days of Oglethorpe.

Valctosta: What the Valdosta, the present county-seat

Name Means.

of Lowndes, is one of the most pro

gressive towns in the State, a live

cotton market, and the center of quite an extensive trade

in lumber. The name i.s said to have been given to th.e

town by a Mr. DeLyon, who then owned and edited the

county newspaper. He was an ardent admirer of Gover

nor Troup; and since the town which bore the old Gov

ernor's name was likely to vanish from the map, he sng-

1 the name of the latter's chief place of residence as

Ibid, p. 387.

752 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
an appropriate name for the new town. Tiiere were some "who advocated Troupville. But the majority pre ferred Valdosta. The original form of the "word, Val d' Osta, is still to be found upon the map of Europe. The name was first "bestowed upon a beautiful Alpine Valley, which descends into the vineyards of Northern Italy, a region famed throughout the world for charm of en vironment. At the foot of the. valley sits the old Italian town of Aosta, said by antiquarians to anted'atc the birth of Eome by 456 years.
When tho county-seat was changed from Troupvillc to Valdosta, Dr. William Ashley, Judge Eichard A.. Peop les, W. H. !Bugg, A. Converse, Moses Smith, and others settled in the new town. A^aldosta was located on land belonging chiefly to Captain J. W. Patterson. Among the early settlers also were the Varnadoes and. the Platts. Samuel MeWhir Varnadoe, a noted educator, here found ed in 1866 the famous Valdosta Institute, at the head of which he remained until his death. It was afterwards continued for a short time by his son, Major James O. Varnadoe, in conjunction "with Bishop Pcndlcton, now of Pennsylvania; but eventually it was rnerg-ed into t>he local system of public schools. Prof. Varnadoe came from Liberty County, G-a., where his family was one of the oldest in tho noted Midway settlement. Ue was at one time the nominee of the American party for Congress, but the district was a Democratic stronghold and he lost the election to his rival, James L. Seward, of Thomasville, by only a small margin of votes.
Win. Peters, a veteran of '76, was granted a Federal pension while a. resident of Lowiides in 1846. at which time he was a very old man.
Valdosta is the seat of an institution of learning destined to become one of the great educational plants of

LOWNDES

' 753

the State: the South Georgia Normal College. As yet the school is only an infant, Irat the enterprising citizen ship of Valdosta is a, unit in giving it support, and the splendid victory won by the town in securing this sc'hool for South Georgia shows what an aroused public senti ment can accomplish when directed by men of vigorous initiative. Hon. W. S. West, the author of the bill creat ing the institution, "was enabled by his popularity as Pres ident of the State Senate to put the measure through, the General Assembly, in 1906, without a dissenting vote in the upper house over which he presided. But for lack of funds in the State treasury, the enterprise lay dormant until 1911 when Messrs. W. TJ. Converse and C. K. Ashley, the representative from Lowndes in the legislature, sub mitted a proposition which the State accepted. The terms of the agreement were as follows: Georgia "was to give $25,000 for a building and $5,000 for equipment; while the town of Valdosta was to furnish a campus of fifty acres and $5,000 a year for ten years. Going far beyond the terms of agreement, the wideawake little metropolis has erected a magnificent structure, in the style of the Spanish Mission, at a cost of $50,000, to de fray "which Mr. Converse advanced the necessary cash. Georgia has this past year appropriated $25,000 for the maintenance of the school in 1913; and Prof, !R. II. Pow'ell, one of the brainiest educators in the State, has been called to the executive helm. On January 2, 1913 the college wa,s formally opened with an elaborate pro gram of exercises. Among tbe speakers on this occasion Were: Governor-eleet John M. Slaton; Hon. "W. S. West, President of the Board of Trustees; Dr. David C. Barrow Chancellor of the University of Georgia; Dr. K. G. Matiheson, President of tbe Georgia School of Tech nology; State School Commissioner M. L. Brittain and Prof. E. H. Powell, President of the South Georgia Nor mal. In the evening an elegant banquet was spread at the Hotel Pattcrson over "which Colonel J. M. Wilkinson, of Vald'osta, presided. No institution "was ever launched in Georgia under brighter prospects.

754 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOKIALS AND LEGENDS
Original Settlers. The first comers into Lowndes, accord ing to White, were: Kev. William A.
Knight, Benjamin Serman, Bani Boyd, William Smith, John Bryan, Jacob Bryan, John J. Underwood, Henry Parish, Fisher Gaskins, Jesse Leo, Jesse Carter, H. Oolson, J. Jameson, J. Hall, S. Hall, G. Hall, John Hill, Eev. Mr. Alberton, J. D. Spanks, James Matthews, S. E. Swilley, Major Simmons, William Deas, J. Deas, William McMullin, Francis Bountree, Jesse Goodman, Captain Burnett, L. Roberts, and Captain Bell.

LUMPKIN
Created by Legislativ Named for Hon. Wilson States Senator from Geor name given to the localit "yellow metal," referring to the abundance of gold in this neighborhood.

Wilson Lumpkin: A This extraordinary man was one of

Brief Sketch.

the most dominant figures of his day

in Georgia--a master of the science

of politics. He was also a man. of sound practical judg

ment; and, realizing the possibilities of the iron horse, as

a motive power in commerce, he became one of the most

zealous' pioneers of railway development. He "was a mem

ber of Congress and a United States Senator. Twice in

succession he filled the office of Governor, and in 1823, was

commissioned by President Monroe to mark the boundary

line between Georgia and Florida. Ilis residence on the

border gave him an intimate knowledge of Indian life

and character; and under the Cherokee treaty of 1835 he

was appointed by General Jackson as one of the commis

sioners to act for 'the government. He was for years a

member of the Board of Trustees of the University of

Georgia. Though he lacked collegiate advantages, he

acquired by self instruction a vast amount of practical

information and became early in life an accomplished

surveyor. His family was of English origin. He was

TjITMPKTX

755

born in Pittsylvania County, Va., January 14, 1783, and died in Athens, Ga., December 28, 1870, at the patriarchal age of 88 years.
On acconnt of the active part taken by Governor Luntpkin, in the building of the Western and Atlantic Bailroad, the town of Marthasville, afterwards the capital of the State, was named in compliment to his daughter Martha. When past the age of seventy, Governor Lumpkin wrote an extensive account of the removal of the Cherokee Indians, a work into which he wove incidentally much of the history of his time. This work remained in manuscript until 1907 when Mr. Wymberley Jones DeRenne, of Wormsloe, published it in two volumes.

Gold Discovered: The Old U. S. Mint At Dahlonega.
Where Mark Twain's Famous Expression Origi nated : "There's Millions In It."

Page 184. Page 188.

How the North

At the close of the Civil War, there

Georgia Agricultural was started at Dahlonega a move-

College'Was Started, merit to convert the old mint into a

college for Georgia boys. The

building had been idle since 1861. It was beginning to

show the marks of age; and since the State at this time,

while hampered by financial embarrassment, was in sore

need of facilities for educating the yontli of the mountain

region, the idea of utilizing the old structure "was first

sprung. It could be remodeled at comparatively small

cost. As it then stood, it was of no practical use to the

government, though it involved, first and last, an outlay

756 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of $70,000. Why not utilize the old mint to stamp the impress of character upon good citizens?
To an ardent champion of this project, Colonel Wil liam I*. Price, of .Dahloncga, is due the success with which the enterprise was eventually crowned. While serving in Congress, he devoted his great energies to the task of securing from the government the proposed trans fer. Though a Confederate soldier and a Democrat, he made it plain to the government that the mountaineers of Georgia were as a class, loyal to the Union during the Civil War, that, in the m;ibi, they were of the purest Revolutionary stock, and that it was largely for the pur pose of educating the children of these mountaineers that the use of the old building was sought, fie further more promised to devote the remainder of his life to fur thering the interests of the institution. As a result, the North Georgia Agricultural College was organized, ant] for more than a third of a century, Colonel Price was President of the Hoard of Trustees. To quote, in sub stance, the language of Dr. (r. R. Glenn, the present ex ecutive head of the college: " He never missed an annual commencement, throughout this long period. The insti tution never had a better friend. TTe redeemed his promise to Congress that if the building were given for the benefit of the boys and girls of Georgia, he would devote the balance of his life to an effort to wipe the dark lines of illiteracy from his native State."
Years ago, the old mint fell a jjrey to the Eames, but the college was too well established to be affected by the loss. Its mission had been accomplished.
Colonel Price possessed the personal friendship of General Grant, who often consulted him in regard to Southern matters. When dying at Mount Gregor, the old ex-President went his love to his Georgia friend, whom he cherished to the very last. As a member of the Legislature just after the w:ir, he gave much thought to the bill establishing the public school system, under the Constitution of J868, and hn wrote two of the most im-

LUMPKIN

757

portant provisions: the one requiring- tile races to be taught separately and the one which defines the Christian attitude of the State toward the Bible. Colonel Price spent his entire life in Daliloneg-a, beloved by the people among whom his. lot was east.--a man faithful to every trust. In ihis personal appearance he was strikingly handsome, and whether to friend or to foe he addressed himself with an air of courtesy which suggested the gen tleman of the old school.

The first executive head of the college at Dahlonega was Hon. David ^V. Lewis, a native of Hancock County, G-a. Both as an educator and as an orator he took hig-h rank and stamped his impress indelibly upon his times. He Was1 one of the organizers of the Georgia State Agri cultural Society, a member of the first Confederate Con gress, a Trustee of the University of Georgia for thirty years, and President of the North Neorgia Agricultural College, from 1873 until the time of his death December 28, 1885. On the campns at Dahlonega is a monument which bears this inscription: "Erected by the old students of the North. Georg-ia Agricultural College, by the Georgia State Agricultural Society, and his friends, to perpetuate the memory of one whom they loved and honored, and to teach the lesson of a noble life, unselfishly given to lofty purposes. Dedicated June '29, 1891." At the exercises of unveiling-, which, occurred amid the festivities of commencement, Ex-Congressman William P. Price, Hon. ^VTLliam. J. ISTortlien, afterwards Governor, a.nd Hon. S. D. Bradwell. State School Com missioner, delivered addresses.
Nuckollsville. Nuekollsville, an old mining town, the name of which was changed to Auraria,
rivalled Dahlonega in the early days of the g-old excite-

758 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MTCMOTCTAT.R AND TJBGENDB
ment in Georgia. Six miles to tho soutli of the latter town, on tbe road to Gainesville, it was once a bee-hive of industi-y, with a population of several hundred inhabi tants. It possessed 'a bank, two newspapers, and a num ber of retail establishments, and there was an effort to make it the county-seat. Today it is an ideal picture of Goldsmith's "Deserted Village." The name of the place was changed t'o Auraria, through the influence of Senator John C. Calhoun, who then owned the Calhoim gold mine, not far distant. With the discovery of gold in California in 1849, the fortunes of Auraria began to de cline, while Nuclcollsville became only a hazy dream of the flush times.
Mr. Stuart "VV. Cramer, in a statistical table of the gold production of 'the South, published in the Beport of the Director of the Mint for 3.892, estimates the amount of gold produced in Georgia, from 1829 to 1892, at $15,902,260. White's Statistics, published in 1849, contains this item in regard to Dahlonega: "G-old is often found on. the court-house square, particularly after a shower; and the little boys often pick up pieces of gold weighing from a fourth of a pennyweight up.''
There are few beauty spots in America to compare with Amicololaih Falls, seventeen miles to the west of Dahlonega. The surrounding scenery is grandly pictur esque, consisting of the most superb mountain views. The name Amicololali is said to be derived from two Gherokee words, "ami" signifying water and "oalolah" meaning to roll or to tumble, hence tumbling waters, an apt descriptive name for this almost unrivalled cataract.
Frogtown, a creek at the head of Chestatee River, also a settlement by this name, to the north of Dahlonega,

LUMPKIN

759

was the designation formerly given to a mountain, in the neighborhood of which a hunter is said, to have seen a
frog as large as a house. Head Quarters "was the name originally given to the
mining camp at Dahkmega. When the eoun'ty was laid out in 1832, there was a contest between Head Quarters and Nnickoll sville for the county-seat. The former won and the name was changed to Dahloiiega.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers of Lunrpkin, were as follows: C.
J. Thompson, Colonel Riley, General Fields, Lewis Rolston, Mr. I-jeathers, and J. Blackwell.
To the foregoing list may be added James H. Gurley, who settled near Dahlonega in 1828. He was the first Justice of the Peace in Da'hlonega, and afterwards be came Sheriff for two terms and Clerk of the Superior Court for fourteen years.
Elijah Grisson, an. early miner, settled near Dah lonega long before the removal of the Indians. John Harris was another early comer.
Colonel Riley, who is mentioned by White in the above list, afterwards became a Brigadier-General of Militia. He served in both branches of the State Legislature, and exercised great influence throughout the gold region.
Frank "W. Ball located in Dahlonega in 1868 to sup erintend the interests of a company in Boston, Mass. He became one of the leading financiers of Xortb Georgia, served in the General Assembly, and was for years treas urer of the NoTth Georgia Agricultural College at Dahlouega.
Edward Singleton, a soldier of the Revolution, is buried somewhere in Pumpkin. Wiley McLane, a private in the patriot ranks, was granted a. Federal pension in

760 GEORGIA'S IJANDMAEKS, MEMORIALS AKD .LEGENDS
1849, while a resident of this county at which time he was almost 'a centenaria,n. According- to White, there were two Revolutionary soldiers who died in Ijumpkin: Rich ard Ledbetter and Jolm J. Williams. The latter was at King's Mountain. Both lived to be old men, while Rich ard Ledbctter died at the age of TOO.
Mc
Created by legislative Act, October IS, 1S70, from Oolui
The great orator and statesman, for whom this county was named--though commonly reckoned among the distinguished sons of South Carolina--first saw the light of day on the western side of the Savannah River. Mr. McDuftie was born in Columbia Comity, Ga., some thirty miles above Augusta, on August 10, 1790, of parents who were both natives of Scotland. He received his education at the famous academy, in Willington, S. O., taught by the noted Dr. Moses WaddeJl, and at the College of South Carolina, from "which he graduated with the highest honors.
His speech at commencement on "The Permanence of the Union" is said to have foreshadowed his career in politics. He became a. member of Congress in 1821, Gov ernor of the State of South Carolina in 1834 and United States Senator in 1842. Mr. McDnffie was a free trader. At first he advocated a liberal construction of the Con stitution, but eventually he planted himself fairly upon the letter of the great document and became the recog nized "Orator of Nullification." In a State which felt the spell of Calhoun's maistcrfnl genius, his powers of eloquence never failed to fire an audience to the highest pitch of enthusiasm. We quote from an eminent write i' of South. Carolina the following critical estimate of

McDuFFiB

761

MeDuffie as an orator. Says this authority:* "His speeches were prepared with extreme care. They ap peared to be spontaneous, liowever, due to the tremend ous energy of the mail. Milton was his favorite poet, from whom he frequently quoted. There was always iu McDuffie a harshness of manner, of which he never en tirely freed himself. He had one gesture--and with this, by steer physical force, he seemed to hurl the truth at the Speaker of the House. He appeared 'best in invec tive. William G. Preston himself one of the greatest of Ataerican orators, is quoted as having said of Mc'Duffie that he came nearest to his conception of Demosthenes. He broke into the political arena with the fury of a com petitor too late for combat; and, as if to redeem lost time or to annihilate as soon as possible the antagonist who had summoned him to the fight, he amazed all by the un exampled impetuosity and fierce earnestness with which he smote down his foes. In the control and sway of his audience, JVfcDuffie has been rarely equaled in ancient or modern times. When it \vas known that he was to speak, the galleries were filled. He was thoroughly honest and sincere in Iris convictions. An infringement on the real or fancied rights and liberties of his people awoke all the indignation of his soul."
In 1822, Mr. McUuffie exchanged shots on the field of honor, with Colonel William Gumming, of Augusta, a duel in which he received ra wound "which proved little short of fatal. He relinquished the toga in 1846, on account of ill-health. Five years later--on March 11, 1851, he died at the home of his father-in-law, Colonel Richard Singleton, near AVedgefield, in Sumter County, S. C., where his ashes lie buried.

Brandon: A For- Near Little Biver, on land embraced gotten Settlement. within the present limits of McDuffie,
one of the oldest communities in Upper Georgia was formerly located. It was called
* E. L. Green in Sketch of George Mcrmffie, p. 3547, Vol. VIIT. Library of Southern Literature, 1907, Atlanta, Ga.

762 Gi'XmoTA 'R LANDMARKS, MI^MOETAT.S AND TJKGENDS
33randon, a. name which has long' since dis'appearod from the map. Says Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr.:*' "Brandon may be recognized as still maintaining a feeble exis tence in the later village of Wrightsboro, 'although its original features and peculiarities have encountered es sential modifications. The founder of Brandon was Edniund Gray, a pretending1 Quaker, who came from Vir ginia with a number of followers. A man of strong- will and marked influence, he was nevertheless a. pestilent fel low and, during the administration of Gov. Reynolds, was compelled to abandon his little town. He subsequently formed a settlement on the neutral lands lying between the Altamaha and the St. Johns. Thither flocked crimi nals and debtors anxious to escape the just demands of creditors." The town of Brandon was settled not later than 1754 'and the land wag' probably obtained by direct purchase from the Indians.

Wrightsboro: One Some eight miles to the north of

of Georgia's Historic Thomson, may be found the moss-

Towns,

covered remnants of 'an old town

which has played an important role

in Georgia's annals--the historic old town of Wrights-

boro. During the Revolutionary period, when the State

was overrun by Tories and Red-coats, the seat of govern

ment became somewhat migratory, shifting" from S'avan-

mab, to Ebenezer, when the former town fell into the

hands of the British; thence to Augusta, thence to

Heard's Fort, on the site of the present town of Wash

ington; thence back again to Augusta, "where it remained

until the recapture of Savannah. There is a tradition to

the effect that the law-making power of Georgia took

refuge at one time in Wrightsboro. Today the quaint old

* Dead Towns of Georgia by Charles C. Jones, Jr., p. 247, Savannah, 187S.

f

MoDuiriE

763

town presents a typical picture of Goldsmith 's "Deserted Village," where--
"'T'he hollow-sounding bittern guards her nest ~ * * And the long grass o'ertops the mould'ring wall."
But moi-e than one page of Oreos-gia's history has boon written among- the ruins of this deserted borough.

It was in the year 1770 that Joseph Mattock, a Quaker, 'having obtained from the royal governor a grant of 40,000 acres of land in this vicinity, undertook to revive the old settlement at Brandon. He called the new town Wrightsboro, in honor of Governor W right. Here, in 1773, he entertained1 the celebrated naturalist, William Bartram, who afterwards wrote of him in most compli mentary terms as "a public-spirited chief -magistrate." Ait the outbreak of the Revolution, the Quaker Colony at Wrightsboro embraced S'ome two hundred families. Joseph Mattock was elected a member of the famous Pro vincial Congress Which was called to meet in Savannah, on July 4, 1775, but on account of his pronounced Tory sentiments he declined a seat in this body, the member ship of which was hostile to England.

Mr. St. Elmo Massengale, of Atlanta, whose ancestors were pioneer settlers of Wrightsboro, speaks thus of a recent visit to the old town. Says he: "The little place is almost deserted. Some few of? the old homes are left, but they are gray with age, forlorn and desolate. T failed to find the old house which was used as the State Capitol, but it survived for more than a century, one of the most conspicuous landmarks of the village. It was a treat to wander among1 the old ruins, with each of which there was associated some choice bit of romance, some legend of the old days, full of the spice of historic inter

764 G-Uoii(iJA ! s LANDMARKS, M^MU^-LAI^S AKD LKGENDS
est. I could almost fancy myself back in the WrightHboro of a hundred years ago, wandering- among trim box hedges and quaint gardens of roses and holly hocks-- watching" time flit by on ancient sun-dials. I see.med to be once more in the company of gay belles, patched and powdered and dressed in brocaded g'owns arid picturesque hats, and of gallant beaux with siJvcr smiff-boxes and knee buckles and gracious ways. The old Seay hoine where many a stately minuet had been danced was only an old ruin, haunted by memories--but to me these memories were sweet and fragrant like the breath of violets; for the hospitality of this home has been handed down in my family for generations. Just a red clay mound marks the spot "where stood the old fort which my great-great grandfather, Thomas White, commanded during the Revolution. Here for nearly half a century lie lived with, his lovely wife, a fellow-traveller on the same vessel which brought him to America in 1773 and whom lie "wedded three years later. Lucy White, a daughter by this marriage, became the wife of Mark A, Candler."

The Quaker Burial The little church in which the Quak-

Ground.

ers worshipped still stands in

Wrightsboro, surrounded lby tall

dark cedars. Equipped "with highback pews, "with, an old-

fashioned pulpit, and with long1 narrow windows, it rep

resents a style of architecture severely simple, but char

acteristic of the pious sect whose weakness was not for

outward show;. Yellow with age, the tombstones hero

cluster thick in God's acre. Fragments alone remain of

some; while over most of them the weeds have grown,

and'into the deep-cut epitaphs have -crept the green moss.

It is worth a visit to Wrightsboro, if only to wander

among the grim memorials of the little church yard,

where--

"TCEich iu 'Ms, narrow coll forever laid The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep."

MoDuPFiE

765

On one of the old tombs which the years have lightly touched may be read the following- epitaph to a patriot of the Revolution :

Our father, Thomas White, born in Dublin City, April 1753; emigrated to this place in 1773; married oar mother in 1776; was lighting for liberty over these hills in 1777; and loft the field not a captive but a conqueror, December, 1824.

There are doubtless a number of patriots of the first war buried here. Wberi the time came for fighting, the Quakers were not laggard. In the neighborhood of Wrightsville lived Colonel William Candler, wlrose wife was a Quaker preacher. Here, too, lived the Fews, Wil liam, Igna.tius and Benjamin. William Few is buried on his daughter's estate, at Hastings, overlooking the Hud son ; but tile other two are "undoubtedly buried somewhere in this belt of Georgia.. On the old Fnlton place lies Thomas Carr, a soldier of the Revolution in a grave un marked. His diaug'hter married T)r. Tgnatius A. Few.

Georgia's Quaker

From a protest, signed by most of

Colony Files A Pro- the inhabitants of Wrightsboro, re-

test: Some of the

pudiating the resolutions passed on

Signers.

August 10, 1774 by the hotheaded

patriots of the coast, almost a full

list of the early settlers can be obtained. There was com

paratively little hostility to Engiand in this part of the

Province, at least until the battle of Tjexington. The dis

trict had just been purchased from the Indians by Gov.

Wrig-bt, who had promised the settlers every protection

against the savages, and they were less exercised over the

Boston Tea Party and the revocation of the charter of

766 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Massachusetts than they were over the perils of the frontier. On the list appear the following names:

John Oliver, J. P., John Stubbs, Isaac Vernon, Josias Pewgate, Joim Jones, Thomas Watson, Sen., David Baldwin, Henryt Ashfield, Samuel Hart, Alexander Ottery, Jesse Morgan, Ellis Haines, Aaron McCarter, Stephen Big-shop, Abrani Lenders, James Oliver, John Greason, William Daniel, Silas Pace, Gereiom WoddeU, Absalom Beddell, William Foster, John Glower, Abraham Parker, James Jenkins, Oliver Matthews, Edivard Greene, Joseph Jackson, Joel Phillips, Matthew Hobbs, Joseph Haddock, J. P., Thomas Ansley, John Lindsay, Abram Dennis, Richard Webb, "Benjamin' Ansley, John Watson, Robert Day,

Drury Rogers, James Anglin, Jacob Watson, Robert Cowiu, Lewis Powell, Jacob Collins, William Childre, Eobert Harper, Jacob Dennis, Nicholas White, Tolin Moor, Joshua Sanders, (Robert Jenkins, Robert kelson, JTillery Gray, James Bishop, John Fairchild, John James, Zaehariah Phillips, Edward TTill, John HilJ, Joshua Hill, John Da vis, Isaac Greene, Sarmiel Sinqnefield, William Siuquefield, Reuben Sherrill, Morris CaiHngham, Joel Cloud, John Stewart, Jun., John Lang, James Ryan, ITenry Walker, Peter Forking, Thomas Gilliland, Uriah Odom, Richard Hokitt, Edward Hagan,

Joseph Kallensworth, Abram Hilt on, William Mitchcl, John Evans, John Evans, Jun,; Peter \VilHams, John Stewart, Jonathan Sell, William Welden, John Thompson, Joseph Millen, William Penton, Alexander Oliver, Ambrose Holiday, Abraiham Johnston, JSTathaniel Jackson, George Waggoner, Robert Walton, Walter Drummond, Charles Dunn, Ezekiel MiHar, .lolm West, John Ho agin, Peter Cox, -losepli Brown, Henry Jones, John Denn-is, Francis Jones, Peter Weathers, Timothy Jourdan, Watkin Richards, Abraham Davis, John Davis, Isaac Davis, John Pirks, Jac,ob Davis, Jonathan Sel], J. P., Thomas Pace.

The foregoing list is most important. Among the early settlers of Wrightsboro were the progenitors of some of the oldest and best families of Georgia. Not a

McDtiFFiK

767

few of the names above mentioned are still prominent throughout the whole middle belt. These men were Quakers--most of them at least--inclined to the larts of peace rather than to the pursuit of war. But the sub sequent history of Georgia proves that they could fight like lions at bay when the necessity for resistance arose; and from these gentle molds of ancestry has sprung the Ajax Telemon of modern State politics: Thomas E. Watson.

McDuffie's Noted Colonel Thomas Cob'b, an officer in the

Residents.

Revolution, came from Virginia to

Georgia soon after the struggle for

independence was over, settling in a part of Columbia,

from which MeDuffie was afterwards formed; but his

baronial acres lay "within both counties. There is still a.

postoffice in the upper part of McDuffie, near the

border line of Columbia, called Cobbbam, and it marks

the approximate site of his old home place. He reached

the phenomenal age of 110 years. The old patriarch is

doubtless buried somewhere in the neighborhood of Co'bb-

ham; but efforts to locate his grave have been unsuccess

ful.

Both the Fews and the Candlcrs lived in the immedi

ate vicinity of Wrightsboro. Ignatius Few held the rank

of Captain in the patriot army. His brothers, William

and Benjamin, were Colonels. William Few was also a

member of the Continental Coug-ress and a delegate

from Georgia to the Federal Constitutional Convention

of 1787. William Candler was the founder of the noted

Candler family of this State. He came to Georgia from

Virginia, settling in this neighborhood when it formed a

part of St. Paul's Parish. He commanded a regiment

during the Revolution and took an active part in the con

flict of arms.

George McDuffie, the great statesman and orator

for whom this county was named, first saw the light of

day within three miles of the present town of Thomson.

768 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
A.ugustus E. Wrig'ht, u former member of Congress and a noteid jurist of the ante-bellum period was bom at "Wrightsboro. Pfe afterwards located for the practice of law in Borne.
Por more than twenty years, the comity seat of McBuffie has been famous as the h'ome of the great political leader and man of letters--Thomas E. Watson. Twice the candidate of the people's party for the high oifice of President of the United States, Mr. "Watson has long been one of Georgia's most distinguished citizens. Both in the arena of politics and in the fornm of letters, he has been the consistent champion of the great Democratic masses; but doubtless his most enduring fame will rest upon the achievements of his gifted pen.
McINTOSH.
Created by Legislative Act, December 39, 1793, fr Named for the distinguished Melnlash family of Ge

Inverness, it was tlie country which lay around it to which they fitthe name of Darlen.

New Inverness : The
Story of the Scotch Highlanders.

Volnine II.

Fort Darien. This seems to have "been the name given from the very first to tiho mili
tary post which the Scotch Highlanders eatabliwhod at

Mcl NTOSH

769

New Inverness. It was also given to the surrounding dis trict. Though few of the original settlers returned to this place after the disastrous war with Spain in which vic tory was won at such heavy cost to the Highlanders, some of them settled upon the rich, alluvial bottoms and be came extensive and prosperous rice planters ill the im mediate neighborhood. They were dominant fa'ctors in the ]ife about them 'and the descendants of these pioneer Scotchmen are still to be found in the county of McIntosh. Some of them are influential men of affairs in the town of Darien. But the clans have scattered. Over the entire area of the State they have since dispersed, preserving the sturdy virtues of the parerut stock and gathering' gear wherever tbey have tarried. The site of the original settlement soon lost the name of jSFew Inverness. In fact, the rude dwellings of the Highland ers fell into rnins, until scarcely a vestige remained. Even the little house of worship shared in the besom of destruction. Strangers came upon the scene. Rut the name which \vas borne by the military post and bv the neighboring region still clung to the locality, and -when the new town arose on the ashes of the old settlement it was called by the name of "Darien. At this point, the large turpentine and lumber trade of lower Georgia for years found an outlet to foreign 'and home markets. It also became a shipping-point for other products. Com petition with Brunswick, 'the incessant crusades for tim ber, which have denuded the once splendid forests of pine and oak, the prevailing unhealthfulness of the re gion, due to the malaria of the swamps--these and other causes have operated to check the growth of Darien, but with the conversion of the pine barrens into produc tive farms, the adoption of better methods of sanitation, and the return of prosperity to the abandoned places along the coast, there is sure to come to this historic old town the quickening touch of renewed life.

770
Fort Barrington. On the banks of the Altamaha River, twelve miles north-west of the present
town of Darien, there sto'od another stronghold whose origin dates back to the earliest Colonial times. It was built as a defense against the Spaniards and Indians arid was called Fort Barrington, in honor of a friend and kinsman of Oglethorpe--Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Barrington. This gentleman, a scion, of the "English nobility, was a large land-owner in Georgia, "whose home was just east of Barring-ton ferry, on San Savilla Bluff. His wife, who was Sarah. Williams, belonged to quite a noted fam ily of Welsh extraction, which is said to have possessed the same ancestry as the royal Tudors and to have claim ed kinship with. Oliver Cromwell. During the Bevolution, Fort Barring'fcon,--renamed Fort Howe--fell into the hands of the British. It long" ago ceased to exist; but the old military road "which formerly ran between S-avannab and Fort Barring-ton is still, known as the old Barring-ton road.
"Altamaha," according- to Colonel Absolom H!. Cha,ppell, is derived, from the Spanish expression "alta-mia," signifying a deep-earthen plate or dish. The name rmiy have been sngg-ested by the character of the lower end of the river, perhaps the only part which the Spaniards saw before the christening and which looked to them like a disli kept full to the brim by tidal impulses from the sea rather than by hidden sources of supply from an un known interior. Oliver Goldsmith's famous picture of the region where the "Wild Altama" murmured to the woe of the settlers was probably drawn from some oxag*gerated account. It runs thus:
"Those matted woods where birds forget to sing But silent bats in drowsy clusters cling Those poisonous fields -with rani?: luxuriance crowned
Where the dark scorpion gathers death around Where at each, step the stranger fears to wake
The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake; Where croriRhing tigers wait for napless prey And savage men more murderous still than they While oft in whirls the mad tornado flies

Mingling the ravished landscape with the skies. I'ar different those from, every former scene, The 'Cooling brook, the grassy vested green, The breezy covert of the warbling grove That only sheltered thefts of harmless lovo. "*

771

Original Settlers, from an -old document, dated January 12, 3775, the names of quite a number
of the' early settlers of Mdntosh may be obtained. It contains a most emphatic protest against the treatment of the New England Puritans by G-re'at Britain. The names attached to the protest are a,s follows: Lachhm Mclntosh, George Threadcraft, Charles iVEc Donald, John Mclntosli, Raymond Demarc, Jiles Moore, Samuel Mc Clelland, Richard Cooper, Seth McCnllough, Isaac Hall, Thomas King, J'olm Roland, .P. SlmttJeworth, Joseph Slobe, James Kowson, A. IX Cutlibert, John Hall, John i'tcCollough, Sir., Peter Sailers, Jr., James Clark, John Wither spoon. Jr., John Fulton, Samuel Fulton, Tsaae Cuthbert, John McCvallongh, Jr.,"William ArcC'nllougii, ii. Shuttleworth, John Witherppoon, ST., and John McClel land.
Notwithstanding the malarial character of the climate in the alluvial bottoms of McTiitosh, the instances of longevity among' the early settlers "were numerous. Mrs. Susannah Ford, died in this county at tlie age of 11 ?> years; John Grant, a soldier under Ogiefhorpe, was nearly 90 at his death. George AVhitc was 81 and John Calder 77. Both of these were soldiers of the Revolution. Mrs. Ann Mclntosli, died on Tuesday, October 22, .1833, at Cedar Point., ag'ed 100 year's. She was born at Darien, &oon after the arrival of her parents, who came with Oglethorpe; and within ten miles of her birthplace she spent the entire period of her life.

little coterie of congenial ftpii-ils with Oglethorpt:, tlif, fouride
river from casual conversation witli Oglethorpe and the license proceeded to draw upon his imagination for the rest

772 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MJSMORIATJS AND LEGENDS
Distinguished Resi- The seat of the famous Highland dents of Mdntosh. clan for which this county was
named was at Darien. Here lived for many years the illustrious General Laelxlan Mclntostt, perhaps the foremost officer in the Continental Army from Georgia. As the result of a duel with Button Grwinnett in which the latter was killed, Gon. M^Intosh was transferred to a remote field of operations but returned to Georgia in time to assist in the siege of Savannah. He was a distinguished member of the Society 'of the Cincinnati. Col. Joihn MeTntosh, a nephew, who, for his gallant defense of Fort Simbury, was awarded a sword by the State of Georgia, was born at Darien. Maria J. McXntosh one of the earliest of American novelists, be longed to this Georgia clan and first saw the light of day at Darien. Here also Col. James S. McTiitosh, of Mexican War fame, and Commodore James McETay jVrcInitbsli an officer in the American ISTavy, were born. Thomas Sp aiding', a distinguished Georgian for whom Spalding County was named, though, a native of St. Simons Island, was connected with the Macintosh clan through hia mother. He died at Darien in 1851 while on a visit to his son. United States Senator Charles Spalding Thomas of Colorado, a former Governor of the Centennial State, was horn at Darien. Tn early boyhood he removed to Michig'an, where he was educated at the State University, after which he located in Denver, Col., for the practice of law and began a career of public service which was des tined to crown him with the highest civic honors.

MA CON

Z four Named for Hon. Nathaniel of the early national period, ill-ustricms founder of the

MACON

773

Lanier: A Dead Included today among the dead towns

Town.

of Georgia is the little village which

originally furnished the county seat of

Maeon County; the little village of Lanier. The name is

no longer to bo found upon the map. Concerning it

there is little today known beyond the fact that it was

named for Clement Tjanier. The first court was held at

the home of Walter L. Campbell, Judge King presiding.

Birthplace of the

On the plantation of Mr. Samuel B.

Famous Elberta.

Rumph, near the town of Marshall-

vine, the most celebrated peach in

the world's market was first produced; the famous

Elberta. In easy sight of the veranda of his home, there

are s'aid to be at the present time more than 80,000 peach

trees. Beginning, in a modest way, the cultivation of

this far-famed product of the orchard, Mr. Rumph has

shipped in one season over 500 carloads. It is due largely

to the initial activities of this pioneer fruit-grower that

Georgia is today the largest peach-growing State in the

Union.*

Original Settlers. White gives the original settlers of Ma eon as follows: William H. Hol-
lingshead, W. N. TJ. Croker, Needham Mussey, James M. l^aylor, William Cole, George V. Whitefield, Jacob Dunn, Samuel Williams, David Jones, Phillip Bailey, Robert Peacock, R. Sellers, John Stapler, William McDowell, Edward Brooks, Walter L. Campbell, John Eushkn, Rob ert Brooks, John Mott, Henry Turner, John Young, Wil liam Measles, John Perry, A. Branham, E. Adams, Jesse Bouse, John Monk, Robert Greene, D. Wadley, M. Wad-
* Georgia Historical and Industrial 1900-1901, Issued by the Department of Agriculture, p. 74S, Atlanta, 1901.

774 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKS, MEM.OIUALS AND LEGENDS
ley, .D. Miteliell, Thomas Bivins, Georg-o Bn'chanan, James Kaigier, "William. Underwood, N. Powell, K. Snelling1, L. Thrower, S. Hill, Josliua Newsome, 'William Tompkiiis, I). Owens, It. Stew-art, and M. Kcnip.
To the foregoing list may be added John T. Brown, who founded the town of Montezurna; S. S. Boone, who built tho first house in Oglethorpe; Clement Jjanier, for "whom the old original county-seat of Mac'oii was named; Major John Young- and others.
Men of Note. IDx-Cong-ressman Fllijah J3. Lewis, one of Georgia's most useful pu'bli'C men, a dis-
ling'uislied financier and a practical man of affairs, is a resident of 'Montezuma. Judge "William II. Felton, of Bibb, a jurist of note, was born near Mar shallville. Here, too lived Colonel Leroy M. Felton, his father, and Colonel William H. Felton., his uncle, both planters of large means. It is a. coincidence of some note, in the politics of the State that, during- one 'of the .Legislative sessions, in the late eighties, there were three members of the house bearing1 the same name--William II. Felton. The trio included the illustrious old statesman from Bartow.
MADISON
11, 1811, from parts of fiv<
TJariielsvillc, tho county-seat,
"Where the First According to Dr. George G. Smith, it Methodist Confer- was at the residence of James Marks, ence Was Held. in one of the forks of the Broad River,
supposed to he included within the present limits of Madison County, that the first Meth-

MADISON

775

ixiist Conference in Georgia was held. The Presby terians were also quite numerous in Madison \vheu tiie county was first organized and NV\v Hope clmreh is probably the third oldest church in the Synod of Georgia., dating back to 1788.
One of the most popular resorts .in .the State for the families of wealthy planters, during the ante-bellum period, was Madison Springs; but the building- of rail roads brought other lo c'alitie s into more convenient aio'cess, and' gradually the prestige of the famous watering place began to wane.

Madison in the Two miles and a half from Hull there

Revolution.

j,s buried 'a patriot of seventy-six: Cap

tain. Ja in e s Pittm an. T>1! e grave i s

unmarked but is well-known in the neighborhood. Tie

served tmd'er "Light Horse .Harry" J_/ee for some time

and was also with the expedition to the Floridas under

Colonel Elijah Clarke. Ho enlisted wlieii only twenty

years old and served throughout the entire struggle. lie

was afterwards a, Captain .in the State militia. His com

mission, signed, by Governor .Tared Irwin, is today the

property of one of his descendants, Mrs. C. 1C. Ilender-

&on, of .Lafayette, Ga. Captain Pittrnaii wa,S' a native of

Virginia.

In the "Ware burial ground, a short distance from the

old homestead at. !Daiiielsville, Edward Ware, a patriot

of the Revolution, lies buried1 . The grave is marked by a

plain granite stone which is uiiiiiscribed except for the

simple initials "E. WV lie died 'at Daiuelsville, Nov. 3,

1836'. Austin Dabney, a famous mulatto palriot, the

story of Whose eventful career is told elsewhere, lived for

a while in Madison.

Original Settlers. According1 to White, the original set tlers of Madison were: Samuel Txmg",
Jacob Eberhart, Samuel "Woods, Stephen Groves, and

776

G-EOEGTA "S LANDMARKS, MF,MORIAI,S AND IjEGENTIS

General Alien Daniel, for whom tlie comity-seat of Madi son was named. General Daniel was a Captain in the 8th. Virginia Regiment of infantry, during- the War of the Revolution. He came to Georgia at the close of hostili ties, locating" in the neighborhood of what afterwards became the town of Danielsville. He donated the land on which 'the county building's were erected, helped to organize the Jirst court, and by reason 'of his large inter ests was for years one of the most influential men in this part of Georgia. He held a Brigadier-General's com mission in the State militia. One of the chief-executives of Georgia, in after years, bore his name: Alien Daniel Candler.
Alexander Thompson, a Revolutionary patriot, located in 1790 near Five Forks, where he built the first mill in this part of the .State.
Andrew Milligan, a soldier under Washington, came to Georgia from Virginia, some time after the conflict, locating in this section.
On the eve of the War of 1812, John Scott, a native of North Carolina, settled in the county of Madison. He left the plow to enlist in. the second war with England. For a number of years lie 'held, the office of 'Sheriff.
Hawking Bullock, a patriot of '76, "who, at the ag'e of sixteen, enlisted, in General Greenc's command, came to Georgia from North Carolina, and located in this neigh borhood.
Page White, a native of Virginia and a veteran of the first war for independence, settled here soon after the Revolution, with his son, .Stephen II. White, -who became a man of some prominence in public affairs. The Caruhers family is an old one in Madison.

Men of Note. Dr. Crawford W. l^ong, the renowned discoverer of anaesthesia, was born in the
town of Danielsville. His earliest Georgia ancestor,

HAIMON

777

Samuel Long', was one of the pioneer settlers of this part of the State. The latter was an Irish immigrant who, years before the War of tlie Revolution, settled at Oarlisle, Pa. He held a Captain's commission, in the patriot army, under the great Lafayette; and, at the close of the war, came to Georgia along with other Peiinsylvanians, of S'cotch-Irish stock. James Long, his son, the father of Dr. Long, was for twenty years postmaster of the town of Danielsville. He also served in both brandies of the State Legisl attire. Judge AVillis A. Ilawklns, a former Occupant of the Supreme Bench of Georgia, was born in the county of Madison. Danielsville -was for 3Tiany years the home of Judge David W. Meadow, a distinguished legislator and jurist.

MARION

Tazewell was the original name of the present countyseat of Marion. It was changed to Buena Vista in 1847 to commemorate the g-reat victory won by General Zachary Tiaylor in tlie Mexican War, at which time, with a force of only 4,800 men, he defeated an army of 20,000 Mexicans nnder Santa Anna. One of the most brilliant vic tories in American history, it gave the distinguished hero a popularity which made him President of the United States, on the old Whig ticket. An incident of the battle furnished the theme of WMttier's famous poem entitled:, "The Angel of Buena Vista." It was here also that General Taylor's renowned sori-in-law--Jefferson Davis --then the Colonel of a Mississippi regiment, won his military spurs.

778

G-UOIiGlA'S IjAjSTDMARKS, M.EMOIUALS AND JjEGKNDS

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers
of Marion were: Thomas !Bivins, I). M. Burkhalter, J. Burkhaltor, Morg'aii rCcmp, Reuben JCemp, Kandall Stew art, P. Owens, and TV. Sellers.
To the foregoing list of early Bottlers may be added: G. W. G. Mnnro, a descendant, on his mother'a side, of a surgeon in. the French, army who came to .America with the famous Count D }Estains*'. The Hst shoxild. also include: John Sims, Henry Jossey, G-eovge L. Smith, Benjamin A. Story, and Judge E. A. Miller.

MEBTWETHF/R
tive Act, December 14, 3827, i'r. /id Meriwether, a distinguished c
lions with the Indians. Greeneville, the county-seat, named for General Nathanael Greene, of the Revolution.
.David Meriwethor came of art old Vi rgini a family, connected by marriage with the Washingtons and the ."Lewises. In the operations around Savannah, iii 178.1, he distinguished himself for g-allaiitry as n young' lieuten ant in a company of Virginians; but prior to this time be had witnessed service under "Washing-ton at Trenton, Brandywine, and Monmouth. Settling* in "Wilkes County, in 1785, he became one of the trustees of the local acad emy; and, some few years later, when the building' was finished, he urg-ed the Scnatus Aoademious to locate the State 'University, -at Washington, (la., but "without suc cess, lie g-ave the land on which, the first Methodist school in (Georgia was located, near Coke's Chnpcl in "Wilkes, and here Jesse Mercer, John Forwyth, and "Wil liam II. Crawfo'rd were enrolled a,s pupils. Daniel Grant, one of his near-by neighbors, was perhaps the first man in the State, from conscientious motives, to free his slaves; and, while a member of the Legislature, General Merrwether 'caused the enactment of a measure, legaliz ing tho terra's of Daniel Grant's will. From 1802 to 1807,

General Meriwether "was a, member of Congress. He was also employed to represent the Federal Government from time to time in treaty negotiations with the Indians, and became a Brigadier-General in the State militia, rmder appointment from Governor Irwin. On retiring from public life he settled upon a plantation near Athens, where the remainder of his days were spent. Due chiefly to the influence of the Kev. Hope Hull, he became an ardent Methodist. General Meriwether died at his home, near Athens, where lie sleeps in an unmarked grave. Tlis son, James Meriwether, became a member of Congress and was one of 'the commissioners to negotiate the treaty of 1825 at Indian Springs, by which instrument the re mainder of the Creek lands in Georgia were ceded to the whites.

The Old Harris Near the town (tenter of Greenville,

Home.

stands a fine old colonial mansion "which

enjoys a somewhat unique distinction

in the political and social history of Georgia. It was

built early in the ante-bellum period by a wealthy planter

who in his day-was widely known throughout the State--

Henry Harris. He came to Meriwether from Wilkes soon

after the new county was opened to settlement, accom

panied by his family, including a sou, then two years old.

The latter, Henry K. Harris, became a man of note. He

represented Georgia in Congress from 1872 to 1878 and

from 1884 to 1880; and also held the office of Third

Assistant Postmaster-General under President Cleve

land. The old pioneer, Henry Harris, was furthermore

the ancestor of two distinguished chief-magistrates:

Governor Luther TO. Hall, of Louisiana and Governor

John M. Slaton, of Georgia. The latter descends through

his daughter, Nancy, who married a Martin; the former

through his daughter, Elizabeth. The handsome oftd

home sits well back from the highway, embowered in the

shado of a beautiful grove of trees. 'During the opulent

780 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
days of 'the old regime, 'it was the scene of many brilliant fetes, nor lias the hospitality dispensed in 'the Harris home .since the war been lacking in the fragrant sugges tions of an earlier time. Here four generations of the family have lived; and one of the fine old heir-looms of the mansion is an oil painting of the noted old pioneer, which, bears no fanciful or far-fetched resemblance to his great-grandson, Governor Slaton. T'he origin of the Harris family of Georgia is said to ante-date the period of the Norman conquest.

The Old "Warner There clusters around the picturesque

Home.

old home of the late Chief-Justice

Hiram Warner, in the town of Green-

vilJe, a wealth of historic associations. It was not until

his elevation to the ben-'ch of the Coweta Circuit that the

noted jurist became a resident of Greenville but here the

remainder of his long career of public life in Georgia was

spent--a period of nearly fifty years.

Judge Warner's Nar row Escape: An Episode of Wilson's Raid.

Volume II.

Warm Springs. Situated on a spur of Pine Mountain, some eight miles to the south-west of
Greenville, are the famous Warm Springs. These noted thermal waters maintain a uniform temperature of 90 degrees and a constant supply of 1,400 gallons per miirute. Colonel Absalom H. Chappell, in his1 "Miscellanies of Georgia", thus extols them. Says he : "Had such waters been found in any of the mountains around ancient Borne, marble aqueducts would have conveyed them to imperial palaces and marble bathing apartments would have wel comed them as1 they came gushing in. ISTo fires save of

MBRIWTETHER

781

nature's own kindling- have kept them at the same exact temperature through irmncmori al ages. The climate is worthy of the waters and the site "worthy of both."

Original Settlers. According to "White, the original set tlers of Meriwe'ther were: Colonel
Wellborn, Marshall. Martin, David Williams, Dr. Andrew Park, A.bner Dunham, freeman W. Blount, W. D. Alex'ander, William Harris, Henry Harris, Sr., Is>aac Thrash, Alien Rowe, George C. Heard, AVilliam. Grill, Lewis Pyrom, John P. Thompson, J. Hodiiet, E. Peavy, Simion Petit, John Jones, Charles B. Harris, C. Campbell,'Major Kendall, John H. Jones and B. Bradley.

To the foregoing list of pioneers may be iadded a nnmber of others:
It "was not long after the county was Jirst opened to settlement that David Meriwether T'errcll, a kinsman, of the noted Georgian for whom this county was named, came to Meriwether from Wilkes, accompanied by his son, Dr. Joel E. G. Terrell; and here to the latter, on June 6, 1861, "was born the future Governor and United States Senator--Joseph M. Terrell.
The Benders were also among the early pioneer set tlers of Meriwether.
Dr. John E. Moreland, in whose home the celebrated Benjamin H. Hill was for several months a pupil, under the doctor's care, came into the county with the earliest immigrants.
Hope Tigner is said to have erected the first frame house ever built in Meriwether. Dr. George S. Tigner, of Atlanta, and Dr. E. A. Tigner, of Milledgeville, are num bered among his descendants.
The list of early settlers includes also: Austin V.

782 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Oorley, a soldier of the Revolution who came to Georgia from South Carolina, settling in Meriwether, where he died at the age of 105; William Sasser, a soldier of the war of 1812; Thomas Clark, Henry G. Clark, Cyprian Bulloch, Sr., Catlett Campbell, John L. Dixou, W. P. Norris, William Drum, William Florence, .1. O. Freeman, George Caldwel], John Slatoii and Columbus Gray.
Meriwether's Distin- Greenville, the connty-seat of Meriguished Residents. "wether, was for nearly half a cen-
tury the home of the illustrious Chief-Justice Hirani Warner--a name historic in Geor gia's annals. Though a native of New Fngiand, Judge Warner ca,st his lot with the people of Georgia in early manhood and became thoroughly identified with them in fortune. When the Supreme Court was organized1, in 1845, he was called to a seat on this august bench, in as sociation with Joseph II. Lumpkin and Eugenius A. Nisbet, forming with them "the great judicial trium virate of Georgia." He afterwards served the State in CongTC'SS; nnd resuming the ermine of the Supreme Oourt he became Chief-Justice, an office which he held hy two separate appointments. His distinguished grandson, Judge Hiram Warner Hill, after serving the State on tlie Railroad Commission and in the General Assembly has been elevated to a seat oil the same lofty tribunal over which his noted grandfather so long presided.
Besides having given the State a Chief-Justice, it is furthermore the distinction of Meriwether to have fur nished three occupants to the Gubernatorial chair of G-eorgia. In 1853, John P. Atkinsou, a natis^e !of the State of North Carolina, settled at Oakland, in the northeastern part of the county, with a large retinue of slaves; and here the future Governor of the State, William Y. Atkinson, was born. The latter afterwards located at Newnan for the practice of law. Governor Joseph M.

MERI WETHER

783

Terrell and Governor John M. Slaton were also natives of Meriwether. Governor Terrell, besides occupying- the chair of Governor, served in both brandies of the General Assembly and became Attorney General of the State and United States Senator. Tie succeeded to the tog1 a, in. 1910. by appointment of the Governor, on the death of the lamented Alexander Jg. Clay, but ill-healtli retired him from the public service before the expiration of the full term. Governor Slaton,* "when still an infant, came with his parents to Atlanta, where his father, Prof. Win. F. Slaton, was for more than a quarter of a century Sup erintendent of the local public schools, in which office a gifted s'on, Prof. "Win. M. Slaton, .succeeded him. Gover nor Slaton. has served the State both as Speaker of the House and 'as President of the Senate. lie has always been a leader; and the 'toga of the American Senate wiJ] doubtless be his ultimate measure of reward. Henry Ti. Harris a kinsman of Governor Slaton occupied a seat in Congress for eight years; and. under President Cleveland held the office of Third Assistant Postmaster General of the United States.

Wm. T. Revil!: A One of the most distinguished cdu-

Noted Educator.

eaters of Georgia, at a time when

strong1 men were needed, to serve

the State, was long a resident of Greenville: lion Wm..

. Methodist

class of 1886; and the greatest tidal leadership which I.

784 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
T. Revill. The duty of equipping for public life two of the State's foremost Chief-Executives devolved upon this accomplished gentleman. They were Governor Wm. T. Atkinson and Governor Joseph M. Terrell, the latter of whom received almost Ms entire educational training from Prof. Bevill. In addition to these brilliant pupils, he also taught Hon. Hiram Warner Hill, a member of the present Supreme Court of Georgia; Hon. J. Render Terrell,Solicitor General of the Coweta Circuit; Judge T. A. Atkinson, Judge H. H. Eevill, and a host of others soarecly less gifted. Prof. Kevill was a first honor graduate of Emory College and a class-mate of the late Bishop Atticus G. Haygood. On coming to Meriwether from Tuskegce, Ala., he first took charge of the Green ville Institute after which ho established his celebated private school. Prof. Eevill died in 1904 while a memberelect of the State legislature and was succeeded in this office by his son, Hon. H. H. Eevill, the present Judge of the Greenville City Court. The Judge was born while Governor Atkins'on was an inmate of the Eevill home, intent upon acquiring his education. Though an unpre tentious citizen, more anxious to kindle ambition in his pupils than to seek honors for himself; fully satisfied if he implanted in them high and noble ideals; zealous always for truth; Wm. T. Eovill has stamped his impress indelibly and enduringly upon the annals of Georgia.
MILLER
Andrew J. Miller was an eminent legislator who served with distinction in the Senate of Georgia for nearly twenty years and was twice the presiding officer

MiLiLKB

785

of this important body of lawmakers. He was born In Camden County, Ga., near old iSt. Mary's, oil March 21, 1806, and died in A.ug'usta, G-a., February 3, 1856, still short of the half-century mark. At the time of his death he was president of the Medical College of Georgia, city attorney of Augusta, Captain of the Oglethorpe Infantry, and a director in various corporations. He was also at one time a judge of the Middle Circuit. He distinguished himself in the Legislature of Georgia as a champion of the legal rig*hts of women.

Original Settlers. See Early from which connty Miller was formed.

Two pioneer citizens residing' in Miller when the county was first opened to settlement, in 1856, both of them men of mark, were Judge Isaac Bush and Dr. Elijah B. Bush. The former became the first ordinary of the county, but he resigned this office to enter the State Senate. The latter was a noted surgeon and physician of southwest Georgia. They "were half-brothers. The grandfather of these men, AYilliam Bush, came to Georgia from North Carolina, "with the famous General David E. Blaickshear. James Bush, his son, the father of the Bush boys, was three times married and reared a family of twenty children. "W. T. Cheshire and C. L. Whitehead represented Miller in the secession convention at Milledgeville five years after the county was formed.
T>o the list of pioneers may be added: J. S. Bush, Jame Oook, P. E. Fudge, G. P. Shingle, C. J. Spencer, J)r. J. P. Cook, M. B. S'hepard, J. W. Bailey, and Dr. P. "E. "Wilkin, who were among the first settler's to locate at Colquitt; and C. T. Babcock and Judge Bush Vann, of Babcock.*
These names -were furnished by Judge B. B. Bush, ordinary of Miller.

786 GEORGIA'S .LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
MILTON
John Milton was Georgia's first 'Secretary of State; and1 to this patriotic and faithful public servant is due the preservation of the official records of Georgia, when Savannah fell into the hands of the British during the Revolution. At the imminent risk of his life, he first oarred them to Charleston, S. C., thence to New Bern, N. G., and finally to Maryland, where they remained in security until the triumph of the American arms. John Milton did not take advantage of his civic duties to escape the hard ships of service in the ranks. He entered the Continental army as a lieutenant and was at the battle of King's Mountain. ~When lower Georgia, was overrun by the enemy, "Wilkes and Richmond Counties, through dele gates chosen for the purpose, formed an executive com mittee, of 'which Colonel Milton became a member, ;and, for a while, he became the dominant factor in civil af fairs. On the surrender of Fort llowe, he was made a prisoner and for nine months was incarcerated in a dun geon of the old Spanish fort, at St. Augustine, FJa. The re-capture of Savannah found him before the Avails with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He was subsequently twice re-eleeted Secretary of State; and in the first elec tion for President of the United States such was his popularity that he received the votes of several of the Georgia electors. Tie died on his plantation near Louis ville, 6fa. Colonel Milton was a charter member of the Society of the Cincinnati. His descendants include a number of distinguished men and women, among them, a son of General Homer V. Milton, an officer of note in the war of 3812; a grandson, Governor John Milton, of Flor ida; a great-grandson, General William H. Milton, of the Confederate Army; and a groat-great-granddaughter,

Mrs. Will lain Y. A'tkinsoii, widow of the .late Governor of Georgia.
Original Settlers. See Oherokec, from which county Mil ton was formed.
Included among the curly comers into Milton may be mentioned also; "Wm. P. Maxwell, who owned a farm of 480 acres near Alpharetta; David K. Morris, James Th.om.asoa; Givens White Arnold, for whom the little vil lage of A.rno]d was named; (Tlurk Tlowell, the father of Captain Kvan P. .Iowe]l, of Atlanta,- Jiacksoii Gr>aham and J. C'. Street. T')ie two last named pioneers represent ed Milton in the Secession 'Convention at 'Milled^eville in 1861.
MITCHELL,
Created by Legislative" Act, December 21, IS57, from E
.tc militia and one oC Georgia's must noted ehieC-executii
David 5. Mitcliell, twice Governor of Georgia, was a native olf Scotland, where lie "was born, October 22, 1766. Tne circuTastanccf3 nnder which lie came to Q-eorgia are replete with interest. T)v. David Brydic. an uncle for wliom lie was named, preceded him to America by several years; and, becoming a surgeon in the American army, during the AVar of the Revolution, he attended General Screven, when he fell mortally wounded in an ambuscade, near Midway Church. He accumulated quite a fortune in the practice of medicine, which at his death he be queathed to his namesake and nephew, then a youth of seventeen, iu the distant highlands of Scotland. It was for the purpose of settling the affairs of the Brydie

788 n BORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND I/EGTENDS
estate that young Mitchell in 1783 came to Savannah; but be was so pleased with the outlook that he decided to try his fortunes in the new world. He studied law, went to the State Legislature, where he fought tlie Yazoo Fraud, became a Major-General in the State militia, and, finally, in 1809, Governor of Georgia. To the latter office he was again elected in 1815, after an interval of two years. These were troublous times, covering- the period of the second war with Kngland, but Governor Mitchell proved himself equal to the demands of the hour. Presi dent Monroe, in 1817, appointed him agent to the Creek Nation, to accept which post of honor he resigned the office of G overnor; and he subsequently concluded upon advantageous terms a treaty of peace with the Indians. Though his conduct of affairs, during this period of high excitement was not exempt from criticism, in certain quarters, nothing- detrimental to his character could he found. It was even charged that he was smuggling African slaves into the United States, through the Gulf ports, deriving larg-e sums of money from this illicit traffic, in flagrant violation of the Federal Constitution. He died at his home in Milledgeville, Ga., on April 22, 1837, and was buried in the local cemetery, where the Legislature caused a monument to be erected over his g-rave, in recognition of his services to Georgia.
Original Settlers. See Baker, from "which county Mitchell was formed; also Early, the parent
coivnly of this section of Georgia.
Major Robert ,T. 13acon, a native of Liberty County, Ga., founded the town of Baconton, in 1858. He was a gentleman of rare culture and a planter of larg-e means, who conducted his extensive farming operations on strictly scientific principles. He "was one of the chief

MlTCHEt,!.!

789

personal factors in tlio development of southwest Geor gia. DeWitt C. Bacon and George M. Bacon were also early owners of large lauded interests in Mitchell. The former established tile town of DeWitt. The Bacons demonstrated to the world the fertility of this region. They opened here the first peacli orchard in the wire grass, with 20,000 trees, besides experimenting also with 1 pears and pecans.
In 1883, Judson L. Hand, of Pelham, was the largest naval stores operator in the United States. He was also at this time the largest grower of watermelons. With the changed conditions in this section of the State, he has turned his1 attention to other inerests. He is today one of the largest land-owners and one of the wealthiest finan ciers in southwest Georgia. lie has represented the State in both branches of the General Assembly and has1 been a power in politics.
Included among the pioneer spirits of this section ot Georgia may be mentioned also: Wm. T. Cox and Jessc Bead, 'who represented Mitchell in the Secession Conven tion at Milledgeville in 3861; Jndge John L. Underwood, who was both a jurist and a Presbyterian minister; Absa lom Jackson, "with his two sons, Green S. and George W^ Jackson, Daniel Palmer, Joseph Ellis1, David West, Dan iel McElvain, Rev. J. J. Bradford, Judge John Sapp, Lahan Ra,ekley^, Stokes Walton, James B. West, John West, Troup Butler, Cuthbert Adams, Leonard Acres, Rev. Moses Smith, Moab Gregory, Shade Gregory, M. F. Davis, Calvin Bullard, Asa Joiner, Alfred Joiner, Col. B. M. Cox, Henry Nelson, Sam Alligood, Hilary Alligood, William Collins, Israel Maples, Andrew Ciimbie, C. W. Golliiis, John Tyus, Owen Ivey, arid Clem Walker.*
Some of the earliest settlers to locate at Camilla were: David West, Thomas West, John W. Pearee, Alexander Pnckett, Andrew Cunnbie, William Sharp, Gibson West, Thomas Oolqnitt, Dr. W^ Oox, and Dr. 1:1. O. Dasher.

790

GEOKO-T/Y'K TJAKDMA-RTCS, MEMORIALS AXD

MONRO"E

uii-ed from UK year. Namet
t, named for the illustrious ytU, who, while occupying egotiated the purchase of

Revolutionary Anderson Redding, a veteran of tlie Eevo-

Soldiers.

luti.on, died in Monroe, on February 9,

1843, at the age of 80. The following

account of him is preserved in Historical Collections of

Georgia: "No sooner had he arrived at manhood than

he was enrolled among1 those who determined to be free.

He served under his country's banner witih a patriot's

zeal and devotion. He was present at the consummation

of American liberty; the surrender of Ivord Cornwallis at

Yorktown. The recollections of the glorious day lingered

long' in his memory, a rehearsal of which often caused

him to feel as though, the ardor and buoyancy of early

days "were yet fresh upon him, while a big round tear

would fall and moisten the old man's1 cheek."

Rev. Isaac Smith, who died in this county, in 3834,

aged 76 years, was another Revolutionary soldier, who

fought under Washington. Says White:* "He was pres

ent at most of the principal actions which were fought

by this distinguished leader, and although his term of

service expired before the close of the war, yet he was

present as a volunteer at the capturing of Cornwallis at

Yorktown; after which he retired from military life and

was soon, after, under the preaching- of the Methodists,

awakened and converted, and called of (lod to preach

deliverance to the captives and the opening of the prison

doors to those who were bound by the fetters of sin."

Wm, Jones, a patriot of the Revolution, was granted

a, Federal pension in 18.1.4, while a resident of Monroe.

* Historical Collections of Georgia, Monr<

MONBOE

791

Eight miles from Forsyth, near tlie public highway to Griffin, lies buried an old soldier of the first war for independence--William Og'letreo. His grave in the family burial ground is at present unmarked, but the spot has been identified beyond any question arid will be marked by the Piedmont Continental Chapter of the D. A. E. Between Yatesville and Cull'odon, in a grave at present unmarked, sleeps William Ilaygood also a patriot of '76. His grave will likewise be marked by this s'ame Chapter.*

Monroe was settled almost exclusively by Georgia people who came from the adjacent counties. The new immigrants wei~e deeply religious. They were also wide awake, intelligent, and eager to grasp large opportuni ties. The first railway enterprise ever projected in the State was the famous old Monroe Eoad, a line which was afterwards merged into the Central of Georgia. It was built to connect the new town of Forsyth with the little metropolis of Macon, on the Ocmulgee Elver. Tile line was completed to Forsyth early in the forties; and by means of this steel highway the ambitious little countyseat of Monroe was the first interior town of Georgia to connect with a stream open to navigation.

Bessie Tift College. Bessie Tift College, located at For syth, is one of the oldest institutions
in the State for the higher education of women. It is the outgrowth of a school taught by the Rev. B. J. O. Thomas, in a building known as the Monroe Railway Bank and owned by the Masons. In 1850, the citizens of Forsyth acquired the property, enlarged the building, and estab lished here the Forsytii Collegiate Institute, under the
* Mrs. Richard r. Brooks, of Forsyth, Ga., Kea'ent Piedmont Continen tal Chapter IX A. R.

