Georgia : comprising sketches of counties, towns, events, institutions, and persons arranged in cyclopedic form : volume III / edited by ex-Governor Allen D. Candler and General Clement A. Evans : a machine-readable transcription

GEORGIA
Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form
IN THREE VOLUMES
EX-GOVERNOR ALLEN D. CANDLER
AND
GENERAL CLEMENT A. EVANS
VOLUME III
State Historical Association ATLANTA 1906

COPYRIGHT, 1906 BY
STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

o

Oak, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Berrien county, is about six miles southeast of Heartpine, which is the nearest rail road station.
Oakdale, a post-village of Cobb county, is on the Southern rail road, about twelve miles northwest of Atlanta.
Oakfield, a town in the southwestern part of Crisp county, was incorporated by act of the general assembly on Dec. 6, 1900. Its population that year was 107. It is on the Albany & Northern railway, about half-way between Albany and Cordele, and is one of the most important trading and shipping points on the line. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, schools, churches, etc., and is one of the thriving towns in that section of the state.
Oakhurst, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Cobb county, is on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railroad, about six miles from Marietta.
Oakland, a post-village of Meriwether county, with a popula tion of 68, is about ten miles northeast of Greenville, which is the nearest railroad station, and is a trading center for the neighbor hood in which it is situated.
Oakridge, a post-hamlet of Meriwether county, is about eight miles northwest of Greenville. Odessadale, on the Macon & Bir mingham railroad, is the nearest station.
Oakwood, a post-village of Hall county, is a station on the Southern railway, about eight miles southwest of Gainesville. The population in 1900 was 43. It was incorporated by act of the legislature on August 12, 1903.
Oaky, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Effingham county, is not far from the Screven county line. Oliver, seven miles west on the Central of Georgia, is the nearest railroad station.

2-III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Oasis, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is about seven miles due west of Kyle, which is the nearest railroad station.
Oats. As a forage crop oats has been profitably cultivated in the Oostanaula, Etowah and Coosa valleys, and. all through Mid dle Georgia. The expense of production is comparatively light and under favorable conditions the returns are good. In 1900 there were 467,336 acres and the production was 7,010,040 bushels, valued at $3,434,920. The largest yield'was reported from a farm in Wilkes county. This was 137 bushels to the acre, but farms in DeKalb, Floyd, Coweta and Schley counties reported crops of 100 bushels and over.
Oatts, a post-hamlet of Burke county, is fifteen miles southwest of Waynesboro and almost on the Jefferson county line. Louis ville is the nearest railroad station.
Ocean City. (See Tybee). Ocee, a post-hamlet of Milton county, is about five miles north west of Duluth, which is the nearest railroad station. Ocher. Strictly speaking ocher is a combination of peroxide of iron with water, but the name has been conferred on various clays colored with iron oxides, the shade of color depending upon the proportion. Subjected to the process of calcination the color is deepened and rendered more permanent. Ocher is found in the iron bearing mud associated with the water pumped from many mines and in natural beds, sometimes several feet in thickness, in different geological formations. In northwest Georgia large de posits of these iron bearing clays are found, being generally asso ciated with the brown iron ores. The most extensive of these de posits are found in what is known as the Weisner quartzite, near Cartersville. They occur chiefly along the western margin of the quartzite, where it has been crushed or broken. The ocher ob tained from these deposits is really a pulverulent form of brown iron ore, is remarkably free from impurities and well adapted to the manufacture of paints and linoleum. The mining and ship ment of yellow ocher has become a considerable industry in Bartow county. At Cartersville there are four mills for preparing the material. For the year ending August 1, 1900, the product of this district was 4,500 tons. It is said that most of this ocher finds its way to England, where it is used in the linoleum factories. The value of .the state's output for the same year was approximately $75,000. Ochillee, a village in the northern part of Chattahoochee county, is at the junction of the Seaboard Air Line and the Central of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

19

Georgia railroads. It has a money order postoffice, express and
telegraph offices, and is an important trading and shipping point
for that part of the county. Ochlochnee, an incorporated town in the northwestern part of
Thomas county, is on the Albany & Thomasville division of the
Atlantic Coast Line railway, and in 1900 had a population of 244.
It has a money order postoffice, which supplies mail to the rural
districts by means of several free delivery routes, and is an impor tant commercial center and shipping point for that section of the
county. Ochwalkee, a village of Montgomery county, is a short distance
west of Mount Vernon, on the Seaboard Air Line, at the point where it crosses the Oconee river. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, some mercantile interests and in 1900 reported a population of 100.
Ocilla, a town in the eastern part of Irwin county, was incorpor ated by act of the legislature in 1898. It is located on a branch of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad and a branch of the Sea board Air Line connects it with Fitzgerald. It is the second larg est town in the county, and by the census of 1900 had a population of 805 in the corporate limits arid 1,740 in its entire district. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, prosperous commercial establishments, and an oil and fertilizer company doing a large business, while there are good schools and churches in the town and vicinity.
Ocilla Oil & Fertilizer Company, manufacturers of cotton-seed oil products and fertilizers, Ocilla, Irwin county, represents one of the important enterprises which has been fostered through the development of the cotton-seed industry throughout the South. The company was organized and incorporated in 1903, with a cap ital stock of $30,000, and its well equipped plant has a capacity for the handling of forty tons of cotton seed every twenty-four hours, while in connection is maintained an extensive gin, with a capacity of 125 bales of cotton a day. The oil products of the concern are maintained at the maximum standard of purity and attractiveness and are sold throughout the Union, the business of the company having shown a constant tendency to expansion from the time of its inception. The plant utilizes 25,000 square feet of ground, and employment is given to a corps of forty men. The stock of the company is owned entirely by residents of Irwin county, the offi cers being as follows: J. A. J. Henderson, president; J. E. Howell, vice-president; R. V. Paulk, secretary and treasurer. In addi-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tion to this executive corps the board of directors also includes William Henderson, D. H. Paulk, J. W. Paulk, Jacob McMillan, and J. L. Paulk.
Oconee, an incorporated town in the southwestern part of Wash ington county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia rail road, a short distance east of the Oconee river. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some mercantile and shipping interests, school and church privileges, etc.
Oconee County was laid out from Clarke and was named for the Oconee river, which forms its eastern boundary. It lies in the eastern part of the state and is bounded by Clarke county on the northeast, Oglethorpe on the east, Greene on the south, Mor gan and Walton on the southwest, and Walton and Jackson on the northwest. The Oconee and Appalachee rivers, with their branches, water the county. The surface is hilly. The soil is productive and raises good crops of corn, wheat, oats, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, cotton, ground and field peas, sugar-cane, vege tables, berries and melons. Peaches and apples yield abundantly and large quantities of fruits and vegetables are exported. Along the streams are growths of sycamore, poplar, maple, ash and gum. In other parts of the county grow oak, hickory, chestnut and wal nut. There is also some pine, but the output of lumber is insig nificant. There are a number of factories along the Oconee and Appalachee rivers, but the water-power is greatly in excess of what is used.. The minerals are mica, feldspar, hornblende and gneiss. Watkinsville is the county seat. It is on the Macon & Athens branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad. A division of the Seaboard Air Line traverses the northern part of the county. The population in 1900 was' 8,602, showing a gain in 889 in ten years.
Oconee River. This river rises in Hall county and flows a gen eral southeasterly direction until it unites with the Ocmulgee to form the Altamaha. In November, 1864, as Howard's wing of Sherman's army advanced to this river at Ball's Ferry, Gen. H. C. Wayne, commanding the cadets of the Georgia military institute and part of the reserves, fell back across the river. On the 23rd, Austin, with the cadets, successfully held the Central railroad bridge, while Hartridge at the ferry drove back across the river a Federal detachment which had forced its way over. This gave time for the removal of the stores at Tennille. On the next day General Wayne reported to General McLaws that the Federals were shelling him at Oconee Bridge. Wayne with the state troops

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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and cadets kept up a brave fight until night, holding one end of the bridge while the enemy set fire to the other. Finally, when flanking parties had crossed to his right and left, he withdrew his small force in good order.
Oconee War. Both the Creeks and Cherokees had extended aid to Great Britain during the Revolutionary war, but by the triumph of American arms they met the fate of the vanquished and were left to the mercies of the victors. The State of Georgia took ad vantage of the situation and in dictating terms of peace made at Augusta in 1783 obtained important cessions of land. The Chero kees, being comparatively weak, without adequate leadership and not inclined to hostility, accepted the exigencies of the occasion, but the Creeks were not so disposed. By the treaty they had lost all their possessions east of the Oconee river, and as the agree ment had been signed by only a portion of their head men a power ful faction, under the leadership of the redoubtable McGillivray, refused to acquiesce in it. The dissatisfaction of this party in creased when the legislature, in February, 1784, passed an act throwing open to settlement the newly acquired territory.
Conditions were aggravated by the dispute between the United States and Spain over the territory lying between the Chattahoochee and Mississippi rivers. Spain claimed sovereignty over the region on the ground of having taken the Province of West Flor ida from Great Britain while the Revolution was in progress and as she was at that time a powerful nation the United States was inclined to settle the question by diplomacy, rather than by an appeal to arms. Early in 1784 McGillivray went to Pensacola, where he formed a treaty of "alliance and friendship" with the Spanish authorities. Aided and abetted by the emissaries of Spain the Creeks kept up for several years, in that irregular, desultory manner so common to Indian warfare, a series of depredations on the white settlements along the Georgia frontier. Various at tempts were made to restore peace and good feeling, but every new treaty was broken soon after it was concluded. Notwithstanding the continuance of hostilities the whites kept pouring into the Oconee country. Every neighborhood had its fort, or blockhouse, which frequently became the permanent abode of the women and children, while the men toiled in the forest or field with the trusty rifle always within easy reach.
For some time President Washington sought to restore peace by a settlement of the Spanish claims in a way that would break the alliance between them and the Creeks. Failing in this he deter-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

mined to appeal to the Indians themselves. In the spring of 1790 he sent Col. Marinus Willet on a confidential mission to the Creek nation, with the result that McGillivray and several other chiefs returned with Colonel Willet to New York, where a treaty was concluded on August 7th. By its stipulations the Creeks renounced their allegiance to Spain, accepted the Altamaha and Oconee rivers as the eastern boundary of their possessions, and placed them selves under the protection of the United States, while the govern ment agreed to restore to the tribe the Tallassee country, lying between the Altamaha and St. Mary's rivers, and to guarantee all the Creek domain against further ingressions on the part of the whites. But the treaty was not satisfactory to either the Indians or the people of Georgia. The Creeks had not received more than half of what they had been led to expect and the Georgians re sented the surrender of the Tallassee country. The abrupt ter mination of McGillivray's treaty with Spain threatened to embroil the United States .in serious complications with that nation and hostilities continued until the treaty of Coleraine in June, 1796. Taking its name from the territory in dispute, this intermittent struggle, that continued over a period of twelve years, is known as the "Oconee War."
O'Connor, Daniel P., is successfully established in the wholesale grocery trade in the city of Augusta, where he conducts business under the title of D. P. O'Connor & Co. He was born in the city which is now his home, April 19, 1865, is a son of John and Ellen (Hickey) O'Connor, both of whom were born in County Cork, Ireland, whence they came to America as young folks, the father in 1852 and the mother the following year, forming an acquaintance in Augusta, where their marriage was solemnized June 22, 1856. John O'Connor became a successful furniture dealer of Augusta, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred on July 5, 1905, and he is survived by his widow, three sons and two daughters, all being resident of Augusta. Dan iel P. O'Connor secured his early education in the parochial schools of Augusta, and took a course in St. Patrick's commercial insti tute of that city. He left school at the age of fifteen years and se cured employment in a wholesale grocery establishment. For five

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

23

years he was employed as salesman for the firm of O'Donnell & Burke, both members being now deceased, and he has continued to be identified with the wholesale grocery trade in Augusta since the age of fifteen years. In 1890 he engaged in business for him self, forming a partnership with William E. Jackson, under the firm name of Jackson & O'Connor. On Jan. 1, 1900, he purchased the interest of Mr. Jackson and has since continued the business individually, under the title of D. P. O'Connor & Co. In politics Mr. O'Conor is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and is a communicant of St. Patrick's Catholic church, as is also Mrs. O'Connor. He is affiliated with the Knights of Columbus, in which he is a deputy grand knight. On Jan. 28, 1888, Mr. O'Con nor was united in marriage to Miss Ann C. Faughnan, daughter of Miles Faughnan, of Augusta, and she died March 7, 1902, survived by three children, namely: Catherine E., born Jan. 15, 1889; Marie Anna, born July 27, 1893; and Miles J., born July 19, 1899. On Oct. 17, 1905, Mr. O'Connor wedded Miss Volo M. Benson, daughter of James A. Benson, of Washington, Wilkes county.
O'Connor, Jeremiah J., one of the progressive business men and representative citizens of Augusta, was born in that city, Oct. 4, 1855, and is a son of Michael G. and Julia Agnes (Mullane) O'Con nor, both native of County Cork, Ireland, where their marriage was celebrated and whence they immigrated to the United States in 1850, locating in the city of Augusta, where the father died in 1858 and the mother in 1885, the subject of this review being the only surviving child. Mr. O'Connor attended the parochial and public schools of Augusta during his boyhood days, but early as sumed the practical responsibilities of life, and it has been his por tion to win independence and success through his individualefforts. When but eleven years of age he became a cash boy in a local dry-good establishment, and even prior to this, in the Civil-war period, he found employment in a local factory in which was manufactured ammunition for the Confederate government. In the dry-goods store of Gray & Turley, later Jas. W. Turley, which he entered as a cash boy, he rose through various grades of promotion to that of buyer and manager and that his services were appreciated is shown not less in this fact than in his continuing in the employ of the one firm for the long period of eighteen years. In 1885 he became a salesman in the shoe store of William Mulherin & Co., and two years later was admitted to partnership, the title of the firm being simultaneously changed to Mulherin, Rice & Co. The senior member of the firm, William Mulherin, died

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in 1893, and a few months later the surviving partners, Rice and O'Connor, formed a copartnership, under the title of the Rice & O'Connor Shoe Company, and they have three large and finely ap pointed stores in- Augusta, doing an extensive business in both the jobbing and retail departments of their flourishing and important enterprise. Mr. O'Connor is a stanch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party; is a member of the city council, in which he represents the third ward; and served three years as a member of the board of education prior to entering the municipal council. He and his wife are communicants of the Catholic church and he is affiliated with the Knights of Columbus and the Catholic Knights of America. On Sept. 8, 188?', Mr. O'Connor was united in mar riage to Miss Elizabeth I. Rice, daughter of Matthew Rice and a sister of his business associate, Patrick H. Rice. They have seven children: Matthew R., Arthur B., Thomas M., Marion A., Eliza beth R., Gerald A., and Joseph J.
O'Connor, John J., is established in a very successful retail grocery business at 1289 Broad street, Augusta, in which city he was born, June 11, 1873, being a son of Patrick J. and Mary E. (Murray) O'Connor, the former of whom was born in county Mayo, Ireland, Jan. 10, 1842, and the latter in Augusta, Ga., in March, 1846. The father was for many years engaged in the grocery business in Augusta, and was for a number of years a mem ber of the city council. He served from 1888 to 1903 as sheriff of Richmond county and died on Christmas day of the latter year, having been one of Augusta's well known and highly honored citi zens. He was prominent in local politics, as a stanch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party, and was a communicant of the Catholic church, as is also his widow, who still resides in Au gusta. He is survived by two sons and three daughters, all of whom reside in Augusta, the subject of this sketch being the elder of the two sons. Thomas H. is engaged in business in his native city; Anna Catharine is the wife of James P. Armstrong, cashier of the Irish-American bank; and Mary Ellen and Margaret remain with their mother. John J. O'Connor completed his educational training at Spring Hill college, in Mobile, Ala., and thereafter served six years as deputy sheriff of Richmond county, during the regime of his father in the office of sheriff. He resigned this posi tion in 1899, and has since been engaged in the retail grocery trade, having a well stocked and well appointed establishment and en joying an excellent supporting patronage. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance and is a communicant of the Church of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

25

Sacred Heart, one of the principal Catholic churches of Augusta. He is affiliated with the Knights of Columbus and the Ancient Order of Hibernians. On Aug. 5, 1898, Mr. O'Connor was united in marriage to Miss Mary Genevieve Daly, daughter of James and Mary (McAndrew) Daly, of Augusta. Mr. Daly is manager of the extensive department store of J. B. White & Company, of Augusta. Mr. and Mrs. O'Connor have five children, namely: Mary Eliza beth, M. Genevieve, Margaret V., Patrick J. and John J., Jr.
Oculus, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of White county, is not far from the Hall county line. Lula is the most convenient railroad station.
Odd Fellows. Oglethorpe Lodge, No. 1, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was organized at Savannah in 1842. On Nov. 13, 1843, the Grand Lodge of the State of Georgia was constituted at Savannah by Albert Case, Deputy Grand Sire. The charter granted at that time was destroyed in 1845, by the burning of the lodge room occupied by Oglethorpe Lodge, in Washington Hall, Savannah, where the Grand Lodge maintained its headquarters, and a new charter was granted the following year. The sessions of the Grand Lodge were held in the city of Savannah until 1850, when the head quarters were removed to Macon. No session was held in 1864, owing to the fact that there was no money in the treasury to de fray the expenses of the meeting, the lack of funds having been caused by the heavy demands upon the resources of the order during the war. In 1869 the constitution was amended so that the sessions could be held at such places as the Grand Lodge might designate at a regular meeting. At the time the Grand Lodge was organized there were seven lodges in the state. The report for May, 1905, shows 285 lodges with a membership of 23,528. Many of the subordinate lodges own their places of meeting and the order is in a prosperous condition.
Odell, a post-hamlet of Forsyth county, is about eight miles southwest of Gumming and not far from the Milton county line. The most convenient railroad station is Suwanee.
Odessadale, a town in the western part of Meriwether county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, and in 1900 reported a popula tion of 139. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free deliv ery, an express office, some mercantile concerns, and is a shipping point for a rich agricultural district.
Odomville, a village in the extreme western part of Emanuel county, is on the Wadley & Mount Vernon railroad, a short dis tance north of Adrain. It has a money order postoffice, an express

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

office, some mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 had a

population of 50.

Odum, a village of Wayne county, is on the Macon & Brunswick

division of the Southern railroad, ten miles west of Jesup. It has

a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and

telegraph offices, and is a trading and shipping point for that part

of the county.

... ,,

Oelschig, August Carl, one of the lead-

::: ^f^' ^ ^

ing florists of the city of Savannah, was

:V;;j;hT;jj:;;jh:;Mfc :-:^

born in the kingdom of Saxony, Ger

many, Nov. 27, 1848, and was reared and

educated in the fatherland, where he

continued to reside until 1.874, when he

came to America, dependent upon his

own resources for making his way in

life. On Long Island, N. Y., he learned

the florist's trade and business, becoming

familiar with all details of the work. In

1881 he came to Georgia and took up his

residence in Savannah, establishing a

small greenhouse on Anderson street, and also engaging in the

raising of roses on an extensive scale, for the -wholesale market.

In 1890 he established his present greenhouses, on Moore avenue,

accessible to the center of the city by the Thunderbolt electric line,

and his eldest son, Carl H., is now associated with him in business,

under the firm name of A. C. Oelschig & Son. With the aid of

his wife and son Mr. Oelschig has here built up one of the most

extensive greenhouse plants purveying to the Savannah and whole

sale trade in this section. The plant includes eleven greenhouses,

with 75,000 square feet of glass. The firm also make a specialty

of raising rubber plants on a large scale, for the wholesale market,

the concern being undoubtedly the largest growers and shippers

of rubber plants in the United States. Mr. Oelschig had but a lim

ited capital when he arrived in Savannah, and his pronounced

success stands in evidence of his energy, progressive ideas and bus

iness sagacity. He is the owner of one of the beautiful suburban

homes of Savannah, finding great pleasure in improving and beau

tifying his property. He is a member of the Savannah chamber of

commerce, and is identified with the Knights of Pythias, the Ger

man Friendly society, and the Gesangverein Frohsinn club. On

April 4, 1882, he was united in marriage to Miss Anna Elizabeth

Wagner, who was born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, Feb. 21, 1853,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA
being a daughter of Johann Heinrich and Catherine (Schneider) Wagner. Mr. and Mrs. Oelschig have six children, namely: Carl H., Albert C, Edna S. Anna C, Philipena Marie Elizabeth and
Olga Frances.
Oertel, Theodore E., M. D., specialist
in the treatment of tuberculosis and the
diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, is one of the popular and successful
practitioners of the city of Augusta. He was born in Westerly, Washington
county, R. I., April 20, 1864, a son of
Rev. John A. Oertel, D. D., who was
born in Germany, and Julia A. (Torrey)
Oertel, who was bora in Newark, N.
J. Rev. Dr. Oertel is 'a clergyman of
the Protestant Episcopal church and is
an artist of distinguished talent, his painting entitled "Rock of Ages" having given him a world wide reputation, reproductions of the same being now found in thousands of homes. He and his wife now reside in Vienna, Va. Dr. Theodore E. Oertel secured his more purely literary ed ucation chiefly in the schools of the Protestant Episcopal cathedral at Garden City, Long Island, N. Y., and he was graduated in the medical department of the George Washington university, at Wash ington, D. C., as a member of the class of 1893, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1893 he was engaged in post graduate work in the city of Chicago; in 1893-5 was pathologist in West Side German dispensary in New York city; and in 1896 he came to Georgia for the purpose of establishing a pathological department in the state hospital for the insane, at Milledgeville. He there remained as pathologist for nearly three years, at the ex piration of which, in the autumn of 1898, he located in Augusta, where he has since been actively engaged in the work of his profes sion, as a specialist in the lines noted, having built up a very large practice and one which brings to him patients from Georgia and ad joining states. Since 1898 he has held the chair of histology and bacteriology in the Medical College of Georgia, which is a depart ment of the state university. He is a member of the American medical association and the Medical Association of Georgia, as well as the Richmond county medical society, of which last mentioned he is an ex-president. In the state association he is chairman of the committee on tuberculosis; is the author of a valuable and author-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

itative textbook, entitled Medical Microscopy, published in 1902; and is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church, as is also Mrs. Oertel. On April 24, 1893, Doctor Oertel was united in marriage to Miss Marie Cecile Rollings, of Washington, D. C., and they have one son, Robb Church Oertel, born March 31, 1898.
Offerman, a town in the northern part of Pierce county, reported a population of 500 in 1900. It is located at the junction of the Atlantic Coast Line and the Atlantic & Birmingham railways, the former connecting it with Savannah and the latter with Bruns wick, giving it ready access to the seacoast. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, a large saw-mill, several good stores and the customary school and
church accommodations. Ogeechee, a village of Screven county, is on the main line of the
Central of Georgia railroad, a few miles northwest of Dover. It has a money order postoffice. from which several free delivery routes supply mail to the rural districts, express and telegraph service, some mercantile and shipping interests, schools, churches, etc., and in 1900 reported a population of 73.
Ogeechee Canal. This is an artificial water-way between the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers. (See Canals). As Sherman drew his lines of investment about the city of Savannah in December, 1864, there was some skirmishing along this canal as the Confeder ate outposts were retired upon the main body of Hardee's forces.
Ogeechee Ferry. In the early spring of 1780 the Americans under Twiggs, Dooly, Clarke, Few and Jones were engaged in de fending the frontier against the depredations of McGirth's Tories and Indians. Toward the latter part of March Colonel Pickens, with part of his regiment from South Carolina, formed a junction with Twiggs and Captain Inman, and with their combined force, amounting to about 300 men, they marched down the Ogeechee river, hoping to surprise and perhaps capture McGirth. They found him in Liberty county, killed some of his men, took three or four prisoners, but McGirth, through the fleetness of his horse and his perfect knowledge of the country managed to escape. The British general at Savannah, hearing of the presence of the Amer icans on the Ogeechee, and supposing it to be only a small party, sent Captain Conklin, with 66 men, to disperse them. Conklin left Savannah at three o'clock on the morning of April 4th and reached Ogeechee Ferry about ten. Having been informed by some negroes as to the position of the Americans, he divided his men, intending to gain the right flank and attack from two sides simultaneously. Pick-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

29

ens and Twiggs could see the British as they were crossing the river and thus became aware of the design. They accordingly concealed the main body of their troops and sent Captain Inman, with twenty dragoons, to draw the enemy into close action where the whole force might be captured. Inman was too hasty in opening the engagement, which compelled the main body to expose themselves before the plan had an opportunity to succeed. Conklin was mor tally wounded early in the action, Lieutenant Roney was wounded, two British soldiers killed and seven wounded, and the rest scat tered through the surrounding swamps. The Americans then burned Governor Wright's barn to prevent 350 barrels of rice stored there from falling into the hands of the enemy who were then engaged in collecting supplies for the army at Savannah.
Ogeechee River. This stream rises in Greene county and flows in a southeasterly direction until it empties into Ossabaw sound, forming for the last few miles of its course the boundary between Chatham and Bryan counties.
During the early days of December, 1864, as Sherman's army was advancing upon Savannah, the Seventeenth corps followed the course of the Ogeechee river, on the north side of the stream, while the Fifteenth in two columns was on the south side, the most southern column passing through Statesboro. In crossing the river at Jenk's Bridge, on December 7th, the northern column was re sisted by a small force of Confederates, which was finally forced to retire in the face of the superior strength of the enemy.
Ogeechee Road, Skirmish May 21, 1782. (See Baillou's Cause way).
Oglesby, a post-hamlet of Elbert county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, about five miles west of Elberton. It has a telegraph office, and express office, some mercantile concerns, and is a trading center for the adjacent district.
Oglethorpe, the county seat of Macon county, is located on the west side of the Flint river and a short distance from Montezuma. It has express and telegraph offices, a court house, valued at $20,000, several neat brick stores, a money order post-office with rural free delivery and a bank. There are also a system of public schools, an excellent high school where boys and girls are prepared for a collegiate course, and good church privileges for the citizens. The population of the town in 1900 was 545, and of the militia district 2,174.
Oglethorpe County was laid out in 1793 and a part was given to Greene in 1794. The boundaries were somewhat changed in 1799,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

when parts of Oglethorpe were given to Greene, and parts of Greene were added to Oglethorpe. A part was given to Madison in 1811 and'a portion taken from Clarke in 1813. Another portion was set off to Taliaferro in 1813 and still another part to Madison county in 1831. The county was named for James Edward Ogle thorpe, founder and first governor of Georgia. It lies a little north east of the center of the state and is bounded on the north by Mad ison county, on the northeast by Elbert, on the east by Wilkes, on the southeast by Wilkes and Taliaferro, on the south by Greene, and on the west by Clarke and Oconee. The Broad and Oconee rivers, with their tributaries, drain the land. There are valuable water-powers, especially at Watson's and Andrews shoals. The surface is hilly and the soils are the result of the decomposition of granite, slate, gneiss and hornblendic slates. The productions are principally cotton, sweet and Irish potatoes, field and ground peas and the cereals. The county is well adapted to the raising of forage crops. Dairy farming and the raising of cattle for the market are two important occupations. No section of the state produces finer fruits and melons, but none are exported. Oak, pine, hickoryr poplar, ash, birch, maple, gum, dogwood and cedar timbers are com mon, and about twenty sawmills are engaged in converting these timbers into lumber. The county has an abundance of trap rock for road material, and granite of unsurpassed quality is found. Gold is now being mined and two gold mills are in operation. Lexington is the county seat, and Smithonia is a manufacturing town. The population of the county in 1900 was 17,881, an increase of 930 since 1890. The Athens branch of the Georgia railroad crosses the county in the western part, and a short road known as the Smithonia, Danielsville & Carnesville connects with the Seaboard Air Line at Colbert. Lexington is connected with the Georgia railroad by a short line called the Lexington Terminal. This town has been the home of quite a number of Georgia's noted sons, among whom may be mentioned William H. Crawford, Thomas W. Cobb, Stephen Upson, George R. Gilmer and the Lumpkins.
Oglethorpe, James Edward, founder and first governor of Georgia, was born in London, England, June 1, 1689, and was of a noted fam ily. One of his ancestors was a member of the household of Charles II, and his father, General Oglethorpe, led the army of James II, against the Prince of Orange. James Edward was educated at the Corpus Christi college, Oxford, and upon leaving college entered the army, where he attained the rank of general. For thirty-two years he represented Hazlemere in Surrey in Parliament and it was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA,

31

while serving on a committee to inquire into the condition of jails that he conceived the idea of aiding the honest debtor by trans planting him to a colony in America. The plan at once met with favor. Parliament voted $50,000, many private citizens contrib uted to its success and King George granted the lands between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers for the colony. After a year, in this country he returned to England and in 1734 sent over 150 new colonists, Salzburgers and Scotch Highlanders. In 1735 he fol lowed with 300 more, among whom were the Wesley brothers. Finding affairs in an unsettled condition he exerted all his energies to place the colony on a firmer basis by making friends with the Indians and providing protection against the encroachments of the Spanish in Florida. In 1743 he went to England to refute charges made against him by Lieutenant-Colonel Cooke. Although he was exonerated he did not return to the colony as his means were by this time quite exhausted. He was recognized as the gov ernor of Georgia, however, until the surrender of the charter of 1752. At the beginning of the Revolution General Oglethorpe was offered command of the British troops in America, but refused to accept it unless he should be allowed to conciliate the colonists. The place was then given to General Gage. His last years were spent at Cranham Hall, where he was known as a patron of liter ature and the arts. His own account of "The St. Augustine Cam paign" was published in 1742, and his "New and Accurate Account of the Colonies of Georgia and South Carolina," with many of his letters, are to be found in the collections of the Georgia Historical Society. He died at Cranham Hall, July 1, 1785.
Oglethorpe University. A division of the interests of the Geor gia Educational Society led the trustees of the Midway seminary to tender that institution to the Hopewell Presbytery, which ac cepted it and appointed a committee to report on the advisability of elevating it to the rank of a college. That was in the spring of 1835. At the fall meeting of the Presbytery in the same year the committee recommended the establishment of a college. A board of twenty-four trustees was appointed, the name of Oglethorpe university adopted for the new institution, and Midway, Baldwin county, selected as the location. The university was chartered in the ensuing December and on Nov. 24, 1836, the organization was perfected by the election'of officers and a faculty. The corner stone was laid on the last day of March, 1837, though the main building had been commenced in the August before. The univer sity was opened in January, 1838, and the first class was graduated

32

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in the fall of 1839. For want of funds the exercises were suspended during the latter years of the Civil war. The financial difficulties continued until March, 1870, when the board decided to remove the school to Atlanta. The exercises were accordingly resumed in that city in October following, with Dr. David Willis as presi dent, but in 1872 the institution was closed altogether.
Ohoopee, a town in the eastern part of Toombs county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, five miles from Lyons. In 1900 the population was 205. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some good stores, and is a shipping point of con siderable importance.
Okefmokee Swamp. This great bog is located in southeastern Georgia, in the counties of Charlton, Ware and Clinch. It is about forty-five miles long and has an average breadth of thirty-five miles. The Indian name of the swamp was Ecunfinocau, meaning "Quiv ering Earth." According to their traditions one of the islands in it was inhabited by a peculiar tribe, the men of which were very warlike and the women exceedingly beautiful. Some hunters are said to have once penetrated so far into the swamp, in pursuit of game, that they lost their way and were in danger of perishing, when they were given food by some of the beautiful women of the strange island, and at the same time warned to depart to escape the cruelty of their husbands. These hunters claimed to have seen the homes of the tribe, but as they tried to approach the island it kept constantly receding before them as if enchanted. When they told their story to their own tribe some of the young warriors were in favor of invading and conquering the island, but it could never again be discovered. Several streams have their source in the Okefinokee swamp, while fish and game abound in the lakes and on the islands. One of the islands is known by the name of "Billy's Island," as it was once the home of the celebrated Seminole chief, Billy Bowlegs. The soil is prodigiously fertile and there has been some suggestion of taking the muck and mixing it with the sandy and clay lands in the adjacent territory as a ferti lizer. On Oct. 29, 1889, an act was passed by the legislature, au thorizing the sale of the swamp to the Suwanee Canal Company, which was organized for the purpose of draining the swamp in order to get the valuable yellow pine and cypress timber that grows on the islands. The swamp was sold for about 26 cents an acre and the company attempted to open a canal to the St. Mary's river. The scheme proved to be impracticable as the sand filled the canal and the topography of the swamp is of such a character that

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

S3

sufficient fall can not be obtained to insure a good current. The company next tried to construct a railroad across the swamp. By this means they were able to get a lot of the cypress timber into market, but the enterprise, like the canal, was finally abandoned as being too expensive to warrant completion. In 1897 the com pany was declared insolvent and its affairs were wound up by a receiver.
Oliver, one of the important towns of Screven county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railroad system, not far from the Effingham county line. The population in 1900 was 350. It has some mercantile and manufacturing establishments, a money order postoffice, from which radiate several free delivery routes, express and telegraph service, good schools and church privileges, and does considerable shipping.
Oliver, Francis McDonald, a leading attorney of Savannah, Ga., was born in Montgomery, Ala., April 11, 1872. He is the second child and oldest son of Joseph Samuel and Nannie (Roberts) Oliver, both of whom were born and reared near Georgetown, the county seat of Quitman county, Ga. His grandfather, James M. Oliver, was born in Twiggs county, Ga., but in early life, after his mar riage to Mary Ann Reddish, a native of Warrenton, Ga., removed to Quitman county. He was a soldier in the Confederate Army, enlisting as a private in Company F, Thirty-second Georgia regi ment, at Charleston, S. C., May 9, 1864, and continued in active service until the surrender of his brigade at Greensboro, N. C. on April 26, 1865. Shortly after the war he was elected sheriff of Quitman county and held this position continuously, for years. For four years he was tax-receiver of Quitman county, and for sixteen years, was clerk of the superior court of that county. Shortly before his death, on Jan. 13, 1903, he had just been elected clerk for the ninth consecutive term. Had he served the unexpired term, he would have completed a continuous service of eighteen years as clerk. Joseph Samuel Oliver was the second child, and oldest son of James M. Oliver. He was born May 20, 1849. On Jan, 9, 1868, he married Miss Nannie C. Roberts. The children of this marriage are, Annie B., wife of N. B. Bryan, of Kissimmee, Fla.; Mary Ola, wife of Rev. Jasper C. Massee, of Raleigh, N. C.; Edgar J., a practicing attorney in Savannah, Ga.; Ruby, now resid ing with her mother in Kissimmee; Thaddeus S., a student at the Georgia school of technology, and Francis McDonald. Joseph Samuel Oliver resided at Kissimmee, Osceola county, Fla., from April, 1885 to his death on Nov. 28, 1901. His business was that
3-III

34

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of a railroad contractor and builder. Among the railroads con structed by him, were the Toccoa & Elberton; a part of the Spartanburg & Asheville line ; a part of the Georgia Southern & Florida; The South Bound railroad, from Savannah, Ga., to Columbia, S. C, now a part of the Seaboard Air Line Ry.; The Carolina Midland, from Barnwell to Allandale, S. C., now a part of the Southern system; The Florida East Coast, from Daytona, to Rockledg'e, and the Carrabelle, Tallahassee & Georgia railroad. He repre sented Osceola county in the legislature for two consecutive terms. Francis McDonald Oliver received his early education in the public schools of Georgia and Florida, which was supplemented by a four years course in the Florida state college at Lake City, where he graduated in 1892 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1894 he entered Vanderbilt university at Nashville, Tenn., graduating from the law department in June, 1896 with the degree of LL. B. During his two years at Vanderbilt he did post graduate work in history and economics. While at the Florida state college, Mr. Oliver won the honor medals in language, history, .science, oratory and essay. At Vanderbilt he received the "Founders Medal" in oratory and the "Debaters Medal." After his graduation from Vanderbilt, Mr. Oliver, on July 3, 1896, went to Savannah, Ga., where he began the practice of his profession, becoming in the office of Barrow & Osborne an associate of Ex-United States sena tor Pope Barrow, and solicitor-general W. W. Osborne. On Jan. 1, 1898, he formed a law partnership with Judge H. D. D. Twiggs, who had about that time removed to Savannah from Augusta. The firm name of Twiggs & Oliver was adopted and has so contin ued since that date. This is one of the most influential law firms in the city of Savannah. Mr. Oliver is a Democrat. In January, 1904 he was elected to the aldermanic board of his city, and has continuously served in that capacity since his initial election. He is a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity, the Savannah lodge Knights of Pythias, The Savannah Yacht club, the Savannah Vol unteer Guards and is a consistent member of the First Baptist church. On April 16, 1902, Mr. Oliver was married to Julia Peck Ashurst, a daughter of Charles F. and Carrie (Peck) Ashurst of Montgomery, Ala.
Oliver, George Duncan, of Blakely, the incumbent of the office of ordinary of Early county, is an ex-member of the state legisla ture, an able member of the bar of his county. He was born in Dougherty county, Ga., May 1, 1852, and is a son of Joshua Braddy and Sarah A. (Dupree) Oliver, the former born in North Carolina

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

35

and the latter in Georgia. He attended school in Plattville^ Early county, studied law in the office of McGill & O'Neill, of Bainbridge, and was admitted to the bar in 1875 in Colquitt. He began practice in Blakely in 1885, has been successful as an attorney and counselor and has gained recognition as one of the progressive and public-spirited citizens of Early county. In 1888-9 he repre sented Early county in the state legislature, and he served as judge of the county court two terms, under appointment by Governor Atkinson, though this judicial office has now been abolished throughout the state, by legislative enactment. Judge Oliver was mayor of Blakely three years and in October, 1904, was elected ordinary of the count}'. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. In November, 1897, Judge Oliver was united in marriage to Miss Sadie Jameson, daughter of William C. Jameson, of Talbot county, Ga.
Olley's Creek is a little stream in Cobb county. On June 27, 1864 after the repulse of the Federal forces at Kennesaw mountain, Sherman sent a flanking party down the valley of this creek toward the Chattahoochee. The movement was successful, causing Johnston to abandon his position north of Marietta on the 2nd of July.
Ollie, a post-village of Gilmer county, with a population of 47, is about ten miles northwest of Ellijay, which is the most con venient railroad station.
Olympia, a town of Lowndes county, is on the Valdosta South ern railroad, not far from the Florida state line. In 1900 it reported a population of 164. It is the principal trading center for that sec tion of the county and has important shipping interests.
Omaha, a town in the western part of Stewart county, was incor porated by act of the legislature on Oct. 5, 1891. It is on the Sea board Air Line railroad, in the Mineral Springs militia district, and in 1900 reported a population of 152. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some good stores, schools, churches, etc. Besides the railroad facilities the town is near enough to the Chattahoochee river to profit by the rates offered by the river traffic, which makes it a good shipping point for the products of the surrounding country.
Gmar, a post-hamlet of Wayne county, is about five.miles north of Screven, which is the, nearest railroad station.
Omecron, a post-hamlet of Wilkinson county, is eight miles northeast of Allentown, which is the nearest railroad station.