702 GJ<:OKC;IA'S fjANi>ATAr;,Ks, AlWMojfi
government of an interdenominational board of trustees. It "was1 duly incorporated, and Dr. AV. C. Wilkes, a. distin guished educator, became tlie president. Two years later the old Monroe Rank building was abandoned. The growth of the institution demanded ampler quarters, and for this purpose the old Botanic College building was acquired in an unfinished condition arid put in readiness for occu pancy by this school. It was not long thereafter before the Baptists of Forsyth by an agreement in equity ob tained exclusive ownership and control of the plant; and from the date of this transfer it became the Monroe Female College, Dr. Wilkes remained at the helm for seventeen years, after which Dr. Shaler G. Hillyer, a noted Baptist divine, became president. In 1879, the plant was almost completely destroyed by fire, a disas ter little short of fatal to the institution.
But friends came to the rescue. It rose once more from the ashes, and in 1898, the college became the prop erty of the Georgia Baptist Convention and the support of the denomination throughoTtt the State "was henceforth insured. The presidents of the institution, succeeding Dr. Wilkes. have been a,s follows: Dr. Slialer G. Hillyer, 1867-1873; Prof. B. T. Asbury, 1873-1884; Bev. Moses M! McCall, 1884-1885; Prof. B.'T. Asbury, 1885-1890; Eev. .1. E. Powell, 1890-3895; Eev. Marshall II. Pane, 18951897; Mrs. C. D. Crawley, 1897-1898; Eev. S. C. Hood, 1898-1899; Dr. A. A. Marshall, 1899-1900; and Prof. C. IT. S. Jackson, DP.P., since 1900 to the present time. Under tbo wise direction of Dr. Jackson, a new era of growth began. The present executive head of the insti tution proved to be a masterful administrator. There has been no backward step since he formally took charge, arid today the institution is one of the foremost in the land, enjoying the liberal patronage of many States. In 1907, the name of the school was changed to the Bessie Tift College, in compliment to one of the most generous friends of the institution, Mr. PI. H. Tift, of Tifton, Ga. His wife, nee Miss Bessie Willing-ham, was a graduate

MONTJOK

793

of this school, in the class of 1878, and one of the most unwearied workers in the cause of her alma mater. To Mr. W. D. Upshaw, an eloquent layman, mncla credit is also due for raising- funds throughout the State, and one of the handsomest buildings on the campus bears the name of Mr. TJpshaw's mother. I3y reason of an accident in early youth, Mr. TJpshaw has not walked for thirty years without his crutches, but in spite of this handicap lie has been one of the most magnetic advocates of tem perance reform, and one of the most zealous champions of education. Tie was a, recognized leader in the fight for State-wide prohibition.

According to Dr. George G, Smith, tlie first brick church ever erected by Methodists in Georgia, was built in the town of i?orsytb. It is also a fact for which this same authority vouches that the Congregational Meth odist church, a body which is Congregational in form of government and Methodist in doctrine, was first organ ized in the county of Monroe. The Presbyterians were never strong in this locality, but the lilpiseopalians hoped at one time to establish here an educational center. At Montpelicr, fourteen miles from Forsyth, was formerly located the Georgia jRpiseopal Institute, founded by Gazaway J3. Tjamar, at one tirnc a resident of Savannah, afterwards of New York.

Historic Culloden.
The Falls of the Towaliga.

.

...

Volume II.
~ "W Volume IT.

Original Settlers. The first comers into Monroe, accord ing to White, were: O. Woodward, B.
Rogers, P. T-jacy, Rev. O. Rogers, *Tob Taylor, T. TTarpue,

794 GKOIJITIA 's Tj.vx.mu ARKS, MEMORIALS A ism LEGKNDS
A.. Ponder, Mr. Liester, "Willif.misoTi Minis, John Brown, K. Brown, A. Chapman, A. L/ockett, A. Redding, Thomas Holland, Simon Brooks, Thomas Dewberry, Josiak Horton, A. Davis, Joseph Dunn, Moses Dumas, Benjamin Dumas, D. Ponder, Thomas Battle, E. Jackson, A. Chappell, W. P. Henry, Wilkins Hunt, Andrew West, Rev. G. Christian, Dr. Brown, Dr. K. W. Jones, David McPade, J)r. 3_/aw, and Georg'e TV. Gordon.
On June 3, 1822, at the home of H. H. Lumpkin, Esq., nine miles northwest o Forsyth, was held the first ses sion of the Superior Court in Monroe, Judge Christopher B. Strong presiding-. A. G-. Saifold was 'Solicitor-General. The following citizens qualified as Grand Jurors: George Cahaniss, Isaac Welch, Abner L/ockett, James D. Lester, I-Ttig'h ^W. Kctor, I^ernuel Gresham, Henry Wimherly, John C. Willis, Tlioma>s Wynn, "Wood Moreland, David Durnas, Koland Parhain., "Willifiiix Saunders, John. Hanoi], James Slatting^, Joseph Young-blood, William D. "WrigM, Wil liam Bell and Jes.se Evans.
There were numerous instances of longevity among1 tlie early settlers. Mrs. ITayg'ood died at the age of 9.'*. Says an old newspaper: "She was born on Christmas, married on Christmas aud baptised on Christmas." John "Wutson was 86 at the time of his death. Mr. Harper was 90, and Mrs. Brooks "was between 80 and 90. W. A. "Wheeler and Benjamin Haygood were each 83. Mrs. Sarali Woodward reached the age of 84. Aaron Jordan was 82 when ho died, and the following" old residents reached the age of 80: John Chappell, Philemon Ijacy, -Rev. Richard Holmes, Mrs. Richard Holmes, Mrs. Joiner, Simon Brooks and Major Sullivan. Jesse Powell died at 81.

MONBOE

795

To ilie foregoing^ list of early settlers may bo added a number of others who came within the next decade:
Robert McG-ough, a soldier of tlio War of 1812, came to Monroc from Jonos, with the first hand of immigrants and blazed a trail through the forest to a place on. Tobe sofkee Creek, where he built his home. Tie was a large land-owner and a man of affairs. Mr. MeGough died at the ago of 96.
Jn 3.821, K]bridge G-- Cabaniss', then a youth of nine teen, settled in the town of Forsyth, where he became principal of the local academy; and, after teaching- for a few years, he studied law, rose to a seat 011 the Superior Court Bench, and became one of the foremost jurists of Ins day in Georgia. The family originated in one of the cantons of French Switzerland, where it bore a conspicu ous part in the great Protestant reformation. Several of the sons of Judge Cabaniss became distinguished men, including- Thomas B. Oabaniss, a member of Congress, and IT, II. Cabaniss, a journalist of note and a man of affairs. His daughter, KLiza, married Judge Cincinnati!s Peoples.
Caleb Norwood, a native of England, settled in 1830 at Collodcn. He carried Jane Man sou, a. Tennessee lady^ of Scotch-Irish parentage, who became the mother of the future United States Senator, Thomas Manson Norwood.
Andrew West, the grandfather of General A. J. "West, was also an early settler of Monroc, The. list also in cludes: Dr. B. F. O'hambliss, a pioneer 'settler at Culloclen; Andrew Xellner, for whom the town of Zellner was named, and the father of Judge !B. T-I. Zellner ; Anderson Redding, a soldier of the "Revolution; Thomas Redding, liis son; Isaac- Smith, a minister of the gospe] and a sol dier in the first war for independence; T)r, James Thweat, a surgeon in the War of 1812; Alexander Parker, a sol dier in the Indian Wars; Davis Smith, John Moore, Tvy Bi-ooks; Dr. Daniel B, Searcy, a noted physician and a man of large means; Samuel Barron, Thomas Hollis, .John C. Anderson, TTardy Ijassiter, Williana Rowe, Wi!-

790 GiiXHJGiA's LAA'DMAKKS, MwAiourA^s AKD JJBGJ^NBS
Ham GlenD, Henry W. Walton, the Sharps, the "Willi hams, the Worshams, and other well-known families.
Monroe's Distin- Sortie o the most distinguished rcsiguished Residents. dents of Monroe lived in the town of
Cullodcn, viz., Judge Thomas M. Nor wood, a former United States Senator from Georgia, a noted author, and a well-known jurist; Judge Alexander M. Speer, a former occupant of the Supreme Bench of Georgia; Dr. Kustace "W. Spcer, a noted Methodist divine, at one time professor of .Belle Lettres in the University of Greorgia; Colonel N. J. Hammond, a former memher of Congress and a great lawyer; Governor James Milton Smith, a former Chief-Magistrate of Georgia; and tho two widely-beloved Methodist ministers, Dr. W- F. Cook and Dr. J. O. A. Cook.
Besides these may be mentioned a number of othern identified with the town of Forsyth. The list includes; Judge ."Robert 3?. Trippo, a former member of Congress, afterwards1 a judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia; Judge Cincinnattis Peoples, one of the ablest jurists of the State, for years Judge of the Atlanta Circuit; Judge Ef. G-. Cabaniss, also a noted jurist; his sou, Thomas B. Cabaniss, a former member of Congress, afterwards ;i jurist of high rank; Colonel Robert U. Berner, a distin guished lawyer, who was commissioned to command ;i regiment of volunteers in the Spanish-American "War; General T.J. L/. Griffin, the first president of the old Monroe 'Road, for whom the town of Griffin was named; "William FT. TTeadj a distinguished financier and legislator, also a veteran of two wars, the Mexican and tlic Civil; O. H. T>. Bloodworth, a brilliant lawyer, at one time a strong minority candidate for Congress; Bartow S. Willinghain. author of the famous Willingiiam prohobition bill, intro duced in the Legislature sometime in the nienties, and a host of others no leas worthy of mention. General Philip

MONTGOMERY

797

Cook began the practice of law in Forsyth, but later re moved to Americus.

MONTGOMERY

to he placed In
of Quebec; but., in 1818, it was brought to Now Yo a crypt of St. rtml's Church, where it today res
, on the Poto ed Tattnall E

The Tomb o

Seven miles from Soperton, on what

Governor Troup. was original 1,7 one of the numerous

plantations of Governor Troup, sleeps

the great apostle of State Eights. The grave is located

in a clump of woods, perhaps a quarter of a rnilc from

a private farm road and is readied by means of a foot

path running; through an old field of corn. There "was a

movement started some time ago to remove the remains

of the old Governor to Dublin, the county-seat of the

connly where two of his plantations1--Valdosta and Val-

lo.mbrosa - were formerly located ; and where his last

will and testament is on file in the ordinary's office at

the court-house. It is to be hoped that the great Geor

gian will not be permitted to remain long in this unvisited

arpot. Surrounding the grave is a massive wall of rock,

giving to the little burial ground the aspect of an old

castle which has fallen into ruins. In the center of the

enclosure stands a handsome shaft of granite, the top of

which can be seen rising* above tbe "walls. It "was built

by Governor Troup himself to commemorate a favorite

brother, who preceded him to the grave by some eight

years ; and on the monument he placed this inscription :

798 G-ICOKGIA'S LJANDMAK.KS, MEMOKTAT_,S AND LEGENDS
Erected b,y G. M. Troup, the brother, and G. M. Troup, Jr., the nephew, as a- tribute of affection to the memory of R. L. Troup, who died Sept. 23, 3848, aged 04 years. An honest man with, a good mind and a good heart.
On a marble plate, ut the base of the monument, appears the inscription to the old Governor:
George Michael Troup. Bom Sept. 8, 1780. Died Apr. 26, 1756. !Nb epitaph can tell his worth. The history of Georgia must perpetuate his virtues and commemorate his patriotism. There he tenches us, the argument being exhausted, to stand by our arms.
Original Settlers. According' to White, the first families to settle in Montgomery were: The
Connors, the Alstons, the MeMilhms, the McCrardes, the McTjeocls1, the Walls, and the Adamses. (See also Wash ington, from which county Montgomery was formed).
Gathered from various other sources, the names of some of the early settlers include: David Me Mill an, Mal colm Currie, Dun can Civrrte, Asa Adams, John MeArtlrar, Augns1 MeTjeod. Malcolm McMillnii, John Mclrtac, Farquliar McKae, Alexander Tahna.dge McLeod, William Archibald McLeod, George M. Tvoup McLieod, Christo pher McR-ae, William I). Wall, arid Jesse M. Wall.
Most of the early settlers of Montgomery were Scotch men. They possessed no connection with the band of Highlanders who came to Georgia by invitation of Oglethorpe and settled at T)arien. The greater number of them migrated to this section of the State from the moun tains of Xorth Carolina, at the close of the Revolution.

MoiiOAN

799

o the United Sta<es.

MORGAN

1807, from Baldwin. Kame.l ison the county-seat,

Madison: Where a .Madison, the county-so at of. Mor-

Great Humorist

g<*7i, was for several years the west-

Began His Career. crn terminus of the 0-eorgia Rail

road. The line was completed to

this point early in the forties and the town immediately

began to bristle with new life. Here Colonel O. K.

Haiileiter started a paper called "The Southern Miscel

lany", to the editorial chair of which Colonel Win. T.

Thompson was called; and whil e editing this weekly

sheet the latter begun to write, over the pen-name of

Major Jones, a series of letters which 'were destined to

make him famous. Says Dr. K. J. Massey, the well-

Imown writer, who was living in Madison at the time,

now an octogeiiari.au: tl L was always anxious for Satur

day to come so that I could go to town, do the errands

for the family, get "The Miscellany", mount old .Bess,

place the reins carefully over her neck and oil the way

home read Major .Tones." The letters were designed to

portray the real character of the Georgia cracker prior

to the advent of railroads.

Two female colleges flourished here before the war--

the Madison Female College and the Georgia Female

College. But the religious life of Madison in the early

days was hot by any means apostolic1 . The people were

backward in the matter of building churches, though an

occasional religious meeting was held in the court-house.

It was not until 1827--two full decades after the county

Wiis organized--that the steeple of the first little house

of worship in Madison began to point heavenward. This

pioneer edifice was1 built and occupied by the Methodists.

The completion of the church witnessed a great revival

in the community which fired the Presbyterians and the

Baptists. For several years after the war the growth

800 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
o_C Madison was not rapid, but since tlie building1 of the Macort and Northern Railroad, now a part of the Central, it has entered upon a career of prosperity little short of phenomenal.
Kingston is no longer to be found upon the map of Morgan, but in the early thirties it was a sprightly little town large enough to contest with Eatonton for a much coveted distinction. The famous convention which met at JKatonton in 1833 to further the cause of internal im provements petitioned the Legislature to survey a line from Augusta westward, for the purpose of constructing either a railroad or a turnpike; and King's ton, competed at this time with Katonton for the terminal honors. To day it is1 one of the forgotten towns of Georgia.

When General Sherman passed through Morgan on his destructive march to the sea, during the Civil War, the only mill in his wake to escape destruction was owned be Peter Walton. It is said that the mill was s'aved by the intercession of the negroes who informed the officers that to destroy the mill, meant starvation to the negroes of three counties. His purpose to destroy the mill was thus thwarted.

Tomb of Benjamin One mile to the south of the Georgia

Fitzpatrick.

Railroad, near Buckhead, on the edge

of a deep wood, is the grave of

an old Revolutionary soldier--"Benjamin Fitzpatrick.

The inscription on the yellow tombstone contains no re

ference to his military career, but the records of the

county attest the part which he took in the drama of

hostilities. He came of vigorous Scotch-Irish stock, and

was in his thirty-second year when the Declaration, of

801
Independence was signed. Inscribed on his tomb is the following quaint epitaph, almost obliterated-by time :
Wacred. to the memory of ^Benjamin IPitxpairJck who departed tliis life Nov. 21, 1821, in the 75tli year of. liis agx\ Rom ember, youth, T ouee was young-, but throo score and fifteen years huvc pome and unto my f>i-j-ivo I. iTnist, go. Prepare, my friends for another
As u crude attempt at decoration there is carved underneath this inscription, by way of emphasizing the solemn adjuration of the old soldier, a coffin.
On N~ov. 3, .1912, the last resting plane of this revered patriot of *76 ws still further marked by a handsome slab, mid the exercises held under the atispiees of the Henry AVa.llOIL Chapter of the T>. A. K. "\vere "svitnessed by a large eon four we of' people. Mastei* ."Benjamin .FMtz])atrick., two years of age, the youngest descendant of the old soldier, drew the veil disejosing the noat work of art. The following program was rendered:
TtivocaiJoii--Kev. O. TJ. ArmidaM. Hong---' ' AineTicti.''
Address--Judge X. S. Audnrson, Unveiling of stone by Master Benj!J^llill lUtzpatrielc. Bketc'li of Benjamin Fitzpatriek-'s life--Miss Ade laide I)oug-las. IliatorJc Poem--Hon. "P. M. Atkmson. Sonjf., "1'jest We I'orgct"--Miss Hallie McTTenry. 'Benediction---IJev. IV'ir. Brownlce.
Fitzpatrick was the father o'f seven sons and five daughters. He Is survived by many descendants rep resenting some of the best people of Q-eorgia and. of other States. Among' these are the Fitzpatricks, the "Waltons, the Butlers, tlie G'od)freys? and the Highs, of Morgan.

802 GKORGTA'R IjAKToaiARKR, MJJMOTUAI.S AND
Tlio inscription on the handsome slab unveiled by the Henry Walton Chapter reads as follows:
"Benjamin 3?itzpati-iek, pioneer citizen of Morgan County and Revolutionary soldier, to whose memory the Henry Walton chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution dedicates this stone, July 4, 3912."

James Ware, a patriot of '76, is buried somewhere near Madison.

Love-Affair of Mr. On leaving" the State University, in

Stephens.

1832, Alexander H. Stephens taught

school for several months in Madison,

"where he assisted Mr. Leander A. Lewis. To quote from

an authorized biography of the statesman*, there is an

episode connected with his sojourn in Madison, which

he did not reveal until forty years later. One of the

pupils at this school was a young girl, lovely in person

and character, from whom the teacher learned more than

is to be found in books, and he grew to love her with an

affection which was all the greater because it was1 con

demned to silence and hopelessness. The poor student,

with no prospect of worldly advancement, .the invalid,

who looked forward to an early death, must not speak

of love or think of marrying-; and he did not mention it

either to her or to any one else, until more than a genera

tion, had passed, and then to only one friend. S(o he leaves

the place, traveling at night, with a violent headache and

with thoughts which can be easily imagined.

Notwithstanding the beardless face and slender figure

of the young1 teacher, he maintained discipline in the

school room. Mr. Stephens alludes to this period of his

* R. M. Johnsto nd W. II- Br< Philadelphia, 1S7S.

H. Stephens,

MORGAN

803

life in one of his letters; it "was a time of great dejection, due to ill-health. Says he: "In after-life, I have often met my old scholars. David A. Vason, of Dougherty County, [later a judge of the Superior Court], I pre pared for college; also his brother, the doctor, in Ala bama. I left Madison with a good impression of the people toward me. Before I left college, I had become dispcptic, and was subject to severe nervous headaches, which increased greatly in severity while I was in Madi son. My long* walks, I am convinced "were injurious to me. .Before the expiration of the term, I made arrange ments, through my old class-mate arid room-made, Wil liam TjeConte, to teach a private school for his father the next year. The trustees at Madis'on wished to retain me, hut T told them of my engagement, and we parted in friendship and "with good feelings on both sides. I shall never forget the dav I left the town."

Original Settlers. The first comers into Morgan, accord
ing to White, were Henry Carlton, Bediiey Franklin, William Brown, Jcsse Matthews, Charles Matthews, Dr. William Johnson, Lancelot John son, Adam G. Saffold, Reuben Mann, Dr. John Wingfield, D. W. Porter, I sham Fanning, and Jeptha Fanning.

In 3810, the first session of the Superior Court of Morgan was held in the home of Fields Kennedy, near Madison, and the first Grand Jury "was composed of the following pioneer settlers: Nipper Adams, James Brannon, David Montgomery, Eli T.ownsend, James Mathews, William Noble, Paschal Ilarrison, Godfrey Zimmerman, William Handle, William Brown, Graves Harris, John Wyatt, S. Noble, C. Bond, A. J. Chadox, John Fielder, Daniel Bankston, William Swift, S. AValker, John Wal-

804 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKM, MEMORIALS AND IVEGENDS
ker, Nathaniel Alien, Thomas Walls, Charles Smith, John Finley, John Cook, Andrew Nutt, Joseph Peoples', Wyley ITeflin, and Thomas Heard.

To the foregoing1 list may be added some additional names gathered from various sources: John Towns, a
soldier of the Revolution, located near the site of the
present town of Madison, in T810. He was the father
of Governor George "W. Towns, one of Georgia's ahlest Chief-Executives and a, former member of Congress.
The list also includes Benjamin FMtzpatrick, Jesse Thomas, and William Weight, each of whom bore arms
in the great struggle for independence; John Walker, a veteran of the War of 1812; Tjarkin Brooks, a soldier of the Indian Wars; William Mitchell, Abner Turner, Reti-
bcn Massey, Terrell Sjieed, John Robson, Samuel Shields, Abner Zachry, William Stokes, John W. Porter, Isaac Middlebrooks, Jeremiah Ivey, David Herring, Samuel Pennington, Tliomas V. Alien, a soldier of the War of
1812; 'Peter Walton, a native of Virginia, and one of the first volunteers in the second war with TDtngland; Robert Rogers, Joseph Pcimick, Peter Gaudier, Win. 1). Phillips, Win. N. Newton, James Studdard, Josiah Barrett, Thoimis I>. Cheney, Thomas J. Burney, Silas Atkins'oii,
1ST. B. Atkinson, and a number of others who were promi
nent in the county during the half century which pre ceded tlie war.

Morgan's Noted One of Georgia's most distinguished

Residents.

sons, United States Senator Joshua

Hill, was long a resident of Madison;

and here he lies buried. On the eve of the Civil War,

Mr. Hill was a member of Congress. He was not only

a strong Union man, but an anti-secessionist on the

ground that such a remedy for existing evils was un-

MORGAN

805

constitutional. In taking this view of the fundamental law, he differed widely in opinion from the great majority of his1 fcllow-citi/.ens in Georgia, including even most of those who opposed secession. When the famous ordi nance was passed by the Convention in MilJedgevillc, on January 19, 1861, Mr. Hill was1 the only member of the delegation in Congress who formally resigned. The others merely withdrew, feeling that by the action of the State in seceding from the Union they had automatically been recalled from the Federal councils. Mr. Hill was an old line Whig. The course which he took was thor oughly in accord with his patriotic convictions; bnt it required no small degree of moral courage to take such a step, since his action in effect acknowledged the au thority of the United States government over a Repre sentative from Georgia, after the State had rescinded the compact of Union. In 1868, with Dr. H. V. M. Miller, the "Demosthenes of the Mountains", Mr. Hill was elec ted to the United States Senate; hut Georgia, in the meantime, having expelled the negro element from her State [Legislature, they were not seated until near the end of the term for which they were commissioned. Mr. nil] by reason of his personal influence with Presi dent. Grant, rendered the State an important service during the days of Reconstruction. Tn religious matters, he wa.s strongly inclined toward agnosticism. TTis in come from the practice of law was immense, and by wise investment he accumulated a fortune, which, at the time of his death, was estimated at $250,000. He was one of the most conspicuous figures in the Constitutional Convention of 1877.

David ID. Butler, a man of the most versatile genius, who served the State as Indian fighter, as a lawyer of high rank at the bar, as a legislator of note, and as a Baptist divine with few equals in the pulpit, was also a resident of Madison. It was Colonel Butler who was

806 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
chosen by the great Jesse Mercer to draw liis last will and testament, trader which. document Mercer University was endowed with the handsome fortune which he left. As a public speaker, whether in the pulpit or before the jury, Colonel Butler was the peer of the very foremost in a land of orators. Nathaniel G\ Foster, a former member of Congress and a noted jurist, lived here, where "his brother, Albert G. Foster, was also a distinguished member of the bar. Adam Saffold was a famous la.wyer of Madison in the ante-bellum days, while his brother, Reuben Saffold, was a noted pioneer physi cian. Dr. ,T. C. C. Blackburn, who for years edited the Madisonian, was a man of extraordinary gifts. Judge Alexander M. Speer lived here at one time, and Judge Augustus Reesc made this town his home.
MURRAY
livo other counties Catoosa, Chattooga, r>adc, wtiilefield and Walker.
Thomas1 W. Murray was for years a dominant factor in Georgia polities, though lie died in the prime of life, without attaining to Congressional honors. He "was a native of Lincoln County, Ga., where he was born in 1790. His father, David Murray, came to Georgia soon after the Revolution from Prince !Kdward County, Va., presumably with the colonists who accompanied General George Mathews. The subject of this sketch was ra man of solid parts, not brilliant or magnetic, bnt industrious, efficient, and nnimpeachably upright. Says Bernard Suttlcr :* "His personal independence led him at times to vote against the views of his party friends' but his sense of honor made him proof against the wiles and schemes of the mere politician." He served in the Legislature
* Men of Mark in Georgia, edited by Ex-Gov. Wm. J. Korthen, Atlanta., Ga.

MURRAY

807

continuously for something- like sixteen years, and, dur ing a part of this time, wielded tlic Speaker's gavel. He died in the early forties, on the eve of his election to Congress. Murray Connty was named for him while he was still in life, a, compliment fo which there are few parallels.

Indian Antiquities. Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., in his
chapter on DeSoto's march through Georgia, bring's the Spanish adventurer to Coosawattee Old Town, which he identifies as the (Jauxale, mentioned in the narrative accounts of the expedition. On reaching this point, the band was1 exhausted hy hunger and fatigue. Says Colonel Jones:* "Perceiving that the Christians1 were killing- and eating the village dogs, the native kingcollected and presented three hundred of them to the Spaniards. This animal was not used as an article of food by the aborigines. On the contrary, it was held in special regard. The constant companion of the master in his journey through the forest, a trusted gnard about liis camp-fires and at the door of the humble lodge, not infrequently were accorded to it rites of sepnltnre akin to those with which the owner was complimented. Wo wonder, therefore, at this gift, and we are inclined to interpret it rather as a euphemistic statement that these dogs were appropriated by the strangers."

Spring Place, the county-seat of Murray, is associated with the early efforts of a quaint rengious sect to evan gelize the children of the forest. Here, in the beautiful heart of the Cohutta Mountains, in 1801, the Moravians established a mission and began to labor for the spiritual uplift of the Cherokee Indians. Commissioned by the Society of United Brethren, Eev. Abraham Sterm, first penetrated the wilds of this mountain region during the
* History of Georgia, Volume I, Boston 1884.

SOS

OiTCORGT.'V's TiAXDMAKKR, M/E MO RIALS _\ND LiEOEHDS

Jatter part of the eighteenth century; and, though he pressed the matter -with great vigor in the council of the nation, he was refused. On a similar errand, in 1800, he failed again; but David Vaim, an influential chief of mixed, blood, agreed to help him. this time, and land was given him on which to start his experiment. In the course of time, opposition OTJ the part of the other chiefs was withdrawn, and the mission beg'an. to prosper. Many of the Oherokees were eventually baptized and brought into the church. There was a manual school opened in connection with the mission at Spring' Place, The first wagon built by the pupils was given to the chief who contributed the land to the mission. But he was severely criticized by his tribe for accepting' this present. The objection was : "If we have wagons, there must be wagon roads; and if wagon roads, the whites will soon be among us." Another mission was established in 1821. at Oothcaloga. Both were in a flourishing condition, when removed to the west at the time of the deportation. The Cherokee Indians loved the gentle Moravians, by whom they were rawer deceived or defrauded.

The substantial old brick home of the Cberokec Indian half-breed, David Vann, is still standing at Spring Place. It is probably one of the oldest land-marks in this part of the State. The house is supposed to have been built in 1799, under the direction of the old chief himself, though it may uot have been erected until a somewhat later period, when he came under the influence of the pious Moravians. It was' acquired in 1873 by the present owner, Tvlr. George "O. Ooins, who made it bis residence.

Cohutta Springs, a favorite .resort of the Indians, on the waters of Sumac Creek, were held in high repute by the Cherokees because of certain medicinal virtues1 which they were thought to possess.

r'

MUBRAY

809

Fort Mountain, a locality four 'miles to the cast of Spring Place, was so called from it fort which was here built, according to an old tradition, by the Spanish goklliunters under the celebrated DeSoto.

Carter's: An Impe- But the most historic land-mark in

rial Old Country-

this region of the State is the mag-

Seat,

nificent old country-seat of the Gar

ters. It is beyond question the most

extensive plantation in Georgia which has1 come down to

the present time, undiminished in area, from the old

feudal days; and there is no oilier ante-bellum home in

the State which gives one a better idea of the vast scale

on which the operations of the Southern planter were

sometimes conducted or a happier picture of the rural

life into which the civilization of the old South flowered.

Sere, surrounded by 15,000 acres of laud, stands a well-

preserved mansion famous for the bouse parties which

have annually attracted scores of young* people to this

delightful haven of the mountains; and for the good cbeer

which, an abundant hospitality has here dispensed to the

stranger. The story of how it canto to he acquired by

the Garters from an old Indian chief has been most

charmingly told in the public prints by a writer whose

inspiration was caught from intimate personal contact

with the scenes; but for lack of space it must be condensed

in a very few words.*

During the early part of the last century before the

Cherokces, at the point of the bayonet, were deported to

the new western reserve beyond the Mississippi, Farish

Garter, a wealthy planter of Milledgcvillc, wa& journey

ing through this part of the State on horse-back. Be was

en route home, after an important business trip to Mem

phis. When lie reached the fine old Indian mansion,

which was destined in the course of time to become his

* Nita H. Black, In Atlanta JounifcU, issue of Feb. 18. 1912.

S10 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
summer residence, he stopped to rest and to refresh him self witli food. There is a local tradition which says that tile name of this Indian chief was Cow-bell, and a pasture in the immediate neighborhood still bears the name of the Bell field; but the original occupant of the mansion must have been a man prominent in the councils of the Cherokee nation. He not only owned slaves but pos sessed the means wherewith to educate his children in the East. At the foot of the hill on which the house stood, there was a spring the temperature of whose water was ice cold, on the sultriest day of mid-summer; and at the time of his arrival there was a group of red men gathered about this spring, puffing away at clay pipes and discussing with some animation the luck of one of the native hunters who had just returned from a long ;]aunt in the Gohutta Mountains. The impression "which the locality made upon Mr. Carter was profound. It lingered with him throughout the long months which followed. Then came the stern decree of exile, which wrested the fair domain of Upper Georgia from the Cherokees. The land was divided into parcels and, under the old lottery system, each man who wished to acquire an interest in the new territory was given one drawing. Mr. Carter had mentally resolved, on leaving the old Indian home place, to acquire it some day by trade or purchase. The opportunity came at last. To make sure of obtaining the coveted site, he secured a number of parties to draw for him until he acquired a body of land in this neighborhood, embracing 15,000 acres of land. The vast estate has never been subdivided. Here at Rock Spring, which he called Coosawattee, Mr. Carter spent Hie summer mouths each year with his family, returning to Milledgeville when the leaves of the forest began to announce the approach of autumn. After his death, the management of the vast estate devolved upon his son, Samuel McDonald Carter, who established his residence at Ooosawattee, some time in the early fifties. During the turbulent war period the estate fell a prey to the

MTJBBAT

811

troops of both armies who ruthlessly levied upon it for supplies. The sway which Colonel Sam Garter exercised over his little empire "was one of firmness tempered with gentle speech and kind treatment, and when he was borne to his grave a few years ago, in a sheltered corner of the great yard, eight of his oldest servants acted as pall bearers for a beloved master to whom they had once been slaves and whose service they had never left. ISText to Colonel Sana Carter, one of the largest slave-owners ill Georgia at the outbreak of the war, was Colonel L. M. Hill, of Newnan. The yonng son of Mr. Colqnitt Carter, therefore, since he is a grand-child of both, enjoys the distinction of having descended from two of the wealthiest slave-holders of the old regime in Georgia. Despite the marked changes which time has wrought, many of the typical phases of life in the old South still survive on the vast estate, the popular name for which is Carter's Quarters.

Original Settlers. See Cherokee, from which county Mur ray was formed.

Parish Carter, at the time of his death, perhaps the wealthiest land-owner in the State, was the first settler of any prominence to locate in Murray, after the removal of the Cherokee Indians. He owned an extensive planta tion at Scottsboro, some few miles to the south of Milledgeville, besides large tracts of land in other localities; and in no far-fetched sense of the phrase he was literally one of the last of the barons. So abundant were the crops gathered by Mr. Carter from his imperial acres that the expression "more than Carter had oats" became one of the proverbial saws to indicate the highest reaches of wealth in the ante-bellum days. TTe married a sister of Governor Charles ,T. McDonald. His son, Samuel Me-

812 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Donald Carter, Jn turn, married a sister of United States Senator Walter T. Coiquitt. The town of Cartersville, Ga., was named for Farish Carter.
To the list of pioneer settlers may be added: John Bryant, James McEntire, Knclid Waterhouse, James F. Kldmondson, Galloway Kdmondson, John Rollins, Pleas ant McGee, Dr. Win. Anderson, Rev. Samuel H. Henry, Rev. Joab Humphreys, Jacob Holland, Thomas Connally, W. J. Peeples, Drury Peeples, Edward tfanlt, John Otis, William Lmfifman, the Bateses, the Harrises, the Wilsons, and the Walkers'.
There were several Kevoliitionary patriots living in Murray, who were granted Federal pensions, as follows: John Baxter, in 3834; Joseph Terry, in 3837; and Zucliariah Cox, in 1847. John Hames, supposed to have been the oldest snrviver of the strug'gie for independence, died in Murray County jtist before the Civil War, and was buried near Spring- Place. On July 11, 1911, his body Was exlmmed and reintorred in the Na.tional Cemetery at Marietta.
MUSOOG-EB

MUSOOOEK

81.3

Origin of the It was the commonly accepted belief

Muscogees.

among the Muscogce or Creek Indians

that the original home seat of this power

ful fianiiJy of red men "was among1 the mountains of

ancient Mexico. At any rate, 'when. Ilcriiando Cortex, in

command of his adventurous army of 'Spaniards, landed

at Vera Cruz, in 1519, and pressed toward the interior of

the country, -he fount I the Muscogees forming" an inde

pendent republic to the north of the Aztec capital. The

English name of Creeks was given to them, because of

the vast number of small streaTns which watered the new

lands ir> which they dwelt.

Was This Locality J'ames Mooney, an ethnologist of. Visited By De Soto? international reputation, identities
the modern city of Columbus., Ga., as tlie "Ohiaha" of the old Spanish narratives, toward which the march of De Soto, :in quest of" gold, was first directed. He says that the famous explore]', instead of-* taking- the Oonnasa.ug'a and. the Oostaiiaula to .Rome, came down the Chattahooelice to Columbus, proceeding thence in a north-westerly direction toward the Mississ ippi. Pickett, Meek, Jones, and Shea, hold to the former view. Hut M coney's contention is based upon com paratively recent investigations. Zn a work -which ap peared on the subject in. 1000 he claims that his theory is confirmed' by art original document, the existence of which was unknown when former researches were made.* Pro fessor Mooney has been identified for years with the Bureau of Ethnology, in "Washington, I). C., and has specialized, upon the prehistoric records and remains of the Southern Tndians.
es Mooney in Myths of !]ie Che ii, D. C,, 1900.

814 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
According- to White, Le Clerk Milfort, a highly edu cated French gentleman, who came to America in 1775, visited the Creek nation after making' a tour of the New England Colonies. lie formed the acquaintance, while at Coweta Town, of the celebrated Alexander MeGillivray, the great chief of the Muscogee Indians. Delighted with this cultured half-breed, who was a most extraordi nary man, he determined to make his abode in the nation. He afterwards married McGillivray's sister and, in course of time, became grand chief of war, in which capacity he conducted a number of expeditions against G-eorgia. He also 'wrote, at leisure moments, "while a resident of Coweta Town, an important historical treatise on the Creeks, which he afterwards published in France. Pickett, in his excellent history of Alabama and Georgia, has translated from this work an interesting account of the Muscogee Indians.

Coweta Town: The Story of a Treaty \Vhich Confirmed America to the Anglo-Saxons.

Page 69.

Kenard's Ferry:

At the south end of Oglethorpe

Where Oglethorpe street, in the city of Columbus,

Crossed the Chatta- there stands a memorial stone,

hoochee.

erected by Oglethorpe Chapter of

the Daughters of the American

lievolrition, to commemorate the f amoTis visit to Coweta

Town, of the great humanitarian and soldier. It serves

also to mark the point 011 the Chattahooeh.ee, at which

Oglethorpe passed into AJabama. The memorial con

sists of a small white shaft of marble, set in mortar, on

a brick foundation--an unpretentious affair, scarcely

more than three feet in height, but it well answers the

MuSCOGEE

815

patriotic purposes for which it was intended. On the north, side appears the following inscription :

Kenard's trail or ferry, where General Oglethorpe crossed the river and signed a famous treaty with the Indians. August 21, 1739. Erected by Oglethorpe chapter, D. A. B. 1898.
On the south side the following statement is in scribed:
Treaty signed at Coweta Town, south-west of this point.

As early as 1895 the members of Oglethorpe chapter, under the leadership of Miss Anna C. Benning, then regent, began to make researches, the purpose of which was to locate the historic point in question. The testi mony furnished by such authoritative historians as Pickett, MeOall, Stevens, and .Tones, was carefully weighed and sifted. The immediate environment was also put under microscopic examination and thoroughly investigated in the light of local tradition. It was found that the trail which crosses the stream at this point had been known from time immemorial as Kenard's trail or Kenard's ferry, so called after a noted Indian chief. Furthermore, deep ruts ill the earth leading down to the river bank at this point, indicated an ancient usage, dating at least two centuries back.
The committee by which the exact site was finally identified and which took the preliminary steps looking toward the marking of the spot consisted of the following members, appointed by the regent, viz: Mrs. E. P. Dismukes, Mrs. L. H. Chappell, Mrs. .Jane E. Martin, Mrs. James J. Gilbert, a,nd Miss Mary Benning. Sub stantial assistance was also received from several prom inent citizens of the town, among them, Mr. L. II. Ohappell, then Mayor of Columbus and Mr. John T. Norman both of whom are entitled to special mention. The memorial was erected in 1898 but the coping was not added until 1900.

816

GjjXmtiLA'.S ijANl.>MAKKS, Ml<:A]0]vlAl,S AND IjEGKNOS

Fort Mitchell. On the site oil Coweta Town there was erected in -1813, under the personal super
vision of Genera] John Floyd, an earth-work, which lie called Fort Mitchell, in honor of the chief-magistrate, Governor David B. Mitchell, who was then in office. At the outbreak of the second wa,r with England, tlie Creek Jndians, who had heen allies of the ^British, in the first wa,r for independence, arose 011 the frontier; and it was for the purpose of reducing1 these tribes to .submission that General "KMoyd, at the head of the State militia, was dispatched to tlie border. On reaching1 the great bend in the Ohattahoochee, subsequently called Woolfork's Bend, he erected Port Mitchell, on the Alabama side of the river, to fortify this strategic point, which task having been accomplished lie plunged into the deep interior of the wilderness.

Columbus Founded: It is not a matter of surprise that a

1827.

site which furnished a rendezvous

for the great Mns'cogee ('oiifeder-

a-oy of Jndiaiis and which, for a long1 period, was the

chief! town, of a vast wilderness empire, should, in after

years, become an important center of industry in the

wdrite man's web of civilization. There wa'S not an In

dian in the Southern forest who--at least in the lore of

the council-fires--was not familiar with the great bend

in the Ohattahoochee Elver, a land-mark whose peculiar

conformation ga,vo rise to a, number of. legends. The

rapids in the stream, at this point, known as Oowetn

Palls, not only mark tlie head of navigation on the Oluit-

tahoochee Giver, to which point sea-faring1 veswels <'an

safefy come from the Gulf of Mexico--three hundred and

sixty miles distant--but they-possess an energy for manu

facturing- purposes which, expressed in terms of hydro

electric power, can turn the wheels of countless factories

and furnish light and warmth to unnumbered homes. The

quick-witted Anglo-Saxon was not slow to grasp the pos-

r

Must iooutj

817

sibilitios of a 'locality which, possessed such iwmsimil strategic advantages; and no sooner was it relinquished by the Creeks, in the famons treaty at Indian Springs, than it was seized Mncl occupied 'by tlie whites, who, at once, bog'ai] to erect g'reat mills and to builcl f upon solid foundations, "The Tjowel! of the South."
(".'olumJbns--the modern successor of old Oo\vota Town --is already an important depot; but when the Panama. Canal is opened the world may expect to see a. metropolis in this quarter. On December 24, 1827, an act of thg Legislature was signed by- Governor Forsyth, the eventual outcome of which was the establishment, near Ooweta Falls, on the Ohattahooebee River, of the present city of Colum'bus. It was not an act of incorporation but an act to lay out a tradi.ni>- post at this point, on lands reserved for the list; of the State, to name the same, and to dispose of lots at pnb]ic sale, or otlierwi.se. Tinder theterms of this bill, an area of ground, containing* 1,200 3'Ores "was set apart for town purposes, inclusive ol' trie commons.. There were five hundred residence lots of an acre each in the scheme of subdivision besides a square of ten aores for jrablrc Imildin.^s; and to the. proposed now town \vas p;ivon the name of Oolumbns, hi honor of tlie (.Jenocse navigator.

The (iominissjou appointed to execute thi.s trust con sisted of the Polio-wing1 memlrers : 'Ig-natins A. Pc^w, TClias Beall, Philip IT. -Tones, -Tames ITallam, and E. TJ. l>e(Trairenreid. At the time of the original survey, this particular site formed part of an almost unbroken low land forest, in which the nnder^rowlb in places resembled an Indian jnng'le, while in others there were great ponds of water in which, iish of la.rg'c size were to be caught. Where some of the handsome sky-scrapers of Columbus now stand it is said that there were formerly swamps and marshes. .But the submerged area lay chiefly to the south of what is now1 Og'lethorpc street; and between this

818 GEORGIA'S IJANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
thoroughfare and the river the land was comparatively high and well shaded with luxuriant oaks and hickories. When the first town lots were offered to purchasers, in the year following1, Governor i^orsyth himself attended the sale and camped out-of-doors, in a beautiful grove, not far from where the present docks are located; and here, at one of the numerous bold springs which have long ago ceased to flow, ho quenched his thirst.
With the very earliest of the pioneer settlers of Colnmbns came Mirabeavi B. Jjamar, who, in 1828, estab lished the Columbiis Enquirer. But the brilliant young editor did not long continue at the helm. Losing1 "his beautiful bride of a few months, the heart-broken hus band left Georgia in the early thirties for Texas, where plunging into the struggle for independence, he attained to the rank of Major-General and became the second President of the new republic. It may be questioned if any newspaper in Georgia was ever identified in owner ship with the names of men more gifted than the paper which Mr. T^amar founded. The list of his successors in the editorial sanctum includes James N. Bethune, Henry W. Hilliard, Wiley Williams, Thomas Kagland, Samuel W. Flournoy, G. A. Miller, John H. Martin, B. H. Rich ardson, and C. I. Groover--all of them men of strength. Mr. Halliard "was long a member of Congress from Alabama, a minister of the gospel, and an orator who competed for the laurels of eloquence with the great William Tj. Yancey.
Colonel TJJysscs Lewis, a mau of whoso sturdy charac ter the early records speak in high terms was the first mayor of Columbus, an office to which he was elected when the town was incorporated in the fall of 3829. He afterwards removed to Eussell County, Ala., where he died.
The first steamboat came to Columbus in the spring of 1828. After making some needed repairs, it started one

MTJSCOGRK

8_10

Sunday morning upon an excursion trip down the river, with a largo percentage of tile town people on board. Woolfork's Mound--the objective point--was safely readied; but, when tile prow of the vessel was turned toward Columbus, on tlic return trip, the Captain encoun tered stubborn difficulties in raising steam enough, to stem ttie swift current. The consequence was that a number of the excursionists were forced to make the journey back homo on foot, while it was not until the next morning1 that the boat finally' dipped anchor at tile docks.
The first bridge over the Ghattalioochee River was built in 1833 by .John (odwin. jBy way of assisting1 this pioneer enterprise -of construction the State of Georgia advanced to the town of Columbus, the sum of $10,000.
Education was also fostered. As early as 1828 the Mnscogec academy "was incorporated. Other splendid schools followed. Lots were donated this year to various religious denominations, including the Methodists, tlie Presbyterians, the Episcopalians, the Baptists, and Catholics. Tire Bank of Columbus was chartered in 1829 and the Farmer's Bank in 1831. Following the Indian troubles several years later specie payment was suspiended; but the march of prosperity was soon resumed. The development of railways tended to divert the export trade in eotton from Apalachicola to Savannah ; but the erection of cotton mills, the first of which arose in 1844, speedily overcame this handicap.

On Monday, January 23, 1832, o'ccurred the first affair of honor. Both of the principals were prominent citizens of Columbus--General Sowell Woolfolk, a State Senator, and Major Joseph T. Camp, a talented young member of the bar. The duel was fought on the Alabama side of the river, at Fort Mitehell, with fatal results to General Woolfolk, "who received a wound in the breast from whicli

820 OTCOKGTA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND XJTSGBNDS
lie expired in a few seconds. Major Camp was also pain fully wounded in the abdomen. The cause, of the hostile meeting- was an old personal fend. Asa tragic sequel to fhis encounter, Major Camp was shot and killed on the streets of Columbus, on August 14, 1833, by Colonel John Milton, the tragedy growing' out of the 3iot blood incident to tlie turbulent era of politics when Clark and Troivp divided the State into hostile factions.
During1 the Creek Indian "War of 1836 Columbus be came the storm-center of operations, due to the prox imity of the tribes on the opposite side of the Chattaho'ocliee Kiver. Multitudes from the nearby cabins in the wilderness fled hither for protection. The town soon began to bristle with bayonets and to swarm with: g'ay and brilliant uniforms. General Wi nil eld Scott, the Command er-iivChief of the United States army established lieadquartors here. The people of the town also became .familiar at this time with the tall mili tary figure of General Jessup, who remained in charge for some time after his superior officer left. Colonel .John H. Howard, of Columbus., who afterwards built the first cotton mill, bore an important part in the hostilities of this period, at the head of State troops. There were numerous engagements in the immediate neighborhood to which Columbus contributed her quota of soldiers. The times were filled with, alarms. But, in the end, the Indians were suppressed; 'and, when peace was restored, Columbus began to reap substantial profit from the ex ploitation which, her splendid local advantages received during the campaign.
Original Settlers. To the '' History of Columbus,' J * compiled by John H. Martin, from the
local newspaper files, we are indebted for the following'

M'TTSOOGEl'i

821

list of pioneer settlers who came to Columbus, during the first decade after the settlement of the town, viz.: G-eiieral Mirabeau B. Lamar, Judge Walter T. Colquitt, Colonel Nicholas Howard, Colonel Ulysses "Lewis, Edward Lloyd Thomas, A. S. 'Rutherford, John Fontaine, Hon. Henry W. Hilliard, Win. J. W. Wellborn, Forties Bradley, Colonel John Milton, .Dr. Thomas W. Grimes, Colonel John II. Howard, Dr. S. M. Ingersoll, Lamlbert Spencer, the fatftier of the late president of the Southern Bailw'ay; Join Beali Dozier, whose daughter Virginia married Hon. William A. Little; Jame W. Farmiu, Jr., Hon. Alfred Iversou, Eev. Ignatitis A. Few, fiev. Jesse Boring, Rev. Thomas Goulding, General Daniel MeDougald, president of the Insurance Bank, who killed Colonel Bur ton Hepburn, in self-defence, as the result of a business quarrel; Louis T. Woodruff, who operated a line of steamboats between Columbus !and Ap'ala.ehicola; George W. Woodruff, who owned the empire flour mills; Colonel Nimrod W. Long, J'oel Hurt, the father of the well-knowTn civil engineer and man of capital who bears the pa.ternal name; Judge Eli S. Shoi'ter; James S. Moore, John. Mauley Floiirnoy, Samuel W. l^iournoy, Judg-e Grigs'by E. rrhonTns, General James N. Bethune, Jnlius C. Alford, JoTiathan A. Mudsoii, Phiio 1). Wood ruff, ,T. T. Kilgore, Charles A. Peabody, Dr. E. L. DeGraffenreid, Thomas G. Gordon, Samuel T. Bailey, Dr. H. C. Phelps, Dr. Fifcgerald Bird, Joel B. Scott, General Sowell Woolfolk, E. T. Wool folk, Elisha Avery, S. E. Andrews, Thomas W. Cox, L. J. Davies, Andrew Ilarvill, Dr. II. A. Thornton, John Taylor, Naihaniel P. Bird, Major Joseph T. Camp, A. E. Mershon, Asa Bates, T. H. Ball, Moses M. Butt, E. T. Marks, John E. Page, Major A. F. "Moore, II. E. Taylor, David Dean, William Mullaly, E. L. Lucas, W, D. Lucas, David W. ITpton, G. B. Lucas, J. K. Lyons, E. Jewctt, B. Tarver, A. L. Watldns, Neill McNorton, J. P. Jacksoii, Thomas Davis, A. y. Gresham, Dr. J. W. Malone, Dr. A. S. Clifton, Lewis Alien, T. T. Gammage. M. E. Evans, James Hitchcock, Willis F. Baker

822

G-EORGTA ? S IjAWPMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LlEGTCNDS

G-. W. Dillard, John McClusky, George "W. Elliott, W. H. Alston, Harvey Hall, J. B. ICenriedy, Lemuel Merrill, Alien Lawhon, James H. Shorter, Dr. John J. Wilson, James C. Watson 'Rev. John W. Baker, James K. Redd, John Hicks Bass, Thomas J. Bates, Joseph Biggers, a soldier of the Revolution, who came from South (Carolina Jolin G-odwiu, Samuel T. Hatcher and Dr. Thomas Hoxey.

In the fall of 1828, Judge Walter 'J1 . Colquitt, held at Columlius the first session of the Superior Court. Andrew B. Griffin was the first clerk and the following' citizens were sworn as Grand Jurors: E. E. Bissell, foreman; John K. Page, Samuel B. Head, E. B. Lucas, Stoddard Russell, Ro'bert Daniel, Eobert Henry, Benjamin Tarver. Thomas Eogers, Samuel E. Buckler, Thomas Lang, Joseph AVhite, Henry Triplett, Sarnnel Koockogy, Thomas Cox, Thomas Sluck, and Jonathan A. Hudson.
Micajaih. Bennett, a Sergeant in the Revolution ranks, was granted a Federal Pension in 1843, while a resident of Museogee.
Two patriots of '76, George Wells Foster and James Alien, are "buried at Limrwood. The graves of both heroes are marked by neat head-stones. Dr. Ijovick Pierce, the distinguished ISTestor of Georgia Methodism, married a daughter of the first named patriot.
Muscogee in the At the outbreak of hostilities with Mexican "War. Mexico, there were hundreds of volun
teers in ColumbUiS "who were eager to enlist. The martial spirit of the community was aroused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm. General Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second President of the Republic of Texas, next to 'Sam Houston the foremost soldier of the war for Independence, was formerly a resident of Columbus. His sister, Mrs. Absalom H. Chappell, was still living there;

MuSCOGBB

823

and these considerations augmented the general appeal to patriotisro. T'he result "was the equipment of three) companies for the front. No other town in the State furnished more than one, a statement which shows the extent to which the heart of the populace in Columbus was fired. The companies were attached to the Georgia Begiment of Volunteers, in command of Colonel Henry B, Jackson, of Sa.vannah. T'hey were organized as fol lows :
Georgia. Light Infantry--Captain, J. S. Calhoun; 1st. Lieut., E. B. Gkmlding; 2nd. Lieut., II. C. Anderson; Ser geants, W. B. Phillips, Asa B. Hoxie, "W. T. Smith, and M. H. Blanford; Corporals, R. B. Howard, A. Scott, Thomas Reynolds, and George Lindsay. 91 members enrolled.
Columbus Guards--Captain, John Ij. Davis; 1st. Lieut., John Porsyth; 2nd. Lieut., C. P. Hervey; Ser geants, R. Bills, J. King, W. C. Holt, and 'W. C. Hodges; Corporals, W. G. Andrews, V". D. Thrope, James Hamil ton, and B. A. McGi'bony. 87 members enrolled.
Crawford Guards--Captain, John Jones ; 1st. I^ieut., E. G. Mitchell; 2nd. Lioiit., J. S. Dismukes; Sergeants, T. S'choonmaker, II. S. Tisdale, A. M. Sauls, and T>. A. Winn; Corporals, John May, John IjOachaby, James B. Wells, and N. J. Peabody. 83 members enrolled.
The city of Colnmbns also furnished three officers to the Regiment: Thoma.s Y. Redd wras Lieutenant-Colonel, Charles J, AYilliams was Major, and John Forsyth was Adjutant. The Muscogee troops were in the very thick of the ng-hting. They participated in most of the famous battles and returned to Georgia crowned -with victorious laurels.

St. Elmo : Its Memories of Augusta Evans Wilson.

Page 234.

Torch Hill: The Home of Dr. F. O.

Ticknor.

Page 231.

8^4 (jiicoiiaiA's LJAN D^IAKKS, JMj^MOiiiALS AXD IJISUKNDS;

Girard: Where the Last Battle of the War, East of the Mississippi, Was Fought.

"Volume II.

The Killing of Ashburn: An Episode of Recon struction.

Volume II.

The Birth-Place of Memorial Day.

Volume II.

'Since April 2<i, IBttG, when tlic graves of the Confed erate soldiers were decorated for the fivst time, 'with formal ceremonies, the following well-known public speakers have been the Memorial -D'ay orators in Colum bus, the birth-place of a custom which has since become universal, in honoring' not only the Confederate but also the Federal dead :

Colonel J. >f. Itamsey, 18<>6; Pr. E. 1<\ Colzey, 1807; Major Raphael J. Moses, 18U8; Judge Joseph F. POM, 3860; Thomas W. Gi-imes, 1870; (.'. 11. Williams, 1871; Judge Wm. A. lyittle, 3872; Oapt. J. J. Slade, 1873; Kx-Mayor Sam Oleghorti, 1871; Col. Thos. llardeiiiaii', Jr.,1875; llciiry AV. Jlilliard, 1878; 1,'apt. J. TJ. A1!cClesl>y, 1877; \Yilliam 1-1. C'harabers, 1,878; Oov. Alfred 11. Colqnitt, .1879; Lionel C. Levy, 1880; Capt. Beese Orawford, IS'Sl; Kev. S. P. Galloway, 1882; G. E. Thomas, Jr., 1883; Major Baphael J. Moseys, 1884;

Henry R. (Joet-efiius, .1,885; Thomas J. Chappell, 1886; C.'liarlloii ]5. -Battle, 3887; Judff e S. P. Gilbert, 1888; Dr. J. Harris Ciiappell, ]8S9; Fnlton Colville, 1890; Capt. VV. E. Wooten, 1891; ('apt. John D. Little, 1S92; Hunt Chipley, 1803; Judge John HOBS, 1894; Lionel C. Levy, 1S95; Hev. \V. A. CUuMer, 1SDB; Ttobert Howard, .1897; Henry K. Goetehius, 1898; Albert H. Alien, 1899; Lueian Lamar Knight, 1900; Peter Proer, 1901; Rev. Dr. Wray, 1902; A. P. Persons, 1903;

Cecil Neill, 1904; John Henry, 1905; D.I-. I. S. McTUroy, 1906; Dr. J. A. McMurm, 1907; A. IT. Toomer, 1908;
At the lower end of Broad street stands the hand some Confederate monument erected by the patriotic women of Columbus, in 1879 ? to commemorate the heroes of the 'Lost Cause. The inscription on the south side of the shaft reads:

ep( reserved to Uie people, and lo perpehiate forever the .sovereignty of the Stales. Their glory Khali Tiot Tie forgotten.
OH the cast siJc is this jasci'jption.
in MamoT-ifim. ""No truth, is lost for which the truo are v\'{sopiiig 7 nor doail :Cor whif^h they <1ied.''
Oil the west side:
Honor i,o the brave. "Oaihei- the saci-ed dust Of. warrioi-s tried and true Who boro the flag of our iintioii's trnsi;, And fell iji the cause, though lost, still jnst, A-rifi diet! for me and you.''
On the north side, in. the center of m ornamental wreath of victory, Washington is portrayed oil horaebaek. There is also this inscription:
The Coufononxto States of America, l?e"bruary 2f>(:h, 18(52. "Deo Vindiice.

Recollections of General Mirabeau B, Lainar.

Volume IT.

826 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Muscogee's Distin- Both Augusta and Savannah were guished Residents. approaching' the century mark when
Columbus was born; but the contri butions -which this relatively young town has made to the head-roll of illustrious names will favorably com pare with those of either. General Mirabeau B. Lamar, before leaving1 Georgia to become the hero of San Jacinto and the second president of the Republic of Texas, lived in Columbus, where ho founded the city's first newspaper. Here, too lived James W. Fannin, who went from Colum bus to Texas to achieve a martyr's halo of immortality in the brutal massacre of Goliad.
Judge Walter T. Colquitt--perhaps the most versatile man of his day in Georgia--established his home in Co lumbus "where he held the first session of the Superior Court for the newly created Chattahoochee circuit. He be came a United States Senator, a minister of the gospel, and a Brigadier-General in the State militia. "Whether as an advocate before the jury or as an orator on the poli tical hustings, he was unexcelled in emotional power. He died in Columbus in 1855.
His g'allant son ? Colonel Peyton II. Colquitt, who fell at the head of his regiment in the battle of Chickamaug'a, went from Columbus to the front.
Henry W. Hilliard, an orator, who frequently cross ed swords with Yancey on the hustings in Alabama, an author of note, a minister of the gospel and a diplomat, lived at one time in Columbus, where he edited tlie Enq^uirer.
Here the renowned1 novelist, Augusta Evans Wilson, spent her girlhood days.
Theodore O'Hara, the famous bard of Kentucky, who wrote "The Bivouac of the Dead," one of the noblest elegies in our language, settled in Columbus at the close of the war, where he engaged in commercial pursuits. But he was wholly unfitted by temperament for business

MUSCOGKE

827

life; and retiring to a plantation on the Alabama, side of the river, he died there, on June 7, 1SG7, at the age of forty-eight. Mr. O'Hara was buried in Linnwood Cemt'tery, at Columbus; but in 1874 his ashes were reintorred with military honors, at Frankfort, in his native State. He sleeps at the ba:se of the great battle rrioiiument which the Commonwealth of Kentucky has lifted to the heroes of the Mexican War. It Was to celebrate the formal en tombment in Kentucky's soil of the ashes of these fallen braves that O'Hara's immortal hymn was sung". Today there is not a Federal cemetery in which the stanzas of this unrivaled master-piece--written by one "who wore the gray uniform--cannot be fonnd, emblazoned upon iron tablets.

Hines1 Holt, a member of Congress before the "war. and a lawyer of note, lived in Columbus. He "was a kinsman of the Colqnitts.
United States Senator Alfred Iverson lived here at one time. This1 was also for years the home of his galla,nt son, who bore the same name. Both of the Iversons served the Confederacy as Brigadiei'-Generals.
Judge Eli S. .Shorter, one of the a.blest of ante-bellum jurists, lived here.
Seaborn Jones, coming from Milledgeville to Columhus, in 1827, when the town "was first located, became at once tire recognized leader of the Bar. He also represent ed the State in Congress. Colonel John A. Jones, his only son, fell mortally wounded, on Tjittle Bound Top, in the battle of Gettysburg.
On the same field perished another heroic son of Cohimbus--General Paul J. Semmes.
Here lived one of the greatest of the South's warpoets--Dr. P. O. Ticknor. His "Virginians of the Val ley" and his "Little Giffen of Tennessee" are "world-re nowned lyrics.

828 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOKTATJS AKD
Tlionias Flournoy Foster, after serving a. period In Congress, removed from Greensboro to Columbus, from Which place his fellow-citizens again returned him to the halls of national legislation. He was an uncle- of the great Methodist Bishop, George Foster Pierce.
Colonel Absalom H. Ohappell also lived here. He was a distinguished jurist, who represented the State in Con gress and wrote "Miscellanies of Georgia," a work of rare value which is now orit of print. Colonel Chappell married TJoretta, a sister of General Mirabeau B. Tjamar. Fl'is son, T)r. .J. Harris Ghappell, was the first president of the Georgia Normal and Industrial College, at Milledgeville.
Brigadier-General Henry TJ. Bcnning, \vhose gallantry in battle can-net] for him the sobriquet of "Old Rock," lived in Columbus, where he stood at the head of the local Bar. Be became after the war an occupant of the Su preme Bench of Georgia.
T'o the State's highest court of appeal, Columbus has contributed three other distinguished members---Martin J. Crawrford, who succeeded -Indg'e Ble'ckley, in 1880: Mark II. Blandford, who succeeded Judge Crawford, in 1883; and William A. T.ittle.
Samuel Spencer, the first 7>resident of the Southern Railway system was born arid reared in Columbus; and here lie married a daug-hter of General Beiming.
Major Raphael J. Moses, who executed the last order of the Confederate government, lived at Esquiline Hill, near Columbus. He was one of the pioneer peach-grow ers of Georgia, an accomplished lawyer and an orator of note. He died while on a visit to his daughter, in Brus sels, Belgium, at the age of eighty-two.
The Straus brothers, Nathan, Isidor, and Oscar, famous in the business world of New York, came to Col-

MUSCOGEK

829

ttmibus from Talbotton; and lived here t'oi- several yours before removing finally to the metropolis. Oscar Strans was Secretary o'f Commerce and Ijabor in the Cabinet of President Roosevelt. TTe also represented the United States government, under three administrations, at the court of Constantinople.
George Poster Peabody, the famous New York banker and railway magnate, was 'born in Columbus; and liere his boyhood days were spent.
Three of the ablest Speakers of the Georgia, House of Representatives siiTce the war have come from Colum bus: Louis F. Garrard and the two Littles, William A. and John 1)., father and son. Judge Little was succes sively, Attorney-General of Georgia, Assistant AttorneyGeneral of United'States and Judge of the Supreme Court of Georgia-
Governor James jVL Smith was a resident of ColnmIrart when he was called to the chair of State in 1872; arid here, too, lived Provisional Governor -Tames Johnson.
Marshall J. AVell'born, an ante-bellum Congressman, a minister of the gospel and a, jurist, lived in Columbus until an old man, when he removed to Atlanta.
Dr. Thomas Goulding, the first native born Pre.sby terian preacher in Georgia, occupied for years the pulpit of the First Presbyterian church in Columbus. Tt Was his son, Dr. F. tii. Goulding, who wrote "The Young Marooners." Columbus "was also the home of Dr. Lovick Pierce and of Dr. Jesse Boring, the former of whom was called the "TSfcstor" and the latter the "'Salvator Eosa" of Methodism.
Here, too, lived Thomas ^W. Grimes, who represented the Columbus district in Congress, from 188fi to 1890 arid Porter Tugram. a member of the Confederate Congress at Eichmond.

But no list of the distinguished residents of Colum bus will be complete which fails to include William H,

830 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Young who was perhaps the first man in the South to engage successfully in the manufacture of cotton. He organized in 1855 the old Eagle mills, thus realizing- a dream which came to him more than twenty-eight years 'before, when he visited this region as a lad and first conceived the idea of utilizing the splendid "water power of Coweta Falls. With a genius for organization little short of Napoleonic, Mr. Young originated the Georgia Home Insurance Company and became the president of the Columbus Bank. The war laid everything in waste. But in 1865 on the ruins of the old plant Mr. Young be gan to revive the Eagle mills, and borrowing the sug gestive idea of the Phoenix in rising from the flames, he changed the name of the establishment to the Eagle and Phoenix mills, by which name this colossal plant is still known. Ais early as 1876 there were three separate mills owned by the company. Both cotton and woolen goods were manufactured. The establishment is perhaps the largest in the Southern States; and, from first to last, under the management of Mr. Young, the business yielded the handsome sum of $l,77o,820 in dividends to stock holders. Tt was in the 'Capacity of credit man and treas urer of this gigantic establishment that G. Gunby Jordan one of the foremost industrial captains of the State, de veloped his masterful resources as a financier.

NEWTON

Named for Sergeant John sociation with the gallant by a bold surprise most named for Gen. Leonard

Emory College at Two miles north of the town of Oov-

Oxford.

ington is the little village of Oxford,

reached by a trolley line "which meets

the Georgia Railroad at Covington, from which point

NF.WTOTC

831

it speedily transports the visitor to the broad campus grounds of the great school of learning which is here maintained by Georgia Methodists. It is called Emory College in honor of Bishop John Emory, while the village is named for the alma mater of the illustrious founder of Methodism. The circumstances connected "with the estab lishment of this famous school at Oxford possess an exceptional interest. Dr. George G. Smith, a patriarch of the church, tells the story thus. Says he: "Dr. Olin. who married a Georgia lady and whose property interests were in Georgia, was chosen president of TCandolphMacon College, in Virginia, and "was anxious to secure the support of the various Southern conferences. lie ac cordingly asked the Methodists of Georgia to endow a chair in the college with $10,000 and to patronize the institution, giving them some special privileges in return. The conference consented to accept this offer and decided, in addition, to establish a high school in Georgia on the manual labor plan, so popular at the time. The latter was located at Oovington. It was not productive of the best results, however, to conduct a high school and a farm at the same time, and. the conference, under the influence of Dr. Ignntius A. Few, in 3836, decided to establish a college. For this purpose a charter was granted and a site for the proposed institution "was selected about two miles from the manual school. One thousand four hundred acres of land were bought, a vil lage laid .out, and, in 1837, the cornor-stone of Emory Col lege was laid."

Dr. Few was the first president. Under him, the col lege was opened, in 1839, and two years later "were held the first exercises of graduation. Judge Augustus B. Longstreet, the famous author of "G-eorgia Scenes," suc ceeded Dr. Few. He was formerly an eminent jurist, but relinquished the law to enter the pulpit. He was also at one time an editor of note. On leaving Emory, he became

832 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS*, MEMORIALS AND
the president of the University of Mississippi. Dr. G-eorge F. Pierce, the great orator of Methodism, came next. But he "was stoon elected Bishop. Dr. Alexander Means, the distinguished1 professor of Natural Science, succeeded him. Fifty years in advance of liis day, Dr. Means predicted the motor car and the electric light. He was succeeded, after a year by Dr. James K. Thomas, who was president when the war commenced. The college was suspended during' the greater part of this period and the buildings used for hospital purposes under the Con federate government. The close of the war found the institution without endowment and the people of the South impoverished. !But Bishop Pierce took the Hold, made an earnest plea on behalf of the college and suc ceeded in keeping the fires alive until prosperity began to return. With the aid of Bishop Pierce 7 s Endowment Society, supplemented by the zeal of a devoted corps of professors, the college began to revive. New buildings were erected, new students were enrolled, and an era of splendid g'rowth was inaugurated. Dr. lAither TYL Smith was the president under whom the institution was firmly re-established. He was elected to succeed Dr. Thomas, who was called to a colleg-o in California.
.Next came 1_)r. O. TJ. Smith, but lie resigned to take a professorship, and Dr. Atticu.s Gr. Hayg'ood succeeded him. It was during the administration of this great apostle of learning that Mr. George I. Seney, a wealthy banker of New York, attracted by some of the broad views of the new president, gave to the institution the munifi cent sum of $350,000. With a part of this gift, Seney Hall was erected. The remainder was applied to the per manent endowment fund. Bishop J-Iayg'ood resigned to administer the 'Slater educational legacy and was after wards 'Chosen, bishop. Tie was succeeded by Dr. I. S. Hopkins, who resigned to become president of the Geor gia School of Technology, an institution which was measurably the outgrowth of his own experiments at Oxford. Dr. "Warren A. Candler was next called to tin.-

NEWTON

833

executive chair. Under him, the sura of $100,000 was added to the permanent endowment fund. Of this amount, Mr. W. P. Patillo, of Atlanta, subscribed $25,000. The handsome new library building, in honor of the presi dent, was christened "Gaudier Hall." On being elevated to the episcopal 'bench, Dr. Candler was succeeded by 'Dr. 0. E. Dowman, and be in turn by Dr. James E. Dickey, the present head of the institution. Since the incumbency of Dr. Dickey began, the endowment fund of the college has been greatly increased and the roll of attendance con siderably lengthened.
There 'are few institutions in the country which sur pass Emory in the standards of scholarship?. The dis cipline is strict and the moral atmosphere pure and whole some. The library of the college contains something over 25,000 volumes, including a number of rare folios. Three presidents of Emory have succeeded to the episco pal honors, l)rs. George F. Pierce, Atticus 0. Maygood, and Warren A. Candler. Without an exception the presi dents have been preachers. Bishop Candler and Dr. Dickey are both kinsmen of the first president, Dr. Tgnatius A. Few. Connected with the college, there is an excellent school of law, of which Judge Capers Dickson is the dean. Besides, there is also a department of Pedag'Ogies. The cabinet of minerals at -Emory is one of the most unique collections of this character to be found in tiie South. It contains a number of rare speciments -which cannot be duplicated. The college at Oxford is the joint property of the Georgia and Florida conferences of the
M. E. Church, South.

Dr. Ignatius A.

Dr. Ignatius A. Few, the first presi-

Few: His Monu- dent of Emory College, is Iraried on

merit on the

the heights of the Oconee Tiiver, at

College Campus. Athens, Ga., but in commemoration

of his services to Christian culture

there stands upon the campus at. Oxford a substantial

monument on which is chiseled, the following inscription to the distinguished fonnder:
"I. A. Few, founder and first president of Emory College. Elected December 8, 1S37. Entered upon Ms duties, September 10, 1838. designed July 17, 1839. 'Memoria prodenda liberis nostrlsV
"In early lifo an infidel, he became a Christian from conviction and for many years of deep affliction walked by faith in the son of God." etc.
On the north side, the two literary societies of Oxford, the Few and the Phi Gamma, have placed an appropriate inscription to the founder of "both organizations.
On the east aide, the Masons have placed the following' epitome of his career:
"The Grand Lodge of Georgia erects this monument in token of high regard for a. deceased brother, Ignatius A. Vcvf, who departed this life in Athens, Ga., Nov ember 23, 1S45, agod 56 years 7 months, and 17 days. TTc "was born April 11, T789, in Columbia County, then the comity of Kiehniond, in this State.
"As a "Mason he possessed all those noble traits Q< character which constitute the worthy brother of this ancient and honorable order. As a minister of the gospel he exemplified the "beautiful description, of the poet:
"his theme divine His office sacred, his credentials clear, By him "the violated law spoke out its thunders; and by him in strains as sweet As angels use, the gospel whispered peace." "As a pafon of education and learning his comple ment is seen in the building which this monument confronts. "As a patriot he was among the first on the battle field at his country's call, in the war of 3812, from which lie returned to honor his country as a private citizen." etc.

Dr. Few was the youngest son of Captain Tguatius Few, an officer of the Revolution. He was also a nephew of the two patriots, Benjamin and William Few, and of the first martyr to the cause of liberty, in North Carolina, James Few, who "was one of the leaders in the famous up rise at Alamancc. ."Because of his zeal For independence. James Few suffered an ignominous death, in 1771 ? at the bands of the loyalists. Colonel William Oandler, an early colonial pioneer of Georgia, was the maternal grand father of Dr. Few. As stated above, the future founder of Emory College was at one time an infidel. It was by contact with, pious Methodist itinerants, in his father's home that he was eventually converted, to become a star of the first magnitude in the firmament of faith.
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers of Newton were: Rev. Charles H.
Saunders, Or. Coriycrs, Dr. Rates, Cary "Wood, Judge Sims, M.oscs Milton, Isaac P. Uenderson, Daniel P. Kelly, Henry Tnlley, Rev. Mr. Collcy, and George Cunninghmu.
To the foregoing list some few additions1 may be made. Elijah Ragsdale, a native of Virginia, and a soldier of the Revolution, was an early comer into Newton. The list should also include: Stew art Mr-Cord and Thomas Anderson, both soldiers of the War of 1812; Alfred Liviugston, father of the noted ( ( on gross man ; SiJa.s IT. Htarr, for whom the to"wn of Starrsville was named; John Thomp son, Robert L. TTayes, James I>. Zachnry, William J. Wright, Jjeroy Willson, Richard Floyd, Joel Broadnax, and a number of others. Joseph Ijaiic, whoso daughter, Nancy_, married Judg'e Walter T. Colquitt, was also one of the early settlers of Newton; arid Parmedus 'Reynolds, long ian influential resident of the county, must be

83()

CjWOKGlA's LANDMARKS, M^MOBIALS AND LEGENDS

listed among the pioneers. Two distinguished citizens of Atlanta, Colonel Robert F. Maddox and Dr. James F. Alexander, married daughters of the latter.

On April 15, .1822, the first session of the Superior Court was held at Covington. The f ollowing pioneer citi zens were sworn as Grand Jurors : Solomon Graves, L. Dunn, W. Whatley, G. A. Carter, H. Q. Lane, H. Jones, James Johnson, William Jackson, Thomas Jones, John Storks, S. D. Echols, William Fannin, F. H. Trammel!, Junius Bloodworth, H. Lane, David Hodge, .Rohert T_jea,ke,, John Stephens, G. !B. Turner, George Ounningham, John. F. Piper, and James Hodge, Sr.
Oliver Porter, a soldier of the Revolution, is buried in Newton. Tiis home for many years was in Greeno. There were a number of patriots living1 in this county who were granted Federal pensions for Revolutionary services. Among them, Klijah Swann, a private, in 1839; Richmond Terrell, a corporal, in 1847 ; Thomas A. Walker a bugler, in 184-7; John Mabry, a private, in 1847; and James Dick, a corporal, in 3848. Pressley Thormton, a corporal, who was granted a Federal pension as early as 1795, afterwards became a resident of Newton. Rich mond Terrell was a survivor of King's Mountain.
Newton's Distin- Colonel Leonidas F. L^iviiigston, for guished Residents. twenty years a member of Congress,
"was a life-long resident of Xewton. When a. member of the National House of Representa tives he was one of the most effective members of the Georgia delegation. For this reason although he be-

NEWTON

837

longed to one of the rural counties of the district, be re ceived in Rach of his campaigns the most cordial support of the Atlanta j^recincts, notwithstanding the fact that be was frequently opposed by local candidates. tTe was largely instrumental in securing for Atlanta the new million dollar post-office huildlng and the great Federal prison. ITe was a strong supporter of Mr. Cleveland's Venezuelan polic.y, and by special invitation wns afterweirds an honored guest of the South American republic. His father, Alfred Livingwton, reached the phenomenal age of ninety-eight years. The son bade fair to reach the same age, but his defeat for Congress, in 1910, doubtless hastened the end. His death occurred iu Washington, D. G., at the age of eighty; and lie was buried at his home place near King's. Colonel Livingston came of vigorous Scotch-Irish stock; and like his father before him was for years an elder iu the little Presbyterian church where he worshiped. On entering Congress, he was scarcely known outside of the Georgia delegation, but he became in time one of the best known and one of the most influen tial members of the National House of Representatives. ITe was not an orator, hut a man of sound business sagacity, a tireless worker, and n ronauma'te master of the science of politics.

Justice Lamnr, after graduating from Tlmory College, located temporarily in the town of Covington for the practice of law. fie also represented the county for one term in the State Legislature. In 1S47, he married Vir ginia, the daughter of Jndge Tjongstrcet, and when the latter became president of the University of Mississippi he decided to join his father-in-law, with the result that next to Jefferson D:ivin lie Uerame the most illustrious son of his adopted State. nri%ndier-Goneral Kdward L. Thomas was for many years a planter in Newton. Two other brigade commujHlwH uK Ihe Confederacy lived here: Robert J. Henderson and James P\ Hitiims. Identified in

838

GEORGIA'S "LANDMARKS, 1VI.E MORTALS AND L"EGENDS

an educational way with the famous school at Oxford have been some of the most distinguished men of the land, among1 them: Bishop Atticus Gr. Ilcygood, Bishop George F. Pierce, Bishop Warren A. Candlcr, Dr. Fgnatius A. Few, Dr. Alexander A. Means, Dr. Isaac ft. Hopkins, and a host of others. Oxford was also for many years the home of Bishop James O. Andrews, and here he lies buried.

OGONKE

Original Settlers. See Clavke, from which county Oconee was formed ; also Jackson, the parent
countv of both.
The following early pioneers may be added to the Hst: John Thrasher, a soldier of the Revolution; Isaac Thrasher, his son; John Calvin J ohnson, a native of North Carolina; Philip Tigner, and JOdmond Klder. .John Thrasher came to Georgia soon after the close of the Revolutionary struggle, locating near the site of the present town of WatkinsviUe. He married Sarah Barton, and was the ancestor of Judge Barton K. Thrasher. David T^lder, a patriot of 'To', is buried on the old Elder plantation. On the list of Revolutionary veterans there is also a Mr. Bishop who is buried somewhere in Oconee, The town of Bishop is named for the family to which he belonged and his grave is doubtless in this neighborhood.

OGLETHORPE

839

f-

OG-LKTHOHPR

Created, by Legislative Ael, December ] it, 17i>3, from \Vilkcs County. Named for rthe illustrious Founder of the Colony oC Georgia--General James Edward Oj^lethorpe. Lexington, the county-yea t, named for the historic town of W;,assachusetts, on the commons of which occurred the famous battle of t/he American Revolution. "When organized Oglethorpe embraced parts of tliree other counties: Madison, Taliaferro, and Clarke.

Gen. Ogl'.ethorpe's Epitaph ;in Cranham Church.

Volume IT.

Cherokee Corner. Clierokec Corner, a famous locality in Oglethorpe, was so called because at
this point the boundary ]ine between the Cherokees and the Creeks formed an angle, from which, it was conven ient to reckon distances. The exact spot was marked orig inally l>y ail old tree which retained for more than a, century the indentations made by the surveyors. It prob ably dates back to the year 1773, when the territory embraced within the original limits of Wilkes was first acquired by Governor Wriglit from the Indians. There is here located one of the oldest Methodist churches in Upper Georgia. Bishop Asbury preached in this neigh borhood soon after the country was opened.

Hell's Kingdom. Chancellor Mell, during- his long- con
nection with the State University, at Athens, served a church of the Baptist denomination in the lower part of Oglethorpe; and to the people of this section the good Chancellor became such an oracle of wisdom that the whole area of country for miles around was called after him "Mell's Kingdom."

Woodlawn: The Home of Wm. H. Crawford. /

Page 197.

840

G-KORGLA'S TiAN"i~>]\rA"R."K:s. i'lnMORiAT^s AND I/F.G:E"NDS

"Where Two Noted Georgians Sleep.

j Volume II.

Upper Georgia's

One of Georgia's most ,' historic

Oldest Presbyterian land-marks' is the old Pres/byterian

Church.

Church at Ijexing'tou, in tile sacred

precincts ol' 'which repose two illus

trious Georgians : George E. Gilrner and Stephen Upson.

It was organized in 1785, two years after the Revolution,

by a noted pioneer evangelist, the Koverend John New

ton ; and, unless an exception ho made of the Independent

.Presbyterian church, of Savannah--never in organic con

nection "with other religious bodies of this faith--it is

probably the oldest Presbyterian church in the Synod of

Georgia.* At .Darien there was a chnrch prior to this

lime; but it suffered complete extinction during- the

Spanish wars. At Midway there was a (renter of Pre.s-

byterianism, but the church at this place was organized

upon Congregational Jinew. The name by which the

chnrch at Lexington was first known was Betli-salom ; and

at the the time of organization it was located some two

miles distant from the present site. Mr. Newton, who

was the first Presbyterian minister to preach the gospei

on the frontier belt of Georgia, served the Church as pas

tor for twelve years. When he died, iu 1797, he was buried

in the old church-yard; lint, one hundred years Jater, in

1897, his body was taken up and re-interred in the Pres

byterian cemetery, at Lexington. Mr. George C. Smith,

the present clerk of the session, assisted Mr. Newton J s

grandson in accomplishing' this removal. The original

ag'reement between pastor and people, executed in 1785

when Mr. Newton first took c'harg'e, is still "in the posses

sion of the church. The rmmificienut salary which the

pastor was to receive, according' to the terms of this con-

2C-28, Atlanta, 3912.

OOiLETJTORPE

841

tract, was fixed at fifty pounds and twenty shillings per annum.
Mr.. Smith is the custodian of a precious keep-sake in the nature of a little book, containing the texts from which this pioneer divine preached 'while pastor of Bethsalem church, from 1785 to 1797; and he alwo treasures a record of baptisms., to which great value attaches. Both of these genuine relics of the early days of Preshyteriaiiism in Upper Georgia were sent, tbroni'ii Mr. C. A. Rowland, of Athens, to the Jamestown Centennial Expo sition, where they attracted much interest.
.It was at, Lexing'ton, in 1.828, that the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, now located at Columbia, S. C., was first established, and the house in vrhicli this famous school of the prophets was organized was still standing in 1912--after the lapse of eighty-four years. There will be found elsewhere in this work a statement to the effect that the first Presbyterian minister ordained in G-eorgia was the Reverend -Tohn Springer, whose ordination occurred in "Wilkes, under the Famous poplar. The ap parent contradiction may be easily explained. Mr. Xewton preceded tbe latter into G-eorgia by at least six years; but he was already an ordained minister when he entered the State, "while Mr. Springer wan not until the dramatic scene in which he figured in 1791 occurred.

Shaking Rock, Some half a mile from Lexington OP land which belonged af one time to Governor
George E. Gilrner, there is a curiosity of nature in the form of a huge mass of rock so delicately poised and so peculiarly shaped that it possesses a certain vibratory motion which can readily be observed, lii former times a child, by merely touching his fhig'er-tips to the rock, could make the immense boulder perform strange feats of rnagic. But greater muscular force is required at the present day to produce these results. The supposition is that the point of oscillation has become gradually blunted or has by slow degrees sunk deeper into tbe ground.

843

GEORGIA V- TjA.lSrT>MARKS n ME3TO"BTAT,S A"NT> "LEGENDS

Shaking Rock is Jocate.d at the entrance to a chasm "which has a sb^er drop of over 1.00 feet known as Trover's 1-eap. The log-end -which attaches to this weirdly beautiful spot is thai many years ago an Indian maiden of tbe powerful tribe of Oherokees was wooed and won by a pale-face invader. The girl 's father, who was a great chieftain and n mighty Avarrior, determined to make an end of the matter. So, one (lay, lie secreted himself be hind yShaking Hock, which was the, trystirtg-plaee of the happy pair. "When the lovers came hither as usual to whisper sofl words of endearment, the old father sud denly and rmexpeelodly made his presence known. In speechless terror, the girl threw herself.' into the arms of her lover. They slood on the perilous edge of the cliff, arid, ns {.lie infuriated old .Indian advanced another .step toward them, they leaped into the abysmal depths and \vei*e dashed to pieces* upon the rocks below.
Numbers of people annually visit the spot where this romantic- incident is s:;-sid by tradition to have occurred; but whatever may be the (ruth in regard to the legend thorp is no room, for skepticism concerning the natural phenomenon which is lie re presented. The, wonderful formation speaks for itself. Tt .has been estimated by an export that the rook weighs 27 tons. The measurements are as follows; length 18 feet, width 10 feet, height five feet- Shaking Rock is located on property today owned by Dr. "\V = H. Reynolds, of Lexington,

Original Settlers. In 1784, a colony of Virginians, under
the famous George Mathews, came to this State and settled npon tbe Broad River, in what WHS originally the county of Wilkes; but when from this mother of counties in Upper Georgia "was formed the new county of Oglethorpe, a large percentage of the settlers found themselves to the west of tbe line thus drawn. According to Governor Gilruer, who sprang from this

pioneer stock, the first comers into Oglethorpe, by virtue of this partition of territory, were as follows: (Jeovge Mat-hews, Reuben Jordan, Thomas M. Grilmer, John Gimier, James McGee, Joel Barnett, John Bradley, Jona than Davenport, William Harvie, John Marks, James Marks, Frank Meriwether, Tarn McGrhee, Micajah McGehee, James Bradley, and a number 'of others. But as soon as the new county "was organized there 'began to pour into this section a stream of settlers from other localities.
Isaac Meadow was likewise among the new arrivals. His grandfather came from England to Virginia where he founded the Meadow family in America, after Which he settled in Georgia. Both of the parents of Isaac Meadow, together with a twin brother, were killed by the Indians.
George and John Lumpkin--father and son--came to Oglethorpe in 1784 and settled on Long Greek. The Governor and the Chief-Justice were sons of the latter.
The Popes were also early settlers. Middleton Pope was a "wealthy planter, who lived a few miles to the south of Lexington. He married Lucy Lnrnpkiu, a (laughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin ; and from this union sprung a daughter Sarah, who became the wife of David C. Barrow, Sr. and the mother of two distinguished Georgians-- Chancellor David C. Barrow and United States Senator Middleton Pope Barrow.
The list of pioneer settlers in Oglethorpe includes also John Hardeman, the father of Thomas Ilardeman, Jr., a former member of Congress and of Robert U. Hardeman, a former State Treasurer ; the Reverend John Newton, who organized the oldest Presbyterian church in Upper Georgia; Pleasant Robertson, Guy Smith, Richard Colbert, and a number of others. Many of these early set tlers were veterans of the Revolution. John and William Aiidrews, both patriots of '76, are buried somewhere in Oglethorpe, presumably near Lexington.

R<-14

GTCOROTA'K L/AT^DMAR-KP., MEMORIALS ANT) TJ

At the first session of the Superior Court of Oglethorpo, I lie follo\vT7igi pi.oneer citizens qualified as Grand Jurors: John !Lumpkin, John Marks, Andrew .Bel!, Charles Hay, Richard Goldsby, John G-arrett, Robert Beavers, Jeffrey Early, William Patts, Robert MeC'ord, Joel Hurt, Jesso Clay, John Collier, "Isaac Collier, Jolm Shields, Preslcy Thorn ton, Humphrey Edmonson, and James Northing-ton.

.Meson Academy, at iLexing'ton, is one of Georgia's educational land-marks. Tt came into existence wlu*u the county of Og'lethorpe was first organized, and as early :IH 3810 was a widely patronized institution, in which the English and .I^atin langiuagpes "were taugiit. The great AV'illiam IT, Cra\vt'ord was at one time a member of the board of trustees.

Oglethorpe's Noted At the close of the Revolution, thero

Residents,

was brought to this county the escut

cheon of a household whose 'repre

sentatives have been conspicuous in the public life of this

State since Georgia, has been a commonwealth --the

Wilson Tjumpkin, the first member of the family to achieve note, was a member of Congress, a Senator of the United States, and Governor of Georgia. He was also an instrumental factor in the building of the Western and Atlantic Railroad--a far-sighted man of affairs, quick to grasp the possibilities of the iron horse as a motive power of civilization.
Joseph Henry Lumpkin was Georgia's great ChiefJustice. When the Supreme Court was organized in .1845 he was called to preside over this august tribunal, in association with Hiram Warner and Eugene A. Nisbet; and for twenty-one years he occupied this exalted seat of honor. As an orator he has probably never been sur passed in the melting1 power of appeal.

OGT/TTTHORPE

845

His distinguished grandson of the same name is to day an occupant of the Supreme liench.
John Henry Ijvmipkin was for eight years a member of Congress. He was also a jurist of note and a candi date for Governor in the famous convention of 1857 when a deadlock gave the nomination to .Joseph E. "Brown.
Joseph Henry Ijumpkin and Wilson Lumpkin removed from Lexirjg-ton to Athens; while John Henry iLnmpkh) settled for the practice of law at Jiorne.
But there were other members of the family who re mained in Ogletborpe; for here was born Samuel Imrapkin, who likewise rose to a seat on the Supreme Bench of Georgia.

The great William II. Crawford, a native of Virginia, Game from Columbia to Og"lethorpe in 179P and settled iu the town of Ijexington. lie established his eonntry-seat at Woodlawn, some three miles distant, where his g'rave is still to be seen; and the locality is today marked by the village of Crawford. In the opinion of many com petent critics this distinguished G-eorgiari was the great est intellect of his time. He was minister to France dur ing the days of the First Empire, was a member of Con gress and a United 'States Senator, became Secretary of the Treasury, and, except for an attack of paralysis, might have clutched the highest office in the nation's gift.
His noted son, Dr. Nathaniel M. Crawford, a !Baptist theologian and scholar, once president of Mercer Univer sity, was born at 'Woodlawn.
In the office of Mr. Crawford, a Georgian. Avhose name was destined to become illustrious, beg-an the practice of law--Thomas "W. Gobb. He became a jurist of note, a member of Congress, and a Huited States Senator.
Here, too, was born Joseph Bcckbam Cobb, his son, who afterwards removed to Mississippi, where he be came a power in. State polities and a noted author. He wrote a novel entitled : "Creole Days, or the siege of New

846 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MKMOEIATJS AND LEGENDS
Orleans," besides two other volumes--"Leisure Hours" and "Mississippi Scenes."
Stephen Upson, one of the foremost lawyers of Geor gia at .a time when Forsyth and Berrien were his competi tors for the laurels of eloquence at the bar, came to Geor gia from Connecticut, and settled at Uexington, whei*e he lies buried.
Governor George Mathews, a soldier of the Revolu tion who brought a colony of Virginians to the State in 1784 and who afterwards became Governor, lived in Oglethorpe for a number of years, after this part of the county was cut off from "Wilkes.
George K. Gilmer, one of Georgia's most illustrious sons, who was twice-Governor of the State, who served with distinction in Congress, who wrote a history of the famous Broad River settlement, and who spent his last years in collecting a cabinet of rare minerals, was a life long resident of Ogiethorpe. He sleeps today in the beautiful cemetery at Lexington.
The noted Dr. William II. Felton was a native of Ogiethorpe; and here wa'S born the great financier of Athens--Ferdinand Phinizy, who at the time of liis deatli was reputed to be the wealthiest man in Georgia.
Here lived the Barrows ; and at the old family home stead not far from Lexirigton was born Middleton Pope Barrow, who became a United States Senator and a jurist and David Crenshaw Barrow, the present distinguished Chancellor of the University of Georgia.
Charles Dougherts', a noted, ante-bellum jurist who afterwards removed to Athens, "was a native of Ogie thorpe.
George F. Pratt, a dominant factor for years in public affairs, resided at Lexington, where he died at the patri archal age of 94.
John C. Reed, a gallant Confederate soldier, a lawyer of distinction, and the author of a number of standard

OGLETHOBPE

847

law-books, lived at one time in Oglethorpe. One of the last productions from the pen of Colonel Heed was a history of the celebrated Ku Klux, of the period of Re
construction. Henry K. McCay, a distinguished jurist, who served
on the bench of the Supreme Court of Georgia and on the bench of the United States District Court in Georgia., be gan the practice of law in the office of Ch ief-Justi cc Joseph Henry Lumpkin.
Here lives William M. Howard, a brilliant lawyer, who for years represented this district in Congress and who upon relinquishing legislative office, was in a fie a. member of the tariff commission by President Tat't, with headquarters in. "Washington, D. C., and here lived Judge Hamilton McWhorter until his removal to Athens.

Six counties of Georgia have been named for resi dents of Ogletliorpe--Lumpkin, Crawford, Cobb, Up son,
Dougherty, and Gilrner. Three Governors have come from this county--Wilson
Lumpkin, George R. Gilmer, and Georg'e Ma thews; four United States Senators--Wilson Lumpkin, Thomas W. Cobb, William IL Crawford and Pope Barrow; three Judges of the Supreme Court of Georgia--Joseph Henry Lumpkin, Samuel Lumpkin, and Henry K. Me' ay; seven members of Congress--Wilson Lumpkin, John II. Lumpkill, Thomas W. Cobb, William IT. Crawford, Georg'e E. Gilmer, William IT. Felton and William M. Howard; two heads of universities--Nathaniel M. Crawford and David 0. Barrow; and one Chief Justice, Joseph Henry Lump-
kin. But the list will not be complete without adding there
to the name of Georgia's foremost farmer--James Mon-
roe Smith. The owner of twenty thousand fertile acres of land in
the Georgia uplands, from which he gathers annually

848 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
more than two thousand bales of cotton, in addition to other enormous crops, this prince of planters is the owner of an estate at Smith.so.nia more regal in extent than many of the G-crman principalities and larger than some of the cantons of Switzerland.

m Cherokee County.

ing the a.dtr

(3- TDalla ania. Vie T\QS K. I

county-scat, named ndcnt of the United

John Paul ding, by reason of his part in the dramatic capture of Major Andre, became one of the great popular heroes of the Revolution. The State of New York made him the gift of a handsome farm, on the out skirts of the town of O-ortlandl.. Congve&ft granted him an annuity for life, in addition to a silver medal, the pre sentation of which was made by General Washington, in the presence of the American army. Soon after his death, the Corporation of the City of New York reared a hand some monument over his grave, bearing this inscription:

"Here repose the mortal remains of John Paulding, who died 1 Sth February, 1818, in 60th year of his age. On the morning' of the 23rd of September, T7SO accom panied by two. yormg farmers of the county of Westchoster, whose names will one clay be recorded on their own deserved monuments, he intercepted the British spy, A ndre. Poor himself, he disdained to acquire M-ealfh by Hie sacrifice of his conut.ry "Rejecting the temptation of gresit. rewards, he conveyed tho prisoner io tho American camp; and by this a^t, of self-denial, the treason of Arnold was detected, the designs of the enemy baffled. West Point and America saved, and these United States, now, by the Grace of God, free and independent, rescued from the most imminent peril."

PAUDDINO,

849

Van Wort, the -original county-site, was1 named for a eornp'anion of Tobn Paulding, who shared with him the honor of capturing Major Aiidre, thereby exposing the treason of Benedict Arnold. Subsequent to the removal of the county-site to Dallas, the town of Van Wert gradually disappeared until today its location is uncertain.

The Battle of New Four miles north-east of Dallas lies

Hope Church.

the famous battle-field of New Hope

Church. Here one of the most stub

born fights of the bloody Atlanta campaign occurred in

the late spring of J 86'4. Says Prof. Derry : v: ' 'It WHS ascer

tained that Sherman's forces had crossed the Ftowah to

the Confederate left. Johnston marched promptly to

meet them, and took a position extending from Dallas to

the railroad. There now occurred a series of engage

ments between portions of the two armies, which .Johnston

and Shernian agree in calling the Battle of New Hope

Church. The first of these occurred on the 25th of May

when the head of Hooker's column came upon Stewart's

division near a little meeting house known as New Hope

Church. Hooker formed his division in parallel lines and

promptly attacked but his vigorous assaults resulted in a

succession of bloody repulses. Two days later Sherman

sent Howard with two divisions to turn Johnston's right.

At Pickett's Mill, thinking he had reached the extreme

end of the Confederate line, Howard ordered an assault.

* * * The charges of the Federals were repulsed, a,s How

ard himself says, with much lo'ss. The Confederates

gathered up as trophies 1,200 small arms. The acknow

ledged loss to Howard's corps at Pickett's Mill was 1,500

men. Cleburne's loss was 400. The next day McPherson

tried to withdraw from Dallas. But Bates' division of

Hardie's corps, quickly assailed him meeting a repulse in

* Story of the Confederate States, by Joseph T. Derry, pp. 344-345, Richmond. Va., 1898.

850 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
which they lost about 700 men." Sherman in bis official report called the engagement at New Hope Church a "drawn battle." Nevertheless lie was thwarted in his purpose, which was to cut off Johnston's supplies.
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers of Paulding were : Whitmael A. Adair,
William A:. Adair, Mitchell S. A.dair, Thomas Reynolds, Greorge Lawrence, Grarnett Grray, Mr. Forsyth, and Lewis M. Matthews.
To the foregoing list of pioneer settlers may be added a few other names. William Allgood settled in Pauld ing in 1833. Two sons, William O. and Charles D., fell during the Civil War; while another son, Judge E. W. T. Allgood, became ordinary of the county and served in the State Senate. Thomas Clay, a native of North Carolina, settled in "what was then Oobb, afterwards Paulding, iu 1840. His father, John Clay, a veteran of the war of 3 8]2, reached the age of 93 years. Near him, at the same time, settled James T. Carter, Si'., whose father Robert Carter, was likewise a veteran of the second war with England. The latter reached the age of 105 years. Greorge Law rence, a native of North Carolina, came to Paulding in 1837. His father, John Lawrence, was for eight years a soldier of the Revolution. Stnr-y Cooper settled here in 1847. He witnessed service when a lad in the War of 1812. The list of early settlers includes also; Michael Ajustin, Bailey Bone, James Foote, who built one of the earliest taverns at Dallas; Archibald Holland, Joseph Howell, Andrew MeBrayer, John W. Moon, Henry Lester, Joseph G. Blance, S. W. Ragsdnle, and John Jones.

851
PICKETS
Created by Legislative Act, Decemher 5, 1853, from Cherokee and mer. Earned for General Andrew Pickens, of the Revolution, the field whose military operations included a large part of Upper Georgia. He s in command at the famous battle of Kettle Creek. Jasper, the county-
rolinian. Sergeant William Jasper, who of Savannah, while seeking to rescue
Talking Rock was an Indian settlement, on a creek of the same name, famous among the Oherokecs. It was so called from a rock somewhere in the stream below tho present railroad station. The pecnliar echoes proceeding* from this rock, in response to any shout or noise made in the immediate neighborhood, is supposed to have sug gested the name. There is also a local tradition to the effect that the Indians held important council meetings at this rock; bnt according to Mooncy, an ethnologist ofthe United States Government, the etymology of Hie word is against this derivation.
Original Settlers. See Cherokec and OHlmer, from which two counties Pickens "was formed.
Samuel Tote, a pioneer land trader, with his two sons, Stephen C. and William Tate, were among the earliest settlers of Pickens. The sons became indentified in after years with the development of the famous marble quarries in this section of the State. Both have since passed away, but the great marble interests -which they established here have grown to colossal proportions. Today the pay roll for the two quarries at Tate and Nelson amounts ap proximately to thirty-five thousand dollars per month, and the beautiful specimens of marble which are cut from these quarries, in massive blocks, for building purposes, are shipped to every part of the United States, and even to remote parts of the earth. The Georgia marbles have

852

GEORGIA 's TjANDMAKRS, MEMORIALS AND IjEGENDS

been used to construct some of the most palatial buildings in America, including- the ('oreoran Art Gallery in Wash ington, IX C. and a number of State eapitols. Stephen C. Tate "was the father of tke present executive head of the various Tate industries, Samuel Tate, the second. Wil liam Tate was the father of tlie present District Attorney of Georgia, formerly a member of (.'ongresw, Farish (.'artor Tate.

The Darnells were also early settlers of Piekens. Sion A. Darnell's father was an ardent Union man; and after the ordinance of secession was passed at Milledgeville the Unionists, "who were strong in Piekens, placed a United States flag in front of the court-house in Jasper, and kept it there for months until it was finally beaten to pieces by the wand. The wife of diaries Car rol], af Carrollton, was a Darnel]. Sion A. Darnell com manded a regiment of tro'ops in the Federal Army dur ing the Civil War. Trie was afterwards United States .District Attorney, and a man of prominence in Republi can circles. The list of early settlers of Pickens includes also : William H. Simmons, who married a daughter of the famous Beverly Alien, an account of whose some what singular career is elsewhere given; James A". Ehyne, Isaac Grant, James Simmons, William T. .Day, and oth ers. The two last named pioneer citizens represented Pickens in the Secession Convention at Milledgeville. James Simmons was one of the six members who entered a formal protest against the ordinance of secessiori.

PIERCE
>ated by Legislative Act, December 18, 1.857, from Appling and "Wart for General Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, a distinguish^ n Democrat, who became the fourteenth President of the Unite Blackshear, the county-seat, named for General David Blacksheai

PIKE

853

a noted officer of (he State militia, who distinguished himself by his exjiloils against the Jnaitms of Georgia and Florida,, clurinK the "War of 1S12. 1-Ic also builL the famous "Rlackshcnr Road", one of the old land marks of the south-eastern part of the State; and, when n. Jad, shouldered his musket in the cause of American Independence. He came from North Carolina to Georgia, at the close of the American Revolution.

Recollections of Gen. Blackshear.

Volume TL

Original Settlers. See Appling, from which county Pierce was formed; also "Ware from which a
part was taken.

E. I). Hendry and J. W. Stoveiis who represented Pierce in the Secession Convention at jYlilledg'eville were among1 the original pioneers of this section. Benjamin Daniel Urantley came to "Pierce from Wai'e when the county was first opened in 1857. Included among- the oldest families of Pierce ma,y be mentioned also: the Hyers, the Mcl^onoug'hs., the MeG-ees, the Over streets, and the "Walkers. William (r. Krantley, one of the strong est members of the Georgia delegation in Congress since the war, was born in BJacksliear. For the practice of law he located in Brnnswick.

The Story of Austin Dabney.

Volume II.

1

8n4

CiF.rmaiA'w ^AT^DTVTAIRTC*, M/RMORTAT.S AND IjECn^NDS

Pike in the At the outbreak of hostilities with Mexico, Mexican War. in 1845, Pike County organized a company
of volunteers for tlie front, called the Fannin Avengers. It Was named in honor of a native Georgian, Colonel J. AY. Fannin, who, with his entire regiment, was brutally massacred in the old Spanish fort at Goliad. The Fannin Avengers were annexed to the Georgia Kegiment of A^olunteers, in command of Colonel Henry Ti. .Jackson, of Savannah. The officers were as follows: Captain, H. J. Sargent; 1st. Lient., G. IJ. Alex ander; 2nd. Lieut,, IT. B. Holliday; Sergeants, F. M. Ison, G. 1). .Johnson, AVilliairi F. Moore, and Hobert Ijattimer Corporals, Alox. O. Reed, T. D. Bertody, Joseph Johnson and Benj. F. Ingraham. 93 members enrolled.

Gordon Institute, one of the best eo educational schools in the State, with a military department for the boys, under a AVest Point instructor, is situated at Barnesville. The school was chartered as a co-educ:: tional institute, in 1852, and incorporated tinder the present name, in 1872. It was called Gordon Institute in honor of the South's great soldier--General John B. Gordon. The founder of the school, Prof. Charles E. Lambdin, was one of the pioneer educators of this sec tion. Four times since 1872 the city has assumed heavy bonded indebtedness to meet the increasing needs of the institute for additional building and equipments. It is strictly non-sectarian. It pays no dividents to private individuals. It is governed by a self-perpetuatiiig Ixvard of trustees, who serve without emolument, and the stand ard both of scholarship and of discipline maintained at Gordon Institute is proverbially high. ^NTot a little of the credit for this achievement belongs to former State School Superintendent, Jere 'M. Pound, who was for many years president of Gordon Institute. Resigning this chair to become the head of the State Normal School,

PIKE

855

at Athens, he wfu- succeeded n >" Ti'of- K, T. Holmes, an accomplished educator of Southern youth, under whom the institute continues to prosper.

The Sinking v\ the Jacques FutreJle, the famous novel

Titanic.

ist, who lost his lifo on hoard the ill-

fated Titanic, on the nig'bt, of April

In, 11)12, was a native of Pike, in which county his early

life was spent. AI r. Put relle accompanied by his wife

WHS on his ret 11 i - n voyage (o America, after n season

Nponi in Kuropearj travel. The Titanic was the greatest

vessel afloat. She was making her maiden voyage from

Liverpool to New York, and some of the foremost men of

the world ire re on boa rd, incl mi ing1 nmlti-millionaires,

philanthropists, and men of letters. Something like 1,600

lives were lost. Tn .many respects, it was the most colos

sal disaster in the annals of the sea, hut o?jo in which the

chivalry of brave men shone vosplendojU. With the most

engaging gallantry, they complied with the unwritten

law of the great deep- " women and children first" ;

and while the heroic musicians, with death staring them

in the face, played "Nearer "My (4od to Thee," the vessel

sank to rise no more. Tsidor vStrans, the N"ew Y'ork rnil-

liorjnire and philanthropist, a former (4eorgia.n, was

among the number; nnd hip wife, refusing to be torn from

l-iis side, went down to Tior watery grave, locked in his

arms. Ff was one of Jbe ironies of fate that while, the

body oT Mr. Strans was afterwards found by the rescue

boats among' the wT rccl<age, to he splendidly entombed in

New York, that of his wife lay entangled in a shroud of

sea.-weccls in the mid-Atlantic. Nothing in the life of

John Jacob Astor became him like the mariner in which

he met death. The maid-servant who accompanied Mrs.

Astor was g'allantly assisted by him to one of the life

boats, while the man of uncounted, millions became a bed

fellow of the humblest steerage passenger on a sandy

conch, far beneath the waves of the ocean. It is said that

856 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
one of his last acts was to smuggle a little boy into a phice of safety, by putting- a girl's bonnet on his head of golden hair. Archibald Butt, the chief of President Taft's military staff, en roiite home from an official visit to the Pope of Rome, was among the number who perished at sea, though the peculiar nature of his errand, if pleaded, might have sa.ved him. The tribute -which his tragic death drew from, Mr. Taft was well deserved : "He died, I am sure, like a soldier and a gentleman." He too was a Georgian. But no one on board met death more gallantly than did brave .Jack Futrelle. Coaxing his wife to enter a life-boat, with the lover's plea that he was not in any danger and that he expected to rejoin her in a few moments, he went to his grave waving her a fond adieu--"it will be only for a little while dearest, au revoir." No purer pearl of chivalry ever sank to rest amid the pearls of the sea. in the hearts of Georgians his memory will always be green.
Original Settlers. The original settlers of Pike, accord ing lo White, were: John Marshall,
Isaac Cooper, Benjamin Jordiii, .Jacob Gilder, S. Steph ens, Thomas Mathews, Elbert Phillips, Binford Gorce, Joseph Wea,ver, William Mobbley, Ephraim Mabry, Wil liam Amos, Eli Walker, William Taylor, John Farey, Jabez Gilbert, James Johnson, Richard Myrack, John Moore, General Pmniell, James Neal, J. B. Read, J. B. Williamson, H. G. Johnson, W. B. Mangum, 'Gideon Barnes, Willis J. Milner, William Ellis, 1". Orr and John Neal.
To the foregoing list of early settlers may he added: David Neal, a soldier of the Revolution, William Barrett, Thomas J. Barrett, Alvis Stafford, James M. Madden, Zachariah J^awrence, Colonel J. H. Barker, a veteran of both Mexican and Civil Wars, and a number of others.
J

PIKF,

857

Alvis Stafford was for more than forty years one of the leading- merchants of Bavnesville. He was the father of Mr. J. A. Stafford. In 1861, Dr. ,T. C. Beaucha.mp; a wellknown legislator and physician, settled in Pike, coming here from. Troup.

Rev. John Milner, an early pioneer Baptist minister, who was immersed by the great Jesse Mercer, lived for many years in Pike. He owned at one time the ground on which the present town of Barnesville is located. Ho was a man of great usefulness in his day and he often preached to multitudes of people in the heart of the wilderness. Milner, Ga., was named for the family to which he belonged.

There have been numerous instances of longevity in Pike. Mi'. Adam Cooper was living in 1854 at the age of 100. He kept both his coffin and his shroud for years under his bed. Mrs. Crawford lived to be 105. William Nelson died at the age of 100, and in memory of him a church was afterwards dedicated called Century Nelson. Mrs. Harper and Mr. Lushing were both 90.

Charles S. Barrett, one of the ablest leaders to whom the direction of the South's agricultural interests since the war has been entrusted, is a native of Pike. It w'as in this county that his boyhood days were spent on his Bather's plantation. As President of the Farmers' Union. Mr. Barrett is today one of the best known and one of the most useful men of his time, devoted "with in tense zeal to a great cause. His father, Thomas ,J. Bar rett, represented the county in the Constitutional Con vention of 1877 and for fifty years was a prominent figure

858

G-Konnr \ 's TVANDMAR-KS, MEMORIALS ANTI LEGENDS

in the political affairs of Pike. Rev. J. AV. Reck, a distin guished educator, lived for a number of years at Concord.

POLK

Cedartown. Gedartown, the county-seat of Polk, -was so named because of the predominant growth
in this locality of luxuriant cedars. The existence here of one of the boldest limestone springs in the State served to attract settlers to the new town at an early date, and to make it something of a health resort. It has been a seat of culture since the early fifties, and there is not n locality in Georgia in which a better class of people can be found. During the ante-bellum days, it was the home of "wealthy planters who cultivated extensive tracts of rich valley lands in this immediate neighborhood and -who lived in an elegance of style which the present generation has not surpassed. It is said that the far-famed bluegrass lands of Kentucky are in no respect superior to the fertile lands of Cedar Valley, through which flow the "waters of Ced<ar Creek. Since the war Cedartown has become quite a thriving commercial and industrial center. It boasts a rmmber of prosperous mills, and several strong banks.
Kockmart is famous for an industry in which it takes the lead. The slate quarries in this vicinity are world renowned. For roofing purposes, it is said to be un rivalled. Piedmont Institute is located here, a school of very high character. Micajah Brooks, a patriot of '76, is buried 5 miles west of Eoekmart.

r

POLK

859

Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of Polk were : Dr. E. H. "Richard
son, William Peek, Asa Prior, Colonel Springer, E. C. Gibson, William F. Janes, W. E. West, G. W. West, James O. Griggs, B. F. Bigelow, W. O. B. Whatley, and B. Crabb.

To the foregoing list of early settlers may be added: Colonel Herbert Fielder, Judge Isaac N". Jones, Colonel James D. Waddell, General James O. Waddell, Major Joseph A. Blance, J. A. Peek, D. A. Whitehead, T. F. Burbank, Dr. D. M. Russell, Capt. S. A. Borders, Hon. R. W. EiVerett, Judge Charles G. Janes, Major Armistead Richardson, Kobert Young', Augustus Young, James Young, Brooks M. Willingham, Jesse M. Wood, Hezekiah Witcher, Henry Gibson, William T. Gibson, Silas T. Cox, William H. Hines, Ephriam Thompson, Augustus N. Verdery, Joseph Mansell, Dr. Benjamin Wright, Rev. W. W. Simpson, Augustus G. Tomlinson and others.

Folk's Distinguished Two distinguished lawyers, both of

Residents.

whom wrote splendid biogTaphies of

eminent Georgians, were long resi

dents of Cedartown: Colonel James L). Waddell, who

wrote a "Life of Linton Stephens" and Colonel Herbert

Fielder, who wrote a "Life of Joseph E. Brown." Hon.

Robert W. Everett, a former member of the National

House of Representatives and a leader among the farm

ers of Q-eorgia, is still a prominent citizen of Rockrnart.

Judge Charles G. Janes and Hon. William O. Bimu, both

of whom recently passed away, were distinguished Geor

gians, the former a jurist of high rank, the latter an

advocate with few equals at the bar. General J. O. Wad

dell, a successful planter, a leader among the Confederate

Veterans, and a grandson of the noted Dr. Aloses Wad

860 GKORGTA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

1

dell, long president of Franldin College, is also a resident

of Polk. Cedartown is the home of the present able

chairman of the State Democratic Kxeeutive Committee,

Hon. William J. Harris, who mnrried a daughter of the

famous Confederate cavalry lender, General Joseph

Wheeler. Here too lives ITon. G. B. Hntchens, a former

member of the State Prison Commission and a leader in

State politics.

PULASKI

nobleman, who fell mortally wounded at the

death occurred at Greenwich, whiLher he was taken from the battle-field; and his body rested in a private burial ground in this same locality until exhumed in the fifties for the purpose of being' re-interred under the Pulaski monument in Savannah. Hawkinsville, the county-seat, named for Colonel Benjamin Hawkins, a distinguished officer of the American Revolution, who, after occupying a seat in the Senate of the United States, accepted from President Washington the arduous post of resident agent among the Creek Indians of Georgia. For a cultured g-entleman of letters, thus to bury him-

constitutes one of the nobest exampes of set-sacrifice in the history of the Federal government. Originally, Pulaski embraced Bleckley.

Hartford One of Hartford, the first county-seat of

Georgia's Lost

Pulaski, formerly stood on a high

Towns.

bluff of the Ocmulg'ee River, just op

posite the site of the present town of

Hawkinsville. It is today numbered among- the dead

towns of Georgia, but in the early days of the State it

'was an Indian trading' post of very groat importance, on

what was then the frontier. The river at this point

formed the boundary line, separating the territory of the

whites from the domain of the Indians. The town was

named for Nancy Hart, the celebrated heroine of the

Revolution. In 1837, the court-house w;is removed from

Hartford to "Hawkinsville, dating- from which event the

fortunes of the little border stronghold began to decline,

until it became at last only a dim memory of the remote

past; and there survives today bat a few fragmentary re

mains to mark the spot.

r

PULASKI

861

Original Settlers. The first comers into Pula.ski, accord ing to White were: Joseph Reeves, Ed
mund Hogaii, S. Golson, George Walker, William ITatkorn, J. M. Taylor, TO. Blackshear, and Mark Mason.

To the foregoing' list of early settlers may be added; Jeremiah Coney, James O. Jelks, Robert A. R>agian, hi^ son, Alexander Ragan ; Colonel Charles T. Lathrop, Curtis Joiner, Robert Andcrson, his son, Oapt. R. W. Anderson; Thomas McGriff, bis son, Judge Patrick T. McGriff; Mathias M cCormac, his son David Mc( 'orma'ck ; James TJ. Walker, James J. Kitchen, Hardy Powers, Isaac Pipkin, and others.
Pulaski's Distin- Colonel Laic;ins M". Lamav, a gallant guished Residents Confederate officer, a legislator- of
high rank, and for a nnm'her of years Marshal for the Southern "District of Georgia, \vas a resi dent of Hawkinsvillc. I fc was occupying' the Speaker's desk, in the capacity of 'Speaker pro. tern, of tlie Georgia House of Representatives, wlien .Henry W. Grrady, at the head of a column of Atlanta citizens, in the fall of 1884, entered the State capitol and, brushing past the sergeantat-arrns, announced the election of President Cleveland in his famous words: "Mr. Speaker, a message from the Afraericaii people!" To which announcement, Col. Tjamar, catching1 the spirit of the invasion, replied : "Ijet the mes sage he received." Then followed an adjournment of the Legislature in an outburst of pandemonium. 'Due to a scar which he carried on the back of his neck, Colonel I/amar wore his hair long. It fell in curls over his shoul ders, making him one of the most picturesque men in the public life of Georgia; and combined with his courtly man ners, it gave him a charm of person which no one in his day excelled. Colonel John F. Lewis, the father of ex-

862 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Congressman Elijah. B. Lewis, of Montezuma, was one of the pioneer bankers of Hawkinsville, an honor which he shared with the late Judge John Henry, of the same town. Both, were sagacious financiers and constructive forces. Colonel J. Pope Brown, a former Treasurer of the State of Georgia and a popular minority candidate for Governor, owns an extensive plantation in Pulaski. Judge W. L. Grice, a Nestor of the Georgia bar and a much beloved man, lives in Hawkinsville; and here, too, ressides Judge John H. Martin, a jurist of note and a leader among' the veterans of the Lost Cause.
PUTNAM
Created by Legislative Act, December J 0, ] 807, from Baldwin County. Js-amed for General Israel p-atnam, oi Connecticut, one of the most noted patriots of the Revolution. He was ploughing in his field when he heard
ews of the battle of I.exinston. Without stopping to change his
iier-General's commission. HIH career at every point bristles with Ltic interest. Eatonton, the < unty-seat, named for General William
hundred men, marched across the Lybian desert, in the interest of rightful Pasha, to effect the successful capture of Derne, the second

Union Academy:

Nine miles from "Katonton, near the.

Where "William M. famous Turner plantation, stood Un-

Seward Taught.

ion Academy, a school of which the

great William H. Seward, who after

wards became one of the most dramatic figures in Ameri

can politics, was at one time principal. Mr. Seward rose

to be Governor of the State of New York, a representative

of the same great commonwealth in the Senate of the

United States, and Secretary of State in the cabinet of

President Lincoln. It was only "by the narrowest margin

that the latter defeated him for President in the contest of

P(7TN"AM

863

1860. (l^or an account of Mr. Seward's sojourn in Geor gia, see Vol. II.) It was on the Turner plantation that the famous Joel Candler Harris began his literary career by setting type for the Countryman, then the only news paper in the world edited and published on a plantation. According to local tradition, the site of Union Academy is today occuiped by Phoenix School, which stands two or three hundred yards from the old printing-office of the Countryman. The primitive wooden structure in which Mr. Seward taught the young ideas of Georgia how to shoot was burned to the ground more than -fifty years ag'o; and the new building which rose in time from the ashes of the old one was not inappropriately called the Phoenix*

Eatonton Starts a

In the fall of 1831, there assembled

Crusade for Internal at Eatonton the first gathering of

Improvements.

progressive and wideawake men of

affairs ever convened in Georgia for

the purpose of discussing the subject of internal improve

ments ; and to the organized impulse created by his initial

meeting much of the development which has taken place

in Georgia along industrial and commercial lines can be

distinctly traced. Delegates were present from every

part of the State. The main question to be decided was

whether canals or railroads should be recommended.

Routes were reported for both; and at the same time a

committee was appointed to bring the matter before the

General Assembly and to urge upon the law-makers the

importance of some definite course of action.

On the motion of Mr. Irby II. Hudson, of Putnam, one

of the most zealous promoters of this great project,

Hon. Thomas 'Stocks, of Greene, was made president

of the convention. William Turner, Sampson W. Harris

and AVilliam Wilkins, were chosen secretaries. On ac-

* Letter from Frof. w. C. Wright, Supt. of Putnam County Public Schools, flated Sept. 14, 1812.

864 GEORGIA'S IJAWDMARKR, MEMORTATJS AND LEGENDS
count of the vital bearing of this pioneer movement upon the subsequent fortunes of the Empire State of the South, the personnel of this important body is given in full. The delegates in attendance were as follows:
Bibb--Oliver II. Prince ana William B. Rogers.
v,ampueii---ivi aiMn ijouo anu 1'.. -O. rnompson. Chatham- William B. Bulloch, Mordecai M'yers, John ('. jVicoll and
Thomas YotnigColumbia--Nathaniel Bailey, Edmund BowelTM, James 1'. Hamilton, and
George W. Hardwiek. Effing-ham--John II. Hines and Clem Powers. 1'ayette- -Finley G. Btewurt and Nathaniel Blanehard. Greene--Thomas Dawson, Thomas G. .Janes, and Thomas Stocks. Hancotk--Joel Crawford, Jolm Cray-bill, James B. Bansom and NVillJiun
Terrell. Harris--Henry J. Harwell. Heard--Williura H. Houghton and Jolm T. Lieft-wio.h. Itonry--Abnor Havis, Franc.es <;. Munsoii, and Amassa Spencer. .Taspoi----William Bnruey, Eli Glovor, Alexander McDonald and William
\Villiamson. Jefferson--John II. Newton. Jones-- James Cray, Thomas Hamilton, and Thomas Monglion. Hiborty--John Tnmwody aud Charles West. M eriwcather--Alfred Wellborn. iloiiroe--Thomas N. lieall, George AV. Gordon and N. B. Williams. Morgan--Steward 1'loyd, William Porter, John B. Walker, and John
Wingfield. Miiscogee--John Milton. Newton--William 3). f'onycrs Charles H. Sanders, Josiah 1'ei-ry.
Pike--John Noal and John B. Bird. l'utnam--lTenry Branham, Jrbj^ 11. Hudson, T,. W. Hudson, W. W. Mason
and .fames A. ileriwcther. Hiehmond-- William Cnmming and John Moore. Talbot--Samuel \\'. Flournoy and f!harles Pace. Taliaferro--Marcus Andrews, Absalom Janes and Simon Morris. Twiggs--Nimrod AV. Ijong, Stephen F. Miller and Matthew P.obertson. Upson--James K. Cox and Moses Wheat. Warren--Gray A. Chandler. Washington--William Hurst. >Vilklnson--Thomas Gilbert.

The Old Lamar Homestead.

Volume TT.

Genealogy of the Lamar Family.
Recollections of Mirabeau B. Lamar.
Anecdotes of Judge Lamar.
Boyhood Haunts of Joel Chandler Harris.

PUTNAM

865
Volume II. Volume II. Volume II.
Volume II.

Original Settlers. White gives the original settlers of Putnam as follows : William Wilkins,
Benjamin Williamson, John Lamar, John Buckner, Eli S. Shorter, Stephen Marshall, John McBride, Captain Vesey, James Hightower, John Trippe, Isaac Moreland, John White, Benjamin Whitefield, Joseph Cooper, Josiali Flournoy, M. Pounds, "Ward Hill, Rev. Richard Pace, Rev. John Collinsworth, Jesse Bledsoe, William Turner, Willis Roberts, Mark Jackson, Peter F. Flournoy, Thomas Park, Raleigh Holt, A. Richardson, Tarpley Holt, James Kendrick, Reuben Herndon, T. Woolridge, Joseph Turner, Warren Jackson, Edward Traylor, Samuel M. Echols, James Echols, E!. Abercrombie, Mat thew Gage, Thomas Napier, and William Jackson.

To the foregoing list may be added: Joseph Maddox, Samuel Reid, William E. Adams, William Turner, Rich mond Terrell, Reuben DeJarnette, Robert Jenkins, Irby Hudson, and Dr. Adiel Sherwood.

866 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Major Charles Abercrombie, an officer in the Revolu tion, became one of the wealthiest planters and one of the most influential citizens of Putnam. His daughter, Jane married Boiling Hall, afterwards a member of Oon' gress from Georgia. Captain Joseph- Turner, a soldier in the patriot army, lies buried in an unmarked grave near Eatonton but the spot is said to have been identified and in the near future will doubtless be marked 'by the D. A. E. There probably sleep in the neighborhood of Batonton a number of veterans of the first war for inde pendence. But they passed away at a time when the State was suffering from the dire consequences of war, and when there were no means at hand for providing permanent memorials.
Putnam's Distin- George Holt, a native of Virginia, guished Residents. settled in Putnam in 1810 and here
established the ancestral seat of one of Georgia's most distinguished families. His sons-- George, Hines, Peyton, Tarpley, Boy, Thaddeus, Simon, Robert and Cicero--were nine in number and most of them attained distinction.
John Lamar, rn the same year, built the famous old Lamar home on the Little River, to which Mirabeau and Lucius were brought, when mere lads, and where, in after years the great statesman and jurist, L. Q. C. Lamar, Jr., ~was born.
In 1808, William E. Adams, a native of North Caro lina, bought two hundred acres of land, on the Ocon.ee Eiver, in the western part of Putnam and became the progenitor of a noted family in this section.
David Lawson was also an early settler in Putnam, coming to this county from Hancock. His distinguished grandson, Hon. Thomas G. Lawson, represented Georgia in Congress for several years, and was one of the strong est members of the State delegation. Eeese Lawson, his "brother, was killed at the battle of Shiloh, during the 'Civil "War, while serving in a Texas regiment of cavalry.

PTJTNAM

867

Dr. Joel Branham and Dr. Reuben Nisbet were among the earliest practitioners of medicine in the town of Batonton. Judge Richard H. Clarke says that two splen did lawyers were spoiled when these gifted men chose the saddle hag's in preference to Blackstone. T'berf were both prominent factors in Georgia politics during- the ante-bellum period.
Dr. Henry Branham was also a noted physician of Putnam. The distinguished Methodist divine AValter R. Branham was his son. Here Jndge Branham, of Rome, was born.
Dr. Adiel 'Sherwood, a noted pioneer educator and divine, tang'ht the academy at Eatonton, in the late twen ties. He also instructed a small class in theology, on a plantation, near Eatonton, where he condncted the e'arliest manual school of which there is any record in Geor gia. Dr. Sherwood compiled a,nd published in 1829 his famous "Gazeteer," a work of rare valne, 'which has long been out of print. He was one of the founders of Mercer.

William H. Sewarcl, afterwards Secretary of State in President Lincoln's cabinet, an abolitionist of the most prononnced type, came to Pntnam when a young" ninri, where he taught a school called Union Academy, near old Philadelphia church.
Robert Jenkins, a native of North Carolina, settled in Putnam when the county was first opened. The late Judge "William F. Jenkins was among his descendants.
Perhaps the most distinguished of the early settlers of Ptitnam was Trby Hudson. He was a native of Vir ginia, in which. State, 'before coming- to Georgia, he mar ried Miss Frances Flcmrnoy. He became at once an im portant factor in public affairs, serving in the General Assembly of Georgia for thirty one years and "wielding1 the Speaker's gavel for nineteen--a record unsurpassed in the history of the State. Mr. Hudson was also one

868 GEORGIA'S TM-NDM.AR.KS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of tlie pioneers of industrial development in Georgia and it was due largely to his initiative that the great convention in the interest of internal improvements "was held at Eaton ton, in 1831.
Reuben DeJarxiette, a soldier of the It evolution, set tled in Georgia soon after the close of hostilities, coining' from Virginia. He was appointed by the Governor to survey the County of Putnam, a duty which he performed to the satisfaction of the State officials. In the land drawing*, on the formation of the new county, he drew Jand in the neighborhood of the present town of Katonton, wfliere he lived for many years. Later he removed to the eastern part of tine county, where he built the first brick house.
Samuel Reid, a. native of Irodell County, N. C., a member of the committee of safety in his home 'State, and a soldier of the war for independence, came to Geor gia after the Revolution, settling first in Hancock and then in Putnam. He became the progenitor of a distin guished family in this section.
"William Turner came to Georgia from Virginia and settled in Putnam when the county was first opened. ITis sou, Joseph A. Turner, a gentleman of culture, owned and edited the weekly paper on which Joel Chandler Har ris learned to set type and for which his earliest composi tions were written. The late .Joseph S. Turner, of 3D a tonton, was the son of Joseph A. Turner.
Thonnus Ilardeman, Jr., a member of Congress and a gallant Confederate soldier, was born in Putnam, at what is known as the Brooks' place. The Hardemans were originally from, Virginia. Thomas HVirdeman, Sr., held at one time the office of sheriff. He afterwards removed to Ma con.
John A. Ctitbbert, while a resident of Eaton ton, was elected to Congress. He afterwards removed to Mil ledgeville and thence to Mobile, Ala., where he died almost in sight of the century mark.

PUTNAM

869

Judge James A. Meriwether Jived and died in Eatonton. He represented the State in Congress and served with distinction on the Superior Court Bench.
Judge Eli S. Shorter, one of the ablest of ante-belliim jurists, began the practice of law in Eatonton, but after wards removed to Columbus.

Charles P. Gordon, a lawyer of note in ante-bellum days, also lived here. He was a far-sighted and practical man of affairs a,nd wo,s associated with Irby Hudson in calling the first industrial convention. His early death, at the age of forty-five, was a bereavement to the State.
Mark A. Copper, a member of Congress and one of Georgia's pioneer captains of indnstry, lived at one time in Eatonton.
Here lived also Jndge David R. Adams, Stephen W. Harris, Milton Cooper, TJixon H. Lewis, and other promi nent members of the ante-bellum bar.
Eatonton was the home of Josiah Flournoy, who afterwards founded Collingswortb Institute, at Talbotton, where Oscar S. Straus, of New York, an ex-minister to Turkey, received his education.
Here, too, lived the gifted but eccentric John W. Knight, a fire-brand of Methodism.
But the most distinguished son of Putnam was the world-renowned Joel Chandler Harris, whose folk-lore tales of "Uncle Remus" have been translated into seven teen different languages. Mr. Harris spent his boyhood days in Eatonton; and, on the Turner plantation, served his apprenticeship to letters. The peculiar service for which the world is indebted to him is this : he has pre served in the molds of dialect the quaint humor of the old time Southern negro. The whole English-speaking world today pays tribute to this Georgia author; for he has belted the globe with the son^s of the cabin-fireside, and, even in the library of the scholar, he has made the South ern cotton-patch as classic as the Roman arena.

870 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
QUITMAN
Original Settlers. See Randolph and Stcwart, from which counties Quitman was formed; also
Lee, the parent county of this belt.
To the foregoing list of early settlers may be added: William C. Hill and George W. Ellis, both of whom about the year 1834 bought large plantations in what was then Randolph, afterwards Quitman. The list includes also: E. C. Ellington, L. P. Dozier, John L. B. Duskin, M. T. Duskin, Thomas R. Harris, Jasper N. Hill, Thomas J. Rllis, John R. Ellis, and others. Most of the early set tlers of Quitman served in the Indian wars.
RABTJN
lands acquired from the Cherokees in tile same year. Named for GoWilliam Rabun, a noted Chief-Executive of Georgia, who waged a spirited controversy with General Andrew Jackson, over the destruction of Chehaw, a Creek Indian village. Clayton, the county-Heat, named for Judge Augustin
William Rabun, Georgia's twenty-eighth Governor, was born in Halifax County, N. C., April 8, 1771 and died at Milledgeville, Ga., October 24, 1819, while occupying the chair of office, aged forty-eight. The family is supposed to have been of Scotch-Irish origin. On account of the unsettled condition of the times, William Rabun lacked the advantages of the best schools but in a measure lie supplied the deficiencies of learning by the habit of close observation. His interest in public affairs was doubtless

RABTJN

871

an inheritance from his father who represented the county of Hancock in the Convention which framed the State Constitution of 1798. Governor Kabun was never defeated for any office in the popular gift. He served in the General Assembly of Georgia for more than twenty years, during the greater part of which time he was a member of the Senate, -wielding the gavel from 1832 to 1816. On the resignation of Governor Mitchell he suc ceeded to the vacant post by virtue of his office as Presi dent of the 'Senate; and was finally elected to fill the chair of State when the Legislature convened.
During the administration of Governor Uabun there arose quite a heated controversy between himself and General Andrew Jackson, then in command of the United States forces against the Florida Seminoles. Au Indian village called Chehaw in what is now the county of Lee, had been destroyed by Captain AVright, a Georgia officer, in violation of orders from Governor Rabun; and, since the village had been promised protection by General Jackson on the ground of friendship for the whites, the latter wrote an offensive letter to Governor Kabuii hold ing him to account for the affair; but Governor Kabuii, who was in no wise to blame for the unfortunate blunder of Captain Wright, scathingly replied to General Jack son, giving him a dose of the King's English which he vividly recalled thirty years later "when an old man. Autograph letters containing the whole correspondence are today in the possession of Mrs. Governor William J. Northen, a relative. Before completing his term of office, Grovernor I^afoun was seized -with a malady -which termi nated his life while an occupant of the executive mansion, The funeral was preached in Milledgeville by the distin guished Jesse Mercer. It was a time when partisan politics even invaded the sianctity of the pulpit and the good old doctor, in performing the last sad rights over his friend, could not avoid taking a shot at his enemies also. Governor Eabnn was a devout Baptist; and once each month, "while Governor, he went from Milledgeville to Powellton, to discharge liis duties as clerk of the little

872 GEOROTTA'S Tj \Nr>MAnKs, MKMOBTAT.S AND TJJCGF.NDS
country church to which lie belonged. He wa.s also clerk of the Georgia .Baptist ( i:onvention for a number of years. Governor rvabun was 'buried a.t his old home place near PoweJlton, but dne to the fact that the grave was un marked at the time, it eventually came to pass that no one in the locality could tell where the old Governor was laid to rest. However, the grave has recently been found by Mr. W. W. Steveiis. of Maysville, Ga., with the help of an old g-entleinan--now 84 years of ag"e--by the name of Mr. E. A. Evans, of Andersen, Ala., who once owned the plantation. The latter visited Mr. Stevens in 19K), at which time the grave was discovered and temporarily marked with a bar of iron.