36

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Omega, a village in the southern part of Worth county, is on the Fitzgerald & Thomasville division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railway, and not far from the Colquitt county line. It has a money order postoffice, an express office, some mercantile interests, etc.
O'Neill, James J., one of the represen tative business men of Rome, Floyd county, where he conducts the largest saw mill, lumber and planing mill busi ness in northern Georgia, one of the largest enterprises of the sort in the state, is a veteran of the Confederate service in the Civil war and has passed his entire life in Georgia. He was born
in Cherokee county, April 26, 1844, and was there reared and educated. He is a son of Capt. John B. and Nancy (Blythe) O'Neill, the former born in South Caro lina and the latter in Cherokee county, Ga. Capt. John B. O'Neill enlisted in the Confederate ranks at the beginning of the Civil war as captain of Company A, Eighteenth regiment, Georgia Volun teers, and was wounded in the second battle of Manassas. The injury was so severe that he was never afterward able for field service, and passed the remainder of his life in Cobb county, where his wife also died. The family was also represented in the war of the Revolution. James J. O'Neill was seventeen years of age at the time of the outbreak of the war between the states. He en tered the military service of the state of Georgia in 1861, as ser geant in Company A, First regiment, Fourth Georgia brigade. After being in rendezvous two months the command went to Vir ginia and entered the Confederate service, being numbered as the Eighteenth Georgia infantry. This was the Georgia regiment that was brigaded with three Texas regiments to form what was known as Hood's Texas Brigade, famous for its reckless daring in battle. Sergeant O'Neill shared fully in the service of this brigade at the battles of West Point, Seven Pines, Seven Days' battle before Richmond, Mechanicsville, Cold Harbor, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Kelly's Ford and Thoroughfare Gap. In the second battle of Manassas he captured the flag of the Twenty-fourth New York regiment. In this engagement his father, Capt. J. B. O'Neill, was seriously wounded and was furloughed to his home, carrying the captured flag with him. He gave the flag to private Northcutt, of his company, to convey the same to a member of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

37

legislature and through the latter to the governor of the state at Milledgeville, and by some means Northcutt was given credit for the capture of the flag, as is shown in the reports of Forty-second Georgia records. Following closely on Manassas were the battles of South Mountain and Sharpsburg, Md., in which Sergeant O'Neill participated, and later he took part in the battles of Fredericksburg, the Wilderness, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, after which he was transferred to the Western Army as a private in the Sixth Georgia cavalry, and was under command of Gen. Joe Wheeler. Private O'Neill took part in the battles of Chickamauga, Sweetwater, Philadelphia, London and Dandridge, at which last men tioned place he was promoted to first sergeant. He was also in the siege of Knoxville and the engagements at Bean's Station and Mossy Creek (Now Jefferson City), at which last point he was seriously wounded, Dec. 29, 1863. He was thereafter in hospital until sent home on a furlough. On recuperating he joined his reg iment at Resaca and took part in the engagement at that place as first sergeant in command of his company. In the battle of New Hope Church he was promoted to second lieutenant, in which rank he was often in command of his company. He took part in the bat tles of Jones' Farm, McAfee's Cross Roads, Latimer's Mill, Kenesaw Mountain, and the engagement near Smyrna, was in all of the battles around Atlanta and assisted in the capture of Stoneman and his command, as well as the driving of Cook and Garrard across the Chattahoochee river. He rode with Wheeler and his men on the famous raid through northern Georgia and Tennessee, fighting and skirmishing day and night. While crossing the Cum berland mountains he was captured by the notorious bushwacker, Blackburn, but escaped by taking desperate chances, and rejoined his regiment. Returning in time to see the destruction of Atlanta, he assisted in fighting Sherman's cavalry night and day, on the famous march to the sea, and after the fall of Savannah took part in the operations in the Carolinas, including the battle of Aiken, where his horse was shot under him, and also the battle of Bentonville. He surrendered near Greensboro, N. C, under the capitu lation of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, April 26, 1865. After the close of his gallant and faithful military career Captain O'Neill located in Marietta, where for some time he was employed as a clerk in a mercantile establishment and where, in 1865, he was united in mar riage to Miss Mary A. Cook. He finally engaged in the lumber and milling business, with which he has ever since been identified. In 1881 he established himself in this line of enterprise in Rome,

38

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

beginning operations on a small scale and from this modest incep tion evolving the fine industrial enterprise controlled by the O'Neill Manufacturing Company, of which he is president, and his son, James H., vice-president. The plant of the company is the largest in the northern part of the state and there are only two larger in the entire state. Employment is given to an average of 100 workmen, and the output includes general planing-mill work, sash, doors, blinds, etc. The products are sold principally in Vir ginia, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky and other states further to the north, and the company has four lumber yards in West Virginia, handling all kinds of stock from the headquarters, in addition to the man ufactured products. Captain O'Neill is arrayed as a stanch sup porter of the Democratic party, though never a seeker of office, and is identified with the United Confederate Veterans. Captain and Mrs. O'Neill became the parents of three children, Leni L., James H. and Louise, all of whom are living.
Onida, a post-village of Liberty county, is about fifteen miles northwest of Hinesville and not far from the Cannouchee river. Groveland is the nearest railroad station.
Oostanaula, is a river in the northwestern part of the state, flow ing a general southerly direction until it unites with the Etowah at Rome to form the Coosa. There is also a village of the same name in the western part of Gordon county. It is a station on the Southern railroad, at the point where it crosses the Oostanaula river, and in 1900 had a population of 60. In the Federal advance on Rome in May, 1864, a slight skirmish occurred near the village. (See Rome).
Ophelia, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is about twelve miles northwest of Washington, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Ophir, a post-village of Cherokee county, with a population of 55, is about ten 1 miles northeast of Canton and near the Forsyth county line. The nearest railroad station is Ball Ground, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Opper, Frederick H., cashier of the Savannah Brewing Com pany and president of both the Southern Paving Gravel Company and the General Building Supply Company of Savannah, was born in the city of Cassel, capital of the Province of Hesse-Nassau, Prussia, Jan. 22, 1874. He is a son of Charles G. and Augusta C. (Rueppel) Opper, both of whom were likewise born in Prussia, where the latter still resides. Her husband, who was a merchant by vocation, died in 1888. Frederick H. Opper secured his educa-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

39

tional training in the excellent schools of his native land, having been graduated in the Realschule, in the city of Cassel, as a mem ber of the class of 1889, there learning the English language, a fact
which greatly contributed to his success
after coming to America. In 1891 Mr.
Opper came to the United States, land
ing in New York city and soon afterward
embarked on a steamship for Georgia.
He remained a few weeks in Brunswick,
this state, and then took up his residence
in Savannah, where he has since remained
He arrived in Savannah with but eleven
dollars in his pocket, and his first work
was that of a day laborer at a stipend of
one dollar a day. On Jan. 1, 1895, he en
tered the employ of the Savannah Brew ing Company, in the capacity of shipping clerk, and on May 1, 1902, he was promoted to the office of cashier, of which he has since remained the incumbent. In 1902 he organized the Southern Pav ing Gravel Company of which he has been president from the start, and in 1904, he organized the General Building Supply Com pany, of which he is president, the first mentioned concern being incorporated. He is a member of the Savannah chamber of com merce; is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks; the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; and the Knights of Pythias; holds membership in the Savannah Music club, the Ger man club, the German Volunteers, the German Singing society, the Knights of Fidelity; and his religious faith is that of the Luth eran church, in which he was reared. Mr. Opper is well known in Savannah musical circles, being the possessor of a ,fine baritone voice, exceptionally well cultivated. For the past seven years he has been a member of the choir of the Independent Presbyterian church, the wealthiest church organization in the city of Savannah. On Oct. 11, 1905, Mr. Opper was united in marriage to Nellie Louise Brown second daughter of John Herbert and Ida (Streeter)
Brown of Cedar Ledge, Pa. Oran, a post-hamlet of Murray county, is four miles northeast of
Spring Place. Dalton is the most convenient railroad station. Orange, a post-village of Cherokee county, with a population of
74, is about ten miles northeast of Canton, which is the nearest railroad station.

40

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Orchard Hill, a village of Spalding county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railroad, not far from the Pike county line. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, some mercantile and shipping inter ests, and in 1900 reported a population of 118.
Oremont, a post-village in the northwestern part of Polk county, is on the Southern railway, about ten miles from Cedartown. It is a trading center and shipping point for that part of the county, and in 1900 reported a population of 172.
Orient, a post-hamlet of Gwinnett county, is about five miles southeast of Gloster, which is the nearest railroad station.
Orland, a post-hamlet of Montgomery county, is on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad, not far from the Laurens county line.
Orletta, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Stewart coun ty, is not far from the Chattahoochee river. Omaha is the nearest railroad station.
Orme, Aquilla Johns, is one of the rep resentative attorneys of the younger gen eration in the city of Atlanta, and in the capital city his success in his chosen pro fession has been of no secondary order. He was born in Atlanta, April 30, 1874, a son of Aquilla Johns Orme, Sr., born in Dauphin, Pa., Jan. 23, 1838, and Kate (Harman) Orme, born in Forsyth, Ga., Feb. 19, 1850. The father enlisted in 1861 as a soldier in the Confederate ser vice, becoming quartermaster's guard in the First Georgia infantry, and took part in all the engagements in which the regiment was involved. He was one of the number lost on the Laurel Hill retreat, when he went six days without food. His father, Archibald Orme, was a soldier in the war of 1812, and in the ancestral line two representa tives, Col. Archibald Orme and Col. Richard McAllister, were gal lant officers in the Continental forces in the war of the Revolution. The subject of this sketch is a descendant also of Ninan Beall, who served in the earlier colonial wars. Rev. John Orme, D. V. M., was the original American progenitor. He was born in England, in 1691, and came to America in 1720, in answer to an appeal made by the Presbyterians of America to the Presbyterian synod of England, and continued in the work of the ministry until his death. In the maternal line Mr. Orme is a grandson of Zachariah Edward

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

41

and Apsyllah Anne Harman, the former of whom was an able

lawyer, and a great-grandson of Zachariah Harman, who served

in the war of 1812. He is also a descendant of Capt. John Holmes,

Capt. William Bentley and John Milner, each of whom was an

American officer in the war of the Revolution, and of John Milner,

who served in the colonial wars. Mr. Orme secured his earlier ed

ucational training in the public schools of Atlanta and thereafter

graduated at the Virginia military institute, Lexington, Va., in

1893. He then took up the study of law under able preceptorship

and was admitted to the bar of his native state in 1894, since which

time he has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Atlan

ta. In 1903 he was appointed by Gov. Jos. M. Terrell to the posi

tion of solicitor of the criminal court of Atlanta. He is a member

of the Georgia bar association, the Masonic fraternity, the Inde

pendent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Im

proved Order of Red Men, the Capital City club and the Piedmont

Driving club, enjoying distinctive popularity in the business and

social circles of the fair city of his birth. He has never deviated

from, the path of close allegiance to the Democratic party, is a

zealous member of the First Baptist church, and a member also of

its committee on finance. On April 6, 1899, Mr. Orme was united

in marriage to Miss Callie Cobb Jackson, daughter of Henry and

Sally (Cobb) Jackson, of Athens, Ga., and they have three children,

Aquilla Johns, Jr., born March 22, 1900; Sarah Cobb, born Aug.

20, 1902; and Callie Jackson, born Jan. 13, 1905.

Orr, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is almost on the Pickens

county line, and is four miles east of Keasley, which is the nearest

railroad station.

Orr, Gustavus John, was born at Orr-

,::;;llllllillls::,

ville, Anderson county, then designated

;i^^fm^9im.

as district, S. C, Aug. 9, 1819. His

father, James Orr, was born in Mecklen

burg county, N. C., Sept. 26, 1774, and

his mother, Anne (Anderson) Orr, was

born in Anderson county, S. C., Aug. 20,

1792. His mother's father, James An

derson, a Virginian by birth, was a pa

triot captain during the war of the Revo

lution, at the close of which he settled

in what was then known as Pendle-

ton district, S. C., afterward named An

derson district, in honor of his elder brother, Gen. Robert Ander-

42

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

son. James Orr, father of the subject of this memoir, was of Scotch-Irish descent, and was reared to maturity in North Caro lina. From that state he removed to South Carolina, giving his name to the locality where Gustavus J. was born, and later in life removed to Jackson county, Ga., where his son grew to manhood. The latter was educated in the University of Georgia, then known as Franklin college, and in Emory college, at Oxford, in which lat ter institution he was graduated in 1844. While at Athens as a student in the university he had as college mates Thomas R. R. Cobb, Samuel Hall, Joseph Le Conte, W. H. Felton, Linton Steph ens, J. L. M. Curry and Benjamin H. Hill. The last named was his classmate and both were members of the Demosthenean society. Young Orr stood first in his class, and in debate ranked next to Mr. Hill. At Emory college his most intimate associate was L. Q. C. Lamar. He chose law as his profession but soon after graduation was chosen assistant in the preparatory department of, and tutor in Emory college, and held these positions for a time. Later he began the study of law, in the office of B. H. Overby, of Jefferson, Ga. Circumstances caused him to resume teaching, and he was. thus engaged first at Jefferson, and later at Covington. Being offered the chair of mathematics in Emory college, he at first declined it, with a view of forming a law partnership with Judge John J. Floyd, of Covington, but, being persistently urged, he at last ac cepted and from January, 1849, until 1867 he filled this position, with credit to himself and profit to his pupils. In 1867 he accepted the presidency of the Southern Masonic female college at Covington, and in 1870 became professor of mathematics in Oglethorpe college, at Atlanta. In 1859, while a professor at Emory college, he was appointed, by Gov. Joseph E. Brown, a commissioner on the part of Georgia to run the boundary line between Georgia and Flor ida, the same having never been satisfactorily determined. When, through a decision of the supreme court of the United States and a concurrent act of the legislatures of each state involved, nothing was left to be done except to make an accurate and scientific sur vey, Mr. Orr, on the part of Georgia, and B. F. Whitner, in behalf of Florida, made this survey, in the winter of 1859-60. The two legislatures had decided that if the two surveyors should come within one-fourth of a mile of Ellicott's Mound, the line thus sur veyed should be accepted. In fact the surveyors missed this ob jective point by only twenty-four feet, in a line one hundred and fifty-eight miles in length. The line thus surveyed is to-day the boundary line between Georgia and Florida. On Jan. 15, 1872,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

43

Gov. James M. Smith sent together to the senate the names of Gustavus J. Orr to be state school commissioner and Hiram War ner to be chief justice of the supreme court. Both were unanimous ly confirmed. These were the first appointments under a Demo cratic administration after the days of reconstruction. Mr. Orr was thereafter reappointed, by the advice and consent of the senate, six times in succession and by five governors, namely: James M. Smith, Alfred H. Colquitt, Alexander H. Stephens, Henry D. McDaniel, and John B. Gordon. In none of these instances was there any opposing candidate, and his incumbency of the office termi nated only with his death. Doctor Orr was as truly the father of public education in Georgia as was Horace Mann the father of the public-school system of Massachusetts. The first school law, en acted in 1870, was modeled upon a report made by him as chairman of a committee of the Georgia Teachers' association, in 1869, and in 1873, at the request of Judge William M. Reese, then a senator, he drafted the general school law of that year. Thereafter he framed almost every important act relating to the common schools. Not only was his influence thus felt in affirmative legislation, but he also had to stand constantly on the defensive to protect and foster the interests which lay so close to his heart. At every ses sion of the general assembly open or covert assaults were made on the school system and bills were offered to abolish it outright or else to accomplish that end under.the guise of bettering the law. These had to be met and defeated, and his efforts along this line were constant and indefatigable. The difficulties of his work, especially at the outset, are hard to realize. In the first place, an effort had been made, under the first school law, to put public schools in operation with no funds in sight, and this had resulted in a school debt which was hard to manage. Many of the people were opposed to public schools because they thought them a "Yankee" institution; many of the religious people because they thought them "Godless schools;" and many more because the negro must have schools as well as the white. In combating op position and awakening favorable sentiment Doctor Orr wrote thousands of letters, issued many official circulars, published numer ous articles in the newspapers of the state, and delivered hundreds of addresses all over Georgia. His annual reports contained many recommendations which were acted upon only after his death and some of which, especially the matter of local taxation for rural schools, are only now being accepted by the people of the state. In addition to all the ordinary duties of his office he was in control

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in this state of the Peabody fund, being the trusted representative first of Doctor Sears and afterward of Doctor Curry. This fund was wisely administered, largely in free scholarships for the educa tion of teachers and in normal institutes in different parts of the state, under his general personal supervision. Doctor Orr was widely known among the educators of the United States. While he impressed Sir George Campbell, member of parliament, ("White and Black in the United States," page 373), as a "thorough old southerner" and as being "extremely reasonable for an out-and-out southern man," he was listened to with the highest respect by northern educational audiences everywhere and on a number of occasions by committees of the United States senate and house of representatives. He was gifted in presenting his own views when these were antagonistic to those entertained by his audience. In the year 1880 he delivered, from the standpoint of the south, an ad dress on "The Negro," at Chautauqua, N. Y., before the National Educational association, more, perhaps, than nine-tenths of whose members were from the north and west- Immediately thereafter, without being a candidate therefor, he was elected vice-president of that body for the ensuing year, and at the succeeding session received the unsolicited honor of the presidency of the association. Evans, in his valuable History of Georgia, speaks of him, as "an able man, possessing great learning, energy and ability," and of his being "called the father of common schools in Georgia." In Avery's History of Georgia, after mentioning his first appointment, the following occurs: "This was a most admirable selection. A gentleman of erudition, energy, sleepless zeal, crystal purity and integrity, and fine organizing capacity, Mr. Orr has, in the nine years of his continuous incumbency, seen the public-school system flourish and grow under his able direction until its former unpop ularity has been wholly changed and its sterling benefits are every where admitted." Nearly four, years after his death, Hon. Andrew S. Draper, superintendent of public instruction of the state of New York, in an address before the Georgia State Teachers' association, delivered at Brunswick, said: "With some opportunities for spec ial knowledge of the subject, I can not hesitate a moment in saying that the statute books of your state contain a system of school laws, a scheme for the organization and management of the state school system, more comprehensive and judicious, more wise and statesmanlike than is to be found in most states of the Union. If I were asked to name one in which, taking all things together, there were better provisions for securing an efficient state, city and coun-

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45

ty supervision, for regulating the admissions to the teaching ser vice, for selecting trustees and directors, and for directing all the innumerable details of public-school work, I should have the great est difficulty in doing so. I suspect that the educational interests of your people owe a debt of gratitude to the wisdom and expe rience, the discriminating mind and the honest and courageous purpose of Gustavus J. Orr, which was hardly appreciated in his life time but which, as the fruits of his work are gathered, will win for him the honor and esteem of many generations." As a thinker Doctor Orr was noted for the comprehensive view he obtained of any subject which engaged his attention. He seemed to think that he knew nothing of a matter unless his knowledge of it was ex haustive. As a writer and speaker his logic was, perhaps, equalled by the simple elegance of his diction. There was hardly ever any revision of an article once written by him, and an extempore speech when delivered by him could be stenographically reported and published without a single correction. Many details might be named to show the wise management and practical efficiency of his administration, but only one will be here mentioned. During the sixteen years of his incumbency, such was the honesty and economy of his official life and so well was the small school fund of that early day husbanded, that ninety-five per cent, of all money raised reached the teachers, only five per cent, going to all ex penses of administration, state and county. His Christian character was without a blot and his faith in Jesus Christ was that of a little child. Doctor Orr was married on Dec. 30, 1847, to Miss Eliza Caroline Anderson, daughter of Dr. William and Mary D. (Hunter) Anderson, of Orrville, Anderson county, S. C. Following is a brief record concerning their children: William Anderson Orr died in infancy; Judge Edgar H. Orr is a resident of Atlanta; Alice Gertrude died in infancy; Mary Eliza died in Atlanta, Dec. 21, 1900; Anna Gustavia died in infancy, Rev. Gustavus John Orr is principal of the Massey school in Savannah; Mrs. Jessie Olivia Bass resides in Atlanta; Cornelia Agries is a teacher in the public schools of Atlanta; and Angus Elgin is in the railway mail service and resides in Atlanta. Doctor Orr was an active and consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, with which he united in early manhood and in which he continued until his death, which occurred on Dec. 11, 1887.
Orus, a post-hamlet of Colquitt county, is on the Georgia North ern railroad, seven miles northwest of Moultrie. It is also known as Schlev Station.

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Osborn, a post-hamlet of Towns county, is on the headwaters of the Hiawassee river, about six miles southeast of the town of Hiawassee. The nearest railroad station is Clayton.
Osborne, Lyiran S., M. D., one of the leading physicians and surgeons of Irwin county, engaged in the active prac tice of his profession at Fitzgerald, and one of the highly esteemed citizens of that thriving and attractive little city, was born in the city of Janesville, Wis., Jan. 11, 1855. He is a son of William F. and Helen (Shedd) Osborne, both of whom were born in Genesee county, N. Y., in the year 1833, and are now resi dents of the state of California. The father served three years in the Union army during the Civil war, having been a member of Company I, Eighth New York heavy artillery. His great-grandfather, Roswell Osborne, was a soldier in the Continental line during the Revo lution and also served in the.war of 1812 Doctor Osborne secured his preliminary educational discipline in the public schools of Gen esee county, N. Y., after which he became a student in the State normal and training school at Brockport, N. Y. His professional training was received in the medical department of the celebrated University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1878. receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In the following year he located in Waverly, la., where he was engaged in practice one year, at the expiration of which he removed to Big Stone City, Dakota, where he continued in prac tice until 1884. He then engaged in the work of his profession at Kansas City, Mo., remaining there until 1890, when he returned to Waverly, which represented his home and field of endeavor until the autumn of 1897, when he came to Georgia and located in Fitz gerald, where he has since resided and where he controls a large and representative practice. He has made various removals on account of weakness of the lungs, but has found the climate of Georgia most excellent in its effect upon him. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia and of the American medical association; is a Republican in his political views; and fraternally is identified with the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Knights of the Maccabees. Both he and his wife hold membership in the Congregational church. For the past five years he has been

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a valued member of the board of education of Fitzgerald, being secretary of the same at the present time (1905) and having served one year as its president. He has taken a very deep interest in local educational affairs and has done much to improve the schools of Fitzgerald. At his suggestion the schools were entirely reorga nized and a thorough business course has been added to the cur riculum, the schools of Fitzgerald being now recognized as among the best in the state. Dr. Osborn has been a member of the board of pension examiners of Irwin county since 1899, having been appointed by President McKinley. While resident of- South Dako ta he also served three years in this capacity. He is the owner of one of the finest homes in this section of the state and is one of the loyal and public-spirited citizens of his city. On Sept. 24, 1884, he was united in marriage to Miss Laura Smilie, daughter of Francis and Mary (Perry) Smilie, both of whom were born in Ver mont and are now deceased. Ancestors on both sides were soldiers of the colonial army during the war of the Revolution. Dr. and Mrs. Osborne have three children, William Farrand, Helen M.
and Esther L. Osborne, Henry, chief justice of Georgia from March, 1787,
to January, 1789, succeeded John Houston in that office. After the constitution of 1789 went into effect he was the first judge of the superior court in the Western circuit. Sometimes he presided with George Walton at Savannah, and sometimes he sat alone in the Eastern circuit. The old court records show that he remained on the bench until 1791, after which all trace of him appears to have
been lost. Oscarville, a post-village of Forsyth county, with a population
of 63, is twelve miles northeast of Cumming and not far from the Chattahoochee river. Flowery Branch is the most convenient rail
road station. Osgood, a post-village of Berrien county, is on the Georgia
Southern & Florida railroad, six miles north of Sparks. It is a trad ing center and shipping point for that part of the county, and in 1900 had a population of 46.
Osierfield, a post-hamlet of Irwin county, is a station on the At lantic & Birmingham railroad, about ten miles east of Fitzgerald.
O'Steen, Levi, judge of the city court.of Douglas, Coffee county, is an able jurist and lawyer, and a man who has won success and prestige through his own efforts. He was born in the town of Clinch, Clinch county, Ga., Sept. 1, 1870, a son of Benjamin and Mildred O'Steen, the former born in Waycross, Ware county, this

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state, in 1849, and the latter in Coffee county, in 1851. The paternal grandfather of Judge O'Steen was Capt. John Riley O'Steen, who went forth in the service of the Confederacy upon the outbreak of
the Civil war, as captain of Company G, Fiftieth Georgia volunteer infantry, in which he served with distinction until his death, in September, 1862. He was killed in the battle of Boonsboro, Mary land. Judge Levi O'Steen was afforded the advantages of the common schools in his boyhood days, but depended upon his own resources in broadening out his education to symmetrical proportions. He completed a course of study in Jasper normal institute, at Jasper, Fla., and thereafter devoted four years to successful pedagogic work, teaching in the public schools of Florida and Georgia. He then took up the reading of law, in the office of Quincy & McDonald, of Douglas, Ga., and was admitted to the bar of his native state in 1897, after which he was engaged in practice one year at Homerville, Clinch county. He then returned to Douglas, where he entered into a professional partnership with his former preceptors, with whom he was as sociated in practice until his appointment to the office of solicitor of the city court of Douglas, on June 6, 1899, this appointment having been conferred by Gov. Alien D. Candler. Judge O'Steen proved an able public prosecutor, and continued incumbent of the office noted until his appointment to preside on the bench of the same court, Aug. 31, 1903. He has exercised his judicial functions with much discrimination and wisdom, is an able and popular official and a representative member of the bar of Coffee county. For two years he was associated with M. A. Candler in the practice of his profession. He was the first man to experiment with peach culture in his section, and is now the largest individual grower of this fruit in Coffee county. Judge O'Steen is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and he and his wife are prominent mem bers of the local organization of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in which he is a steward. He is affiliated with the Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias, in the local lodges of which he has passed the various official chairs. The Judge has not been denied a due reward for his earnest and honor able efforts, having gained both professional prestige and material

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prosperity. He provided the means for his own education, and at the time of his marriage had practically no financial resources. To-day his capitalistic status is indicated, in a conservative way, by an estate valued at $15,000. He now resides on his beautiful farm of 490 acres, one mile from the city, having as a homestead a fine old colonial mansion. On Nov. 27, 1897, he was united in marriage to Miss Fannie Smith, daughter of Robert S. and Mary (Gaskin) Smith, of Coffee county, and of the five children four are living, namely: Herbert Quincy, Edith, Myrtie, and Alton Tilden, Mil dred, the third in order of birth, died in early childhood.
Oswald, a post-village of Telfair county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, five miles west of Helena. It has some mercantile
concerns and does some shipping. Ottley, John King, cashier of The
Fourth National bank of Atlanta, and known as one of the able financiers of
the state, was born in Columbus, Lowndes county, Miss., June 15, 1868. He is the son of John King Ottley who was
born in Princess Anne county, Va., in 1816, and Ellen Gertrude (Williams) Ottley, who was born in Washington, 111., in 1840. John McLaran, Mr. Ottley's great-grandfather in the maternal
line, was a patriot soldier in the War of the Revolution. The father of the sub ject of this sketch was loyal to the cause of the Confederacy during the war between the states, but was physically incapacitated for service in the army. He passed the closing years of his life in Columbus, Miss., having been a merchant by vocation during the greater portion of his active business career. John K. Ottley com pleted his educational training in the Southwestern Presbyterian university at Clarksville, Tenn. He has been identified with the banking business during practically his entire business career. While yet a boy he held a clerical position in the Boatmen's bank of St. Louis, Mo., and subsequently became cashier of the Delta bank at Greenwood, Miss. In 1890 he removed to Atlanta where he became interested in the organization of the American Trust & Banking Company, and later in that of its successor, The Fourth National bank of Atlanta, in 1896. Of this bank he has been cashier from the time of its inception. The "Southern Bank", in its issue of January, 1905, says that Mr. Ottley "has been with The
4 III

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Fourth National bank since its organization, discharging the deli cate, responsible and difficult duties of cashier so skillfully and so faithfully that to his efforts and ability is due, in large measure, the great success to which the bank has attained. Thoroughly capable, energetic and painstaking, with a firm grasp of. the details of his work and a breadth of view that enables him to administer the affairs most wisely, Mr. Ottley has wrought out a policy and a system that have made The Fourth National bank of Atlanta a conspicuous factor in the financial world and for himself an envia ble reputation. Largely through his efforts the business of the bank has grown from one showing resources of $975,594, in 1896 to nearly $5,000,000 in January, 1905, as shown by The Fourth Na tion bank's last statement to the comptroller. The Fourth Na tional bank is represented in the membership of the American bankers' association and the Georgia bankers association. Mr. Ottley is a member of the sinking fund commission of the city of Atlanta. On March 21, 1889, Mr. Ottley was married to Miss Passie Fenton McCabe, daughter of Dr. Fenton Mercer and Passie (Butler) McCabe of Columbus, Miss. They have two children, Passie May and John King, Jr. They belong to the Presbyterian denomination, Mr. Ottley being treasurer of the North Avenue Presbyterian church of Atlanta. Mr. Ottley belongs to the Cap ital City club and the Piedmont Driving club and is affiliated with the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity. During the winter the family are at their town house, 537 Peachtree street, but spend the re mainder of the year at their delightful country place "Joyeuse," a few miles out of Atlanta on the beautiful Peachtree road. Both these homes are centers-of the pleasantest social interest and many friends enjoy their cordial hospitality during the season. From early boyhood Mr. Ottley has been greatly interested in the own ing and breeding of live stock, being particularly fond of saddle horses. While he is kept exceedingly busy with his arduous duties as cashier of The Fourth National bank,, he yet finds some time to devote to his favorite recreation of riding and driving. "Joy euse" is famous for its horses and poultry. Mr. Ottley, being of Southern birth, is, as may be supposed a stanch Democrat. He is public spirited and very loyal to the interests of his city, being always ready to aid, in any way possible in the moral and national up-building of Atlanta.
Otto, a post-village of Union county, is on a branch of the Notely river, three or four miles south of Blairsville. It is a trading cen-

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51

ter for the neighbrohood in which it is located and in 1900 reported
a population of 78. Otto, George F., has risen to promi
nence and definite success as a contrac tor and builder in his native city of Sa vannah, where he was born, Dec. 28, 1868, a son of Frederick and Martha (Padgett) Otto, both of whom were likewise born and reared in Savannah, where the former passed his entire life, a boilermaker by trade and having died when his son George F., now the only living child, was but six years of age. The mother is still living and maintains her home in Savannah. Frederick Otto was a Confederate soldier during the Civil war, as a private in a Georgia regiment. George F. Otto attended the public schools of Savannah until he had attained the age of twelve years, when he assumed the active responsibilities of life, his first employment being as a general utility boy in the pressroom of the Savannah Morning News, with which concern he remained three years. At the age of sixteen years he entered upon an apprenticeship at the carpenter's trade, serving four years and thereafter engaging in the work of his trade, as a journeyman. Since 1891 he has been independently engaged in business as a contracting carpenter and has been very successful in his endeavors, having erected a num ber of the handsome private residences of Savannah. He is a stanch Democrat, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. He is a member of the Sa vannah chamber of commerce; is affiliated with the Masonic fra ternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Junior Order of United American Mechanics, in which last he holds a state office and is a member of Georgia Com pany, No. 1, Uniform Rank, Knights of Pythias, which has taken many prizes in competitive drills, both state and inter-state. On Jan. 20, 1892, Mr. Otto married Miss Georgia Olivia Floyd, daugh ter of Benjamin G. and Eva (Brannon) Floyd, of Savannah, and of their seven children all are living except Benjamin, who died in infancy. The names of the others are here entered in order of their birth: Lillian Inez, Georgia Lucille, Frederick Floyd, Eva May, Maud Ethel, and Christine Lois.

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Ousley, a town in the western part of Lowndes county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, and near the Little river. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an express of fice, some good stores, schools and churches, and does considerable shipping, especially in cotton, lumber and naval stores.
Ousley, Robert P., a leading member of the bar of Lowndes county, being en gaged in the practice of his profession in Valdosta, has represented his county in the state legislature and is a member of one of the old and prominent families of Georgia. He was born at Ousley, Lown des county, Oct. 18, 1860, a son of Jo seph' A. and Angie R. (Rushin) Ousley, both natives of Georgia, the former born in Monroe county, Feb. 24, 1832, and the latter in Marion county, Aug. 22, 1832. The paternal great-grandfather of the subject of this review, was a soldier of the Continental line during the war of the Revolution, having enlisted from Virginia. After the war he settled in Greene county, Ga., and passed the remainder of his life in this state. Col. Joseph A. Ousley was a gallant and distinguished officer in the Confederate service during the Civil war, entering the army as second lieutenant in the Twelfth Georgia volunteer infantry, and having been promoted to captain and later to quartermaster, with the rank of colonel. He was a stanch Democrat and in the early '70s served as a rep resentative of Lowndes county in the lower house of the state legis lature. Several years later his party again nominated him for the same office, but he declined the honor. He and his wife both died at Valdosta, the latter in 1884. Robert F. Ousley secured his earlier educational training in the schools of Valdosta, later at tended Emory college at Oxford, and Auburn college in Alabama; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1887. He has been identified with agricultural and mercantile pursuits but now gives his time almost entirely to the work of his profession, in which he has been very successful. He has never faltered in his allegiance to the Democratic party and has been prominent in its councils in his county and state. He was chairman of the county committee several years, is a member of the state executive committee from the Eleventh Congressional district, and he served two terms as a member of the state legislature, 1898-9 and 1900-01. He and his

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wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On July 18, 1885, Mr. Ousley was united in marriage to Miss Sue L. Beaman, daughter of George G. and Jennie S. (McCoy) Beaman, of Harperville, Miss., and they have two daughters, Mary Louise, and Gladys.
Oval, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Paulding county, is about five miles northeast of Villa Rica, which is the most conven ient railroad station.
Overton, a post-village in the southeastern part of Elbert county, is not far from the Savannah river. Heardmont is the nearest rail road station.
Owen, Alien F., was born in North Carolina and moved to Talbotton when young. He held several local offices and was elected Georgia representative in Congress in 1848. After retiring from Congress he was sent as consul-general to Havana.
Owens, George W., was born in Georgia. He received a good
education, studied law and was admitted to practice in Savannah.
In 1834 he was elected a member of Congress as a Unionist, and re-
elected in 1836. He died at Savannah in 1856.
Owensbyville, a post-village of Heard county, with a population of 100, is on the west side of the Chattahoochee river, ten miles west of Hogansville, which is the nearest railroad station.
Owens' Ferry, a post-village of Camden county, is on the Satilla river, ten miles west of Woodbine, which is the nearest railroad station, though the Satilla river steamers afford transportation facilities. The population ia 1900 was 105.
Owens' Ford, where a skirmish occurred on Sept. 17, 1863, was a crossing place on West Chickamauga creek, not far from Lee and Gordon's mills. Gen. D. H. Hill stationed a cavalry picket to guard the ford, but a little while before sunset the picket was at tacked by a considerable force and driven off. The Federals suc ceeded in crossing, but did not advance very far from the creek. During the night the Confederate plans were changed, so that the repulse of the picket at the ford proved to be a barren victory.
Oxford, a town in Newton county about two miles northwest of Covington, with which it is connected by a horse-car railway, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1839, and owes its impor tance to its being the seat of Emory College, one of the oldest and most noted institutions of learning in the South. The population in 1900 was 800 in the corporate limits of the town, and 1,149 in the whole Oxford district. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, several stores, and is a

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long- distance telephone station. Besides Emory College, it has schools belonging to the public school system.
Ozell, a post-village of Brooks county, is on the Georgia North ern railroad, about seven or eight miles north of Pidcock. It had a population of 100 in 1900 and is a trading and shipping point for that part of the county.