Georgia's

Tallulah FaJls, a group of cataracts,

Far Famed Niagara five in number, constituting- one of

the greatest scenic wonders of the

continent, occupies a magnificent gorge on the extreme

southern borders of l^aburi. .Here perpendicular cliff's of

granite, rising- to a, height of nearly one thousand feet,

overhang- an impetuous torrent of water which vault

ing and thundering through the chasm, makes a, series of

leaps which in grandeur of scenery rivals the far-famed

cataract of Niag'ara. The names given to the various

falls wince the occupancy of the country by the white race

are as follows: "IVeau d'or," a name coined from the

French, signifying "water of gold"; Oeeana, Tempesta,

Kridal Veil, and .Hurricane. Tw.o points of observation

from which the best views of the chasm may be obtained

by visitors are Point Inspiration and Devil's Piilpit.

Some time ago, by purchase from individual land-owners

in this locality, the Georgia ^Railway and Power Com

pany acquired possession of the falls, and there is now

pending in the coxirts of Georgia, a suit for tlie recovery of

titles. The movement to rescue this property was launch

ed in 191.2 by au organization, at the head of which Mrs.

Helen IX T^ong-street, widow of the famous Confederate

Greneral, beg'an to wage a most aggressive .tight, contend ing1 that the soveTignty of Georgia over the? waterways of the State could not be alienated and that in justice to three millions of people this unrivaled Avonclor land should be rescued from destruction and converted into a great park. Preliminary surveys1 'were made, hi advance of a legal contest; hut 'when Governor iBrowii was appro'achcd in regurd to the matter he declined to institute proceeding's. He took the position that while the failure of the State at the proper time to safeguard the falls .from destruc tion was to be regretted by every patriotic Georgian, it was too late to disturb titles made in good faith. But the issue wias submitted to the Legislature with the result that both houses by formal resolution ordered a suit to he instituted by the State, for the purpose of settling this vexed question. The use to which the Georgia Railway 'and Power Company intends to put the fnlls will un doubtedly reduce th e volume o f wa.te r wl i i cl i flows through, the gorge, during' the summer months. Tt wi.il also diminish the size of the cataracts. But the present owners claim that in mnny ways there will be material benefits to offset this loss; that the approaches to the chasm, will be beautified by handsoiue walks and drives, that a magnificent lake bordered with elegant country homes will be one of the new attractions of this region in the near future, that where one person visits Tallulah Palls today there will be a hundred to visit, them when the' contemplated changes are made; and that further more by reason of these improvements cheaper electric power can be furnished to the State, for tlic purpose of Lighting the homes of the people and turning the wheels of factories. Thus the m'a.tter stand's at the present moment. It will doubtless be some time before the issue is finally adjudicated.
There was an old Indian village some distance above the falls to which the name "Talulu" wa's first given. J:ames Mooney, a writer of some note 011 the antiquities

874; GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKK, MEMOKIATJS AND LEGENDS
of the C'herokees, at present a member of the ethnological staff of the Smith&onian, states that for rendering the word to mean "the Terrible/ 7 there is no warrant. Schoolcraft, on the authority of a Cherokee lady, renders it "There lies your child", by whidh expression reference is made to the story of an infant that was carried over the falls. The name was never applied by the Cherokees themselves to the cataract, which was called Uganyi.

Hawthorne's Pool: Hawthorne's Poo], an apparently

How the Name

harmless basin of water in the depths

Originated.

of Grand Chasm, has proven a death

trap to more than one adventurous

swimmer who lured to an untimely end by the charm

which lurks in this spot has taken the fatal plunge. It is

supposed 'that the voracious character of the pool is due

to" a powerful eddy which draws the hapless victim into

an underground recess or cavern from which he never

again emerges. The name given to the pool arose from

an incident contained in the following letter, which ap

peared in the Southern Banner, at A'thons, in 1837, signed

"W." It reads as follows:

"On the 15th day of this month, the Reverend Mi-. Hawthorne, a minister of the Presbyterian faith arrived in Olarksville by the stage. He preached in the church at night on 1 hat day and on the following Sabbath, and gained the approbation of every one -who iheard him. Those -with who,mi 'he became partially acquainted during this time esteemed him as a Christian minister of the most eminent degree. On yesterday, Mr. Hawthorne with others went on a visit to Tallulah Falls. After the party had viewed the cataracts, Mr. Hawthorne and some other gentleman concluded to go into a beautiful ba.sin to bathe. There were some ladies in the party and tlie gentlemen with Mr. Hawthorne csc'orted them some distance leaving Mr. Hawthorne alone at the water, intending to return end enjoy a cool bath with him. They did return, but only to find his1 clothing- on the banks--he was gone and g-one for ever. It is supposed that he went into the water and from some cirenin stance unknown sunk to rise no more. The strictest search 'has been made but the body is not yet found, Etc."

RABTJN

875

War Woman's Creek is the name given to a small mountain stream entering the Chaitooga. Says Mooney : "The name seems to be of Indian origin, but the Cherokee word is lost. A writer quoted by White attempts to show its origin from the exploit of a certain Revolution ary amazon in capturing a party of Tories, hut the name occurs in Adair, as early as 1775. There is some reason to believe that it refers to a former female dignitary among the Cherokees described by .Heywood as having authority to decide the fate of prisoners of "war. Several instances of women acting the part of warriors are on record among the Cherokees."

Rabun Gap School, an institution recently started for the mountain boys and girls in this picturesque region of the State, is doing' a splendid 'work. It has already found substantial friends. Two members of the Ilodgson family, of Athens, Ga., Messrs. K. TC. and Asbury TTodgson, have made handsome gifts to the school. The success of Miss Berry's 'work near Home, shows the rich possi bilities which are here offered. (See article on Mount Berry: How the Sunday Ijady of 'Possum Trot won the Mountains.)

"The Demosthenes of the Mountains."

Volume IT.

Logan E. Bleckley: Chief Justice Logan K. Bleckley

Jurist, Philosopher, was a native of Rabun; and here

Wit, Mathematician long after his name had become

and Poet.

illustrious in the annals of the Bench

he loved to wander along the moun

tain streams. When addressing the Alumni Society of

the University of Georgia, in 1886, he made the following

droll allusion to the early haunts of his boyhood. Said

he: "From Stekoah Valley, at the base of the Blue

876 GsoKGiA'ri LANDMARKS, MEIMOB.IAT,S AND IJEGENDS
Ridge, in the county of Rabun, the distance to where I now .stand is eighty-five inilcs; but in making the journey I have consumed fifty-nine years and seventeen days. Thus my coming to college has been at the rate of some thing less than one mile and a half per annum. Arrived at last, it would seem that 1 ought to be marked tardy, and so I would were it not for the fact that 1 graduated on the way. I must have graduated, for this is my alma mater, and I am 7.>resent now as one of the alumni. Of course travelling' at my slow gait, I cotild uever have overtaken the honor, but it overtook me, or rather it met me in the road a,nd settled upon my unworthy head, for tunately without au examination of the inside. Stekoah, the name of my native valley, is a term derived from two Cheroltee words meaning 'big little.' On this occasion T feel 'Stekoah.' Judge Bleckley was an original genius. Late in life, he spent three days at the University of Georgia, devoting one day to each class, after which he announced himself a graduate of the institution. His great hobby was mathematics. He was also giveu at times to flirting with the Muses. But one of the dominant characteristics of the great jurist was humor. Tie was full of droll mannerisms and of whimsical eccentricities.
Original Settlers, The original settlers of Rabun, accord ing to White, were: General Coffee,
Henry Cannon, Tillman Powell, E. Powel), General Andrew Miller, James .Dillard, John Dillard, Jesse Car ter, Charles Gates, Chesley MeKcnzie, James Kell. James Alien, 11-n.iry Wall, Joseph Jones, David Moselcy, John Kelly, William Jones, Cleveland Coffee, Joel Coffee, John Patterson. William Price, "K. Denton, William Graritham, William Godfrey, and Klijah Crane.
James Blecklev was also an original settler.

RANDOLPH

877

Kabun is a county of mountains. Says a writer: "In

whatever direction the eye is turned, it beholds ridges of

mountains, one behind the other, like a dark blue sea of

giant billows, wand.''

instantly

stricken

solid

by

nature's

magic

RANDOLPH
Created by Legislative Act, Uecember 20, lfi:28, from I.ee County. Named for John Randolph, of Uoanoke. The name of the great Virginian was first given to the county of .Jasper, but his? attitude of up position to the War of 181-2 made him unpopulai in the Suite, and (he action of tlie Legislature was rescinded. But eventually he regained his lost favor with the State, and the coun I y of Randolph, next to I lie Alabama line, was formed in his honor. Cuthbert, the eounly-seat, named fur Hon. John A. Cuthbert, a .noted Congressman, editor and jurist. Originally, Randolph embraced Quitman, Stewart, \Vebster, and in part Clay and Terrell.
The Cuthberts. Two of the most distinguished Geor gians of the ante-bellum era of polities
were the gifted brothers, John A. and Alfred Cuthbert. They were sons of Colonel Seth John Cuthbert, an officer in the Revolution, and grandsons of the sturdy oJd Colo nial patriot, Joseph Clay. Both, were natives of Savan nah, born at the close of the long' .struggle for independ ence, and both graduates of Princeton. Alfred, the elder of the two, located for the practice of law in the little up land town of MoiiticeJJo. He succeeded Dr. W. W. .Bibb in Congress; and for tlie next sixteen years, barring au occasional term, he sat in the Xational House of Repre sentatives. When John Forsyth, then United States Senator, became Secretary of State in President Jack son's cabinet, Mr. Cuthbert was chosen to fill bis vacant seat. First for the unexpired term and afterwards for the long term, lie graced the toga of this exalted forum. At tlie ag'e of seventy-two, Mr, Cuthbert died at his home in Montieello and was buried on tlie Sand Hills, near Augusta.
John A. Cuthbert, his younger brother, was equally distinguished. He began his public career by represent ing the historic old county of Liberty in the Georgia

878 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
.Legislature. Thence lie removed to Eaton ton for the practice of his profession. At intervals he served the State in Congress with marked credit, after which he opposed the peerless John Forsyth for the United States Senate. It is no small tribute to the abilities of Mr. Cutkbert that on the first ballot in the contest which ensued the vote between the candidates was tied; and had it not been for the fact that he was friendly toward John Clarke at a time when the Troup faction was dominant in polities he might eventually have defeated his illustrious rival. He wielded a brilliant pen and for a time edited the famous Federal-Union,, at Milledgeville, then the capital of the State. Fri 1837, he removed to Mobile, Ala., where he became a Judge, and, when not upon the Bench, prac ticed his profession with great success. He died at his home, on Mon Luis Island, in Mobile Bay, in 1882, at the phenomenal age of ninety-four years. H"e retained his wonderful power of intellect to the very last and on]y a few months prior to his death made an important legal argument. He lived to be the oldest surviving member of the National House of .Representatives. Judge Kichard H. Clark states that on one occasion, at TJpson Court, some lawyers were discussing Mr. Calhoun's great con versational powers and to settle ail issue betweeii them they agreed to leave it to John A. Cuthbert. Thereupon one of them approached him with the question: "Mr, Cuthbert, whom do yon consider the most g'ifted conver sationalist you have ever metl" Without any intimation whatever of the purpose which lay behind the question, he instantly replied: !4 My brother Alfred."
Andrew Female College, an institution of high grade, controlled by the South Georgia Methodist Conference, is located at Cuthbert. Ft was founded in 18:54. Dr. John W. CaklwelJ was the Erst president. He was succeeded in turn by Capt. A. H. r/'lewellyn. The list of executive heads has been somewhat lengthy, including; Dr. A.

RANDOLPH

879

S, Hamilton, Rev. J. B. MeG-ehee, Rev. W. H. Key, Rev. P. !S. T'witty, and others. The present head of the institu tion is Eev. .J. W. Malone, an accomplished educator. In 1892, the main building- was destroyed by fire. It was afterwards restored at a cost of $22,000. "The faculty of the school is a strong1 one, 'and the standard of scholarship wiO compare favorably with the best. The plant is wel! equipped, thoroughly modern, and up-to-date.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers of Banolph were: Samuel A. G-reer,
James P. Sharp, James Martin, Jacob Hawk, "Wiley Striddand, Thomas Coram, Lewis Rivers, Benjamh: Davis, Alien Moye, Martin Brown, Abel Bass, John Roc Edward McDonald, Z. Bailey, Joseph Sands, David Eiiimph, Dr. Jones, Colonel Alexander, Key. 'Mr. Swain and George Wood.
To the foreg-oing list of early settlers may be added the names of the following pioneer residents : Frederick Andrews, Hardy Arrington, Zaehariah Bailey, Reuben Bynum, George W. Bills, Thomas J, Ellis, John E. Bills, Paschal Hammock, William Hammock, S. T. Jeukins, E. H. Keese, Peter E. Keese, John McDonald, Edvrard McD'onald, Jesse B. I^ey, John McIlTay Gii.nii, James J. Mc Donald, John Martin, a. Baptist minister; James Martin, James W. Oliver, Wm. J. Oliver, Everett Pearce, Philip Pearce. Thomas Stanford, Joseph Newton Stanford, Dr. James AV. Stanford, Thomas Stapleton, killed in the Creek Indian AVar, John Stewart, X)arnel E. Stewart, Francis Taylor, "William T'aylor, Colnmbns Ta-ylor, James Madison Trippe, J. F. Trippe, Dr. John W. Caldwell, the first president of Andrew Female College; James Adolpbus Whaley, ^Yilkins D. ^^haloy and others.

880 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND TJJEGBNDS
There were a number of Revolutionary soldiers "\vlio lived in Randolph. Some of these, with the ages to which they attained, were: Peter "Burholter, 77; T^zeldel Bryan, 75; John Brown, 77; Thomas Davis, 85; 'Richard Oarby, 102; and a Mr. T.ove, 117. The last named patriot was for more than thirty years smitten, with total blind ness. Richard. Darby's widow was alive m 1849 at the age of 105 years, and was good at this time for a 20 mile w'alk. Reuben Adams a veteran, of the Revolution, lived in Randolph.
IToii. George W. Ma.rr.ison, a former 'Secretary of State and a prominent figure in the public life of Georgia during the ante-bellum period, owned an extensive planta tion in Randolph. He was the father of Mr. Z. I). Harilson, the distinguished clerk of the Supreme CVmrt of Geor gia, and also of Mr. Georg'e AV. Ilarrisoii, the "well-known publisher. .Br.ig'adier-Grenera! Charles (A C'rows, a gal lant Confederate officer, lived at Outhbert.
RICHMOND
Created by the Si file Constitution of 17T7, from the Parish of at. ['a ul. Named for Charles I.cnox. Duke of Richmond, a distinguished member of the House of Peers who opposed the policy of the g-overnment in taxing the English, Colonies in America. .At the coronation of George the Third he carried the scepter of TCngland. On April 7, 1778, he moved
pcndcnce of the Colonies was already achieved and urged the recognition
necessary blood. Augusta, the county-seat, named for the Princess Augustn, wife of the Prince of Wales, afterwards King George the Third
ind originally included in larg'C port four other counties:

Fort Augusta: 1736.

Page 113.

Early Days at the On the opposite side of the river

Trading-Post.

from Aug'nsta, near the present site

of TJam'bnrg, S. C., stood Port Moore,

a market-place for the Indian trade, and Fort Augusta

RICHMOND

881

was designed to keep within Georgia limits much of thetraffic which was centralized at tins point. It was not long before the volume of business grew to be quite large. Over in South Carolina, where negroes were allowed, there were numbers of plantations opened, and the corn constmiied "by the large caravans employed in the trade with the Indians was produced here. But competition breeds chicanery; and notwithstanding' the excellent rules made by OgJethorpe for regulating the traffic, there were grave abuses. Dr. George G. Smith does not give an optimistic account of things at r^ort A^ngusta. Says he : "These Tndian traders sent out their men to the towns of the various tribes, and in the spring season great crowds of Indians came with, their ponies loaded with peltry to trade at the post for powder and lead, and especially for rum. There was a mean liquor known as tafia which was the m'ain article of traffic. It was brought by Indian traders from the coast and traded for various kinds of products and for Indian slaves. The latter, taken by their enemies in war, were brought to Augusta, to be sold, and were thence carried to Charleston to Tie shipped to the West .Indies. The traders were oftentimes wretchedly dissolute. They lived shameful lives with the squaws, whom they abandoned without hesitation, when they g'rew weary of them."
Continuing, he says: "Augusta was not a place for a quiet residence in those wild days. Two thousand ponies owned by the traders were loaded with goods in Charles ton and with peltry at the fort, and kept the now 'almost deserted road to Charleston alive. As one now rides over the deep sands through which the old highway runs, he can bring1 befor-e him. the great train of Indian slaves doomed to 'a life "worse than death, who had beeu bought and branded by the traders with a red-hot iron, and "who were now to go in weary procession from Augusta to Charleston. There were great fortunes made in this In dian slave-trade and in furnishing' the Indians with rum and gunpowder; and it was to pay the debts due George Galpin and other traders that Sir James Wrig-ht secured

882 GEORGIANS LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
from the Indians their cession of Wllkes, Oglethorpe, Elbert and Lincoln Counties. Augusta was not affected by the laws concerning negroes, and as far as rum was concerned it was the main article of traffic, but the rum was sold to the Indians and the slaves which she bought from them were captives secured in war. "*
Two of the most important factors in the early growth of Augusta were Kennedy O'Brien, a merchant of the place, and Eoger de Laieey, a noted Indian trader, both of whom "were conspicuous for pioneer enterprise and public spirit.
Original Settlers. From a document published in London, in 1743., the township of Augusta--out
side of the garrison--seems to have embraced only a small colony of Indian traders. The following purports to be a complete list of settlers at the fort:
Kennedy O 'Brien, Thomas Smith, Messrs. McKenzie and Frazier, John Miller, Thomas Goodale, Samuol Brown, Sanders Brown, Sanders Ross, A Sacller, A.. Taylor, "William Clark, Henry Overstreet, Lachlan McBean, William Gray and William Calahern.
In a petition addressed to Governor "Reynolds, dated Auj^nst 30, 1756, setting forth the defenceless character of the settlement and the likelihood of Indian attacks, another list of early settlers is obtained. The subscribers to this document were as follows:
Patrick Clarke, John E.ae, Isaac Barksdale, William Bonar, Daniel Clarke, Edward Barnard, William Cle ment, Richard Johnson, David Douglass, Martin Camp bell, Lachlan McGillivray, John Williams, John Spencer,
* George C. Smith In story of Georgia and the Georgia People, pp. 23-30; John H. Logan in History of Upper South. Carolina, p. 180 et seq.

RICHMOND

883

William Little, James McHenry, George Galphin, Kobert Dixon, and Moses Nunez.
George Galphin, 'whose name appears in the foregoing list, was perhaps the first of the Indian traders to enter Georgia. He lived at Silver .Bluff, on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River, several miles below Augusta, and built a trading- post of his own, at Galphinton, on the Ogeechee. Lachlan McGilvray was the father of the noted half-breed chief of the Creek Indians, who gave Georgia so much trouble. As a rule, the Indian traders were Scotchmen.

Resolutions of Most of the residents of St. Paul's

Protest.

Parish were loyal to the Crown of Eng

land until the battle of Lexington; and

when extreme action was taken by the radicals at Savan

nah, on August 10, 1774, in a set of resolutions which

strongly hinted at independence, a vigorous protest was

made by the settlers in the neighborhood of Fort Augusta.

As a reason for non-cooperation, it was stated in this

paper that the parish occupied an exposed position on the

frontier and that, in view of an application which had

recently been made to .England for assistance, in case of

an Indian outbreak, it would be hazardous to enter into

such hasty action. Moreover, it was urged that Georgia

had no hand in destroying any tea in Boston harbor, that

it would be foolish for the Colony to make itself a par

taker in the consequences which were sure to follow, that

more was to be lost than gained by being meddlesome,

and that trouble could be found at home without looking

for it in New England. The protest was signed by nearly

every resident in the neighborhood of Augusta. At the

same time a similar document was framed by the settlers

in the vicinity of Wrightsboro, on the western border of

the parish. Some of the signers were afterwards promi

nent on the roll of patriots. The list is of special interest

because it gives the names of a number of the early set

tlers. Those signing the protest were as follows:

884 ClKOReuA'* LAN-DMARKR, MKArnRTALjj AND T^n^NDy

James (irieTyuti, afterwards -a malignant Tory ; William Ooodyear, Robert Bonirer, Amos Stapler, Charles Walker, John iieDnffie, Giles Tillett, James Seymour, Thomas Paee, Rrchard Basley. Samuel Tallett, Wil liam Hodman, Joe] Cloud, William Millar, Zai-hariah T.amar. Si-., Jacob Dennis, Littlebevry P.ostiek Basil L,amar, -lames l-'ew, Benjamin Webster, John Dooly. Barnard Heard, John Anderson, <l\vard Barnard, Andrew Me(.'lea.u, John l>. Hammerer, James Hill, Kobert Honey, .lob Smith, William Barnard, William Alangmn, -lolui Chapman, Joseph Mad.loek, Jonathan Hliell, Robert Maeki-y, William Can.Her, Dev<:iv:-aix .larrett, Sherwood Bngg, Isaae L,owe, Peter Furvia, -loin] 11 endersoa, Thomns Grierson, aftenvards a noted Tory; John il,-Donald and Fi-:im-is Ham-ook. Tt will be observed that amoiit; the dissenters at this time were Colonel John Dooly and Colonel William Caiidh-r both ol of note in the Revolution.

Historic Old St. Paul's.

Page

Tomb of Gen. I^eonidas Polk.

Page

Prehistoric Memorials.

VoltlTLlI

Fort Grierson. This temporary stronghold, named in honor of the British l_,ioulenaiit-(..'<>Ionel
who commanded the garrison, stood near the site no\v occupied by the Riverside Mills.*

Fort Cornwallis. Under this name Fort Aug'iiHta \v;.i,s en larged and rcchristened by the British
officer in command, Colonel .Browne. At the outbreak of the Revolution the fort became the possession of the Liberty Boys, who hauled down the British flag1, and occu pied the garrison for four years. On the fall of Savan nah, Colonel Campbell marched up the river to Angushi and seized it in the name of the king', and, after holdingit for two weeks, withdrew when he received the news of the battle of Kettie Creek, The Americans then oo-
* Charles HJdg-eworth Jones iu an article on Aug'uytu, printed in tho Aug-usLa-n for August, l<-ni.

TABLET TO GENERAL LEGN1DAS PQL.K, iM ST. PAUU'S CHURCH, AUGUSTA,

cupied it again for nearly fifteen months. On the fall of Charleston, it was abandoned by the patriots and once more occupied by the British troops under Colonel Browne. But there came another change of occupants on September 14-, 1780, when the Americans made an assault upon the White House, about a mile and a half west of Fort Augusta. Hastening to the relief of his brother officer in distress, Colonel Browne left the fort vacant, and Colonel Clarke, in his absence, quietly took posses sion. Four days later, Browne returned, and, the fates being against the Americans, for the time at least, Colonel Clarke yielded the post without resistance. Says Dr. Williams: "Three times, therefore, had the Americans captured the fort and three times had the British retaken it, yet not a gun had been fired, not a, life had been lost. It seemed as if the old spell of peace was still upon the little fort."
Following the experience at the White House, Colonel Browne realized the necessity of strengthening his de fences. At a conference of officers and engineers it was decided to build a fortification which should include both the church and the burial ground; and so well was the work done that wben Colonel "Light Horse Harry" TJCC came to attack Ihe stronghold he found it "judiciously constructed, well finished and secure from storm." l^ord Oornwallis, having been appointed con inlander in chief* of the Southern Department of fhe "Revolution, in the sum mer of _1780, Colonel "Browne, in his honor, CM I led fhe enlarged fortification Fort Cormvallis. Though the origi nal name of the fort passed, it was less an extinction than an -evolution. Expressed in the technical terms of mili tary science, the fort had become a fortress. The same guns were used to defend it, much of the old work still stood, and the same parapet wall bounded it upon the north side, where it fronted upon the river. Tt was the old fort strengthened and enlarged.*
* The Story of St. Ta

886 GEORGIA TI LANDMARKS, MKIWORTAT,^ __,z !Li,GEN'DS
Tory Barbarism: As slated above, this famous old landThe White House, mark was situated about a mile and a
half below Augusta, on Uie Savannah Elver. According to the compass, it was almost due west, the stream at this point making- quite a bend. The White House was owned or occupied 'by a man named Seymour. ft WHS called the White Mouse probably for the reason that it was rare at this time in Upper Georgia for a house to possess a coat of white paint. The locality was other wise known as McK ay 's tradi tig post. 11 occupied a. strategic point, but was fortified somewhat hastily by the British, who, on the approach of Colonel Clarke, entered the building and made it secure with gnns brought from Kort Grierson. On September 14, Colono! Clarke under took to storm it, but the re-enforcements on which he relied failed to appear and the results were disastrous. Quite a, number of his men were taken prisoners; and some of them, in defiance of the rules of civilized war fare, were hanged from the stairway, while the British commander gloated over the scene- of brutality.
Fort Galphiti. According- to Colonel Cha rles C. .tones, this fort was situated on the left bank of
the Savannah Klver, about fifteen miles below Augusta. 7t consisted of the handsome brick residence of George Galphin, the famous Indian trader, surrounded by a stockade. The .Knglish called it Dreadna tight; and the eminence on which it stood was known as Silver Bluff, Galphin sympathized with the Colonies, and when Au gusta was taken by the enemy, Fort Galphin appears to have shared the same fate. At any rate, it was in the pos session of the enemy on the eve of the famous siege. On "being informed that quite a lot of Indian presents and firearms were at the fort Colonel Clarke communicated the intelligence to his superior officers, Pickens and Lee, and together they undertook to reduce the stockade before Browne could thwart the pjan of capture. The enterprise

IllCJTMOND

887

was successful. Though defended with vigor the fort yielded to the persistent fire of the Americans; and, be sides salt enough to supply the "whole' army, 'an important item in time of war, they took one hundred ;:md twenty-six prisoners, with an abundance of military stores, includ ing arms, ammunition, and blankets.'5'

Augusta Becomes On the fall of Savannah in 1778, Au-

the Capital:

gnsta became the de facto capital of:'

1786-1796,

Georgia. Governor Houstoun im

mediately betook himself lo this place,

where he summoned the General Assembly to meet him ;

but ten days later the town was occupied by the British.

During an interval when the Americans were again in

possession, the Legislature met here on January 4, 1780,

and. elected Richard Howley, to the office of Governor, but

straightway adjourned to meet at Heard's Fort, in the

county of Wilkes. After peace was declared, Savannah

became once more the scat of Government; but in 178(5

Augusta was made the State Capital and, for a period of

ten years, until 1796, it continued to enjoy this distilla

tion. The chief-executives who held office in y\7:igusta

were Edward Telfair, George Matthews, George ITandly

and George Walton. It was while Augusta was the State

Capital that President Washington visited Georgia in

1791. He wais met by Governor Telfair with an escort of

horse and was royally entertained during his visit. The

old State [-fouse in Augusta stood 'on the enst side of MY--

Fntosh street between Broad and rlllis.

Meadow Garden: The Home of Gov. George Walton.

Page 122.

888 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, irRMoniAjjS AND LEGENDS
On January 2, 1788, the Federal Constitution was ratified at a State Convention held in A.ug'uS'ta. John AVere'at \v>as made president. The delegates were as fol lows :
John Wercat, "William Fevr, James McNeai, William Stephens, Joseph Tla.'bei'shain, Fdward Tel fair, TI. Dodd, George Mathews, "Florence Sullivan, John King, James Powell, John Elliott, James Maxwell, George Handley, Christopher Biliary, John Milton, .Tared Irwin, John Butherford, Joshua. Williams, Joseph Carmichacl, Henry Oarr, James Seagrove, James Webb, Henry Oshorne and llobert Christmas.

Where the Southern One of the most famous of Au-

Presbyterian Church gusta's ecclesiastical monuments--

was Organized.

second in point of interest only to

Historic St. Paul's--is the ancient

house of worship occupied by the eongreg-ation of the

First Presbyterian church on Telfair street. This re

ligions body was organized in 1804 by Hev. "Washington

McNight. Divine services were first held in St. Paul's

church, this property having been forfeited to the State

at the close of the Revolution and for a terra of years

leased to the Presbyterians. The grave of Dr. McNight

is iri the church yard of St. Paul's1 near the south wall of

the old edifice. On May 17, 1812, the present structure

occupied by the First Presbyterian church was formally

dedicated. Dr. John R. Thompson \vas the tirst pastor.

From 1858 to 1870 the church was' served by Dr. Joseph

K. AVilson. the father of the present Chief-Executive of

the "United States. Here on "Dec. 4. 3801, during the

pastorate of Dr. Wilson, the first General Assembly of

the Southern Presbyterian church convened with Dr.

Benjamin M. Palmer, of New Orleans, as Moderator.

On the beautiful church, lawn ma}^ be seen the grave of a

former pastor, Dr. Kobert Irvine, who served the church

from 1872 to 1881, after the departure of Dr. Wilson for

Columbia, S. C. The grave of Dr. Irvine is adorned by a

889
superb memorial statue of the lamented divine, who one of tlie most eloquent men of Li8 day in the Presby terian pulpit.

The Old Twiggs Ton miles below Augusta, near the line

Buriel Ground.

of tile Central of Georgia, at a point

reached by driving a, mile into the.

country from Alien's 'Station, is the private burial ground

of the noted Twiggs family of this State. Here lie buried

two illustrious soldiers, father and son: General John

TVig-gs, a liero of the Devolution, for whom Georgia has

named one of her counties; and General David Emiamiel

Twiggs, a veteran of the War with Mexico, who achieved

in the s'trug-gle a military prestige which made him

second only to the groat "Winfield: Scott. On the tomb

stone of the old Revolutionary patriot is.this inscription :

TMiijor-Goncral -lohii Twi^gs. Horn otl of Juno, 1750. J)ie<1 f,h AJ.it ruh, .181(5. A^ed 0^ yon rs, 10 7u oaths, aricl ^4 days.

The elder Twiggs was one of the great partisan lead ers of the .first w*ar for independence. With the famous Elijah, darke, lie chiefly bore the brunt of the struggle in Upper Georgia, where his mime w'as a synonym of terror to the Tories. A,n account of some of his exploits wiM be found in another part of this work. T'lic inscrip tion on the tombstone of the younger T'wig'gs is a.s fol lows:

In memory of Oenoi-a] 1). 13. TwJg'gs. Tiorn in ugnstaj Gu., 1790. Died in Augnnta, Oa., 1S62.
Aft the outbreak of the Civil War, Gen. Twiggs re signed his commission in the United States army and

890 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
returned to Georgia. He was at this time the senior Major-General and the logical successor to Gen. Winfield Scott in command of the American forces. But there was no thought of hesitation on his part. With him duty out weighed ambition. The Confederate government com missioned him a Major-General and he was stationed at New Orleans. But his health hegan to fail, necessitutiiig his return to Augusta, where the end soon came.
For his gallant services in the Mexican War, Gen. Twiggs was awarded three magnificent swords, one from Congress, one from the iState of Georgia, and one from the city of Augusta. The sword presented to him by Oongress was richly jewelled and sheathed in a scabbard of solid gold. On quitting New Orleans, in 1862, Gen. Twiggs left these trophies of his valor in the care of a lady friend, who was powerless to keep them from form ing a part of Gen. Butler's choice collection of souvenirs, wihen the city was captured hy the Federals. They be came the property of the United States government, and it was not until 1889 that the swords were finally restored to the family of the hrave Georgia officer. Gen. Twiggs wa,s horn oil the estate where his ashes today lie huried. He was a nephew on the mother's side of the famous Gov ernor David Bmanuel, whose sister Ruth married the elder Twiggs. The old plantation is today the property of Judge H. IX D. Twig'gs, of Savannah, a lineal descend ant of the old Revolutionary patriot.

George Basset, a patriot of '76, is buried in Richmond.

William Glascock's When the first Provincial Congress

Tomb.

met in Savannah, on January 18,

1775, to devise some plan of action,

looking to a redress of grievances, William Glascock was

a delegate from St. Paul's Parish. It was at this time

that the celebrated boycott measure was adopted, putting

an end to trade relations with the mother country; and a

delegation was also named to represent Georgia in the

RlCTTMOND

891.

Continental Congress. The famous act of proscription passed by the Tory "Legislature, at Savannah, in 1780, denounced William (rlascork as a "Rebel Counsellor." At the same time he was cbosen Speaker of the House of Assembly, by the State .Legislature which met in Augusta. He was one of the founders of the Kiohmoncl Academy and one of the first trustees of Franklin College. The old patriot is buried on his plantation be)ow Ang'nsta known as "Glascock's Wash,'' niid the tombstone which marks his last resting place bears this two-fold inscription, with out dates: "In memory of William Glfisoock, Esq." and "In memory of Elizabeth Glascock," his wife, who shared with him the vicissitudes of tlie long struggle for inde pendence.

Thomas Glascock, his son, was a mere youth when he leaped into an Immortality of fame at the siege of Savan nah, in 1770, by plunging into a deadly fire of bullets to rescue the body of his gallant officer, the brave Count Pulaski. He was a Captain in the latter's famous "Legion of Cavalry. ITe afterwards became a .Brigadier-General in the Continental A rmy; and under the administration of "Washington served as United States Marshal for Georgia, his commission bearing- date of .Tune 5, 1 794. He acquired large means, became a wealthy land-owner, and was a member of one of the companies to piirchase the "Yazoo lands in Mississippi. ITe regarded this deal purely in the light of a business investment, but it cost him some loss of popularity, due to the spectacular fight made against it by Governor Jackson. Land at this time on the remote frontier, when there "were no railroads penetrating this region and when Indian tomahawks bristled from every bush, was little short of worthless, though the old Governor sought to make it appear that every square foot of this ground was worth a golden guinea. Subse quent events did tend to give it this value; but no one foresaw at this time the coming of the iron horse. It mav have been far-sightedness on Governor Jackson's part;

892 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
but it was also clever politics. Gen. Glascock died at his country place "The Mills," some few miles to the north of Augusta, at the age of 54; and here he lies buried.

Richmond Hill: The Six miles south-west of Augusta,

Home of Governor near the old road leading to Louis-

Schley.

ville, "was the plantation home of

Governor William Schley. It was

quite a noted place in the early days. The Governor

called it Richmond Hill, after the county in which it was

located. Here the former chief-executive reposes in the

family burial ground, where his grave is marked by an

old-fashioned tombstone. Governor Schley was the

author of the famous digest of the efirly English laws of

force in this State. He also represented Georgia in Con

gress and on the Bench; and after his death one of the

counties of the State was named in his honor.

Treaties Made at Augusta.

Volume II.

"Washington's On Wednesday, May 18, 1791, President

Visit.

Washington arrived in Augusta. He

was escorted io the city by Major

Ambrose Gordon who, in command of an escort from

the Richmond County regiment of militia, met him on

the way, several days in advance. At the city gates, he

"was greeted by a deputation which included Governor

Telfair, Judge Walton, General John Twiggs, and the

various State officials. The city of Augusta was at this

time the seat of government. Besides an address from

Governor Telfair, on behalf of the State, there was also

an address, from the citizens of Augusta, printed on

parchment and signed by the foliowing- committee of citi

zens : George Walton, John Milledge, Thomas Gumming,

Peter Carnes, and Seaborn Jones. To both addresses the

KrciiMOND

893

distinguished visitor made appropriate responses. At 4 o'clock on Thursday afternoon an elegant dinner was tendered at the court house, on which occasion he re sponded to a toast. In the evening- he attended a ball which was given in his honor in the reception hall of the -Richmond Academy, and on the day following- he made a visit to this institution, during school hours, at which time he addressed the students and a,warded a number of prizes. Augustine S. Clayton, afterwards a member of C'ongress, received at this time a copy of Sallust, suitably inscribed with the 'President's autograph. See Diary of Washington's Visit to Georgia, Volume II.

The first bank ever chartered in Georgia was the Bank of Augusta, whose charter dates dated back to the year .1810.

Augusta Chartered: At the session of the General A s-

1798.

scuibly in January, 1798, an act was

passed incorporating- the (Ji'ty of Au

gusta. Tihoireis Cummiug- became the first intendsmt.

The office of >layor was not created until 1818. The members of the first Town Council of Augusta were:

George Walker, James Pearoe, Robert Creswell, Andrew

Innis, Isaac Herbert, and William Longstreet. They met

at the house of Mr. Nathaniel Durkee and chose Thomas. Gumming- to serve as Tiitend'ant 'and Joseph Hut eh hi sou

as Clerk".

Wm. Longstreet: His Experiments With the Steam boat Antedate Robert Fulton's.

Volume II.

894 GEORGIA'S IJ.VNDMAKKH, MKMORIAT_,S AND LEGENDS

Georgia's Oldest

The Medical College of Georgia, at

College of Medicine: Augusta, now the medical depart-

1828.

meut of the State University, is the

oldest college of medicine in Geor

gia. It was founded in 1828 by Dr. Milton Anthony, a pio

neer in the healing art, whose life was unselfishly devoted

to the uplift 'of his profession and whose death in the

great epidemic of 1.839 brought to him. in the zenith of his

career the halo of martyrdom. His boyhood days were

spent in the county of Wilkes; but he settled in Augusta

for the practice of medicine, and early became prominent

for his initiative and vigorous type oT intellect. In 1825,

with a few others, he applied to the .Legislature for the

appointment of a State board of medical examiners,

Whose duty it should be to meet annually at Milledgeville,

examine applicants, and grant licenses to practice medi

cine in Georgia. JTis plan was adopted, and Dr. Anthony

was unanimously chosen president of the examining

board. Tn 1828, encouraged by not a few of his co-work

ers, he su'cceeded in obtaining a charter for an educational

p^ant. It 'began in the modest role of an academy of

medicine, but later it became an institute, and finally ;i.

college, full-fledged, and well-equipped. At first there

were only three professors. These were Dr. Anthony,

Lewis D. Ford, M. D. and William R. Waring, M. D. fn

1832. tiie last named physician resigned, but four addi

tions were made to the faculty: Dr. Douis A. Dngas, Dr.

Joseph A. Eve, Dr. Paul E. Eve, and Dr, John Dent, rain

ing the niim.be-r of professors to srx.

The first graduating exercises wero held on April 17,

1833. at the institute, and in tbo winter following it be

c'ame by legislative enactment the Medical College oP

Georgia. The lot on which the present building stands

was donated by the trustees of the Richmond Academy and immediately thereon an elegant structure was built

upon the classic model, with massive Doric columns. It

was completed, in 1835. The first board of trustees was

composed of the following' eminent physicians 'of the

State: Drs. W. R. Waring, John Carter, Lewis D. Ford,

RICHMOND

895

I. P. Garvin, B. A. White, J. G. HcAVhorter, W. P. MeConnell, W. H. Weems, W. P. Graham, T. P. German, A. Jones, Mil tern, Anthony ; J. I. Boswell, Thomas Hoxey, J. P. Screvon, W. C. Daniel, Eichard Banks, Henry Hull, John Dent, Thomas Hamilton, Nathan Crawford, O. C. Foot, and John "Walker. The last effort made by Dr. Anthony for his profession was to secure for* it proper medical literature. To this end he established the South ern Medical Journal, of which he was for several years the editor. In the lecture room, on the first floor of the eolleg'e building', has been placed a tablet which bears the following- inscription:*

"In memory of ijiltou Anthony, M. !D., Founder of this College. A. martyr to humanity and to the duties of his profession, during the fatal epidemic of 1S39. Cheered by Kcligious Faith through the Griefs and Trials of this life, he passed from the cure of the sick to the sleep of the just, amid the tears and blessings of the poor. True to his own. favorite maxim that a virtuous will is' almost omnipotent, he overcame by study the defects of education, and, patiently toiling to eminence, bequeathed to posterity a nolile example of genius and industry, animated and directed by Patriotism and benevolence."

Tomb of Dr.

Buried within the enclosure of the col-

Milton Anthony, lege grounds, amid the scenes of his

former activi ti es, and in the very

shadow of the noble edifice whieh constitutes the most

appropriate monument to his memory, repose the mortal

remains of Dr. Milton Anthony, the founder of the institu

tion. Though more than seventy years have come and

gone over his grave, the fragrance of his name is still eng-

MedJca] Histor

porated in Memoirs of Georgia., Historical an Biographical, V l. II, pp.

148, ITS; also Men of Mark; In G.

. Vol. II,

896 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
gestive of the Arabian myrrh. On the horizontal slab which covers the tomb the following epitaph is inscribed in Latin:

Richmond in the In 1845, the city of Augusta furnished Mexican "War. a company of soldiers to the Mexican
War. It was called the Richmond Blues and was annexed to the Georgia Regiment of Volunteers, in command of Colonel Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah. The officers of the company were as f ollows: Captain, D. "W. Dill; 1st Lieut., J. Phinizy; 2nd Lieut., A. H. MeLaws; Sergeants, W. Phillips, D. I). McMurphey, R. H. Ringgold, and J. F. Glover; Corporals, S. Jolmson, H. Baker, A. Phillips, and G. Gordon. 93 members enrolled.

Sand Bar Ferry.

Volume II.

Historic

Augusta, like Savannah, is rich in historic

Monuments, monuments. Not less than three of these

are commemorative of Confederate valor.

The magnificent shaft of marble on Broad street is one

of the finest monumental structures in America, rising to

the colossal height of 85 feet. On the fonr corners at the

base are statues of four Confederate Generals: Robert E.

Lee, Stonewall Jackson, William H. T. Walker, and

Thomas R. R. Cobb, the last two of them Georgians. On

the pinnacle of the monument is the figure of a private sol

dier. He is leaning at ease npon Ms musket and gazing

intently before him as if waiting for an order to move

forward into action. The work was executed at Carrara,

RICHMOND

897

Italy, at a cost of $17,331.35. The shaft and Confederate, tlie statues are wrought of Italian marble.
The broad pedestal is of granite. On Octo ber 31, 1878, the monument was unveiled with impressive ceremonies. Hon.. Alfred H. Colquitt, "the hero of 01 list eo,'' then Governor of Georgia, delivered an ad dress, and quite a number of* distinguished visitors wore present. The inscriptions on the monument are as fol lows :

Hast: Our tJonfcd.era.Le Dead.
"West: Ki'evted A. D. ls7(S by tin; Ladies Memorial Associa tion of Augusta, in .Honor o the ilen of Richmond Comity, \vho died in. the Uanae of the (.Ionfederate States.
North:
''T\o nation rose KO -\vhitc and fair Nmio fel.1 .-so pure o.f crime?." Mouth:
U'urNiy to Jiavi' il\ ,>.! iin<7 knoivtj our gruiitucle; vvoj'tliy to l>e hallowed and licld i n lender remem-
Holdiers won, -\viho gave flieinselVCK Jn life and death for UK;--for the 'honor of Georgia, lor the Kiglits of 1 he States, for the liberties of the people, for the sentiments of ihc Sonl.li, for tho principles of the Tfnion, as these were lunided down to ihem by f lie

In front of St. James M. "R. Church., on. Grcene Street, is another Confederate monument. It was erected by the Sabbath School of this church in memory of twenty-three teachers and piipHs who fell during the Civii War. The cost of the shaft was $5,400. It was unveiled Det-oiniber 31, 1873.

898 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Augusta's third Confederate monument--the first if ' considered with respect to age--is the huge chimney stack of the old Confederate powder works on the canal. The famous powder works were destroyed long years ago but this splendid and impressive pile still survives a witnessbea,rer to posterity of the heroic memories of the Civil ^\Tar. It towers like a Colossus 'above the great factories around it; while a tablet of marble embedded in the side tells of the part which is played in the historic drama.

Directly in front of the Court House, on Greene Street, stands an obelisk of granite, which, tbougii severely plain in, character, is by no means the least impressive of Au gusta's memorial shafts. It is the monument to the Georgia Signers of the Declaration of Independence. The ceremonies of nnveiling occurred on July 4, 1848; and Judge AYilliam Tracy G-ould, the distinguished jurist a.nd law teacher, was the orator of the occasion. T'he ad
dress of Judge Grould was a masterpiece of eloSigners. quence, ornate in style and patriotic in senti
ment. Undernea-th the monument, repose the aslies of two of the Signers, Lyman Hall and George Walton. The other Signer, Button Owinuett, is supposed to have been buried in Savannah, on the outskirts of which city he fell mortally wounded in a duel with General Lachlan Mclntosh. But the most exhaustive search failed to disclose his tomb. The remains of layman Hall were brought to Augusta from an old burial ground in Burke County, near the Savannah River. Governor A'Valton was living1 in Augusta at the time of his death ; but for nearly half a century he rested by an abscure country wayside in Richmond.

Memorial to Patrick Walsh.

Volume II.

RICHMOND

899

There is also on G-reerie Street an attract!re monument to the famous, orator and poet, "Richard liFeiiry Wilde, whose brief lyric, "My Tjife is Like the Summer Rose" has numbered him among' the immortals.

Richmond Academy: Not long 'after a trading'-post was

The Oldest of

established in Augusta, the Parish

Georgia Schools.

of St. Paul "was created; and, later,

on one of the lots in the embryo

town, adjacent to St. Paul's Olmrch, was built the Acad

emy of St. Paul's Parish. The maintenance of the insti

tution wia.s to be derived in part from, the sale of lots on

the commons to the south of the town. During- the Revo

lution, the name of St. Paul's Parish wa.s changed to the

County of Richmond and with it was changed also the

name of the school. The trustees of the academy "were

likewise the town council of Augusta, in. wliich capa.city

they continued to act after the change of name; and for

many years subsequent to the Revolution we find the

trustees of Richmond Academy directing the affairs of

the city of Augusta. Soon after the establishment of

independence, the academy wins moved from the lot on

which it then stood to the site which it occupies at present.

During1 the visit of President "Washington to Angnsta, in

1791, a ball "was given in honor of the nation'^ Chief-

Executive in the main room of the academy; and the

President also attended an examination at the school and

presented prizes to the successful competitors in an ora

torical contest. Angus tin S. (T! ayton, afterwards n mem

ber of Oong-ress, "was one of the prize "winners. Richmond

Academy is the oldest educational plant in Georgia. Tt

is sitjll a flourishing institution of high character and of

great usefulness. "William TT. Orawford, the distin

guished diplomat ;~ind statesinfln. was once a tutor in Rich-

mond Academy; and some of the State's most eminent

public men were educated nt this pioneer seal" of learning".

900 G.FXJRU\'S "LANDMARKS, MEMOIUAT.JS AND LEGENDS

Georgia's Oldest To the city of Augusta belongs the

Surviving News- credit of possessing' the oldest news

paper,

paper in Georgia: the "Chronicle an$

Constitutionalist." It is the outgrowth

of two very early sheet's1 which "\vcre years ag'o combined:

the Chronicle, founded in 1785, and the Constitutionalist,

founded in 1799. Much of the history of Georgia Ivas been

reflected in, the columns of this time-honored journal, and

in those of the papers which united to form it; nor is it

invidious to say that few organs of public opinion, in the

South have been so dominant in shaping platforms and

[>olic'ios. The old ''Chronicle" itself WHs1 formerly a

compound. Back in the forties sometime., its owners

purchased the Sentinel, a paper edited by Judge Long-

street, whose pen could be trenchant and caustic as1 well

as playfully humorous. Tt was the era of polemics;

and bitter beyond anything1 known to recent years Were

the acrimonious controversies of 'ante-helium days. The

olive-branch was imkTuvwn. Ffa.rsh. words almost invariab

ly ended in personal encounters, and quarrels over trifles

were frequently adjourned to 'the field of honor; hut 'the

fear of bloodshed operated as no deterrent to men of

Oa.valier 'antecedaiits. In 1850, ,7oLn M. Smythe, assis

tant editor of the paper, after the Chronicle and the

.Sentinel were combined into one sheet, fought a duel with

T'om Thomas, in which the former, at the third tire, was

shot in both thigi\s. During' the decade before the war,

the old Constitutional?stj under -Tames Gardner, was the

rno'st powerful newspaper in Georgia; and according1 to

Colonel 1. Ay. A very the big-best political 'honors werci

easily within the reach of ]STr. Gardner, but lie failed to

g-ras]> them by reason of an early indiscretion.* V. M.

Barnes, its editor in 3865, was a member of the Constitu

tional Convention of the same year. The two Wrigitts,

Ambrose R., iwlio afterwards became a Confederate Ma

jor-General, and Greg'g", h.is son, were brilliant writers on.

the staff of the same paper. Patrick Walsh, who was long

editor-in-chief after the final consolidation, a power in

lilCHMONU

901

State politics and in local affairs, tinally became a United States Senator1, thus realizing; the 11.11i'ulfilied dreams of James G-ardner. Among the other gifted members of the staff Jiavo been .Tames Uydcr Kandall, the author of "Maryland, My "Maryland," perhaps the greatest war lyric in'any language ; and Pleasant A. Stovall, now editor' of the Savanna!i- Press. Under the successful manage ment of Thomas W. Tjoyless, its present editor, the Chronicle and Constitutionalist., is 'Sftill one of the most influential papers in Georgia, maintaining* the hig*h stand ard of its best traditions.

Copse Hill: The
Home of Paul H. Hayne.
Origin of "Maryland, My Maryland," Randall's Great War
Lyric.
Story of Wilde's Famous Poem : "My Life is Like the Summer Rose."
The Seizure of the Arsenal.

Page 224. Page 45.
Pag'e 228. Volume 11.

President Taft: An Jt lias been ihe privilege of -Augusta
Honorary Augustan. to entertain within her gates more than one Chief-Executive of the
nation. The first of the number to visit the city was President "Washington in. 1703. Tjatev, in 1819, came President jNtonroe and again, in 1898, came President MoKinley. riut t]ie ('hief-Execu.tjve to confer the i^reatest compliment npon Augusta was the late occupant of the

902 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
White House: William H. Taft. Subsequent to Ms elec tion but prior to his inauguration, Mr. Taft sojourned for several weeks on the Sand Hills. Again in the spring of 1911 lie made the town a visit; and after completing his term of office in 1913 he came directly to Augusta for an extended sojourn. ^Vhen the silver "wedding anni versary of Mr. and Mrs. Taft was celebrated in the White .House, quite a number of Georgians were present, including several from Augusta; and one of the most conspicuous of the many elegant tributes which the happy event called forth was one from Augusta; an ex quisite silver service, the gift of three official bodies-- the Chamber of Commerce, the Cotton Exchange, and the Merchants and Manufacturers Association. It con sisted of a punch bowl with a capacity of thirty-six pints, a salver, a ladle, and twelve cups. On the hand some tray was engraved the following inscription:

President 1888.

To and Mrs. William Hotyard
June Nineteenth from
Friends and Admirers Augusta, Georgia.

Taft 1911.

Both the boiwl and tlie cups were tastefully inscribed with an old English "T."
During his visit to Augusta, Mr. Taft made the ac quaintance of an eminent member of the local bar: Hon. Joseph R. Tjamar. Fascinated 'by his engaging person ality, he was not less deeply impressed by his legal scholarship ; and the result of this acquaintance was the appointment of Judge Lamar, notwithstanding the fact that he was a life-long Democrat, to a seat on the Supreme Bench of the United States. It may be said in this con nection that Mr. Taft has been wholly non-partisan in Ms choice of many other distinguished men to high posi tions. He appointed as his Secretary of "War, a Demo crat, J'ohn M. Dickinson. He elevated to the Supreme
j

RICHMOND

903

Bench anotlier Southern man "who was both a Democrat and an ex-Confederate soldier, Judge Horace H. Tjurton, of Tennessee; and finally he promoted to the high office of Chief-Justice of the United States, an. ex-Confederate soldier and. a Democrat: Judge Kclwin D. White, of Louisiana. It is worthy of note, in connection with the administration of Mr. Taft, that during his term of office more vacancies occurred on the Supreme Bench than during the official tenure of any other President in the history of the Government.

The Boyhood's

But Augusta is bonnd to the White

Home of President Ilonse in Washington by a still more

Wilson.

intimate tie. It was here that the

present distinguished occupant of the

executive mansion spent his boyhood days, whil e hi s

father, the noted Dr. Joseph R. Wilson, was pastor of the

old First Presbyterian Church, on Telfair street. One of

the earliest teachers of President Wilson, in Augusta,

was the well known educator and historian, Professor

Joseph T. Derry, who at this time conducted a private

school and among the other famous pupils whom he

taught here was the brilliant Judge Joseph R. Lamar, one

of the present members1 of the 'Supreme Court of the

United States. Professor Derry is still living in Atlanta,

where he holds an important office at the iState Capitol

and enjoys vigorous health for one of 'his years. The

golden anniversary of his marriage lacked only a few

days of coinciding with the nomination of Governor

Wilson at Baltimore, and there was not a more jubilant

man in the State than Professor Derry over the 'action of

the Democratic Convention. He was also one of the most

en/thusi'astic and tireless workers for Governor Wilson's

election.

904 GKORG-TA'B LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND L/KGENDS

Major Archibald Butt: A Hero of the Titanic.

Volume II.

The Augusta Canal: Perhaps the chief factor in the

How it Came to be building1 of present-day Augusta

Built.

has been the little ribbon of water

which turns the ponderous wheels

of her factories and kindles the industrial music of her un

numbered spindles. Everyone has heard of Augusta's

famous canal; but the story of how it began to call forth

the mills which today occupy the banks of the stream

is an imfamilia.r recital. It was Colonel PTeiiry (.'. Cum

min g who first conceived the idea. Some who were not so

well versed in reading1 the future as this far-sigiited man

of affairs ridiculed the suggestion and lampooned the

seei'. 15ut at the earnest request of Mr. dimming' who

was profoundly convinced in his own mind of the need of

this canal, if the Savannah's marvelous water-power at

tiiis point was to be effective, an examination of the falls

above the city was begun by Mr. William Phillips, an engi

neer. Within a short time thereafter, at a meeting' of

citizens friendly to the enterprise, Mr. Phillips wuibniitted

a report, in wihioh he recommended the project. This was

in 1844. Some few months Inter a route was surveyed,

after which the work of building" the canal was promptly

commenced and vigorously prosecuted. On November 23,

1846, water was admitted into the first level. 'Subsequent

extensions were made from time to time, but it was not

until 1876 that the canal as it appears at the present day

was completed. It is nine miles in length, generates a

capacity estimated at 14,000 horse power and given to

the consumer at a mere nominal cost, while it turns tlio

wheels of seven large cotton factories, one silk mill, two

flour mills, three machine shops, and one lumber plant,

besides the electric light and power station -aii<l the city

water-works. The wisdom of the project has been de

monstrated in golden multiples >of gain. Augusta's

r

R.IC-tlMOND

905

noblest work O'f internal improvement, it -lias paid for itself many times over1, and stands today a. monument to the early Augustan in whose prophetic dream's it W-IH long ago foreshadowed.

Summerville: "The This bcauti fill submrb of Augusta

Sand Hills."

has long' been famous for its distin

guished residents and for* its elegant

old time mansions. The United States Arsenal, which

w&s seized by the local volunteer troops, at the outbreak

of the Civil "War, is located here. For years the Arsenal

was used simply <as a store house, but, in 1875, when the

system of arsenals was reorganized by the United States

government, it became an important military post. The

1 Alignsta Arsenal is the only one south of Philadelphia

and east of San Antonio. Due to the extreme dry ness of

the climate on the Sand Hills, there is said to be 110 better

place on the continent for the, storage of guns. At Sum

merville were located the homes of Governor John Mil-

ledge, of Governor Charles 3. .Tonkins, of Colonel Charles

G. Jones, Jr., and of a mimiber of other y>romment Geor

gians. But not the least of the attractions of Summerville

is the famous !Ron Air Hotel, a, favorite winter resort for

wealthy tourists. It "was built by the celebrated Dr. Wil

liam II. Tutt, of New York, who originally planned it as

a summer home for his family; but, believing that the-

time had come when a great hotel for the accomodation

of wealthy patrons during the winter season could be sus

tained by Augusta, he 'altered his plans to suit this1 in

spirational idea; and the palatial Ron Air Hotel \va.s the

result.

Hepzibah: Old Sixteen miles south-west of Augnsta, in Brothersville. an area of pines, is one of the oldest of
Georgia settlements, possibly antedating even Augusta. Th-e modern name of the place is Hcpxibah.; but when the little town began to blossom amid the

906 GEORGIA'S IJANDMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
primaeval solitudes it "was called' Brothersville. Mr. Walter A. Clark, of Augusta, has charmingly introduced the old settlement to literature, in a work entitled: ; 'Brotherisville: A LiO'st Arcadia." ^Ye are largely in debted to him for the facts contained in this sketch. Ac cording to Mr. Clark, the large number of curious Indian relics found in the neighborhood of Ilepzibah, including some very rare fragments of pottery, justifies the belief that ian 'old Indian village "was here located. The abor iginal inhabitants 'of this section of Georgia "were the lichees, a subordinate tribe of Indians who occupied the territory now embraced within Burke, Jefferson, Colum bia and Richmond Counties and who gave allegiance to the Creeks. Not far from Hepzibah is an ancient mound which may possibly contain the bones of some old Uchee chief. The Murray road which passes through Ilepzibah was once an Indian trail. It was probably used by Galphin in traveling- from his home at Silver Bluff below Augusta to his trading post at Old Town on the Ogeechee River.
.Perhaps the earliest of the pioneer settlers "was Thomas Walker, a native of Pennsylvania. He is sup posed to have settled in this vicinity about the year 1745. His descendants are legion, ra fact "which produces little astonishment "when we are told that he lived to be ninety years of age and was four times married. Elijah Walker, whose wife was a niece of President -James K. Polk and a cousin of General Leonid as Polk, was his son; and Colonel Alexander C. Walker, a rnian of some note in 'ante bellum days, was his grandson.
Though not included among the direct offspring1 of this old pioneer resident, Major Freeman Wralker, a for mer United States Senator from Georgia; General Wm. II. T. Walker, who was killed in the battle of the 22nd of July, near Atlanta; General Valentine Walker, and Madame Octavia W'alton LeVert belonged to the same fanri.lv connection.

BlCHMOND

907

Elisha. Anderson and Robert Alien settled in this neighborhood between 1757 and 1774.
Edmund Murphey, a soldier in tbe Revolution, re ceived in 1784 a g'rartt of land in this locality and built a home within tlie present limits of Hepzibah. He was the son of Nicholas Murphey, "who accompanied Oglethorpe to Georgia, on the latter's return voyage in 3736 and who served for five years in his majesty's troop of rangers, for which he was given an acre of land in Augusta, and 200 acres to the south of the town. Edmund Murphey is said to have been the first white male child born in Au gusta. T>he dlate of his birth was November 24, 1745. The old Murphey place at Hepzibah is still in the posses sion of Edmund Murphey's descendants. Dr. Eugene E. Murphey, of Augusta, is the present owner.
The list of pioneer settlers also includes Absalom and Aaron Rhodes, Charles and Edward Bnrch, Thomas Hill, and others.

Brothersville was the name given to the settlement for the reason that three sons of Elisha Anderson became s'O prominent in local affairs that for years there was not a progressive movement "which did not relate itself in some way to these three brothers. They were James, Elisha, Jr., and Augustus. Among the later day resi, dents of the old town may be included, William E. Barnes, Judge John W, Carswell, Dr. Samuel B. Clark, Colonel Edmund B. Greshani, Henry D. Greenwood, Seaborn Augustus Jones, Rev. J. H. T. Kilpatrick, Robert Malone, John D. Mongin, Alexander Murphey, James Madson Reynolds, "William Evans, Moses P. Green, and Absalom W. Rhodes.
During the ante-bellum period there -was not to be found in Georgia a. settlement in which there was more of the typical culture of the old South. The people were not only intelligent but deeply religious. The various pha,ses of orthodox belief were "well represented among them; but in 1860 the Hepzibah Baptist Association,

908 GEORGIA'S TJANDMARKS. MTCMORIAT.S AND LEGENDS
established here a. high school which in tim.e super-ceded the local. a.cademy and became an important educational pl'aiit. Consequently, on October 24, 1870, the name of the place was changed to Hcpzibah, in compliment to the re ligions body by which, the school was. org-anized; and the career of historic old Brotbersville came to an end.
Bath. yis miles to the west of Hepzi'bah is Bath, another old town, whose origin dates back to the days be
fore the Revolution. It is located along the same old Indian, trail. The place was formerly called Richmond Baths because of the springes which bubbled in this local ity and "which were supposed to possess rare medicinal virtues. It became the resort of wealthy planters, chiefly from Burke. The predominant racial type was Scotch-Irish, and the religions character of the settlement strongly Presbyterian. Arnon g th e or i ginal sett! errs were Amos Cx. Wihitehead1, John Berrien Wliitehea.d, Amos McNatt, Samuel Dowse, Gideon "Dowse, John Randolph Wihitehead, James Whi'teheiad, Troup "Whiteheaid, William Whitehead, John AVhitehead, John P. C. Whi'teh ead, Willi'am. S. (J. Morris, Rev. Jo'Sh.ua Key, Samuel Byne, Wil liam Byne, Major Poythress, AniO'S "W. Wig'gins, TOiomas Nisbet, Quimtillian Skrine, Commodore Nels'on, and others
Dr. Frank R. Moulding', who wrote *' The Young Marooners," lived for a, number of years at Bath, where he served the local Presbyterian congregation; and while residing here he invented the first sewing machine. (See Volume IT).
Dr. S. 1C. Talmagc, an uncle of the great Brooklyn divine, later the President of Oglethorpe University, was also a resident pastor. The list of distinguished ministers who have lived at Bath includes also X)r. Rufus 1C. Porter, who afterwards became chaplain of Ootob's Legion; Rev. Calvin Mclver, Rev. I.aiwson Clinton, and Rev. Tim'othy

RICHMOND

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Diwight. Mr. Clinton possessed several beautiful daugh ters, one of "whom married General HJaync, o-f South. Caro lina. 'Air. Clark refers to him in the following' paragraph. Slays Hie: "It was never my privilege to sit under Mr. Clinton's ministration's, hut if he was as charming" in the pulpit as nis daughters were out of it lie must have kept his congregations awake even on the hottest summer days.

Mount Enon. In the immediate neighborhood of Bath there is quite an area of high ground which
early in the last 'century became a summer resort for wealthy rice planters from the Georgia coast. On account of the altitude it was called Mount Enon. Tn 1805, the Georgia Baptists soug'ht to establish a college at this place, but the Legislature, fearing that it might possibly cripple the University, then only four years old, refused to grant the charter. However, an act was passed incorporating an academy at this place, and for a num ber of years it was quite a flourishing institution. Dr. JTeiiry Holcoinbe was one of the most zealous friends of this school. He gave it in1 the beginning' 200 acres of land, and in 'other ways helped it; but when he finally left the State, it began to languish. I)r. Holconibe was a man of powerful personality, who saw far into the future; but, these "were pioneer days. The Baptists were then few in number. It was not an easy matter for them to support even an academy at this early period; and not long after the departure of Dr. Hoi combe the school was discontin ued. Mount Enon was at one time quite a settlement; but for more than fifty years it has been numbered among the dead towns of Georgia. It was never an ideal place for a settlement; and the present drearisome aspect oT the locality well justifies the remark of the Rev. Benj. F. Thorpe who rode out to the place one day on horse-back. Said lift: "It appears to me as if the T-iord, after making

910 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the world, had a big bag full of sand left and not knowing what else to do with it he dumped it all out at Mount Enon."

Brownsborough. At the time of the Revolution there was a little village by this name located
somewhere near A.ugusta, Immediately after the victory of the American Army at Kettle Creek the patriots' were divided into small detachments, and stationed at different points, the better to guard the country against invasion, and to keep a lookout for Tories and .British sympathizers. One of these parties, under the command of Co]. Leonard Marbury, was quartered at _Bro\yirsiboroug'h. Learning through his spies that a. scouting' party of twenty of the King-'s rangers, commanded by a Captain Whitley, was in the neighborhood, Marbury determined upon its cap ture or annihilation. Accordingly he sent Captain Cooper with twelve dragoons to cut off "Whit ley's retreat, and after giving Cooper time to reach his1 position marched out to attack the British front. Cooper gained the rear of the party sooner than was expected, came upon "Whitley and his men while they were at dinner, and, deeming' the opportunity too good to be lost, attacked at once without waiting for the arrival of Marbury. The sur prise was complete, and the British surrendered without resistance.*

Richmond's Noted Prior to the Revolution, there was

Residents.

only a frontier settlement on the site

of the present town of Augusta, the population of which,

in addition to the garrison, consisted of a few families

living- in the neighborhood of the fort. But scattered

thrcmglvovtt the parish of St. Paul,, there "were a number

of stalwart men who developed into strong" leaders, dur

ing the struggle for independence. Here lived General

John Twig'gs, a noted officer, who commanded an inde

pendent legion. His plantation lay to the south of the

* Mrs. .T. L. Walker, of Way cross. State Historian, D. A. R.

RICHMOND

911

town. In the Tipper part of the parish, lived Colonel Wil liam Candler, "with his equally famous kinsmen, the Fews, one of whom, Ignatins, held, a Captain's commis sion, while "William and Benjamin were both Colonels. William Few afterwards served in the Continental Con gress and "was a delegate to the Convention of 1787. called to frame the Federal Constitution. In 1799, he removed to the city of New York. His burial-place has been located at Fi&iikill, on the Hudson. Benjamin Few re moved into what was then, the territory of Alabama, where he lies buried on one of the bluffs of the Tombigbee.
The GHascocks came to Richmond on the eve of the Revolution. William Glascock became Speaker of the House of Assembly; and. because of his prominence in the Whig councils, was attainted of treason by the Tory Legislature of 1781. ITe died on his plantation below Augusta, called "Olascoek's Wash."
Both a son nnd a grandson of Willinm Glascock rose to the rank of Brigadier-General in Georgia, and they have often been c,onfusecl because of similarity in names.
General Thomas G-lascock, Sr., when a young captain of cavalry in the T-iegion. of Count Pulaski, distinguished himself at the siege of Savannah by rescuing the body of his brave leader, under the fire of the enemy's guns. He wag a member of one of the companies organized to pur chase the Ya,zoo lands, a. circumstance which rendered him somewhat unpopular. "But lie looked at the mntter from the standpoint of 'a man of business. 11 "WHS before the era of railroads when wild lands "were worthless, and when Georgia possessed a territory imperial m extent. Tie regarded the attitude of General Jackson in the matter as a dramatic performance intended solely for political effect; and "when he attended the State Constitutional Convention in 1798 he refused to sign the Constitution because it re-asserted the State's jurisdiction over land which he claimed as one of the grantees under the usurped act of 1795. He died at his country place, "The Mills," some few miles to the northwest of Augusta, at the age of

912

G-EOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

"fifty-four. .He was a most successful linaiicier arid, a man of large means.
General Thomas GJascock, Jr., 'sewed with distinction iri the War of 1812 and in the various campaigns against the Seminole Indians. ITc became a lawyer of note and a, member of Congress, letter in life, he removed to Decatur, Ga., where he was killed by a, Tall from his horse. The county of GTascock wras named in his honor.

Colonel Samuel Hammond, a '.soldier whose name is still bright 'on the honor roll of the .Revolution, settled in Augusta some time after the close of hostilities. Col. Hammond 'bore a, conspicuous part in the famous siege of Augusta dividing the honors with his illustrious com patriots, l^lijah Clarke and "Light Horse TIarry" Lee. Trie represented Georgia in the Congress of the United States; and, on relinquishing' office, was appointed by President Jefferson the first Territorial Governor of Mis souri, with headquarters at St. Louis, then only a little French village on the extreme western border of civiliza tion. On account of the failure of local banks he became involved in a large debt to the Federal government; but he sacrificed Iris magnificent property to redeem his obli gations and left behind him a record for integrity to which no taint of dishonor could ever attach. lie died at Viarello Farm, his plantation, some three miles below Augusta, on the South Carolina, side of the Savannah River, at the age of eighty-five.

George AValton, the most distinguished of Georgia's trio of Signers, became a resident of Augusta in 1791. On the outskirts of .the town he purchased 'a country seat which he called. Meadow Garden; and here the last four teen years of his life were spent. He is buried under the monument to the Signers, in front of the court house, on

RICHMOND

913

G-reene street, where the ashes of Dr. .Lvman Hall also rest. Meadow Garden has been acquired for memorial pu.rpo.ses by tlie Daughters of the American Revolution, who 'have made it a patriotic 7nuseum for relics of the
Revolutionary period. The first digest of the T^nws of Georgia was published
in 1.800 by two prominent lawyers of Augusta--Robert arid George Watkins. It was a meritorious work, but it kindled the wrath of Governor Jackson because it con tained the Yazoo Act. tie condemned it, and there follow
ed a series of duels. Here lived Thomas P. Oarnes, a mem'ber of Congress
and a jurist of note, during; the early ante-bellum period ; but when 'Milledgevillc became the State Capital he re
moved to the new seat of government. John Forsythj one of Georgia's most- illustrious sons,
a member of Congress, a United States Senator, a diplo mat, a member of the Cabinet, a Governor of the State, and an -orator almost without a peer, lived in Augusta. He died while Secretary of State and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, on the banks of the Potomac. His father, JVIaj or Robert For sy th, wl i i I e hoi ding' th e office of United States Marshal for Georgia, was killed in Augusta by the noted Bevcrly Alien, a Methodist preacher
whom he was seeking' to arrest.

lOight wearers of the toga have come from Richmond --William Few, George Wnlton, Abraham Baldwin, John Forsyth, Freeman "Walker, Nicholas "Ware, John P. Ivirtg', and Patrick Walsh; and two of these--Freeman Walker and Nicholas Ware--were elected to the United States Senate, while occupying the office of in ay or. The latter succeeded the former in both roles.
Alfred Cutb.bert, though never a resident of? Augnsta, was brought <to the Sand Hills for burial from his home
in Jasper. John P, King" was chosen to a seat in the United States

914 GEORGIA 's T JANPMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Senate -when only thirty-four years of age to succeed George M. Troup. lie was also the first president of the Georgia Railroad, a pioneer builder of cotton mills, and a far-sighted man of affairs who gave initial impetus to the State's industrial development.
Bight Governors of the State have been residents of Augusta--George Wal'ton, John Milledge, John Ftorsyth, William Sohley, George W. Crawf ord, Charles J. Jenkins, Rufus B. Bullock, and Benjamin Conley.
Mr. Crawford was also Secretary of War in the Cabi net of President Taylor and chairman of the famous Secession Convention of 3861.
It was Charles J. Jenkins, who bore the executive seal of Georgia into exile rather than permit this sacred em blem of the State's sovereignty to be profaned by military usurpers.
If George Mathews be added to the list of Governors the number is increased to nine.
One of the most distinguished residents of Augusta before the Civil War was Judge Robert Raymond Keiil, who served with distinction both on the Bench and in the halls of Congress. He was also an orator of rare gifts. On the death of Ms wife, a bereavement from which he never fully recovered, Judge Reid accepted an appoint ment to the Bench of the United States District Court for the Territory of West Florida, an office which he relin quished to accept the office of Governor.
Judge William Tracy Gonld, one of the most noted of Georgia's ante-bellum jurists, lived in Augusta, where he established a law school "which became famous through out the South. On May 4, 1911 a portrait of Judge Gould was presented to the Masons of Augusta by his grand daughter, Mrs. Harriet Gould Jefferies. The address of presentation "was made by Hon. AVilliam H. Fleming; >and the portrait was formally accepted on behalf of the Masons by Hon. Bryson Crane.

RICHMOND

915

Ten members of Congress have been residents of Richmond--John Milledge, Thomas P. Carnes, Thomas Grlascock, Samuel Harnmond, Richard Henry Wilde, Robert Raymond Keid, John Forsytli, George T. Barnes, J. C. C. Black, and William II. Fleming.
To this list may also be added three members of the Continental Congress--George Walton, John Waltou, and William Few.
Three O'ccnpants of the Supreme Bench have lived in. Augusta--Ebenezer Startles, William W. Montgomery, and Charles J. Jeiikins.
Here lived Judge Andrew J. MiJler, a distinguished legislator and jurist of the ante-bellum period, who served continuously iu the Senate of Georgia for twenty years, a body over which he long presided.
William Long-street, a noted inventor, wTio anticipated Robert Fulton in successfully 'applying steam to naviga tion, lived in Augusta. The old pioneer lies buried in St. Paul's churchyard.
William Gumming, a dominant factor in public affairs during the ante-bellum period, "who fonght a duel with the celebrated George McDuffie, also lived here. Alfred Gum ming, his son, received from President Buchanan an appointment as Territorial Governor of Utah. He after wards became a Confederate Brigadier-General.
Dr. Francis Pt. Goulding, who wrote "The Young Marooners" and invented the sewing machine, lived for some time at Bath.

Joseph Wheeler, a member of Congress from Alabama, a Lieutenant-General in command of a Corps of Confed erate Calvary during the Civil War and a Major-General in the U. S. Army of volunteers during the SpanishAmerican War, was born in Augusta. The county of Wheeler was named for this illustrious soldier.
Dr. William H. Tutt, a wealthy merchant and manu facturer of New York, who accumulated a fortune in the metropolis estimated at several millions, spent his boy-

916 GEORGIA'S TJANDMARK.S, MEMORIALS AND
hood days in Augusta ; and when an old man ho built the famous Bon Air Hotel, on the HilJ, a winter resort for eastern millionaires.
John D. Rockefeller, the great Standard Oil ICing, has been for years an annual visitor to Augusta, where lie resides on the Hill; and. here President Taft has fre quently sojourned, an honored guest.
Kight counties of Georgia have been named for the following noted residents of Augusta--George Walton, John Twigg's, Thomias Glascock, Freeman Walker, Nicho las Ware, William Sehley, John Forsyth, and Andrew J. Miller.
To this number may not improperly be added--Wil liam PL Craw^ford, who was at one time a tutor in the Richmond Academy; Joseph Wheeler and William W. Gordon, both natives of Augusta; and Augustin S. Claytoii, who here spent bis boyhood days.
Ten Brigadier Generals in the Confederate Army have come from Richmond--Alfred Cnmining-, William. Mont gomery Gardner, M. A. Stovall, John K. Jackson, Goode Bryan, William R. Boggs, William IX Smith, E. P. Alex ander, Victor J. B. Girardy, and Isaac M. St. John; four Major-Generals--Daniel E. Twiggs, L/afayette McLaws, W^illiam H. T. ^Yalker, and A_mbrose Kansom Wrigirt; and one Ijieutenant-General, Joseph Wheeler. Beneath the altar of old 'St. Paul's 'C'hurcli sleeps also the great hero-bishop 'of the Southern Confederacy--lieutenantGeneral Tjeonidas Polk.
In the gentler realm of letters, the achievements of Richmond have been notably brilliant. Here lived for a number of years, as editor of one of the local papers, Judge Augustus B. I^ong'street, th.e noted humorist, who wrote i4 Georgia Scenes." He afterwards became a dis tingnished educator and divine.
.Richard Henry Wilde, who wrote the immortal lyric, '' "M"v Ijife is Ijike the Sin-riimer Rose," was an a.nte-belluni

RICHMOND

917

resident of Augusta,. Ho represented the Sta.tc In Con gress, where the lire of his Irish eloquence made him con spicuous among- the la w- makers of the nation. While a sojourn er in Italy, he g'athered the materials for his twovolume work on the life of the mad Italian poet--T'orquato Tasso. He removed from A.ugusta to New Orleans, where he died of the yellow fever, but his body was ex humed in after years and brought back to Georgia.
Mr. Wilde was three times laid to rest, first in New Orleans, then on the Sand Hills, and then in the city cemetery, of Augusta, where his mortal ashes today sleep.

At the close of the Civil War, Paul H. Hayne, one of the greatest of Southern poets, came to Georgia, from Charleston, S. C., and settled among- the pine trees, at Copse ITill, on the 'borders of Richmond; and here the remainder of his days were spent.
James Kydcr Randall, the author of "Ma.ryhmd, My Maryland," a war-song- whose music has belted the globe, was for years a resident of Augusta; and here he lies buried.
William T. Thornps>on r the celebrated humorist, at one time edited a newspaper in. Augusta; '"but he after wards removed to Savannah.
Emily Ijafayette McT.-a.ws, one of the most successful of present-day writers of fiction, was bom in Augusta. She afterwards located in New York. Some half-dozen novels have come from the pen of this talented woman.
Charles J. Ba.yne, a poet of rare gifts, begun his career* on one of the Augusta newspapers.
Pleasant A. Stovall, who has published a. biography of Robert Toom'bs, in addition to other volumes, edited the Augusta Chronicle for a number of years, after which lie removed to Savannah.
William: H. Fleming, a former member of Congress. has rendered a service to literature, in the publication of a volume of his speeches. Charles TCdg'worth .Fones and Salem Dutcher have also done much to conserve the his tory O'f the State.

918 GEORGIA'S IJAJSTDMAKKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Maria Ijouise Eve, a writer of urmsual charm, whose poems have given her a high niche in literature, lives here.
But the place of pre-eminence--at least among his torical 'writers--in this brilliant galaxy of Aug*ustans, must be given to the Georgia, 'Macauley--Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr. "With, tireless research, he delved into the State's earliest antiquities, producing- a number of monographs on the monumental remains and the prehi storic tribes of Georgia, besides important biographies. The writings of Colonel Jones have brought him recogni tion from savants on both sides of the water. .His master piece, a two-volume work, entitled "A; History of Geor gia, JJ is a monument alike to his industry and to his genius; nor "will it ever cease to be a matter of regret to the people of this State that the untimely death of this distinguished author prevented the completion of his great task. He has brought the narrative of events do'wn to the close of the Revolution; and at this point some other historian must take it up. But where is the man amongst us who can wear Saul's armor or bend the bow of Ulysses?
BOCKDALE
atefl txy Legislative Act, October 18, 1870, f: for the subterranean bed of granite which und te. Conyers, the county-seat, named for Dr.
Conyers: Where the It is an item of no small interest,, First Battle for Pro- in view of the present State-wide hibition was Fought, prohibition of intoxicating liquors
in Georgia, that the first battle for prohibition in this State was fought to a finish in the county of Rockdale. The wave started there and the lead ers in the fight were: Eev. John A, Reynolds, Dr. Henry

liOCKDALE

919

Quigg, Ham Almand, Colonel W. L. Peek, Dr. J, A. Slewart, S. D. ISTight, James Hollingsworth and others. These men unfurled a banner on "which was "written "No Com promise." They presented a solid front to the enemy and, after a struggle of much bitterness, g'ained a lasting1 vic tory for temperance in Georgia and left a perpetual heritage of honor to the place and people.
Rockdale is among the most prosperous agricultural counties in Georgia. It is highly favored in every natural advantage and possesses a, rare type of citizenship, indus trious, upright, enterprising-, and intelligent. It abounds in fertile field's, perennial streams, and mountains of granite. The city of Conyers took its name about 184-3 from Dr. Conyers, of Covington, who kindly and gener ously deeded to the Georgia Railroad the right of way through his property in Rockdale County and the land re quired for railway purposes at the station. To perpetuate the memory of this distinguished physician his name was given to the new county seat. Moreover, since L>r. Con yers was a most zealous advocate of temperance, the city commissioners excluded by deed the sale of any intoxicat ing liquors within the corporate limits, which inhibition was observed in each transfer for vears.

Mr. David M. Parker "was the first commissioned post master and held the office in humble but adequate quar ters for quite a length of time. Mr. Henry Holeombc lived in a log bouse "where the court house now stands. He was so irreconcilably opposed to the Georgia Rail road passing through his land that he sold his extensive acreage to Dr. C'onyers and moved off. The court house lot passed to Mrs. ISTancy Almand, a lady of note in this section of Georgia, from whom the distinguished Almand family, off Conyers, is descended. She died at her home and was buried in the A huaiid grave-yard just below Con-yers, on the Coving-tori public road. .The city of 'Conyers has been tested by repeated fires. Three times the entire

920 G-KOBGiA's LANDMARKS, MKMOKIALS AND LEGENDS
business section has been reduced to ashes, besides the almost total 'destruction of the frown by a marauding1 band of S'hernmn's army during- the Civil War. Among the hardy men. of brain and nerve who shaped the future of the town, and started it safely and successfully upon a career of growth in the early days may be mentioned: Judge M. M. ."Bently, Squire T'. H. !Bryans, Squire D. T. AVhite, Or. J. A. Stewart, Rev. John L. Stcwart, Rev. Joel Staiisell, Oa.ptain "Warren Maddox, Rev. Stephen Mayfield, Mr. Henry P. Almand, Mr. Ilain Almand and many others of worthy deeds of honor and enterprise. These men. of brave hearts and iron wills labored resolutely for the general good. The Masonic order united with the citizens sometime during the forties and built a two-story frame structure for a Masonic hall and school building". This old land-mark is yet standing* on the hill, but has since been converted into a dwelling', with modernized features. Some of the best known men and 'Women -of Gonyers were here taught. Among1 the names more recent ly 'associated with the development of Conyers may be included: Judge A.. C. Me Call a, the first 'Ordinary of the county; Dr. C. H. Turner, the oldest physician, in the county; Dr. J. A. Stcwart, the first legislator; Colonel "W. L. Peek, the first State Senator ; Judge George AV. Gleas'on, the first County Judge, John "FT. Almond, the pioneer banker and the oldest merchant, and a number of others who with equal zeal have labored for the advancement of the town.
One of the first counties in the Stale to adopt t.lie "no fence" law, Rockdale ha:s been equally forward in other progressive and wide-awake reforms. The residents of this community bave been noted for the interest which they have always taken In schools, in churches, and in the observance of law and order. The first Presbyterian camp-ground in Georgia is in Rockdale and bears the Biblical name of Smyrna. At this place, for more than a century, great religious gatherings have been held annual-

SCHT/EY

921

ly, some of them Pentecostal in spiritual power. Genera tion after generation has here worshipped God in the beautiful shade of the forest trees. The stately taber nacle at Smyrna is the ovitgrowth of volunteer contribu tions, and the atmosphere of the old camp ground is frag-rant with saintly names like Hollingsworth and Stewart and Rog'ers and other pious souls of the early days who here met in the wilderness on each Sabbath afternoon to sing1 and to pray.*

Original Settlers. Some of the most representative of the
pioneer citizens of Kwkdale, several of whom a.re still in life, may be enumerated as follows: David M. Parker, Henry Holconibe, Judge M. M. Bentley. Squire 1\ li. Bryans, Squire D. T. White, Dr. J. A. Stewart, Rev. John L. Stewart, Rev. Joel Stansell, Gapt. War ren Maddox, Rev. Stephen Mayfield, Henry P. Almand. Ham. Almand, John H. Almand, Judge A. C. MeCalla, Dr G. H. Turner, Dr. J. A. Stewart, Colonel \V. L,. Peek. Judge George W. Gleaton, Dr. Henry Qnigg, S. IX Night and James FTolling'S'W'ortli.

SOHI/TCY

William Schley was a native of the historic old town of Jfrederick, Md., where he wa,s boi'n December, 10, 1786. Corning to Georgia, he received his education in the academies at Jjouisville and Augusta, and settled in the last named place for the practice of law. lie became
* These facts were furnished by Colonel .Tohn TC. Matklox, of Decatur,

922 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
judge of the Superior Court of the Middle Circuit, a mem ber of the General Assembly of Georgia, a member of Congress, and from 1835 to 1839 Governor of Georgia. While occupying the office of Chief-Executive, he urgent ly recommended the construction of the Western and Atlantic Kailroad and before relinquishing the helm of affairs he sig-ned the bill putting the proposed legislation into effect. Governor Sehley in 1826 published a "Digest of the English Statutes of Force in Georgia." He was profoundly versed in the principles of the legal profession and was a man of clear foresight, of tireless industry, and of pre-eminent patriotism. He died in Augusta, Ga., November 20, 1858, at ;the age of severity-two, and was buried at Richmond Hill, his country seat, near the Louis ville road, some six miles from Augusta, where his grave is substantially marked. The late Admiral Winfield H. Schley, of the American Navy, who won the celebrated victory over the Spanish fleet at Santiago, in 1898, was a kinsman of Governor Schley and a native of the same town in Maryland.
Original Settlers. See Macon, Marion, and Suniter, from which counties Schley was formed.
To the list of early settlers may be added: H. L. French and ^V. A. Bla-ck who represented Schley in tho secession Convention at Milledgeville; Henry Stewart. Joel Eees, G. W. Marshall, William Devane, Prank M. Devane, .Tames N. Taylor, and others. Wm. Stewart, a. ]>atriot of '76, is buried at Ellaville.

SCKEVKN

923

SCREVEN

Gen. Screven Honored by the U. S. Government.

Volume IT.

The Battle of Briar On -March 3, 1779, at Briar Creek,

Creek.

in this county, there was fought a

noted battle, the issue of <whlch was

disastrous to the Revolutionary patriots, sonic of the

most distinguished of whom were made prisoners of war.

The Americans, in this engagement, were commanded by

General Ashe, of North Carolina; the British by Lieuten

ant-Colonel Campbell. In a letter dated Pnrisburg,

March 7, 1779., General Lincoln thus details the particu

lars of the battle.:

"After the enemy left Augusta, General Ashe, who

was stationed on the opposite side of the river, was or

dered to cross and take post at or near Briar Creek lower

bridge, as thereby he would cover the upper part of the

country, 'and as this was considered one of the strongest

posts therein, his left being- secured by a deep swamp on

the Savannah, River, his front by the creek, which at this

point was unfordahle and, about sixty yards wide ; besides,

he had a party of 200 horse to cover his right rear. Boats

were provided for the troops to reeross the Savannah in

case the enemy should move against them in force, and

the baggage was sent over iu order that they might not be

encumbered therewith, in case they should be obliged to

retire into the country. But, notwithstanding, on the 3rd

of March, 1779, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the enemy

fell in his rear, his horse at that time being over Briar

Creek, and began the attack so suddenly that the General

924

GrKORGlA 7 S L/AJ>fDJMAJSK:,S, MEMOK1AL,S AND lj.UGICN.US

had not time to form 'the whole of his troops, \vhioli amounted to about 1,200, exclusive of the horse; those which were formed so oil g'ave way, thong'h many officers exerted themselves to prevent it, excepting' a few under General JtUbert, and one or two regiments of North Caro lina militia. 'Some, he informs me, fled without firing; they took to the -swamp and escaped, either by swimming the river or being- brought across in a boat. General A she supposes his Hrss to have been about 150 or 200. Prison ers taken, General Elbert, Georgia troops; LieutenantColonel McTntosh, in the Continental service; Major Pong-lass, Aide-de-Camp ; Captains Hicks. Nash, Outh'bert, S'cott, Pendleton, Corbet, Sprowl and Dalay; 160 non commissioned officers and privates."

Michael Poherty was a soldier of the Revolution. He enlisted, in one of! the ]3elaware Regiments, was at the battles of B'ra.ndywine, Stony Point, Cowpens and Caindcn, was several times wounded and taken prisoner, aucl was an Irishman, full of the wit and courage character istic of his countrymen. His adventures were most thrill ing. Tt is not known when he settled in Screven.
William Me Call, a Colonel in the Revolution, aftcrwlards a Baptist minister, died in Screven. The McCalls of Quitman, Ga., are among1 his descendants.
Frank Jones, a native of Wales, was an early settler of Screven. Four of his sons bore arms in the struggle for independence: Frank, .Tames, .Tohn and Philip.
Richard Her ring-ton, a Revolutionary patriot, came to Georgia in 1790 from North Carolina and settled in Screven. He sprang- from the sturdy Scotch-Irish stock, whose defiance of British oppression has made the hills of North Carolina forever historic.
Rev. Peyton !L. Wa.de was an early pioneer minister of the gospel in Screven. He was also a thrifty planter. At Wade's church, the inventor of the once famous Cooper plows, George W. Cooper, lies buried.

SCfiEVEN

925

Jacksonboro: The At the beginning of the last century,

Passing of an Old there was riot to be found within the

Town.

"borders of Georgia a thriftier center of

population tlian Jacksonboro. .It wa.s

named for the old Governor who exposed the lazoo fraud

and was settled by the best class of people in the State.

It was made the county-seat of S'c/reven county, a dis

tinction which for forty-eight, years it continued to enjoy

without Interruption. Vet the ]ig-lits have long" since been

extinguished in the town of Jacksonboro--its market

places have been deserted for more than three score years

--its very name ha.s been forgotten except by the anti

quarian wh.o delves into the historic past. The trade of

the town began to decline some time in the forties; and

after the removal of the public buildings to Sylvania it

soon fell into ruins. Whctlier the reverses of the town

were due to malarial conditions, to an unfortunate choice

of site, or to adverse discriminations, cannot at this time

be determined. It was made the county seat of Screven

oounty on February 15, 1799. Twenty four years later,

an alct of incorporation was passed by the .Legislature, at

wMcli time the Court House was designated as the center

of the town. The corporate limits were to extend a half

mile in every direction. Says Colonel Jones : l * * The

business of the county was, for some forty years or more,

mainly transacted at this place. Here, too, for some time,

resided Mr. John Afobott, whose work on the Ijepidopter-

ous Insects of Georgia is 'still prized by the students of

Natural History. Upon removal of the public buildings

to Sylvania, in 1847 this place was robbed of all impor

tance. It was speedily abandoned; and now a few slierds

of common pottery scattered over the surface of the

ground are all that is left to remind the visitor that the

tide of life was once here." Tlie distinguished scientist

to whom Colonel Jones above refers was an Englishman.

His work is entitled: "The Natural History of the Rarer

Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia." It was edited by Sir

'Dead Towns of Georgia, pp. 239-240, Savannah, 1878.

926 G-EOKGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND
J. E. Smith, and published in London, in 1797, with one hundred and four colored plates. 2

Historic Traditions: A Tragedy of the Swamp.
Recollection of Ed ward J. Black.

Volume II. Volume II.

Original Settlers. The first comers into Screven, accord ing- to White, were : J. H. Rutherford,
James Boyd, John Bonne!!, Henry Bryan, William Rush ing1, Benjamin Grcene, William Shepard, Robert Warren, Joseph Tanner, John Fie teller, John ISTevil, Anthony Bornell, Bird Larder, Matthew Ooleton, William Pearce, Daniel Blackburn, John Jeffera, William Rauls and M. Green e.

Several instances of longevity are recorded among the early'settlers 'of Screven, but the alleged ag'es of these people tax the credulity of the present da.y, "which is some what given to higher criticism. Michael Doherty is said to have been 140. The age of Mrs. Tj. Thrower is given as 137. Mr. Herrington was over 90 at the time of his death, and Mrs. Jane Black was 100.

SPAKDING

2 Knight's Biographical Dictionary of Southern Autho , Vol. XV of the TJbrary of Southern Literature, p. 1, Atlanta, 1910.

SPALDIJSTG

927

and the first J'resident of the Monroe Railroad, afterwards merged into the Central. Gen. Griffin was one of the earliest of Georgia's industrial captains to foresee the possibilities of steam applied to locomotion.

Thomas Spalding was one of the first planters of Georgia to introduce the culture of cotton--today the chief agricultural product of the Southern States, lie also encouraged the introduction, of sugar cane. lie was born at Frederica, on St. Simon's Island, on March 2fi, 1774 and died at the residence of his son, near Darieri, January 4, 1851. He was for years a factor in Georgia politics. iBefore reaching the age of twenty-five, he was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1798, of Which body he lived to be the last survivor. He served in the State Legislature, at different times, and also repre sented Georgia in the Ninth Congress. His gifts as a writer were of high order as his "Ijife of Oglethorpe" well attests. He operated several, hundreds slaves on his estensive sea-island and river bottom plantations, but was an ideal master and friend. His last appearance in public life was as chairman of a convention which met at Milledgeville in 1850 when the famous compromise measures of 1850 were under heated discussion and seces sion became the slogan of the extreme advocates of Stale Rights. He made an address on this occasion which was characterized by such fervor that it did not leave him with strength sufficient to reach, home, and he died at t'ho residence of his son, near Darieri, in his severity-seven 111 year.

Alexander I^atta, a soldier of the War of 1812, attach ed to the 4th Georgia militia, died in Spalding'. His last resting place, near the town of Griffin, has been marked by the Daughters of the American Revolution. The grave is covered by a horizontal slab of marble resting- upon a brick foundation, in addition to which there is also a marble headstone, on which the following brief record appears :
Alex. Letta. 4th Ga. Mil. War 1812.

928 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Griffin Brects the

Tn the town of Griffin, the first

First Confederate

monument erected in Georgia to

Monument.

commemorate the heroism of the

Confederate dead was unveiled on

April 26, 1869. Colonel James S. Boynton, a gallant

veteran, who afterwards became Governor of the State,

delivered the address of the occasion. The membership

of the pioneer organization to whose labor of love the

erection of this historic shaft \vas due included the follow

ing patriotic women of Griffin : Mrs. Isaac Winship, Mrs.

TJ. B. Brewer, Mrs. "W. E. Han]either, Mrs. J. N. Bell, Mrs.

T. J. Collier, Mrs. Charles P. Newton, Mrs, William Mick-

leberry, Mrs. J. M. Daniel, Mrs. Wooten, Miss Lizzie

Wooten, Mrs. Green, Mrs. A. M. Nelmes, Mrs. A. D. Alex

ander, and others. Entertainments of various kinds were

g'iven by the ladies, each of whom in addition made per

sonal sacrifices for the cause, laboring night and day to

complete the task at a time when, money was scarce in

this section and when the people were oppressed by hard

times. In the little cemetery at Griffin--to which the

name Stonewall has most appropriately been given--

several hundred Confederate soldiers lie buried. The

greater number of these either perished in the numerous

engagements which occurred in the neighborhood of

Griffin during the last year of the war, or died in the local

hospitals. Mrs. Isaac Winship was the first president

of the Griffin Memorial Association; and she was suc

ceeded in turn by the four ladies whose names head

the foregoing list, each of whom was chosen in the order

named. Ill 1898, the organization was merged into the

.lames S. Boynton Chapter of the United Daughters of

the Confederacy, with Mrs. Governor .lames 'S. Boynton

at the helm, an office which she has continued to hold.

Pour years ago the chapter decided upon the erection of

another monument to the heroes of the .Tjost Cause; and,

on October 11, 1909, it was duly unveiled, Dr. C. O. Jones

of Atlanta, delivering the address. The handsome shaft

was erected at a cost of $3,000; and to Mrs. W. J. Kin-

SFALDING

929

caid, chairman of the committee to raise this fund, the credit iri large measure belongs.

Original Settlers. According- to White, the original set tlers of Spalding were: John G. Hill,
A. A. Gaulding, John B. Reid, William Clino, General B. P. Daniel, Curtis .Lewis, Miles G. Dobbins, William S. Herronton, James A. Beeks, Absalom Gray, A. M. Nail, Thomas D. Johnson, Janies S. Jones, A. W^ Humphreys, Hugh Q. Johnson, David Johnson, Dr. John R. Clark, Joseph P. Manly, James Butler, Ishmae] Dunn, William Ellis, Garlington Tjeak, Burrell Orr, Simeon Spear, John H. Aims, Robert Walker, Garry Griee, Dr. James S. Long, William K. Phillips, and William Disnmke. Tn 1857 came Gilman J. Drake.

Spalding's Noted Besides the noted jurist and Chief-

Residents.

Executive of the State, Governor

James S. Boynton, the list of distin

guished residents of Griffin includes five former members

of Congress : John W. Jones, David J. Bailey, Erasmus

W. Beck, James C. Freeman, and John D. Stcwart. Colo

nel Bailey married a daughter of the famous Seaton

Grantland, of Milledgeville, the Henry Watterson of his

day in Georgia. Judge Stewart was both a minister of the

gospel and a jurist. General John Mclntosh Keif, one of

the great naval heroes of Confederate days, spent the last

years of his life at Sunnnyside. He was second to Ad

miral Semmes in command of the famous Confederate

crniser, the Alabama, and participated in the great duel

at sea "which occurred between the Alabama and the

Kearsarge in the British Channel. He was also a kins

man of Thomas Spalding, for whom the county of Spald

ing "was named. Judge John T. Hall, a distinguished jurist

at one time assistant U. S. Attorney-General, was long a

930 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
resident of Griffin. Judge Robert T. Daniel, one of the most eloquent men of the State; Hon. J. ,T. Flyni, a for mer President of the Senate; Captain W. J. Kincaid, one of Georgia's foremost industrial leaders-; and otlier rep resentative Georgians live here. Two of the most suc cessful business men of Atlanta began life in Griffin: Mr. L. H. Beck and Capt. James W. English.

STEPHEN'S

Created by Legislative Act, August 18, 1905, from Habersham and Franklin Counties. Named for the Great Commoner, Alexander H- Stephens, Congressman, Governor, Vice-President of the Confederate States, orator, and man of letters. Toccoa, the county-seat, named for the famous falls, some t-wo miles distant. According to a generally accepted tradition, the term signifies "the beautiful."

Pen-Pictures of Mr. Stephens.

Volume II.

Toccoa Falls. Toccoa Palls, one of the most beautiful cas cades in the State is the chief scenic attrac
tion of the county of Stephens. It is located two miles from the county-seat and is reached by a good country road. The far-famed beauty of this enchanted spot has made it an object of interest to sight-seers, ever since this fair mountain region of the State was first rescued from the Cherokees. According to some authorities Toccoa means "fhe Beautiful"; but translated by Mooney it signifies "Catawba Place," a term implying the former presence here of the Catawba Indians. The land in the immediate neighborhood of Toccoa Palls was acquired by purchase from the Cherokees in 1789 and was owned at one time by the "Waffords.

Dr. Jeff Davis, one of the most zealous leaders of the movement to create the new county of Stephens, a result

STEWAKT

931

which was not obtained without Herculean labor, is the owner of a golden trophy of the hard fight made by him. The inscription on it reads:
'' Pen used by Governor Joseph M. Terrell to sign a bill creating Stephens County, August 12, 1905.''

Original Settlers. See Habershazn and Franklin from -which counties Stephens was formed.

Among the leading residents of Stephens at the time the new county -was organized were: Dr. Jeff Davis, Judge J. B. Jones, J. B. Simmons, D. J. Simpson, B. P. Simpson, Dr. B. L. Ayers, Dr. F. C. Davis, W. A. Bailey, Judge B. P. Brown, Jr., W. A. Stowe, "W. H. Stephens, 0. T. Hosea, J. E. Tabor, Prof. J. I. Altaian, Hon. J. D. Prather, L. A. Edwards, W. C. Edwards, H. T. Moseley, Claud Bond, Edward Schaeffer, D. S. Womack, W. M. Kilgo, J. C. Andrews, W. F. Austin, E. C. Teasley, N. L. Garland, W. F. Smith, J. D. Isbell, M. B. Collier, N. E. G. Eainey, Dr. John II. Edge, Dr. H. M. Freeman, T. B. Yow, W. K. Bruce, T. A. Capps, Dr. K. J. Beid and Dr. J. H. Terrell.
STEWABT
Created by Legislative Act, December 23, 1830, from Randolph County, orjfi-inally Lee. Named for General Camel Stewart. of the Revolution. Lumpkin, the county-seat, named for Gov. "Wilson Lumpkin, a noted ChiefExecutive, Congressman, and United States Senator.
Brigadier-General Daniel Stewart, an illustrious soldier and patriot, was born in what was ttien the Parish of St. John, on October 20, 1761, and was a scion of the famous Midway settlement. The outbreak of the B'Ovolution found him a lad of fifteen, but he promptly shoul-

932 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
dered his musket in the cause of the Colonies. It is said that while standing guard on a cold night at St. Mary's, Ga., Oolonel John Baker, in making his rounds, was at tracted toy the slender youth, and, taking- off: his own coat wrapped it around the young sentinel. At a later period, wlien placed on a prison ship at Charleston, he managed to escape, during- a storm, through one of the port holes; brtt in his break for liberty be sustained surious injuries. He served chiefly under the two famous 'South Carolinians, whose exploits have been embalmed in song and legend--Sumter and Marion. On returning borne, he found that his plantation, near Riceboro, had been occu pied by the British commander, Colonel Prevost, and his attention was attracted by an inscription on the walls of his sitting room "which read as follows "This bouse was tbe home of a nest of rebels." - General Stewart could not have been prouder of an oil painting by one of the Italian masters. The historic old residence stood until the Civil War period when it was destroyed by tbe Fed erals. During the second war with England, this sturdy patriot again took the .field, at which time tbe rank of Bragidcr-General was bestowed upon him as a mark of special favor; and in the struggle which ensued he added fresh leaves to his laurels. General Stewart died at his home in Tjiberty County, Ga., May 27, 1829 and was laid to rest in tbe Midway burial ground, among the graves of his ancestors. He was the great-grandfather of exPresident Roosevelt. 'Tbo former's daughter Martha married first U. S. Senator John TOlliott and afterwards Major James S. Bulloch, and from tbe latter marriage sprang Mr. Roosevelt's mother.
Roanoke, a small village in Stewart County, situated on the Chattahoo'chee River, was burned by the Indians on Sunday morning, May 15, 1836. It was gallantly de fended, but tbe Indians were three hundred strong and the feeble little garrison was soon overpowered. Ait the

'

STEW ART

933

first fire, nine whites and three blacks were killed, in ad dition to a number "wounded. It seems that the 'resi dents of the villag'e "were taken entirely by surprise. The burning- grew out of an affair which occurred two days previous when a party of Creeks, some thirty in number attacked the village, but met with repulse. They are sup posed to have been the same Indians who fired upon the little steamship Georgia, killing every one on board.

The Battle of Shep- The battle of Shepherd's Planta-

herd's Plantation.

tiou occurred in this county, on a

plantation owned by a Dr. Shep

herd, on June 9, 1836. Major Jernigan, with a small

detachment of men, not exceeding thirty in number, "went

to the assistance of Captain Garmany. Eight of the lat

ter's men were killed, and he himself severely wounded.

The Stewart County soldiers who fell in this engagement

were: David Delk, a. lawyer; .Tared Irwin, clerk of the

Inferior Court; Capt. Eobert Billups, and a young man

named Hunter.

~WT3i. Lewis, a sergeant in the Revolutionary ranks, was granted a Federal pension while a resident of Stewart in 1839.

Original Settlers. The first comers into Stewart, as given by White, were: N. Clifton, M. Gres-
ham, W. H. Disunites, K. J. Snelling, S. Luckey, James Greer, J. Talbot, L. Bryan, Captain Ball, James E. Grachet, H. W. Jernig'an and F. D. W^imberly.

1
034 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
To the foregoing list of early settlers may be added: Dr. Thomas "W. Battle, Breen B. Battle, Green B. Ball, James Fitzgerald, William Garter, Nelson Clements, Solomon Harrell, Dr. Bright Miller, Capt. W. J. Mabry, B. F. Barge, John VV. Barge, James Fort, Slade Dixon, Thomas Dixon. Tomlinson T. Fort, Anthony Crnmbley, Henry Griffis, James Ray, Richard J. Knelling, Richard F. Watts, Benjamin C. Williford, James P. Ix>we, the Harrisons, the darks, the Boyntons, the Goodes, the Rawsons, and other influential pioneer families.
Stewart's Distin- Brigadier-General Clement A. JCvam guished Residents. was a native of Stewart. In the last
conflict of arms at Appomattox, Gen eral Evans led the famous division of General John B. Gordon, while the latter commanded one of the great wings of Ijee's army; and for some time after the surrender had actually taken place, General Evans in a distant part of the field "was still keeping the tattered Confederate flag afloat. In 1908, he succeeded General 'Stephen D. Ijee in command of the Ignited Con federate Veterans. General Evans was a strong minor ity candidate for Governor of Georgia, in 1894, but re tired from the race, when the tide of public sentiment seemed to favor Governor Atkinson. He was not only a brave soldier but a stainless gentleman and a faithful minister of the gospel, in the Southern Methodist com munion, though the last years of his life were not spent in the itinerant ranks. A:n effective public speaker, Genera! Evans "was the chosen orator on two historic occas ions; the unveiling of the Gordon statue in Atlanta and the unveiling of the D'avis monument, in Richmond, Va. Judge Alien Fort, a noted jurist, for several years a mem ber of the Railroad Commission; and Captain W. H. Harrison, a gallant Confederate soldier, long private secretary to the Governor, ^vas born in the little town of Lumpkin. Here, too, were reared two noted brothers of

r

SUMTER

935

the Bench, Judge John T. Clarke and Judge Marshall J. Clarke; and here for many years lived Major Sidney Root, Colonel Samuel W. Groode, the Boyntons, the Raws'ons, and other men of note who later became pioneer builders of the Gate City of the South.

SUMTER
Created by Legislative Act, December 26, 1831, from Lee County. Named for General Thomas Sumter, of South Carolina, a noted, soldier of the Revolution. Americus, the county-seat, named for the Western Hemls-

the aboriginal tribes of North, Central, and South America. He also shows how ridiculous the claim is that a vast continent should have been, called after a man's given name, instead of by the name which, denotes his ancestral house, a departure from established custom which in itself is strongly suggestive of fraud. So far as actual testimony is concerned there

Hemisphere was named for the adventurous Italian whose zeal for the
truth was doubtless no greater than that of his renowned fellow-country man, Machiavelli.

Sumter in the With a record for fighting, achieved in the Mexican War. various Indian campaigns, Sumter was by
no means slow, when hostilities with Mex ico began in 3845, to organize a company for the front. The Sumter County Volunteers was duly equipped for ser vice on the border and attached to the Georgia Regiment of Volunteers, in command of Colonel Henry R. Jackson, of Savannah. Its officers were as follows.- Captain J. A. S. Turner; 1st. Lieut., O. C. Home; 2nd. T-ieut., ,T. Cottle; Sergeants, S. P. "Woodward, N. K. Thompson, L,. T, Taylor and Gr. Hughes; Corporals, H. Edwards, C. H. Cottle, M. 'S. Thompson, and W. A. Elkins. 89 members enrolled.

Andersonville: The

Monument to Capt.

Wirz.

,

Volume TI.

936 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original settlers of Suinter were: Martin Mims, W.
Mims, Jacob Little, W. Urady, Edmund Nnn, Jared Tomlinson, Thomas Eiggins, Isam West, John Mann, A. Wheeler, E. Satler, W. Hubert, W. W. Barlow, E. Cbttle, D. Justice, W. Pincher, M. Murphey, W. B. Smith, and M. J. Morgan.
To the foregoing list may lie added: James Singletary, Floyd Minims, Hardy Morgan, the Dudleys, the Wheatleys, and other influential Georgia families. Henry H. Hand a patriot of the Revolution, is buried somewhere in Sumter.
Among the early settlers the following instances of longevity are recorded : Mrs. Oats died at 100. Mr. Golding and Mr. Guerry were both over 80. In 1854, Mr. Nun and Mr. Adams were both living at the age of four-score years.
Americus. Americus, the county-seat of Sumter, is one of the most progressive towns of the State,
occupying the centre of a fertile region of country and reached by three distinct lines of railway. It is located 70 miles to the south-west of Macon, in a belt famous for peaches, sugar-cane, cotton, and other products. The truck-farms around Americus are among the best in the State and the splendid turnpikes of Sumter are un surpassed in the South. The city of Americus owns and operates its own utility works; and, under a charter, granted in 1889, is governed by a mayor elected for two years, and by a city council of six members, chosen on a general ticket. The population of the city, according to the census1 of 1910, "was 8,063 souls. Americus has become of late years quite an important manufacturing center, with chemical works, machine shops, and cotton mills. It

SUMTBB

937

also possesses a number of solid banking establishments, and is widely known a a seat of culture, equipped "with an excellent system of public schools.

Sumter's Distin-

The distinguished Charles F. Crisp,

guishad Residents, twice Speaker of the National House

of Representatives, jurist of high

rank and one of Georgia's most illustrious sons, was long

a resident of Americus; and here be lies buried. His

partner for many years in the practice of law was General

Phil Cook. The latter commanded a famous brigade dur

ing the Civil War, became a member of Congress, a mem

ber of the State Capitol Commission, and Georgia's 'Sec

retary of State. Here lived George M. Dudley, a noted

lawyer. He married Caroline Crawford, the eldest daugh

ter of the great diplomat and statesman, William Harris

Crawford. He was also the compiler of Dudley's Geor

gia Reports. Here lived two noted occupants of the Su

preme Bench of the State: Judge Willis A. Hawkins and

Judge Henry Kent McC'ay, the latter of whom after

wards became Judge of the Federal Court for the North

ern District of Georgia. The list of Snmtcr's famous

residents includes also : Judge Alien Fort, a jurist of high

rank and a former member of the State Bailraod Com

mission; Dr. George F. Cooper, a prominent physician,

who occupied a seat in the great Constitutional Conven

tion of 1877; Colonel A. S. Cutts and Colonel E. G. Sim-

m'ons, both widely known legislators; and a. number of

others equally distinguished in State politics. Hon.

Timothy M. Furlow, a friend of education, for whom the

Furlow School was named, at one time a strong minority

candidate for Governor, lived in Americus; and, last but

not least, the present junior United States1 Senator from

the State of Florida, Hon. Duncan TJ. Fletcher, one of the

projectors of the great Southern Commercial Congress,

of which he afterwards became the official head, was 'born

in 'Sumter.

938 GKORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
TALBOT
Created by Legislative Act, December 14, 1827, from Muscogee and Troup Counties. Named for Governor Matthew Talbot, who, as President of the Georgia Senate, succeeded to the chair of State, on the death of Governor Rabun. Talbotton, the county-seat, also named for Governor Talbot.
Matthew Talbot was by inheritance an aristocrat. 1I belonged to one of the oldest Norman families of Eng land, and the distinguished Earl of Shrewsbury was among 'his ancestors. John Talbot, the father of the future Governor, purchased from, the Indians, in 1769, an extensive tract of land, in what is now Wilkes County, Ga., containing- 50,000 acres of land. It is said that lie brought to Georgia as his agent in surveying this body of laud, the future Signer of the Declaration of Independ ence, George Walton. He did not transfer his household to Georgia until 1783, at which time, Matthew Talbot, who was then just of age, accompanied him. From the date of his arrival in Georgia, the subject of tliis sketch became a power in polities. Entering the legal profes sion, he was first made a judge of the county court and then a member of the State Legislature. For a while he resided in Oglethorpe, which county sent him to the Con stitutional Convention of 3798. Tie served in the General Assembly of Georgia for a period of thirty years. From 1818 to 1823 he was President, of the Senate; and, on the death of Governor Rabun, in 1839, he became ad interim Governor of Georgia, serving until the vacancy was filled by election. He was defeated for Gov ernor by George M. Tronp, after one of the most heated contests ever known in Georgia politics, and it proved to be the last election under the old method, of choosing the. chief executive by the legislative vote. Governor Talbot died at his home in "Wilkes, on September 17, 1827, at the age of sixty-five, and was buried at Smyrna Church, neat Washington, Ga., where his grave is substantially marked. Governor Talbot was a man of fine appearance, courtly in manners, easy of access, notwithstanding his patrician blood, and well educated for the time in which he lived.

TAI.BOT

939

Talbotton, the county-seat, of Talbot, was settled by a clasp of people who were superior in many respects to the average residents of the pioneer belt, and the town be came widely known as an educational' center long before the war. At Collingsworth Institute, two of the famous Straus hoys "were educated--Nathan arid Tsidor--both of whom became millionaire merchants and philanthropists of New York. It was founded by Josiah Flournoy, a wealthy citizen of the State, and was long a famous high school among- the Methodists. The LeVert Female Col lege, named for the celebrated Madame LeVert, was an other pioneer institution of the town, ft afterwards be came the graded school of Talbotton.

The Straus Family.

Volume II.

Shadraeh Ellis, a soldier of the Revolution, died in Talbot, aged 80. F'ederal pensions were granted to the following patriots of '76, residents of Talbot: John Green, a private, in 1814; John P. Warnock, a sergeant, in 1839; James Ridean, a private, in 1849.

Original Settlers. White gives the original settlers of Talbot as follows : George Tilley, "Wil
liam Evans, Marcus Andrews, Asa Alexander, William Little, S. Creighton, William Gunn, A,mos Stewart, II. Kllington, B. Jones, G. KLent, A. B. Stephens, W. Anderson, R. King, N. Chapman, A. Graham, and S. Harris.
To the foregoing list of early settlers may be added: Thomas J. Clemens, a soldier oil the War of"l812; Sam uel G-. Kedcliff, a scion of the nobility of Ireland; Caleb Norwood, father of Judge Thomas M. Norwood; Dr. Wm. G-. Little, father of Judge Win. A. Little; Wra. Searcy, a pioneer school teacher; Daniel G. Owen. Joel H, Bnvt

940 GEORGIA'S IJAISTDMARRS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
John H. Walton, John "Kllison, Peter Malone; Lewis By an, Lewis Wimberly and Dr. John B, German, a noted scientist, author of "The Philosophy of Animated Exist ence or Sketches of Living Physics."

Talbot's Noted George "W. Towns, a distinguished Gov-

Residents.

ernor of the State and a former member

of Congress, practiced law for a number

of years in Talbotton, hut after retiring from the Gover

nor's office he removed to Macon, where he lies buried.

Alien F". Owen, a lawyer and a diplomat, who served

the State in Congress lived here: and here for many

years resided Judge Barnard Hill, father of the distin

guished Chancellor of the University of Georgia, Hon.

Walter B. Hill. Hon. Henry Persons, a former member

of Congress and a trustee for years of the, Xlniversity of

Georgia, lived at Geneva. Talbotton was the birth-place

of an eminent jurist and man of letters, who at one time

occupied a seat in the Senate of the United States; Judge

Thomas M. Norwood, of Savannah. Tt was also the boy

hood's home of Judge William A. Little, ex-Speaker of

the Georgia House of Representatives, and a former oc

cupant of the Supreme Bench. Nor is it the least claim

to distinction which this famous old town possesses that

here lived for a number of years the noted Straus family

of New York. Hon. Charles H. Jones, a distinguished

American journalist, credited with the authorship of two

national Democratic platforms, was born in Talbotton.

During the last years of his life Mr. Jones resided in the

city of Paris. John B. German, Jr., and Ossian D. Gror-

man, both distinguished men of letters, were born in

Talbot. The latter wrote "The Battle of Hampton

Roads", a noted war poem.

TALIAFEKRO
Created by Legislative Act, December 24, 1825, from parts of five nties: Greene, Hancock, OgletHorpe, Warren and Wilkes, a circumstance

TALIAFERRO

941

Points." Named for Colonel Benjamin Taliaferro, a gallant soldier of the Revolution and a noted citizen of Georgia in the early days, Crawfordville, the county-seat, named for the illustrious WiHj am H - Grawford, statesman, diplomat, and jurist, who was prevented by an unfortunate stroke of
alysis from reaching the Executive chair of the nation. (See Crawford 92).

Colonel Benjamin Taliaferro was an officer in tbe Revolution, a member of Congress from Georgia, and a man of tlie strictest probity of character. His educa tional advantages were somewhat limited, but with keen powers of observation lie soon overcame this handicap. He was a native of Virginia, in which State he was born in 1750. Entering the struggle for independence as a lieutenant he s;oon became a captain under the famous General Daniel Morgan. The following incident in his life as a soldier has been preserved: In the midwinter campaign of 3776', at the battle of Princeton, in New Jersey, his company forced a British commander to sur render. ^Vhen the English captain stepped forward in his fine nniform and inquired for the American officer to whom he was to yield his sword, Captain Taliaferro felt some hesitation in presenting himself, being- without shoes or shirt, and his coat far gone into rag's. However, he finally advanced and received the sword of the brave Englishman. Later, he participated in the Southern campaigns; and, on the fall of Charleston into the hands of the British, was made a prisoner of war, hnt he was discharged on parole and permitted to return to Virginia until an exchange could be negotiated. In 1784 he set tled in Georgia and was soon thereafter sent 'to the State Senate. He served as a member of the Constitutional Con vention of 1798 and as a member of Congress from 1798 to 1802. The Legislature which rescinded the iniquitous act paid a singular high tribute to the character of Colo nel Taliaferro by electing him a judge of the Superior Court, though he was not a lawyer--a compliment almost without a parallel. Colonel Taliaferro was six feet in height, a man of impressive aspect, genial and courteous in manners, respected by his friends and feared by his adversaries. He died in Wilkes County, Oa., September

942 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

23, 1821, at the age of three score and eleven years. The last resting place of this distinguished patriot is un known.

Recollections of Benjamin Taliaferro.

Volume II.

Liberty Hall: The Home of Alexander H. Stephens.

Volume II.

Tomb and Monu ment.

Volume II.

The Arrest of Mr. Stephens.

Volume II.

The mother of Mr. Stephens was Margaret Grier, a sister of Robert Grrier, who originated the famous Grier's Almanac, and a distant relative of Justice Grier, of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Captain Alexander Stephens, grandfather of the Great Commoner, was a soldier in Braddock's army at the time of the latter's celebrated defeat, in the French and Indian War. He was also an officer of the American Revolution, in command of a company of Pennsylvania troops. Captain Stephens came to Georgia with his fam ily, some time after the close of the struggle, locating first in Elbert and then in Wilkes, on a plantation which was afterwards included in Taliaferro. He died in 1813, at the age of 87. The old patriot lies buried at the old original homestead, in the private burial ground of the Stephens family, some two miles from Crawfordville. Captain Stephens, before coining to Georgia, marriedCatherine Baskins, in defiance of parental objections, but

TATTNALL

9i3

the alliance proved to be a love-match of the happiest character. His son, Andrew Basking Stephens, is buried near him in the same plot of ground, and both g'raves are substantially marked.

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set
tlers of Taliaferro were: George Tilley, William Evans, Marcus Andrew, Asa Alexander, William Little, 'S. Creighton, William Gunn, Amos Stewart, H. EJUington, B. Jones, G. Kent, A. B. Stephens, W. Anderson, B. King-, N". Chapman, A Gresham, and S. Harris.

To the list 'of early settlers mentioned by Wliite. may be added: Absalom Janes and Josiah Whitlock. The for mer was for years one of the largest cotton planters in middle Georgia. His son, Or. Thomas P. Janes, under ap pointment of Governor James M. Smith, org-anized tile State Department of Agriculture and became the first Commissioner, an office "which he ably filled for six years.

TATTNALL
Created by Legislative Act, December 5, 1801, from Montgomery County. Named for General Josiah Tattnall, a distinguished Revolutinnary patriot, who became Governor of the State and who, while occupying the office of Chief-Magistrate, was privileged to sign a measure removing the stigma of outlawry from the good name of his Royalist father and restoring to the son his beloved Bonaventure. (See Bonaventure: The Country-Seat of the Tattnalls, page 90; Bonaventure Cemetery, Vol. II.) Originally Tattnall included a part of Toombs. lieidsville, the county-seat. The local tradition in regard to the name though somewhat at variance with the spelling, is weU authenticated-* In the corner of the court house square there is
abounded in the early days. It is most likely that a creek or branch, was here fed from fountain springs. The original county-seat was four miles distant on the Ohoopee River near J>rake's Ferry, where the stream Is today spanned by a handsome steel bridge. Iteidsville became the county-seat in 1832.
* Authority: Judge C. W. Smith, Esq., of Reidsville, President of the Tattnall Bank.

944 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKR, MEMORIALS AND IJEGETTOS

"^

The principal towns of Tattnall--in addition to the county-seat---are as follows: Coll ins, Bellville, Manassas, Hagan, Claxton, Daisy, GJennville and Cobbtown. Collins was named for Perry Oollins, .Esq., a wealthy land owner, whoso plantation was near the site of the present town. Judge JG. C. Coiling, of the City Court of Reidsville, is a grandson of this pioneer citizen. Manassas was named for Manassas Foy, a son of George "W. Foy, of Egypt, Ga. He was born on July 21, 1861, the date of the first battle of Manassas. He was a successful mail of business, but died in the prime of life, at Statesboro, Ga. Hag-an was named for Mrs. M, A. Smith, whose maiden name was Miss Hag-an. She w!as a sister of Captain J. S. Hagan, for many years County School Com missioner of TBtilloch. Daisy was named fr Miss Daisy Edwards, a daughter of T. J. Edwards, of Daisy, and a sister of Congressman Charles G. Edwards, of Savannah. She became the wife of Dr. B. E. Miller, of Claxton. Glennville was named for Rev. Grlenn Thompson, a Raptist minister and a well known educator. Cobbtown was named for the Cobb family, a connection which is still somewhat numerous in the upper part of Tattnall. Bell\nlle was named for Mrs. Fannie Boll 'Smith, the wife of -Tamos Smith, TC;sq. She w-as a native of the north of Ireland. Included among" the descendants of this lady are the following1 grand-sons: C. "W. Smith, of Eeidsville, President of the T'attnall Bank and Ordinary of the county from 1869 to 1900; Martin W. Smith, of Claxton, an ex-member of the State Legislature from Tattnall; Marshall A. Smith, of Hag~ari, formerly President of the Bank of Hag-an; Judg'e Osoar M. Smith and Mr, Alvarado Smith, of Valdosta, Ga., and Mike M. Smith, Esq., Presi dent of the Orlando Bank and Trust Company, of Orlando. Fla. Claston was originally know^n as Hendrix, but there was already a postoffice in Georgia bearing1 this name and the ladies of the community, asked to choose a name for tfte town, selected Claxton.

TATTNALL

.945

Original Settlers. The first comers into Taltnall, accord
ing to White were: TCzekiel Clifton, Ezekiel Stafford, Henry Holland, Stephen Mattock, Wil liam Coleman, William Mason, George .Lewis, Joseph Collins, Nathan Brewton, Moses Jernig'an, Jones T'empies, B. Stripling, A. Daniel, John Mattox, Stephen Bowen, A. Bowen, A. McLeod, John McFarland, James Turner, James Jones, M. Jones, Jesse Collins, David Boyd, Alien Johnson, Elisha Parker, Elisha Curl, James Tillman, Daniel Highsmith, John MeArthur, Alexander Gordon, John Jones, Joshua Dasher, Reu'ben Nail, Luke Sapp, Benjamin Sapp, John Sharp, Grove Sharp, Lev! Bowen, Lewis Strickland, John Anderson, James Under wood, and John Dukes.

William Eason was the founder of Methodism, in Tattnall. He lies huried at Mount Carmcl, midway hetween Reidsville and Collins. On the one hundredth anniversary of the church, some few years ago, a monument was un veiled to ithe memory of this pioneer soldier of the Cross. Nathan Brewton, the founder of a noted family identified with this section of Georgia for more than a coutury, sleeps in the Brewton cemetery, one mile north of Hagan, where recently a handsome monument, was placed over his grave. Simon J. Brewton, one of his sons, became a resident of Bnllo<ch, where he was the only man in the county to defeat the celebrated Peter Cone for the State Legislature. Mr. Brewtou was not a believer in rail roads; and, according to tradition, his solicitude for the cattle cost his county one of the earliest lines j^rojected in the State. When the Central of Georgia was surveyinga route from Savannah to Macon, he used his powerful influence in the General Assembly to prevent the road from passing through Bulloch. Samuel Brewton, a brother, "was formerly a representative in the Legislature from T'attnall. The descendants of Nathan Brewton in clude : Rev, J. C, Brewton, D. D., President and Pounder

946 GEORGIA'S TJANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
of the Brewton-Parker Institute and President of the Board of Trustees of Bessie Tift; H. J. Brewton, Clerk of the 'Superior Court of Tattnall; iand Jonathan B. Brewton, Cashier of the Merchants and Farmers Bank, of Claston.

TAYLOR
Created by Legislative Act, January IS, J852, from parts of five counties: Crawford, Talbot, Macon, Monroe, and Marion, and a part of the old Creek Agency lying west of KHnt River. Most of the territory of Taylor was
Zachary Taylor, a distinguished soldier of the Mexican War, whose brilliant victory at Buena Vista made him the twelfth President of the United States. "Old Rough and Ready," the sobriquet which he won on the fields of Mexico, followed him to the "White House and survived his death. The first wife of Jefferson Davis, the renowned President of the Southern Confederacy, was a. daughter of Gen. Zachary Taylor. Butler, the county-seat, was named for General -William Orlando Butler, a noted officer of the Mexican "War, and candidate for Vice-President on the ticket with General Cass in 184S. Gen. Butler was also a poet. The famous ante-helium classic entitled: "The Boatman's Horn," came from his pen. 1

The Old Indian In the north-east corner of Taylor there

Agency.

lies a tract of land bordering upon the

Flint River which formerly constituted

a part of the old Indian Agency, a Federal reservation

at which, in early times, important treaties were made

with the Creek Indians; and where the savages were

taught to use the implements of agriculture and to make

crops. Colonel Hawking, the Indian agent, established

his residence on the east side of the river in what is

now the county of Orawford; and here for sixteen years

he mediated between the savages and the whites and ren

dered' a service to the country which places him, high upon

the list of devoted patriots. There iw nowhere to be

found in American history the record of a greater sacri

fice than was made by this -cultured man of letters who

relinquished the toga of the United States Senate to

live among the Creek Indians. lie left at his death a

number of manuscripts relating to the topography of

the region, to the manners' and customs of the savages,

* This poem appears in Vol. XIV -of the Library of Southern Literature, Atlanta, 1910.

TAYLOR

947

and to the various Indian problems with which he dealt. Some of these--a remnant which escaped the destruction of his residence by fire--are in the possession of the Georgia Historical Society, at Savannah. We are indebted to Hon. Walter E. Steed, a distinguished resi dent of Taylor and a former State Senator, for the fol lowing information in regard to the Old Agency on the Flint:
The reservation embraced an area of laud about five miles square and contained fifty lots of two hundred acres each, lying on both sides of the Flint River, by which stream it was divided into two nearly equal parts. In 1822., Crawford County was organized; but the reser vation 'continued to be indejjendent of the State jurisdictionally until some time after the treaty of Indian Springs, when the Creeks ceded to the whites the land which still, remained to them in Georgia between the Flint and the Cbattahoochee Elvers. When the Old Agency Was no longer maintained by the government, the land embraced within the reservation, "was acquired by the State and to Crawford County was annexed the portion east of the Flint River. (Georgia Acts, 1826, p. 60) ; and when Taylor, in 1852, was formed, the land lying west of the Mint was added to Taylor (Georgia Acts, 1852; also 1853-4, p. 318). On the old maps of the latter county, there are twenty lots and eight fractional lots, each marked with the words "Old Agency," showing that for merly they constituted >a part of this reservation. The Flint river is crossed at the Old Agency by a highway known as the old Federal wire road; and for more than fifty years a public ferry has been maintained at thi point. 2

Colonel Hawkins established his residence at the old Indian Agency on. the Flint about the year 1800. The celebrated French, officer, General More-au, when an exile in this country, visited Colonel Hawkins at his home in
2 Authority: Hon. "Walter E. Steed, of Butler, Ga., former State Senator.