Pace's Ferry. During the war there was a crossing by this name on the Chattahoochee river east of Smyrna. On July 16-17, 1864, Palmer's and Hooker's corps of Sherman's army crossed the river at this point and the advance became engaged with some o'f Wheel er's cavalry. The Confederate loss was reported as being 67, and that of the Federals was estimated at about 300.
Page, Rinaldo William, a member of
the firm of R. W. Page & Co., proprietors
and publishers of the Columbus Ledger, of which he is business manager, is one
of the representative citizens of Colum
bus. He was born in Lee county, Ala.,
April 17, 1862, a son of William B. and
Annie Maria (Green) Page, both of
whom were likewise natives of Alabama,
where the former was born in 1830 and the latter in 1833. The paternal grand
father, John R. Page, was born in Vir
ginia, where the family was early estab lished, but removed thence to Alabama, where he became a suc cessful planter. William B. Page was a loyal soldier of the Con federacy in the Civil war, in the Alabama volunteer infantry, with which he served four years. Rinaldo W. Page was reared on the homestead farm and was educated in the public schools of his native state. In 1886 he took up his residence in Columbus, Ga., where he became advertising solicitor for the Columbus Lecjger. In 1892, in company with his brother-in-law, Larkin T. Jones, he purchased the plant and business of the Ledger, whose publication they have since continued most successfully. The Ledger ably advocates the principles and policies of the Democratic party. It has much influence in shaping public affairs in this section and an excellent circulation both in Georgia and Alabama, being the of ficial paper of Columbus. Mr. Page has given unqualified alle giance to the Democratic party from the time of attaining his legal

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majority and is at the present time secretary of the board of police commissioners of the city of Columbus. He and his wife are mem bers of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and he is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and the Improved Order of Heptasophs. On Dec. 16, 1886, he was united in marriage to Miss Mar garet E. Burrus, daughter of James William and Martha (Putnam) Burrus, of Phoenix, Alabama, and they have five children, namely: William Eugene, Rinaldo Burrus, Edmond James, Wyoline and Annie Laurie.
Paine College, at Augusta, i? a coeducational institution for the colored people and was established in 1883. It has college, college preparatory and normal departments, the degree of Bachelor of Arts being conferred on its graduates. The attendance in 1904 was 278.
Paine, William W., was elected representative in Congress in 1868, but owing to a contest over the election he was not allowed to take his seat until January, 1871, which was near the close of the term. He served until March of the same year, and was afterward for several years a member of the state legislature.
Paleozoic Area. (See Geology). Palmer, Herbert A., vice-president of
the Palmer Hardware Company, of Sa
vannah, is one of the old and honored business men of that city and is well entitled to representation in this publica
tion. He was born in Darien, Mclntosh county, Ga., Nov. 30, 1833, a son of Samuel and Caroline A. (Dexter) Palmer, the former of whom was born in the State of Rhode Island and the latter in the city of Savannah. Samuel Palmer came to Georgia in the year 1819 and maintained his home in Darien until 1853, when he removed with his family to Savannah, where he founded the hardware business of Samuel Palmer & Son, the junior member of the firm being Samuel B. Palmer, now president of the Palmer Hardware Company, whose business is both wholesale and retail in scope, the concern being one of the leading commercial houses of Savannah. The business has been conducted consecu tively under the family name from the time of its inception, more than a half century ago. The original firm was succeeded by that of Palmer & Deppish, in 1865, and in 1876 the title became Palmer Bros., upon the death of John H. Deppish. The firm of Palmer

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Bros, consisted of Samuel B., Herbert A., and Henry W. Palmer, and in 1890 the business was incorporated under the present title, the Palmer Hardware Company, with officers as follows: S. B. Palmer, president; H. A. Palmer, vice-president; H. W. Palmer, treasurer, and A. B. Palmer, secretary. The honored father, Samuel Palmer, died in 1867, and Henry W. Palmer, treasurer of the com pany, died Feb. 8, 1901, the present treasurer being W. G. Thomp son. Herbert A. Palmer came to Savannah in 1852, has ever since maintained his home in this city, and has been long and promi nently identified with its business and social life. From 1853 to 1861 he was employed by the hardware firm of N. B. & H. Weed, and he was again in the employ of this concern from May 10, 1865, to Jan. 1, 1866. During the Civil war he served in the quarter master's department of the Confederacy, under Maj. M. B. Miller. On Jan. 1, 1866, he became a member of the firm of Palmer & Deppish and has aided in upholding the high prestige of the honored name which he bears. He is a valued member of the Savannah chamber of commerce, the Oglethorpe club and the Sa vannah Yacht club. In politics he is an uncompromising Democrat of the true Jeffersonian type. On March 10, 1857, Mr. Palmer was united in marriage to Miss Laura C. Winkler, of Savannah, and of their children only one survives, Armin B., who is general manager of the Palmer Hardware Company.
Palmer, Samuel W., the popular mayor of the city of Millen, and one of the prominent and influential business men of the new county of Jenkins, was born on the homestead plantation of his father, in Jefferson county, Ga., April 12, 1864. He is a son of William R. and Julia E. (Matthews) Palmer, the former a native of Burke county and the latter of Jeffer son county. The mother died when Sam uel W. was an infant, and he was but ten years of age at the time of his father's death. He then found a home with his cousin, John T. Cheatham, of Jefferson county, and later lived in the home of his sister, Mrs. William H. Jones, of that county. He attended the high schools at Bethany and Stellaville, Jefferson county, continuing his studies until he had attained the age of eighteen years. He then secured a clerkship in a general store at Bartow, Jefferson county, and about one year later engaged in the

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general merchandise business on his own responsibility, at Bethany. Shortly afterward he disposed of this business, having taken up his residence in Millen before he was twenty years of age. Here he became a salesman in the large mercantile establishment of J. H. Daniel & Son, and in 1887 he married Miss Dollie, the only daughter of the head of the firm, James H. Daniel. In 1889 Mr. Palmer was admitted to partnership in the business, and the firm name then became Daniel, Sons & Palmer. In 1900 the business was incorporated, with a capital of $25,000, under the title of the Daniel Sons & Palmer Company, of which Mr. Palmer has since been treasurer. The concern is one of the largest and best known mercantile houses in this section of the state. Mr. Palmer is a director of the Bank of Millen, as well as of the Morton oil mill and the Millen mills, while he also owns plantations in both Jenkins and Jefferson counties. Unwavering in his. allegiance to the Demo cratic party, he takes an active interest in the promotion of its cause; served several terms as mayor of Millen, being the incum bent of this office at the time of this writing; was a member of the board of education of Burke county several years, Millen having at that time been located in that county, and he is now a member of the board of education of the new county of Jenkins. He is one of the prominent members of the local Methodist Episcopal church South, of which he is a trustee, and is affiliated with the Millen lodge of Knights of Pythias, of which he is a past chancellor. Mrs. Palmer died in 1894, leaving three children Mary H., James Daniel, and Samuel W., Jr. The daughter is now a student in the Wesleyan female college at Macon.
Palmetto, a town in the southern part of Campbell county, on the Atlanta & West Point railway, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1854. It had by the census of 1900 a population of 620 in its corporate limits and in its entire district 1,478. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery routes, a bank, prosperous business houses, and some manufactories, the most important of which is a cotton factory with 5,500 spindles and 100 looms, using annually about 3,000 bales of cotton and producing material worth about $75,000. Other fac tories are a wood-working and blacksmith shop, an iron foundry, and a public ginnery. The town is also well supplied with churches and schools.
Panhan, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Warren county, is seven miles southeast of Warrenton, which is the nearest rail road station.

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Pansy, a post-hamlet of Lincoln county, is on Soap creek, six miles northeast of Lincolnton. Washington is the most conven
ient railroad station. Pardee, Don Albert, judge of the Uni
ted States district court for the fifth ju
dicial district, since May, 1881, was born
at Wadsworth, Medina county, Ohio, March 29, 1837, son of Aaron and Eve
line (Eyles) Pardee. He received his
early education in his native county, and was a member of the class of 1854 in the United States naval academy, Annapolis.
He studied law ; was admitted to the bar
of Ohio in 1859, was thereafter engaged in the practice of his profession in Me
dina until September, 1861, when he en tered the Union service; was made major and later lieutenant col onel of the Forty-second Ohio volunteer infantry, with which he was in service until December, 1864, being breveted brigadiergeneral for gallant services. In 1865 he located in the city of New Orleans, La., where he resumed the practice of his profession. In 1867 he was made register in bankruptcy. In 1868 he was made judge of the second judicial district of Louisiana, being re-elected in 1872 and 1876, and in 1879 he was a senatorial delegate to the con stitutional convention of the state. In 1880 he was the Republican candidate for attorney-general of Louisiana, and in May, 1881, was appointed to his present position as judge of the fifth judicial cir cuit of the United States circuit court. In June, 1898, he took up his residence in Atlanta, Ga., where he has since maintained his home, though his official address is the United States court, New
Orleans, La. Paris, a .post-hamlet of Coweta county, is on the headwaters of
Oak creek, about five miles south of Sharpsburg, which is the near
est railroad station.
Paris Exposition, 1867. (See Expositions). Parish, a post-village of Bulloch county, is on the Dover & Brewton division of the Central of Georgia railroad, about eight miles west of Register. The population in 1900 was 81. It has some mercantile and shipping interests. Parishes. The second general assembly, which convened on Jan. 11, 1758, divided the province into eight parishes, viz: Christ Church, including the settlements at Savannah, Acton, Vernon-

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59

burg, Sea Islands and Little Ogeechee; St. Matthew's, embracing Abercorn and Ebenezer; St. George's, which consisted of the dis trict of Halifax; St. Paul's, Augusta; St. Philip's, including the dis trict of Great Ogeechee; St. John's, comprising the settlements at Medway and Sunbury; St. Andrew's, the district around Darien; and St. James' at Frederica. This division was made for the pur poses of election and representation, and for the better regulation of church affairs. In 1773 the assembly divided the territory be tween the Altamaha and St. Mary's rivers into the parishes of St. David, St. Thomas, St. Patrick and St. Mary, and these were after ward represented in the provincial legislature according to popu
lation.
Park, Orville Augustus, is a descendant of the Parks of Parkesburg, Chester county, Pa., more than one of whom held
commission in the Revolutionary army. A branch of the family coming south .shortly after the Revolution, settled in Georgia at the beginning of the last cen
tury. Of this family Maj. John Park, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was one of Georgia's prominent educa
tors. His schools were famous through
out the state and one of them, the LaGrange female institute, is still a flour ishing institution. He was one of the founders of Emory college and a member of its charter board of trustees. His son, John W. Park, the father of Orville A., was for half a century the foremost lawyer of the Coweta circuit, which numbered some of the most brilliant members of the bar of the state, and he was closely identi fied with all the interests of the county and section. He was one of the organizers of the Georgia bar association and subsequently became its president. During the civil war he was a major of the First Georgia regiment of reserves, serving with the same until it was mustered out after the final surrender at Appomattox. The maiden name of the mother of Orville A. Park was Sarah C. Bull, a daughter of Judge Orville A. Bull, of LaGrange, for many years the distinguished judge of the Coweta circuit. Orville A. Park was born at Greenville, Me'riwether county, Ga., March 11, 1872. He attended the schools of his native city and later entered Vanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn., taking a special course preparatory to entering the law department of the institution, in which department

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1|||

he was graduated with distinction, as a member of the class of 1893. In the autumn of that year he removed to Macon and entered the active practice of his chosen profession. Shortly after settling in Macon he formed a partnership with J. L. Jerdine, which continued until 1900, when Mr. Jerdine entered the ministry and the firm of Lane & Park was formed, Andrew W. Lane being the senior member. This partnership still continues and the two interested principals have proved effective coadjutors, the success of the firm having been marked. It now enjoys a large and steadily growing practice, representing a number of important interests. In 1898 Mr. Park was elected secretary of the Georgia bar association,
which position he still continues to hold. He has a number of times contributed to the program of the annual meetings of the association and has taken an active part in all its work. During the present year (1906) he has filled, during the absence of Judge Emory Speer, dean of the law department of Mercer university, the chair of constitutional law in that institution, in a most acceptable manner, and at the commencement of 1906 he was elected professor of constitutional law and federal procedure. He is a member of the
board of directors of the American National bank of Macon, for which he is also attorney; is a member of the directory of the Ma-
con hospital; is a prominent member of the Methodist church, having been a steward of the Mulberry Street church for a decade and for seven years superintendent of its large and well organized
Sunday school. He also served for a number of years as a member of the board of directors of the Macon Young Men's Christian Association and as a member of the state executive committee of the association. In 1900 he was married to Miss Elmyr Taylor, daughter of Robert ]. and Frances (Dillard) Taylor. They have two children, Frances and Orville A., Jr. Mr. Park is a nephew of the late Rev. William Park, D. D., of Sandersville, Ga.; of James F. Park, Ph. D., LL. D., of La Grange, Ga.; of Captain Robert E. Park, state treasurer of Georgia, and of L. M. Park, of Atlanta. His mother's brothers were Col. Gustavus A. Bull, of the Thirty-fifth
Georgia infantry, who was killed while leading a charge at Seven Pines, and Hon. Orville A. Bull, who is now a resident of Alabama.
Parker, Hardy W., a representative business man of Millen, where he is a large dealer in naval stores, and an extensive planter
of Jenkins county, was born on a plantation in Screven county,
Ga., Aug. 2, 1853. He is a son of James and Mary (Lee) Parker, the former born in Screven county, Dec. 25, 1811, and the latter, in the same county, Sept. 14, 1816. They passed their entire lives in

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their native county, where the father was the owner of a large and valuable landed estate. He died on Dec. 20, 1886, and his wife passed away July 28, 1890. They were married in January, 1833,
and became the parents of eleven chil
dren, nine of whom attained years of ma
turity, though only three of the number are now living. James is a resident of
Rocky Ford, Screven county; Harrison
is a resident of Millen; and Hardy W. is the immediate subject of this sketch. The
last mentioned acquired his early educa
tional discipline in the schools of his na
tive county, and has been identified with
plantation interests from his youth to the
present. He has also been a producer of
and dealer in naval stores for many years. His extensive plantation was formerly in Screven county, but is sew included in Jenkins, which county was organized in 1905. The democratic party has his unreserved allegiance, and his religious faith is that of the Baptist church, of which he has been a member for nearly a score of years, his wife also being a devoted member .of the same. On Dec. 24, 1874, Mr. Parker was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Cornelia Edenfield, daughter of the late William A. asd Sarah (Bassett) Edenfield, of Barnwell, S. C., where she was bom and reared. Mr. and Mrs. Parker have five children, namely: Arthur Cardel, Ira Oceola, Lillian Ward, Rebie Bernice, and Sarah
Aiitiice.
Parker, Henry, was governor of Georgia from 1750 to 1754. Nothing is known of his early life. He settled on the Isle of Hope, sear Savannah, in the early days of the colony, and in 1734 was jaade bailiff, which was at that time a very important office. In 1*41 he was appointed assistant to President Stephens and on the resignation of the latter became acting governor by virtue of his ; sffice. He died on the Isle of Hope, but the date of his death is unknown.
Parker, Hershel Joseph, a successful merchant of Baxley and :;aieHJnbent of the office of school commissioner of Appling county, was: born on the homestead plantation in Laurens county, Ga., Nov. ;;%'::1878, and is a son of Jasper and Mary A. (Jones) Parker, both iifeqrn in that county. At the inception of the Civil war the father ; went forth in the defense of the cause of the Confederacy, enlisting in a Georgia regiment and continuing in the ranks until the close

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of the great internecine conflict between the states. Thereafter he turned his attention to agricultural pursuits, becoming one of the successful planters of Laurens county, where he died in the year
1878, his wife coming to Appling county in 1881. The subject of this review passed his boyhood and early youth on the home farm, and after duly availing himself of the advantages of the public schools of Appling, including the high school at Baxley, he entered, in 1896, Tifton institute, at Tifton, Tift county, where he took a general course. In the mean while, in 1894, he had become a teacher in the public schools of his native county, meeting with distinctive success in the pedagogic profession, to which he continued to give his attention until 1904, when he was compelled to abandon the work by reason of his impaired health. In that year he was granted a state teacher's license, by W. B. Merritt, state school commissioner, the examination having been held in Baxley. In 1905 Mr. Parker engaged in the general merchandise business in Baxley, where he has a well appointed establishment and has built up a very prosperous enterprise. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party and takes a loyal interest in its cause. His interest in educational affairs continues unabating, and on Dec. 30, 1905, the board of education of Appling county showed marked appreciation of his eligibility by appointing him to the office of county school commissioner, in which position he is according most excellent ser vice. He and his wife are zealous members of the Methodist Epis copal church South, and he is affiliated with the following named organizations: Holmesville Lodge, No. 195, Free and Accepted Masons; Appling County Lodge, No. 216, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; and Baxley Lodge, No. 48, Knights of Pythias. On Jan. 3, 1906, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Parker to Miss Frankie Bennett, daughter of Henry A. and Isabel (Leggett) Bennett, well known residents of Appling county. Parker, Sidney C., president of the C. Parker Company, of Millen, one of the most extensive mercantile concerns in Jenkins county, is a member of one of the old and honored families of eastern Georgia, an enterprising and successful business man and represent ative citizen. He was born on the homestead plantation, in Screven county, Ga., Dec. 6, 1878. The same county was the birthplace of his

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

63

parents, Crawford and Jeannette (Burke) Parker, the former born in 1845 and the latter in 1850, both being now deceased. The mother passed away in 1881 and the father's death occurred in
1899. The latter was a soldier of the Con
federacy in the Civil war, and was there
after engaged in superintending his
plantation interests in Screven county until 1880, when he took up his residence
in Millen, which is now the county seat of the newly organized county of Jenkins.
Here he became a prominent and wealthy
merchant and banker, retaining also his extensive plantation properties, while he
stood high in popular confidence and
esteem, having ordered his life ac
cording to the highest ethical prin ciples, a business man of marked ability and a citizen of influence. He was senior member of the mercantile firm of C. Parker & Co., of which he was the founder, the business having been con ducted under his individual name until 1898, when the title of C. Parker & Co. was adopted, thus continuing until his death. In 1900 the surviving partner, Joseph P. Applewhite, and the subject of this sketch, eldest son of the founder, incorporated the business under the present title, the C. Parker Company. Sidney C. Parker has been president of the companuy from the time of its organiza tion, and Mr. Applewhite is secretary and treasurer. Sidney C. ; Parker secured his rudimentary education in the schools of Millen, after which he attended a military school at Dahlonega, Ga., sup plementing this discipline with a course in the Atlanta business col lege. At the age of eighteen years he became connected with his father's mercantile business, with which he has since been asso ciated. As president of the C. Parker Company he has ably upheld the prestige and honor of the family name, proving a worthy suc cessor to his honored father. He is a member of the board of directors of the Bank of Millen and of the directorate of the Morton oil mills, of Millen. His political allegiance is given to the : Democratic party, and he is serving his fifth year as a member of the board of aldermen of Millen. He and his wife are members of I the Baptist church and he is identified with the Millen lodge of Knights of Pythias, of which he is a past chancellor. On Dec. 8, 1903, Mr. Parker was united in marriage to Miss Blanche A. Latta, daughter of DeLacy Latta, of Griffin, Spalding county.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Parker's Cross Roads, sometimes called Rome Crossroads, is about three miles from Resaca. On May 16, 1864, after Johnston had evacuated Resaca, the pursuing Federals came up with and at tacked the rear guard at this place. A force of infantry was ordered to the support of the rear guard and the assailants were compelled to retire toward the town.
Parkerstore, a post-village in the northern part of Hart county, reported a population of 62 in 1900. It is five miles northeast of Lavonia, which is the nearest railroad station.
Parks, a post-hamlet of White county, is in a picturesque region, about six miles north of Cleveland. The nearest railroad station is Clarkesville, on the Tallulah Falls road.
Parks, Robert L. M., manager of the Knickerbocker Ice Com pany, of Savannah, was born in Oglethorpe county, Ga., Oct. 5, 1864, and is a son of Rev. Harwell H. and Sarah A. (Quillian) Parks. His father was a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and the itinerant system of the church caused the family to move from place to place, so that Robert's youth was passed in various places in Georgia, namely: Atlanta, Macon, Co lumbus, LaGrange, Athens, Milledgeville, Augusta and Savannah, in each of which places his father held pastoral charges. Rev. Har well H. Parks was born in Franklin county, Ga., in 1824, and died at Edgewood, this state, in 1895, having celebrated his golden wed ding anniversary on May 22 of that year. His wife was born in White county, Ga., in 1825, and is still living, making her home with her children, all of whom reside in Georgia. Robert L. M. Parks secured his preliminary educational training in the public schools and then entered Emory college, Oxford, Ga., where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1884, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. His first work after leaving college was to assist in the compilation of a city directory of Atlanta and for two years thereafter he was manager of a coal business in Augusta. From 1891 to 1899 he held the office of cashier in the Savannah office of the Southern Express Company, and since that time he has been manager of the business of the Knickerbocker Ice Company. Since he assumed charge of the enterprise he has increased the capacity of the plant by thirty-five per cent, and has lately com pleted for the company a modern brick building for commercial cold storage, the plant being the first of the kind in the state, and of the best modern construction and equipment. The building is two stories in height and has a cold-storage capacity of 120,000 cubic feet. The capacity of the ice plant is seventy-five tons of highest

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

65

grade artificial ice per day. Mr. Parks is a member of the Savan nah chamber of commerce and the Savannah Yacht club; his politi cal allegiance is given to the Democratic party, and he is a mem ber of the Methodist Episcopal church South, being a trustee and treasurer of the Wesley Monumental church, in Savannah. On Nov. 7, 1889, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Frances Morris, daughter of Richard B. and Mary Hasson (Rich) Morris, of Augusta, Ga., and five children were born of his union Bessie Sherman, Louise, Frances, Dorothy, and Robert L. M., Jr. Both Bessie and Frances died when about one year of age, and the other children remain at the parental home.
Parrott, an incorporated town in the northwest corner of Terrell county, is on the Albany & Columbus division of the Seaboard Air Line railway system. The population in 1900 was 267. It has a money order postoffice, with several free delivery routes emanating from it, express and telegraph offices, some manufacturing and mercantile establishments, school and church privileges, etc.
Partnerships. General partnerships are governed by the com mon law rule, each partner being individually liable for the debts of the firm. Special partnerships may be formed for conducting any lawful business except banking and insurance. In special or limited partnerships the special partner, upon publication of proper notice, is liable only for the amount of capital he has invested in the business of the firm.
Paschal, a post-village of Talbot county, is on the Talbotton rail road and is called Bostick Station. It has a money order postoffice, wltli rural free delivery, some stores and does some shipping.
Patillo, a post-hamlet in the northwest corner of Monroe county, is:isst far from the Butts county line. The nearest railroad station is:'Orchard Hill, ten miles west.
HPattillo, William F., one of Atlanta's most successful men in the fire insurance business, was born in Harris county, Ga., March 26, 1846. He received his education in the schools of that county, from which he entered the Georgia military institute at Marietta. With the other students of that institution he entered the Confederate service in April, 1864, and in the battalion of Georgia cadets, served ts the close of the war, being paroled at Augusta. At the close o the war, returning to his home in Harris county, he engaged in farming until the spring of 1868, when he took a commercial course at Dolbear's commercial college in N|ew Orleans. Then coming to Atlanta in July, 1868, he entered the fire insurance business as clerk for his uncle, W. P. Pattillo, where he remained as clerk for
6-III

66

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

nine years then in partnership under the firm name of W. P. & W. F. Pattillo, the then leading local insurance agency of Atlanta, until 1889, when in a mutual separation of interest, he was appointed
general agent of the southeastern depart ment of the Hamburg-Bremen Fire Insur ance Company of Germany, which company he and his uncle had represented locally, from 1875 to 1877, and from 1877 to 1899 as general agents also when W. F. Pattillo assumed the general-agency of the Hamburg-Bremen individually, which position he holds to this date. Thus it will be seen he has been in the service' of that company over thirty years. His energy and fidelity in all these years have brought him the reward of success. His residence has been in Decatur since 1873. In his home town he has been called to service many times as a mem ber of the council, trustee of the town school, member of the county school board, and is now a member of the boar-d of trustees of the public schools of Decatur. He has been a trustee and steward of the Methodist Episcopal church South in Decatur since 1874: super intendent of the Methodist Sunday school since 1881; and is chair man of the orphan's home conference board of the North Georgia conference, Methodist church South. Mr. Pattillo was married in 1870 to Miss Mary E. Moss, daughter of Judge Henry E. Moss, of Harris county. Their children are William Franklin, Jr., Olin Louis; Marie Estelle (wife of Dr. Charles E. Boynton, of Atlanta); James Raleigh; Emory Moss, (who died in 1884) ; and Emory Moss, the second. William Franklin Pattillo, Jr., died Sept. 36, 1901, leaving two children, Francis H., and Annie Marie, who, with their mother, reside in Decatur. The mother was Miss Ruth, daughter of Thomas H. Hollyman, for many years a prominent educator in Georgia. The father of William Franklin Pattillo was James Pat tillo, a native of Green county, Ga., later a resident of Harris county, and all his life a farmer. He served as a private in mili tary service in the Georgia militia, in 1864. In November of that year, he was elected judge of the inferior court of Harris county, serving two terms. Though a Democrat, he was appointed by President Grant, and served as deputy internal revenue collector for Harris, Talbot, and Upson counties. He died at West Point, Ga., in 1905, at the age of eighty-four years. W. F. Pattillo's grand-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

67

father, John Pattillo, was born in Green county, and died in Harris county, having followed the occupation of farmer all his life. His great-grandfather was John V. Pattillo, a Revolutionary soldier. The progenitors of the family emigrated from France to Scotland, and the two brothers, George and Henry, who came from Scotland to America in 1740, settled in Virginia; from whence all the Pattillos in America descended. Robert Pattillo, who joined the King's Archer Guards, so distinguished himself in an insurrection in Gascoyne, that Louis VI. of France appointed him governor of one of his provinces, and conferred on him the Pattillo coat of arms, which is an unbent bow, resting on a shield; the crescent a mailed glove, with rose in hand. The motto is "Et decerpta dat Odorem." The Pattillo name in Georgia is one that reflects honor and character wherever they live, as a rule, and the subject of this sketch has contributed in full measure to the excellent character and stand ing of the name.
Patterson, a town of Pierce county, was incorporated by act o-f the legislature on Dec. 1, 1893. The population in 1900 was 314. It is located on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, five miles south west of Offerman, has a money order postoffice, express and tele graph service, some mercantile, mamifacturing and shipping inter ests, good educational and religious advantages, etc.
Patton, William Alexander, was one of the prominent and highly honored young business men of Rome, popular in both business and social life, and was sum moned to the eternal life in the prime of his manhood, his death occurring on June 18, 1903. He was born in Nashville, Tenn., in the year 1868, and was there reared to the age of thirteen years, when he came with his parents, Joseph B. and Laura (Mclntyre) Patton, to Rome, where he passed the remainder of his life. Flis parents were both born in Nashville, and his father was a member of a Tennessee regiment in tee Confederate service during the Civil war, having been identi fied with the artillery arm of the service. William A. Patton se cured his education in the schools of Nashville and Rome. In his business career he held at all times the highest reputation for abil ity, fidelity and impregnable integrity. He was for some time employed in the First National bank of Rome, was later with the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Merchants' National bank, of that city, and at the time of his death was secretary and treasurer of the O'Neill Maunfacturing Company, in which he was a stockholder. To him was ever ac corded uniform confidence and esteem and he was mayor of East Rome at the time of his demise, having been a stanch Democrat in his political allegiance. When seventeen years of age he enlisted in the Rome Light Guards, was captain of the same for a number of years, and never lost his vital interest in military affairs, having been senior major in the Fifth regiment of Georgia state troops for several years and held that office at the time of his death. He was a Knight Templar Mason, a member of the Mystic Shrine, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Woodmen of the World, and other social and fraternal organi zations, while his religious faith was that of the Baptist church. On Oct. 15, 1889, Major Patton was United in marriage to Miss Ida Nevin, daughter of Mitchell A. and Helen (Underwood) Nevin, of Rome. Mr. Nevin was born in Augusta, Ga., and came to Rome shortly after the war, when he became one of the prominent mer chants and influential citizens, and took a most active part in furthering the advancement and material upbuilding of the city. He served three terms as mayor, then passed an interim of one term and was elected for the fourth term. He was city clerk for eighteen years, and for twelve years was associated in the edito rial management of the Rome Courier, with Henry W. Grady. He was a stanch Democrat, a member .of the Methodist church and of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. At the time of the Civil war, owing to a physical disability, he was unable to enter the Con federate ranks, but he served in the commisary department at Augusta. He died on Dec. 14, 1895. Major Patton is survived by three children William A., Jr., M. A. Nevin, and Ida May. Wil liam A., Jr., is a student in the Danville military institute at Dan ville, Va.
Paul, a post-hamlet in the western part of Echols county, is near the Lowndes county line and about two miles south of Blanton, which is the nearest railroad station.
Paulding County is one of ten counties that were laid out from Cherokee in 1832. It was named in honor of John Paulding, one oi the captors of Major Andre, and lies in the western part of the state, north of the center, being bounded on the north by Polk and Bartow counties, on the east by Cobb, on the south by Douglas and Carroll, and on the west by Haralson and Polk. The county contains the headwaters of the Tallapoosa river and other small

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

69

streams afford excellent drainage. The surface is hilly, some of the ridges rising almost high enough to be called mountains, and the rapid streams furnish fine water-power. The climate is pleasant and healthful. There is a great diversity in the soils, but the aver age crops are oats, potatoes, barley, wheat, cotton and sorghum. Oak, hickory, pine, gum and maple timbers abound, and there is an almost unlimited supply of building stone in the county. Gold has been found in several places, the most important deposit being at Burnt Hickory. The Southern railway and the Seaboard Air Line cross the county diagonally, running almost side by side. Dallas, on the Southern, is the county seat and the commercial and manu facturing center of the surrounding country. The Dallas cotton mills furnish a home market for much of the cotton which is raised on the farms of the county. Van Wert, which was formerly the county seat, was named for the companion of Paulding and Wil liams at the time of Andre's capture. The population of the county in 1900 was 12,969, an increase of 1,021 since 1890. Along the line of the Pumpkinvine Creek there was almost continuous fighting be tween the Federal and the Confederate forces from May 25 to June 4, 1864. During this time there were three bloody battles at New Hope Church, Picket's Mills and at Dallas.
Paulina, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Harris county, is about eight miles east of West Point, which is the nearest rail
road station.
Paulsen, Jacob, holds prestige as one of the most prominent and influential
business men of the historic old city of Savannah, where his capitalistic interests
are wide and varied, and where he stands
high in the regard of all who know him.
He has the distinct initiative ability and
industrious habits so characteristic of the
sturdy race from which he is sprung, and
his course in life has been dominated and
directed by the highest principles of in
tegrity and honor. It was his privilege
to render loyal and gallant service in support of the Confederacy during the Civil war and he stands to day among the representative citizens of Savannah and of the state of Georgia. Mr. Paulsen was born in Holstein, Germany, Aug. 1, 1837, a son of John and Magdalene (Spleit) Paulsen, the former born in Hanover and the latter in Holstein, Germany. The parents

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passed their entire lives in the fatherland. Jacob Paulsen secured his early education in the excellent schools of his native land and was there identified with agricultural pursuits until he had attained to the age of seventen years, when he adopted a seafaring life, tak ing a position as cabin-boy on one of the trans-Atlantic vessels of the day. In 1856, after two years of service on the sea, he took up his residence in the United States, making his headquarters in New Orleans, but still continuing his identification with maritime inter ests, as a sailor in the coast trade, being promoted from time to time, for faithful and efficient service, until finally, in 1860, he was given the captaincy of a vessel. He continued in this capacity until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he manifested his loyalty to the cause of the southern states in no uncertain way. In April, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company B, Fourth Florida infan try. The regiment was mobilized at Apalachicola and thence was sent to Fernandina, where it was stationed until the evacuation of that place. Within this time Colonel Holland, commanding the regiment, with five of his men, including the subject of this sketch, was captured by a United States vessel, while under a flag of truce. They were held in captivity until the evacuation of Fernandina, when they were released and permitted to rejoin their regiment, which had retreated to Lake City, Fla. From that point the com mand was ordered to Mobile, Ala., thence to Atlanta and finally to Chattanooga, from which point it went forth and assisted in the recapturing of the city of Murfreesboro. Thereafter the regiment was engaged in numerous skirmishes between Murfreesboro and Nashville. In 1863 Mr. Paulsen was transferred ta the navy arm of the service, being assigned to the gunboat "Chattahoochee," which was then lying at the Georgia town of that name. He was made a commissioned officer and remained on this vessel about eight months, when it was destroyed by an explosion. He was then transferred to the Confederate ram "Savannah," an iron-clad vessel then in service in the Savannah river, and remained on this boat until the capture of Savannah by Sherman's forces, when the ship was destroyed by its own officers and crew. When Sherman en tered the city Mr. Paulsen went to Charleston, S, C., where he en tered service on the iron-clad named "Palmetto State," which ves sel also was destroyed by its men, at the time when Sherman entered Charleston. Prior to this, however, Mr. Paulsen had been transferred to Wilmington, N, C., and when that city capitulated, in February, 1865, was captured and taken to New York city, where he remained until the close of the war, a few months later. After

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the return of peace Mr. Paulsen returned to Georgia and located in Savannah, where he has since made his home. Here he estab lished himself in the grocery and ship-chandlery business, begin ning operations on a modest scale, and continuing to be identified with this line of enterprise from 1866 to 3880, in which latter year he effected the organization of the Propeller Tow Boat Company, of which he became the largest stockholder and of which he has been president from its inception. This company has a well equipped fleet of tugs and controls a large business in the Savan nah river and harbor and along the coast of this section. Besides his important interests in this concern Mr. Paulsen is also vicepresident of the Oglethorpe Savings & Trust Company, and a di rector in each of the following named important corporations: The National bank of Savannah, the Savannah Electric Company, the Macon Railway & Light Company, the Georgia Telephone Company, and the Savannah Lighterage & Transfer Company. He is distinctively a man of affairs and is a citizen of worth and in fluence, held in high regard by all who know him. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party; in 1900 was elected a member af the board of commissioners of Chatham county; was reflected in 1904, and is now the incumbent of this office. He is affiliated with Clinton Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, and Hope Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He and his wife are zealous and valued members of the Church of the Ascension, Lutheran, in Savannah, and he is chairman of its board of trustees. On July ; :27, 1868, in Bremen, Germany, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Paulsen to Miss Henrietta Meinken. daughter of Henry and Sophia (Ritter) Meinken, who continued as residents of Bremen iiBtil their death. In conclusion is entered brief record concerning the children of Mr. and Mrs. Paulsen: Annie S. is the wife of :Otto Seiler, who is engaged in the insurance business in Savan nah, and they have one son, Carl; John F., is treasurer of the :Prppeller Tow Boat Company and married Miss Anna Martha ifarscher, daughter of William Marscher, of Charleston, S. C.; facob H. is secretary of the Propeller Tow Boat Company and ::tHarried Miss Catherine Kuck, daughter of Henry Kuck, of Savan nah; Emma Henrietta is the wife of Harry H. Kuck, of Savannah; aiid Grover Cleveland, who was born June 11, 1886, remains at the fsrental home. All of the sons are able and popular young business men and the family holds a secure place in the business and social
circles of the city.

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Pavo, a town on the line between Brooks and Thomas counties, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 22, 1898. It is located on the Georgia Northern railroad and in 1900 reported a population of 262. It has a money order postoffice, from which free delivery routes supply mail to the rural districts, some mer cantile and manufacturing enterprises, and is probably the most important shipping point between Albany and Pidcock.
Payne, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Cherokee county, is about six miles north of Acworth, which is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1900 was 54.
Payne, George E., wholesale and re
tail liquor merchant, 1126 Broad street,
Augusta, was born in Greenville county,
S. C, Jan. 25, 1870, a son of William H.
and Mary Jane (Davis) Payne, both of
whom were born in that county of the
old Palmetto State. The father, who was
a member of a South Carolina regiment
in the Confederate service in the Civil
war, is a prosperous farmer of Green
ville county. His wife died on Aug. 26,
1882. George E. Payne was given the
advantages of the public schools of the city of Greenville, S. C., where he also completed a course in Perry's business college, in which he was graduated at the age of eighteen years. He then entered the employ of his uncle, James E. Payne, of Greenville, who was engaged in the wholesale and retail liquor business, remaining thus employed until the state dispensary law of South Carolina went into effect, in 1891, after which he served for four years as storekeeper and gauger for the United States government, in Greenville. From 1895 to 1900 he was engaged in the distilling business near the city and in the lat ter year he removed to Augusta, where he has since been engaged as a wholesale and retail dealer in liquors. Mr. Payne lends his support to the Democratic party. On Oct. 4, 1891, he was united in marriage to Miss Minnie A. Fleidner, of Greenville, S. C., and they have two children Alvin L., born April 29, 1893, and Lillie
May, born in May, 1895. Paynter, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Fannin county, is
in the valley of the Toccoa river, fifteen miles from Blueridge, which is the most convenient railroad station.

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73

Paxon, Frederic John, secretary and treasurer of the Davison-Paxon-Stokes
Company, one of the largest department stores of Atlanta, was born in Philadel
phia, Pa., July 22, 1865. He is a son of
Philip Henry and Eliza (Hatt) Paxon, natives of England, the former born in
London, in 1826, and the latter in Read ing, in 1831. The ancestry is of pure English strain in the agnatic line, the original orthography of the name hav ing been Paxton. The great-grandfather
of the subject of this sketch, for some unknown reason, dropped the "t" upon registering as a queen's counsel. Mr. Paxon is a direct descendant of Sir Joseph Paxton, .the celebrated architect of the Crystal Palace, in London. The fam ily is of pure Saxon origin and the name was in the early days /written dePaxton, representatives of the same settling in Scotland and Ireland and in the city of London. Frederic J. Paxon secured his educational discipline in the public schools of Philadelphia and Camden, N. J. At the age of fourteen years he entered the em.pfoy of the American Baptist publication society at Philadelphia and remained identified with the society there until 1887, when lie was appointed general manager of its southern territory, with :-headquarters in Atlanta, where he took up his residence in Decem ber of that year. He remained in this position until May, 1901, when he became a member of the firm in which he is now an in terested principal, as noted in the opening of this article. He is me of the trustees and also president of the Carnegie library in Atlanta; member of the directorate and vice-president of the At lanta chamber of commerce; trustee of the Atlanta Baptist college; : vice-president and director of the Union Savings bank; secretary i an;l treasurer of the Modern Puritans, a fraternal organization; ^e&jJnnan of the finance board of the Second Baptist church, and : also of its Sunday school; chairman of the advisory board of the :Yoang Women's Christian Association, and also of the advisory board of the Young Men's Christian Association, and is lieutenantcolonel on the staff of Governor Terrell. He is one of the twenty:|.F' leading citizens chosen to inaugurate and set in motion the proposed Exposition of 1910.
Pazo, a post-hamlet of Upson county, is ten miles southeast of

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Thomaston and not far from the corner of Crawford and Monroe counties. Culloden is the most convenient railroad station.
Peace Jubilee. The citizens of Atlanta arranged a Peace Jubi lee on Dec. 14-15, 1898, to celebrate the successful prosecution of the Spanish-American war. President McKinley was the guest of the city during the ceremonies. He arrived with his party at 8 a. m., on the 14th, addressed the general assembly at 2 p. m., wit nessed a floral parade afterward, and in the evening held a recep tion at the Capital City Club. On the loth there was a grand parade at noon and at 3 p. m. the president delivered a public ad dress at the auditorium in Piedmont Park. The presidential party left the city at 1 a. m. on the 16th. In his address to the legisla ture the president advocated the annihilation of sectional lines and the care of Confederates' graves by the government of the United States, a speech that caused a great deal of favorable comment, both north and south.
Peachland, a post-hamlet of Macon county, is on the Fort Val ley & Americus division of the Central of Georgia railway, about six miles north of Montezuma.
Peachtree Creek. (For the battle of Peachtree Creek see At lanta).
Peacock, a post-village of Coffee county, with a population of 51, is about four miles east of the Allapaha river and near the Clinch county line. The nearest railroad station is Bostick, on the Ocilla, Pinebloom & Valdosta.
Peacock, Julius, postmaster of Vidalia, one of the most flourish ing and attractive towns of Toombs county, was born in Wash ington county, Ga., Aug. 18, 1868, a son of E. S. and Martha Malinda (Brantley) Peacock. His father was born in Washington county in December, 1830, and his death there occurred on Feb. 26, 1893. He was a planter by vocation and was a citizen of ster ling character, prominent and influential in his community. He was one of the loyal sons of the southland who went forth in de fence of the cause of the Confederacy in the Civil war, having en listed, in 1861, in a regiment organized in Coffee county, Ala., and continued in active service until the close of the war. He was com missioned lieutenant in his company and made the record of a gal lant and faithful soldier. His wife, who was born in 1840, preceded him into eternal rest by only six days, her death having occurred on Feb. 20, 1893. Julius Peacock was reared on the home planta tion and received his educational discipline in the schools of Wash ington county. He continued to be associated with his father in

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75

the work and management of the home farm until he had attained the age of twenty-two years, when he engaged in teaching in the local schools, following the pedagogic profession one year and then returning to the farm, of which he is now the owner. On Sept. 24, 1898, Mr. Peacock was appointed postmaster of Vidalia by Presi dent McKinley, and has since been continuously the incumbent of the office, having proven a careful and painstaking executive. The office is well equipped and is headquarters for two rural freedelivery routes. In politics Mr. Peacock gives allegiance to the Populist party, and fraternally he is a popular member of Vidalia Lodge, No. 82, Knights of Pythias, in which he has served as vicechancellor commander and as master of finance. Both he and his :wife are zealous members of the Baptist church. On Nov. 20, 1895, he was united in marriage to Miss Sallie Hunt, daughter of James A. and Ruth (Smith) Hunt, of Washington county, and they have four children, Eula, Lillian, Ray and Spurgeon. : Pearl, a post-hamlet of Camden county, is on the Little Satilla fiver, five miles east of Flatland, on the Seaboard Air Line rail way, which is the nearest station.
Pearson, a town in the southern part of Coffee county, was in corporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 37, 1890. It is in a Hiilitia district of the same name, the population of the town in 1900 being 336 and that of the district 2,307. It is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, has a money order postoffice, express and tele graph offices, some good stores, a few manufacturing establish ments, and does a large shipping business, especially in lumber and ::ayal stores.
Peavine Creek is a small stream in the northwestern part of the Estate. In the movements of the Federal army, just before the bat tle of Chickamauga, Palmer's division left Rossville on the mornmg of Sept. 10, 1863, and moved on the road toward Ringgold. :-When within five miles of the latter place a small party of Con federate cavalry appeared in front. The Fourth Michigan cavalry : ^-as sent forward and the Confederates slowly retired in the diireetion of Ringgold. A little while later a larger force of Con federate cavalry made a dashing charge upon the advance guard of : :tfe enemy, threw it into confusion, capturing 58 prisoners and re tiring, in good order before the astonished Federals had time to ;:form a line of defence. .This affair was the cause of several of ::tN officers commanding the advance guard being investigated. i Peavine Ridge. The skirmish which occurred here on Sept. 18, 3863, is sometimes called the battle of Reed's Bridge. The First

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

brigade, Second cavalry division, (Federal) commanded by Col. Robert G. Minty, was stationed at the bridge and scouting parties had been sent out on the 17th toward Lafayette and Ringgold. About eight o'clock on the morning of the 18th these scouts and the pickets were driven in, as Bragg had commenced the execution of his plans to bring on a battle. Soon afterward Forrest's cavalry, supported by a considerable force of infantry, attacked in force and compelled Minty to retire across the bridge. At Peavine Ridge the Federals made another stand, but they were again routed and pursued to Lee and Gordon's mills, where the Confederates biv ouacked for the night.
Pecan, a post-hamlet of Clay county, is on the Central of Geor gia railroad, about eight miles northeast of Fort Gaines. It has some stores with a good local trade and does some shipping.
Peck, William Henry, author and educator, was born in the State of Louisiana, but was for many years a resident of Atlanta, where many of his stories were written. He was a tireless worker and wrote nearly a hundred serial stores, most of which were pub lished in the New York Weekly, which paper paid him a salary of $10,000 a year. Some of his stories sold as high as $5,000, al though he is not classed by critics and reviewers as a literary man. This is chiefly due to the fact that his productions were published in the weekly story papers instead of book form. He finally re moved to Florida and died there in 1899.
Pecot, George Sully, is president of the City Grocery Company, of Colum bus, conducting one of the finest retail grocery establishments in the state, and is prominent in the business life of the thriving city in which he maintains his home. He was born in the city of New Orleans, La., March 17, 1869, and in the agnatic line is of pure French lineage. He is a son of Sully Joseph Pecot, a na tive of St. Mary's parish, La., and Sallie Lavonia (Heard) Pecot, born in Muscogee county, Ga., their marriage having been solemnized, in Columbus in 1865. The father was a book keeper and accountant by profession and was a soldier of the Con federacy in the Civil war, having served in Fenner's battery. After his marriage he removed to New Orleans, where he remained until 1875, when he returned with his family to Columbus, the girl-

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77

hood home of his wife, and here both passed the remainder of their lives, his death occurring in 1882 and his devoted wife passing : away in the following year. They are survived by only two chil dren, the subject of this sketch and Joseph Garret Pecot, who is a traveling salesman and maintains his home in the city of At lanta. George Sully Pecot was graduated in the Columbus high school at the age of fourteen years, and then initiated his business career, in the capacity of shipping clerk for a wholesale grocery house, in which he was employed four years, during the latter two of which he held the position of city salesman. At the age of eighteen years he took a position in the counting rooms of the Third National bank of Columbus, in which he remained thirteen years, filling various responsible positions. He resigned in Oc tober, 1902, to become one of the organizers of the City Grocery Company, of which he was made secretary and treasurer. In Oc tober, 1904, he was elected president of the company, of which he has since remained the executive head, the concern having one of the most metropolitan retail groceries to be found in the state, the headquarters being at 27 Eleventh street. A. C. Chancellor is vice-president of the company and E. P. Dismukes, Jr., is secre tary and treasurer, all of the interested principals being enterpris.ing. and substantial young business men. Mr. Pecot is a member of;the Columbus board of trade; is vice-president and secretary of : the Columbus retail merchants' association and an active member :<jf the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In politics he acc.sfds allegiance to the Democracy and both he and his wife hold membership in the First Baptist church. On Nov. 5, 1891, Mr. Bfeeot was united in marriage to Miss Lila Garnett Coles, daughter : (if: Nathan Byrd and Eugenia (Upshaw) Coles, of Coleridge, Ala., : and they have two children, Meryl Eugenia and Sully Coles Pecot. : Pedenville, a post-hamlet of Pike county, is on the Flint river, : fee miles northwest of Concord, which is the nearest railroad sta-
: tKSi. :
Peerman, a post-village of Wilkes county, with a population of 4l> is on a branch of the Broad river, twelve miles west of Washisg;t0n, which is the most convenient railroad station. ; >eete, Cola H., M. D., one of the representative physicians and garge.ons of the city of Macon, was born in Tipton county, Tenn., March 22, 1863, and is a son of John Speed and Ann Eliza (Whittey.) Peete, both native of Virginia. After completing the curricufea of the public schools Doctor Peete was matriculated in the :!5iedical department of Vanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn., in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

which finely equipped institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 1.892, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Since his graduation he has taken most effective post-graduate courses
and also given much attention to indi vidual research. He located in Macon soon after his graduation and here he has since continued in professional work, hav ing built up a large and representative practice. He is a valued member of the Macon medical society, of which he has served as secretary, vice-president and president, while he is also identified with the Tri-State medical society, of which he was formerly first vice-president, and with the American medical association. He is also a member of the American laryngological, rhinological and otological society; is vice-president of the Georgia anti-tuberculosis league, and a member of the Georgia sociological society. He is oculist and aurist to the Macon city hospital, a member of the medical board of the institution, and a lecturer on the diseases of the eye and ear in the training school for nurses, a valuable adjunct of the hospital. He is also oculist and aurist for the state academy for the blind and for the Georgia orphans' home, located in Macon, while in a professional capacity he is identified with many other institutions in Macon. In his practice he devotes special attention to the dis eases of the eye and ear and is considered an authority in this department of professional work. He and his wife hold member ship in the Methodist Episcopal church South; he is a Democrat in politics and is identified with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In 1887 was solemnized in Nashville, Tenn., the mar riage of Doctor Peete to Miss Annie Dungan, daughter of Dr. David Dungan, of Little Rock, Ark., and they have four children living, namely : David. Dungan, John Speed, Mary Alice and Annie. Pelham, one of the principal towns of Mitchell county, is located in the southern part of the county at the junction of the Atlantic Coast Line and the Flint River & Northeastern railways. It was named in honor of Major Pelham,- of Alabama, sometimes called the "boy artillerist." The first act of incorporation was passed in 1881, but six years later the corporate limits were extended by a new charter. It has two banks, a number of manufacturing con cerns, among which are a large fertilizer works and a cotton seed

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79

oil mill, telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice in which a number of rural mail routes find their beginning, several mercantile establishments, good school and church accommoda
tions, and according to the census of 1900 had a population of 945, the district in which it is situated having at the same time 2,836
inhabitants. About 10,000 bales of cotton are handled at Pelham
every year.
Pembroke, a town in the northern part of Bryan county, re ported a population of 306 in 1900; It is located on the Seaboard
Air Line railway, has a money order postoffice, express and tele graph offices, several good mercantile establishments, schools,
churches, etc., and does considerable shipping. Pence, a post-hamlet of Cherokee county, is about three miles
southeast of Toonigh, which is the nearest railroad station.
Pendergrass, a town in Jackson county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 30, 1890. It is on the Gainesville, Jef
ferson & Southern railroad, seven miles northwest of Jefferson, grid in 1900 reported a population of 232. It has a money order postoffice, with several free delivery routes to the rural districts, express and telegraph offices, mercantile establishments, etc., and
Is One of the best shipping points on the line. Pendleton, John T., judge.of the superior court of the Atlanta
Circuit and one of the distinguished lawyers of the capital city, is cme of the best known attorneys and jurists in the state and is a tssan honored by all who know him. He was born in Christian county, Ky., March 24, 1845, a son of William and Issabella Pen.dleton, both natives of that county, and the former a merchant by vocation. After due preparatory discipline he was matriculated in ; Bethel college, Russellville, Ky., being a student there at the mile of the inception of the Civil war. Ardently loyal to the cause ;;of the Confederacy, he forthwith abandoned his studies to tender feis aid. in the cause of the Southern States, although but sixteen years of age at the time, and in September, 1861, enlisted in the : First Kentucky cavalry, in which he fought right gallantly in many of the most important battles in which the Western Army : was involved. He was in the forefront of his command in the celebrated charge against the Federal infantry in the battle of Perryviile; was later transferred to Gen. Nathan B. Forrest's com: jsand. and served under that gallant leader during the greater !p0Hion of the war. In 1862 he was detailed in Gen. Joe Wheeler's ; Eying squadron, following that intrepid leader in many of his raids. ^Shortly after the battle of Missionary Ridge Judge Pendleton was

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

taken prisoner by the Federal troops, being sent to the prison at Fort Delaware, where he was confined until the close of the war, when, with all other prisoners, he was released on parole. In 1867 he attended the Louisville law school, where he remained as a student one year, taking preparatory legal training. During the session of 1868-9 he was a member of the law class of famous old Washington & Lee university at Lexington, Va. At the close of the session, as an honor graduate, he delivered the valedictory ad dress for the large law class and duly received the degree of Bache lor of Laws. The New York World, in its report on the com mencement exercises of the university that week, mentioned the speech of Judge Pendleton as one of the notable addresses of the week, though there were several speakers of national reputation present on the occasion. Among his most treasured mementoes is his diploma from the law department of Washington & Lee uni versity, chiefly by reason of the fact that on the same appears the signature of Gen. Robert E. Lee, who was then president of the institution. The fact that General Lee had been made president of the college at the close of the war drew to the institution hun dreds of young Southerners, the enrollment at the time of Judge Pendleton's graduation having been in excess of 1,000. No other southern university has ever had an equal enrollment at any time. Immediately after his graduation Judge Pendleton removed to At lanta, taking up his residence here in the autumn of 1869, and was admitted to the bar of the state in April of the following year. This city has ever since been his home and the scene of his successful and noteworthy efforts as a lawyer and jurist. In 1874 he was elected recorder of the police court of Atlanta, and served in the dual capacity of recorder and city auditor for four years, the two offices being conjoined at that time. He served four years as as sistant city attorney and for four years as judge of the recorder's court, making a record which gained to him the confidence and high esteem of the community. Thereafter he was. engaged in the active practice of his profession until April, 1905, when he was appointed judge of the superior court of the Atlanta circuit, by Governor Terrell, to succeed Judge Joseph H. Lumpkin, upon the latter's elevation to the supreme court of the state. In politics Judge Pendleton is an unswerving adherent of the Democratic party. He is a prominent and valued member of the Second Bap tist church, in which he has been a deacon since 1887, and he has twice served as superintendent of the Sunday school. He was for two terms incumbent of the office of church treasurer, and for a

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quarter of a century was teacher of the Bible class. He has also been president of the state mission board of his church and a mem ber of the home-mission board of the Southern Baptist convention. lit1 1870 Judge Pendleton was united in marriage to Miss Ella J. Bowie, of Westmoreland county, Va., and they have two children, namely: Mary Belle. Stewart and Kate Nunnally.
Pendleton, Nathaniel, lawyer, was born in New Kent county, Va., in the year 1756. During the Revolution he saw active service on several fields, was for a time on the staff of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, and received the thanks of Congress for his gallant con duct at the battle of Eutaw Springs. After the war he settled in Georgia, studied law, practiced for a while at Savannah, and was attorney-general of the state. In January, 1789, he succeeded Henry Osborne as chief justice, being the last man to hold that office under the constitution of 1777. He was a delegate to the convention that adopted the Federal constitution in 1787. Here he formed the acquaintance of George Washington, who, after his inauguration as president of the United States, recommended Pen dleton for secretary of state. The appointment was not made be cause of objections of Alexander Hamilton, though later Pendle ton and Hamilton became intimate acquaintances and warm friends so much so, in fact, that Pendleton acted as Hamilton's second in the fatal duel with Aaron Burr. After his failure to se cure the appointment of secretary of state he was made United .States district judge at Savannah, but in 1796 resigned his position and went to New York. He died at Hyde Park, N. Y., Oct. 20, 1821. A grandson, George H. Pendleton, was at one time a Con gressman from Ohio and was prominently mentioned by the Dem ocratic party for the presidency of the United States.
Penfield, an incorporated town of Greene county, is about six riiiles north of Greensboro and in 1900 reported a population of 375. It has a money order postoffice and is the principal trading : center for that section of the county. Woodville, on the Athens ; division of the Georgia railroad, is the nearest station. '.'. : \ Penitentiary. On Dec. 11, 1811, in pursuance of an act of the : general assembly, John Howard, John W. Devereux and Hubert : Reynolds were appointed commissioners to contract for the erec tion of a penitentiary. By the same act, authorizing the appoinr::iii nt of this commission, a fund of $10,000 was placed in the hands of the governor, to be paid out upon his approval of the contracts. Two days later a supplementary act fixed the site of the prison in the center of the penitentiary square at Milledgeville, and, after
6-in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

reserving grounds for a garden and the necessary streets, the com missioners were directed to lay out the remainder of the land in lots of a half acre each, which "were to be sold and the proceeds used for the benefit of the institution. The prison was opened about two years later and an appropriation of $10,000 was made by the act of Dec. 2,2, 1832, for the erection of a hospital and seventy-five new cells. White, in his Historical Collections, published in 1854, describes the penitentiary of that day as follows: "The outer walls of the penitentiary are made of brick, averaging twenty feet in height, by two and a half feet thick, containing within the walls two and a half acres. The cells, or prison proper, are contained in a three story granite building, two hundred feet long by thirty feet broad. They are on each side, and divided into four wards, designated by the letters A, B, C, and D. These cells are num bered on the doors, beginning in each ward at No. 1, and rising until all are numbered in each respective ward. The occupants are also numbered, corresponding with the letter of the ward to which they belong. The present workshops were constructed in 1844. They are built of brick, one story high, of nine feet pitch, with jointed sheathing, and covered with shingles. The form at its common center is that of an octagon, with three of its angles cut to a straight line, leaving five angles of thirty feet each, which: angles being all open, they present so many openings into as many shops, each one hundred and fifty feet long, by thirty broad. There is in the enclosure a two story building of brick, forty feet square, in which are apartments for the sick, female convicts, &c."
The legislature of 1858, soon after the above description was written, appropriated $30,000 for repairs and the institution was brought up to a higher standard than ever before. During the war from 1861 to 1865 the penitentiary suffered from the neglect shared by all the state institutions, and when the constitutional convention of 1865 was in session a resolution was introduced to abolish the prison entirely and adopt some other mode of punish ment. Another resolution proposed to lease Stone Mountain and put the convicts to quarrying paving stones. Both these resolu tions were indefinitely postponed and the penitentiary continued under the old regime until the passage of an act on March 3, 1874, authorizing the governor to farm or lease out the convicts "to per sons or companies of persons," and giving him power to cancel or annul all contracts or leases, when the provisions of the agreement were not properly observed by the lessees. On Dec. 21, 1897, the general assembly passed an act practically abandoning the old lease

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system and creating- a prison commission, to be composed of "three intelligent and upright citizens from different parts of the state," to be appointed by the governor. The board thus appointed drew lots for the expiration of. their terms and since then one commis sioner is elected by the people at each general election, the term of office being six years. The prison commission has full and com plete power over all matters pertaining to the convicts, the making of contracts for their labor, regulating the hours that they shall work daily, the supplies. of food, clothing, etc., and has also the power of a pardoning board to investigate all applications for exec utive clemency and to recommend action by the governor in deserv ing cases. The commission was authorized to buy a tract of land, or more than one tract if their judgment deemed best, the entire purchase not to exceed 5,000 acres, upon which a farm was to be established, stockades and buildings erected for the confinement and accommodation of the female convicts, boys under the age of fif teen years, and the old and infirm men, who were not able to be hired out, the surplus products of the farm to be supplied to the other state institutions. An appropriation of $50,000 was made to carry out this provision. The farm was located near Milledgeville : and it is one of the largest agricultural undertakings in the state. Upon it have been erected large, durable buildings for men, women and boys, separately, also a ginnery, a mill for grinding corn, a iiejtDt, warehouse, and a system of waterworks. The idea of this institution was prompted by humane motives, to get women, old ;men and boys away from the convict camps, to a place where they eould be better cared for in a physical way, and where they would be surrounded by a more moral atmosphere. But, aside from these objects, the farm has been self supporting from the start. This : general penitentiary system has proven to be a financial as well as liamanitarian success. By the act of 1897, and subsequent acts, the old lease system was abolished and the state resumed control ef the convicts. The act of 1903 again atuhorized the commissioners to make contracts with individuals or corporations for the labor of sonvicts, under the supervision and control of the commission, and also provided that counties might receive a pro rata number of the ; inmates of the penitentiary, to be employed in the improvement of the public highways. In the report of the commissioners for the : year ending on May 31, 1904, they announce that 1,500 convicts had :l>een contracted for, at an average annual wage of $225.53, and that ST3 had been employed during the year in twenty-nine counties on the public roads. The value of the crops on the state farm were

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

given in that report as being over $25,000. In the establishment of the state farm and the employment of the convicts on the public highways, Georgia has laid down a precedent in the convict labor question that will doubtless be watched with interest by other states.
Pennick, a post village of Glynn county, with a population of 75, is on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railroad, about six miles southeast of Everett City.
Pennington, a post-village of Morgan county, is about ten miles southwest of Madison and not far from the Jasper county line. The nearest railroad station is Godfrey, on the Macon & Athens division of the Central of Georgia.
Pensions. In the'formation of the constitution of 1877 provision was made for providing artificial, limbs for all Confederate soldiers who had lost an arm or leg in the war. Pursuant to that provision the legislature passed an act on Sept. 20, 1879, granting to every such soldier from~$40 to $60 for an arm and from $75 to $100 for a leg, the amount to be payable every five years. In 1883 the act was amended so as to make the sum payable every three years. Subse quently the constitution was amended to make suitable provisi6fis :: for such Confederate soldiers as had received permanent injurk-s in the service, and for widows of soldiers who died in the service or; : since from wounds received or diseases contracted therein. On Dec. 19, 1893, the general assembly approved an amendment granting a; pension to all ex-Confederate soldiers, who, "by reason of age 'Sitd : poverty, infirmity "and poverty, or blindness and poverty, are unable; to provide a living for themselves." This amendment was ratified; by a vote of the people at the general election in October, 1894, arui on December 15th an act was passed, granting a pension of $60 a year to every ex-Confederate soldier who was a bona fide resident of the state on the first day of January preceding the passage of the act, and who could prove that he was in the regulate Confederate service, or in the Georgia militia and show that he was unable to support himself by his own exertions. Payments under this act were to begin on May 15, 1895, and to be made annually in the month of May thereafter. In 1904, according to the report of the treasurer of state the amount paid in pensions was $862,215. This; included the amounts paid to disabled soldiers under the original act, the pensions to indigent soldiers, and the -relief given to sol diers' widows.
Perhaps, a post-hamlet of Troup county, is on the west side of the Chattahoochee river and about eight miles northwest of La Grange, which is the nearest railroad station.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

85

Perkins, a town in the northern part of Jenkins county, is on the Augusta & Millen division of the Central of Georgia railway sys tem and in 1900 reported a population of 217. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, some good stores and does
some shipping. Perry, the county seat of Houston county, and the terminus of
a.-branch of the Central of Georgia railway to Fort Valley, is sit uated partly in Lower Town and partly in Upper Town militia dis tricts, the former having a population of 1,592, and the latter of 1$<J8, according to the census of 1900. In the corporate limits of tile town were C50 people. Perry has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, two banks, a cot ton and oil mill and several prosperous business houses. The court house and other public buildings are valued at $20,000. There is a good system of schools and the churches are well represented.
Perry, Edwin John, cashier of the Bainbridge State bank, and a member of the bar of Decatur county, was born -near Bainbridge, on Sept. 14, 1864, and is a
son of John O. and Sarah A. (Cole) Perry, the former born in Crawford
county, Ga., and the latter in Clayton, Ala. William A. Perry, a brother of
John Perry, was a soldier in the war of 181S. John Perry, father of John O., was a prominent citizen of Crawford, where he was called to serve in public offices, including that of tax collector. John O. ::Ferry has been a public officer during practically his entire career :;srace attaining his legal majority. He was marshal of the town of ::lainbridge from 1858 to 1861; was deputy clerk of the superior court for six months, in 1862, while at home from service in the ;:yil war, having been incapacitated by rheumatism. In 1866 he Se.nioved to Mitchell county, and in 1870 located in Baker county, ::W:b.ere he has since maintained his home. On April 1, 1876, he was ; :agj>ointed judge of the county court of Baker county by Gov. James :;M>. Smith, and he has held commissions under every governor : ;slfice that time, having thus been in office for nearly thirty conseciliils've years. His record on the bench has been a signally creditable :orKS He has never failed to hold court at the stated time, has never been reversed in any of his decisions, though he is not a : lawyer. He was president of the county board of education for fif-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

teen years; has been an elder of the Presbyterian church for thirtyfive years, and for the past quarter of a century he has been presi dent of the Baker county Sunday-school association. On March 18, 1861, John O. Perry manifested his loyalty to the Confederacy by enlisting as a private in Company G, First Georgia volunteer in fantry, and in the autumn of 1862 he became a member of Abell's battery. He took part in the engagements at Green Briar River, W. Va., Ocean Pond or Olustee, Fla.; Pocataligo, and Salkahatchie, S. C., in January, 1865, and also in several engagements on the retreat from Savannah to Greensboro, N. C. He rose to the rank of gun-: sergeant in the battery, and was mustered out under parole at Greensboro, N. C., April 26, 1865, after Johnston's surrender. Ed win J. Perry attended the common schools in his boyhood and sup plemented this training by a course in the North Georgia agricul tural college, at Dahlonega, after which he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar at Bainbridge in 1889. In May, 1891, upon the organization of the Bainbridge State bank, he was elected its cashier, and has since retained this position, his ability as an executive having done much to conserve the upbuilding of the fine business controlled by the bank. Mr. Perry is a stanch Demo crat, is a Presbyterian in his religious faith and is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On Feb. 14, 1895, he was united in marriage to Miss Maude Springer Tompkins, daughter of William Greene Springer and Sallie (Jackson) Tomp kins, of Grantville, Ga. They have one child, Edwin Jonathan, Jr.
Perrys Mills, a town of Tattnall county, is about eighteen miles southwest of Reidsville and not far from the Altamaha river. The population in 1900 was 300. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for that part of the county. The nearest railroad station is Graham, on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern.
Persimmon, a post-hamlet of Rabun county, is in a mountainous district, about eight miles northwest of Clayton, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Persons, Henry, farmer, soldier and member of Congress, was born in Monroe county in 1834. When he was about two years of age the family removed to Taliaferro county, where he grew to manhood. In 1855 he graduated at the state university, and then engaged in farming until the breaking out of the Civil war. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate service as captain of a cavalry company and served until the final surrender. After the war he took considerable interest in public questions, and in 1878 was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

87

elected to represent his district in the lower branch of Congress. He served but one term.
Peters, Richard, was one of the found ers and upbuilders of the present capital city of Georgia and one of the most hon ored citizens and pioneers of the state. He achieved notable success in temporal affairs, but all this was subordinate to the personal integrity and nobility of the man, whose life was one of signal useful ness and honor in all its relations. A cyclopedic compilation can not properly enter into exhaustive details, but in this work on the state of Georgia it is imper ative that more than cursory considera tion be given to the subject of this memoir. Mr. Peters was born in Germantown, Pa., now a suburb of Philadelphia, Nov. 10, 1810, and was a son of Ralph and Catherine (Couyughan) Peters. In Burke's Encyclopedia of Heraldy are indicated twenty different Peters families having coats of arms. In Burke's Landed Gentry the motto of the Peter, Petre and Peters families is the same. Burke inclines to the opinion that all sprang from the noble house : ef Petre, which was prominent in England prior to 1472. The : coat of arms found in the home of William Peters, great-grand: father of the subject of this sketch, is virtually that of the present Baron Petre, of Essex, England. The name William was borne by Sir William Petre, LL. D., in the days of Henry VIII. In a most ^interesting and carefully compiled history of the ancestors and ^descendants of her father, Richard Peters, Mrs. Nellie (Peters) :Black covers the field with almost reverent devotion. She traces ibe ancestral line to Ralph Peters, a clerk of the council, who died ]]m Liverpool, England, in 1776. His two sons, Rev. Richard and !!:Williarn Peters, immigrated to America in the early part of the :: eighteenth century, taking up their residence in Pennsylvania, ^iwhere Richard followed the work of the ministry and attained to ^venerable age,, but left no descendants. William had married in :::Eirgland, where his wife died, and after coming to America he ; ;jnarried Mary Brientnall, of a well known family near Philadelphia. ;;) this union were born three sons Thomas, William and Richard. :;Thomas became a resident of Baltimore, Md.; William died young; ::23!;d Richard, grandfather of him to whom this memoir is dedicated, : became a man of distinction in Pennsylvania and in the history of

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the nation. He was secretary of war under General Washington and was judge of the United States district court in Philadelphia until the time of his death, in 1828. It has been said that "His services to the struggling confederation of colonies were of the highest and most unselfish order," and that "perhaps to him and Robert Morris, who was his friend and fellow townsman, the suc cess of the war was more indebted than to any other two men among the civilians." He inherited from his father the valuable estate known as Belmont, just outside of the city of Philadelphia. His son Ralph, father of Richard, subject of this review, was not successful in financial affairs, and of him the son has said that while he married into the Couyughan family, which was at one time a prominent and wealthy one, his financial resources remained so meager that he was finally compelled to remove to what was then the backwoods country of Pennsylvania. George G. Smith, of Macon, Georgia, has written in regard to Richard Peters in prac tically the following words; apropos in connection with the fore going statement: "Mr. Peters as a boy became fond of this wild life, but his kinsfolk were not willing for him to grow up under such conditions, and, against his will, he was sent to Philadelphia to grandparents, in order that he might attend school. He was not classically educated, but was fitted to enter the office of an archi tect. He became satisfied that the work of this profession would not suit him, and when the era of railroad building was ushered in he went into the field as a rodman, at one and one-half dollars a day. Among his friends in the engineer corps was J. Edgar Thompson. When Mr. Thompson came to Georgia as chief engi neer of the projected Georgia railroad he offered Mr. Peters, who was then about twenty-six years old, a place in the corps, with a salary of $1,000 per annum. Having saved no money, Mr. Peters borrowed $100 and through this means was enabled to come to Georgia. He located the line of the Georgia railroad and always considered this one of his best pieces of work. It was nearly eight years from the time the first engine rolled out of Augusta to the time it reached the terminus, now the city of Atlanta, and he was in the field from the start to the finish. The road reached Atlanta, which was then known as Marthasville, and Mr. Thompson said the name of the terminus should be Atlanta. None of the chiefs of the corps had had any hope for the upbuilding of Atlanta except Mr. Peters. He thought there was a future for the village, and what money he had to spare he invested in real estate. He married and bought a home, one of the best in the town at that time. Then, as

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

89

he had established a line of stages to Montgomery, he bought all that land stretching from Forsyth street down to South Broad, for a stable lot. He had never lost his taste for farming, and when on a visit up the state road at Oothcaloga station, he found a body of limestone land to be purchasable and bought a large estate there, having determined to establish a stock farm. He had rich friends who reposed implicit confidence in him, and his paper was giltedge, so he made many ventures and ran very narrow risks of failure, but he never failed. He did not make money farming. He spent it lavishly and did a vast deal for the up-country and the state by his experiments. He built a large flour mill, and to keep the fires roaring he bought 400 acres of land at five dollars an acre, more than a mile from the center of the little city. He said to me: 'Mr. Smith, few make fortunes by good judgment or hard work. Something they never foresaw takes place in their favor. Now here am I. I bought 400 acres of land merely to get wood from it, : and it is in the heart of Atlanta.' He was always enterprising, and, associated with George Adair, he secured the charter and built the first street railroad in the city. He brought in Short-horns, Devons, Brahmin and Jerseys. He brought in Chester Whites, Berkshires and Essex swine. He brought in the Chinese sugar cane. He ; established nurseries, brought in fine dogs, planted clover and tim othy, and had all that was rare and beautiful in floriculture. He spent no time on the streets. With his favorite servant man and his modest carriage he drove to the postofHce and the bank and : back to his cosy, unpretentious home and his desk. From his study : ;be attended to the work demanded. He was an Episcopalian of :Song descent. The bishops of that church made his house their :liome, and two of them, Quintard and Elliott, were so esteemed by him that he named his sons in their honor. He was my ideal of an ; fikl-time English gentleman. His mill venture did not prove a suc:;eess, but was the real cause of his leaving an estate of nearly $1,000,:;80Q, since it led to the purchase of the land whose appreciation in ::y: alue brought him a fortune. His family life, of which we have a hbeautiful picture in the book so lovingly compiled by his daughter, ;;;Mrs. Black, was ideal. His home was his paradise. He spent his :;fe!3ure among his flowers and fruits and pigeons and poultry and' ! firse cattle, and in his home he found all he wished for realized his ;;;iieart's desire. He was a slaveholder and true southerner in senti ment, but was opposed to secession. He was a blockade runner on :;3f large scale, and nearly gained a fortune through his operations :::ia this line. Mr. Peters was united in marriage Feb. 18, 1848, to