948 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Georgia and afterwards characterized him as the most extraordinary man he had met in America.
The town of Reynolds was founded by Dr. Coleman, early in the fifties, and named for TJ. C. Reynolds, Esq. Daniel Whatley, a soldier of the Revolution, lies buried in a grave near Reynolds. He died a,t the age of 104.
The old Crowell Methodist church, established in 1826 and named for the well known Indian agent who succeed ed Colonel Hawkins, is still one of the time-honored land marks of this section. It occupies a site which belonged at one time to the old Indian Agency ,and is some three miles from the river, on the "wire road. The original church structure was built of logs:. Two others succeeded it in after years, both of which were built by Peter Gorbin.
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers of Taylor "were: Governor Towns,
Dr. Coleman, H. H. Ijong, James Ravel, Osborn Downing, J. M. Thompson, S. Taylor, A. Adams, John Jones, B. Posey, Thomas Walden, and C. P. Ansley.
We are indebted to late Mr. Hugh Neisler, at the time of 'his death one of the oldest residents of Taylor, for the following supplementary list of pioneer settlers. On account of the large number of well-to-do Georgia fami lies, then resident in the neighborhood of the old agency, the list is >a very important one. The names are as fol lows: Peter Corbin, Henry Crowell, ' William Crowell, John S. Brooks, Daniel Whatley and Reuben Windliam, both patriots of the Revolution; Professor Asbury Wil son, a pioneer teacher; Dr. Jesse Beall, David Beeland,

TAYLOB

949

Zach Beeland, Nathaniel Bradford, Rev. Joseph Brad ford, Dr. James M. Dngger; William H. Fielding, a for mer representative; Dr. James M. Dugger, John Davis, Jesse Cason, John Gardner, Rev, William Griffith, Samuel Duke, Sol Lockett, Archibald Gray, James Gray, Rev. John P. Glover, Rev. James Hamilton, Theoderick Montfort, Joel E. Montfort, Peter Montfort, James Griffith, John Hankerson, John Mnthis, Gideon New-
some, a former representative; James Mills, Jackson Perkins, Adam Wainwright, Britton Pope, Jacob Parr, William Parr, Pickens Yarbrougb, James Petter, R. P. Hays, Jerry McCants, a former representative; Andy MoCants, O. L. Hays, Joel Mathis, James Curington, Hamp Riley, a former representative; Jeff Eiley, John Riley, Henry Mangham, Dr. Hillsman, Samuel Montgom ery, George Hays, TTarrison Hays, Stephen Johnson, Wrig-ht Johnson, Theopilus McGee, James AVliittle, Elam Waters, Jerry Witcher and Frank Witcher, both of whom served in the Legislature; Dr. Lafayette Boss, James King, Persons Walker, Jack Wfillis, Posey Edwards, Hardy Jarrel], J. H. Caldwell, Thomas Green, William Greer, William1 Sibley, Wiley Kendricks, Micajah Blow, W. S. Wallace, a former representative; Nat Tjucas, Timothy Bloodworth, AVellborn Jinks, Willis Jinks, Jack Windham, John Ricks, Dr. Hiram Drane, Dr. Walter Drane, Sawyer Saylor, Jake Savior, William Tune, Dr. George Newsome, Dr. Ben Newsome, Judge El dredge Butts, Gip Drane, George Heath, William Roya,l, John S. Murray, Arzie Murray, Jack Colbert, AVillis Whatley, Wash Wade, John AVallace, treasurer; James Harman, clerk; Joseph Ilnff, ordinary, and Bill Wiggins, sheriff.

Taylor's Noted One of the wealthiest landowners of the

Residents.

ante-bellum period in Georgia was Peter

Corbin, a native of South Carolina, who

came to Georgia in 1832. The stately proportions of his

fine old Colonial mansion, on the main highway between

950 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Macon and Columbus, recalled the feudal days of Eng land. He owned the ferry which crossed the Flint River at this point; and for miles up and down the stream there was not an acre of ground, within half a day's journey of his home, which was not accredited to this wealthy land baron on the county tax books. He ran sixty-five plows on his home place, near the ferry; while further down the stream there was another plantation owned by him., on "which he ran. sixteen more. He is said to have kept a score of horses in his lot constantly for the use of his immediate household; and since the old.wire road on which he lived was a beaten highway of travel there was scarcely an evening when some stranger of note was not a sojourner underneath his ample roof. Often the eehoes of the old mansion were aroused by jubilant parties of invited guests, who enjoyed the lavish hos pitality of the place for weeks at a time; and General Toombs, the great Mirabeau of Georgia, is said never to have passed through this section of the State without visiting his friend, Peter Corbin, who was himself for years & power in politics--a sort of Warwick in his day, without the selfish greed of the old king-maker. The highway which ran in front of the Corbin mansion was called the wire road because in former days there stretch ed along it a line of telegraph wire, and some of the iron spikes are still to be seen on the pine trees. It formed a part of the old stage highway extending from Richmond to New Orleans. When the iron horse arrived upon the scene much of the importance which formerly attached to the old "wire road was lost, but the ancient highway is still a thoroughfare for vehicles and the honk of the automobile is beginning to revive some of the strenuous life of the early days. Just after the war, the old Corbin mansion was accidentally destroyed by fire. Part of the original plantation is today the property of Mrs. Ella H. Carithers, a niece of Peter Corbin and part of it belongs to Mr. Charles H. Neisler. TSTear the site of the old home place, in a little burial ^rroirrid today seldom visited

TAYMH

951

even by the people of the neighborhood, sleeps the almost forgotton old pioneer who was once the uncrowned king of a forest empire.

In this same locality, for more than twenty-five years, Jived an eminent natnralist and scholar, Dr. Hugh Mitchell Neisler. He was one of the greatest linguists of his day. On graduating from the University of Georgia with honor in the class of 1824 he read an essay in original Greek. It was his custom for years to read his German Bible through, from cover to 'cover, at least once in twelve months; and late in life he acquired the Spanish language in order to enjoy the subtle humor of Don Quixote. He acquired his doctor's degree from the University of Penn sylvania; and though not a practicing physician his know ledge of medicine was a blessing to the community in which he lived. He devoted his time largely to scientific studies and employed his leisure moments in collecting shells, insects, birds and reptiles. He was also "widely known as a botanist and wa.s honored with membership in a number of scientific bodies. He corresponded with sav ants on both sides of the water, and made important dis coveries in the realm of natural phenomena to which his name was after-wards attached. Two years before his death he began to make a collection of Georgia plants to be exhibited at Budapest in the Kingdom of Hungary, but the loss of his sight from a cataract of the eye caused an abandonment of his beloved occupation. Dr. Neisler was born in Athens, Ga., March 24, 1805, and died on his plantation in Taylor Oounty, F'e'b. 10, 1884, at the ripe age of 78. The earlier part of his life was devoted mainly to the cause of education, and he taught the youth of the State in various localities. Mr. Hugh Neisler, his son, lately deceased, was long an honored resident of Taylor.

Colonel Walter TO. Steed, a, former State Senator, a lawyer of note, and a recognized leader in this part of

952 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
the State, resides at Butler. He married Miss Belle Carithers, a g'rand-iiiece of Peter Corbin. In 1932 Col. Steed was chosen a Presidential Elector from the State at Large, on the Wilson ticket.
TELFAIR
Created by Legislative Act, Decerr Named for Governor Edward Telfair, became Chief-Executive of the Com me estate which he left to benevolent McRae, the county-sea.t, named foi of Georgia, represented among th
Edward Telfair was twice Governor of Georgia, a member of Congress and a philanthropist of great wealth. He was born in Scotland, in 1735, on the ances tral estate of the Telfairs near Town Head, and was trained for mercantile pursuits. At the age of twentythree he came to America, and, after living for a while in Virginia and North Carolina, he settled in Savannah, Ga., where he accumulated a fortune in business. Not withstanding- his large interests, he became one of the earliest of Georgia's patriots, was present at the various meeting's held by the Sons of Liberty in Savannah, served on important committees of the Provincial Congress, and participated iix the famous magazine raid, on the night of May 11, 1775, when the local supplies of powder were seized. Mr. Telfair was subsequently placed on the Council of Safety and in 1778 was sent to the Continental Congress, a position to which he was re-elected. His name was also affixed to the Articles of Confederation, On January 9, 1786 he became Governor of Georgia. The affairs of the State at this time were considerably entan gled and it was due largely to his successful experience as a financier that a situation of great embarrassment was relieved. On November 9, 1789 'he was again called to the helm of affairs and, during his 'second term, President Washington was the guest of the State of Geor gia. The remainder of his life was devoted to the man agement of his ample estate. He was exceedingly liberal

TELFAIR

953

in Ms gifts to worthy objects. Governor Telfair died in Savannah, Ga., on September 19, 1807, at the age of seventy-two. His body was first interred in the family vault in the old Colonial Cemetery but years later was removed to Bonaventure. Under the terms of his will he was placed in a rough wooden coffin with common nails in it, while he restricted the use of crape to such as were inclined to mourn. Besides accumulating a fortune in Ms own right, Governor Telfair married an heiress, Miss Sallie Gibbons, daughter of Will am Gibbons, a noted lawyer and patriot of Savannah. Most of the T'elfair estate was eventually distributed in public benefactions. Out of it arose the Telfair Academy, the Telfair Hospital, the present handsome building of the Georgia Historical Society, and the Mary T'elfair Home for Old Women. At the same time the Independent Presbyterian Church and the Bethcsda Orphan Home "were substantial benefi ciaries.

In a skirmish between the whites and the Indians which occurred on the south bank of the Ocmnlgee, March 9, 1818, Mitchell Griffin, a State Senator, was among the killed. It appears from the records that a man named Joseph Bush was shot 'by the Indians some few days prior to this engagement. His sou was also severely wounded. To avenge this outrage, the citizens banded themselves together and sought redress. Finding signs of the In dians, they pursued the trails, leading from the river some distance, until they came in view of a body of savages, fifty or sixty of them advancing within gun shot. Four Indians and several whites were killed after a sharp engag-emerit which lasted for nearly an hour.

Soldier's Branch. General Blackshear, on his march to the coast, during the War of 1812,
camped at 'Soldier's Branch, between Jacksonville and China Hill, when a member of his command whose name

954 GEORGIA'S LIANDMARKB, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
is unknown diod on the journey. He was> buried near the roadside, which circumstance gave rise to the name bestowed npon the little stream. The route of travel which General Blackshear blazed at this time through an unbroken forest was called the "Blackshear road," a name which is still used to designate it at the present day.
Joseph Williams, Jr., an officer in the Revolution, lies buried in a grave near China Hill. He was first an ensign and then a lieutenant in the North Carolina troops', serv ing from March 1779 to May 1781. He was married in Dnplin, N. C. to Mary Brwin. His children, William H., Daniel, Joseph, Mary, Rebecca, Phoebe, Nancy, and Elizabeth, grew up in Telfair, where they married and settled. The old patriot died at his home in Telfair, at the age of 90 years. His death occurred in 1850. He was a native of Duplin, 1ST. C., where he "was born, Dec. 20, 1760. His grave is in an old family burial ground, on a plantation today owned by Mr. Ij. W^. Boney, near China Hill.
General Coffee's John Coffee, a distinguished soldier of Unmarked Tomb, the War of 1812, a former mem
ber of Congress, and an early pioneer Georgian, whose name was given to one of the counties of this State, is buried five miles below Jack sonville, in a neglected spot, on his old plantation. His grave is unmarked and un'honored. The boundary line between Berrien and Coffee counties "was originally a part of the "Old Coffee Road," a military route blazed by this early pioneer soldier, and which for more than fifty years was one of the land-marks of 'Southern Geor gia.

r

TKLPAIR

955

General Mark General Mark Wilcox, an officer of note

Wilcox.

in. the State militia, who received a Major-

Greneral's commission, in addition to having a comity

named for him, lived and died in Telfair. He married

Susan Coffee, a daughter of the famous General. His

father, John Wileox, was one of the very first settlers in

this'pioneer bo]t. The ycmng-er Wilcox was well educated

for the times, and not only in the military but also in the

civil and political life of the State he became a dominant

factor, whose influence was profoundly felt in matters of

legislation.

Original Settlers. According- to White, the original set
tlers of Telfair were : Joseph Williams, A. Graham, D. Graham, John Wileox, Thomas Wilcox, Griffin MezeH,.A. Mcljeod, Robert Boyd, Moses Roundtree, James Mooney, W^ri^ht Ryall, Mr. McDuffee, J. A. Rogers, N. Ashley, G. Ashley, John Coffee, W. Ashley, A. Brewer, J. Herbert, S. Herbert, J. McRae, D. MeTCac, O. Butler and Ijocklain Tjaslie.

Jacksonville, an old town near the upper banks of the Ocmulgee River, was for many years the county-seat of Telfair.
McRae. McRae, the county-seat of Telfair, is a rapidly growing town of this section of the Wtate. Since
the completion of the Seaboard Air Line which at this point intersects the Southern Railway, McRae has received a fresh commercial and industrial impetus. It possesses a number of solid business establishments and is well supplied "with banking facilities. South Georgia College an educational plant owned by the Methodists is located at McRae. The standards of this school have always been high.

956 GEORGIA'S IJANDMARKH, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
TERRE3LL
y 16, 1856, from Lee and Randolph ferrell, of Sparta., Ga,., a noted praclis and a distinguished man of affairs. ___, ,,..._._ _ .or the celebrated Judge William C. Senator, Congressman, and jurist. (See Sketch or T're jDa-wson Family Record, p. 686.)
Dr. William Terr ell was an ein merit surgeon-physi cian of the ante-bellum period who, fond of political life, became a member of the State Legislature and represen ted Georgia in Congress from 1817 to 1821, a period of four years. He was a native of Fairfax County, Va., where he was born in 1778, received his education at the Medi cal College of Philadelphia, under the celebrated Dr. Hush; and settled at Sparta, Ga., for the practice of his profession. He became a man of "wide influence and of great usefulness in Georgia, accumulated a fortune, and, in furtherance of his wishes to promote the cause of agri culture, he donated $20,000 to establish a chair of agri culture at the University of Georgia, to which his name is still, attached. Dr. Terrell died at Sparta, Ga., July 4, 1855, at the age of seventy-seven. 'Some time after his death an immense vault of granite was bxiilt in the local cemetery as a receptacle for his ashes. Joseph M. T'errell, former Governor and TJnited 'States Senator, is a kinsman.

The Battle of Echo- Eight miles west of Dawson, one of

wa-notch-away

the most decisive battles of the

Swamp.

Creek Indian War of 1836, was

fought between the State troops

and the Creek Indians : the battle of Echo-wa-notch-away

Swamp. On November 14, 1912, a handsome boulder of

rough granite was unveiled on the historic field by iStone-

castle Chapter of the D. Ai. R., one of the youngest pat

riotic organizations of the State. "Profusely decorated

with the national emblems, the improvised platfomi erec

ted for the speakers presented a prodigal wealth of

TERKELL

957

color against the leafy 'background o the forest; and to complete the luxuriant picture au ideal November day added the mellow touch of autumnal gold. Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, of Savannah, was the orator of the occasion. In glowing1 terms of eulogium, he portrayed the heroism of the frontier settlers in the troublous times of Indian warfare and paid an eloquent tribute to the red man, tht> foot-print of whose moccasin was no longer to be seen in the Georgia wilderness but the story of whose van ished race was a splendid pic worthy of some Homer's pen: He enlarged upon the lessons of patriotism which the day suggested and commended the work of Georgia's noble women in safeguarding the heroic traditions of the past. The occasion was graced by the presence of the State regent, Mrs. S. "W. Foster, of Atlanta, who made a delightful address on patriotic lines. Captain R. K. Crittenden, of ShelJman, was also among the speakers. Mrs. John S. H<owrey, regent of Stone-castle Chapter, presided over the exercises and announced the numbers on the program. Kev. Charles A. Jackson offered the prayer of invocation and Captain Mc/Williams, a battlescarred veteran, presented the orator of the day. The handsome boulder was a gift of the Tate Marble Com pany, of Tate, Ga., while the historic battle-ground itself, a grove of luxuriant oaks and magnolias, was donated by Mrs. J. B. Perry and Mrs. J. R. Mercer, two of the most devoted members of the chapter. Not the least dramatic feature of the exercises was the exhibition of a genuine relic of the engagement in the shape of an old fowling piece once owned by John Adams, a soldier who partici pated in the bloody engagement. His grand-daughter, Mrs, C. P. Chambless, to whom the precious heir-loom belonged by inheritance, received quite an ovation from the enthusiastic assemblage. The mellow radiance of the day, shot to the core with sunshine, made the ample re past which was served in. the grove a truly Arcadian treat. Several hundred people, including a number of distin guished visitors from a distance, were the guests of Stonecastle Chapter on this occasion. Both the historic site

058 GEORGIA'S JJANDMAKKS. MKMOHIAI.S AND LBGKNIIS
and the handsome memorial have been deeded in trust to the county authorities of Terrell to 'be preserved by them for future generations. The inscription upon the marble boulder reads as follows :
"This boulder marks the silo of tlio Battle of EclinTvauotehaTvay Swamp, between State Troops and Creok Indians, -fidy 25, IS.^fi. Krcoted by Sf.one f'astle Chapter, Daughters n{ i:lie A^rapficHn lievolutiun, of. I>awson, (la., 1912. Site donated by 3Trs. .T. B. Perry and ITra. ,T. R. Mercer.
Herod Town. One of the last Iudia.ii VilVagos to sur vive the clash of races between the red
man and tJio AngJo Saxon vns Jocated in the vicinity of tbe present city of "Da-n-pori. It wan palled Herod Town. Titles to tin area of ground including tho old Indian village have been presents^! to Dorothy Waltou (/hapter ]% A. .B., by the regent Mrw. W. A. ileT-jain and the hiatoric site will soon be marked liy an up]iropriate memorial. The remains of an old fort, formerly ti noted rendezvous for the white settlers in tho turbulent days of the Oeek Indian "War are stilt in evidence some few in ties distant. This historic spot will also 'be marked by the Chapter.
Original Settlers. See Lee and Bandolph, from which counties TorrnlI wax formed.
To the list of pioneers may be added the following names: A. 3. Baldwin, Sr., M. U. Baldwin, Dr. C. A. Ciieatliain, E. B. Loyless, William Graves, Tverson T). Graves, Ij. M. Lennard, Haley Johnson, J. B. Perry, Ezokiel Taylor, S. K. Taylor, T. M. Jones, James John son, James W. Powell, J. 'S. Odom, John Moreland, "Wil-

TERRBLT.,

959

liam Moreland, I). B. CluiaAiers, B. I1. Oooke, M. P. Giddens, G. P. Iluekaby, Rev. William Haves, N. P. Leo, J. J. Sessions, J. S. Wimberly, 1). A. WooTbright, M. P. Stall, W. P. Vinsoii, Myron E. VTestori, Joseph Woston, S. E. "VVostoD, IJobert Dysou, Kiuyon Dale, J. C. F. Clark, B. H. Brown and .J. L. Parrott.
Dr. C'. A.. CVioatham built tlie. first store-house and M. H. Baldwin the first pn'vate re.sideiico iri the towa of Dawsou. The first county offioers were: A. J. Baldwin, Sr., Sheriff; L. J\F. Lennard, Ordinary, ami Myron K. Weston, Clerk of the Superior Court. Halcy Johnson and C. A. Cheatharn were the first,Inferior Court Judges."

Terrell's Distin- Judge James M. Griggs, a distin guished Residents, guishecl Georgian, who served the
State with credit both on the Superior Court P>encli a.nd in the halls of Congress, was a resident of Dawson. His famous speech on the floor of the National House in which he informed his colleagues of the North that the South was weary of eternal welcomes back into the Union, that she entered it fifty years ago to stay, and that too many reconciliations implied too many differences, was one of the most effective appeals of eloquence to which the preseut generation has listened. He died too soon for the welfare of his State. Here lived for many years, Colonel O. B. Slovens, an ex-Commis sioner of. -Agriculture and a former member of the State Railroad Commission. It is still the home of his son-inlaw, Hon. M. J. Yeomans, who was Chairman of the State Democratic Kxecntivc Committee, during" one of the most heated campaigns in the history of Georgia politics. Colonel James G. Parks, a former State Senator; Colonel J. A. Laing, Judge M. C. Edwards, and other prominent Georgians are also included among the residents of Dawson.
* Authority: I>r. W. B. Cheatharn, Ordinary of Terrell.

960 GEOBGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

-, part of Grady.

THOMAS
Act, December 23, 1825, from Decatur and Irwin eral Jett Thomas, a gallant officer of the State
elf in the War of 1812. Tliomasrvllle, ttie eral Thomas. Originally, Thomas included

Major-General Jett Thomas, an officer of note In tlie State militia, was by profession a contractor, who after erecting the original structure in which Franklin College at Athens was iirst housed, also built the famous old State House at Milledgeville, the storm centre in after years of the great debates on secession. It was while engaged upon the former enterprise that Dr. Meigs, the presi dent of Franklin. College, g-ave him. access to the library; and, devoting1 what little time he could spare after a hard day's work to mental culture, he acquired the love of books which made him in time a man of wide informa tion. General Thomas was a native of Culpeper County, Va., where he was born, on May 13, 1776, but the family originated among the Welch, mountains. Coming- to Georgia with his parents at the close of the Revolution, the subject of this sketch lived for a while in Oglethorpe; but when Athens was laid out in 1801 he purchased one of the first lots in the future town. At the outbreak of the war of 1812, he became captain of an artillery corps, under General John F.loyd, in the latter's campaign against the Creek Indians; and his skill as an engineer was frequently employed in the construction of forts. Characterized .by the highest type of courage, he won the praise of his superior officer by bis gallantry on the field. Moreover, the Legislature of Georgia, in recogni tion of his services, tendered him a jeweled sword arid made him a Major-General in the State militia. Unfor tunately he was soon afterwards attacked with cancer of tlie eye, a malady which terminated his useful career, on January 6, 1817, at his home in Milledgeville, when not quite forty two years of age, in the mature prime of his intellectual powers. He was buried in the local cemetery, where a handsome shaft of marble rises afoove his ashes.

THOMAS

961

General Thomas accumulated a snug fortune as the re sult of professional skill, supplemented by wise invest ment.

Where the McKinley Campaign of 1896 Was Planned.

Pag-e 246.

Anecdote of Judge One of the early pioneer families of

Hansell.

Thomas was the Hansells. irears

before the war--so the story goes--

two members of this noted household, Augustus II. Han

sell and Andrew J. Hansell, a pair of gifted brothers,

both of whom afterwards became famous, dissolved a

partnership "which they had formed for the practice of

law. Ajidrew was mainly concerned for his health. He

did not consider the climate of the low country around

ThomasvilLe conducive to long life, and accordingly he

changed his place of residence to the little town of lios-

well, on the banks of the Ohattahoochce .River, in the

Georgia uplands. Under tlic leadership of Koswell IlTing,

a colony of settlers, most of whom were from the coast,

had been planted here among the old haunts of the O'liero-

kee Indians; and they had built a factory at the water's

edge in this remote part of the wilderness. Oil leaving

home, Andrew said to A.ugustus:

"From a monetary standpoint, I may not be doing

the wise thing, but I will gain in health what I lose in

money, by going to Roswell. Yon "will get rich, but I will

live loug-er."

There was an irony of fate in this parting interview

between the brothers. What happened was just the

reverse. General Andrew *T, Hansell, in the course of

time, became president of tlie great industrial plant which

Koswell King had founded. He accumulated a fortune,

built a beautiful old Colonial home, and dispensed a royal

hospitality to his guests; but he died in middle life, when

his splendid sun was at the zenith. Judge Augustus H.

962 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Hansell 'Continued to reside wliere the climate was thought to be unwholesome but where the prospect of earning a fortune was far brighter than among the hills. He failed to gather gear to any great extent. Money did not come his way in quantities large enough to cause him any embarrassment. But he lived to be more than eightyfive years of age; he occupied a seat on the Superior Court Bench for more than half a century, barring a few short intervals of retirement; his. mind was clear and vigorous to the very last; and he left at death a record for 'Continuous service which has never been paralleled aud Which will doubtless never be surpassed in the history of the commonwealth.

It was in the neighborhood of Thomasville that the famous LeConte pear was first cultivated for the market. See Volume II.

Edward Blackshear, one of the earliest pioneers to

settle in the belt of woods from which the county of

Thomas was afterwards formed, was a brother of the

famous Indian fighter, General David Blackshear, whose

home was in Laurens. Both were natives of North Caro

lina. Edward Blackshear married Emily G. Mitchell, and

from this union sprang General Thomas E. Blackshear,

an officer of note in the State militia. There was no

finer family in Georgia during the ante-bellum period

than the Blackshears.

;

Hon. Moses Fort, Judge of the Southern Circuit, held the first session of the Superior Court in Thomas, in 3826. Two Indians were convicted at this time for the offense of murder. The famous .William H. Torrence was appointed by the Court to defend the prisoners, but the prejudice of a jury was a difficult thing to comibat in those days when an Indian was the defendant at the bar.

THOMAS

963

One of the earliest tragedies in Thomas was the kill ing of Hon. John K. Campbell, United States District At torney for the Middle District of Florida, by George Hamlin, a prominent Florida merchant. The shooting' oc curred' on the streets of Thomasville. Withm a very short while thereafter, Hamlin died; and according to the doctors his death -was caused by sheer distress of mind. It was not unusual in those days for members of the Florida bar to practice law in the courts of Southern Georgia.

On July 15, 1836, a severe engagement took place in Thomas between a party of Greek Indians en route to Florida and a force of volunteer soldiers under Major Young. Two of the companies were from Thomas, com manded by Captain James A. Newsome and Captain Tucker. One was from Lowndes commanded by Captain Pike. The Indians were repulsed with great slaughter. Says White: "Never did a braver little crew march into an enemy's field"--a mixed metaphor but doubtless a real fact. Captain Hamilton W\ Sharp also commanded a company in this engagement. It was probably from Lowndes.
Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers of Thomas "were: John Paramore,
G. Atkinson, B. Blackshear, N. B. Mitchell, and John Hillbryan.
To the foregoing meagre list may be added the names of a few pioneer residents who "wore prominent in 1830, viz.: General Thomas E. Blackshear, James J. Blackshear, Thomas Jones, Mitchell Jones, William H. Rey nolds, Thomas Wyche, Michael Young, H!. E. Young, Duncan Bay, Lucien H. Jones, Thomas Mitchell, Captain Thomas Johnson, Colonel Richard Mitchell, Nathaniel Mitchell, and others.

964 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Distinguished Resi- Some of the foremost public men of

dent's of Thomas.

Georgia, have Tbeen residents of

Tbomasville. Here lived the gener

ous Remer Young, a wealthy financier, "who endowed a

school with Ms large means; the gallant Thomas E.

IBlackshear, a soldier of wide reputation, who earned a

Brigadier-General's commission during the Indian wars;

the noted Paul C'oalson, a lawyer of brilliant gifts, who.

married Elizabeth, a daughter of the old pioneer settler,

Edward Blaokshear; and the morose, erratic, and morbid

John Walker.

Thomasville was also the home of Dr. Peter E. Love,

a physician of rare attainments, who relinquished medi

cine to study law. Within four years thereafter, he be

came solicitor of the Southern Circuit. Two years later,

he entered the State Senate; in 1853, he was elevated to

the Superior Court Bench; and in 1859 he was elected to

Congress. He was serving his first term in the National

House when Georgia seceded in 1861.

James TJ. Seward was another ante-bellum Congress

man who lived in Thomasvillc.

Colonel A. T. Maclntyre, a distinguished lawyer, who

was one of the first Democrats elected to Congress after

the days of Reconstruction, lived here. Wedded to his

profession, he accepted the nomination with great reluc

tance. Tt was solely for the purpose of redeeming his

district from the ineumlras of carpet-bag rule, that he

assumed the trust. Colonel Maclntyre was a nephew of

Major-General William Trwin, of the United States

Army, and a cousin of Governor David Trwin, a famous

Chief-Executive of Georgia; and he was also a scion of

one of the oldest clans in the Scottish highlands. His

father, Archibald Maclntyre, was born on ship-board

while the family was en route to America. Colonel Mc-

Intyre was for years a trustee of the University of

Georgia, an institution to which he was strongly attached.

He was both, a man and a citizen of the very highest type.

Hiere lived Judge Augustus H. HanseSll, long 'the

revered Nestor of the Georgia Bench. He first assum-

' ~~"



TIPT

965

ed the Superior Court ermine in 1843; and when the twentieth century was well under way he still continued to hold the scales of justice with an impartial hand. Here lived Judge J. R. Alexander, a jurist of note in South Georgia; 'and here lived two gallant officers in tile late Civil War: Colonel "William J. Young and Colonel Wil liam IX Mitchell. This was also the homo of the wellknown banker and lawyer, A. P. Wright. The list of pres'ent-day residents of Thomasville includes: Judge S. A. Roddenberry, a representative in Congress from the second district and one of the strongest members of the Georgia delegation; Judge R. G. Mitchel], a distinguished former President of the Senate of Georgia; Hon. Gruyton MoClcndon, at one time a member of the State Railroad Commission; Hon. Charles P. Hansell and Hon. W. H. Merrill, both widely known lawyers; besides a number of others.

TIFT
Created fry legislative Act, At

Nelson Tift was the pathfinder of Southwest Georgia. He founded the city of Albany, on the Flint River; estab lished the first newspaper in the wire-grass region; be came a Colonel in the State militia; purchased vast tracts of timber land, on which he developed the s;iw mill in dustry; and besides supplying- home demands, exported large quantities' of lumber to foreign markets. In asso ciation with his brother, Asa F. Tift, formerly of Key West, Fla., he furnished supplies to the Confederate gov ernment by means of factories and warehouses; and con structed the famous ram "Mississippi," under the ap proval of the Secretary of the Confederate Navy, Stephen R. Mallory. This vessel was afterwards fired to prevent it from falling into the hrmds of the Federal fleet under Admiral Farragut, at the storming of New

966 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

;

Orleans. Later the Tifts transformed a merchant vessel into a gunboat called the "Atlanta." With the close of hostilities, Mr. Tift became one of the most powerful fa,ctors in the rehabilitation of the South, liesonrceful, tireless, energetic, he turned his attention to railway building' and lived to complete four distinct lines. In 1877 he wa.s a delegate to 'the famous Constitutional Con vention which witnessed the last great public service of Robert Toombs. Mr. Tift was a native of Groton, Conn., where lie was born in 1810. The family name was origi nally spelt Tefft, which indicates that it may possibly have been of Welsh origin and there is little reason to doubt that the late chief magistrate of the United States, Mr. Taft, sprang originally from the same vigor ous stock. Coming Sonth at the age of twenty-one, Mr. Tift first settled in Charleston, S. C., but in 1835 he crossed into Georgia to begin his real life's work in an unbroken primaeval forest of pines. The city of Albany which he founded became his home for fifty-six years, and here, on November 21, 1891, he breathed his last. When the Legislature, in 1905, created new counties, one of these, carved from the territory 'which furnished the theatre of his pioneer labors, was named in his honor, nor is there today a town more progressive than Tifton, the wideawake county-seat of the county of Tift.

Tifton. Tifton was founded by Captain H. H. Tift, who named the city for his tinele, Colonel
Nelson Tift of Albany, from whom he bought the land on which the first tree was cut for his saw mill. Captain Tift was born in Mystic, Conn., in 1841, and came to Georgia in 1869. He removed from Albany to "what is now Tifton in 1872 and located a. saw mill at this point. For years there was not even a railroad station here and it was with difficulty that Captain Tift secured a siding on the old B. & W\ railroad, now known as the A. C. L. Some few years after Captain Tift settled here he was

TIFT

967

joined by Mr. W. O. Tift; and later by Mr. Edward H. lift, both of them his brothers.
Mr. W. O. Tift engaged in a mercantile business, Imown as the "Commissary for the Mill." He was ap pointed Postmaster in 3880 and served until the time of his death, in 3909, excepting a period of ten or twelve years. The first telegraph office "was1 in the Commissary and Mr. W. AV. Pace "was the first operator. But the real growth of the town dates from the time when the Geor gia Southern & Florida Ky. began operating schedule trains to this point in 1887. Tifton was incorporated as a city by act of the Legislature, approved December 29th, 1890. Mr. W. H. Love was the first Mayor; and Messrs. H. H. Tift, M. A. Sexton, J. I. Clements, J. C. Goodman, E. P. Bowen, and John Pope constituted the first Board of Aldermen. Captain Tift owned all the land in the vicinity and had it surveyed and platted for a city. One of the restrictions was that no negro could own a foot of land in the city limits, a prohibitive measure which still holds good. The first building of consequence was the Hotel Sadie, erected by Capt. John A. Phillips; the next a Methodist church with Itev, J. W^. Foster as pastor; and in 1890 the Baptist church was erected through the innu, euce of Dr. Olias. 'M. Irwin, employed by tlie State Mission Board. Mr. C. A. "Williams erected the first brick build ing. The first High School was opened in 1888, with Mr. Jason Scarboro a,s principal. The first newspaper "was the present Tifton Gazette, established in April 1891 by Mr. Ben T. Alien. The business portion of the town was destroyed by fire in 1901, another disastrous conflagration occurred in 1904, destroying the Bowen Bank, Hotel Sadie, and other important buildings. The burned build ings were promptly replaced by more substantial struc tures.

Original Settlers. Some of the representative pioneer citizens of the county of Tift may be
enumerated as follows : Capt. H. H. Tift, W. O. Tift, Ed-

968 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ward H. Tift, W. W. Pace, W. H. Love, M. A. Sexton, J. 3. Clements, J. C. Goodman, ID. P. Bowen, John Pope, Capt. John A. Phillips, Bev. J. W. Foster, Rev. Charles M. Irwin, C. A. Williams, Ben. T. Alien and Prof. Jason Scarboro. 'See also Worth and Berrien Counties from which Tift was formed.

TOOMBS

Created by legislative Act, August 17, 1905, from parts of three counties: Tattnall, Montgomery, and Emanuel. Named for one of Georgia's
most illustrious sons. General Robert Toombs: a member of Congress, a Senator of the United States, a dominant figure in the great Secession Convention at Mill edge viHe, a Secretary of State in the Cabinet of Mr. Davis, a Brigadier-General in the field, an orator of unsurpassed eloauence, and a proud aristocrat of Itindly mien, wlio, refusing to accept amnesty at the hands of the Federal government, carried the brand of outlawry to his grave, over which he asked for no better epitaph than this: "Here lies an unpardoned Rebel." Lyons, the county-seat.

Anecdotes of Gen. Toombs.

Volume II.

Original Settlers. See Tattnall and Montgomery, from which counties Toombs was formed.

Malcolm McMillan settled about the year 1.800 in what was then Montgomery County, pitching his camp near an oak tree on the site of the present town of Vidalia. In the same neighborhood he built his pioneer home. He also erected a Presbyterian house of worship to the pastorate of which his cousin, Eev. Murphey Mc Millan, was called.
Among the prominent residents of Toombs at the time the new county was organized were: Judge G. T. Mason, Hon. Enoch J. Giles, Hon. Silas B. Meadows, W. T. Jenkins, John "W. Powe, Dr. E, P. Bomar, Dr. Geo. T. Gray, V. M. Womack, Dr. J. M. Meadows, Sr., Dr. J. M. Meadows, Jr., P. S. Hag-an, J. B Cone, Dr. Thomas C.

TOWNS

969

Thompson, D. W. Thompson, L. B. O'dom, Dr. I). P. Odom, Dr. W. W. Odom, ,T. E. Thomson, Grover C. Blantley, T. B. Lee, T. J. Parrish, W. T. China, G. W. Lankford, G. T. Mason, C. W. Braze]], W. C. Oliver, and others.

TOWNS
for Governor George W. Towns, a noted Chief-Executive 3istinguished member of Congress. I-Iiawassee, tbe county-

George Washington Towns was a, native of Wilkes County, Ga., where lie was horn, May 4, 1801, of good Revolutionary stock. He began the study of medicine under Dr. Branham, of THatonton, but while on a visit to his parents, who were then living in Morgan County, he was thrown from his horse against the stump of a tree, sustaining grave injuries in the chest. He thereupon relinquished the thought of medicine. Later he began the study of law in Montgomery, Ala., after which he settled at Talbotton, Ga., where he remained for several years and became a Colonel in the State militia. He served with distinction in both branches of the General Assemb ly, represented his district in Congress at different times, covering a period of several years, and, in 1847, defeated General Duncan L. Clinch, for Governor, an office to which he was re-elected two years later. The first wife of Governor Towns died within six months after her mar riage to the future statesman. "While a member of Con gress, long afterwards, he wooed and won the daughter of Hon. John W. Jones, of Virginia, Speaker of the national House of Representatives. Governor Towns was an orator in the most restricted sense of the term. There seemed to be still higher honors in store for him; but not long after retiring from the executive office he

970 GEORGIA'S LANDMARK^, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
died at his home in Macon, Ga., on July 15, 1854, in the meridian of his powers. The grave of Governor Towns, in "Rose Hill Cemetery, is unmarked by any sort of monu ment, but an iron fence surrounds the lot, on the gate to which is the name of "George "W. Towns.**
Hiawassee or Hiwassee 'was the name given by the Cherokees to a stream rising among the mountain springs of Towns1. It was also the name bestowed upon a settle ment. The Cherokee form of the word is A-yu-wa-si, meaning a savanna. According to Mooney, the legend preserved by White in his Collections of Georgia is a pure myth for which there is no basis whatever in the traditions of the Cherokees. (See Vol. 11. The Liegends1 of Hiawassee). Here a large number of Cherokees embark ed for the west, making the trip by water.
Young- Plarris College, a high grade institution, co educational in character, under the control of the North Georgia Methodist Conference, is located at Young Har ris. It "was founded in 1888 by the great philanthropist and Christian gentleman, whose name it bears; and the first exercises of graduation were held in 1891. Two of the best known legislators in Georgia are graduates of Young" Harris1, Hon. H. J. Fullbright, of AVaynesboro, and Hon. "W. S. Mann, of McRae, both of whom were members of the same class.
Two of the most noted Chiefs of the Cherokees, the Ridges, father and son, lived in Towns. Major Ridge and John Ridge, both advocated the treaty, under which the nation relinquished the Cherokee lands in Georgia, a cause for which they ynffereJ death, on the removal of the tribes to the West.

TKODP

971

Original Settlers. See Union and Rabun, from which the county of Towns was formed.

To the list may be added John Corn and Elijah Kinsey who represented Towns in the (Secession Convention at Milledgeville. The old established families of tho county include also the Mathesons, the Aliens, the Burrells, the Kirbys, the Johnsons, the Suttons, and otKers.

TROUP

Created by Legislative Act, December n, 1S2G. Named for Governor George M. Troup, one of Georgia's most illustrious Chief-Magistrates, whose
Adams, caused him to be styled "the Hercules of State Rights". The county of Troup was formed from a part of the land acquired by the State of Georgia, under the treaty of Indian Springs, in 1825, from the Creek Indians. It was by order of Governor Troup that the first survey was made, out of which grew the clash between State and Federal authorities; and he -was also a first cousin of General "William Mclntosh, chief of the Lower Creeks, who was murdered for the part taken by him in ceding the. Creek lands to the whites. Consequently it was most fitting that a county, carved from this newly acquired area, should bear his name. Governor Troup was still in life when he was made the recipient of this honor by the State of Georgia, and he survived the compliment by more than thirty years. LaGrange, the county-seat, was named for the a-ncestral home in France of the illustrious nobleman, who came to the aid of Washington in the Revolution: the Marquis de la Fayette. When organized in 1826, Troup embraced Meriwether and in part Heard, Talbot and Harris.
George M. Troup was the Hercules of State Eights. More than thirty years before the great departure of 1861 he sounded the tocsin of war in the ears1 of John Quincy Adams, then President of the United States. For the Chief Executive of a State, single-handed, thus to defy the power of the Federal government, was boldness personified. But Governor Troup won. The issue be tween them concerned the lands of the Creek Indians and the principle of State sovereignty was involved. Growing out of the treaty of Indian Springs, Governor Troup ordered a survey of the Creek lands; but when the hostile or Upper Creeks complained to the United States1 government, due largely to the meddlesome inter ference of an Indian agent named Crowell, another socalled treaty was made with the savages in Washington,

1
972 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
D. C., under which the national government ordered the lands to be re-surveyed. Thus the gage of battle was joined. But Governor Troup was not to be intimidated. He gave the President of the United States to under stand that the sovereign statehood of Georgia was not to be violated, even though the trespasser were the Fed eral government itself. The blast wliicli lie sounded was unquestionably defiant. Moreover, it came from good stout lungs in which there was no hint of tuberculosis. It was the cry of 1825 to 1861. At one time the result seemed to be in grave doubt. Then it was that Governor Troup sent to the Legislature his famous war message, in which he used this bold language: '' The argument is exhausted. You must stand by your arms!" But, as the sequel shows, there "was no occasion for bloodshed. The Federal government receded. Georgia's1 Chief-Magis trate refused to yield one foot of ground; but, confronted the power of the United States government like an old fortress, whose iron mortars were firmly mounted upon granite walls and whose unconquered flag rippled serenely above the battlements.
Governor Troup was born at Mclntosh Bluff, on the Tombigbee River, in what is now the State of Alabama, on September 8, 1780. His father was an English naval officer and his mother a member of the famous Scotch clan of Mclntosh. He received his collegiate education at Princeton, "where he became associated in undergradu ate studies with Forsyth and Berrien--two Georgians who were destined to reach the heights of eminence both in oratory and in statesmanship. Beginning the study of law in the office of Governor James Jackson, in Savan nah, he declined a proffered seat in the Georgia Legis lature before he was twenty-one; but the next year he entered the General Assembly, making a record in the lower house which, in 1806, sent him to Congress, where, after serving for four years, he was elected to the Senate of the United States. Resigning the toga in 1823 he became Governor of Georgia; and again, in 1825, as the result of the first popular election ever held in Georgia

TROUP

973

for State House officers, lie was triumphantly re-elected, due largely to his vigorous policy in dealing "with, the Indian problem. On retiring from the Governorship, he expected to devote the remainder of his life to leisure employment; hut with one voice the people of Georgia voted to place him again in the United States Senate and in 185 he was nominated for President of the United States on the secession ticket presented to the country by the extreme advocates of State Rights. G overnor Troup died on his plantation in Montgomery County, Ga., on April 26, 1856, of hemorrhag'e of the lungs, leav ing to Georgia a legacy of honor which time has not dimmed nor distance lessened.

Recollections of Governor Troup.
The Legend of Burnt Village.

, Volume II.
Volume IT.

Two Historic Two of the best known institutions of

Schools.

learning- in the land for the higher

education of women are located in

LaGrange, a town which for more than half a century

has been a recognized seat of culture. The LaG range

Female College, an institution of the Methodist church

was the outgrowth of a school established here in 1833

by Thomas Stanley, a noted pioneer educator in Georgia.

The school was afterwards chartered as a college in 1846.

It has been a powerful factor in the educational life of the

State, and on the alumnae rolls may be found the names

of many brilliant women. The Southern Female College,

an institution under the control of the Georgia Baptists,

was founded by Rev. Milton E. Bacon. Chartered in

1845 as the LaGrange Female Seminary^ it became in

1854 the Southern Female College. It enjoys the dis

tinction of being the second institution of learning* in the

974 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
State for women to be granted a charter. The career of the school has been one of marked growth and of uni formly high standards of scholarship.
Fort Tyler. Wilson's famous cavalry raid into Georgia was the last militarj"- event of any importance
east of the Mississippi River. It occurred in the spring of 1865. The leader of this dramatic exploit, General James H. "Wilson, is still in life, a gentleman of very great polish, who has succeeded in winning the respect of many of his former foes'. He was quite a youthful officer when he made his eventful visit to Georgia on this occasion--less than 28--but in the record of devastation left by the hoofs of his horses he fairly rivalled the prowess of Attilla, the Hun. It was also reserved for him to effect the capture of Jefferson Davis, a feat which in no wise taxed his resources as a strategist, since Mi*. Davis was travelling leisurely through the State, accom panied by only a .small retinue of followers; but the arrest of the feeble old ex-President gave his captor a halo a fame in the eyes of the North. But to return to General Wilson's raid into Georgia. Says Prof. Joseph T. Derry: "He left Chickasaw, Ala., March 22, with abont 10,000 men, and after defeating and capturing a large part of what was left of General Forrest's cavalry at Selma, entered Georgia. Upton's division marched through Tuskegee toward Columbus, and Colonel LaGrange, with three regiments, advanced on West Point, by way of Opelika. Colonel LaGrange found a garrison of 265 devoted Confederates under Gen. Robert C. Tyler, in possession of a small fort at ^Vest Point. The earth "work was 3'5 feet square, surrounded by a ditch, supplied with four cannon and situated on an eminence command ing the Chattahoochee bridge at that point. One assault was repelled by the garrison, but in the second the Fed eral soldiers swarmed over the little fort and captured the entire command of Tyler, who was killed with 18 of

TROTJP

975

h'is officers and mon, while 28 were severely wounded. Tlie Federal loss was 7 killed and 29 wounded. At West Point, two bridges, 19 locomotives, and 245 cars loaded with quartermasters, commissary, and ordinance stores, were reported destroyed by the Federal commander."

Incidents Recalled Residing in West Point, at the time

by Mrs. Grant.

of Wilson's celebrated raid, was Mrs.

William D. Grant, then a young girl.

Her daughter, Sarah Frances, became in after years the

wife of Gov. John M. Slaton. Mrs. Grant vividly recalls

the engagement above described. "Sunny Villa", the

home of her father, Colonel William Reid, a wealthy

citizen of West -Point, lay in the track of war. Says

she: "J. remember the day when Gen. Tyler was killed.

He had given my father but a few days before a gold-

headed cane and a pair of silver Mexican spurs. The

cane I still have. Wilson's raiders were everywhere

around us. At this time, they were under the command

of Colonel LaGrange. After the battle, they fell back

and crowded into our yard and we gave up our keys'. I

saw that a camp of protection was needed and I went

out among the officers and asked: 'Is there a West

Pointer here?' for I had known many excellent West

Pointers, among; them Col. John !Berry and Col. Leroy

Napier. 'Yes', was the reply, whereupon a young lieuten

ant presented himself. T asked him for a camp of pro

tection for father's house, and he immediately established

one there, and a guard was kept near the house until

danger was passed. My mother turned her home into

a hospital, where we nursed many of the soldiers. Two

brave boys died under our roof, but we could never trace

the relatives of either to tell of the last sad moments

which we tried to make easy."

Two years after the war, Mrs. Grant, then Sallie

Fannie Eeid, became the wife of Capt. William D. Grant.

The latter was then a young lawyer, whose scholarly

976 GEORGIA'S LANDMABKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
tastes inclined Mm to literature ratter than to finance. Mrs. Grant "was somewhat dubious of the Captain's ability as a practical man of business to provide for two; and it was not without some misgivings that she took the marital step. But she followed the beckoning finger of Destiny to learn ere long that, underneath the polished veneer of this man of books, there lay concealed a genius for finance destined to make him a powerful factor in the uplift of his section from the ruins of war. He became a builder of railroads, a constructive force in the State, and a leader of the hosts of industrial progress. At the time of his death, Capt. Grant "was the largest individual tax-payer in Georgia, and one of the foremost figures of his day in the financial world of the South. It was in the Reid home, at West Point, that the future mistress of the executive mansion, Mrs. John M. Slaton, was born.

The Arrest of Mr. Hill.

:

'

Volume II.

On A.pril 26, 1901, the handsome Confederate monu ment in West Point was unveiled with impressive ex ercises. Mr. L. L. Knight, of Atlanta, delivered the address of the occasion. At the time of unveiling, Miss Bessie Lanier was the President of the Ladies' Memorial Association, and one of the most zealous workers in be half of the monument. On October 30, 1912, a handsome shaft to the heroes of the South was unveiled in the public square at LaGrange by the local chapter of the U. D. C. The address was delivered by Colonel L. C. Levy, of Columbus. The ladies most prominent in the movement to erect the monument were: Mrs. E. G. Nix, President; Mrs. C. B. Gay and Mrs. A. V. Heard.

Original Settlers. White gives the original settlers of Tronp as follows: E. S. Harris, John
E!. Morgan, William H. Cooper, Joseph Bird, James Cul-

TKOTJP

977

berspn, Silas Tatom, W. C. Mays, Robert Hall, Adam Harden, John Harden, James Ringer, John Fendley, William J. Sterling, Nicholas Johnson, Samuel Reid, James Herring, John Herring, Howell W. Jenkins, James Mattox, Arehihald Harris, Gideon Riddle, Colonel David W. Morgan, Jeremiah Robbins, James Jones, John Sip, A. M. Lane, James R. Laws, Jacob Gerard, James Adams, James W. Fannin, Sr., Isaac Ross, G-eneral S. Bailey, Henry Rogers, William Dongherty, Lewis Mucklero'y, David Culverson, H. L. Wilkinson, Josephus Sparks, James Love, Isaac Mitchell, Joel D. Newsome, James Flowers, M. Mattox, P. Hightower, W7. Horton, Dr. Charles Cannon, H. S. Smith, James Amos, George H. Traylor, Rev. C. W. Key, John E. Gage, R. H. Lane, Thomas Cameron, and John Hill.

John P. Warnock, a Sergeant in the patriotic army, was granted a, Federal pension in 1839 for his services in the first "war with England.

Troup's Distin-

LaGrange was for years the home of

guished Residents. the great orator and statesman who

wore the toga of two national Sen

ates and whose thunderbolts of eloquence, hurled at the

military power during the days of Reconstruction, will

reverberate in Georgia while the pillars of her Constitu

tion endure--Benjamin Harvey Hill. Bu't there also

lived here a host of distinguished men. General Hugh

A;. Haralson, a brave soldier, a profound lawyer and a

member of Congress, was long a resident of LaGrange

where his ashes lie buried. The name of this beloved.

Georgian is perpetuated in one of the counties of the

State. Two of his daughters married illustrious men:

Gen. John B. Gordon and Chief-Justice Logan E. Bleck-

ley. The great Walter T. Colquitt lived for a while in

978 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
LaGrange, where two of his wives are buried; "but the Judge himself sleeps in Columbus. He was three times married.
Here lived the famous War Horse of Troup, Julius O. Alford, who served Georgia, "with distinction in both branches of the General Assembly and in the halls of Congress and who afterwards removed to Alabama, "where his last days "were spent. Judge Benjamin H. Hill, Chief-Judge of the State Court of Appeals, and his gifted brother, the late Charles D. Hill, long the brilliant solici tor of the Atlanta Circuit, "were both reared in LaGrange. Here lived Dr. R. A. T. Eidley, a noted man in his day, who "was no less a power in polities than in medicine. His son, Dr. F. M. Eidley, a resident of I^aGrange, is like wise an eloquent public speaker and a leader in public affairs. Here lived Dr. H. S. Wimbish, "who "was long a master-spirit in the professional and civic life of the community; and here lived Judge E. Y. Hill, a gifted jurist, who represented Georgia in the State Senate and who "was narrowly defeated for Governor by George W. Towns.
Two of the ablest members of the Atlanta bar were reared in LaGrange--Albert H. Cox and William A. Wimtbish. The gifted Southern novelist, Maria J. Westmoreland, whose books were widely read just after the war and who "wrote a number of dramas which were staged with pronounced success during the days of Re construction, lived here for some time. The great wizard of finance, William S. Witham, who directs the affairs of more than a hundred banks, was born in LaGrang'e. At the age of 18, almost penniless, "with no immediate pros pects and "with no influential friends, he made his way to New York, "where he formed a business connection "which started him upon the road to fortune. Judge F. M. T^ongley, a former State Senator and a "well-known and much-beloved Georgian, lives in LaGrange. This was also the home of Judge Benjamin H. Bigham, a jurist of

TURNER

979

uote. Here lived N'athan L. Atkins on a strong pioneer citizen who, with K. A. T. Ridley and John S. Hill, repre sented Troup in the Constitutional Convention of 1865. Colonel John II. Traylor, a "wealthy planter, who served in hoth branches of the State Legislature, a leader of the reform element of the Democratic party and at one time a candidate on the populist ticket for Governor of Geor gia, lived and died in Troup.

TURNER
slative Act, August 18, 1905, fn
notea member of Congress, afterwards an occupant of the Supreme Bench of Georgia,. Ashburn, the county-seat.
Henry Gray Turner represented Georgia with dis tinction in the National House of Representatives for sixteen years, after which, with judicial qualifications of the highest order, he graced the ermine of the State's Supreme ."Bench, serving" in this latter capacit3^ until forced to relinquish public ]ife by the stern edict of en feebled health. But, in stoic fidelity to official obligation, he waited until the vital cords were gripped 'by the fatal malady which ended his illustrious career. Judge Turner was a native of North Carolina, in which State he was born near the town of Henderson, on March 20, 1839, of sturdy Scotch-Irish parents. The best educational ad vantages were given to the lad whose bright mind even at an early age prefigured a career of great promise; and after completing his academic studies, he matriculated first at the University of North Carolina and then at the University of Virginia. He began his life's work as a school teacher--in "which respect he was not unlike other great staesmen of his time. For a "while he taught in Alabama, winning a reputation which crossed the 'State line and brought him an overture from Brooks County, Ga., where he established his permanent home. At the outbreak of the war, he enlisted in the 'Savannah Volun-

980 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
teer Guards and "went to the front as a private but in less than a year he became Captain of Company H in the 23rd North Carolina regiment of volunteer troops. The young officer was severely wounded at Gettysburg- and suffered the tortures of Northern imprisonment, first at Sandusky and then at Johnson's Island. At the close of the war, he 'began the practice of his profession at Quitman, Ga., where he married Miss Lavinia Morton, a daughter of Judge James O. Morton and where Ms solid and substantial gifts as an advocate soon brought him to the front at the Bar.
Three terms of service in the Legislature warranted the people of his district in giving him a "wider arena for the exercise of his talents and he was sent to Congress where he remained consecutively for sixteen years. As chairman of the committee on elections his reputation be came national in extent. Due to the fact that a majority of the electors in his district "were not in agreement with him upon an important issue, in regard to which he could not surrender his convictions, this well equipped and broad-minded statesman voluntarily withdrew from the public councils. He resumed the practice of law at Quitman; but, after eight years of retirement, he was appointed without solicitation on his part to fill a seat made vacant on the Supreme Bench of Georgia. The en tire State rang with approval of the Governor's action.
Judge Turner possessed the Roman integrity of character and the calm equipoise of mind which well be fitted this lofty station; his temperment was eminently judicial. But he was barely seated upon the Bench before it was found that his health was seriously undermined by a disorder, the roots of which lay doubtless in an old Gettysburg wound. Immediate relief from the mental strain of judicial labor was demanded. He went to Balti more hoping to find relief in surgery; but the skillful physicians declined to perform an operation on account of his wasted strength.
Keenly disappointed but patiently resigned he started back to Georgia. On the way, he stopped to rest at the

TTJRJSTER

981

home of his brother, in Raleigh, N. C., where, on Jnne 9, 1904, the pulse-beat in his withered arm grew still and the majestic peace of death settled upon his noble brow. Judge Turner was in manner dignified and reserved. It was only on great occasions that his habitual quietude of speech became impassioned. There was no meretricious display of rhetoric in the legal efforts of Judge Turner. His masterful arguments were addressed to the reason; and he spoke at ordinary times with an unruffled com posure of mind suggestive of deep waters. Jn stature ho was of medium height, while his complexion was swarthy, his eye lustrous with thought, and his whole frame in dicative of hidden power. He literally died in the service of the State; nor is it a matter of wonder that "when a new county was created among- the pine stretches of South Georgia it should have been given the name of this faith ful public servant. His position on the money question was fully justified by the logic of events, proving bis deep insight into profound problems of government; and his manliness of conduct, in preferring to yield his seat iu Congress rather than renounce allegiance to fixed prin ciple, when there were temporary differen-cs of opinion between his constituents and himself, furnished conclusive evidence of his statesmanship. Tried in the fiery crucible the true metal of his character was revealed. Tested by the touchstone of an adverse public sentiment his patriot ism was found to be pure gold.

Original Settlers, gee Worth and Trwin, from which counties Turner was formed.

John S. Betts, who founded the town of Ashburn, ami who, since 3891, the date of incorporation, has con tinuously held the office of mayor, was one of the first settlers to cast his lot in this region of pines. Here, in

982 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
association with his kinsman, Mr. John West Evans, he built a sawmill, and from time to time constructed short railway lines which, were merged into longer ones after tile timber was cut, and thus became permanent links in the railway development of Southern G-eorgia. From an obscure hamlet of some dozen families, grouped about his pioneer industrial plant, he has seen the little town of which he is mayor blossom into a cultured community of 2,500 souls.
But he shares the honors of pioneerhood in the de velopment of this section "with a wealthy land baron who occupied a seat in the last Senate of Georgia; James Simon Shingler. Though a native of South Carolina, Mr. Shingier has long been identified with the fortunes of this State; and for more than a quarter of a century has lived at Ashburn. Pie is the owner of 23,000 acres of land in Georgia and a stockholder in some score of enterprises, engaged in developing the State's marvelous resources. Like Mr. Betts, he is an unpretentious, simple-hearted, and courtly gentleman of the old school; but with an intellect of the keenest penetration, farsighted and well-balanced.
On the list of Turner County's early pioneers belong also the following names: L\ H. Da,vis, G. B. Grorday, E. R. Smith, H. W. Bussey, "W. B. Dasher, J. T. Fountain, W. A. Greer, Messrs. Cowan and Carr, T. J. Shingler, ~W. A. Shingler, J. Lawrence, Mr. Gilmore, B. L. Betts, G. T. Betts, C. W. Evans, J. L. Evans, J. B. Bozeman, M. S. Cantey, J. E. Burgese, J. F. Jenkins, W. K. Jenkins, John B. Hntcheson, J. H. Pate, R. L. Tipton, J. A. Comer, the McKenzies, the Paulks, the ftancoeks, the K^ngs, the Spradleys, etc.

Ashburn: A Story of About the year 1889, when the

Beginnings.

Georgia Southern and Florida Bail-

road was pushing its way through

the heart of the pine belt of South Georgia,, Mr. W. W.

Ashburn, of Eastman and Mr. J. S. Betts, who was then

TURNER

983

a resident of Demsey, in Dodge County, Ga., made a trip along the line of the road in search of a location for a saw mill plant. Trains were then running as far as Cordele, and from this point, Messrs. Ashburn and Betts, travelling in a buggy, followed a narrow trail through the almost unbroken pine forest, as far south as Sycamore. Attracted 'by the beautiful rolling country and splendid pine forests, they selected a site in what was then Worth Gounty, two miles north of the village of Sycamore and immediately began negotiations for the purchase of land. They bought large tracts from the estates of W. B. Johnston, of Macon, and I). H. Davis, a native, and still a resi dent, of this section. Mr. Betts, with his partner, the lamented J. W. Evans, immediately moved a small mill to the new location, and began clearing and sawing timber for the erection of shanties to house the plant and to furnish shelter for the families which came with them. By the time all were located, the road was completed to Valdosta and one train a day was running from Macon to that place.
But there was no station at the mill; and Sycamore was the nearest depot where passengers could hoard the trains. The shipping was also done from that point. About the time Mr. Betts and Mr. Ashburn made purelmses of land in this locality, Mr. J. S. Shingler, of East man, came prospecting for a turpentine farm. He also purchased large tracts of land a,nd brought over his fam ily and operatives for a turpentine still, "which he built about a mile from the saw mill of Mr. Betts. The small mill at first owned by the latter was replaced in time by one of the largest saw mill plants in South Georgia, set tlers poured in, and apart from, the commissary and general store owned by the company, three other store houses for general merchandise were built. T3ic.se pioneer establishments were Shingler and Lawrence, managed by Mr. J. X/awrence now editor of the "Wiregrass Farmer"; "W. A. Murray and Co., and G. B. Gorday. Associated with W. A. Murray and Co., was Mr. Gilmore, now a citizen of the town of Rebecca, on the

984 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
A. B. and A. road in the eastern part of Turner. Mr.-. Grorday is still one of the leading merchants of Ash burn. The large amount of 'business done by this wide awake settlement induced the railroad1 authorities to make it a station. But the citizens did not like the name which was first given the town and Mr. J. S. Betts and Mr. W. "W. Ashburn were asked to select a name. Mr. Betts sug gested that it be called Ashburn, in Mr. Ashburn's honor, and thus it was named. Mr. Ashburn, having1 large in terests elsewhere, soon sold his share of the land recently purchased to J. S. Betts Co. and J. S. Shing-ler, after which he took no further part in the development of the town -which bore his name, except that he gave the land on which to build a church. Along with Mr. J. S. Shingler came his brother, T. J. Stiingler, who afterwards removed to Miller County, and a cousin, Mr. "W. A. Shingler.
The aJbove mentioned pioneer citizens laid the founda tions for the city of Ashburn, with her prosperous busi ness enterprises, her splendid public schools and her handsome houses of worship. Among the substantial business men of today are a number "who have developed with the town, to-wit: B. L. and Gf. T. Betts, brother and son of Mr. J. S. Betts; C. W. and J. TJ. Evans, brother and son of the late J. W. Evans; and Messrs. J. B. Bozeman, M. iS. Cantey, J. E. Burgess, and J. F. and W. K! Jenkins. About the time Ashburn was settled, other enterprising men were settling and developing other places within the present county limits:--at Dakota, AV. A. Greer, who has since became a, citizen of Ashburu; at Worth, Cowan and Carr; at Sycamore, 35. B. Smith, H. W. Bussey, W. B. Dasher, and1 J. T. Fountain. The last four of these have dropped from the ranks, but among the substantial citi zens of the enterprising town of Sycamore are some of the sons "who survived them: Wilber and E>. R. Smith, Stanley Bussey, and W. P. Fountain. In years to come the names of these pioneer citizens of Turner will be mentioned -with honor.*
* Historical facts furnished by Mrs. J. S. Betts, of Ashburn.

TWIGGS

'

985

TWIGGS
Created fay Legislative Act, December 14, 1809, from Wi]k|nson County. Named for General John Twiggs, an illustrious soldier of the Revolution, who commanded an independent body of troops. Jeffersonville, the countyseat, named for Thomas Jefferson, the Sage of Monticello. Marion, the original seat of government, named for General Francis Marion, of South Carolina, is no longer represented on the map.

The Revolutionary ^^ar period of American history brought to the front no braver officer than General John Twiggs. There is unfortunately a lack of definite infor mation, in regard to his early life, but he is supposed to have been, a native of Maryland. He was also a mill-right by trade and of good English stock. Some time prior to the outbreak of hostilities he removed to Georgia, accom panying John Emanuel, 'whose daughter Ruth he married. As the result of this alliance, he became the brother-in-law of David Emanuel, afterwards Governor of Georgia. Establishing his home on a plantation to the south of Augusta, in the parish of St. Paul, he at once identified himself with, the Georgia patriots, among whom his genius for command and his handsome physique made him an acknowledg*ed leader. lie first appears upon the scene in 1779, soon after the rediictioii of Savannah, at the head of an independent body of troops. "Uniting forces with the famous Few 'brothers, William and Benjamin, from the upper part of the parish, a column of some 250 men was formed, which immediately thereafter defeated 400 men under Colonel .Brown, while enroute to join some Tories in the county of Burke. He then lay in wait for another partisan corps under Captain Sharp which was close behind with re-inforcements for Colonel Brown, and when they were seen to encamp an attack was order ed. It was not long before the Tories were put the flight; and Captain Joshua Inman, "who led the assault is credited with having killed three men with his own blade. This engagement took place at Burke Jail on the site of the present town of "Waynesfooro.

986 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

1

Following the victory of the Americans at Kettle

Greek, Colonel Twiggs, in association with, his brother

officers, Hammond and Mclntosh, surprised seventy

British regulars at Herbert and either killed or captured

the whole detachment. Despite the collapse of General

^Lincoln's campaign, Colonel Twiggs struck more than one

vigorous and effective blow during the dark days which

ensued. His exploits at this time kindled fresh hope and

courage ill tho hearts of the despondent patriots of Geor-

gia. To checkmate tlie notorious MeGirth, he formed a

post on the Ogeechee which served as a. rallying point

for the Americans; and, when a body of troops under

Captain Conklin, leaving Savannah about daybreak, in

the spring of 1780, reached the American camp shortly

before the noon hour, they were promptly driven back.