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Miss Mary Jane Thompson, daughter of Dr. Joseph Thompson, of Atlanta. Living within six miles of where she was born, she has but one woe to fear in her honored age 'Woe be unto you when all men speak well of you.' Mr. Peters made by force and integrity his merits known. He never wrecked any railroads or turned any 'corners' in stocks. He modestly disclaimed any credit for his sucess, but he deserved much. He was as far removed from a snob as any rich and well born nian I ever knew. He was really a great man and would have been a statesmen of no low order. He left seven children, of whom he was justly proud. Although not a Georgian by birth, much the larger part of his life was spent here, and he did as much for his adopted state as any man of his day. Mrs. Black, who edited and compiled the delightful volume from which these data are principally gleaned, is his second child. She was much noted during her young life for her tender care of the poor and for her strong individuality. She married General Black, of Screven county, who was in the legislature. He died and left her with three children. She is manager, and a capital manager, of the farm which was Mr. Peters' pride." Mr. Peters was summoned to the life eternal Feb. 6, 1889, and was laid to rest in Oakland cemetery, Atlanta. His widow, Mary Jane (Thomp son) Peters, was born Dec. 31, 1830, a daughter of Dr. Joseph and Mary Ann Tomlinson (Young) Thompson, of Decatur, Ga. Mr. and Mrs. Peters became the parents of the following named chil dren : Richard, Mary Ellen, Ralph, Edward Couyughan, Catherine Couyughan, Joseph Thompson, Stephen Elliott, Quintard, and Anna May. Richard is an influential citizen of Philadelphia. Mary Ellen (called Nellie) was born Feb. 9, 1851, and on April 17, 1877, married George Robison Black, who died Nov. 3, 1886, and who is survived by three children Nita Hughes, Louise King, and Ralph Peters. Mrs. Nellie (Peters) Black is president of the Free Kinder garten association, and is a member of the Colonial Dames, the Daughters of the American Revolution, and the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Ralph Peters, second son of the subject of this, memoir, is a resident of New York and president of the Long Island railroad. Edward C. resides in Atlanta, is president of the Atlanta Savings bank and has the management of the Peters estate. Cath erine C. is unmarried and resides in Atlanta. Joseph T. and Stephen E. died in infancy. Quintard was born in 1866 and died in 1894. Anna May is the wife of Henry M. Atkinson, one of Atlanta's lead
ing capitalists.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

91

Petersburg. On Feb. 3, 1786, the legislature of Georgia passed an act authorizing Dionysius Oliver "to erect a warehouse on his land, lying in the fork between the Savannah and Broad rivers, for the inspection and storage of tobacco." The settlement that grew up about this warehouse in time came to be called Petersburg. In 1800 Sibbald, in his "Notes and Observations on the Pine Lands of Georgia," says of Petersburg: "In point of situation and commer cial consequence it is second only to Augusta. It is a handsome, well built town, and presents to the view of the astonished traveller a town which has risen out of the woods in a few years as if by enchantment." In November, 1802, by an act of the legislature, eighteen of the leading citizens were incorporated into a society known as the "Petersburg Union Society," the objects of which were the diffusion of knowledge and the alleviation of want. On Dec. 1, 1802, commissioners were appointed for the better regula tion and government of the town. Petersburg was regularly laid off in lots, with streets running at right angles, the warehouses being located near the river and the residences farther back. While the tobacco industry flourished the town prospered, but when the : planters ceased the cultivation of the "weed" Petersburg shared the fate of all towns whose perpetuity depend upon a certain line of .occupation. The old cemetery, on the left bank of Broad river, is :all that is left to mark the place where this busy community once existed. (See Dartmouth and Fort James). V: Petersburg, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Gordon county, is not far from the Coosawattee river. The nearest rail road station is Talona, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern road.
Peterson, J. Eugene, one of the promi nent citizens and business men of Fort Gaines, Clay county, was born in that at tractive little city, Dec. 30, 1858, a son of Robert B. and Amanda C. (Henderson) Peterson, the former born in Hancock county, Ga., and the latter in Greenville, Butler county, Ala. The maternal great grandfather, who was a patriot soldier in the war of the Revolution, was born in Virginia, near the eastern shore of Mary land, and was related to the distinguished Lee and Herndon families. He and his brother removed to North Carolina and founded the town of Henperson, giving their own name to the place. The next in line of

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

descent to the subject of this sketch was Major Henderson, who removed to Randolph county, where he passed the residue of his life. Peter Strozier, a maternal great-uncle of Mr. Peterson, was born in Holland, whence he came to America in the colonial era, located in South Carolina, and served under Gen. Francis Marion in the war of the Revolution. By reason of his daring and courage he gained from the British and Tories the designation of "Devil Pete," and his maneuvers caused much trouble and anxiety for Colonel Tarleton, the British officer. J. E. Peterson was reared to man hood in Fort Gaines, and has gained recognition as one of its most progressive business men and public-spirited citizens, having been identified with leading mercantile, banking and manufacturing in terests. His political allegiance is given to the Republican party, on whose ticket he was a candidate for Congress, from the second district of Georgia, in 1896, and he was on the ticket as presidential elector in 1900 and 1904. He has been continuously a member of the city council of Fort Gaines since 1886, was one of the leaders in the vigorous fight for the adoption of the present effective system of public city schools, and for the erection and equipment of a mod ern school building. He is at the present time chairman of the board of education. Both he and his wife are prominent members of the Presbyterian church. In December, 1882, Mr. Peterson was united in marriage to Miss Terrell Speight, daughter of Thomas E. and Theresa F. (Hudnall) Speight, of Fort Gaines.
Petrel, a post-hamlet of Cherokee county, is five miles east of Keithsburg, which is the nearest railroad station.
Pettett, a post-hamlet of Pickens county, is about five miles southwest of Jasper, which is the nearest railroad station.
Petty, a post-village in the northern part of Murray county, is a short distance west of Cohutta Springs. Varnell's Station, on the Southern railroad, is the nearest railway town.
Peyton, a post-village of Appling county, is twelve miles north east of Baxley and not far from the Wayne county line. Surrency, on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railroad is the nearest station.
Pfeiffer, a post-village of Screven county, is located on Brier creek, about three miles above its confluence with the Savannah river. The population in 1900 was 100. It is a trading cen ter for that part of the county and is ten miles from Sylvania, which is the nearest railroad station.
Pharr, a post-hamlet of Pickens, is seven miles almost due west of Jasper.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

93

Phelps, a post-hamlet of Whitfield county, is a station on the Southern railroad, five miles south of Dalton.
Philema, a village of Lee county, is on the Albany Northern railroad, at the point where it crosses the Flint river. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, and is a trad ing center for that part of the county.
Philips Mill, a post-village in the western part of Coffee county, is about two miles southeast of Marion, which is the nearest rail
road station. Phillips, John R., junior member of the law firm of Phillips &
Phillips, of Louisville, Jefferson county, was born Dec. 25, 1869, in the city which is now his home. He is a son of the late Rev. David G. Phillips, D. D., who was one of the influential members of the clergy of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian church in Georgia, where he continued to reside until his death. After duly availing himself of the advantages of the schools of Jefferson county John R. Phillips was matriculated in Erskine college at Duewest, S. C, where he was graduated in 1892, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. His technical discipline in the law was gained under the preceptorship of his brother and present partner, William L. Phillips, concerning whom individual mention is made in this work, and he was admitted to the bar in 1892, since which time he has been associated in practice with his brother, under the firm name noted above. He is well fortified in the learning of his pro fession, has proved an able coadjutor to his brother, and is known as. a skilled trial lawyer and conservative counsellor. In politics he accords an unwavering allegiance to the Democratic party, and rep resented his native county in the state legislature for three years 1902-4. He is a member of the Georgia state bar association, is : affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, and is a member of the Asso ciate Reformed Presbyterian church, in whose faith he was reared. On Dec. 12, 1896, Mr. Phillips was united in marriage to Miss Emily Frances Clark, daughter of Samuel M. Clark, of Louisville, and they have three children Helen, John Robert, Jr., and Frances.
Phillips, Col. William, a native of South Carolina, removed to Georgia in early life and settled in Cobb county, where he prac ticed law and was at one time solicitor for his circuit. He was a member of the convention which nominated the first time Joseph E. ; Brown to be governor of Georgia. At the time of the secession of :;:he state he was on the staff of Governor Brown and as such assisted in the negotiations which led to the surrender of the Augusta arse nal to the Georgia state forces. He organized Phillips' Legion, con-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

sisting of fifteen companies of infantry, six of cavalry, and one of

artillery, a command which served first in West Virginia, then on

the Georgia coast, and from the Seven Days battles to Appomattox.

The infantry companies shared the fortunes of the army of North

ern Virginia, while the cavalry companies followed Stuart and then

Hampton, ending their military career near Goldsboro, N. C. It

was while serving on the Georgia coast that Colonel Phillips lost

an eye in a combat near Pocotaligo, S. C. Resigning command

of the Legion, each section of which continued to bear his name to

the end, he was appointed by Governor Brown brigadier-general of

state troops, and served in that capacity to the close of the war.

He has ever since the return of peace resided at Marietta, pursuing-

the practice of law, and conducting farming operations.

Phillips, William L,., of Louisville, a

.:;:: ;::;

lawyer who has gained high standing at

the bar of his native county and state

and who is engaged in active practice at

the present time, was born on a planta

tion in Jefferson county, Ga., June 3,

1857. He is a son of Rev. David G.

Phillips, D. D., a native of North Caro

lina, and a distinguished clergyman of

the Associate Reformed Presbyterian

church. His wife, whose maiden name

was Julia E. W. A. Little, was born in

Jefferson county, Ga., both being now

deceased. William L. Phillips gained his preliminary educational

training in the schools of Jefferson county, after which he entered :

Erskine college at Duewest, S. C., where he was graduated as a ;

member of the class of 1877, receiving the degree of Bachelor of

Arts. He then studied law under the able preceptorship of the firm

of Cain & Polhill, of Louisville, showing marked power of assimila

tion in his technical studies and making rapid advancement in his

knowledge of the science of jurisprudence. He was admitted to the

bar in May, 1879, and has since been successfully established in the

practice of his profession in Louisville, having been concerned in

much important litigation and retaining a representative clientage.

He is now senior member of the law firm of Phillips & Phillips, his

partner being his brother, John R. He is a member of the Georgia

state bar association, is a stanch advocate of the principles of the

Democratic party and has held various offices of public trust. He

served four years as chairman of the board of county commis-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

95

sioners, two terms as mayor of Louisville, and ten years as county

solicitor. Mr. Phillips is held in high esteem professionally and as

a liberal and loyal citizen, progressive in his ideas and public-spir ited in his attitude. He is vice-president of the Bank of Louisville,

; president of the Bank of Wrens, at Wrens, Jefferson county, and

is a director of the Louisville & Wadley railroad. He and his

wife are devoted and zealous members of the Associate Reformed

/Presbyterian church, in which he is an elder. In December, 1881,

he was united in marriage to Miss Ella Dora Skinner, who died in

1S90, survived by one son, James Gardner Phillips, who was born

Oct. 22, 1882. In 1891 Mr. Phillips married Miss Lena Everitt, of

Thomas county, a cousin of his first wife, and they have one daugh-

thv Mary.

^Philomath, a village in the southeast corner of Oglethorpe county,

/reported a population of 40 in 1900. It has a money order post-

office and is a trading center for that part of the county. Baircls-

Jivn, eight miles west on the Georgia railroad, is the nearest sta

tion.

Phinizy, Ferdinand. A true, noble and

: ;;.:/

..-

altogether worthy citizen was lost to the

city of Athens and the State of Georgia

when the mortal life of Ferdinand Phin

izy merged into the immortal, Oct. 20,

1889. He was a member of one of the

honored and distinguished families of

Georgia, and this compilation exercises

a consistent function when it enters trib

ute to such a man. The memoir here ap

pearing is an abridgement of one issued

in a private way shortly after his death,

slight changes in phraseology being made,

\m order that the sketch may be brought to the compass de-

Handed in a work of this nature. "Ferdinand Phinizy, the eldest

iifil'iild of Jacob and Matilda (Stewart) Phinizy, was born at Bowling

::(":reen, Oglethorpe county, Ga., Jan. 20, 1819. Bowling Green was

^t!i<; hom.e of his father and grandfather. Here they had lived honor-

is&fe and useful lives and here, in time and season, were gathered to iitifeir fathers. At Bowling Green the subject of this sketch spent

::Ms boyhood days, attending the schools of his native county. Here

Nag imbibed that love of nature and its works that ever remained

::S;:Hh him, and here, amid the rural scenes of that simple country

^neighborhood, enjoying the innocent pastimes of that old-fashioned

96

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

southern society that is gone and can never be replaced or equaled, he laid the foundation for that healthful and robust constitution that made in after life sickness a stranger to him. While he was still a mere lad his father removed to Athens, where Ferdinand was entered as a student in Franklin college, now the University of Georgia. For three years he pursued his studies.in this venerable institution, his career as a student being marked by diligence and honor, and he was graduated as a member of the class of 1838. He thereafter passed a few years on his father's plantation, at Bowling Green, but the Georgia railroad being then in process of construc tion from Augusta to Athens, he obtained the contract to grade the first eleven miles of the road from Athens. This work he prose cuted to a successful completion, and he may be said to have here achieved his first "business success. Soon afterward he moved to the city of Augusta, where he had numerous relatives, and formed a co partnership with the late Edward P. Clayton, an old college class mate, and engaged in the cotton trade. The firm of Phinizy & Clayton soon became one of the largest and best known houses in the south. This firm being finally dissolved after some years of pros perous life, he took with him as partners his two kinsmen, Charles H. Phinizy and Joseph M. Bu.rdell, establishing the cotton house of F. Phinizy &.Co. This was the name of the firm when he re tired from business, but up to the day of his death he was con nected in some way with the cotton houses of C. H. Phinizy & Co., F. B. Phinizy, and Phinizy & Co. He was for many years a direc tor and leading spirit in the Georgia-Railroad & Banking Company, an organization he always lo.ved and one in whose safety he had absolute reliance. He was a director also in the Atlanta & West Point railroad, the Augusta & Savannah railroad, the Northeastern railroad of Georgia, the Augusta factory, the Bank of the Uni versity, the Southern Mutual Insurance Company, and the Uni versity of Georgia. For a long period he was the resident agent of the Southern Mutual Insurance Company in Augusta, and even at his death the business of the agency was conducted in his name. Some years before his death he retired from the directorship of the various companies, retaining only his seat at the council board of the Southern Mutual. Ferdinand Phinizy did not enter the Con federate armies in the struggle of 1861-5, but served the cause he loved well, ably and honorably, as a financial agent of the Confed erate government. As such he successfully handled large amounts of cotton that ran the blockade of Union war vessels, and succeed ed in floating large blocks of Confederate bonds.. He lost heavily

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

97

by the failure of the Confederate arms. He was married on Feb. 22, 1849, to Harriet H., the only child of Hayes Bowdre, a well known citizen of Augusta. On Feb. t, 1863, his wife died, leaving to the care of her husband eight children, all of whom survive their par ents except the eldest, Ferdinand Bowdre. The others are Stewart, Leonard, Mary Louise (wife of Dr. A. W. Calhoun, of At lanta), Jacob, Marion Daniel, Billups, and Harry Hayes. On Aug. : 11, 1865, he was married the second time to Anne S., the second daughter of Thomas and Savannah (Glascock) Barrett, of Augusta. This union resulted in the birth of three children, Savannah B., de ceased, Barrett, and Charles Henry. Thus it will be seen that eight sons and a daughter, together with the sorrowing widow, were left to mourn the loss of the kindest and most generous of men, the most affectionate father a family ever had; and they cherish as the richest of their possessions the unsullied life and untarnished : name of him who in life was honored and respected of men and in death was sincerely mourned by rich and poor, high and low. *. * * * pje iove(j the name he bore and he loved and respected .' his ancestry. He was a gentleman by birth and training and in all his long life he never forgot that fact. He was proud of his paternal grandfather, the Italian refugee, who landed penniless on American shores and by indomitable will and persevering industry built up a large fortune. On both his paternal and-maternal sides he belonged / to the best families in Virgina and Georgia. He loved his home ^as men rarely love their domestic habitations. He was happiest there. Generous, hospitable, cordial and, above all, sincere, no guest ever crossed his threshold who was not genuinely welcome. ' 'No man living or dead can or could say that Ferdinand Phinizy ever deceived him in word or deed, and no one, be he prince or peasant, who ever enjoyed his hospitality was ever welcomed for formality's sake. Though for many years actively engaged in business, his standard of commercial ethics was high, his hands were ever clean. He was never known to say aught against any man, even his most intimate friends can not recall one hard expression he ever uttered against his fellow man. His charity and generosity were bound; less, known only to his God, for he literally allowed his right hand &> be in ignorance of what his left bestowed." At the time of his death words of high appreciation and of definite regret found place m leading newspapers in all parts of the state, and to his wide and cherished circle of personal friends his death brought the fullest Sense of bereavement and loss. His name merits enduring place on
the pages of Georgia history.
7 rn

98

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Pickard, a post-hamlet of Upson county, is a station on the Macon

& Birmingham railroad, five miles west of Thomaston.

::

Pickens County was created in 1853, from territory taken from :

Gilmer and Cherokee counties, and was named in honor of Gen. :

Andrew Pickens, of Soutn Carolina. It lies in the northern part of::

the state and is bounded on the north by Gilmer county, on the east::

by Dawson, on the south by Cherokee and on the west by Gordon.::

The climate is bracing and the land well watered. Along the::

streams the soil is fertile, corn, wheat, oats, barley, sorghum, t<a- ; ::

bacco and potatoes being raised in large quantities. Fruits ami::

vegetables are becoming important articles in the export list of the :

county. Marble is the principal mineral product. The quarries;;

are among the richest in the United States and the stone is of unusu-;;

ally fine quality. Much of it is cut into blocks at the quarries an;i; ;

then transported to Marietta, where it is dressed and polished for;

the market. The forests contain various kinds of oaks, poplar.,::

hickory, chestnut and short leaf pine, from which a considerable:;

supply of lumber is obtained. The only railroad is the Atlanta,;

Knoxville & Northern, which traverses the county from north ta\

south, connecting it with the Western & Atlantic at Marietta ancS::

through that line with Atlanta and other important cities of the ;

state. Jasper is the county seat. Alice, Burnt Mountain, Talking;;

Rock and Tate are the other towns of note in the county. The ;

population in 1900 was 8,641, an increase of 459 in ten years.

:

Pickett's Mill is a neighborhood settlement of Paulding county*:;

a little to the northeast of Dallas, where an engagement occurred Oil.;

May 27, 1864. (See Dallas).

::;;

Pickren, a post-village in the western part of Jeff Davis county,;

reported a population of 50 in 1900. The nearest railroad station is]

Hazlehurst.

;;

Pidcock, a town in the southwestern part of Brooks county, is at

the junction of the Albany Northern and the Atlantic Coast Ling ;

railroads, and in 1900 reported a population of 200. It has a money

order post-office, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph;

service, some good mercantile establishments and handles a large'

volume of freight.

:;

Piedmont, a post-village in the southern part of Pike county, is a

station on the Atlanta & Fort Valley division of the Southern

railway and in 1900 reported a population of 49. It has some stores, ;

an express office, and does some shipping.

: ',

Piedmont College. The full name of this institution is Piedmont

College and Jesse S. Green Institute. It is located at Demorest,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

99

Habersham county, was established in 1897 and reorganized in ;1903, at which time the scope of its work was greatly enlarged. : :The buildings and equipment are valued at $20,000. It is a co educational school, conducted under the auspices of the Congrega
tional church, and confers the Bachelors degree in Arts, Sciences as3 Laws. The attendance in 1904 was 330.
County was created from Appling and Ware counties in and was named for Franklin Pierce, fourteenth president of
M$ United States. It is in the southeastern part of the state and is landed on the north by Appling county, on the east by Wayne :Md Charlton, on the south by Charlton, on the west by Ware, and ::68::the northwest by Appling. The Little Satilla river flows along :the: northern and part of the eastern boundary and with its tribu
taries drains the surface. The soil is especially adapted to the proRuction of sugar-cane. Sea-island cotton, the cereals and sorghum
^ arethe other productions. Peaches, pears, and tomatoes are raised iaini give employment to a number of people in the canning fac tories. Many people are engaged in truck farming. Two or three ; :srops may be raised on the same land in a year, and the excellent
;!transportation facilities make it easy to ship vegetables, fruits, iimelons and berries to Savannah, Brunswick and Jacksonville. Three ;! Visions of the Atlantic Coast Line railway and the Atlantic & ^Birmingham cross the county, while another division of the latter IHtpis for some distance just outside the western boundary. There iiitS: abundant growth of timber in the county, and rosin, turpentine iiiasd: lumber are shipped in great quantities every year. Blackshear ^is:the county seat and trade center. Offerman and Patterson are H-gtfaer towns. The population in 1900 was 8,100, an increase of 1,721
igffiee 1890. The schools are excellent.
Pierce, George Foster, clergyman and educator, was born in ^ (Jreen county, Ga., Feb. 3, 1811. He was a son of the celebrated iiiiDfc Lovick Pierce; graduated at Franklin college (now the Uni;iiiersity of Georgia) in 1829; began the study of law in the office of iiilsis: uncle, but abandoned it for the ministry and was licensed to iipeach in 1830. From that time until 1839 he served as pastor of !!!3:fkms clutches and as presiding elder, and then took charge of the iiiSeorgia (now the Wesleyan) female college at Macon. He was a ^delegate to the general conference in 1844 at New York, and while
^m that city delivered an address to the American Bible Society, :::which it is said Lord Macaulay pronounced "the best specimen of
Esig-lish diction that the American continent has produced." Dr. ^Pierce was a delegate to the convention which met at Louisville and

100

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

organized the Methodist Episcopal church South, and in 1848 was

elected president of Emory college, where he served with great ef

ficiency for six years. In May, 1854, he was elected one of the

bishops of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in which exalted

position he continued until his death. In recognition of his disr.

tinguished labors in the cause of education and the church, Transyl--:

vania university honored him with the degree of D. D., and Ran-

dolph-Macon college conferred on him the degree of LL. D. Such ;; :

men as Judge Lamar, Governor Colquitt, Robert Toombs and Rich

ard Malcolm Johnston paid him high tributes as a man of great;:

strength of character, genius, eloquence and probity. He died oil

Sept. 3, 1884.

:

Pierce, Lovick, clergyman, was born in Halifax county, N. C,

March 17,1785. While still in his childhood his parents removed to

Barnwell district, S. C., where he received his education, consisting;;

of six months in an "old field school." He continued to study, how

ever, and in 1804 was licensed to preach by the Methodist Episcopal

conference. In 1809 he located in Greene county, Ga.; was a chap

lain in the War of 1812, after which he practiced medicine and

preached for several years at Greensboro. He then gave up medi

cine and devoted himself to the ministry, being several times elected

a delegate to the general conference and was one of the organizers

of the Methodist Episcopal church South. In 1843 he was honored

by the degree of LL. D. from Randolph-Macon college, of which

institution he was one of the trustees from 1835 to 1879. He con

tinued to preach until he had passed his ninety-fourth birthday,

which was but a few months before his death. He died at the home

of his son, George Foster Pierce, near Sparta, Nov. 9, 1879.

Pierce, William, member of the Continental Congress, is said

to have been born in Georgia about 1740, but the fact is not definite

ly established. It is known, however, that he received a liberal

education and was one of the early exponents of the cause of the

colonies. His first service was an an aide-de-camp to General

Greene. At the battle of Eutaw Springs he distinguished himself

by his bravery, for which he was given a sword by Congress and

promoted to the rank of major. In the years 1786-87 he served as a

delegate to the Continental Congress, and was a member of the

Philadelphia convention in 1787 to revise the Federal constitution.

He died at Savannah on Dec. 10, 1789.

Pierceville, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is ten miles north

west of Blueridge and not far from the Tennessee line. The nearest

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

101

railway station is McKays, on the Atlanta, Knoxville .& Northern
road.
Pigman, William A., conducts a pros perous retail drug business in Savannah, his store being located on the corner of West Broad and Berrien streets, oppo site the Union passenger station. He was born in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, May 12, 1855, a son of William P. and Mary Teresa (Sprigman) Pigman, the former born in Wheeling, W. Va., and the latter in Springfield, Ohio. William Penn Pigman was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, as first lieutenant of a company in the Eighth /Florida volunteer infantry. He died in May, 1877, and his widow now resides in the home of her son William A., subject of this sketch. She is a daughter of Peter Augustus and Martha Elizabeth (Cooper) Sprigman, the former born in Ohio and the latter in Pennsylvania. Her father was a pioneer of both Cincinnati and Springfield, Ohio. William A. Pigman was educated in the com:nion schools of Macon and Savannah, Ga., and has been identi fied with the drug business since he was fifteen years of age, Slaving been employed as a clerk in Macon until 1883, in July ibf .which year he assumed a similar position in Savannah, be coming a clerk in the drug store of the late Peter B. Reid. ;:Ia September, 1886, he engaged in the same line of enterprise ::e>S; his own responsibility. His store at the present time con::&p]s an excellent trade and is a sub-station of the Savannah ^aatoffice. He is identified with the Georgia state pharmaceutical ^association; is vice-president of the Savannah retail druggists' asso!!cktion; is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and the Beavers; ::f-es his support to the Democratic party, and he and his wife are :::?fanibers of the Presbyterian church. While a resident of Macon :::h^ was for several years a member of Company B, Macon Volun teers, having served a portion of the time as corporal. On Nov. 23, ::!i33, Mr. Pigman was united in marriage to Miss Edna Alice :::Brseze, daughter of John H. Breeze, of Rome, N. Y., and they have iferee children: Augustus Penn, born July 13, 1896; Marjorie :::Carmen, born June 23, 1902; and Edward William, born Jan. 29,

102

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Pike County was created in 1822 and was named for Gen. Zebulon

M. Pike, of New Jersey, who was mortally wounded during a suc

cessful assault upon York, (now Toronto), Canada, in the war of

1812. It is in the western part of the state and is bounded on the

north by Spalding county, on the east by Monroe, on the south by

Upson, and on the west by Meriwether. The Flint river flows

along the western border and many other streams flow across the

county. The lands are rolling, and produce good crops of sugar-

cane, sweet and Irish potatoes, and the cereals. All the grasses and

forage crops thrive, and vegetables are raised. Many acres of land

are planted to apples, peaches and melons. There are several hun

dred vineyards and much wine is made. The forests contain the

usual varieties of hardwood, and a number of saw-mills are "busy

cutting the timber into lumber. From the pine mountains in the

southern portion of the county, come great quantities of shingles.

There is fine water-power along the Flint and its tributaries, but

little of it is utilized. Barnesville is well known as a manufacturing

center. Zebulon is the county seat. Williamson, Molina, Concord,

Neal and Meansville are other thriving towns. The transportation

facilities furnished by two divisions of the Central of Georgia and

two of the Southern railway are excellent. The public schools are

good and at Barnesville there is a fine school called the Gordon

Institute. The population of the county in 1900 was 18,761, a gain

of 2,461 since 1890.

_,,,,,

Pike, William I., is one of the leading

members of the bar of Jackson county,

having been engaged in the practice of

his profession in Jefferson, the county

seat, for the past forty years. He has

held various positions of distinctive pub

lic trust and responsibility, is a veteran

of the Confederate service in -the Civil

war and a citizen of utmost loyalty and

public spirit. Captain Pike was born in

the city of Macon, Bibb county, Ga., Jan.

17, 1842, a son of Henry and Ann

(Stevens) Pike, the former of whom was

born in Edgefield, S. C, Feb. 28, 1804, and the latter in New

Haven, Conn., in 1806. His paternal great-grandfather was a sol

dier in the war of the Revolution, in which he served under Gen

eral Greene. The maternal grandfather Stevens also did valiant

service in the cause of independence, having taken part in the bat-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

103

tie of Bunker Hill and other engagements. William I. Pike com pleted his academic or literary training in the Martin institute, Jefferson, Ga., and was still a student at the time when the Civil war was precipitated on a divided nation. On May 8, 1862, he en listed as a private in Company E, First Georgia regiment of Par tisan Rangers, afterward known as the Sixteenth Georgia battalion of cavalry and still later as the Thirteenth Georgia regiment of cavalry. His service in the cause of the Confederacy was long and arduous and was marked by unwavering loyalty to duty. He was with Gen. John H. Morgan in his memorable raid in 1862, and in this connection he took part in the following important engage ments : Tompkinsville, Russellville, Lebanon, Cynthiana, Paris and Richmond, Ky. Later he was in the command of Gen. William E. Jones and took part in the engagements at Knoxville, Bull's Gap, Morristown, Blue Springs and Limestone, Tenn. Thereafter he was with Gen. Jubal A. Early in the campaign in Virginia, in 1864, and later served under Gen. John C. Breckenridge in southern West Virginia and eastern Tennessee. In 1862 Captain Pike was made assistant adjutant, in the following year ordnance sergeant of his regiment, and was finally promoted to the office of captain, at Char lotte, N. C., by Gen. John C. Breckenridge, secretary of war. His regiment first surrendered with General Lee, at Appomattox, being at the time at Christiansburg, Va. He and a number of the mem bers of his regiment went across to Charlotte, N. C., and joined the forces of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, thereafter having the distinction of being a portion of the body guard of President Davis and his cabinet, who were making their way into Georgia. When the final disbanding came only four of the members of his command were with Captain Pike. The ultimate surrender was made under the terms of agreement entered into by Generals Johnston and Sherman, calling for the surrender of all Confederate troops east of the Mississippi river. After the close of the war, which had brought devastation and depression to the beautiful southland, Captain Pike returned home and took up the practice of law, having been admit ted to the bar in February, 1862, prior to his enlistment. In the latter part of 1866 he established himself in the practice of his pro fession in Jefferson, where he has since maintained his home and where he is now a veritable Nestor of the Jackson county bar. Shortly after initiating his practice he was elected solicitor of the county court, and retained this position until the reconstruction acts went into operation and the constitution of 1868 was adopted. He was a member of the house of representatives in the state legisla-

104

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ture in 1878-9 and again in 1892-3, and he served his city as mayor in 1880-81-82. In 1882-3 he was a member of the state senate. His record as a legislator is one which stands to his credit as a loyal citizen and a man of broad and liberal views and mature judgment. Captain Pike has been an influential factor in the councils of the Democratic party in his state; was a delegate to the national con vention of 1884, when Cleveland was first nominated for the presi dency; and was a Democratic elector for the ninth congressional district at the time of Bryan's first campaign for the presidency. He is a Royal Arch Mason and both he and his wife are members, of the Methodist Episcopal church South. He has been a member of the board of trustees of Martin institute since 1870 and is a val ued and appreciative member of the United Confederate Veterans, On Oct. 26, 1860, Captain Pike was united in marriage to Miss : Lucy A. Thompson, daughter of the late William S. and Eliza (Bailey) Thompson, of Jefferson, and the names, with respective dates of birth, of the six children of this union are as follows: Jef ferson D.,~July, 1861; Gertrude, 1864; Cora, 1866; Lena, 1868; Neva, 1870; and Lucy, 1874. Gertrude is the wife of W. A. Adams, of '. Jackson county; Cora is the wife of Oscar M. Hyman, of Texas; Neva is the widow of Dr. John A. Tuck, also of Texas; and Lucy is the wife of R. E. Whelchel, of Jackson county.
Pinargo, a post-hamlet of Wilcox county, is about three miles west of Bowens Mill, which is the nearest railroad station.
Pine Barren Speculation. This was a piece of land swindling on a par with the Yazoo frauds, though it never acquired the wide noto riety of the latter. When Montgomery county was created in 1793 it embraced all* the territory between the Ogeechee river on one side and the Oconee and Altamaha on the other, extending down to Liberty county. The greater part of it was a sterile pine forest, which had but little attraction for actual settlers under the old head right system then in vogue. But it presented to a coterie of unscrupulous speculators an opportunity to reap a rich reward. Their plan, which was successfully carried out, was to elect mag istrates, who would open what were known as "land courts" at various points in the new county, where they would issue, or pre tend to issue, land warrants, which was the first step toward ac quiring title under the head right system. Next, surveyors were elected, who we're to profess to locate the lands described in the warrants. Under their fraudulent surveys some 6,000,000 acres or even more were reported to the surveyor-general's office tharr really existed, and false land-marks were shown on the maps and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

105

plats of the surveys. By naming as witness trees walnut, hickory, buckeye, etc. trees indicating a rich soil they created the im pression that there were many rich tracts of land in the pine barI fens, thus drawing the attention of innocent but ignorant purchasers to the region as a desirable place in which to locate.
The fraudulent surveys were filed with the surveyor-general, after which certified copies of the same were presented to the treas urer's office, where the grant fees were paid and a receipt taken -therefor. Upon this evidence of a bona fine transaction grants were :isstied. Having laid the foundation for their huge swindle the schemers now transferred their field of operations to distant parts of the country, where by exhibiting their genuine grants bearing i:lte great seal of state and the governor's signature, they had no :difficulty in working off upon unsuspecting purchasers their barren and fictitious lands. The extent of their villany or the amount of : wealth realized by this nefarious scheme will never be known. ;Humerous persons who fell victims to their wiles came and examfined the lands, after it was too late, and finding them worthless : returned to their homes poorer in purse, but richer in experience. : iPinebloom, a town in the southwestern part of Coffee county, is at the junction of the Atlantic Coast Line and the Ocilla, Pine:Moom & Valdosta railroads. The population in 1900 was 137. It
::has some mercantile and shipping interests, a money order postf:Cpiee, a telegraph office, an express office, schools, churches, etc. ::::::Pine Grove, a town in the southeastern part of Jeff Davis county,
::is on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railway and
:::i;H 1900 reported a population of 156. It is a commercial center and
JNshipping point for the neighborhood in which it is situated.. i::::: Pinehurst, 3. town in Dooly county, was incorporated by act of the ^legislature on Dec. 16, 1895. It is located on the Georgia Southern :::!& Florida railroad, about seven or eight miles north of Vienna, and
;;;33;; 1-900 had a population of 330. It has a money order postoffice, iiiirom which several rural delivery routes emanate, express and tele-
::::graph offices, mercantile and manufacturing interests, schools,
::::cSarches, etc., and is an important shipping point.
:::::: Pine Knob, an elevation in Cobb county, was the scene of some
NNshar'p skirminishing on June 19, 1864, as the Confederate army was staking a new position around Kennesaw mountain. ;;;;: Pine Log, a village of Bartow county, is about fifteen miles north ;:;;<$:-Cartersville and ten miles east of Adairsville, the latter being the
::: dearest railroad station.
i::::: Pine Log Creek, a small stream in northwestern Georgia, rises-

106

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in Bartow county and flows north until it empties into the Coosawattee river a few miles east of Resaca. On May 18, 1864, a slight skirmish occurred on the banks of this stream between two scouting parties of cavalry.
Pine Mountain, sometimes called Pine Hill, is an elevation in Cobb county, a little northwest of Marietta. Gen. Leonidas Polk was killed on this mountain on June 14, 1864, while reconnoitering the Federal position, a shot from one of the enemy's batteries pass ing entirely through his body.
Pine Mountain, a little village of Rabun county, is the most northeasttern postoffice in the state. It is located on a tributary of the Chattooga river, about thirteen miles northeast of Clayton which is the nearest railroad station.
Pineora, a post-village of Effingham county, is a station on the Central of Georgia railroad, about six miles southwest of Spring field. The population in 1900 was 46.
Pine Park, a post-hamlet in the western part of Thomas county, is a station on the Atlantic Coast Line railway.
Pinetta, a post-harnlet of Irwin county, is a station on the Fitz gerald & Thomasville division of the Atlantic & Birmingham rail road, about three miles southwest of Mystic.
Pine View, a town in the northern part of Wilcox county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 10, 1902. It is on the Hawkinsville & Florida Southern railway, has a money order postoffice, some mercantile establishments and large shipping interests.
Pina, a village of Crisp county, with a population of 43, is on the Seaboard Air Line railroad, five miles east of Cordele. It has a money order postoffice, a few stores and does some shipping.
Pink, a post-hamlet of White county, is about five miles east of Cleveland. Clarkesville is the nearest railroad station.
Pineopolis, a town of Colquitt county, is about ten miles east of Moultrie, which is the nearest railroad station. It has a money order postoffice, and is a trading center for that section of the county. The population in 1900 was 130.
Pio Nono College. (See St. Stanislaus). Piscola, a post-hamlet of Brooks county, is about seven miles southwest of Quitman, and not far from the Florida state line. The nearest railroad station is Empress, on the South Georgia & West Coast road. Pisgah, a post-village of Gilmer county, with a population of 42, is about eight miles east of Whitepath, which is the nearest rail road station.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

107

Pistol, a post-village in Wilkes county, is about fifteen miles

northeast of Washington, on a little stream that flows into the Sa

vannah river. Mt. Carmel, S. C., is the nearest railroad station.

Pitner, James M., is successfully en

gaged in the practice of law in Washing

ton, Wilkes county, and is also the able

incumbent of the office of county school

commissioner. He was born in Lumpkin

county, Ga., Oct. 20, 1873, and is a son

;JllllHK:' : - &

of Elijah S. and Martha (Simmons) Pit

ner, the former born in Tennessee, in

1842, and the latter in Lumpkin county

in 1847. The father was a loyal soldier

of the Confederacy during the Civil war,

having been a member of a Georgia regi

ment, under Captain Asbury. After at

tending the schools of his native county, James M. Pitner entered

the North Georgia agricultural college, at Dahlonega, Lumpkin

county, where he effectively supplemented his earlier educational

training. He was a successful teacher in the public schools for a

period of six years, and in the meanwhile took up the study of

law, well fortifying himself in the learning of the same and being

admitted to the bar in 1900. In the same year he established him

self in the practice of his profession in Washington, succeeding

from the very beginning, and now has an excellent practice, which

is constantly expanding in scope and importance. In 1904 he was

elected to the office of county school commissioner and gives effec-

, tive administration to the duties of this position, in addition to his

:tmabating devotion to the work of his profession. He is an unwav-

ering supporter of the Democratic party and is a member of the

:" Masonic fraternity. On June 5, 1900, Mr. Pitner was united in

: marriage to Miss Annie West, daughter of Rev. Thomas E. and

^Mildred West, of Thomson, Ga. Of this union have been born two

: children, Marion, who died in infancy, and Mildred, who is the liv

ing child.

: ; :: Pittman, a post-village of Gwinnett county, is a station on the

main line of the Southern railway, about four miles southwest of

IvDiiluth.

: Pitts, a town in the western part of Wilcox county, located at

: : ; ihe junction of the Seaboard Air Line and the Hawkinsville & Flor-

: Ma. Southern railroads. In 1900 the population was 454. It has ex

press and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free

108

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

delivery, stores, schools and churches, and an extensive business

in lumber, rosin and turpentine.

Plains, formerly called "Plains of Dura," a town in the western

part of Sumter county, was incorporated by act of the general

assembly on Dec. 17, 1896. The population in 1900 was 346. It is

located on the Seaboard Air Line railway, eight miles from Ameri-

cus, has a tannery, a shoe factory, some other manufactories, several

good mercantile establishments, a bank, schools, churches, express

and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice which supplies

mail to the surrounding rural districts by means of several free de

livery routes.

:

Plainville, a town in the southwestern part of Gordon county, is

on the Southern railway, not far from the Floyd county line. It

was incorporated by act of the legislature on July 30, 1903, the

population three years before being 117. It has a money order

postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices,

mercantile and shipping interests, schools, churches, etc.

Platt, W. Edward, a representative un

dertaker and funeral director of Augusta,

was born in that city, Jan. 21, 1853, a soil

of Col. Charles A. and Elizabeth Platt,

the former born in New York city and

the latter in the State of Connecticut, in:

which commonwealth their marriage was:

solemnized. A few years after their mar

riage, about the year 1840, they removed

from New York City to Augusta, Ga., and

in that city they passed the remainder of

their lives. The father was a cabinet

maker by trade, and upon locating in

Augusta he engaged in the manufacture of furniture, operating a

well equipped furniture factory and also having a furniture store,

both enterprises being conducted under his name. In 1849 he added

an undertaking department to his business, and from this beginning

has been built up the business now- conducted by his son, the sub

ject of this review, the concern thus standing as one of the oldest of

the kind in the city. In 1856 Colonel Platt admitted to partnership

his brother, Jacob B. Platt, and Horton B. Adams, and the firm

title of Charles A. Platt & Co. was then adopted. In 1865 the firm

name became Platt Bros., and thus continued until May, 1887, when

the business was sold to the subject of this review, who has since

conducted the enterprise individually. The furniture manufactory

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

109

and store were abandoned a number of years ago and the under taking business represented the enterpris at the time the present proprietor assumed control. At the outbreak of the Civil war Col. Charles A. Platt entered the Confederate service, as captain of Company A, Clinch Rifles, which was assigned to the Fifth Georgia volunteer infantry, and became a part of the command of General Bragg. Captain Platt was soon promoted Colonel of his regiment, bat later was detailed to return to Augusta and manufacture sup
plies for the Confederate government. He was thus engaged until the close of the war. He passed to his reward on July 21, 1887, ijaving been one of the prominent business men and honored citi-
:&ns of Augusta. Mrs. Elizabeth Platt, mother of him whose name ^initiates this article, died when he was about three years of age. Mr. Platt completed a course of study in Richmond academy, one cf the old and popular educational institutions of Augusta, and :then passed three years 1870-73 in Europe, continuing his studies
in Stuttgart, Germany. He then returned home and was associated ;;iH the business of his father, as an employe, until 1887, when he :prchased the business, as already noted. Mr. Platt was the prac tical framer of the present Georgia state law regulating the system :::e| embalming, having drafted the bill in 1899. In that year he was : appointed, by Gov. Alien D. Candler, a member of the Georgia ;;;&te board of embalmers, was elected first president of the newly ^'established board and served as such for five years. He was re;;:apj5ointed a member of the board by Governor Terrell, and is still ^serving on the same. He is an ex-president of the National assoiiheiation of embalmers; was the organizer of the Georgia funeral !: ; ;3jrectors' association, on Aug. 15, 1887; was elected the first presi-
iii^ent of the organization and served in that capacity for several ii^ears. Mr. Platt is a loyal supporter of the cause of the Demo!!:iefatic party, with which he has been identified from the time of ati: itaining his legal majority; is a member of the city council of Augus-
\\\\U at the time of this writing; and for five years was chief of the Hi old volunteer fire department, now superceded by an efficient paid ::::<3fipartment. He and his wife are communicants of the Church of
iiiithe Atonement, Protestant Episcopal, in which he is a member ::i:ef; the vestry. He is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective iiii-iOiKter of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of !!:!!(5dd Fellows, the Improved Order of Red Men, and the Beavers. !!!^)TvSept. 25, 1887, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Platt to Miss ii^Esther Davids, of New York City. She is the daughter of the late

110

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Thaddeus Davids, who was well known in his day as one of the

leading manufacturers of writing ink in the Union,

Pleasant Hill, a post-village of Talbot county, is about ten miles

north of Talbotton, which is the most convenient railroad station.

It is the principal trading point in that section of the county and in

1900 reported a population of 91. As an incident of Wilson's raid

in the spring of 1865 Lieut.-Col. B. D. Pritchard was sent with the

Fourth Michigan cavalry to capture what was known as the double

bridges on the Flint river. He left Columbus on April 17th with

instructions to strike the bridges about daylight the following

morning. When he reached Pleasant Hill, about four miles frorfi

the river, he came upon a refugee train with a small escort. His

superior force soon compelled the Confederates to surrender, after

which he made a charge upon the bridge with such impetuosity

that the small guard there was unable to offer any resistance,

though they managed, to escape capture, leaving 15 wagons and

150 mules in the hands of the Federals.

Pleasant Retreat, a post-hamlet of White county, is about five

miles southwest of Cleveland. The nearest railroad station is Alto;

Plumb, a post-village of Franklin county, is two miles northwest

of Carnesville. The population in 1900 was 46. Lavonia is the

most convenient railroad station.

;

Poe, John W., president of the Bank of Vidalia, one of the sub

stantial and ably managed financial institutions of Toombs county,

is one of the popular and influential citizens of the thriving towii

with whose business interests he is thus closely identified. He was

born in Chatham county, N. C., March 9,1864, a son of Alois James

and Eliza (Riddle) Poe, both natives of North Carolina, the former

born in 1826 and the latter in Moore county in 1836. Her father

was a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war. The paternal

grandfather of the subject of this sketch was a large landholder and

slave owner prior to the Civil war, during the progress of which he

served as sheriff of Chatham county, N. C. Alois J. Poe was a con

tractor for the Confederate government during the war between the

states. John William Poe, the immediate subject of this review,

received his early education in the common schools of his native

state, supplementing this dicipline by a course in the Mount Ver-

non Springs academy in his home county, where he remained a stu

dent about two years. He then took a position as bookkeeper in the

naval-stores establishment of his uncle, was later promoted general

manager of the business and remained in this position for four

years. He then became associated with his brother William J. in

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

111

/purchasing the business, which they thereafter conducted under the firm name of J. W. Poe & Bro., for a period of ten years, closing oat the enterprise in 1894. In 1900 John W. Poe became an inter ested principal in the Swift Creek Lumber Company, but disposed of,his interest in the same a year later, since which time he has 'given his attention to banking, real estate and plantation enter-
i-tirises. Upon the organization of the Citizens' bank, of Vidalia, in 1800, he became a stockholder and director, continuing thus until the organization and incorporation of the Bank of Vidalia on Jan. i,::l906, when he became one of its heaviest stockholders and was ^fected its president. The bank is capitalized for $25,000; $150,000 sgatid for insurance on deposits left in the institution; its capitalistic IwBcing is represented in the sum of $675,000, making it a solid in! ktttftion; while the high character of the interested principals offers assurance of correct management and the employment of conserva tive methods, the facilities of the bank being of the best in all de partments. Mr. Poe is a man of stanch integrity, has won advance; meat through well directed effort along legitimate lines of enter: prise, and is held in high esteem in the business and social circles of I; ;?aombs country. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, ; : is: identified with the local lodges of the Free and Accepted Masons ; and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and both he and his : wife are members of the Presbyterian church in their home city. ^Iti February, 1896, Mr. Poe was united in marriage to Miss Mary :: Eugenia Dickert, daughter of C. P. Dickert, of South Carolina, in ;;iwhich state she was reared and educated. Mr. and Mrs. Poe have
:::^feree.children Worth, Leland and Eugene.
:::::::Poe, Washington, was elected to Congress on the Whig ticket in !--lfe, but resigned without taking his seat. But little is recorded of
iiiiliim aside from this fact.
^::: I'oint Peter, a village of Oglethorpe county, with a population of !!!!l25:.: is on a tributary of the Broad river, twelve miles northeast of :;::li8xington. It has a money order postoffice, with several free de-
Niifeery routes to the surrounding rural districts, and is a trading iiiit-eKter for the neighborhood. The nearest railroad station is Carl-
::::ion:, on the Seaboard Air Line.
:!!:!! ^int Petre. -(See War of 1812). ::::::::3?ole, a post-village of Habersham county, reported a population Nidf:43 in 1900. It is about'five miles northwest of Clarkesville. iii HPolk County was laid out in 1851, chiefly from Paulding, and was :;N;jistaed for James K. Polk, of Tennessee, eleventh president of the
States. The first superior court in the county was held in

112

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

September, 1852. It is bounded by the following counties: Bartow and Floyd on the north, Pauling on 'the east, and also on the south of a small part of it, Haralson on the south and the State of Ala bama on the west. Many streams cross the surface of the county, the most important of which is Cedar Creek. The lands along this creek are exceedingly fertile, equalling the celebrated blue-grass region of Kentucky. The principal productions are wheat, corn, cotton, rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, and sorghum. The : : woods are hardwoods and some short-leaf pine. The county fur nishes an almost inexhaustible supply of roofing slate of good quat-.j ity. Cedartown is the county seat. Other towns are Esom Hill,: Etna, Hamlet, Priors, Rockmart and Seney. Cedartown is a manxi-: facturing town and furnishes a market for the cotton and other; produce of the surrounding plantations. One of the finest limestone : springs in the state is located here. It is surrounded by a fine cedar ; grove and affords good water-power. The public Schools are good and at Rockmart there is a fine school, called the Piedmont Insti tute, which is accomplishing much for the boys and girls of that section. The population, according to the census of 1900 was 17,850, a gain of 2,911 since 1890. Fine opportunities for travel and transportation are furnished by the Central of Georgia, the Southern, and the Seaboard Air Line railroads.
Pomona, a village of Spalding county, is on the Central of Ge'orgia railway, eight miles north of Griffin. The population in .1900 was 50. It has some mercantile and shipping interests, an express of fice, a money order postoffice, school and church privileges, etc.
Ponder, a post-hamlet of Union county, is in a mountainous dis trict, twelve miles southeast of Blairsville. Clarkesville is the most convenient railroad station.
Pond Spring, a post-village of Walker county, reported a popu lation of 75 in 1900. It is near the western base of Pidgeon moun tain and about four miles east of Henry's, which is the nearest rail road station.
Pope, David H., attained-prestige as one of the able jurists of Georgia and was long and successfully engaged in practice at Albany, Dougherty county, where his death occurred on June 7, 1904. He was born near Marietta, Cobb county, Ga., March 12, 1840, and was a child at the time of his parents' removal to Walker county, where he was afforded the advantages of a course of study in Villanow academy. At the age of nineteen years he removed to Albany and in this city was solemnized his marriage to Miss Martha W. Hodges, whose parents came to Georgia from South

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

113

Carolina. Here he read law under the preceptorship of General

Slaughter and was admitted to the bar, in Clinch county, in 1860,

having previously been retained in a case whose trial occurred as

. ;.;

soon as he secured admission to practice.

Shortly afterward he removed to Isabella,

Worth county, where he formed a profes-

sional partnership with Col. William A.

Harris, under the firm name of Harris &

Pope. He was a resident of that place at

the outbreak of the Civil war and forth

with made subordinate all private inter

ests to tender his services in defense of

the cause of the Confederacy. He en

tered'a Georgia regiment of volunteers,

in the capacity of private, remaining

in service until the close of the war

and having risen to the rank of captain. In 1866 Judge Pope removed from Isabella to Albany, and shortly afterward was called

\-.io the office of solicitor-general of the southwestern circuit. He

was judge of the county court of Dougherty county in 1872, when

: he resigned the office and removed to Sherman, Tex. Although

te;was.eminently successful in his professional work in the Lone

Star State, he found the conditions unsatisfactory and returned to

Georgia within the same year. His own statement in explanation

sf his action at this time was as follows: "I would rather plow a

; 80 horned ox on the'red hills of Georgia and enjoy good health

'- than to be governor of Texas and be compelled to live there." He

: j-esumed the practice of his profession in Albany, and in 1879 en-

i<?red into partnership with Gen. Gibb J. Wright, this professional

^alliance continuing until his son, John D-, was graduated at the

^University of Georgia and admitted to the bar, in November, 1882, at Camilla, Ga., when a partnership was formed under the title of

;:1>. H. Pope & Son, this association continuing until his death. : lltidge Pope was a stalwart Democrat of the Jeffersonian school

;! aad took a deep interest in party affairs, but he never sought or

\\lheld office after resigning his position on the county bench of Bougherty county, as noted,'though he was several times urged

Mto accept judicial and other offices of trust. He devoted his ener-

;;;gles and profound ability to the practice of his chosen profession,

: :if! which he attained distinction and which he dignified by his life

;:;aifld services. He was upright and conscientious in all the relations

8-ni

114

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of life and his name and -memory are honored by all who knew him.

He is survived by his wife and seven children.

..- ;

Pope's Ferry, (railroad name Pope Station) is a post-village in

the Southeast corner of Monroe county. It is on the west bank

of the Ocmulgee river and is a station on the Southern railroad.:

The population in 1900 was 60.

:

Poplar, a post-village of Talbot county, is ten miles northeast of:

Talbotton, which is the nearest railroad station. It had a popula- :

tion of 81 in 1900 and is a trading center for that section of tfe :

county.

.; ; ;;

Poplar Springs, a post-village of Haralson county, is about six!:

miles northwest of Buchanan, which is the nearest railroad station, i

The population in 1900 was 46.

:;

Portal, a town in Bulloch county, is about fifteen miles north- :

west of Statesboro and is the southern terminus of the Foy raii^- ;

road. The population in 1900 was 130. It has some important;:

mercantile establishments, shipping interests, etc.

:^

Porter, Oliver S., is to be considered;;

as the virtual founder of the village G;

Porterdale, where he has been engaged^

in the manufacturing of cotton goods;;;

about forty years, being one of the best;

known and most honored citizens of;;

Newton county and a member of old ami ;

distinguished families of this commoa- : : ;

wealth. He was born near Pen-field; ;

Greene county, Ga., June 18, 1836, a SOH'::

of James M. Porter, who was born OH ; ;;

the same family homestead, and of A' ;

fiah J. (Cox) Porter, who was born is ;

Morgan county, Ga. The paternal great-grandparents of the sub- ;

ject of this review were John and Mary (Anthony) Porter, whe:;

came to America from Belfast, Ireland, in 1745, and settled in ; ;

Prince Edward county, Va. At the inception of the war of the;;;

Revolution four of their sons became valiant soldiers in the Ccrn;-: :';

tinental line, in which they served until the cause of independence;,;;

was crowned with triumph. The youngest of the four sons men-;;

tioned was Oliver Porter, grandfather of him whose name initiates ;;

this article, all four having been present at the surrender of Col'8- : ;

wallis at Yorktown. Oliver Porter chose as his wife Margaret

Watson and immediately after the close of the revolution removed ;

with his family to Georgia, being among the first settlers of Greene

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

115

county, where he became seized of a large'tract of land -the plan
tation on which his son James M. and his grandson, Oliver S., were born. James Hyde, maternal grandfather of Mr. Porter, was likewise a patriot soldier in the war.of the Revolution and died from the effects of wounds received while in the service. The . Hydes and Coxes, of the family line on the maternal side, were from Surrey county, England, whence the.-original American pro-
: genitors came in 1725 and took up residence in Dinwiddie county, Va. In 1790 representatives removed from the Old Dominion state : to Wilkes county, Ga. After due preparatory discipline Oliver S. Porter entered Mercer university, which was then located at Pen:: field, Greene county, where he continued his studies for some time. "Thereafter he was successfully engaged in teaching for two years, and two years in civil engineering, at the expiration of which time
he laid aside all other personal consideration to go forth in defense : :0f the Confederate cause. In July, 1861, he enlisted as a private : in the Panola Guards, which became Company G of Cobb's Geor-
g'ia. Legion of infantry. With his command he took part in many important engagements, including the battles of Malvern Hill, ;; South Mountain, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, the Wilderness : Salem Church, Gettysburg, Knoxville, second Wilderness, Spott:::sy!vania Court House and Cold Harbor. He was wounded in the
:coaflict'at Knoxville and in an engagement in the Poge valley, Va. :::la August, 1864, he was captured and was thereafter held as a ::::prisoner of war, at Fort Delaware, until the close of the war, re: liceiving his parole in July, 1865. In January, 1863, he was promoted :;::ts: the office of adjutant, in which he served until his capture. ::>4:fter the war Mr. Porter was engaged in teaching for three years : ::a:t-:Covmgton, Ga., and then located at Porterdale, where he has Ihssice been actively identified with the handling and manufacturing :::<3f cotton, having built up a large and important enterprise in con traction with this great staple product and gained the highest rep;:::t:tation as a reliable business man and loyal and public-spirited iiieitizen. Mr. Porter is a member of the American society of me::::Chanical engineers and the National geographical society, and is ::i?lso affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Royal Arcanum and : :::;f;be Knights of Pythias. He gives an uncompromising allegiance
io the Democratic party and has been influential in its local couni;;;c3Js, though never a seeker of office. He was a member of the state iHiesftstitutional convention of 1877 and a member of the board of ;: :: ejnmissioners which had charge of the organization of the Geor::: ; gia school of technology, of whose board of trustees he is now a

116

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

member. Mr. Porter married Mrs. Julia A. (McCracken) Camp, daughter of William D. and Olivia (Hayden) McCracken, of Covington, Ga., and of their four children three are living, namely; John A., James H., and Oliver W. May E. died in childhood.
Porterdale, a little village in the central part of Newton county, is on the yellow river and is the terminus of a short branch of the Central of Georgia railway that runs to Covington. It has a post-; office, a telegraph office, some stores, and does considerable ship ping.
Porter Springs, a post-hamlet and noted summer resort of Lump-: kin county, is about eight miles north of Dahlonega. Lula is the most convenient railroad station.
Posco, a post-hamlet in the northeast corner of Polk county, is a station on the division of the Seaboard Air Line railway that runs from Cartersville to Rockmart.
Pots Mountain, a post-village in the western part of Dawson: county, reported a population of 110 in 1900. It is a trading cen ter for that part of the county. The nearest railroad station is Jasper, the county seat of Pickens county.
Potterville, a post-town in the eastern part of Taylor county, is about four miles southwest of Reynolds, which is the nearest rail road station. The population in 1900 was 288. It has several stores, with a good local trade, school and church advantages,, etc.
Pottle, Edward H., lawyer and soldier, was born at St. Mary's, Camden county, August 1, 1823, and was of Irish lineage, his father being a native of Cork, but came to the United States about 1800. Edward H. graduated at the University of Georgia in 1844, and : ; soon afterward began the practice of law at Warrenton. In 1846; : he was elected to the legislature and reflected two years later. He then served two terms in the state senate and in 1861, when the mutterings of war were heard through the land, he organized a company known as the "McDuffie Rifles," which later became part : of the Fifth Georgia. Mr. Pottle was elected colonel of the regi ment when it was organized and served through the entire war>: ;, taking part in some of the hottest engagements of the conflict After the war he resumed his practice at Warrenton; was again elected to the state senate and served as president of that body; became judge of the superior court in the northern circuit in 1872 and held that office until his death, which occurred on Jan. 20, 1886. He was a broad minded, liberal man, but at the same titne was positive in his views, and even his enemies respected him for his strength of character.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

117

''- Poulan, a town near the center of Worth county, on the branch of the Atlantic' Coast Line railway which connects Albany and Waycross, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1899. The population in 1900 was 474. It has express and telegraph offices, a/money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, a cotton mill, several business houses and a good trade in lumber, turpen tine and rosin. Thousands of pounds of grapes are shipped from Pbulan every season. The educational and religious advantages
are good. Pound, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Upson county, is not far from the Flint river. The nearest railroad station is
! Musella, ten miles northeast. Powder Springs, an incorporated town in the southwestern part
; of Cobb county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railroad and in 1900 reported a population of 280. It has a money order postoffice, from which a number of free delivery routes supply mail to the sur rounding rural districts, express and telegraph offices, several good mercantile establishments, good schools and churches, etc. From :it);ne 10 to July 4, 1864, there was almost constant skirmishing in : ;t;he :vicinity of this town. Wheeler's and Garrard's cavalry being ::ths. most active participants on the Confederate and Federal sides
respectively.
: Fowell, Theophilus Orgain, M. D., one of the distinguished memfeefs of his profession in the state and the incumbent of the reiispensible office of superintendent of the Georgia state sanitarium, ;:ai:Milledgeville, has been identified with this noble institution for i:the past forty-four years, and the high standard of its functions in IIail:!departments is largely due to the able guidance he has main tained during this long period of faithful service. Doctor Powell Was born on his father's plantation, in Brunswick county, Va., !! March 21, 1838, and is a scion of old and honored families of the :: patrician Old Dominion. In the same county were born his pareftts, Col. Marcus D. and Eliza (Orgain) Powell. In 1845 Colonel :::Fowell removed with his family to Georgia, locating in Sparta, : Uaacock county, where both he and his wife passed the remainder ::fi? their lives, honored as folks of sterling character and distinc tive refinement, the colonel having been an officer in the state milit&; of Virginia. Four sons of Colonel Powell were gallant soldiers ; ;of: the Confederacy in the Civil war, Marcus D., Jr., William N., ; xfJseophilus O. and James M., of whom Marcus D., now a resi<|est of Sparta, and the subject of this sketch are the only survivors. ; William N. met his death in the battle of Malvern Hill; Dr. James

118

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Marcellus Powell, who had been recently graduated in a medical college at the time when he entered the military service of the Confederate States of America, was a private in a Georgia regi ment and while at the front contracted illness which resulted in his death, soon after the memorable Seven Days' battle in the im mediate vicinity of the city of Richmond, Va.; Dr. Thomas S. Powell, the eldest of the family, became one of the representative members of the medical profession in Georgia, having been presi dent of the Southern medical college in Atlanta, at the time of his death, a few years ago. After a due academic education Dr. Theophilus O. Powell was matriculated in the Medical College of Geor gia at Augusta, now the medical department of the University of Georgia, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1859, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He at once took up the active work of his profession, but soon came the call to arms, Civil war being precipitated on a divided nation. Early in 1862 he enlisted as a private in Company I, Forty-ninth Georgia volunteer infantry, and shortly afterward he was tendered a choice of two positions that of surgeon of the Fifty-ninth regi ment or that of assistant surgeon of the Georgia state sanitarium. In order to be near his home and his mother, who was then on her death bed, he chose the latter, and he has since continued to be connected with the institution, during practically his entire adult life. He began his service under the superintendency of Dr. Thomas F. Green, of revered memory, proving a most able and valued coadjutor, and upon the death of Doctor Green, in 1879, he was chosen superintendent of the sanitarium, of which office he has since remained in tenure. Within his regime of more than a quarter of a century the institution has advanced to a position of distinctive priority among similar institutions in the Union. When he assumed his original position as assistant surgeon the number of inmates in the sanitarium was about 325. Now there are about 3,000. This great state institution is duly described un der proper heading in this compilation, so that further details con cerning it are not demanded in the present connection. Doctor Powell is a recognized authority on the care and treatment of the insane, and is ex-president of the Psychological association of the United States and Canada and also of the Southern association of insane hospital superintendents. He holds membership in the American medical association and the Medical Association of Geor gia, of which latter he was formerly president. He is a Knight Templar Mason and also a member of the Ancient Arabic Order

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

119

of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. His political affiliation is with the Democratic party and he and his wife are zealous members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in Milledgeville, of which he is a trustee and steward. On Dec. 12, 1860, was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Powell to Miss Frances Augusta Birdsong, daughter of Edward and Harriet (Clark) Birdsong, who were na tives of Virginia but were residents of Hancock county, Ga., at that time. Doctor and Mrs. Powell have one daughter, Julia, who is the wife of Pope West, a resident of Baldwin county.
Powelton, a post-town in the northeast corner of Hancock county, reported a population of 162 in 1900. It is the principal 'trading center for a large agricultural district and is well provided with school and church advantages. Barnett is the nearest railroad station.
Power, William R., is one of the prominent members of the bar of Cobb county, having been established in the practice of his pro fession in Marietta for nearly thirty years. He occupies a place on the staff of Governor Terrell, with the rank of lieutenant-col. onel, and has been the incumbent of the office of county superin tendent of schools for a quarter of a century. He was born in Cobb county, Ga., May 10, 1849, a son of James C. and Rosa D. (Austin) Power, the former born in South Carolina in 1814 and died in Cobb county in 1901, having been a farmer and mechanic; the mother 'was born in South Carolina, in 1812, and she likewise passed the closing years of her life in Cobb county. James C. Power served as a soldier in the Cherokee Indian war and was a government pen sioner at the time of his death. His uncle, James Power, was at one time judge of the inferior court of Cobb county. Two of his sons, John J. A. and Henry C., were loyal soldiers of the Confed eracy in the Civil war, having been members of Phillips Georgia legion, commanded by Gen. William Phillips. The former was wounded while participating in the Maryland campaign and died of : typhoid-pneumonia, while in camp near Fredericksburg, Va. Henry C. continued in the service until the close of the war and is still living. Col. William R. Power secured his earlier educational training in the schools of his native county and then entered the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1874, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Science. He immediately went to Forsyth county, where he was successfully engaged in teaching in the common schools for two years, at the expiration of which he took up his abode in Marietta, where he studied law under the preceptorship of Judge George N. Lester,

120

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

being admitted to the bar in November, 1877. Since that time he has been engaged in the active practice of his profession in this city and his success has been of unequivocal order. In politics Col onel Power lends his influence and direct support to the cause of the Democratic party, and he takes a specially lively interest in public affairs of a local nature. In 1881 he was elected county su- : perintendent of schools for Cobb county and he has since served:: consecutively in this office, a fact that not only indicates the able :: efforts he has put forth, but also the popular appreciation of his :: services. In 1894 he was appointed aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Atkinson, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was ; reappointed to this office by Governors Candler and Terrell, being : in tenure of the same at the present time. He is affiliated with the!: lodge, chapter and council of the Masonic fraternity, being a past: master of the lodge and past illustrious master of the council. Hs.;; is also identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; is.;; president of the Marietta library association; a director in the First National bank, and is a stockholder in the Roswell Manufacturing : Company and the Atlanta Home Insurance Company. He is con nected with the state bar association and both he and his wife hold .; membership in the Methodist Episcopal church South, being prom inent in the best social life of their home city. In 1881 was sol emnized the marriage of Colonel Power to Miss Clara Hamill Pearce, daughter of Rev. G. J. Pearce, a distinguished member of the clergy of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and at one time president of LaGrange female college at La Grange, Ga. His wife, whose maiden name was Eliza A. Glenn, was a daughter of Rev. John W. Glenn, who likewise was a prominent minister of the Methodist church in Georgia, having traversed all sections of the state in his ministerial labors. Colonel and Mrs. Power have one son, James, who is married and resides in the city of At lanta.
Powers, Frederick F., commercial agent of the Central of Geor gia railway, was born in Newcastle, Province of Ontario, Canada, Aug. 28, 1855. He is a son of Hon. Calvin S. and Mary A. (Bailey) i Powers, the former of whom was likewise born in Newcastle, in 1826, and the latter in the state of Ohio, in 1824. The father, wh0 was a marble cutter by trade and later a lecturer on scientific subjects, removed with his family from Ontario, to Fillmore county, Minn., in 1860. Later he was elected to represent his district in the state senate, and served in this capacity for several years, having been a man of fine intellectuality, prominent and influential

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in his section of the state. He continued a resident of Fillmore county until his death, at the age of sixty-six years. His widow continued to make her home in the county until her death, in 1901,
at the age of seventy-seven years. The subject of this sketch has one brother and one sister living: Dr. Albert W., a suc cessful physician and surgeon of Foun tain, Fillmore county, Minn., and Martha M., the wife of Charles W. Greene, of Spring Valley, that county. Frederick F. Powers attended the public schools of Fillmore county until he had attained the age of eighteen years and remained at the parental home for the following two years, at the expiration of which he put into active requisition his skill as a tel:<;grapher, becoming assistant agent in the office of the Chicago, -Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad at Fountain. He continued in the Service of that company as agent at various points in Minnesota :tod Dakota from 1875 to 1883. Thereafter he was in the employ ;af the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad Company until 1897, as function agent at various points and for differing intervals and later :3S: commercial agent. He thus remained resident of Minnesota until 1897, when he entered the employ of the Central of Georgia ::Hailway Company, with which he has since continued, having ^served during the greater portion of the time in the office of which ::be is now the incumbent, having in charge solicitation and traffic ^matters covering the States of North and South Carolina, and a iismall portion of Georgia, with headquarters in Augusta, Ga., where :;fee makes his home. Mr. Powers is an advocate of the principles iaad policies of the Democratic party, and he and his wife and iiiamily are communicants of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church, ::af whose vestry he is a member. On May 6, 1877, he was united ::! marriage to Miss Mary E. Wood, born in Plainville, Conn., Aug. ::Sj:I856, a daughter of George and Margaret E. Wood, who later bei-esime resident of Juneau, Dodge county, Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Powers :::lisve three children: Eva P., wife of Albert S. Edwards of the ::trft of H. J. Porter & Co., Augusta; Charles S., soliciting freigh't ::agent in the traffic office of the Southern railway, Augusta; and ::Frederick F., Jr., who is now attending the Richmond academy in iithait city.

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Powersville, a town in Houston county, is on the Macon & Co

lumbus division of the Central of Georgia railroad, and is about

six miles northeast of Fort Valley. It has a money order post-

office, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, some

mercantile establishments, and in 1900 had a population of 200.

Prattsburg, a post village of Talbot county, is twelve miles north

east of Talbotton and not far from the Taylor county line. How

ard is the nearest railroad station.

Prescott, a post-hamlet of Echols county, is five miles west of

Statenville. Lakepark is the nearest railroad station.

:

Presley, a post-hamlet in the central part of Towns county, is on

the headwaters of the Hiawassee river. The nearest railroad sta

tion is Clayton.

Press. About the beginning of the year 1763 the first printing-;

press in Georgia was set up at Savannah and on April 7th the first

number of the "Georgia Gazette" made its appearance. This was

the first attempt to establish a newspaper in the colony and the ;

Gazette was the eighth in the New World. It was published;;

weekly, James Johnson being the editor. At first it was devoted to:

general news and took no notice of local affairs further than to :

publish the marriages, deaths, and arrival of vessels at the port of

Savannah. By 1774 it had become a political organ under the con

trol of the royal governor, but later it showed a tendency to fol

low the fortunes of the party in the ascendant until 1779, when;

it was suspended.

;

The "Augusta Chronicle," founded in 1785 and still in existence:.::

is the oldest paper in the state. It was edited for a number of years :

by James M. Jones, under the name of the "Chroncle and Sentinel."

In 1799 "The Constitutionalist" was started at Augusta, but was:

consolidated "with the Chronicle some years after the Confederate

war. Complete files of the Chronicle, extending back for over s: :

century, are still preserved in the office of publication.