I^ater, Colonel Twiggs defeated a company of grenadiers

under Captain Muller, at Hickory Hill and also routed a

party under McGirth himself. In 1781, he joined Greene's

army on the southward march and, under this superb

soldier, participated in the fmal overthrow of the British

power. For his gallant services to the State, he was

given the rank of Major-General in the State militia, be

sides extensive tracts of land. Pie also represented the

State in treaty negotiations with the Indians at Augusta,

in 1803, whereby the extensive domain, afterwards

erected into Washington and Franklin Counties, were

added to the territory of Georgia. When General Elijah

Clarke invaded the Indian country and sought to estab

lish an independent republic beyond the Oconee River,

Twiggs and Irwin acted as intermediaries between Gen

eral Clarke and Governor Mathews in an effort to bring

about an abandonment of the project. On the retirement

of Governor Mathews from office there followed in inter

regnum of two months, during which time General T"wig-g's

as the ranking officer of the State militia was requested

to take charge, but he entertained some doubt of the pro

priety of this course and modestly declined to do so.

The evening of his days was spent at his home near Au

gusta, where he enjoyed to the last the unbroken confi-

'.

TWIGGS

987

dence and esteem of the people of Georgia. Major Gen eral David E. Twiggs was a. son of this gallant soldier and patriot.

Marion: A Lost Only a weather ^beaten little negro shack,

Town.

in the last stages of decay, survives today

at tlie old cross-roads, where formerly

stood one of the most important inland towns of the

State, a great rendezvous during court week for lawyers

of the most eminent distinction and a thrifty center of

trade in the early ante-bellum period; the once wide

awake little town of Marion. It was located at a point

equi-distant between ,Tcffersonville and Billiard.--six

miles from each. The population of the village exceeded

1,000 at a time when there were few towns of this size

in the State. It possessed a bank, a post-office, a school-

house, and several good hotels, with ample accommoda

tions. The original survey of the Central Railroad was

made to Marion; but the iron horse was an untried ex

periment in those days. The people of the little rural

community objected to the intruder on the ground that

it might endanger live-stock and demoralize the poultry-

yard. 'So the line was biiilt to Macon, a town "which be

came in time the metropolis of middle Georgia. Some of

the most aristocratic old families of the State lived at

Marion, including the Forts, the Pannins, the Wimbcr

leys, the Griffins, the Tarvers, the Tharps and many

others of equal prominence ; but when the county-seat was

changed to .Teffersonville after the war and the condi

tions of life were sadly different, they began to scatter.

Other localities were more attractive to them; and soon

there was left of the little town of Marion naught but

a waste of aibandoned homes and a wealth of fragrant

memories.

Twiggs in the John Shine, a veteran of the ^rar for

Revolution.

Independence, died in Twiggs in 1832.

He was a native of North Carolina.

98S GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND .LEGENDS

1

Though only a youth at the time, he served under General

Caswell and fought at the battle of Camden, S. C., in 1780.

Says White: "His recollection of the battle was perfect

almost to the last hoiir. The portly figure and animated

countenance of Baron DcKalb, and the bleached locks and

early flight of General Gates, were vividly retained in

mind." With two other veterans of the war for inde

pendence, viz., William Duffel and Charles Ealey, the old

patriot was still living in 1825, when Lafayette visited

America, and the trio was taken by the Lafayette Volun

teers to Milledgevillc to participate in the reception to

the great soldier. General Lafayette recognized Father

Duffel as one who helped to carry him from the field of

Brandywine.

Major James Gordon was at 13raddoek's defeat. He

bore the name of King Corn Stalk. At the age of 91, he

is said to have died in a state of delirium, abusing the

enemy.

Henry Sapp, a soldier of the Revolution, died in

Twiggs, October 29, 1829, aged 83. On the same day

Remilsoii Sapp, his wife, died at 93. They were married

several years previous to the Revolution and were spared

to each, other for a period of sixty-five years. They are

said to have lived an ideally happy life and to have ex

pressed the wish that they might die together.

Arthur Port was another veteran of Twiggs. He die'.!

in this county at the age of 85. The following sketch of

Mr. Fort is preserved in White's Collections: "He was

a, resident and a citizen of Georgia for 75 years; a

soldier and a statesman of the "Revolution, a member of

the Committee of Safety in the darkest hour of that

struggle, when the whole of the powers of government

rested in the hands of only three men ; and afterwards

for many years he was retained in honorable stations by

the people. A fervid, patriotic zeal characterized his life

to its latest hour. For nearly fifty years he led the life

of a Christian and his death was truly the Christian's death.''

Colonel John Lawsou died in April 1816, after an

TWIGOS

989

illness of only two days. He is said to liave grown gray in the service of his country and to have taken an active part in the struggle for freedom. ITe lived a nmnber of years after the close of hostilities, but the date of his death is unknown .

The Lafayette Says Major 'Stephen V. Miller:" "in

Volunteers.

March, 1825, while General Lafayette was

a visitor to the United States, a company

was formed called the Tjafayette Volunteers, of which

.Tohn G. Slappey was elected captain, T. M. Chamberlain,

first-lieutenant, Hamilton R. Oupree, second-lieutenant,

Francis W. Jobson, third--lieutenant, a,nd the author was

appointed orderly-sergeant. The corps adopted a cheap

uniform, and, with drum and fife, under a beautifully

painted silk flag, presented by the ladies, it took up the line

of march for Milledgeville, having as a much-venerated

charge three Revolutionary soldiers, Fathers William

Duffel, John Shine, and Charles Ealey, in a conveyance

provided for the occasion. When the troops reached

Marion from Tarversville, they halted an hour or two,

during which time the orderly-sergeant availed himself

of the courtesy of a friend to obtain a sword, to render

him more worthy of respect in his official character. It

belonged to Major William Croker. The Lafayette

Volunteers had reached a hill near Fishing Creek, within

sight of Milledgeville, when the roar of cannon an

nounced the arrival of General Lafayette. An express

was sent to tender our command to the marshal in the

ceremonies of reception. The reply came that the great

review was to occur on the next day, at 10 o'clock."

Original Settlers. As given by White, the original set tlers of Twiggs were: Arthur Fort,
E. Wimberly, William Perry, Henry Wall, William
* Stephen F. Miller in Bench and Bar of Georgia, Vol. I,

990 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Crocker, General Tarver, Ira Peck, John Fulton, John Everitt, D. Williams, Joel Denson, S. Jones, Willis Hodgins, Milton Wilder, Josiah Murphy, Davis Lowery, O. Johnson, C. A. Thorpe, John Davis, C. W. Melton, B. Bay, S. Harrell, T. Harrington, and H. Sullivan.
During the month of November, 3.811, the first session of the Superior Court was held in Twiggs, Hon. Peter Early presiding. The following citizens qualified as Grand Jurors: Francis Powell. N. Bugby, A. Wood, Wil liam Ford, John Welkinson, Thomas C. Heidleburge, B. Joiner, 'S. Batbaree, ^Villiam Herrishill, T. Pcarce, Wil liam Carr, William Grimes, Robins Andrews, AVilliam Cloud, John Matthews, John Young', Arthur Fort, Jr., John Hawthorn, Ashley Wood, S. Dick and John Evans.
Distinguished Resi- Somewhat lengthy is the honor-roll dents of Twiggs. of distinguished men who have lived
in Twiggs. The celebrated Colonel James W. Faimin, a martyr to the cause of Texan inde pendence, who perished at Goliad, in 1836, spent his boy hood days on a plantation nea,r Marion. He was a natural son of Dr. Isham Fannin, a wealthy planter, who gave him parental adoption.* At the age of fifteen, he was sent to TVest Point, but on the eve of graduation he was drawn into a duel over some insult to the South and, leaving the institution clandestinely, lie returned home. He afterwards married in Georgia; but the restless spirit of adventure impelled him westward and he removed to Texas, where the outbreak of the Revolution found him among the very first to enlist.
Thaddeus Oliver, a lawyer by profession and a poet by divine gift, was a resident of Twiggs. In the opinion

TWIGGS

991

of some of the foremost literary critics, lie "was the real author of the famous war poem whose origin lias long been a fruitful source of contention--"All's Quiet Along' the Potomac Tonight." 2
Gen Hartwell H. Tarver, a wealthy planter, who mar ried the widow Colquitt and became step-father to the great jurist, 'was a resident of Twiggs. Tile list includes also Major Robert Augustus Beall and .Judge Thaddeus G. Holt, who formed a, partnership at Marion for the practice of law; Gen. Ezekiel Wimberly, a planter, who became the head of the State militia; and Gen. L. L. Griffin, for whom the town of Griffin was named, later a resident of Monroe County and the first president of the old Monroe Road.
Robert L. Ferryman, a talented lawyer, who1 'wrote a biography of General Andrew Jackson, practiced his pro fession at Marion; but unhappily his free use of the pen led to a quarrel in which he was fatally stabbed in the abdomen. Robert A. Everett was a gifted but erratic genius of the same local bar, equally ready for the sake of argument to uphold religion or to defend atheism. Here lived the noted Stephen E. Miller, whose "Bench and i3ar of Georgia" is a most important work of history on the ante-bellum period; and here lived the once famous William Crocker, who, according to Major Miller, was on one side or the other of more than four hundred cases tried in the Superior Court of Twiggs.
Other distinguished Georgians born in the county were: Governor James M. Smith, afterwards a resident of Columbus; Judge A. T. MacTntyre, who became a resi dent of Thomasville, a lawyer of note and a member of Congress; Dr. James E. Dickey, president of Emory Col lege; Gen. Philip Cook, Secretary of State, Congressman, and veteran of the Civil War ; besides a number of others. Hon. Dudley M. Hughes, a member of the present Geor gia delegation in Congress, is a resident of Danville, in the neighborhood of which he owns an extensive planta tion.

2 Library of Southern Literature, vol. XIV, p. 608s, Atlanta, 1910.

992 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

UNION

Created toy Legislative Act, December 3, 1832, from Cherokee County.
government which existed among the mountain dwellers in this region of the State, at a time when nullification, a popular doctrine in the South, was beginning to threaten disunion. Blairsville, the county-seat, named for Francis P. Blalr, Sr., of Kentucky, a vigorous supporter of Henry Clay for President, until the controversy between John C. Calhoun and Andrew Jackson, on the question of the tariff, brought him to the latter's side and resulted in his removal to Washington, D. C., where he edited an adminis tration newspaper. Mr. Elair became a Republican, on the issue of slavery, and presided over the. first national convention of the party, at Pittsburg, in 1S56. He lived to toe an octogenarian. Toward the close of the Civil War he made an unofficial visit to Richmond with a proposition of peace, on the basis of a joint campaign by Northern and Southern arm'ies against ICmperor Maxihilian Of Mexico. His son, Francis P. Blair, Jr., of Missouri,
the somewhat dramatic part taken toy him to prevent Missouri from joining he Confederate States. He became a candidate for Vice-President of the United States, in 1868, on the national Democratic ticket, with Horatio Seymour, of New York.

Adieu to

Judge Emory Speer tlrus portrays the cir-

Gaddistown. cumstances tmder which one of Georgia's

most illustrious sons' left his mountain home

at Gaddistown to begin the battle of life: "It was the

year 1840. The wooded summits of the Blue Ridge had

put on their autumnal colors. These romantic mountains,

coming' down from the lofty altitudes of the Appalachian

range and penetrating the northeastern section of Geor

gia, have an occasional depression. These a poet might

term the mountain passes, but the mountaineer calls

them the "gaps." One, threaded by a rugged trail, con

necting the county of Union on the north with Lmmpkin

on the south, is known as the Woody Gap. At an early

hour of the day of "which I speak, a slender and sinewy

lad came steadily through this gap and down the Indian

trail. In front of him, yoked tog-ether, he drove a pair

of young- steers. Presently there followed another and

younger boy. He was mounted on a small horse, whose

well-denned muscles and obvious ribs did not suggest a

life of inglorious ease.

"In mountain solitudes there is little change. Now as

then, looking southward from the TVoody Gap, the trav-

f

UNION

993

eler may behold successive and lower ranges of "billowy mountains, which together approach the sublime, and far beyond, in shimmering loveliness, stretches apparently to the infinite "the ocean view"--that Piedmont country of Georgia, some day to afford sustenance to millions of happy freemen. To the northward a more precipitous slope seems to terminate in a lovely mountain vale. Glancing through its luxuriant crops and by its simple homes, the silvery waters of the Toccoa make their "way to the far distant Mississippi. The valley, like the moun tain, is also little changed. Its homes have the same unpretentious character, its people the primitive virtues of the old American stock. The shriek of the locomotive and the roar of the railway train, to this day, have not penetrated the sylvan settlement. No village is there. The valley, like many another locality in our mountains, after the fashion of the Cherokees, is called a town. There is Brasstown, and Fightingtown and across the Tennessee Mountains, Uucktown. This is Gaddistown, and thence, from a rude log cabin, that day had departed the hoy who was driving the steers, to become the only man who, in all the history of our State, was for four successive terms its Governor, a State Senator, a Judge of its Superior Court, a Chief-Justice of its Supreme Court, and twice its representative in the /Senate of the United States. That boy was Joseph Emerson Brown.*

On Notely River, in the immediate neighborhood of the present county-seat, there once occurred a battle be tween the Cherokee and the Creek Indians, over a dis puted boundary line. Track Rock, a famous locality, in a gap of the Enchanted Mountain, seven miles to the east of Blairsville, is so called because here, at the head waters of Brass Town Creek, where a soapstone forma tion predominates, is marked by peculiar tracks. These
* Judge Emory Speer, In a lecture on the Life and Times of Joseph E. Brown, delivered at Mercer and Tale Universities.

994 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS represent the feet of various animals, including deer, horses, bears, and turkeys. In addition, there are also a number of impressions which seem to represent the foot-prints of Indians. The supposition is that these images "were made to commemorate tile famous battle which took place near the site of Blairsville between the Creeks and the Cherokees1.
James Rldeau, a private in the Revolution, who was granted a Federal pension in 1849, died in Union.
Two of the highest peaks of the Blue Bidge are in Union County: Ball and Bound Top.
Original Settlers. The original settlers of Union, as given by White, were: John B. Chastain,
John Butt, J. P. "Wellborn, Moses Anderson, Elisha Hunt, Lewis Van Zant, J. M. Greer, George W. Gaddis, James Gadclis, Sr., Martin England, J. Birch, Jesse Osborn, Josiah Carter, P. D. Maroney, Colonel John Hudgens, William Matthews, John West, John Heddrick, John Norton, James Crow, and Edward Chastain.
UPSON
Stephen Upson, an eminent jurist and legislator oi the ante-bellum period, was a native of Waterbury, Conn.,

UPSON

995

where he was born in 1785. Leaving Yale with a high reputation for scholarship, he studied law at Litchfleld, Conn., under the famous Judge Reeve. On account of a constitution somewhat frail he carne to Georgia to escape the rigorous climate of New England. Stopping for a while in Virginia he formed the acquaintance of a gentleman who gave him letters of introduction to the great William H. Crawford, upon whom he called at Woodlawn, the latter's home, near Lexington, immedi ately upon his a,rrival. This was the beginning of an intimate association which lasted through life, much to the advantage of both. Settling in Lexington, in 1808, Mr. Upson became one of the foremost lawyers' of Geor gia, accumulating a fortune from his professional prac tice. For profound knowledge of the law, for broad culture, and for skill in handling the most difficult cases, he encountered scarcely a rival in the Northern Circuit, which "was literally an arena of giants. Mr. Crawford on more than one occasion paid tribute to his talents. He served with distinction in the Georgia Legislature and seemed to be set apart for the highest civic honors, "when death terminated his brilliant career at the youthful age of thirty-nine. Mr. Upson married a daughter of the celebrated Dr. Francis Cummins. It is said of Mr. Upson that he was so neat in his person that dust could not adhere to bis clothes. Erect in stature, he was some what florid in complexion and seldom laughed, though he lacked none of the amiabilities "which belong to the most attractive character.

Thundering Thundering Springs, one of the natural

Springs.

curiosities of TJpson, is located in the north

west, part of the county, two miles from the

Flint River and twenty miles from Thomaston. The

name is derived from the peculiar intonations which for

merly proceeded from the springs, the sound of which

was not unlike the noise of distant thunder. The dis-

996 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
continuance of this strange manifestation may be due to rocks which have fallen into the water. The spring is located at the Base of a hill. It is twelve feet in diameter, circular in shape, and reaches to an unknown depth. The water of the spring was believed by the Indians to possess certain medicinal virtues. Says White, in his Collections of Georgia : ''Its warm and pleasant temperature renders it a delightful bath at all seasons and the buoyancy is such that bathers cannot sink below the armpits, the motion of the water having a tendency to throw light bodies to the surface."
Pine Mountain begins on the east side of the Flint River, in the northern part of Upson. The highest sum mit of the ridge is 800 feet above the river. There is an old Indian burial ground on top of the mountain.

Robert E. Lee Institute, a local academy of high grade, under the direction of Prof. P. P. Rowe, at Thomaston, is one of the best-known schools in the State, equipped with a superb building and an up-to-date plant.

Soldiers of the William Carraway, a soldier of the Revo-

Revolution.

lution, is buried in Glenwood cemetery, at

Thomaston. He enlisted at Cambridge,

S. C., nn<l was the sergeant of a company commanded by

Capt. Moore. At the time of his discharge, in 1780, it

was commanded by Capt. Smith. For a short while be

fore his death, which occurred in 1833, he drew a pension

from the United States government.

Capt. Henry Kendall is buried in Upson. James Walker, a veteran of the first war with England, died in this1 county, aged 98, and was buried at Hootensville,

" ~"~

*

UPSON

997

with military honors. There is also a Mr. Garland, a patriot of '76, buried somewhere in TJpson. Hiram Cha!finch, a musician in the Revolutionary ranks, who was granted a Federal pension in 1822, spent his last days in this county, near the present town of Thomaston.

Original Settlers. White gives the original settlers of
TJpson as follows': John Persons, James Hightower, Sr., Solomon Stevens, George Powell, Robert Collier, Peter Hollaway, Edward Hollaway, E. Bass, Mark Jackson, R. Jackson, E. Kobinson, Josiah A. Christie, William Worthy, William Eobinson, John Bobinson, Thomas Fluellin, James Walker, Henry Hunt, E, Wamble, John Goode, Jj. Matthews, John Bransford, M. W. Stamper, John Turner, J. Cooper, Thomas Nelson, William Trice, A. F. Edwards, James Harwell, George M. Petty, D. B. Greene, Dr. Alexander Hawkins, Dr. James W. Stinson, Abncr McCoy, H. H. Smith, Andrew Hood, H. Garland, Lee Trammel!, Casper IJowell, Wil liam Traylor, Thomas W. Goode, F. Myrick, Thomas Parham, William Gibson, R. Graham, Moses Duke, James Boyd, Moses Reynolds, and James Rogers.

To the foregoing list of early settlers may be added: Peter Tillman "Lewis, Wyatt Bla,ssingame, Ocorge P. Swift, Washington Peacock, Rev. Zachariah H. Gordon, and N. F. Walker, a veteran of the War of 1912.

Distinguished Resi- The most illustrious soldier in Lee's

dent's of Upson.

army, of Georgia birth, a distin

guished Governor of the State, a

Senator in Congress, a peerless orator, and for fourteen

years commander-in-chief of the United Confederate

998 .GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

!

Veterans, was a native of Upson: Lieutenant-General John B. Gordon. Hon. George Carey, a former member of Congress, spent the last years of his life in Upson; and here lion. Charles S. Barrett, the official head of the American farmers, married, taught school, and began to farm.

WALKER
islative Act, December 18, 1833, from Murray County, Named for Major Freeman "Walker, of Augusta, a who represented Georgia in the United States Senate.
T^afayette, the county-seat, named, for the illustrious Palladin of Liberty, who, though a nobleman of France, espoused the cause of American inde pendence: the Marquis do la Fayette. When first organized in 1833, Walker embraced Ca,toosa and Dade, and a part of Chattooga.
Major Freeman Walker was the first 'mayor of Augusta, Ga., an office which he relinquished in 1819 to .succeed John Forsyth in the Senate of the United States. He was a native of Charles City, Va., where he was born, October 25, 1780, and where he spent his1 boyhood days, until reaching' the age of sixteen. Coming to Georgia, he settled in Augusta, where he put himself under the care of an elder brother, who had married into the family of Governor Matthew Talbot. He studied law, rose to an eminent position at the bar, served in both branches of the State Legislature, became the first mayor of Ang'usta, and then, by an extraordinary leap, entered the United States Senate, where he assumed the toga of Georgia's foremost orator. Resigning his seat in 1821, he resumed the practice of law. But the remainder of his life was brief and, on September 23, 1827, having contracted a cold which developed into pulmonary com plaint, he breathed his last at the age of forty-seven. His grave in the Walker burial ground, near the old arsenal, is marked by a horizontal slab of marble, raised some distance from the ground, on which is lettered a graceful inscription from the pen of Richard Henry Wilde, Geor gia's poet-statesman.

WALKER

999

Isaac B. Nichols, a sergeant in Hie patriot army, died in Walker. He -was granted a Federal pension in 1849.

Rossville: The Old Home of an Indian Chief.
The Battle of Chickamauga.

Volume IT. Page 201.

Says Mooney: "In 1777 the more hostile portion of the Cherokees withdrew from the rest of the tribe and established here a large settlement from which they re
moved about five years' later, in consequence of the devas tation wrought by Sevier and Campbell, to settle on the Tennessee in what were known as the -.Chickamauga towns, viz.: Running Water, Nickajack, Long Island,
Crow Town, and Lookout Mountain Town. Here they remained a constant tliorn in the side of Tennessee until the towns were destroyed in 1794.

The Battle of Lafayette, the county-seat of Walker, was

Lafayette.

the scene of a desperate engagement

fought here on Friday, June 24, 1864, be

tween a Federal force under General Gideon J. Pillow,

and two detached columns of Confederate troops. Only

in comparison with the bloody carnival of death at

Chickamauga, is it overshadowed in point of interest.

There were between four and five thousand men engaged

in the battle. The Confederates were overpowered by

heavy odds and fell back after a hard fight, but the

Federals were too exhausted to give pursuit.

In May, 1900, a handsome monument was unveiled in

Lafayette to the Confederate dead. Perhaps the most

1000 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
historic land-mark of the town is the famous Bragg Oak, under which General Braxton Bragg assembled his staff on the eve of the battle of Chickamauga. Near by stands the brick academy in "which General John B. Gordon, when a boy, attended school.
Fort Oglethorpe is the name given to the military garrison located at Chickamauga.
Dogwood was an Indian town situated on the head waters of Chickamauga Creek. The principal chief was Charles Hicks, a man of vigorous mind, who embraced the Moravian faith. TOlijah Hicks was his son. It is said of him that be would not disgrace auy circle, either in appearance, manner, or conversation.
Wilson's Cave. Wilson's Cave, near Lafayette, is one of the natural curiosities of Walker. It con
tains a flight of stairs leading into spacious underground apartments, richly adorned with stalactites. Some of these resemble animals, others inanimate objects like pyramids, altars, tables, candle-stands, and so forth. The interior of the cavern has been described at some length by a writer in "Sear's Wonders of the World."
There is a pond in Chattooga Valley called the Round Pond. It covers four or five acres in extent, is forty-eight feet deep in the middle, and is sea green in color. There is no apparent outlet to the huge basin, but the water never becomes stagnant.

WALKEK

1001

Original Settlers. According to White, the first comers into Walker were: X. G. McFarland,
T. G. McFarland, John Spradlin, Mr. Allman, J. K. Brooks, General Daniel ISFewnan, Mr. Acock, S. Marsh, S. Farris, Jesse Land, J. T. Story, Robert Boyle, B. McCutchins, A. Hughes, S. Dunn, Lawson Black, William Harden, James Park, John Caldwell, John Caldwell, John Wicker, and Joseph P. McCnlloch.

The McFarlands, Xandcrs G. and Thomas G., to whom White refers, were surveyors, who came from Mount Vernon, Ga., to this locality in 1832, under n commission from the State of Georgia to survey the lands; and they located in the upper part of the county, near Rossville, on tho removal of the Indians to the "west.
Spencer Marsh "was the pioneer merchant of Lafay ette. In association wit)i A. P. Allgood and William TC\ Briars, he afterwards built one of the first cotton mills in this section. It was located in Chattooga valley and called Trion Factory after the owners who were three in number.
The Gordons were also among the earliest settlers of Walker--James, Thomas, and Charles. They came in 1836 and settled at Crawfish Spring, on adjoining tracts of land. James Gordon owned the spring, near which he built the old original Gordon home. It was not until some time in the fifties that lie built the substantial brick residence "which is today owned by his grandson, James Gordon Lee.
To supplement the list of pioneers given by White, the first comers into Walker included: DeForrest Allgood, A. P. Allgood, his son, afterwards a Judge, Constantine Wood, James Young, John Caldwell, Samuel Fariss, Jesse Lane, James Wicker, Thomas Beatty, John Henderson, William Doyle, Jack Harris, William Garvin, James Culberson, William Wright, George Glenn, and William K. Briars.
Samuel Carruthers, a soldier of the Revolution, spent Ms last days in Walker.

1002 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Walker's Distin- Besides General John B. Gordon, who guished Residents. spent a part of his boyhood in tbi,s
region of the State, there have been a number of other distinguished Georgians identified with Walker. Gen. Daniel ISTewnan, a gallant officer of the State militia and a former member of Congress, for whom the town of Newnan was named, is buriod in an unmarked grave at Green's Lake, near Rossville. It is said that while in the act of stooping to drink at one -of the springs in the neighborhood he was killed by an Indian. Hon. Judson C. Clements, a former member of Congress, who defeated the famous Dr. William H. Felton, in one of the hardest fights ever known in the bloody Seventh Dis trict of Georgia, was born in Walker. Colonel Clements has been for several years a member of the Tnter-State Commerce Commission, of which body he is at present the distinguished chairman. Hon. Gordon Lee, a practical man of affairs who has represented Georgia in Congress with ma,rked ability for several years, is a resident of Chickamauga. Two of the most successful business men of Atlanta, who built up one of the largest wholesale establishments in the South, Win. A. Moore and Edwin W. Marsh, began mercantile life together in a modest way at Lafayette. Judge C D. McCutchen, of Dalton, was a na,tive of Walker, and two miles west of the county-seat, Judge W. M. Henry, of Rome, was reared. From this county a number of well-equipped companies went forth to the Civil War, some of the officers of which achieved note on the battle-field, among them, Colonel E, F. Hoge, afterwards a lawyer of distinction who founded the Atlanta Journal; Dr. Georg-e G. Gordon, Major Frank Little, Capt. F. M. Young, Capt. J. C. Wardlaw, Capt. N. C. Napier, Capt. J. Y. Wood, and others no less gallant, who ably illustrated the cause of the South.

WALTOS

1003

WALTON

Created by Legislative Act, I5ecember 15, ISIS, out of treaty lands acquired from the Cherokees in the same year. Named for George Walton, one of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence from Georgia, and the recipient of almost every public honor within the gift of the State. When an effort was first made to settle the Cherokee country, in 1802, a new county was projected to be called Walton, and a bill was passed to lay it out; hut the measure was not carried into effect, due to the exigencies
author of the Monroe doctrine and President of the United States.

George Walton, the youngest of Georgia's three sign ers of the Declaration of Independence, was also the most illustrious member of the trio. He was twice Governor of the State, six times a delegate to the Continental Con gress, once a United States Senator, once Chief-Justice of Georgia, and four times a judge of the Superior Court. He was also amongst the foremost of the Sons of Liberty, serving as (secretary of the Provincial Congress which met on July 4, 1775, to sever the ties of allegiance between Georgia and England; he was a colonel in the American army; he served on the Council of Safety, of which body he "was made president; and, occupying a seat in the Con tinental Congress, when the Declaration of Independence was signed, his name was attached to the immortal scroll of freedom. While participating in the defence of Savan nah, Colonel Walton was severely wounded; and, falling into the hands of the enemy, was S'ent to Sunbury as a prisoner of war. Though skillfully treated by the British surgeons, he limped j'or the remainder of his days. If Genera] Howe had acted upon the advice of Colonel Wal ton, who warned him of a secret passage through the swamp, which called for defence, Savannah might have withstood the assault which followed, but General Howe failed to take the proper precaution and disaster over took the Americans. With Edward Telfair and Edward Langworthy, he signed in 1778 the Articles of Confedera' tioii, and was' later a commissioner to treat with the Indians. Governor Walton was born in Prince Edward County, Va., in 1749. He began life as an apprentice at a carpenter's bench,'and it was by the light of pine fagots

1004 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
that he acquired the rudiments of an education. But there was good blood in his veins. Moreover, he pos sessed a splendid intellectual and moral outfit and from an humble beginning he became one of the foremost men of his day and time in America. His "wife was Dorothy Camber, the daughter of an English nobleman. Governor "Walt on died at Meadow Garden, his country-seat, near Augusta, Ga., in 1804, This noted old home has been acquired by the national society of the D. A. R, and is today one of the best known and one of the most sacred of Georgia's historic shrines. The celebrated Ma dame LeVert, perhaps the most gifted woman of her day, was a granddaughter of the old patriot. Governor "Walton's" body reposed for more than half a century in a country church-yard, but in 1848 it was taken up and placed under the monument to the Signers in Augusta. Sedate in man ner, comely in appearance, a profound student, and a man of pre-eminent genius, Governor "Walton, take him for all in all, was one of Georgia's greatest men.
Underneath a large mound in an area enclosed by coping and overhung by aged water oaks, in St. Michael's1 church-yard, an old burial-ground of the Spaniards at Pensacola, Fla., lie entombed the ashes of Dorothy Waltou, widow of the illustrious Signer. At the time of her death, Mrs. "Walton was living here in the home of her son, George "Walt on, who held the office of Secretary of State under Genera] Jackson, when the latter was Gov ernor of the Territory of West Florida. On top of the mound stands a weather-beaten slab of marble which bears this inscription:

WALTON

1005

Dorothy Walt on was a woman of strongly marked traits of character. Her sympathies, prior to her mar riage to the future Signer, in 1775, are said to have been upon the side of the Crown. Mr. Camber, her father, was an Englishman of gentle blood who became the owner of a large estate in the Colony of Georgia, but foreseeing the issue of the struggle which was then im minent he returned to England. Without avail he en treated his daughter to accompany him back to the old home. She preferred to share the fortunes of her husband, at 'whose side she remained throughout the drama of war, one of the most ardent of Whigs. On one occa sion, during the Revolution, when Colonel Walton was absent from home, she was made a prisoner of war and taken to the West Indies, but after a brief period of incarceration was finally exchanged. The fortitude dis played by Dorothy Walton, under circumstances of pecu1 iar trial, during the long struggle for independence, makes her deservedly one of the true heroines of the cau.se of freedom.

The Battle of On September 21, 1787, there was fought Jack's Creek. in a thick cane-brake, near the site of the
present town of Monroe, a famous en gagement between a party of Creek Indians and a band of pioneer settlers. The principal actors in the drama, on the side of the whites, were distinguished veterans of the Revolution, ono of whom afterwards became Governor of the State. The attack upon the enemy was made in three divisions. General Elijah Clarke, the illustrious old hero of Kettle Creek, commanded the center, his son, Major John Clarke, led the left wing, while Colonel John Freeman commanded the right. The story is best told in the language of the elder Clarke. Says he, in his report of the battle, dated Long Cane, Sept. 24, 1787: "3 had certain information that a man was killed on the 17th of this month by a party of six or seven Indians and that on the day before, Colonel Barber, with a small

1006 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
party was waylaid by fifty or sixty Indians and wounded, and three of his party killed. This determined me to raise what men I could in the course of twenty-four hours and march "with them to protect the frontiers; in which space of time I collected 160 men, chiefly volunteers, and proceeded to the place where Colonel Barber had been attacked. There I found the bodies of the three men mentioned above, mangled in a shocking manner, and after burying them I proceeded on the trail of the murderers as far as the south fork of the Ocmulgee where, finding that I had no chance of overtaking them, I left it and went up the river till I met with a fresh trail of Indians, coming toward our frontier settlement. I immediately turned and followed the trail until the morn ing of the 21st, between 11 and 12 o'clock, when I came up with them. They had just crossed a branch called Jack's Creek, through a thick cane-brake, and were en camped and cooking upon an eminence. My force then consisted of ISO men, 30 having been sent back on account of horses being tired or stolen. I drew up my men in three divisions: the right commanded by Colonel Free man, the left by Major Clarke, and the middle by myself. Colonel Freeman and Major Clarke were ordered to sur round and charge the Indians, which they did with such dexterity and spirit that they immediately drove them from the encampment into the cane-brake, where finding it impossible for them to escape they obstinately returned our fire until half past four o'clock, when they ceased, except now and then a shot. During the latter part of the action, they seized every opportunity of escaping in small parties, leaving the rest to shift for themselves." White states that in this engagement there were not less than 800 Indians. They were commanded by Alexander McGillivray, a famous half-breed.
Colonel Absalom H. Chappell, in discussing General Clarke's account of the battle, makes this comment. Says he: "It is striking to read his report of this battle to Gov. Mathews. No mention is made in it of his having a son in the battle, though with a just paternal pride,

~W ALTON

1007

commingled with a proper delicacy, lie emphasizes to g-ether the gallant conduct of Colonel Freeman and Major Clarke, and baptizes the hitherto nameless stream on which the battle was foug'ht, by simply saying that it -was called Jack's Creek--a name then but justly bestowed by admiring comrades in arms in compliment to the Gen eral's youthful son on this occasion. Long after the youth had ceased to be young and the frosts of winter had gathered upon his warlike and lofty brow, thousands and thousands of Georgians used still to repeat the name of Jack Clarke, without prefix of either Governor or General and to remember him too as the hero of the wellfought battle of Jack's Creek."

Original Settlers. According to White, the original set tlers of Walton were: Charles Smith,
R. M. Eeholls, Orion Stroiid, John Dickerson, Warren J. Hill, Jesse Arnold, Judge Walter T. Colquitt, Jonas Hale, Vincent Harralson, James No-well, A. W. Wrig'ht, C. D. 'Davis, W. Briscoe, B. Briscoe, R. Milligan, and James Richardson.
To the foregoing list of early settlers may be a,dded: John H. Walker, Isaac Brand, William Terry, William Anderson, Stark Brown, Joseph Herndon, George Wil son, a patriot of the Revolution, aged 110; Powell Blassing-ame, John Carter, Thomas M. Mobley, James Sword, a veteran of two wars, the Revolution and the War of 1812; William A. Allgood, a Revolutionary patriot; Wil liam Brooks and Abraham Hammond, both veterans of the second war with England: William Pike, Henry Pike, Walker Harris, John Sword, W. M. B. Ntmnally, Joseph Moon, William Michael, James Shepard, and Thomas A. Gibbs.

1008 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Federal pensions were granted to the following Revo lutionary soldiers living in Walton: James Bentley, a private, in 1837; Rufus Barker, a lieutenant, in 1844; and David R. MoCurdy, a private, in 1847.

Walton's Noted On the list of distinguished men who

Residents.

have lived in the county of Walton ap

pears the name of a noted Texan: Ex-

Governor Richard B. Hubbard, who "was born on a plan

tation in "Walton, in 1836. At the opening of the great

Centennial Exposition, in Philadelphia, Governor Hub-

hard was the chosen orator of the occasion. As Chief-

Elxecutive of the State of Texas, he establisbed a record,

and during the first Cleveland administration, he repre

sented this country at the Court of Japan. His1 work

entitled: "The United States in the Far East" is an

epitome of useful information on the subject of the

Orient. Late in life, Governor Hubbard returned to

Georgia and delivered the alumni address at Mercer, his

alma mater.

On what was formerly the old Echols' plantation, near

Arrow Head, repose the mortal remains of General Rob

ert M. Echols, a gallant soldier, who fell in the Mexican

War. Gen. Echols -was at one time President of the

Senate of Georgia. The county of Echols, in the extreme

southern part of the State, commemorates the heroic

death of this martyred patriot.

Judge Junius Hillyer, a distinguished Georgian, who

served the State in Congress and on the Bench with

marked ability, practiced law at one time in the town of

Monroe. Four of his sons--Eben, George, Carlton, and

Henry--became men of note. Judge George Hillyer was

at one time Judge of the Superior Court of the Atlanta

Circuit; and while he was on the Bench a young man

applied to him for admission to the Bar who afterwards

became President of the United States: Woodrow Wil

son. Judge Hillyer began the practice of law at Monroe,

: -

WARE

~' " : ' 1009

in partnership with his father. At present he is a mem ber of the State Railroad Commission.
The illustrious Walter T. Colquitt practiced law at one time in Monroe. Here too 'was' born his no less dis tinguished son who was destined to occupy his exalted seat in the United States Senate and to become the "Hero of Olustee"--Governor Alfred H. Colquitt.
Colonel John T. Grant at one time owned an extensive plantation in Walton called Fair Oaks.
Monroe has been the home since earliest childhood of one of Georgia's most distinguished Chief-Executives: Ex-Governor Henry D. McDaniel. On the battle-field, in the State Legislature, in the Governor's chair, on the State Capitol Commission, and in various' other capaci ties, he has served the commonwealth with conspicuous fidelity and great usefulness. He has been for years chairman of the Board of Trustees of the University of Georgia.

WARE
Named for Nicholas Ware, a distinguished lawyer of Augusta., who wore the toga of the United States Senate. Waycross, the connty-Heat, named to commemorate a point where trails intersected in the pioneer days, and where steel highways afterwards crossed.
Nicholas Ware was a native of Caroline County, Va., where he was born about the time of the American Revo lution. The exact date of his birth is1 in dispute. Coming to Georgia with his parents at the close of hostilities, he was placed in the academy of Dr. Springer, at Washing ton, where he received an excellent training in the English branches. Later he studied law in Augusta, completing his preparations for the bar at Litchfield, Conn. Such were his talents that success was neither slow nor uncer tain. He soon acquired a lucrative practice, went to the Legislature, where he served in both branches, and, in 181.9, became mayor of Augusta, succeeding- Hon. Free man Walker, who had been chosen to fill the unexpired

1010 GEORGIA 's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
term of John Forsyth in the United States Senate. It is quite a novel no-incidence that when Major Freeman Wal ker resigned the toga. Mr. AVare should have been chosen to succeed him in the nation's highest legislative forum. His sudden and serious illness in Washington, soon after taking the oath of office, ca,used his -wife to accompany him to New York for medical treatment. Here he died in the prime of his intellectual powers, on September 24, 1824, during the visit of the great Lafayette to the United States. There is a fine portrait of Mr. Ware on the walls of the council chamber in Augusta, and another in the home of his granddaughter, Mrs. J. S. Harrison, of Columbus. The Senator's beautiful Augusta home is to day owned by the Sibleys. His mortal remains lie buried under the annex to Grace Church, in the city of New York. Esteemed no less for his sturdy traits of character than for his eminent attainments in public life, Mr. Ware was a man whose conduct was always governed by the strict est code of personal honor. He was a sta,unch friend of education and late in life established his residence at Athens, in order to give his children the best collegiate advantages'.
Old Tebeauville. Says a local historian: "One can hardly call Tebeauville a dead town, for the
lights have never gone out in the village, although her people have moved a mile further, taking the railroad station with them. On the deserted site an up-to-date railroad shop--which probably cost more than it -would have taken to buy the whole county of AVare in pioneer days--keeps' this old town from being silent,, while the imperialistic railroad tracks now cover the level plain of wiregrass. Tebeauville, though not a town of much size, at the outbreak of the war in 1861, nevertheless furnished several recruits to Colquitt's Brigade, among which num ber was the gallant Major Philip C. Pendlcton. He par ticipated in several Virginia campaigns and "was in the thick of the fight at the second battle of Manassas. Louis

WARE

1011

Beauregard Pendleton, a writer of distinction and a son of Major Pendleton, was born at Tebeauville. From the pen of this gifted author have come a number of popular hooks for young people including: "Bewitched", "In the Wiregrass", "Carita", "Blind Tom and the Runaways", "In the Okefinokee", "The Sons of Ham", "In the Camp of the Creeks", and many others, into which he has woven the scenery of his boyhood J s home in South Georgia. He has also written an excellent biography of Alexander H. Stephens. Hon. Charles E. Pendleton, of Macon, per haps the sti'ongest individual force in Georgia journalism, is another son of this distinguished pioneer. Colonel Pendleton spent five years of his early life at Tebeauville; and from him the following facts have been obtained.

"Philip C. Pendleton settled in that portion of Waycross known as "Old Nine" or Tebeauville, in 1857. At that time a Savannah company headed by James Screven, father of the late John Screven, was building a railroad from Savannah to Thomasville. The western terminus was then at a point some twelve or fifteen miles east of Blackshear. The old stage road between Thomasville and Brunswick passed here, with a fork running to Burnt Port, on the Satilla River. There was a post-office at this place called "Yankee Town." It was so designated because northern people operated the stage coaches and they owned at this place a relay stable; but it passed away with the coming of the railroad, and Screven named the station 'Pendleton'. The man thus honored took the first train to Savannah and caused the name to be changed to Tebeauville, after his father-in-law, Captain F. E. Tebeau, a member of one of the old Savannah families. Perhaps a year or so later a civil engineer came along surveying the route for the old Brunswick and Albany road. When he arrived at Tebeauville he made a side proposition to Mr. Pendleton to run the prospective city off in lots and to give him each alternate lot. Mr. Pendle-

1012 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
ton did not think that the man "was authorized thus to approach him, and suggested that he tell the president of the road to see him in regard to the matter. Miffed at this rebuke, the engineer went hack three or four miles, pulling up the stakes as he went, and made a curve to miss Mr. Pendleton's land. If one will stand at the cross ing near Tebeau Creek, in the heart of T^aycross, and look towards Brunswick, he can see the curve in the road, caused by this effort of the engineer to make something on the side. Thus Waycross was born and Tebeauville died. Mr. Pendleton moved to Lowndes County in 1864. Tebeauville was called "Number Nine", because it was the custom of the railroad company in those days to num ber the stations."
Major Pendleton, the founder of Tebeauville, was a man of literary attainments. He established in Macon, in 1840, the Southern Lady's Book, a periodical of wide note in ante-bellum days, and was editorially connected with various other publications, at different times. It is one of the local traditions, to which the old residents point with great pride, that, when in command of the coast defenses, at the outbreak of the war, General Eobert E. Lee stopped for a short while in Tebeauville. Many of the people who lived here then remember to have seen this Man of the Hour who still lives in the hearts of the people today. Among the citizens who resided here then were the Tebeaus, the Reppards, the Bemsharts, the Parkers, the Grovensteins, the Millers, the Behlottes, the Sweats, the Smiths, and the Cottinghams. A mile from Tebeauville is a network of railroads around which a city g'rew almost in a night. Her lights are shining over miles of territory, beautiful homes are dotted here and there, progression is seen on every side. The railway suggested the name for this town : Waycross, the Arcadia of South ern Georgia.*
* Condensed from ail article by Mrs. J. L. walker, of "Waycross, Ga.. State Historian of tlie IX A. K-, with - additional items from other sources.

WAKE

1013

Waycross: An Jn the year 1870 Waycross was only a Outline Sketch. station where railway lines intersected.
The population scarcely numbered fifty inhabitants. There was a warehouse and a mill, with a few scattered cottages, but nothing more. The building of the Short Line to Jacksonville and the renewal of busi ness life in the South, caused this section gradually to develop. Then came the famous anti-saloon fight, and iu 1882 a license of $20,000 was established by legislation. There was no check put upon the growth of the town by this measure of reform. In 1890, the population regis tered 3,364-, and the value of property according to the tax digest increased five-fold. Two years later the license for .yelling' intoxicants was raised to $30,000, without diminishing the rate of progress. In 1900, the official census gave the town 5,919 inhabitants, and in 1910 the population reached the phenomenal figures of 14,485. Thus Waycross is an object lesson showing that cities can wax strong without the adventitious help of alcoholic stimulants.
At Waycross centres the Southern Division of the Atlantic Coast Line, a system which gives the town five lines, running to .Jacksonville, Tampa, Albany, Savannah, and Brunswick. The best of connections are also made with foreign and coast-wise steamers, both on the Atlantic and on the Gulf. The Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic Railroad is adding new short lines to put Waycross iu direct touch with the coal fields of Alabama; while the road in process of construction to St. Mary's will add another seaport. The town has a complete system of artesian water-works, the sanitary conditions are excel lent, and there are few localities which can boast a better health record. It also possesses an up-to-date electricplant, besides ice factories, planing mills, foundries, and other industrial establishments.*

1014 G-EORGTA'S LANDMARKS, MEMO&IATJS AND LEGENDS

The Okefinokee When the county of "Ware was first

Swamp.

created in .1824, it embraced the entire

area of the famous Okefinokee Swamp

--barring1, of course, the portion which extends into

Florida. 7\_ccording- to Dr. Smith, it is one of the largest

swamps in America, having- no rivals on the entire conti

nent except the Dismal Swamp in Virginia and the Ever

glades in Florida. The same authority adds: "This

swamp has been explored but partially and has been

found to be a vast marsh, with occasional lakes and

islands. There is in it some good timber of various kinds.

The swamp was purchased from the State a few years

since by a land company and an effort was made to drain

it by means of a large canal. The promoters hoped also

to provide a means for floating1 -the timber found in it to

the Satilla Kiver, and thus not only recover much land

for cultivation but secure timber for the mills. The

effort, however, "was not a successful one. The great

swamp was a. hiding-place for deserters during the war.

At the present time, it is noted for its fish and for its

vast number of wild bee-trees, furnishing large stores of

honey and beeswax." Jjouis B. Pendleton, a native of

Ware, has written an excellent story for boys, in which

the scenes are laid in the Okefinokee Swamp.

Dr. White derives the name from two Indian words,

'' ooka' * and ' i finocau *'; the former of which means

"water" and the latter "quivering." The word "ooka"

he thinks to be of Choctaw origin. Originally, the great

swamp was called ' * E-cun-fi-no-cau'', a compound, the

meaning- of which was "quivering earth." But the Creeks

preferred the former expression. Says he:* "It is 30

miles long' by 17 broad. Several rivers1 have headwaters

in this swamp. In it are several islands, one of which

the Creeks represented to be among the most blissful

spots in the world." From still another source we get

this information: "It was upon the islands of this swamp

that the Indians fortified themselves during the Seminole

War. It was a mystery to the army how they were able

* White's Historical Collections, Ware County, Savanjiah, 1854.

WARREN

1015

to exist under circumstances of the most adverse char acter, until one day an entrance to the. "cow house", an elevated fertile island, was discovered by the scouts of General Floyd's army. Through this opening they had driven a number of the small black cattle, which was found to be so numerous1 in South Georgia, when first settled by the whites. It is said that the word "cracker" originated from the use of the long" whips used by the early settlers in driving- these herds'. The popping of the whips on every side to keep the drove from scattering, gave the term,to the whip and afterwards to the driver. Consequently we have the word "Cracker", so commonly applied to the rural population of the south.

First Settlers. Among- the first settlers of Ware may be included: William Smith, A. Jernagin,
William Dryden, James ITtdlwood, .John AVilliams, James Sweat, John Moore, Thomas Allman, Joseph Dyall, P. Bryan, W. M. King, Thomas Newborn, L. Walker, James Jones, M. J. Miller, Thomas Hilliard, M. Addicorn.

WARREN

ated by Legislative Act, December i: Richmond, Columbia, and Wilkej
At the battle of Bunker TTill. Warrenton, the cr General Warren. Columbia originally ' embraced port counties: Taliaferro, Glascock, .Jefferson, and MeDuffie.

"The Battle of the Warrenton was for many years the

Kegs."

home of a most eccentric but accom

plished old gentleman, Dr. [Bnsh. Con

cerning this unique character there is a wealth of tradi-^

tional lore, from which a volume might be written. His

baptismal name was David Bnshnell. He possessed a

rare fund of knowledge, both classical and scientific; and

1016 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
when a young^ man taught school in Columbia and Wilkes Counties. Before coming to Georgia from the North, he had been a Captain in the Revolution and had contrived a submarine engine, for the purpose of destroying the British fleet, then lying in the Delaware River, below Philadelphia. Owing to some cause unknown, the enter prise against the fleet was unsuccessful, but the explosion of two or three hundred kegs of powder beneath the surface of the water brought to view so many strange and frightful portents in the way of fire-works that the British Admiral took alarm at the display of pyrotechnics and with his1 fleet left the Delaware in the utmost haste and confusion. The ridiculous plight of the Admiral, panic-stricken and helpless, stirred the mirthful muse of Francis Hopkins, of Philadelphia, who described the scene in his famous ballad entitled: "The Battle of the Kegs".
After the Revolution, Capt. Busline]! travelled in Europe; and on his return engaged disastrously in mer cantile pursuits. Then he came to Georgia., "where his friend, Abraham Baldwin, extended him every courteous consideration, within his power, and he bega,n to teach school in this State. For several years, he applied him self with zeal to the task of teaching the young ideas of Georgia, how to shoot. ISText he took up the study of medicine, for the practice of which he located at Warrenton, where he remained for the rest of his life and where he died at the age of ninety years', leaving quite a fortune. His executors were Peter Crawford and George TTargroves. Until his death there were few people in Georgia "who suspected that the real name of this singular individual "was Busline!!. According to the terms of the will, his1 executors were required to make inquiries in the town of Seabrook, in Connecticut, for relatives of his blood, and if none were found who were rightfully enti tled to the property, it was to be transferred to the Trustees of Franklin College at Athens. But legatees were found in Connecticut.

WARREN

1017

Warren in the Quite a number of veterans settled in

Revolution.

Warren at the close of the War for Inde

pendence, some coming before the county

was organized.

John T'orrence died in Warren, July 4, 1827, aged 78

years. The old patriot fell within sight of his place of

residence on Ms return from the celebration of. Independ

ence Way at Warrenton. He is said to have participated

with more than usual interest and feeling in the exercises,

as if he were conscious it would be the last national jubilee

he should ever witness. Says White: "His countenance

wore a peculiar cast of serene and heartfelt joy during

the day, and his' old acquaintances received many a cor dial embrace."

Henry Bonner, an officer in the Revolutionary War, died in Warren, on January 1, 1822, aged 98 years.

John Shivers, another veteran, died in Warren, on

November 12, 1826, aged 77 years.

James Draper died in this county at the age of 83.

He enlisted in the War for Independence when only a

youth and gave three years of his life to the heroic strug

gle for freedom. James Rucker, an early settler, and

William Davidson, a native of Virginia, whose son Oliver

was a veteran of the Indians wars, were also Revolu

tionary patriots.

From an old document, dated December 13, 1793, con
taining the names of certain commissioned officers in the MiHtia regiment, a supplementary list of early settlers
may be obtained. The names are as follows: Samuel Alexander, Lieutenant-Colonel; John Lawson and Solo
mon Blatter, Majors; and David Neal, Absalom Cobbs, James Wilson, Chapman Abercrombie, Jes'se Bunkley, Nicholas Jones, William Smith, William Hill and Abner
Pluellyn, Captains. William Landrum and Gibson Fonrnoy were Lieutenants.

1018 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Original Settlers. The first comers into Warren, accord ing to White, were: Daniel Atkins,
Solomon Newsome, David Neal, William Johnston, Job Hunter, Cullen Braddy, Robert Abercrombie, Henry Peoples, William Hill, A. Denton, William Gason, S. Burnley, B. TJpton, E. Ferryman, E. Connor, A. Brinkley, William Jenkins, A. Jones, M. English, C. Low, Sr., D. A. Simpson, Thomas Maddux, E. Ivy, John Burklialter, E. Wilson, T. Persons, T. Lockitt, Samuel Bell, Jonas Shiv ers', Peter Newsome and John Newsome.
To the above list of early settlers may be added: Elislia Hurt, "who settled in Warren, in 1790, and whose descendants are numerous throughout Georgia and Ala bama; Benjamin Harris, Samuel Beal], John Williams, Richard Dozier, Barnaby Shivers', Jonathan Baker, Wil liam Denmark, aged 102; J. W. Jackson, a centennarian; C. Sturdevant, John Wilson, and Capt. Hill.
Eobert Augustus Beall, Sr., a native of Maryland, was also an early settler. His son of the same name became a distinguished lawyer. Another son, Josias B., perished at Goliad--one of Fannin 's heroic band. There were several daughters, one of whom married Robert M. Gunby and one William H. Toung, both of Columbus.

Warren's Noted Some of Georgia's most illustrious sons

Residents.

were natives of the historic old county

of Warren. Here were born the two

noted Lamar brothers--Mirabeau B., poet and soldier,

who won the victory at San Jacinto and became the

second President of the republic of Texas; and Lucius

Q. C. Lamar, a great jurist, whose son bearing the same

name became a United States Senator, a member of Mr.

Cleveland's first Cabinet, and a Judge of the Supreme

Court of the United States. Here too while hiu mother

was on a visit to her parents in this county was born one

WASHINGTON

1019

of the great intellectual giants of his time, the impas sioned orator and forerunner of secession--William Lowndes Yancey, of Alabama. T'he list of distinguished men includes also : Judge Mark H. Blanford, of the State Supreme Court, and Dr. II. H. Tucker, a former Chan cellor of the University of Georgia.

WASHINGTON
Created by Legislative Act, "February 25, 1784. Named tor the illus trious Commandcr-an-Chief of the American armies and the first President of the United States. The Indians, in the struggle for independence, sided with the British; for which, at the close of hostilities, there followed a forfeiture of lands- The Cherokees ceded a strip, in the upper part of the State, from which the county of Franklin was formed; while the Greeks relinquished a tract, in the lower part of the State, out of which the county of "Washington was erected. But the Creeks, xinder the crafty leadership of Alexander MTcGillivary, a Scotch half-breed, repudiated, the compact;'

Diary of "Washing ton's Visit.

Volume II.

Sandersville. Sandersville, the county-scat of Washing
ton, is situated on a ridge between the Oconec and the Ogeechee Rivers, 540 feet ahove tide water. It is on a branch of the Southern Railway, three miles north of TennilTe, where the Southern connects with the Central, of Georgia. This aristocratic old com munity whose local annals reach hack almost to time of the Revolution was not friendly to railways in the early days. It was a seat of culture rather than a center of commerce during the ante-bellum period. Most of the

1020 GEORGIA'S .LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LJEGENDS
residents of the town were wealthy planters wlio culti vated extensive domains in the outlying district and who built eleg-ant homes in Sandersville, for the purpose of surrounding themselves with the best social and educa tional advantages. In view of the conservatism which usually characterizes a seat of culture it is not surprising that Sandersville should have denied a right of way to the Central of Georgia, especially at a time when the iron horse was somewhat of an experiment. In the neighbor hood of Sandersville there are five or six lime-sinks or caves in which fossil'teeth, ribs and shells' have been found in large quantities.

In the center of the old cemetery at Sandersville stands a handsome monument to the Confederate dead. The funds for erecting this monument were raised by the Toadies' Memorial Association of which Mrs. 13. I). TCvanr;. Sr., was president. It was unveiled in 1900 with an elo quent address by Hon. Robert TJ. Berner, of Forsyth.

Union Hill: The Union Hill, near Sandersville, was

Home of Governor the old plantation home of Governor

Jared Irwin.

Jared Irwin, a veteran of the Revolu

tion and one of Georgia's early Chief-

Executives. He occupied the chair of office when the

famous Yazoo Act was rescinded and took part in the dra

matic scene in front of the State House door when the

papers were burned with fire from heaven. The old Gov

ernor lies buried in Ohoopee church yard, on what was for

merly a part of the Irwin estate. Though descended from

Presbyterian ancestors, Gov. Irwin was a. Congregation-

alist. He donated a church, with several acres of land

appurtenant, to be used by the various denominations of

the town, irrespective of creed, until strong enough to

form independent bodies; and in honor of the donor it

WASHINGTON

1021

was called Union church, taking the iia!me of the planta tion. Today this church is the property of the Baptists. Tt is in the little burial ground adjacent that the former chief-magistrate of Georgia sleeps. On the court-house square in Sandersville stands a monument to .Tared Irwm. When General Sherman entered the town in 1864 one of Wheeler's men fired a shot at the invader, the marks of 'which were unfortunately left upon the monument; hut otherwise it is well preserved. The inscription on the marble shaft contains a full summary of his life. It be gins thus:

Erected by tlie State of Georgia to tine memory of Oovernor .Tared Trwin. Ho died at his residence, TTnion Hil], Washington Covmty, on the first day of March. 1818, in the 68th year of his age. Etc.

Tennille. Termille, one of the most progressive towns in this section of the State, is on the main line of
the Central of Georgia and is als'o the terminus of the Wrightsville and Tennille Railroad, a short bnt important line connecting two wide-awake centers of trade. The town -was named for C'olonel Robert Tennille, a veteran of the Indian Wars, who left one of his arms on the field of battle. The station at this point was first designated "Number 13" an unlucky omen which the residents of the locality were only too anxious to remove. The majority sentiment of the town favored calling it Frank lin in honor of Mr. Samuel O. Franklin, a member of the State Legislature and one of the earliest pioneer citizens. But since a county-seat already bore this name it w>a,s not allowed by the postal authorities for which reason Ten nille was eventually selected in honor of the distinguished Georgian who lived near SandersvilTe.
Federal Town was the name given to a little tobacco village on the east bank of the Oconee river. It once

1022 GEORGIA 's IJANDM ARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
promised to become an important town. But "with the rise of cotton it beg-an to decline; and today not even a trace of the old town survives.

Revolutionary Many--perhaps most--of the original

Soldiers.

.settlers of Washington were veterans of

the Revolution; but they sleep in un

marked graves and there are few records extant by which

to identify them. Nicholas Murian died in this county,

aged sixty-seven. Says White: "He entered the Revolu

tionary Army as a private soldier and left it with the

rank of Captain of Dragoons, after a, hard service of five

years. During this period he shared in many of the perils

and hardships of war, and "was always active and efficient

upon the field of battle.''

John Jourdan was another veteran of the War for

Independence who resided in Washington. He died in

this county at an advanced age.

^Villiam Hardwick, a zealous Whig', -who suffered the

penalty of disinheritance for espousing the patriotic

cause, was an early settler of Washington. He endured

the vicissitudes of army life for seven years. The Hard-

wick family of Georgia is of noble English origin; and

one of the oldest towns in the State wa.s given the name

of Hardwick, in honor of an earl who was one of the

most intimate friends of Oglethorpe.

Colonel Francis Pugh, who was killed by the Indians

on April 7, 1793, was supposed to have 'been a Revolu

tionary soldier; and Colonel John Eutherford, who set

tied in Washington, in 1790, coming to Georgia from

South Carolina, was also a veteran of the first -war for

independence. He accumulated a large property, studied

law, and became a leader in politics. It was under the

patronage of Colonel Eutherford that the first Latin and

Greek school was opened in this section with John Hamil

ton Posey as teacher.

WASniNGTON

1023

Original Settlers. The original settlers of Washington, according to White, were: Alexander
Irwin, John Rutherford, William Johnson, Elislia Wil liams, Jared Irwin, Jacob Dennard, John Robertson, Joseph Beddingfield, Philemon Franklin, Aaron Sinquefield, Joseph Avent, John Shepptird, James Thomas, John Daniel, William Irwin, Joshua Williams, Saumel iSinquefield, Benjamin Tenriille, John Martin, Jolm Burney, Ilug-h Lawson, John Shellman, ^Villiam Sapp, Miles Mur phy, John Jones, John II. Montgomery, John Stokes, Mr. Saunders, John Irwin, James Thomas, George Galphin, John Dennis, John, Nutt, D. Wood, George Fluker, Wil liam Warthen, Jacob Kelly, and William May.

ISome additional names gathered from other sources are : Brewery Gilbert, William Gilbert, Cornelius Jordan, Dixor. Smith, Joseph Fish and B. F. Barge, Sr.

On May 22, 3787, Hon. Henry Osborne presiding, the first session of the Superior (Jourt was held at Sandersville. The following pioneer citizens constituted the first Grand Jury of Washington: Alexander Irwin, foreman; Elisha Williams, William Johnson, Philemon Franklin, JJohn Eobertson, Sr., John Burney, John Martin, James Thomas, Benjamin Tennille, Joshua Williams, iSamuel Sinquefield, Joseph Avent, William Irwin, William Shields, John Sheppard, John Rutherford, Jacob Dennard, Joseph Beddingfield, Aaron Sinquefield, John Daniel, Sr.

Washington's Governor Irwin was not the only distin-

Distinguished guislied resident of AVashington. Geor-

Residents.

gia's first Supreme Court Reporter,

James M. Kelly, was born here. Captain

Evan P. Howell, one of the founders of the Atlanta Con-

1024 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND IJEGENDS
stitwtion, was living in Sandersville at the outbreak of the war. He enlisted as an orderly sergeant but after wards commanded a famous battery. Judge James S. Hook, a well known jurist, at one time State School Com missioner, resided here for a number of years. Sandersville was also formerly the home of Judge James K. Hines, a progressive Democrat, at one time the candi date of the People's party for Governor; and also of Judge Beverly D. Evans, a distinguished member of the present .Supreme Court of Georgia. Oolonel Isaac W. Avery who wrote a "History of Georgia, 1850-1881" covering the most turbulent period of State politics lived at one time in Sandersville. Here resides Hon. Thomas "W. Hardwick who, for several years past, has ably served the State in the National House of Representatives and who, though still a young man, has been mentioned for the Governor's chair. The J. D. Franklin Chapter, U. D. C., of Tennille, was named for a gallant Confederate s'oldier and a substantial man of affairs, who still resides here: Capt. J. D. Franklin. At the battle of Olustee in the State of Florida, Capt. Franklin was severely wound ed. The handsome U. D. C. Club Hall, at Tennille, which was recently destroyed by fire was a gift to the Chapter .from Capt. Franklin. United States (Senator E. M. John son, of Texas, the recently appointed successor of Joseph W. Bailey, to fill the latter's unexpired term was born in Sandersville. His parents removed to Bainbridge when the future Senator was still a lad, and after the war, in which Col. Johnson bore a gallant part, he drifted to Texas to become the editor of the Houston Post and a power in State politics.
WATNE
Created by Legislative Act, May 11, 1803. Named for Major-General Anthony Wayne, a noted soldier of the Revolution, who aided In expelling the British from Georgia soil. The lands acquired from the Creek Indians, in 1802, were divided into three large counties: Baldwin, Wilkinson, and "Wayne, from which several others in the course of time were formed. Jesup, the county-seat of Wayne, named for General Jesup, a distinguished officer of

WAYNE

1025

the United States army, wlio rendered the State an important service during the Creek Indian troubles of 1836, at which time he conducted military operations along the exposed border, under General Winfield Scott. The county-seat of Wayne originally was Waynesville. Wnen the county was first organized in 1803, it included portions of several other counties, viz.,
Charlton, Glynn, and Camden.

General Anthony Wayne, one of the most distin guished soldiers of the Revolution, bore an important part in the final overthrow of the British power in Geor gia; and, in recognition of his gallant services, the Legis lature voted him a handsome estate, near Savannah, upon which he established his residence. General Wayne was1 born at Eastown, in Chester County, Pa., January 1, 1745. At the outbreak of the Revolution, he organized a regiment of volunteers, but he "was .soon advanced to the rank of Brigadier-General. For his gallant behavior at Stony Point, where he led the attack, Congress voted him a gold medal and a vote of thanks. He also partici pated in numerous other engagements; and, subsequent to the surrender of Cornwallis, he was dispatched to Georgia "with seven hundred men to support General Greene in the closing- drama of hostilities. In 1786, Gen eral W^ayne became a citizen of Georgia, and four years later he was elected to Congress. But he sat in this body for only six months. General James Jackson, his competitor for the place, successfully contested the elec tion and was awarded the seat, much to the mortification of General AVayne. The rivalry between these two pat riots was deeply to be deplored, since both, of them parti cipated in the recovery of Savannah. On account of financial embarrassment, General W^ayne, was forced to sell his Georgia estate, after which he was appointed by President Washington to take charge of the campaign against the Indians in the region of the Great Lakes. When he 'died at the age of fifty-one, he was at the head of the American army, a position which he achieved by reason of his pronounced military genius. He was some times called "Mad Anthony" on account of his impetuous temper. He was buried at his old home place in the

1026 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
State -of Pennsylvania, where a monument to his memory was erected over Ms grave by Ms old comrades in arms.
Original Settlers. Among the early settlers of "Wayne -were: Braxton Berrnett, a soldier of the
War of 1812; John T. Bermett, William T. Drawdy, William Hilton, C. C. ffilton, Dr. W. S. Middleton, James Ctancey, Dr. G. W. Drawdy, Isham Eeddish, John D. Bumph, Thomas C. Rumph, and Capt. W. H. Whaley.
As late as 1850, according to WMte, there -was neither a school honse nor a jail in the 'county of Wayne. The settlers were in the main very poor. They lived at long distances apart, raised cattle and sheep in a small way, and lived chiefly by means of the fishing tackle and shot gun. Since the building of railway lines through this section conditions have greatly improved. Jesup is to day an important center of traffic.
WEBSTER
Created by Legislative Act, February 21, 1856, from Randolph. County, originally Lee. Named for the great New England orator and statesman, Daniel Webster, whose broad views on the issue of slavery won him wide
he was coquetting with the Presidential nomination, but the well-known patriotism of Mr. "Webster was sufficient in itself to repel such an imputa tion. The original name given to the county was Kinchafoonee, so called from a creek or rivulet of this name; but it was changed to "Webster soon after the county was organized. Preston, the county-seat, named for the distinguished William C. Preston, of South Carolina.
Original Settlers. See Stewart and Sumter, from which counties Webster was formed.