:

On March 16, 1823, the first copy of the "Messenger" was issued:

at Fort Hawkins. The old oak press upon which it was printed: ;

was made in England, and was first used in this country in 1796:

in printing the "Louisville Gazette," that town then being the::

capital of the state. In 1824 the office of the Messenger was r-: :

moved to Macon, where the publication of the paper under differ--:::

ent names was kept up until November, 1869, when it was consol-::

idated with the "Telegraph." The Macon Telegraph was founded:

in December, 1826, by Dr. Myrom Bartlett, who remained at the :

head of the paper until 1844. On Oct. 1, 1831, the first daily paper

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123

in Macon was issued from this office and its publication continued for about two years, when it was forced to suspend for want of adequate support. In February, 1860, the daily issue was resumed .arid since the war the Macon Daily Telegraph has been one of the leading papers of Central Georgia. : Other early newspapers were the "Savannah Georgian," started :{ 1818; the "Savannah Museum," in 1820; the "Milledgeville Re corder," in 1819; the "Federal Union," also of Milledgeville, i'started in 1825 and subsequently united with the Recorder; and ;:the "Columbus Enquirer," which was started in 1828. The "Union-. ;Keeorder" is still published as a weekly at Milledgeville, and the ::( -|i!iquirer-Sun," of Columbus, is issued daily except Monday. The ^others have either been suspended or absorbed by other publica tions of later origin: for instance the "Morning News" of Savan::Ssh is the successor of the old "Museum." :: ;; In 1900 there were 24 dailies in the state, 6 semi-weeklies, 274 ^weeklies, 1 bi-weekly, 5 semi-monthlies, 39 monthlies, and 1 quar terly. The daily, weekly and semi-weekly publications were gehHerai newspapers; the semi-monthlies were devoted chiefly to church /find farm interests; the monthlies were educational or professional ::m Character. ; ::;::!n the work entitled "Georgia, Historical and Industrial," issued ::SY the department of agriculture in 1901, the commissioner says: ::'*':EJ)e number and kind of newspapers and periodicals published in ';'&'.;';'State afford some indication of the character of the people. ::|us5ged by this standard the people of Georgia are entitled to rank ;;aai:pi)g the most progressive of the populations which compose the Various commonwealths of the American Union. The enterprise ::aM; ability of some of the great daily and weekly journals of the : State, both secular and religious, have largely increased the influHsnce of Georgia on political and religious lines, and combined with HtSe ability of some of her representatives in the national legisla::&! > have given to our state high rank in the councils of the repub::K&" (See Newspapers and periodicals). ::: :3?reston, the county seat of Webster county, is located on a branch of the Seaboard Air Line connecting Lumpkin, Americus Hssd Savannah, and was incorporated by act of the legislature in
The town has express and telegraph offices, a court house, order postoffice with rural free delivery, good business and attractive homes. Here most of the products of Webiigter county are marketed. There are churches of the different de-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

nominations and a good system of public schools. The population in the corporate limits by the census of 1900 was 146.
Preston, Joseph W., Sr., of Macon, who has been engaged in the practice of law for nearly two score of years, is an ex-member of the state senate and a vet eran of the Confederate service in the Civil war. He was born in Jasper county, Ga., Dec. 19, 1839, a son of William H. and Martha Preston, the former of whom was born in Brunswick county, Va., Jan. 23, 1802, and the. latter in Jasper county, Ga., in 1812. Thomas Preston, grand father of Joseph W., was a soldier in the war of the Revolution, having served in a cavalry company of young men which constituted a body guard of General Washington and was present at Yorktown at the time of the surrender of Cornwallis. After the 'war he removed to Georgia and settled in what is now Jasper county. The ancestry on the paternal line is traced to William Preston, who was a mem ber of the English house of lords in the sixteenth century. He was the owner of Beeston Manor, St. Lawrence, County Suffolk. Jacob, his fourth son, died in 1730, having been knighted by King Will iam III, in 1695, and having resided at Preston, England. Thomas, one of the four sons, is the ancestor of the subject of this sketch. John Preston, another descendant of this house, came to Augusta county, Va., in 1735. He had several sons, of whom, were Will iam, Thomas L. and John, and six daughters: Elizabeth married General Carrington, of Halifax county, Va.; Susan married James McDowell, governor of Virginia, 184S-5, and member of Congress thereafter until his death, in 1851; Saphoriaba became the wife of Rev. Robert Jefferson Breckenridge, of Kentucky; Sarah became the wife of Gen. John B. Floyd, of Virginia, prominent in the Con federacy during the Civil war; Maria married her cousin, John H. Preston. Gen. John S. Preston, who commanded a division of the Confederate army, was a member of the faculty of the University of Virginia; William C. represented South Carolina in Congress and was afterward president of South Carolina college; Margaret married Gen. Wade Hampton, of South Carolina. Burke's Peer age gives full data regarding the family genealogy, three branches being represented in America and all having coats of arms with mottos, one being "Sui Ipsius Preastem." In the material line Mr.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

125

Preston's grandfather was William McDowell, who removed from what is now Rockbridge county, Va., to Georgia early in the nine
teenth century and settled in Jasper county. His wife was a McDade and both were of Scotch descent. Many representatives of the respective families settled in Virginia prior to the Revolution
ary war and figured extensively in public affairs, both in war and peace. William McDowell became a large planter in Jasper county, /owning many slaves and-having a large landed estate on Murder : and Shoal creeks land on which he settled when it was a magnifi. cent primeval forest. He reared a large family of children, of whom the youngest was Martha, mother of the subject of this re
view. Two of the sons,. Charles and Henry, represented their re
spective counties of Pike and Spaulding in the state legislature, in the 30's. Charles was regarded as one of the ablest men of his day. Another son, Daniel, was likewise a wealthy planter in Jasper county. Martha McDowell became the wife of William H. : Preston in the year 1828, and of this union nine children were born, Joseph W. being the seventh in order of nativity. His brother, William J, M. Preston, is now living at Newborn, Georgia. Joseph W. Preston entered the junior class in Mercer university in 1860, and on June 5, 1861, he withdrew from the institution, before grad
uation, to go forth as a soldier in defense of the Confederate cause. : ';Qn the 7th of that month he enlisted as a private in Company C,
Eleventh Georgia regiment, which afterwards became the Fourteenth Georgia volunteer infantry, in the Confederate service, and ;: with this command he at once started for Virginia. He participated i: it!:, the battle of Seven Pines, the Seven Days' fight around RichIkmond, the engagements at Mine Run, Cedar Mountain, Gettys:! Ibsrg, Williamsport and" the Wilderness, being under fire almost daily from the third day of May to the fifth day of June, 1862. He :i:lc<aght in all the engagements in which his command took part
: around Petersburg, Va.; was captured on Sunday, April 2, 1865, :;H.a hand-to-hand battle in front of Battery Grigg, and taken to : Sort Delaware, where he was held until June 17th, when he was ; paroled. In the battle of Seven Pines he was wounded in the neck : ; :by : a minie ball, but was not long incapacitated for duty. In No^sember, 1864, Mr. Preston was appointed adjutant of the Four; : teenth Georgia regiment, at the request of his colonel, R. Paul
!;tester, and he served as such until the time of his capture, though Llifi was vigorously fighting with a gun when taken prisoner. After
i :the dose of the war Mr. Preston took up the study of law, and was admitted to the bar, under Judge Augustus Reese, at Monticello,

126

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Ga., at the October term of court in 1867. He began the practice! of his profession in Monticello in March, 1868, and there contin ued in active practice as an attorney and counselor for eighteen:: years, being associated with Maj. John C. Key, under the firm:.; name of Key & Preston. In 1873 he was appointed, by Gov. James:: M. Smith, to the office of solicitor-general of the Ocmulgee -circuit,.; and was reappointed in 1876, by Gov. Alfred H. Colquitt. In; : 1878-9 he represented the twenty-eighth district, comprising the counties of Morgan, Putnam and Jasper, in the state senate, but;; declined to become a candidate for reelection. He was chairman:: of the joint committee of thirteen, appointed at the request of Gov-:: ernor Colquitt, to investigate his conduct and motives in signing: what was known as the Northeastern railroad bonds an investi-: gation which created great excitement at the time. He was also;: chairman of the first committee appointed to confer with the mayor;; and council of Atlanta in reference to the selection and acceptance:; by the state of the grounds on which the new capital was to be;; located, and which the city had publicly tendered to the state ia;; the event of the removal of the capital from Milledgeville to At*;; lanta. He was the author of the first act afterward passed by;;-; compromise and substitute providing for the classification of;;; convicts, and was an active member of the judiciary committee,::; Mr. Preston has ever been an uncompromising Democrat of tha;;; Jeffersonian school, and he was a member of the national Demo*;;; era tic convention of 1876, in St. Louis, which nominated Samuel ;|.;;; Tilden for the presidency. In 1887 he was appointed, by PresidentsCleveland, to the office of land, reservation and school agent in;;; California. He resigned this position upon the election of Press*;;; dent Harrison, returned to Georgia and located in Macon, where;; he has been engaged in the practice of his profession since March,;;; 1890. He is a member of the Missionary Baptist church, the .Ma-?;;; sonic fraternity and the United Confederate Veterans. On Ocfc;; 3, 1865, Mr. Preston wedded Miss Victoria V. Leverett, of Shady::!: Dale, Ga. She died five months later, and on May 20, 1869, -hip married Miss Carrie Natalie Green, of Columbia, S. C., who died;;; on May 22, 1886, the mother of five sons, two of whom died in jns;;; fancy. William H. was accidentally killed by his brother, Dec. IS,;:;; 1886, at the age of sixteen years; Joseph W., Jr., and Charles Me-;;; Dowell are the surviving sons, the former being a resident .p ;-;: Alexander City, Ala., where he is manager of the Dutch Be.n<!:';; ; Mining Company, and the latter is general manager of the MacoH::: Stone & Tiling Company, of Macon. In 1892 Mr. Preston

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

12T

;ltmited in marriage to Mrs. Katie (Shorter) Brown, daughter of !:Gol. Reuben Shorter, of Columbus. No children have been born
iiof this union.
II Pretoria, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Dougherty Nesarity, is about three miles south of Walker Station on the Cen
tral of Georgia railroad. N- Price, a post-hamlet of Hall county, is about eight miles northiiwest of Gainesville, which is the nearest railroad station. :: Price, William P., was born in 1835. He learned the printer's N trade and later attended the Furman university, at Greenville, S. C., fjtit did not graduate, leaving college to become editor of a news^iaiSfi'r. He then studied law, was admitted to practice at GreenWWA in 1850, and for a time was a member of the South Carolina iiilegislature from that district. Directly after the war he removed !!!to ; Georgia and was sent to Congress from that state as a Demo-
! Herat in 1868 and again in 1870. iii: : Pride, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Hancock county, is iiiasrfar from the Greene county line. The nearest railroad station
:::!S::White Plains.
!!!! prince, Charles H., was born at Buckneld, Me., in 1837. He reiiifeeived a limited education, after which he engagd in mercantile iitjiijsaits. During the war he served as a captain in the Federal Nairimy* afterward settling at Augusta, Ga., where he became cashier ::Ki: ;a; bank. He was elected state superintendent of education ; was
to the constitutional convention of 1865, and the followwas elected to the lower house of Congress as a Repub-

e, Oliver H., was born in Connecticut about 1787. After :::smdying law in his native state he removed to Macon, where he beiiigatr practice. He was elected United States senator, to fill the ; Vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas W. Cobb, and served
Dec. 1, 1828, until March 3, 1829. He died at sea, Oct. 9,

:::;:::i*finceton, an incorporated town in the northeast corner of Rock;(ia!&.county, is seven miles from Conyers, which is the. most coni*gmeat railroad station. The population in 1900 was 244. It is a
center for that section of the county, is well supplied with
and churches, etc.
!!!F?iorg, a post-village of Polk county, with a population of 77, ai:6S ; the Southern railway, about three miles' from the Alabama titfe line. It has some commercial interests, an express office,
&i and does some shipping.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Protection, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is ten miles due east
of Ellijay and six miles southeast of Whitepath, which is the near
est railroad station. Provincial Congress. The first meeting of this organization was
convened at Savannah on Jan. 18, 1775. The general assembly met at the same time and place. Governor Wright made an address to the latter body, cautioning them not to be "led away by the" voices and opinions of men of overheated ideas." The council stood loy ally by the governor but the house was more independent and was open in its expressions of sympathy for the cause represented by the Provincial Congress. When the governor learned that the house intended to elect delegates to the Continental Congress, which was to meet at Philadelphia in May, he adjourned the as sembly to May 9th. This action did not prevent the Provincial Congress from taking a hand in the matter, however, and that body elected Noble W. Jones, Archibald Bulloch and John Hous ton as delegates. Owing to dissensions they did not attend, but Lyman Hall, who was elected by a special meeting of St. John's parish, went to Philadelphia and was enrolled as a member. But little of importance was accomplished by this first Provincial Con gress as it remained in session only five days.
On July 4, 1775, the second Congress assembled in Tondee's long room at Savannah, and remained in session until the 19th of August. Every parish was represented, only three of the one hun dred and four delegates who had been elected declining to serve. Archibald Bulloch was chosen to preside over the deliberations and George Walton was elected secretary. Among the members were John Glen, who had served as president of the first Provin cial Congress, Noble W. Jones, Jonathan Bryan, Edward Telfair, Joseph Habersham, James Screven, the Houstons, John and George, four of the Mclntoshes, and several others who were destined to occupy prominent positions in the annals of Georgia. Without hesitation or apology the Congress assumed control of colonial affairs, placed the legislature and executive powers in the Council of Safety, approved the Bill of Rights adopted by the Con tinental Congress, issued addresses to the governor and the people of Georgia, indicted a petition to the king, and elected John Hous ton, Archibald Bulloch, J. J. Zubly, Noble W. Jones and Lyman Hall delegates to the Continental Congress. But perhaps the most important act was the formation of an association and the annun ciation of certain principles that amounted virtually to a declara tion of independence.

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129

A third session of the Congress was held in January, 1776. At that meeting Archibald Bulloch, John Houston, George Walton, Lyman Hall and Button Gwinnett were elected delegates to the Continental congress. Bulloch and Houston did not attend. When the Declaration of Independence was adopted it was signed by Walton, Hall and Gwinnett as Georgia's representatives.
Fruit, a post-village of Banks county, is on the headwaters of one fork of Broad river, eight miles southeast of Cornelia, which is the nearest railroad station. It had a population of 45 in 1900 and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located.
Public School System. For many years the state had no public
or free schools, though the legislature made provision for paying the tuition of those who were not able to do so. The fund for this purpose was derived from stock held by the state in various banks, but it was swept away by the destruction of the banks during the war. On Dec. 11, 1858, an act was passed setting apart $100,000 annually from the earnings of the Western & Atlantic railroad for educational purposes. The act also provided that, when any por tion of the state debt was paid, bonds to a like amount should be executed and held in trust by the secretary of state, the interest at six per cent to go to the educational fund. The first free schools were established in Forsyth county in 1860. The constitution of 18.68 provided that the legislature should, at the first session after the adoption of the constitution, provide "a thorough system of : general education to be forever free to all the children of the state." The matter was taken up in a meeting of the State Teachers' Association at Atlanta in August, 1869, and a committee ^appointed to report upon a school system adapted to the needs of the state. This committee reported to another meeting of the association at Macon in November following, and that report forms the main provisions of the law enacted by the legislature and ap proved by the governor Oct. 13, 1870. That act established a state board of education composed of the governor, attorney-general, secretary of state, comptroller-general and state school commis sioner. An educational fund was established by the revenues de prived from the poll tax, a special tax on all shows and exhibitions, from the sale of spirituous and malt liquors and the proceeds from the commutation for military service, and if these sources should /prove insufficient the legislature . should "levy such general tax upon the property of the state as may be necessary." The school system inaugurated by the constitution and the act of 1870 did not : really go into successful operation until 1873 for want of sufficient

:

9-1II

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

funds. But since that time there has been a steady growth both in the number and character of the free schools. According to the report of the treasurer of the state, the amount disbursed during the year 1904, in the redemption of school warrants, was $1,559,958.27. (See also the article on Education).
Pulaski, a town of Bulloch county, is on the Dover & Brewton division of-the Central of Georgia railroad, five miles west of Reg ister. It has some mercantile and shipping interests, schools, churches, a money order postofEce, etc.
Pulaski, Count Casimir, who fell mortally wounded at the battle of Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779, was a Polish nobleman and was born on March 4, 1748. His father, Joseph Pulaski, who was active in the Polish opposition to Russia growing out of the election of Poniatowski as king of Poland in 1764, was arrested and died in a Russian prison. Casimir and his brothers continued the partisan warfare and he was finally chosen commander-in-chief of the Polish forces. The failure of the movement led to the confiscation of his property and a price being set on his head. He left Poland and at the time the Declaration of Independence was signed was in France. Being a natural lover of liberty he came to America, joined the Revolutionists, and participated in the battle of Brandywine as his first engagement in the American cause. Soon after ward he was commissioned brigadier-general and placed in com mand of the American cavalry. He distinguished himself in a number of battles and in the spring of 1778 was ordered south. At Charleston, when the city was invested by the British in May, 1779, he held out against a superior force for nearly a week, until reinforcements came to his relief, although the city authorities urged him to surrender. At Savannah, in the following October, he was in command of the cavalry of both Lincoln and D'Estaing's armies and while leading a charge received a mortal wound in the upper part of his thigh. He was at once taken on board the brig Wasp, where he died on October llth, two days after being wounded. Some say he was buried at Greenwich, about three miles from Savannah, others maintain that his grave is on an isl and between Savannah and Charleston, and there is an account that Captain Bentalou, who was on the Wasp at the time, said his body was cast into the sea.
Pulaski County was laid out from Laurens in 1808 and was named for the Polish nobleman, Count Pulaski, who fell in de fense of American liberty at Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779. The county is very irregular in shape and cannot be bounded in the ordinary

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

131

manner. Laurens county borders it on the northeast, Twiggs on the northwest, Dodge on the' southeast and east, Wilcox on the south, Dooly on the west and Houston partly on the west and
northwest. The Ocmulgee river enters the county on the western side and crosses it in a, southeasterly direction, after which it forms part of the eastern boundary. The soil is generally fertile but that on the east side of the Ocmulgee is the best. Irish and sweet pota toes, cotton, field and ground peas, hay and the various cereals are
the principal agricultural productions. The forest growth in the northern part is mainly oak and hickory, in the south it is pine. The annual output of lumber is great and turpentine and rosin are exported. Clay, suitable for brick making, and limestone are found
in abundance, but neither is worked to any extent. The rocks in
this vicinity are filled with fossils and are especially interesting to
the geologist. Along the Ocmulgee is fine water-power, some of which is utilized by grist mills, and other factories are rapidly springing up in the principal towns. Hawkinsville is the county seat. Cochran, Finleyson and Frazier are important towns. The county is well supplied with transportation facilities by two
branches of the Southern, the Wrightsville & Tennille and the Hawkinsville & Florida Southern railways, and the steamboats on the Ocmulgee and Altamaha rivers. Much of the produce of the
farms and factories finds its way to Macon, Augusta and Brunswick. The population in 1900 was 18,489, an increase of 1,930 in ten years. In addition to the public schools there are numerous private
schools of a high grade throughout the county.
Pulaski Monument, at Savannah, was erected by the citizens of that city to commemorate the bravery and patriotism of Count . Pulaski. The corner-stone was laid by LaFayette on March 21, 1825, in Chippewa square. On Oct. 12, 1855, it was removed to Monterey square and relaid with appropriate ceremonies. The
supposed remains of Count Pulaski were taken from the grave at Greenwich and deposited in the granite plinth next to the corner
stone. Robert G. Launitz, of New York, designed the monument, : which is a chaste and imposing shaft of pure Italian marble, stand ing on a massive granite base, surmounted by a statute of Liberty, the total height being fifty-five feet. In the pedestal are tablets
showing a soldier falling from his horse and the coats of arms of Georgia and Poland. The monument is considered one of the fin-
iest works of its kind in this country, if not in the world.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Fund, Charles T., senior member of the firm of C. T. Fund & Co., wholesale dealers in grocers' specialities, Augusta,
was born in that city, Jan. 20, 1859, a son
of Henry and Amelia E. H. (Knick- :
meyer) Fund, both of whom were born and reared in Germany. The death o
the father occurred on Aug. 9, 1863,
when the subject of this sketch was but four years of age. The mother, who is now the wife of George Evers, still re
sides in Augusta, being sixty-nine years
of age at the time of this writing in 1906. Three children of her first marriage are living: Charles T., sub ject of this sketch; Henry R., who. is his partner in business; and Amelia C., wife of Walter C. Prentiss, of New Haven, Conn. Charles T. Fund left school at the age of fourteen years to serve an apprenticeship at the trade of marble cutting at the works of T. Markwalter, and at the age of seventeen years he took a posi tion as salesman in the wholesale and retail grocery establishment of Oetjen & Doscher. Upon attaining his legal majority he en gaged in the same line of trade, associating himself with C. H, Oetjen, under the firm name of C. H. Oetjen & Co. In 1891 this alliance was severed, Mr. Fund formed a partnership with his brother and they have conducted an exclusively wholesale busi ness, as dealers in grocers' specialties, the concern having gained a high reputation and built up a fine business, under the firm title of C. T. Fund & Co. The firm is located at 971 Broad street, where they erected the present substantial two-story brick business block in 1899. The building is 30 by 180 feet in dimensions, two stories and basement, and is one of the fine blocks of this section of the city. The business is differentiated from the general wholesale grocery trade, in that greater attention is given to the handling of special lines. Charles T. Fund is a stanch supporter of the Demo cratic party and its principles, is a Royal-Arch Mason, a member of the Augusta Schuetzen club and a director of the Merchants' bank. He and his wife are members of St. Matthew's Lutheran church, in which he is a member of the board of trustees. On Oct. 10, 1894, he was married to Miss Mary A. Meyer, daughter of Charles H. R. and Martha (Evers) Meyer, and they have six chil dren, viz.: Charles T., Jr., Ernest E., Adelaide M., Florence C., Ruth M., and Dorothy A.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

133

Purse, Daniel G., one of Georgia's most prominent and influential business men and most loyal and progressive citizens, has given valued aid and influence to the promotion of many of the most impor tant enterprises affecting his home city of Savannah and other sections of the state. He was an officer in the Confed erate service during the Civil war, is a man of rare capacity for the handling of affairs of great scope and importance, and has made an indelible impress upon upon the economic and civic history of his, native city and state. He was born in Savannah, Nov. 14, 1839, a son of Thomas and Eliza Jane (Gugle) Purse, the former born in Winchester, Va., and the latter in Savannah, Ga. Thomas Purse ;was one of the original projectors and promoters of the Central of :Georgia railroad; was its first superintendent and during his con nection therewith invented the first time-table ever employed in the operation of railroad trains, the equated principle which he : thus formulated being now utilized on railroads throughout the world. He was state senator in 1849-50; mayor of Savannah in j.8'62; was for many years before and after that period a member -of the Savannah board of aldermen, and filled many civil and politi'.-'Hal positions of distinction and honor. He was an ardent supporter :of the cause of the Confederacy, but physical infirmities prevented :him from entering the ranks. For many years prior to 1861 he -had been a martyr to inflamatory rheumatism. He passed to his reward at the age of seventy years, honored by all who knew him ::GT had recognition of his character and services. Daniel G. Purse secured his preliminary educational training in private schools in -Savannah and Sandersville, Ga., then entered Emory college at :0xford, Ga., but left the institution in 1857, at the end of his junior year and thereafter took a commercial course in Pittsburg, Pa., :snder the direction of Peter Duff, a celebrated accountant of his day. ; : &fter his return to Savannah he took charge of Monteith academy, in which he was preceptor one year, at the close of which he re-;signed this, position and took a clerkship in Savannah. Subse quently he bought out a paint and oil business, which he was suc: eessfully conducting at the inception of the Civil war. Prior to this : fee had connected himself with the Oglethorpe light infantry, and ; :when hostilities began, not being able to leave with Company A

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of that organization, which went to Virginia, he took an active part in recruiting and organizing Company B, which was attached to the First Georgia volunteer infantry, and of which he became third sergeant. He was serving as sergeant-major at Fort Pulaski when he was transferred to the ordnance department at Savannah, and served most acceptably in this department from November, 1861 until November 1864. Within this period he was tendered and declined a second lieutenancy in a camp of instruction in the northern part of the state and was offered the captaincy of a com pany in the field, but his services in the ordnance department were considered so valuable that it declined to release him at the time, with an understanding that he was to be commissioned and as signed to duty in the field as soon as he could be spared. In No vember 1864, he was ordered to Augusta, Ga., where he organized an engineers' supply station for the military department of Geor gia, South Carolina and Florida, with a commission as military storekeeper of the corps of engineers and the pay and allowance of captain of infantry. He was always under the direct command of Gen. J. F. Gilmer, chief of engineers in the Confederate service. In 1862, while in the ordnance department, as the result of a severe illness, Captain Purse was rendered unfit for field service. He served in the engineer's corps until the close of the war, receiving a parole at Athens, Ga., Aug. 16, 1865, at the hands of Maj. M. A. Ewen, of the One Hundred and Sixty-Sixth New York volunteers and provost marshal. Returning to Savannah, he has continuously resided in this beautiful old city, and the impress of his enterprise, vigor and zeal is stamped upon every material undertaking that has fostered the growth and prestige of the progressive city of his birth. As alderman and chairman of the finance committee in 1877, after Savannah had been scourged and rendered almost bankrupt through the yellow fever epidemic of the preceding year, he suc ceeded in funding an oppressive bonded indebtedness upon terms much more favorable to the city than the most optimistic thought possible, maintaining, meanwhile, the respect and confidence of the city's creditors and his fellow citizens. When he advanced the idea that a railway could be constructed across nearly twenty miles of salt marsh to Tybee island, it was received with doubt and its author was pronounced a visionary; yet he built it, and the island is now the favorite summer resort of many Savannah and Georgia people. He was president of the road until it passed into the con trol of the Central of Georgia railway, on terms most favorable to the original owners. The domestic water supply of Savannah was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

135

drawn from a muddy river and unsanitary surface wells. Captain Purse put down the first artesian well in Savannah and the second
in the state, demonstrating the fact that unfailing crystal waters flow in subterranean channels to the sea, and as the result of his
experimentation the towns, cities and islands of the South Atlantic
coast have a pure water supply, drawn from depths ranging from 200 to 1,500 feet. Savannah's entire water supply is now derived from artesian wells. Upon the very beach at Tybee island, where the salt waves wash its white sands, Captain Purse sunk artesian wells, and fresh water was found for the thirsty pleasure seekers. He was the leader in the project for the deepening of the chan
nel in the river from Savannah to the sea. With unparalleled energy he instituted a campaign of education, enlisting the inter
est and support of Congressmen in every state in the Union, at a
time when there was a growing tendency to curtail river and har bor appropriations. By his pen and voice, by his visits to state governors and to commercial bodies in the principal cities of the
West and South, and by attending meetings of state agricultural societies, he marshalled a corps of auxiliaries that made the way easy for the generous appropriations which resulted in the deepen ing of the channel of the Savannah river so that vessels drawing twenty-five feet can now enter and depart from the harbor, the result being that Savannah has stupendous shipping interests, rank
ing her as the first seaport of the South Atlantic coast. Captain Purse was elected president of the Savannah board of trade for fourteen successive years, resiging in his fourteenth term, on ac
count of the pressure of his private business interests. During the : five years the Savannah bureau of freight and transportation was in operation, he was its able and zealous commissioner, the organ
ization doing a wonderful work for Savannah in the way of regu lating freight rates and adjusting other matters touching the comJmercial welfare of the city. In purely local enterprises he has been
; repeatedly chosen the leader. In securing the Camp for Lee's \: army corps at Savannah in 1898; in bringing President McKinley ; rand his cabinet to the city in 1899, and Admiral and Mrs. Dewey ; ::in 1900; in securing to Savannah its massive Georgia marble gov: ernment building, and in securing the site for the DeSoto hotel ; he was a conspicuous factor. He is now giving his attention to :: the real estate business and to promoting various industrial and :;; manufacturing interests of distinctive importance, particularly in i the matter of the cultivation of sugar-cane and the manufacture of ^:its products. As an auxilliary thereto, he published a book upon

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the subject, "Sugar-Cane", and it at once took rank as a text book, being adopted by the Federal and state boards of agriculture and chemistry as an authority upon the subject. From 1881 to 1885 he served as president of the Savannah Bank & Trust Company, re signing in the latter year to devote his time to his private inter ests. He is president of the Inter-state sugar-cane growers' asso ciation, which is accomplishing a magnificent work in promoting the sugar industry in the South. He has taken great interest in legislation for the prevention of adulterated foods, and has con tributed earnest and logical essays to the press of the- country in advocacy of Federal legislation in this direction. The pure syrup law of Georgia owes its passage largely to the public sentiment created by him by his public letters and personal efforts through out the state and at the capital. In every enterprise in which he interests himself, he manifests unflagging zeal and tireless energy and any principle he advocates is strengthened by patient research, logical reasoning, magnetic and enthusiastic vigor, by forceful and convincing presentation of accumulated facts to sustain his con tention. In politics he is a stanch supporter of the Democratic party. He has completed the circle of both the York and Scottish Rites of Masonry, having taken the thirty-second degree in the latter. He has long been a leading member and communicant of St. John church, Protestant Episcopal, in which he has served as secretary, treasurer and vestryman, retiring as senior warden of the church, from parochial offices, in 1895. On Dec. 20, 1865, he was united in marriage to Miss Laura Ashby, daughter of Mar shall and Lucy (Cooke) Ashby, of Fauquier county, Va., and of the children of this union four sons are living, namely: Dr. Mar shall Ashby Purse, a successful practicing physician of Atlanta, Ga.; Daniel G., associated in business with his father; Thomas, an accountant, and Clayton, both of whom are employed in Savan nah. The third child, Henry Ashby, died of pneumonia in his sec ond year as a cadet in the United States naval academy at An napolis, Md., and one child died in infancy.
Putnam, a post-village of Marion county, is on the Columbus & Americus division of the Central of Georgia railway system, not far from the Schley county line. It has an express office, some mer cantile concerns, does some shipping, and in 1900 reported a popu lation of 107.
Putnam County was laid out in 1807 and was named for Gen. Israel Putnam, of Massachusetts, the Revolutionary hero. It lies in the central part of the state and is bounded on the north by

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

137

Morgan county, on the northeast by Greene, on the southeast by Hancock, on the south by Baldwin and Jones, and on the west by Jasper. The Oconee river flows along the entire eastern border and the Little river crosses the western part of the county. These, with their tributaries drain the land. The soil is quite fertile and with proper cultivation will yield good crops of cotton, sorghum, sugar-cane, sweet and Irish potatoes and all the cereals. Dairy farming and cattle raising are attracting much attention. Peaches, plums, apples and pears are raised in abundance, and several canning factories do a good business. There are a number of vine yards in the county and much of their produce is made into wine. Although thousands of acres of the original forest remain, con sisting of short-leaf pine, oak, hickory, gum and poplar, but little lumber is made. Several varieties of granite of a good quality are found. The water-power is excellent, but little used. Eatonton is the county seat; Clopton, Nona, Spivey, Stanfordville and Willard are the principal towns. The Milledgeville & Covington branch of the Central of Georgia crosses the county. The country roads are kept iji fine .condition. The population of the county in 1900 was 13,436, va loss of 1,406 in ten years. On the Oconee river near Eatonton, are the Oconee Springs, the waters of which are strongly impregnated with iron, magnesia and arsenic, and are much used by invalids. In this vicinity there is also a mound composed en tirely of quartz of different varieties. Upon it there is the rem nant of an ancient wall, nearly circular and about 110 feet in diameter. This county was the home of James Meriwether, who was prominent in Georgia affairs.
Putney, a village of Dougherty county, with a population of 96, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, eight miles south of Albany. It has a money order postoffice, some stores, and is an important shipping point for that part of the county.
Putney, Francis F. To not recognize at once the name of this sterling and influential citizen is to argue yourself unknown in Dougherty and adjoining counties, where his magnificent planta tion interests are located, and where the postoffice of Putnev was named in his honor. He is one of the most extensive planters and land owners in his section of the state and is a man who com mands the respect and confidence of all who know him. Mr. Put ney is a scion of old colonial stock in New England, of which section he himself is native, having been born at Fitzwilliam, Cheshire county, N. H., Aug. 11, 1837, a son of John K. and Phoebe (Flagg) Putney, the former born in Fitzwilliam in 1802, and the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

latter in Littleton, Middlesex county, Mass., in 1808. Both passed

their entire lives in New England, where the father followed agri

cultural pursuits during the greater portion of his active career.

The subject of this sketch was afforded

,::;;;:||||lllllli;S:>,.

the advantages of the common schools

and the New London academy at New

London, N. H., where he gained a good

practical education. His business ex

periences were varied up to the time of

the outbreak of the Civil war and in

April, 1862, true to the principles and in

stitutions under whose influence he had

been reared, he tendered his services in

defense of the Union, enlisting as a priv

ate in Company F, First Oregon cavalry,

with which he continued in active service

until the close of the war, having been promoted sergeant of his

company. He received his honorable discharge in April, 1865. Con

cerning his career in Georgia no better epitome can, perhaps, be

given than that which appears in an attractive brochure recently

published for the purpose of exploiting the attractions and advan

tages of Dougherty county: "Dougherty county is the center of the

richest agricultural belt of the south, and her farm,?, naturally, are

the principal source of her wealth. The logic of facts is potent wher

ever applied. In line with this idea the achievement of one Dough

erty county farmer is valuable as an agricultural object lesson, and

is here set forth as an example of what may be accomplished in a

region where natural conditions leave nothing to be desired and

where the soil returns rich dividends on the investment of indus

try. Mr. F. F. Putney came to Dougherty county in 1865. He was

then a man of modest means, abundant energy and far reaching

ambition. Moreover, he believed in the south. He saw, through

the lifting clouds born of our great civil conflict, the unlimited pos

sibilities of this section, and boldly cast in his fortune with what

then appeared to him, as it appears to-day, to be the fairest and

richest region of the whole southland. While to-day Mr. Putney's

business interests are varied, his prosperity having drawn him into

many more or less important enterprises, he is still a farmer.

Farming was the beginning of his success. It has been the sub

ject of his best thought and closest attention from then till now.:: ;

and as a farmer he still purposes to live and labor. Mr. Putney's

home is eight miles south of Albany. The Savannah, Florida &

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

139

Western division of the Atlantic Coast Line runs through his lands, and the road has a station within about two hundred yards of his dwelling. The station is known as Hardaway, but the postoffice is Putney. Quite a busy little village has grown up around the station, but everything in the settlement is associated with the Putney interests. There is a big two-story brick store filled with merchandise, but most of its customers are renters, 'croppers' or employes on the Putney farms. There is a big gin and grist mill near the store, but it gins cotton and mills grain grown principally eti the Putney lands. A cotton warehouse contains none but Put:8ey cotton 2,500 bales after a season's crop is all in. Huge barns iaiid storehouses are overflowing with fruits of the Putney fields; neat cottages are occupied by Putney overseers, clerks and ac countants ; a well equipped saw mill turns out lumber from logs cut in the Putney forests; and the cattle seen in the pastures have the letter P branded on their flanks. The little town is a busy place, but it is all the outgrowth of Mr. Putney's successful farming oper ations. The farms alone serve to keep the village busy. Mr. Put ney owns, either exclusively or in part, 27,000 acres of land. This immense tract extends in every direction from Hardaway. It em braces splendid pastures, many heavily timbered lots and some of the finest farming land that the sun shines on. It extends into :Mitchell and Worth counties on the south and east and constitutes an estate which a prince might envy. Mr. Putney's fortune is ample, but in superintending the planting and harvesting of his abundant crops he finds relaxation and unfailing pleasure, consider:Stions than which none appear more tempting. His annual cotlion crop ranges from 2,000 to 2,500 bales, worth from $125,000 to ::$175,000. Other crops corn, oats, peas, rye, sweet and Irish : potatoes, sugar cane, hay, ground peas, etc. are of proportionate size." Mr. Putney is a Republican in his political adherency, and in 1870-72 he represented Dougherty county in the state legislature. :;He is loyal and public-spirited and has unbounded faith in the ever increasing prosperity of his county and state. He is affiliated with ::the lodge of the Free and Accepted Masons in Albany. On Oct. 18, ::1866, Mr. Putney was united in marriage to.Miss Harriet Whitford, hdaiighter of Hiram and Bethiah Whitford, of Woburn, Mass., and hshe died in September, 1867, her only child having died soon after iifeirth. On July 20, 1897, Mr. Putney married Mrs. Ella Whitford, ::<iaughter of Mrs. Abbie Dimick, and they have no children. Mrs. ;: Putney is a member of the Congregational church.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Pye, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Wayne county, is about three miles from Odum, which is the nearest railroad station.
Pyrites. In mineralogy pyrites are described as being an isome tric mineral, occuring either crystallized or massive, in mammillary forms with fibrous structure, or of stalactitic origin with crystalline surface. Iron pyrite is composed of sulphur and iron, its principle economic use being in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. It is found in large quantities and at various localities in Georgia, sev eral veins having been opened before the war by people who were prospecting for copper. The largest deposits are in Lumpkin coun ty, on the Chestatee river, about six miles from Dahlonega. The : ore here is of fine quality and easily mined, but the nearest railway station being twenty miles distant the deposit is not worked because the ore can not be placed in the market except at great expense. Other valuable deposits have been found in Fannin, Cherokee, Paulding, Floyd, Haralson, Carroll and Fulton counties. It has been worked near Dallas, in Paulding .county, and the ore shipped to Atlanta where it was used in making sulphuric acid. The ore from this vein contains about forty per cent sulphur, five per cent copper, some silver and a little gold. The deposits in Fulton county have also been worked, but the quantity was too small to be remunera^ tive.
Q
Quartz, a post-village of Rabun county, is in a picturesque dis trict, on the headwaters of the Tallulah river, about eight miles northwest of Clayton, which is the nearest railroad station.
Quebec, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Union county, is near the base of Blood mountain. The nearest railroad station is Blueridge, the county seat of Fannin county.
Queensbury. DeBrahm, in his History of the Province of Georgia, mentions a town called Queensbury as being one of the early settlements, and locates it in the fork of Lambert's river and the Great Ogeechee, one hundred and twenty miles from the sea> At one time the town and the district surrounding it had a popula tion of two hundred and seventy families. As most of the inhabi tants were Irish the place was generally known as the "Irish Set tlement." In his Historical Collections White speaks of a "Queensborough," two miles southeast of Louisville, in Jefferson county. By comparing this with DeBrahm's account it will be seen that the two names evidently refer to the same place. Descending the Ogee-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

141

chee river from Louisville for two miles brings one near the mouth of Duhart's creek, which is probably the Lambert's river spoken of by DeBrahm. All traces of the old town of Queensbury have long
since disappeared.
Quillian, John Wylie, M. D., holds
prestige as one of the representative phy
sicians and surgeons of Gwinnett county,
being engaged in the practice of his pro
fession at Buford, where he also conducts
a drug store. He is a Confederate vet
eran and one of the well known and hon
ored citizens of his native state, and was
born in that portion of Union county,
Ga., which is now included in Fannin
county, Aug. 15, 1847. His father, James
Milton Quillian, was born in Franklin
county, Ga., Jan. 25, 1823, and his mother, whose maiden name was Murray, was born in Buncombe county, N. C., Oct. 17, 1825. The ancestors on both sides were of stanch Scotch-Irish stock and the respective families were founded in America in the seventeenth century, the Quillians settling in Vir ginia and North Carolina and the Murrays in the latter state. Rep resentatives of the Murray family were patriot soldiers of the Continental line in the war of the Revolution. James M. Quillian was a successful planter of Union county and was a man of promi nence and influence in his community, having taken an active part in public affairs as a stanch Whig of the old-line type. He served ia nearly all the county offices and as a member of the lower house of the state legislature. Doctor Quillian was reared to maturity in :Ms native county and was afforded the advantages of Clayton acad emy at Clayton, Rabun county. On July 17, 1864, about one month : :p!rior to his seventeenth birthday, he enlisted in the Confederate ^srvice, as a private in Company F, Eleventh Georgia cavalry. He as a participant in the engagement at Atlanta, Nov. 14, 1864, the ^ay before General Sherman left that city on his march through :iGeorgia. He took part in the engagement near Griswoldville, Ga., was in many skirmishes, and the battle near Waynesboro, Ga., Dec. : $, 1864. He was thereafter detailed in the quartermaster's depart::icent, in which he served, at Columbia, S. C, until the close of the : war. After finishing his military career, he returned to Augusta and later went to Wallhalla, S. C., where he studied medicine under :-'the preceptorship of Drs. L. B,. Johnson and B. W. Bell. Subse-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

quently he took one course of lectures in Jefferson medical college

in Philadelphia, Pa., and in 1873 he was graduated in the Atlanta

college of Physicians and Surgeons, receiving his degree of Doctor

of Medicine. He has since been actively engaged in the work of his

chosen profession, in which he has been most successful. Prior to

locating in Buford he had practiced at Homer, Ga., Easley and

Spartanburg, S. C., and Atlanta. He is a member of the Medical

Association of Georgia, the Tri-State medical association, of

Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee, and the Georgia state pharma

ceutical association. He is affiliated with Phidelta Lodge, No. 146v

Free and Accepted Masons; Taylor Chapter, Royal Arch Mason&J

Jason Burr Council, Royal and Select Masters; Pilgrim Command-.:

ery, Knights Templars; and Homer Lodge, No. 82,.Independent

Order of Odd Fellows. The doctor is a loyal adherent of the Derrio-

cratic party, but has never desired or held public office. He is a

prominent and zealous member of Methodist Episcopal church

South; has held all the church offices to which a lay member is eli

gible; and in May, 1890, was a delegate to the general conference of

the church at St. Louis, Mo., On Nov. 15, 1868, was solemnized

the marriage of Doctor Quillian to Miss Mary Martin, a daughter:

of Salathiel and Mary (Sheriff) Martin, of Pickensville, S. C. Of

their four children one, Cora Ella, died in infancy. Lalla May is::

the wife of Dr. J. B. George, of Gainesville, Ga.; Mary Pauline is

the wife of W. J. Porter, of the same city; and Sadie Myrtle is the

wife of T. Cliff Mayson, of Buford.