WHEELEK

1027

Tlhe following incomplete list of pioneer settlers has been gathered from various sources: Henry Beatty, Robert Beatty, William H. Dismukes, a soldier of the Creek Indian AVars and a grandson of Zadoc Cook, on Ms mother's side--twenty-four years a member of the General Assembly; Dr. J. T. Dismukes, J. J. Dixon, E. T. Dixon, E. Ivey, William Ivey, James M. Saunders, Ferdi nand C. Saunders, H. H. Sims, W. J. Sims, W. F. Spann, James E. Stapleman, and Jarnes P. Walker.

WHBELEE
Created by Proclamation of the Governor, November 14, 1912. The action of the Chief-Executive was authorized by a Constitutional Amend ment to this effect, approved by the voters of the State, at a popular election, held November 5, 1912, at which time electors were chosen for President and "Vice-President of the United States. Alamo, the county-seat, named for the famous Spanish mission, at San Antonio, Texas, which witnessed the brutal massacre of 1836. From the savage decree of death visited upon prisoners of war by the inhuman butcher, Santa Anna, not a man escaped; an<3 the inscription on the monument to the dead heroes of this crimson holocaust has since become historic: "Thermopylae had her
them was shared by the br"ave officers: Travis, Bowie, and Crockett. "Wheeler County was organized from Montgomery.
Joseph Wheeler, an illustrious soldier of two wars and a statesman of high rank, was born in Augusta, Gra., September 10, 1836. Tie graduated from "West Point on the eve of the Civil War; and, resigning his commission in the United 'States army at the outbreak of hostilities, he was made Colonel of the Nineteenth Alabama regi ment of infantry. One year later he was put in command of a brigade of calvary. In another year he commanded a division; and in 1865 he was given a corps, with the rank of Lieutenant-General. As a commander of cavalry he achieved a record unsurpassed on either side of the struggle; and when the war closed he was only twentyeight. Gen. Wheeler was three times wounded in battle, he 'Commanded in over 200 engagements, sixteen horses were shot from under him, and thirty-six members of his

1028 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
staff were either killed or wounded. At the battle of -Shiloh, where he made his first appearance, then in com mand of a regiment only, he captured Gf-eii. .Prentiss, with 2,000 men. In the Carolines alone he is said to have dis abled over 5,000 Federals, with only a minimum of loss to Ms own troops. He protected the rear of Bragg's army, when the latter made his retreat from Kentucky; and at Chickamauga, with 3,780 men, he ma.d'e a raid in the rear of Gen. Rosecrans, in which he destroyed 1,200 loaded wagons, killed 4,000 mules, blew up 300 ammuni tion wagons, and captured the fortified town of McMinnville, with 600 prisoners. Gen. lr>ragg accorded him the highest meed of praise for his vigorous and effective sup port. In the famous Atlanta campaign he brilliantly reenforced Gen. Johnston; and while inflicting serious dam age in the rear of tbe Federal army he prevented Gen. Sherman from committing a lot of pillage on his march to the sea. It was due largely to Gen. Wheeler that the city of Augusta, his birth-place, escaped the fate which over took Atlanta. The sphere of his operations covered nine States. Such was the celerity of his movements and the force with which he delivered his blows that Wheeler's cavalry became literally a besom of destruction and a synonym of terror to tbe Federals. His capture at any time after his first appearance on the scene at Shiloh would have filled the whole of Yankeedom with rejoicing. 'Subsequent to the war he compiled a manual of arms entitled: "Wheeler's Tactics." For a number of years he ably represented the State of Alabama in Congress; and when the Spanish-American War began, though a grayhaired veteran of sixty-two, he volunteered his services to the United States Government. He was commissioned a Major-General of Volunteers and served, both on the island of Cuba and in the Philippines. At the battle of Santiago, despite an order from Gen. Shafter to fall back he pressed forward with victorius results. It is said that in the heat of the engagement, he forgot himself for the moment and exclaimed: "Charge them, boys, the Yankees are running." Gen. Wheeler was everywhere acclaimed

'

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WHEBLEB

i"



1029

with enthusiastic plaudits and -was the means of welding: the sections more closely together. At a reunion of Con federate Veterans he appeared on the floor in his Federal uniform, but the ovation which he received was none the less cordial. He was rewarded for his gallantry with a commission in the regular army, which he accepted. Gen. Wheeler died while on a visit to a sister, in the city of New York, on Jan. 25, 1906, in his seventieth year. He is buried in the National cemetery at Arlington, oh the hanks of the Potomac River, where his grave in front of Gen. Lee's old home is marked by a superb monumental shaft, one of the handsomest on the grounds. Hon. Wil liam J. Harris, the present chairman of the State Demo cratic Executive Committee of Georgia is a son-in-law of Gen. Wheeler. Mr. Ha,rris has twice represented his dis trict in the State Senate; and his brilliant work for Woodrow Wilson, in the recent campaign of 1912, has given him a prestige "which will doubtless eventuate in higher honors.

On January 1, 1913, the first election of county officers for the new county of Wheeler was held with the following results : Judge Wm. B. Kent, Ordinary; John D. Brown, Clerk of the Superior Court; J. F. Wright, Sheriff; J. A. Martin, Tax Collector; Daniel Pope, Treasurer; B. Miller, Surveyor; J. J. Brantley, Coroner a,nd T. F. Williams, .J. R. Samner, and Thomas Kent, County Commissioners. Hon. Douglas MeArthur was chosen the county's first representative in the General Assembly of Georgia.

Original Settlers. See Montgomery from which county Wheeler was formed.
Referring to the above list, it was Judge Wm. B. Kent who drafted and introduced the bill to create the

1030 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOBIALS AND LEGENDS
new county of Wlieeler. He was then a representative in the State Legislature from Montgomery County. Hon. Walter S. McArthur, a strong factor for years in State legislation, was a resident of what is now Wheeler.

WHITE

Created by Legislative Act, December 22, 18S7, from Lumpkin and bersham Counties. Named for Colonel John White, of the Revolution,
exploits in the neighborhood of Savannah, won for him a i the hall of heroes. Cleveland, the county-seat. Origin of uthenticated, but doubtless in honor of Colonel Benjamin
of the officers in command at the battle of King's Mountain. given to the county-seat was Mount TTonah; but it was later
vcland.

Relics of a Forgotten Race.

Volume II.

The Legend of As preserved by AVnite, the legend of Na-

Nacoochee.

coochee differs somewhat from the tradi

tional account given by Mr. Williams, but

the greater weight of authority belongs to the latter, who

wavS a life-long" resident. But according to Mooney, there

is no basis in fact for either of these legends. He says

that the name of the valley interpreted to mean "the

evening star" is not a word of Cherokee origin, and that

possibly it came from the Creeks.

Under the personal supervision of the Rev. John K. Ooit, a consecrated minister of the gospel, the Presby terians of Georgia have started a splendid school at Sautee for the mountain boys and girls. It is called Nacoohcee Institute. The school overlooks the far-famed valley, in which the great Chattahoochee River is cradled. The atmosphere is saturated with Indian traditions, and in the back-ground looms the imperial brow of Mount

NACOOCHEE VACtEY, THE CRADLE OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

"- -

WHITE

'"

1031

Tonah. If environment plays any part in the formation of character, there is here afforded an unsurpassed gym nasium for developing the yonth of Georgia in the finer things of the spirit. Some idea of the possibilities of this "work for the mountain children may he gleaned from the phenomenal success of a much older school near Borne. (See article on Mount Berry: How the Sunday Lady of 'Possum Trot Won the Mountains).

Where Gold was It was in the upper part of this

First Discovered in county, on Duke 'a Creek, the name

North Georgia.

by which the Nacoochee River was

formerly known, that the yellow

metal was first discovered by the whites, in 1828; and

prior to the opening of the rich gold fields of California,

the North G-eorgia mines were supposed to contain the

largest deposits of the precious ore to be found anywhere

in the world. From an authoritative work on the sub

ject,* is,sned by a former State geologist, the following

brief paragraph is quoted: "The earliest discovery of

gold in this county--and probably in Georgia--was; in

1828 by a negro servant of Major Logan, of Loudsville,

Ga. While on his way from Rutherford, N. C., where gold

mines had just been opened, he was attracted by the

similar appearance of the soil along Nacoochee River,

tested it in a broiler, and found gold. The discovery was

made in a branch on the Lovelady place. At this time,

the Cherokee Indians had left Nacoochee and Loudsville

valleys, and were beyond the Chestatee, to the "west. The

lands left by them in this region had been surveyed into

lots of two hundred and fifty acres each, and sold to the

settlers. It is presumed that the Cherokees did not know

of the existence of gold in this region, up to the time of

this discovery, although fabulous housewife tales1 of such

discoveries' are current.''

*GoId Deposits in Georg-ia, by W. S. Teates, pp. 32-34, Atlanta, 1896.

1032 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Original Settlers. See Habersham, from which county White -was formed.
To the pioneer list may be added: Major Edward Williams, George W. Williams, Edwin P. Williams, John Glen, James Glen, Thomas M. Kirnsey, William Kimsey, Calvin II. Kytle, Elijah Starr, Dr. Joseph Underwood, A-bner l">unag*ari, and AV. A. Reaves.
The Bells, the Hendersons, the Jarrards, the Courtenays, the Kennimers, and other families were' early set tlers in the neighborhood of Cleveland. Here, a distin guished member of the present Georgia delegation in Congress, Hon. Thomas M. Bell, spent his boyhood days.
WII.COX
[-General Mark ninant figure in
South Carolina, settled by French great Nullifier, John C. Calhoun. wo other counties: Ben Tlill anJ
Major-General Mark Wileox, Legislator and soldier, was born, on the frontier belt of Georgia, in what after wards became the county of Tel .fair, in 1800. His father, John Wilcox, was one of the earliest settlers to pene trate into this region of the savage wilderness. The elder Wilcox being a man of means gave his son the best educa tional equipment which the times afforded., Consequently Mark Wilcox soon became a leader in local affairs. He first held the office of high sheriff, after which he was sent to the General Assembly of Georgia, and "in both

'

i".

WmTFIBLD

1033

houses served with distinction. Partial to military life, he became a Major-General in the State militia, and by reason 'of his prominence as an officer, at the time of his election to the legislature, he was made chairman of the committee on military affairs. General Wilcox is said to have been a man of fine persona! appearance and to have made a superb figure on horseback. Tie wa ajso an ideal Legislator, advocating" economy within proper limits, but opposed to the parsimony which checks development. He did not approve of banks loosely establishing branches at remote points and he strongly favored the repeal of charters when they failed to redeem obligations in g'old. He -was one of the first to advocate a- Supreme Ooiirt, to urge an asylum, for the insane, to suggest a. division of the State into Congressional districts, in lieu of the old method of electing Congressmen on general tickets. Tie was furthermore a pioneer of rail "way development in Georgia, espousing with great zeal the construction of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which he lived to see completed. 'General Wilcox married the eldest daughter of General .John Coffee- His death occurred in 1.850, while he was still in the prime of life; nnd! he died pos sessed of large means.

Original Settlers. ,Sec Oooly, Trwin, and Pulaski, from which counties Wilcox was formed.
To the list may be added: Major Adolphus A. P. Reicl and Dr. Duncan F. McCrimmon.

WHITPIKJLD
Created by Legislative Act, December 30, 1S5.1, from Murj jirjginally Cherokee. Named for the great pulpit orator of the England, who founded the famous Bethesda Orphan House, at George Whitefteld. Dalton, the county-seat, was originally Known as Cross Plains. The name was changed to Daltan in compliment to John Dalton, a civil engineer, who came to this place from the North several years prior to the Civil "War and who, realizing the possibilities of the site, drew
spelling of the county name is Whitefield, but the first "e" was dropped to make the spelling conform to the pronunciation.
* Authority: Judge Joseph Bogle, Ordinary of Whitfield County.

1034 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

Recollections of George Whitefield.

Volume II.

Dalton: The

Dalton, the county-seat of Whit-

Joseph E. Johnston field, is not only a progressive trade

Monument. .

center but a citadel of historic

memories connected with the iron

days of the sixties. Here the great modern Faibius, Gen.

Joseph E. Johnston, quartered his army during the win

ter months preceding the eventful Atlanta campaign of

1864, the result of "which was the final overthrow of the

Confederate government. "With the single exception of

the great Commander-in-Chief himself, it is doubtful if

the war period of American history, produced the equal

of this superb strategist; and to what extent his removal,

on the eve of the battle of Atlanta, hastened the vortex of

disaster in which the Confederacy "was at last engulfed,

will doubtless continue to the end of time to be an un

solved problem. His reinstatement by Gen. Lee came too

late to reverse the tide of misfortune which was hasten

ing the Confederacy toward Greensboro and Appomat-

tox; but is served to call popular attention in a most im

pressive manner to one of the great tactical blunders of

the Civil War.

Much of the prestige which Dalton has since come to

enjoy in a commercial way is due to the peculiar advant

ages of location "which caused Geu. Johnston to make this

little metropolis of the monntains a base of operations.

It was here that he waited for Gen. Shermau to offer him

battle, but the wily old torch-bearer was too shrewd a

player at the game of war to assail a position from "which

it was a foregone conclusion that he could not oust his

enemy even with the help of superior numbers. But the

pent-up enthusiasm of the Confederate troops for an en

gagement of some kind needed an outlet: so here occurred

the famous snow-battle, traditions of "which abide where

ever an old veteran of Johnston's army survives. In

view of the fact that a whole library of literature has

WHITPIELD

1035

been written on the Atlanta campaign, it is not a little singular that the great soldier who out-maneuv.ered Gen. Sherman at almost every turn of the road over which the two armies marched should have g-one so long without a monument, even in his own native State of Virginia,
But history is full of such ingratitudes. It was reserv ed for the town of Dalton to erect the first memorial shaft in the South to Gen. Johns ton. The suggestion came from the late Col. Tomlinson Fort, of Chattanooga, who, in a Memorial Day address delivered here a number of years1 ago, advocated this step and made a handsome sub scription to the fund. Tb the patriotic task of erecting this monument, the members of the Bryan M. Thomas Chapter of the U. I). C., devoted themselves with an ardor which knew n(o abatement. On October 24, 1912, in the presence of a vast concourse of people, the monument was nnveiled with impressive ceremonies. It was a gala d:ay in the calendar for Dalton. Business was suspended, and there was literally no turning of wheels except to swell the splendid pageant. The following account of the exercises is taken from one of the newspaper reports.* It reads as follows:

The first monument erected to the memory of Gen. Joseph Eggleston Johnston, C. S. A., was unveiled here this afternoon at 2 o 'clock, the exercises being preceded by a luncheon in 'honor of the out-of-town guests at the Elks 'dufo rooms at noon. The exercises opened with band music, "Southern Melodies," after which the invocation was offered by Rev. "VV. E. Foote, pastor of the First Methodist ehurc'h of Dalton. The following program was carried out:
Song, "How Firm a Foundation"--Quartette. Ode to Joseph E. Johnston--Robert Xioveman, southern poet and reader. Introduction of Speaker--Hon. W. C. Martin, of Dalton. Address--Judge Moses Wright, of Rome. "Design of Monument"--Miss Belle Kinney, of Nashville, Tenn., sculptor. Unveiling of Monument--Miss Suesylla Tliomas. Presentation of Monument to State and City.--HOTK M. C. Tarvej-, of Dalton, State Senator.

1036 GEORGIANS LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
Acceptance for State--Hon. S. P. Maddox, of Dalton. Acceptance for City--Mayor J. 1?. Harris, of Dalton' Pacing tke East, the statue of General Jolmston, .east in standard United State bronze, stands at "parade Test," surmounting a base of Georgia granite, The base is in the form of a semi-circle, arising in three tiers wlhieh diminish, in size until the huge block of granite, on which stands the figure^ is reached. From the rear of the monument two large arms, resting on concrete, extend outward and forward, being jointed to the base; the arms are handsomely carved in laurel leaves. At the front ,of tlin stone on which the statue rests is inscribed the following directly beneath the laurel wroafJh:
Joseph E. Jo'hnston 1807-1891
Brigadier-General TJ. S. A., General C. S. A.
' * Givon command of the Confederate forces at Dalton in 3863, he directed the seventy-nine days cam paign to Atlanta, one of the most memorable in the annals of war
"Erected by Bryan M. Thomas chapter, United Daughters of the Confederacy, Dalton, Georgia, 1912."
Original Settlers. As gathered from various sources, some of the pioneers of "Wh.itfi.e-ld!
were: Benjamin Clark, James Mitchell, David W. Mitohell, Capt. John W. Bogle, Dr. Charles P. Gordon, Dr. W. J. Manly, Capt. Agrippa P. Roberts, Joseph Bogle, D. C. P. Clark, J. M. Jackson, F. A. Thomas, Dickson Taliaferro, and others. Besides these, the Gilberts, the 'Sapps, the Scotts, the Calhoun's, the Tarvers, the Hamiltons, the Smiths, the Broadwieks, and the Longleys have been influential families In Whitefield since the county was or ganized.
Benjamin Clark was the first settler at Tunnell Hill. He was a veteran of the "War of 1812 and a volunteer in

WHTTFIELD

1037

the 'War for Texan Independence. He died in Whitfield at the age of 84. T'lie region of country in the neighbor hood of Dalton is rich in Indian, lore. Many localities still retain the musical names which were given to them by the red men, while the Cherokee rose, a flower indigenous to this section, grows everywhere in riotous profusion, recalling the now almost forg*otten but once powerful tribe of Indians whose name it bears. The breast-works erected in the vicinity of Da.lton during- the Civil War are still to be seen, but some of them are now covered by large trees.

Whitfield's Distin- The celebrated Gen. Duff Green, one guished Residents. of the most picturesque characters in
American public life, was for twentyfive years a resident of Dalton. He was a power in nat ional politics during the stormy ante-bellum period. It is said that when Jackson and Van Buren were in the White House no other one man exercised greater influence over political affairs in the United States than did Gen. Green. He was by profession, an editor but held diplomatic posts under both Federal and Confederate governments. Pass ing through G-eorgia, on one occasion he .stopped at .Dal ton. The country in this part of the State so completely captivated the old man that he afterwards made it his home; and here the remainder of his life was spent. He readied the ripe old age of 95 years. Toward the end of his eventful career, Gen. Green was seldom seen with out his long1 staff, "which gave him somewhat the appear ance of a Peter the Hermit.
Judge Dawson A.. Walker, an ex-memebr of the Su preme Court of Georgia, at one time the Republican nomi nee for Governor, became a resident of Dalton on retiring' from the Bench in 1868, and here he lived until his death.

Dalton wias for years the home of Colonel Leander M. Trammell, the G-eorgia Democracy's TCarl of Warwick. It

1038 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
through the influence of Colonel Trammell that the nomination of Joseph E. Brown for Governor of Geor gia in 1857 was effected. As Chairman of the State Dem ocratic Executive Committee, he also presided over the famous1 gubernatorial convention of 1880, when, a failure of the Colquitt forces to secure a requisite two-thirds majority of the convention caused two candidates to be recommended: G-overnor Alfred H. Colquitt, the majority candidate and Judge Thomas M. Norwood, the minority candidate. Only a masterful parliamentarian could have maintained order in this turbulent assemblage of Demo crats. Colonel Trammell was a member of two Constitu tional Conventions, served the State in the Senate and on the Railroad Commission, and was an unwearied worker in the interest of others, never of himself.
His son, Paul B. Trammell, a distinguished financier of Dalton, is also at present a member of the State Rail road Commission.
Here lived for many years Gen. Bryan M. Thomas, for wthom the local II. D.. C. Chapter was named. He was a gallant brigade commander during the Civil War. For a short while he was deputy U. S. Marshal for the Northern District of Georgia under Gen. L'ongstreet. He then established a private school which enjoyed a liberal patronage, and finally, in 1891, he became Superintendent of the public schools of Dalton, a position which he held for the remainder of his life.
Judge Olin Wellborn, afterwards a member of Con gress from Texas and still later a Judge of the Federal Court for 'Southern California, lived at one time in Dalton.
Here Patrick Calhoun, the street railway Colossus, whose gigantic operations have ranged from New York to Cleveland and from Cleveland to San Francisco, was reared.
Dalton was also the boyhood's home of a noted jurist

1039
who, while serving a term in Congress as a Representa tive from the State of Texas, was elevated to the Federal Bench.--Judge James Gordon Russell. He was educated at the University of Georgia, where he and Hon. Paul B. Trammell were room-mates. They both graduated in 1878. Judge Russell is said to have been one of the seven eminent lawyers "whose naraeis were considered for the United States Supreme Court by President Taft.
Two of Georgia's best known men of letters, Will N. Harben and Robert Loveman, the former a novelist of international reputation, the latter a poet of recognized genius and of high rank, were reared in Dalton, a town which they still call home.
To the list of distinguished Daltouians may be added: Colonel Jesse A. Glenn, a gallant Confederate officer, whose nomination for Brigade Commander was pending when tlie w&r closed; Hon. William C. Glenn, his son, a brilliant former Attorney-General of the State, author of the famous "Glenn Bill," under which millions of dol lars were recovered in taxes from the railroads of Geor gia; Judge C. D. McCutchen and Judge Robert J. McCamy, jurists of note; Frank T. Hardwick, a wealthy financier; T)r. Charles P. Gordon, philanthropist and surgeon; Martin P. Berry, a distinguished educator; Richard Sapp, a pioneer representative; I. TC. Shumate, lawyer and journalist; William II. Tibbs, a legislator; Frank T. Reynolds, a journalist; and Judge James A. Maddox. The celebrated wit of ante-bellum days, Judge William H. Underwood, was also at one time a resident of Dalton. Dr. Hugh K. Walker and Dr. Mark A. Matthews, who afterwards preached to the largest congregations on the Pacific coast, at one time served the Presbyterian church of Dalton. This is also the borne of Anthony J. Showalter, who composed the famous hymn : ''Leaning on the Everlasting Arms," an anthem today sung in every civilized tongue throughout Christendom.

1040 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS ANU LEGENDS

"WILKES

;

nds a.cduired by the of Georgia, in satis)r the celebrated John Wilkes, a opposed the measures which nerica. Mr. Wilkes was one of ight of a Free Press; and for
itted
brought before Lord Chief-Justice Pra.lt, the Earl of Camden, who pro nounced his commitment illegal and discharged the prisoner. For a subse-
the appearance of his Essay on "Woman, which stirred the Kingdom, L suit for libel which went against him, Mr. Wilkes withdrew to :e he remained until a change of ministry gave him an unob-

in every form kindled the wrath of this fearless champion of popular rights, who, despite his recognized faults, wrote a brilliant page in the history of modern freedom. Washington, the county-seat of Wilkes, named for General Washington, was the first town in the TJnited States to beat- the name of
embraced TOlbert, Lincoln, and Oglethorpe, and in part Madison, Taliaferro, Warren, Hart, McDuffie and G-reene.

Historical Tradi- It was in tlie county of Wilkes--whoso

tions: Original

territory TV as opened to settlement

Settlers.

in 1773"--that the hearth-stone fires

of Upper Georgia were first kindled

by the Anglo-Saxon. The county,

therefore, possesses a history which antedates the

struggle for independence. It also contains the ances

tral seats of hundreds of families "which have since

scattered over the entire Southland. Tne 'bands of im

migrants who settled "Wilkes were of an altogether differ

ent character from those who settled the Georgia coast;

and in tlie main they followed the southward trails which

ran along the Blue Ridge Mountains. Consequently the

frontier settlements in this region of the Province did not

spring from the coast settlements planted by Oglethorpe,

but resulted from an altogether different impulse of

colonization and constituted an independent community

of pioneers, The rapidity with which this portion of the

WILKES

"

"

1041

State grew in population, when onco opened to settlement, has stimulated the spirit of research on the pa.rt of his torians to ascertain the causes' of this singular growth. For, the first United States Census--taken in 1790-- disclosed the somewhat amazing fact that out of 82,548 people living in Georgia not less than 31,500--or more than one-third of the State's entire population--resided within the borders of Wilkes.
Virginia and North. Carolina were the States from which the majority of these settlers came.
There are oral traditions without number to the effect that the first settlements in the territory of Wilkes were made as far back as 1769 but the written evidence to sup port them nowhere exists. Mallory in his "Life of .Tesse Mercer" states that the latter "a father settled in what Was afterw'ardis the county of Wilkes at this date. But the biography in question is not an original document; it was written more than half a- century after this region was settled; and it cites no authority as a basis for the statement. According to the rules of evidence, therefore, it must be rejected. The authentic history of Wilkes be gins 'with the purchase by Governor Wright, in 1773, of a large body of land in this part of the Province of Geor gia, for the purpose of extinguishing certain debts due to the Indian traders. The territory embraced in this transfer comprised an extensive area of land from which several counties of Tipper Georgia 'were afterwards form ed.
We are told by Governor Gilmer in his '' Narrative of Some of the Early Settlers on the Broa.d River" that as soon as this district was' opened to settlement a colony of Scotch immigrants was planted in the tipper part of what is now Wilkes by George Gordon, an eccentric noble man, who may possibly have been a relative of the poet Byron and who--on the authority of another writer--was afterwards concerned in the London riots. To cover the expenses of the voyage to America the settlers were to serve an apprenticeship of five years. But the gathering storm clouds of the Revolution frightened his lordship,

1042 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS. MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
who somewhat Hastily returned to England, leaving the Highlanders to shift for themselves1. In consequence of this abandonment, the clan eventually passed by absorp tion into other communities.
'Stephen Heard, toward the close of the year 1773, planted a colony of Virginians, on the site of the present town of "Washington where he built a stockade fort.
John Talbot, at an early period, acquired an extensive tract of land in Wilkes, but it was not until after the Revolution that he migrated to Georgia.
George Mathews, afterwards Governor of the State, purchased in 1784 what -was known as the famous Goose Pond tract, on Broad Biver, where he planted 'a colony of Virginians, from "which some of the most distinguished people of the State afterwards sprang.
Included among the Virginians who settled in the Broad Biver district where the Meriwethers, the Gilmers, the Taliaferros, the Barnetts arid the Freemans.
It is more than likely that the first corners into Wilkes were North Carolinians, for as soon as the historic curtain rises we find upon the scene in Wilkes the Clarkes, the Dooleys, the Murrays and the Mercers.
As a rule, the Virginians owned larger tracts of land than the Tar-heels. They were also better educated and possessed more of the comforts and luxuries of life. Be tween them there was little friendliness; and they seldom visited one another. The North Caroliniaiis, blest with few worldly goods, were democratic to the core. The Vir ginians were proud aristocrats. The first division of Georgia into political parties was based wholly upon this difference in social status between the two hostile bands of settlers in Wilkes. Clarke was a North Oarolinian. Orawford was a Virginian. The strife between them was war to the knife. It became feudal in character, involving at length the whole State; and continued to be for years the Banquo's ghost of Georgia politics.

WiLKES

1043

The Oldest Record On the Fortson plantation, in the

in Wilkes.

south-eastern part of the county,

there is a curious old relic of tie

early days of Wilkes. It is a flat rock of gneiss or granite,

on which is cut a square; and joined to one side of the

square is a smaller parallelogram. The work was evi

dently done by means of some sharp instrument in clever

hands. At the top of the design arc the words: "John

Nelson." On one of the sides are tl'e words: "Land

Granted in 1775." On the other side appears1 the date:

"1792." The drawing was evidently intended as a map

of the land. It is the oldest record of any kind which

exists today in Wilkes. As far as investigation has' ex

tended, the oldest gravestones in the county are those of

the family of General Elijah Clarke, in the Jordan burial

ground; but none of these date back to 1792. Nor is the

old soldier himself buried here.

Heard's Fort. According to the local historian of Wilkes, the first settlement on the site of the town
of Washington was made by a colony of immigrants from Westmoreland County, Va., headed by (Stephen Heard, a pioneer who afterwards rose to high prominence in public affairs. Two brothers accompanied him to Georgia, Barnard and Jesse, and possibly his father, John Heard, was also among the colonists. It is certain that the party included Benjamin AVilkinson, together with others whose names are no longer of record. They arrived on Decem ber 31, 1773 and. on ISTlew Year's day following, in the midst of an unbroken forest of magnificent oaks, they began to build a stockade fort, which they called Fort Heard, to protect the settlement form Indian assaults.
The Heards were of English stock but possessed land ed estates in Ireland. It is said of John Heard that he was a man of explosive temper, due to his somewhat aristocratic blood and that, growing out of a difficulty over tithes, in which he used1 a pitch-fork on a minister

1044 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORTALS AND LEGENDS
of tike established church, he somewhat hastily resolved upon an. ocean voyag'e, in order to escape the conse quences.
Between the Indians and the Tories, the little colony at Heard's Fort was sorely harrass'ed during the Revo lutionary War period. There were many wanton acts of cruelty committed when the tide of British success in Georgia was at the flood. Stephen Heard's young' wife, with a babe at h'er breast, was at this time driven out in a snow storm, to perish without a shelter over her head. His brother, Major Bernard Heard, was put into irons, taken to Augusta, and sentenced to be hanged but fortun ately on the eve of the siege he made his escape, and took an active part in the events which followed. It is said that among the prisoners rescued from the hands of the British was his father, John Heard, an old1 man, who w'as on the point of exhaustion from hunger.
In the spring of 1780 ITfeard's Fort became temporar ily the seat of the State government in Georgia. Stephen Heurd was at this time a member of the Executive Coun cil; and when Governor Howley left the State to attend the Continental Congress, George Wells as president of the Executive Council succeeded him, while Stephen Heard succeeded George Wells. The latter fell soon afterwards in a duel with James Jackson, whereupon Stephen Heard, by virtue o'f his office, assumed the direc tion of affairs,. It was a period of great upheaval; and, to insure a place of safety for the law-making power when Augusta was threatened, Stephen Heard transferred the seat of government to Heard's Fort, in the county of Wilkes, where it remained until Augusta was retaken by the Americans.
On the traditional site of He-ard's Fort was built the famous old Heard house, which was owned and occupied for years by General B. W. Heard, a descendant of Jesse Heard, one of the original pioneers. It stood on the north side of the court house square, where it was afterwards used as a bank and where, on May 5, 1865, was held the last meeting of the Confederate cabinet. Thus' an addi-

WlT.KES

1045

tional wealth of memories was bequeathed to Ileard's !t"Y>rt, an asylum for two separate governments pursued by enemies.
On April 25, 1779, the first court held in the up-country north of Augusta was held at Heard's Port. There were three justices: Absalom Bedell, Benjamin Oatehing-s, and William Downs. To this number, Zaehariah Liamar and James Gorrnan, were subsequently added. Colonel John Dooly was attorney for the State. Joseph Scott Eedden was sheriff',, and Henry Manadue, clerk of the court. For several years the tribunal of justice "was quartered in private dwellings. It was not unti 1 .1783 or later that the county boasted a jail, and, during this period, prison ers were often tied with hickory withes, or fastened by the neck between fence rails. Juries often sat on logs out of doors while deliberating upon verdicts. It is said that when Tories were indicted, even ou misdemeanors, they seldom escaped the hemp. Says Dr. Smith :* "Even after the war, when a man who was accused of stealing a horse from General Clarke w'as acquitted by the jury, the old soldier arrested him and marched Trim to a con venient tree and was about to hang him anyhow, when Nathaniel Pendleton, a distinguished lawyer, succeeded in begging him off."

Washington.' On the site of Port Heard arose in 1780 the present town of Washington : the first town
in the United States to be named for the Commander-inChief of the American armies in the ^Revolution. It was not until 1783 that Washington was formally laid oft'; but the records show that during the year mentioned it took the name of the illustrious soldier. Next in point of age to Washington, Ga., comes Washington, N. C., a town which was founded in 1782, two full years later. At tb e suggestion of G overnor G eorge Walton, then Judge of the Middle circuit, an effort was made to change
* "The Story of Georgia and the Georgia People," by Dr. George G. Sinilh, pp. "137-138, Atlanta, 1900.

1046 G-EOKGTA'S LANDMABKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
tlie name to Georgetown, but it proved to be unpopular. The old Georgetown road, which runs between Washington and Louisville, still survives as a memorial of this incident, now almost forgotten. The movement to build an academy in Washington began with the birth of the town; and it seems that provision was made for one in the same legislative act which called into existence the famous academies at Txmisville and Augusta. Inspirationally, therefore, the Washington school dates as far back as either of these two, which are credited with-being much older. Unfortunately, due to a mismanagement of funds by Colonel Micajah Williamson, "who was not a busi ness man and whose financial straits after the Revolution reduced this ouee patrician land-owner to the necessity of running a tavern, it was several years before a build ing for the school was completed. At last, how:ever, in 1796, a substantial structure of brick wtas erected on what afterwards became known as Mercer Hill, when the great pioneer Baptist divine, subsequent to his second mar riage, came to live here. It was in the old brick school bouse on Mercer Hill--where the Catholic orphanage now stands--that he held religious services until the Baptist church 'wa:s built in 1827. Reverend John Springer, Rev erend Hope Hull, David Meriwether, John Griffin, and John Wingfield comprised the first board of trustees. Mr. Springer held the office of president until his death in 1798, when Mr. Hull succeeded him at the helm.
Washington is one of the most historic of Georgia towns--an abode of wealth and refinement, where aristo cratic old families still reside in elegant mansions of the ante-bellum type and where the velvet manners of the old regime still prevail. It was the home of the great Mirabeau of secession, General Toombs, whose stately resi dence was built and owned originally by Dr. Joel Abbott. It is now occupied toy Mr. F. H. Colley, who keeps open house for the hundreds of pilgrims who annually visit this mecca of patriotism. Mr. Colley, by the way, is a descendant of an old Fort Heard settler by the name of Staples, who, in addition to boasting a son, reared also a

' ' "'

'

WII.KES ' " ' j

1047

family of sixteen daughters. Wives are luxuries which, on the frontier, are proverbially scarce and--to quote Miss Eliza Bowen--this worthy old pioneer seems to have taken a large contract for supplying them. One of the first female seminaries in Georgia was established in Washington by Mad'ame Dugas. Back of the public school stands the old Presbyterian pop]ar under which Mr. Springer--t'lie first Presbyterian minister to be or dained in Georgia--formally assumed the vows of his sacred vocation. It "was in the old Heard house in Wash ington that the last meeting of the Confederate Cabinet was held; while in the immediate vicinity of the town occurred some of the most dramatic episodes' of the era of Reconstruction.

Georgia's First Mrs. David R. Hillhouse was the first Woman Editor, woman in Georgia to edit a newspaper.
The paper edited by Mrs. Hillliouse was the Washington News, published at Washington, Ga. It was founded in 1800 by Mr. Alexander McMillan and was first called the Washington Gazette. He was suc ceeded at the head of the paper by Captain David E. Hillhouse, who operated in connection with it the first job printing office in the interior of the State. When Captain Hillhouse died in 1804 his widow took charge of the estab lishment and conducted successfully both enterprises. She even published at one time the laws of Georgia. Mrs. Hillhouse, therefore, "was not only the first "woman editor in the State but also the first State printer.

Wilkes in the Revolution.
Heroic ^Vomen of the Reign of Terror Under Toryism.

Volume II. Volume II.

1048 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS

The Battle of Kettle Creek.

Page 131.

We are indebted to the thorough and exhaustive re searches of Mrs. T. M. Green, of Washington, Ga., for the most complete list which exists today of those who toot part in the battle of Kettle Creek. It is a 'work of priceless historical value because it contains the names of Revolutionary ancestors from whom thousands of peo ple today prominent throughout the South have sprung. Mrs. Greene has put under tribute every source of information within her reach, including the official records of Wilkes County, the Historical Collections and Statistics of Georgia by White, the old newspaper files of the State, together with manuscripts, letters, scrapbooks, and diaries preserved by families in Wilkes County since the earliest times. The list is as follows :
Elijah Clarke, John Dooly, Micajah Williamson, Hugh McCall, George Dooly, Thomas Dooly, John Freeman, Daniel Freeman, Coldrop Freeman, Stephen Heard, Hallman Freeman, James Freeman, William Freeman, Bar nard Heard, John Heard, Jesse Heard, Austin Dabney, James Williams, Samuel Whatley, Benjamin Wilkinson, Benjamin Hart, Morgan Hart, Nancy Hart, Nancy Dar ker, Elisha Wilkinson, John Nelsou, ------ Staples, Joe Phillips, Zachariah Phillips, James Little, Andrew Pickens, of South Carolina, Joseph Pickens, John Clarke, Owen Fluker, John Fluker, Will Fluker, R. Sntton, Wylie Pope, William Pope, Henry Pope, Burwell Pope, Richard Tyner, Absalom Bedell, Benjamin Catchings, William Downs, Henry Manadue, Scott Redden, Joseph Scott Red den, George Redden, Jacob McLendon, George Walton, a cousin of the Signer's, Jesse W^alton, John W^alton, Nathaniel W^alton, Robert TValton, Daniel Burnett? Ichabod Burnett, John Burnett, Richard Aycock, Robert Day, Joseph Day, John Gorliam, Dionysius Oliver, Daniel Ooleman, John Coleman, Thomas Strond, James McLean, Jacob Ferrington, William Bailey, John Glass, Thomas

WlT.KES

1049

Glass, Charles Beddingfield, William Harper, Robert Harper, John Crutchfield, Francis Triplett, James Alex ander, John Candler, ------ Cade, ------ Bridges, Captain Anderson, Ambrose Beasley, 'Jeter Stubblefield, John L/amar, James Lamar, Zachariah Lamar, Basil Lamar, L. Williamson, ------ Saffold, ------ Finley, ------ John Hill, John Lindsey, William Morgan, William' Terrell, John Colley, Nathan Smith, ------- Marbury, ------ Walker, ------ Combs, Stephen Evans, William Evans, John Evans, ------ Cosby, ------ Foster, ------ Montgomery, James White, ------ Arnold, ------ Truitt, ------ Snow, John Chandler.

Says Miss Bowen:* "William Simpson, who, as a lad, was brought by his mother on horseback from Mary land, grew up to be the first person in Wilkes to take out a patent. This "was in 1818. The old yellow document still exists (1890) in the hands of the Reverend F. T. Sirnpson. The invention was a machine for the trans mission of power. There is a drawing of it attached to the paper, which bears the signature of John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State."

The Presbyterian Just in the rear of Mr. C. H. AlexPoplar: Where the ander's home, in the town of WashFirst Ordination in ington, stands the historic PresbyteGeorgia Occurred. rian poplar, a tree of mammoth
proportions, under which the first Presbyterian minister ever ordained in Georgia was duly commissioned to preach the gospel. The tree measures 155 feet in height. The circumference of the trunk is 28 feet, its diameter 9 feet, and the lowest branches1 are over 50 feet from the ground. To state the size of the tree somewhat differently, it is said that a man on horse-
* "The story of "Wilkes County," a series of newspaper articles by Miss Eliza Bowen, of "Washington, Ga. (1900).

1050 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
back stationed behind it is entirely screened from the view of persons on the side opposite. This famous old land-mark of Wilkes is not only one of the largest but also one of the oldest poplar trees of the tulip-bearing variety in the United States.
On January 21, 1790, the spreading boughs' of this magnificent forest giant formed the roof of God's' first Presbyterian temple in the county of Wilkes. At this time the Presbytery of South Carolina sent commission ers to AVashington for the purpose of ordaining the Rev erend John Springer, an educator of wide note in the early pioneer days. Either for the reason that enclosed quar ters "were not to be obtained in the town or because the balminess of the summer weather lured them into the open air, the Presbyters from South Carolina decided to hold the services of ordination under the branches of the great poplar. It was1 quite the common thing in pioneer days to hold religions meetings out of doors.
The statement is often made by partially informed people to the effect that the first Presbytery in Georgia was organized on this historic spot. No such body ever met here. The whole of the State of Georgia was at this time embraced in the Presbytery of South Carolina; and, while the commissioners from the other side of the river, met to perform what 'was virtually an act of the Pres bytery of South Carolina, they did not constitute a meet ing of the Presbytery itself. The historic associations which belong to the Presbyterian poplar proceed from the fact that it witnessed the first ordination ever per formed in Georgia, under the auspices of the Presbyterian church. There were ministers of this denomination in Georgia prior to this time, but they were ordained before coming into the State.
Old Smyrna Church. Smyrna church, a time-honored old house of worship, which stands in a
grove of pines, on the Augusta road, six miles from Wash ington, was organized by this1 early evangel of the frontier.

WlLKES

1051

John Talbot, the wealthiest land-owner in Wilkes, was an elder in Smyrna church; and, beside him, in the little grave-yard at this place, sleeps his distinguished son, Matthew Talbot, a former Governor of Georgia.

Mr. Springer's Though a devout and faithful minister,

School.

Mr. Springer is best remembered as' an

educator. At Walnut Hill, on the Mal-

lorysville road, some four miles from Washington, he

established a school of high character, which was known

far and wide. Boys' "were sent to him from Augusta,

when the old 'Richmond Academy there was flourishing

in pristine vigor. John Forsyth, afterwards Governor

of Georgia, United States Senator, and Minister to

Spain, was one of this number. Jes'se Mercer, the

great Baptist divine, also attended the school at Wal

nut Hill. Mr. Springer was at one time president of

the board of trustees of the academy in Washington.

He taught school in various places before coming to Geor

gia and 'was recommended for work on the frontier by

General Andrew Pickens, an elder in the church at Long

Cane, S. C. He was a native of Delaware and a man in

the prime of life when ordained to the ministry under

the Presbyterian poplar. He lived only eight years after

entering upon his labors as a minis tei\ Mr. Springer

died soon after preaching the funeral sermon of Hon.

John Talbot. On account of subsequent changes in boiin-

dary lines' to property in this neighborhood, the grave of

Mr. Springer is supposed at the present time to underlie

the main highway. He was originally buried in his gar

den at Walnut Hill. Mr. Springer was a man of gigantic

statue, weighing over 400 pounds. In this respect, he was

rivalled by only by two men in Georgia at the time of his

death: Dixon H. Lewis, and Sterne Simmons.

It may be stated in this connection that the separate organized existence of the Presbyterian church in Georgia

1052 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMOKIAI^S AND L.EOENDS

began with the creation of Hopewell Presbytery, ota March 16, 1797, at liberty Church, nine miles west of AVashington. This church was afterwards removed. To day it is represented by AVoodstock church in the county
of Oglethorpe.

Two Pioneer Bap tists : The Story of the Mercers.

A^olume Fl.

How a Great Christian School was Financed by a Colonial Jew.

Volume II.

Kli Whitney's First In the immediate neighborhood of

Gin House: An Old old Smyrna church, on property

Land-Mark.

which once belonged to the estrte

of Governor Matthew Talbot, stands

an old structure around which centers a world of historic

interest. It was erected by the famous inventor, Kli

AVhitney, in association with his partner for the turn-*

being, a man named Durhee; and it was built to house

what "was probably the first cotton gin ever erected in tl:e

State of Georgia. (See article by Miss Andrews, p. 125).

The origin of the structure probably dates back to 1795 ;

and notwithstanding the flight of more than a century it

is still in a fair state of preservation. During Governor

Talbot's life-time it served the purpose of a kitchen, but

as late as 1903 it was occupied by a family of neg-roes.

Says Miss Andrews, who visited the locality at the time

above mentioned: "Tn the window casings which I ex

amined carefully there were still to be seen distinctly the

sockets which held the bars of grating, designed by the

inventor to protect his patent, a circumstance which

accords with the evidence of tradition."

WlLKKS

1053

The Old Talbot When first built, the old Talbot man-

Mansion,

sion for which the historic gin house

afterwards served the purpose of a

kitchen, was one of the handsomest homes in the upper

part of the State. It was constructed of the best material

and was for years the home of Georgia Js distinguished

Ohief-Kxecutive, Matthew Talbot. The exact age of the

famous old structure is unknown, but the Governor is

supposed to have been living here in 1819 'when, on the

death of Governor Rabun, it devolved upon him as Presi

dent of the State Senate to assume the oath of office as

Georgia's Chief-Magistrate. It was at one time the cen

ter of a gay and brilliant social life. Governor Talbot

was a scion of one of the oldest Norman families of

England, an aristocrat whose forebears incl\idcd the

Earls of Shrewsbury; and his subsequent defeat when a

candidate before the legislature may be due to the fact

that his patrician lineage put him somewhat out of touch

with the Democratic masses. He was also a man of

large means, the bulk of his property having come to him

by inheritance from his father, John Talbot, who is said

to have been the owner at one time of 50,000 acres1 of

land. The old Talbot mansion is still one of the con

spicuous land-marks of Wilkes, but except for a certain

air of respectability there is little about it to suggest the

importance which it once possessed.*

First Roman

In the county of Wilkes was built the

Catholic Church in first Roman Catholic Church ever

Georgia Built in erected in Georgia. Our authority

Wilkes.

for this1 statement is the Right Rev

erend Benjamin J. KLeiley, Bishop of

the Diocese of Savannah. Says he:

"The cradle of Catholicity in Georgia--so far as1 re

gards the erection of the first building1 for divine worship

* Authority: Miss Annie M. Lane, Regent, Kettle Creek Chapter, T>. A. R., "Washington, Ga-

1054 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
--was at Locust Grove, in -what was then the county of Wilkes. Near the close of the eighteenth century a few Catholics came from Maryland and settled at Locust G-rove. Their reason for leaving Maryland was no credit to their neighbors. They were visited at irregular inter vals by priests, but in 1799 a French priest, Eev. Mr. Sonze, came from San Domingo, and remained for some time. He erected the first chapel for Catholic service in Georgia. In 1821 Bishop England visited Locust Grove, at which time the old log church was taken down and a frame building erected. Father O'Donoghue was pastor until December, 1822, when Eev. Patrick Sullivan was appointed by Bishop England. Excellent schools were established by these Catholic colonists, and our great commoner, Alexander H. Stephens, received there his early training. Father Peter Whelan, the farmer-priest, as he was called, was pastor at Locust Grove for eighteen years. Locust Grove suffered from the stories of the wondrous fertility of the Mississippi Valley and most of the colonists left only to meet disaster, failure and death in what was then the Far West.''

Hope Hull: The When the first Methodist conference

Pioneer of Method- in Georgia was organized at the

ism in Georgia.

Forks, in what was then Wilkes, now

Madison County, in 1788, there ap

peared tipon the scene a man of singular power, who was

destined to wield a far-reaching' influence upon the for

tunes of Methodism--Hope Hull. ~Wc are told by the

famous Dr. Loviek Pierce that he was given the some

what coarse but graphic appellation of "Broad Ax", a

name which strikingly suggests the stalwart blows which

he delivered for Methodism in Georgia. The first hymn

book ever used by the Wesleyans in this State was com

piled by Mr. Hull, who was a fine singer as well as a great

preacher. Mr. Hull came of English stock. His father,

Hopewell Hull, was by occupation a shipbuilder, who,

WlLKES

1055

emigrating to America, settled in Somerset County, Md., where on March 33, 1763', his son Hope, was born. Though barely more than a youth, Hope Hull witnessed service in the Revolution, after which he studied for the ministry, supporting himself meantime by house-build ing. It was in 1788 that he settled in Georgia where he became to the Methodists what Jesse Mercer "was to the Baptists. David Meriwether gave him the land on which he afterwards started the first Methodist school in this State. It was known as Succoth Academy and was located near Cote's1 Chapel. He was not a classical scholar, though he possessed an indifferent acquaintance with Latin and Greek. These, he employed the Reverend John Brown, a Presbyterian minister, to teach. The lat ter afterwards became president of the University of Georgia. Mr. Hull succeeded the Reverend John Springer as president of ^Vashington Academy, and in 1803 re moved to Athens.

Daniel Grant. Et may be said in this connection that the first Methodist church in the entire State
of Georgia was built in Wilkes by Daniel Grant. With his son, Thomas, he operated one of the earliest mer cantile establishments in Tipper Georgia. He was1 also the first -man in the State from conscientious motives voluntarily to manumit his slaves.

Elijah Clarke: The Bedford Forrest of the Revolution.
John Clarke: His Grave Overlooking St. Andrew's Bay on the Gulf of Mexico.

Volume II. Volume II.

1056 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
It was Isaiah T. Irwin, of Wilkes, who, as chairman of the committee to suggest the name of a compromise candidate for Governor, in the Democratic convention of 1857, made the report of the committee and nominated for Governor, Joseph E. Brown, of Cherokee. Fifty years later, his grandson of the same name, by a co incidence somewhat rare in the history of politics, made an eloquent speech, seconding the nomination of the famous1 war Governor's son, Joseph M. Brown, to the same office, in the Democratic convention of 1908.

The Last Order of the Confederate Government.
The Old Heard House: Where the Last Meeting of the Confederate Cabinet Was Held.
The Old Chenault Home: A LandMark.

Volume II.
Page 211. Page 213,

Where Georgia's When Governor Charles J. Jenkins

Great Seal Was was deposed from office by the military

Buried.

authorities, in 1865, the office of Secre

tary of State was held by the distin

guished Nathan C. Barnett. To prevent the profanation

of Georgia's Great Seal by the carpet-bag government,

which was then in power, this sturdy old official secretly

transported the emblem of Georgia's sovereignty to his

home in Washington, "where he buried it at dead of night

underneath his residence, in a spot revealed to no one

.except his wife. He took Mrs. Barnett into his confidence

so that in the event of his death the Great Seal of the

THE HOME OF ROBERT TOOMBS, IN WASHINGTON, GA.

WlIJEISS

" '"

1057

State might be restored at the proper time to the lawfully constituted authorities. The seal which Governor Jenkins bore into exile at the time Of his dramatic flight from the State, was the Executive Seal used in the ordinary transactions of the Governor's office, not the Great Seal. This was restored in 1868 by Mr. Barnett himself who, resuming the office of Secretary of State, continued to occupy this post of honor until his tall figure began to droop under the weight of more than four score years and his long thin locks of hair were whitened by the snows of \vinter.*

Recollections of Gen. Toombs.

Volume TI.

Original Settlers. As gathered from various sources, in cluding the records of the Court of
Ordinary, Gilmer's Georgians, White's Historical Col lections, family Bibles, etc., the pioneer settlers of Wilkes prior to 1788 were as follows: Stephen Heard, Barnard Heard, Jesse Heard, John Heard, Benja.min Wilkinson, John Talbot, with his son, Matthew Talbot, who after wards became Governor; George Mathews, a soldier under "Washington, who afterwards succeeded to the helm of affairs in Georgia; General Elijah Clarke, with his son, John Clarke, the latter of whom, in addition to achieving military honors', became Governor; Colonel Micajah "Williamson, Colonel John Dooly, Colonel Thomas Dooly, Colonel Benjamin Taliaferro, Francis Meriwether, Thomas Meriwether, David Meri wether, William Barnett, Joel Crawford, John GilTrier, Thomas Meriwether Gilmer, John Marks, John Callaway, Nathaniel Edge, Wiley Hill, John Myrick, Colonel John Freeman, Colonel Holman Freeman, John Marks, Dr. W. W. Bibb, General Samuel Blackburn, Nathaniel Barnett, Micajah McGehee, Daniel Harvie, Reuben Jordan, who is said to have been a descendant
Philip Cook, of Atlanta, Georgia's present Secretary

1058 GKOKGIA'S LANDMARKS, MKMOEIAT.S AND LEGENDS
of Pocahoutas, John Davenport, John Bradley, James Bradley, George Lumpkin, John Rutherford, John Hill, Thomas Ansley, Nathaniel HoweTI, Thomas Wootten, Bin-well Pope, John Tjindsey, Frederick -Sims, William Pollard, Benjamin Jackson, Walter Jackson, William Morgan, Thomas Branbam, John Wingfield, John Nail, Nathaniel Christmas, Job Callaway, Jacob Karly, Henry Mounger, William Glenn, Walker Richardson, Benjamin Joyncr, Reuben Saffold, James Findley, Cvirtace Wellhorn, Samuel Creswell, James Anthony, William Terrell, Joel Terrell, Daniel Grant, Thomas Grant, William Boweu, John Armstrong, Sanders Walker, Colonel Nich olas Tjong, Thomas Wellborn, Thomas Carter, Spencer Crane, Mr. Pharr, James Jack, Garland -Wingfield, Mr. Cutbbert, Thomas Napier, William Moss, Captain Lipharn, Horatio Marbnry, John Barksdale, Henry Pope, Charles Tate, Henry CHbson, John Pope, David Lowry, Thomas Wingfield, William Stokes1, William Gilbert, Daniel Mills, Edward Birtler, David Hillhouse, Micajab Anthony, John Chandler, John Cain, 'Eilijah Darden, Gabriel Toombs, William Toombs, John Stephens, Williamson Bird, George Willis, Humphrey Burdett, Joel Hurt, Pressly Hucker, William Sanson, James' Sanson, William Head, Alexander Cummins, John Collier, Joseph Wilson, Sampson Harris, Anthony Poullain, John Colley, Phillip Combs, Jacob Shorter, William Ogletree, Joseph Callaway, William "Rabun, Henry Colquitt, James Shepard, Oolonel John Graves, Captain Ahrarn Simons, Hev. Silas Mercer, Eev. T. J. Beck, Henry Jossey, and Mat thew Sikes.
Distinguished Resi- Dulling the Revolution this section of dents of Wilkes. the State was known to the Tories as
the "Hornet's .Nest". It furnished the historic battle field of Kettle Creek; and to the musterrolls of the Revolution it contributed a host of names some of which, after more than a century's flight, are still radiant. First on the list come the Clarkes--father

"

WlDKES

1059

and son. Elijah Clarke, an unlettered frontiersman, was the Bedford Forrest of the Revolution. It was due largely to his skill in seizing a strategic opportunity that Toryism in Upper Georgia was over-thrown at Kettle Creek; and beyond any question he was the most conspicuous figure contributed by Georgia to the struggle for American Independence. John Clarke, "who, a lad of thirteen, fought by his father's side a,t Kettle Creek, became Governor of the State. Both in peace and in war, he was a fighter to whom, the word "compromise" was unknown. He ex changed shots in a duel with Wm. H. Crawford, his great political antagonist; and between these two powerful leaders there waged for years one of the bitterest feudal warfares known to Georgia politics.
But, going back to the Revolutionary days, we here find the Doolys, two gallant brothers, both of whom were murdered in cold blood. Col. Thomas Booly was the first to fall; and it wa,s due largely to the vigilance of his brother, Col. John Dooly, in seeking to avenge the former's murder that he, too, came to his death. The Doolys lived in a part of Wilkes afterwards erected into Lincoln. The celebrated Judge John M. Dooly, of the Georgia Bench, was a son of Col. John Dooly, of the Revolution.

Micajah Williamson, a gallant officer who attained the rank of Colonel, was a, resident of Wilkes. He reared a family of girls, all of whom became famous belles. Without an exception they married men of note. Included among the descendants of Micajah Williamson are two members of the Supreme Court of the United States: John A. Campbell and L. Q. C. Ijanmr.
Stephen Heard, a soldier of the Revolution under Washington, afterwards a Chief-Executive of the State, lived here. He was the founder of the town of Washing ton. Later he established his home on a plantation today included in the county of Klbert, Here als'o lived the

1060 GEORGIA'S LANDMARK*, MISMOKIAJ-S AND LEGENDS
Freemans. Col. John Graves, a soldier of the Revolution under Gen. Greene. also lived here.
Benjamin Taliaferro and David Meriwether--two of Georgia's most distinguished sons--became residents of Wilkes at the close of the Revolution.
George Mathews, a soldier of the Revolution, a.fterwards Governor of the State, established, in 1784 a famous colony of Virginians on Broad River, in what was then the county of Wilkes. Some who came with him were the Meriwethers, the Gilmers, the Freemans, the Taliaferros, and the Barnetts. Governor Mathews has been greatly misjudged because of his part in the famous Yazoo transaction. Though he signed the bill, he was guilty of no malfeasance in office, and there is noth ing to show that he expected to reap any profit therefrom.
Capt. Alexander H. Stephens, a veteran of the French and Indian "Wars, who fought under Braddock, after wards a soldier of independence, settled in "Wilkes; but when the county of Taliaferro wa,s organized his planta tion was included in the latter. He was the father of the Confederate Vice-President.
Here lived Matthew Talbot, a distinguished Governor of the State. His father, John Talbot, was the largest land owner in Upper Georgia. Brigadier-General Robert M. TOehols, who fell in the Mexican War, *was a native of Wilkes. Here also at one time lived Dr. William Terrell. When Wilson Lumpkin came to Georgia he settled in a part of Wilkes, afterwards erected into Oglethorpe.
Governor Towns first saw the light of day in Wilkes. When a, young man he removed to Alabama, after which, he settled at Talbotton for the practice of law. Nicholas Ware, a distinguished United States Senator from Geor gia, was taught in the academy of Dr. Springer, near Washington. Here, too, the illustrious John Forsyth was a pupil.

WifcKTBs

1061

Governor Early was born in Wilkes. Afterwards the family homestead "was established at Scull Shoals, on the Oconee, in Greene, at a place called "Early's Manor." The Rabuns settled in a part of .Wilkes, afterwards formed into Hancock. Consequently, the name of Gov ernor Kabun belongs in this list.
Co]. Nicholas Long, a Virginia patriot, settled in Wilkes at the close of the Devolution. Here he made his future home. Gen. Samuel H. Blackburn was also a resident of Wilkes for a number of years, but he subse quently removed to the North.
Samuel Davis, the father of Jefferson Davis, was a native of Wilkes, in which county he grew to manhood. He afterwards migrated to Kentucky where the future President of .the Confederate States of America was born. The grandfather of Mr. Davis sleeps in an unmarked grave somewhere near the present town of Washington.

Seventeen counties of Georgia have been named for men of note who at one time resided in Wilkes, viz., Heard, Clarke, Dooly, Taliaferro, Talbot, Rabuu, Campbell, Early, Bibb, Echols1, Meriwether, Forsyth, Ware, Towns, Laimpkin, Terr ell and Toombs.
The list of eminent men includes also ten Governors: Heard, Mathews, Clarke, Talbot, Early, Lumpkin, Rabun, Towns, Ware, and Forsyth; besides four pioneer ministers of the gospel who attained to eminence:--Jesse Mercer, John Springer, BTope Hull, and James Osgood Andrew. The last was a Bishop of the Methodist Episco pal. Church, whose ownership of slave-property caused the great disruption of 1844.
Judge Garnett Andrews, who presided for years over the courts of the Northern Circuit, and who published a work of rare value entitled: "Reminiscences of An OldTim e Georgia Iiawyer", lived here.

1062 GEORGIA'S LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND LEGENDS
His daughter, Miss Eliza F. Andrews, has attained note both as an educator and an author.
Dr. Joel Abbott, an early member of Congress, lived in Washington, and Dr. W. W. Bibb, a native of Elbert, afterwards a United States Senator, resided for a while in Wilkes.
Francis Wlllis, a national law-maker, was at one time a resident of Wilkes, but finally removed to the State of Tennessee.
Judge John A. Campbell, who became an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and who attended the famous conference at Hampton Koads as a commissioner of the Confederate government, "was born in Wilkes, though he afterwards removed to Alabama.
It was Duncan G. Campbell, his father, for whom Campbell County was named.
Mark A. Cooper, one of the State's industrial pioneers, a member of Congress, and a far-sighted man of affairs, was born in "Wilkes.
Dr. William Barnett, a member of Congress, lived in Washington, but afterwards removed to Alabama.
Nathan Barnett, long Georgia's Secretary of State, was another resident of this historic town.
Robert Toombs, the great Mirabeau of Secession, in the opinion of many Georgians, the foremost intellect of his day, lived and died in Wilkes.
General Dudley M. DuBose, his son-in-law, a Briga dier-General in the Confederate army and a member of Congress, also lived here; and here was born General TJ. J. Gartrell, a gallant soldier, a member of Congress and one of Georgia's greatest criminal lawyers.
Washington was also the home of the distinguished educator and historian, Miss' Eliza Bowen, from whose "History of Wilkes County" much of the material con tained in this chapter has been derived.

WlLKINSON

1063

WILKINSON

Created by Legislative Act, May 1 James Wilkinson, a distinguished soldi of Maryland.* Implicated in certain afC reputation, he . resigned his commission he engaged for some time in mercanti
years rendered efficient service to the War of 1812, when he was stationed

1803. Named for Major-General of the Revolution and a, native rs of intrigue which injured his nd removed to Kentucky, where pursuits. Re-entering the army, the border and for a number of overnment, especially during the New Orleans. He acquired an

the Spaniards in Louisiana to bring ab t the absorption of the western

part of the United States by Spain was ought against him; while at the

same time it was alleged that he was enj'aged in a scheme with Aaron Burr

for the conquest of Mexico. He was e;loneraled by a court-marital, and

subsequently given a Major-General's co rnrnission. He died in Mexico in

1828. The last years of his life were sp ent in a fruitless effort to collect

the Mexic

good

e he published

mphlet e

onspir cy Exposed," which

ed by his

My Ow Ti

elabo

>rk in thr.

olu

which time General Wilkinson w.

:>r the Fede:

government, Georgia acquired la

3reek India;

There was apportioned into three counties: Baldw

.nd Wilkins<

the last of which was named fo: General Wilkins

at, was named for Governor

Irwin, an eaily Chief-Executive of

G< jorgia. Whe: arganized in 1803, "VVilkin

embraced Dodge and Telfair,

id part i of foi

itgomery, IJ ulaski, and Twiggs.

The first session of the Superior Court was held in 1808, near Irwinton, Judge Peter Early presiding.

Original Settlers. Among the first comers into Wilkinson,
according to White, were: Samuel Beall, Charles C. Beall, Solomon B. Murphy, John Hoover, John Meredith, Abner Hicks, Alexander Passmore, John Freeman, Joel Rivers, Samuel Bragg, John Lavender, Isaac Hal], Green B. Burney, Wiley Shepherd, Joseph Hill, William Lord, Jesse Pittman, M. Carswel], Anson Ball, William Lindsey, Ellis Harvill, and others.

1064

GrEOBOIA's LANDMARKS, MEMORIALS AND L

Thomas Gray and William Bivins, both soldiers of the Revolution, lived in "Wilkinson. The former was 81, the latter F3.

To the list of settlers given by White, may be added: Nathaniel Cannon, James Cannon, Thomas Dickson, Wil liam Dickson, Isaac Hall, William Hall, Robert Ridley, Elverett Ridley, David Delk, the first Clerk of the Superior Court; Robert Hatcher, James P. H. Campbell, and John S. Barry. The last mentioned pioneer was a teacher. He studied law at Irwinton, after which lie removed to the north-west and became Chief-Executive of the State of Michigan. Governor Barry held office as a Democrat, from 1842 to 1864.

WORTH
Created by Legislative Act, December 20, 1852, from Irwin and Dooly Counties. Named for Major-General William J. "Worth, a distinguished soldier of the Mexican "War and a son-in-law of General Zachary Taylor. The overtures of surrender from the authorities of the City of Mexico were made to General "Worth, on September 13, 184S. At the time of his death, he was in command of the Department of Texas. There stands at the inter section of Broadway and Fifth Avenue, in the city of New York, a superb monument to this illustrious soldier. Sylvester, the county-seat. Originally, Worth included a part of Turner.
Pindartown, an old Indian village of some note in the early days, at which, one of the earliest treaties was made between the Creek Indians and the State of Georgia, whereby additional lauds were acquired by the whites, has been located within the present boundaries of Worth and will be marked at an early date by the members of Thronateeska chapter of the D. A. R. The land on which the town formerly stood is today the property of Mr. A. J. Lippett, of Albany.

WORTH

1065

Original Settlers. See Dooly and Irwin, from which coun ties Worth "was formed.

To the list may be added: Samuel S. Story, Daniel Henderson, Manasseh Henderson, David Redley, Dr. James N. Redley, C. G. Tipton, T. M. Ooram, W. A. Harris, Dr. T. W. Tyson, Dr. Wm. L. Sikes, Milton Westberry, Josiah S. Westberry, John S. Westberry, Columbus A. Alford, W. H. McPhaul, and Daniel H. Davis.