:

Quince, a town in Toombs county, is about ten miles northeast

of Lyons, and two miles from Cobbtown, which is the nearest rail

road station. The population in 1900 was 210. It has a money;

order postoffice and is a trading center for that part of the county,; :

Quincey, John William, of Douglas, is one of the leading mem-;

bers of the Coffee county bar, is ex-judge of the city court of Doug

las, and has been one of the prominent upbuilders of this thriving-

little city, upon whose civic and social affairs he has made a deep;

impress, as has he also in professional and business lines. Judge::

Quincey was born in White Springs, Hamilton county, Fla., Sept.; :

27, 1867, a son of Samuel and Sarah J. (Bird) Quincey, the formed

born in Cambridgeshire, England, Jan. 9, 1838, and the latter in:

Lynn-Regis, Norfolk county, England, Sept. 13, 1837. The father

now maintains his home in Douglas, his cherished and devoted wife:

having passed away in September, 1901. They became the parents

of six children, of whom the subject of this sketch is the third in

order of birth. Hendricks J., who was born Nov. 6, 1876, is en-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

143

gaged in the practice of law in Ocilla, Ga.; Caroline, who w,as born in 1862, married John C. Wimer and is now deceased; Sadie died in the year 1884; Isabel Georgia became the wife of Andrew Rush and is now deceased; Elizabeth Ann is the wife of James H. Collier, of Rocky, Levy county, Fla. Samuel Quincey, father of the Judge, came to the United States in 1858, and settled in the state of New York, where he remained until the following year, when he removed to Florida, in which state he maintained his residence until 1901, -when he removed to Douglas, Ga., which has since continued his place of-abode. He has served in various positions of public trust, having been a member of the board of education at Bronson, Fla.; represented Levy county, that state, in the legislature, 1885-6; was chairman of the board of commissioners of that county for twelve years, remaining the incumbent of this position until the time of : his removal to Georgia. Judge Quincey secured his preliminary education in the common schools of Levy county, Fla., and was graduated in the Jasper normal institute as a member of the class of 1893. In the meanwhile he had been a successful teacher in the schools of his native state, teaching during the intervals not given to his own educational work. He took up the study of law in the office of Humphreys & Edmundson, of Quitman, Ga., and was ad mitted to the bar in April, 1894. He forthwith took up his resi:dence in Douglas, where he has advanced to prominence and defi'. nite success in the work of his profession, being a member of the Jaw firm of Quincey & McDonald. In 1901 he received from Gov ernor Candler the appointment to the office of judge of the city -court of Douglas, and held this office two years, making an excel lent record on the bench and resigning by reason of the exigent de: jT:3Hds of his regular professional business. He has been a member at the board of education of Douglas from the time of its organiza tion and is the present chairman of the same. In politics Judge Quincey is known as an aggressive and able advocate of the prin ciples and policies of the Democratic party, having served as dele gate, to various conventions of the party and as a valued member ;Q! the Democratic executive committee of Coffee county. He is ^affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the ::!vnights of Pythias, and Mrs. Quincey is a communicant of the : Protestant Episcopal church. Judge Quincey was one of the organ izers of the Union Banking Company, of Douglas, and also of the : ;B6flglas, Augusta & Gulf railroad, of which he is now a director, ::as is he also of the Douglas Supply Company, which conducts an ::extensive general mercantile business. He has given his influence

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and tangible support to all measures tending to advance the welfare

and material upbuilding of this home city. He took up his resi

dence in Douglas when it was a mere hamlet and has ever been

known as one of its most progressive, liberal and loyal citizens. In

October, 1894, Judge Quincey was united in marriage to Miss

Blanch Frink, born in Hamilton county, Fla., Feb. 22, 1876, a

daughter of Dr. L. F. and Benita (Hatel'y) Frink, of Lake City,

Fla. Doctor Frink was born Aug. 8, 1846, and died April 25, 1903;

his wife was born March 25, 1854, and died Aug. 24, 1885. Judge

and Mrs. Quincey have two children Hately Jennings, born Aug.

19, 1900, and Blanch, born March 13, 1902.

Quincy, Rev. Samuel, a clergyman of the Church of England,

who was appointed missionary to Savannah to succeed Doctor

Herbert. He reached Georgia in March, 1733, and remained there

until October, 1735, when he obtained leave to return to England,

assigning as a reason that he was unable to endure longer the "in

solent and tyrannical magistrate to whom the government of the :

colony was committed." This was characteristic of his family. One

of his ancestors was named in the Magna Charta of England, arid

he was a relative of the Quincys of Massachusetts, who took such

an active part in the establishment of American liberty.

Quitman, the county seat of Brooks county, is located at the

junction of the Savannah, Florida & Western, (the main line of the

Plant system), and the South Georgia & West Coast railroads. It

was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1859 and was named in

honor of Gen. John A. Quitman, of Mississippi, who served with

distinction in the Mexican war. It forms the home market for a

prosperous farming section, has a court-house valued at $30,000, a

money order postoffice, with rural service, electric lights, water

works, two banks, cotton mill, fertilizer works, and several mer

cantile concerns doing a good business, while near by are large

saw-mills and turpentine distilleries. The annual receipts of cot

ton at Quitman average about 10,000 bales, and large quantities of

lumber and naval stores are also shipped. Good church and school

privileges are found here, and the climate is such that many in

valids'from the north, especially those afflicted with weak lungs,

spend the winter in the locality, where the aroma of the pine woods

has a beneficial effect, tending to check the ravages of consumption

and kindred diseases. In 1900 the population of the city was 2,28i

and of the district in-which it is situated 5,286.

V::

Quitman County was created Oct. 12, 1858, from -Stewart and

Randolph counties, and was named for Gen. John A. Quitman. The

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county lies in the western part of the state and is bounded on the north and east by Stewart and Randolph counties, on the south by Randolph and Clay, and on the west by the State of Alabama. The Chattahoochee river washes the western boundary. All the streams contain an abundance of fish and there is some game to be found in-the county. The soil is a gray, sandy loam with clay foundations, except in the bottoms and along the creeks, and is very productive. Cotton is the staple production, many of the farmers planting all their land to this crop. Other products are corn, wheat, potatoes, chufas, rice and peas. Vegetables, berries and melons are raised chiefly for home consumption. There is still some yellow pine standing, but the timbers are principally hickory, chestnut, beech, gum, poplar, maple and the various kinds of oak. There are sev eral saw-mills in the county and considerable lumber is manufac tured each year. The unutilized water-power along the Chattahoo chee river offers inducement for the location of factories. The roads are kept in good condition, the Central of Georgia railroad traverses the county from west to east, and steamboats run all the year on the Chattahoochee river,.thus insuring excellent facilities for transportation. Georgetown, the county seat, is situated on the Central of Georgia railroad at the point where it crosses the Chat tahoochee river, thus combining the advantages of water and rail road transportation and the productions of the county are marketed here and at Eufaula, Ala. The population of the county in 1900 was 4,701, a gain of 230 in ten years.

R
: Rabbit, a post-hamlet of Taylor county, is near the Marion county line and is eight miles south of Howard, which is the nearest rail road station. ;: Rabey, Peter, a successful carpenter and contractor of Savannah, was born on the island of Guernsey, one of the famous Channel islands of Great Britian, Aug. 1, 1859. He comes of stanch old Norman stock, and is a son of Nicholas and Judith (Falla) Rabey, both of whom were born on the island of Guernsey, where they passed their entire lives. The father was a plasterer by trade and :died when the subject of this sketch was but seven years of age. The only two representatives of the family in the United States are :j?eter and Stephen, brothers, and both residents of Savannah, where '.the-latter is.a contracting painter. Peter Rabey availed himself of the advantages afforded in the excellent schools of his native place and on the fine old island he also learned the carpenter's trade, initiating
10-111

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his apprenticeship when but thirteen years of age and serving four years, according to the careful English custom. At the age of twenty-one years he went to South Africa, where he followed the
work of his trade for a period of four years. In 1885 he came to America and settled in Savannah, where he has risen to a position of success and prominence as a contractor and builder, feeling that he made a wise selection when he chose this city as his field of operations. He is a member of the Savannah chamber of com
merce and the Savannah builders' ex change. In Jan. 1, 1887, he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Smith, daugh ter of Joseph Smith, who was a soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war, and was killed in the engagement at Fort McAllister. Mr. and Mrs. Rabey became the parents of four children, of whom three are liv ing Henry N., Lawrence J. and Peter G. Rachel died in infancy. Rabun County was laid out in 1819, and was named for William Rabun, at that time governor of Georgia. It was enlarged by the addition of a part of Habersham in 1828. It is in the extreme northeastern corner of the state and is bounded on the north by the state of North Carolina, on the east and southeast by the state of South Carolina, south by Habersham county, and west by Towns county. The Chattooga river separates it from South Carolina, and the Little Tennessee rises among the mountains in the central part and flows northward into North Carolina. The scenery is varied and beautiful. In whatever direction the eye turns, it sees ridges of mountains, among which nestle fertile valleys, the prin cipal of which are Tennessee, War Woman, Persimmon, Tiger Tail and Simpson's Creek. There are several caves, but none of note. About ten miles above the junction of the Tallulah and Chattooga rivers are the famous Tallulah Falls. On the mountains are found wild turkeys, deer and some bears, and the streams abound in mountain trout. Corn, wheat, rice, potatoes, field and ground peas and sorghum are the principal crops. Cotton does not thrive, but all vegetables do well, and the apples are especially fine, keeping through the entire winter. The county contains 200,000 acres of pine and hardwood timber, but no lumber is exported, owing to lack of transportation facilities. The water-power is good and is util ized by a number of flour and grist mills. Gold, copper, mica,

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asbestos, sandstone, iron, carbonate of iron and alum are found. Several mines and quarries are in operation. Clayton, the county seat, and Tallulah Falls are the principal towns. The Tallulah Falls railway connects Clayton with the Southern at Cornelia. The popualtion in 1900 was 6,285, an increase of 679 since 1890.
Rabun Gap, a post-village of Rabun county, wtih a population of 70, is about six miles north of Clayton and two miles from the North Carolina line.
Rabun, William, one of the early governors of Georgia, was born in Halifax county, N. C, April 8, 1771. When he was about fourteen years of age the family removed to Wilkes county, Ga., and later to Hancock county. His opportunities to acquire an edu cation were extremely limited, but being fond of reading he ob tained a great deal of information from good books. He was several times elected to the legislature; was president of the senate when Governor Mitchell resigned in March, 1817, and by virtue of the office became governor. The following November he was elected for a full term, but died on October 24, 1819, before its expiration. His administration was marked by his controversy with President Jackson over the burning of the Indian village of Cheha. (q. v.) The legislature passed resolutions of sympathy and enconium upon his death and the most northeastern county in the state bears his name.
Raccoon Mills, a factory town of Chattooga county, near the branch of the Central of Georgia railway that runs directly from Rome to Chattanooga, Tenn., was incorporated by act of the legis lature in 1883. It had by the census of 1900 a population of 441, many of whom are operatives in the Raccoon Cotton Mills, which have 104 looms and 3,400 spindles. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and several stores. The express and tele graph offices are at Raccoon Station on the railroad. The people enjoy good school and church privileges.
Racepond, a post-village of Charlton county, is on the Waycross & Jacksonville division of the Atlantic Coast line, and is not far from the Pierce county line.
Rackley, a post-hamlet of Emanuel county, is about five miles southwest of Corsica, which is the nearest railroad station.
Railroads. Georgia was one of the first states in the Union to become interested in railroad building. As early as 1822 the ques tion of finding an outlet for the cotton crop engaged the considera tion of the planters and there was much railroad talk as a solution of the problem, but nothing tangible resulted from the discussion.

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In 1826 Wilson Lumpkin made a survey for a railroad, to be oper ated by mule power, from Milledgeville to Chattanooga, but before it was built general attention was turned to steam as a motive power. A railroad convention was held at Eatonton in September, 1831, at which a large number of the state's most prominent men were present, and at the next session of the general assembly a charter was granted to a company to construct a line from Augusta to Eatonton. The following year the charter was amended so that the main road was to run from Augusta to Athens, with branches to Eatonton and Madison, and later was altered to permit the ex tension of the line to the Chattahoochee river. Actual work on con struction began in May, 1835, but a series of drawbacks delayed the completion of the road known as the "Georgia railroad" for sev eral years. In 1834 a charter was granted to the Central Railroad Company to build and equip a line from Savannah to Macon, a dis tance of 191 miles. The first survey was made in 1837 and the entire road was completed in 1844, giving it the distinction of being the first in the state to go into actual operation. In 1833 the Monroe railroad was chartered, running from Macon to Forsyth. The name of this road was subsequently changed to the Macon & West ern, and authority given the company to extend its line to the Georgia railroad. This road was acquired by the Central in 1872, giving it an unbroken line from Savannah to Atlanta. In 1834 the legislature made an appropriation of $350,000 for the construction of a railroad (The Western and Atlantic) from the common ter minus of the Georgia and Macon & Western roads to Chattanooga, a distance of 139 miles, and this road is still known as the State road. When these three lines were completed the state had prob ably a greater railroad mileage than any other in the Union at that time.
Between the years 1835 and 1850 quite a number of railroad companies were granted charters by the general assembly, several of them being also given the privilege of doing a banking business. Foremost among these early projected roads were the Augusta & Waynesboro;. the Washington Railroad Company, to build a road from Washington to connect with the Georgia railroad somewhere in Warren or Taliaferro counties; the Thomaston & Barnesville; the Columbus & Southeastern; the Atlanta & West Point; the Brunswick & Florida; the Chattahoochee, to run from Columbus to Macon; the Talbotton, which was to build a line from the Flint to the Chattahoochee rivers near the boundary between Houston and Dooly counties; the Muscogee; the St. Mary's & Columbus;

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and the Southwestern. A glance at the map will disclose the fact that some of these early roads never got any farther than the paper stage, owing to the difficulties the projectors had to overcome in the way of raising funds, in some eases, and in others the banking feature of the charter was allowed to overshadow.the primary ob ject of the franchise. During the war the railroad property of the state suffered greatly from the ravages of the contending armies, but in the decade following the restoration of peace railroad build ing was prosecuted with enthusiasm. Among the roads chartered immediately after the war were the Brunswick & Albany; the Cartersville & Van Wert; the Augusta & Summerville; the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern, now the Gainesville Midland; the Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama; and the Southern. Since 1875 many of the small independent roads have been incorporated into the great railway systems, by lease or purchase, frequently improving the character of the service and lessening the operating expenses. The principal systems operating in Georgia are the Central of Georgia ; the Southern; the Atlantic Coast Line; the Georgia; the Seaboard Air Line; and the Georgia, Southern & Florida. The Western & Atlantic, though still the property of the state, is operated in con nection with the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railroad Company. These systems control over 4,000 miles of railway in the state, but as the total mileage is over 6,000 miles, it will be seen that a number of short lines are still successfully conducted under independent management. By the cooperation of these independent lines with the great systems practically every part of the state is supplied with good railway facilities, thus giving the farmers and planters an outlet for their products and relegating the mule team to a place among the relics of the past. Most of the Georgia rail roads are well ballasted and supplied with steel rails, generally of a heavy type, while the locomotives and rolling-stock are usually of the most approved patterns.
Railroad Commission. With the absorption of independent roads by the great railway systems complaints became frequent that the roads were charging excessive rates for the transportation of freight and discriminating in favor of certain places. To correct these abuses the legislature of 1879 passed an act entitled: "An act to provide for the regulation of railroad freight and passenger tar iffs in this state; to prevent unjust discrimination and extortion in the rates charged for transportation of passengers and freight; and to prohibit railroad companies, corporations, and lessees in this state from charging other than just and reasonable rates, and to

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punish the same, and prescribe a mode of procedure and rules of evidence in relation thereto; and to appoint commissioners, and to prescribe their powers and duties in relation to the same."
The act provided for the appointment of three commissioners, one of whom should be well versed in the law, one in railway busi ness, and that neither of them should in any way be interested in any railroad. Governor Colquitt appointed Ex-Gov. James M. Smith, Samuel Barnett and Campbell Wallace. In their first re port, May 1, 1880, the commission said: "The regulations estab lished by the commission under the law are enforced by ample penalties to the state and damages to individuals so stringent that the board feels a deep sense of responsibility and anxiety for the just exercise of powers so large and enforced by such penalties. * * * There is no sense of weakness, but rather of anxiety in the use of large powers positive, not merely negative; which, like thumbscrews, take a powerful hold, so that even litigation to test them is dangerous. For this reason our sense of responsibility has often been oppressive."
The question of the constitutionality of the law was settled by the United States circuit court, in the case of Tilly vs. the Railroad -Commission, in which the commission was upheld at every point. In the spring of 1882 the lessee of the Georgia Railroad, from At lanta to Augusta, applied to the superior court of Fulton county for an injunction restraining the commissioners from dictating freight rates for the line, and asking the court to declare the act unconsti tutional. This case was finally carried to the supreme court of the United States, where it was decided in favor of the commission on Oct. 29, 1887. Since then the board has undisputed control of the regulation of rates, etc., dividing the roads into classes according to their importance as common carriers and establishing a tariff rate for each class.
Raines, a post-village of Crisp county, is on the Albany Northern railroad, six miles southwest of Cordele. The population in 1900 was 70.
Raines, Anthony Mason, M. D., the present judge of the city court of Dawson, Terrell county, has fitted himself for two of the most exacting of professions, being both a physician and a lawyer. He has won his way through his own efforts, so that he is well entitled to the distinction involved in the sterling American ex pression a self-made man. Judge Raines was born in Quitman county, Ga., Oct. 8, 1861, a son of Thomas B. and Grace A. (Peroman) Raines, the former born in South Carolina, in 1829, and the

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latter in Putnam county, Ga., in 1835. The father's death occurred in March, 1888, the mother passed away in 1895, and both were laid to rest in the cemetery of Union church, in Quitman county. Wil liam B. Raines, grandfather of the Judge, was a soldier in the Mexi can war and was with Jefferson Davis when he was captured. Thomas B. Raines was in service as a valiant soldier of the Con federacy in the Civil war, as a member of a regiment of Georgia volunteer infantry. Judge Raines attended the common schools of Quitman county until he was fourteen years of age and at the age of nineteen years took up the study of medicine, borrowing twenty-five dollars to defray his necessary expenses in the mean while, thus manifesting his courage, determination and self-reliance. For one year he was a student in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md., and he then entered the Atlanta medical college, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1884, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He at once insti tuted the practice of his profession in Quitman county, met with excellent success and continued his practice for nine years. He then took up the study of law, thoroughly fortified himself in the science of jurisprudence and was admitted to the bar in 1897. From that year to the present he has been established in the practice of law in Dawson, where his success and prestige stand in evidence of his ability. For the past four years he has held the office of judge of the city court of Dawson. He has made an enviable record on the bench and has been brought prominently into consideration in connection with nomination to the bench of the superior court. He is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies of the Demo cratic party, is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Dec. 23, 1887, Judge Raines was united in marriage to Miss Perry Gay, daughter of William E. and Sarah (Methvin) Gay, of Quitman county, and they have two children Thomas B., born Oct. 39, 1888; and Wil liam G., born Nov. 10, 1889.
Rainey, Eugene L., editor and publisher of the Dawson News and representative of Terrell county in the state legislature, was born in Houston county, Ga., Jan. 17, 1863. He is a son of Watkins L. and Johnie (McMurray) Rainey, the former born in Twiggs county, and the latter in Houston county, Ga. The father served during practically the entire course of the Civil war, as a member of a Georgia regiment in the Confederate service. Eugene L. Rainey was given the advantages of the schools of Perry, Houston county, while later it was his privilege to secure that discipline

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which has been pronounced equal to a liberal education the train ing of a newspaper office. He engaged in the newspaper business in Vienna, Dooly county, in 1882, being the editor and publisher of the first paper ever published in that county. In 1884 he removed to Dawson, where he became connected with the Dawson Journal. In 1889 he effected the purchase of the plant and business of the Dawson News, of which he has since been editor and publisher, making the same a power in the political field and a valued expo nent of local interests. Aside from the publication of the News he has valuable farming interests in the county. Mr. Rainey is a leader in the ranks of the Democratic party in this section of the state; was a member of the board of aldermen of Dawson for ten years; was chairman of the Democratic executive committee of Terrell county for several years, and was also chairman of the Eleventh senatorial district executive committee for a number of years. For the past thirteen years he has been a valued member of the board of public school commisssioners of Dawson; was elected in 1902 to represent the county in the state legislature, with out opposition, antl, under the same conditions, was chosen as his own successor in 1904. He and his wife are members of the Metho dist Episcopal church South, and he is identified with the Independ ent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. On Nov. 28, 1888, Mr. Rainey was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Symmes, daughter of Edward and Mary (Perry) Symmes, resi dents of South Carolina. They have two children : Ellagene, aged fifteen, and Clement Evans, aged 12 years.
Raleigh, a post-village of Meriwether county, is on the Columbus & McDondugh division of the Southern railroad, about five miles southwest of Woodbury. The population in 1900 was 68.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, is believed by some to have been the first white man to visit what is now the State of Georgia, though others have questioned the truth of the statement. It is said that when Oglethorpe first came to America he brought with him the written journal of Sir Walter. From the latitudes mentioned in this jour nal and the traditions of the Indians it appears that Raleigh ascend ed the Savannah river as far as the bluff where the city now stands and there held a council with the natives. The Indians pointed out to Oglethorpe a mound, which they explained was the grave of the Indian king with whom the conference was held, his desire having been to be buried where the meeting took place with the white stranger.

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Randa, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is ten miles- northwest of Dahlonega. The nearest railroad station is Jasper, on the At lanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Randall, James R., journalist anil poet, was born in 1843 in the city of Baltimore, Md. He was educated at the Catholic college at Georgetown, D. C., and received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Notre Dame, Ind. For twenty years he was a writer and editor on the Augusta Chronicle. In 1886 he severed his connection with this paper to become a writer on the Anniston Hot Blast, but after a year with that publication he returned to his old home in Baltimore, where he became associated with the Balti more Press. In addition to his journalistic work Mr. Randall wrote a number of poems, some of which are known in every state in the Union, and even abroad. The war lyric, "Maryland, My Maryland," which Oliver Wendell Holmes said was the best poem written during the Civil war, was the product of his pen. After the battle of Manassas in 1861 he wrote "There's Life in the Old Land Yet," which became a popular war song.
Randel, a post-hamlet of Colquitt county, is not far from the Little river, and is eight miles west of Sparks, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Randolph County was created from Lee in 1828 and a part was set off to Stewart in 1830. It was named for John Randolph, of Virginia, for many years a representative in Congress and United States senator from his native state. It is in the southwestern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Stewart and Webster counties, on the east by Terrell, on the south by Calhoun and Clay and on the west by Clay and Quitman. It is well watered by tribu taries of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. Fruit raising is an important industry and large quantities of apples, peaches and plums are shipped. Vegetables of all kinds are produced in abun dance. Corn, cotton, wheat, rye, oats, sweet and Irish potatoes, field and ground peas are also raised. Much of the original timber is still standing and although some lumber is sawed every year the output is not great. The water-power is good and there are nu merous manufactories in the county. Two divisions of the Central of Georgia and the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroads furnish good transportation facilities. Cuthbert is the county seat. Other towns are Shellman, Coleman, Springvale and Benevolence, the last three being important shipping points. The population in 1900 was 16,847, an increase of 1,580 in ten years. Bethel male college and Andrew female college are located in this county.

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Ranger, a post-hamlet of Gordon county, is on one of the tribu taries of Pine Log creek, and is about twelve miles east of Calhoun, which is the nearest railroad station.
Ratcliff, a post-village of Gilmer county, is in the upper Coosawattee valley, six miles west of Ellijay, which is the nearest railroad
station. Ratio, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Clinch county,
is not far from the Allapaha river. Garret's, on the Ocilla, Pinebloom & Valdosta railroad, is the nearest station.
Rawls, Morgan, was a candidate for Congress in the Savannah district in 1872 and on the face of the returns was granted a certifi cate of election. The place was contested by Andrew Sloan, who was finally seated on March 24, 1874
Rawson, Charles Wilson, of Albany, is one of the representative business men and popular citizens of Dougherty coun ty, where he has made his home from the time of his birth, and is at the present time mayor of his city. He was born Dec. 5, 1866, and is a son of Charles Wil son Rawson, Sr., and Annie Elizabeth Rawson. He has two sisters, Mrs. Annie Tarver and Mrs. Alice Denison, both of whom are likewise residents of Albany. Mr. Rawson is a grandson of the late Col. Nelson Tift, who was the founder of the city of Albany, and in whose honor Tift county, organized in 1905, was named. He was the first Democratic congressman from the first district of Georgia after the close of the Civil war. The sub ject of this sketch secured his early educational training in the schools of his native town, and from 1885 to 1887, inclusive, was pri vate secretary to his grandfather, Colonel Tift. In 1888 he engaged in the mercantile business in Albany and has since continued active ly identified with the industrial and commercial affairs of this thriv ing municipality, being now half-owner and also manager of the grocery business conducted by the firm of Mock & Rawson; presi dent of the Albany Machinery Company; president of the retail grocers' association of Albany, and is recognized as a progressive and reliable business man and public-spirited citizen. In politics Mr. Rawson has most strenuously held to the principles advocated by the Democratic party; was a member of the city council of Al bany in 1903-4, but was not a candidate for re-election in 1905. A

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still more distinctive mark of popular esteem was to be accorded

him, however, for in that year he was elected mayor of the city,

without opposition, for the two years' term beginning Jan. 1, 1906.

He is also chairman of the water and electric-light commission and

chairman of the city board of education. In a fraternal way he is

identified with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the

Knights of Pythias. Both he and his wife are communicants of

the Protestant Episcopal church and he is at the present time

junior warden of the vestry of St. Paul's parish, as well as chair

man of the finance committee. On Nov. 8, 1888, Mr. Rawson was

united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Cheatham, daughter of Col.

O. F. and Mattie (Gardner) Cheatham, of Edgefield, S. C., and of

this union were born two children Charles Wilson, who died at

the age of three and one-half years, and Lucy Fitz Alien, who

died at the age of two and one-half years.

Rayle, a post-village in the western part of Wilkes county, re

ported a population of 62 in 1900. It is about ten miles northwest

of Washington, and is a trading center for that section.

Raymond, a post-hamlet of Johnson county, is about four miles

southeast of Wrightsville. The nearest railroad station is Meeks,

on the Wadley & Mount Vernon road.

Raysville, a post-hamlet in the extreme southwestern part of

Lincoln county, is on the Little river and is twelve miles north of

Thomson, which is the most convenient railroad station.

Read, Charles A., is a representative

: : : ; ::;; : : - :

member of the Atlanta bar, established

in a successful general practice, with of

fices in the Equitable building. He is a

scion of a stanch southern stock, both his

paternal and maternal ancestors having

early settled in the Old Dominion, that

cradle of so much of our national his

tory. He was born in Washington, Rap-

pahannock county, Va., July 24, 1857, and

is a son of Dr. Adolphus W. and Mary

A. (Wood) Read, the former of whom

was born in Culpepper county, Va., and

the latter in Rappahannock county. Doctor Read was a prominent

physician and surgeon and was for many years engaged in the

practice of his profession in Virginia, having been stationed in the

city of Richmond, as a surgeon in the Confederate service, during

the war between the states. Charles A. Read was graduated in the

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law department of the University of Virginia, as a member of the class of 1879, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Law from that famous'old institution. In 1881 he opened an office in Atlanta, where he has built up a large and representative law business. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, but has never sought official preferment; he and his wife are communicants of the Protes tant Episcopal church, and he has served continuously as a mem ber of the vestry of St. Luke's church since 1882. He is a member of the Georgia bar association and of the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity. He was a member of the board of directors of the Young Men's library association of Atlanta from 1890 to 1899, and was president of the same in 1893-4, the association's library now being merged into the local Carnegie library. On April 11, 1882, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Read to Miss Mary E. Breant, daughter of Col. George William Breant, of Alexandria, Va., and they have one son, Herbert, who was born in 1885.
Rebecca, a town in Wilcox county, is one of the new towns in that part of the state, having been incorporated by act of the legis lature on August 15, 1904. It is on the Atlantic & Birmingham railway, twelve miles northwest of Fitzgerald, has a money order postoffice, some stores, etc., and does some shipping.
Reconstruction. On May 29, 1865, President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation, setting forth the method by which the peo ple of the seceded states could be restored to their civil rights and granting amnesty to those who would take an oath to support the constitution of the United States and abide by all the laws made by Congress during the war, with the exception of certain classes of persons. In June the president appointed James Johnson, of Columbus, provisional governor to conduct a reorganization of the state. One of the first acts of Governor Johnson was to issue a proclamation, calling a convention to meet in October, for the pur pose of formulating a new constitution, etc. (For the proceedings of that convention see Constitutions). This was speedily followed by another proclamation, authorizing the clerks or ordinaries in the several counties to administer the oath of amnesty. At the elec tion on November 15th Charles J. Jenkins was unanimously chosen governor, though Governor Johnson notified the general assembly, when that body assembled in December, that he would continue to hold the office until the election of Governor Jenkins was duly recognized by the United States. This, however, was merely a matter of form and on December 14th Governor Jenkins was in augurated amid general enthusiasm and rejoicing. On the 19th

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the new governor received the following telegram from W. H. Seward, secretary of state in President Johnson's cabinet:
"To His Excellency the Governor of the State of Georgia: "Sir: By direction of the President I have the honor herewith to
transmit to you a copy of a communication which has been ad dressed to his Excellency, James Johnson, late Provisional Gover nor, whereby he has been relieved of the trust heretofore reposed in him, and directed to deliver into your possession the papers and property relating to the trust.
"I have the honor to tender you the cooperation of the Govern ment of the United States, whenever it may be found necessary, in effecting the early restoration and permanent prosperity of the state over which you have been called to preside."
So far the president's plan had worked smoothly and for a little while it looked as though Georgia might escape the evils of recon struction that some of the unfortunate states had been compelled to undergo, and assume the duties and relations of statehood with out serious trouble. But just at this juncture occurred the rupture between Congress and the executive regarding the reconstruction of the seceded states; a controversy that wrought up the feeling of the entire country to a high pitch and entailed much suffering upon the South. The legislature had elected Alexander H. Stephens and Herschel V. Johnson to represent Georgia in the United States senate, but the majority of that body refused to permit them to take their seats until the state had ratified the fourteenth amend ment, (q. v.) This revived the whole subject in an intensified form. The legislature had ratified the thirteenth amendment, abolishing slavery, and had repudiated the war debt in compliance with the president's demands, but the people revolted at the idea of giving to the emancipated negroes the elective franchise until such time as they should show their ability to use it intelligently. Nor was Georgia alone in this attitude. All the Southern States with the exception of Tennessee refused at first to ratify such a proposition. This led Congress to declare the states so refusing to be in a state of rebellion and the military authority again became supreme. Just a year, to a day, after the inauguration of Governor Jenkins Con gress appointed a reconstruction committee, consisting of six sena tors and nine members of the house. The duties of this committee, as defined by the senate resolution originating it, was "to inquire into the condition of states which formed the so-called Confederate States of America, and report whether they, or any of them, are

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entitled to be represented in either house of Congress, with leave to report at any time, by bill or otherwise."
At the head of this committee was Thaddeus Stevens, of Pennsyl vania, a pronounced antagonist of the president's policy of recon struction, a man whose actions marked him as implacable in his determination to humiliate a vanquished foe, and who finally intro duced in the house the bill for the solemn impeachment of the na tion's chief executive. Measure after measure emanated from this committe, all of which were passed by Congress after stormy de bate. The people of Georgia were greatly exasperated by some of these acts and a special committee was appointed to go to Wash ington to try to bring about a more amicable settlement of the question. Expostulations and entreaties were alike futile, as noth ing could influence Congress to alter its position or modify its de mands. Governor Jenkins was an avowed opponent of the Con gressional plan of reconstruction. Believing the laws to be both op pressive and unconstitutional he resolved to have them tested by the supreme court of the United States. He accordingly went to Washington and on April 10, 1867, filed a bill in the supreme court asking, first, a temporary injunction against the enforcement of the laws pending a hearing, and, secondly, a permanent injunction in case the court should find them unconstitutional or as opposed to public policy. His mission was no more successful than that of the special committee and failing to secure satisfactory redress in the court he advised the people of Georgia to continue steadfast in their refusal to acquiesce in the demands of Congress. For this he was made the recipient of a communication from General Pope, the miiltary commander of the district composed of Georgia, Alabama and Florida, informing him that "It is to be clearly understood, however, that the civil officers thus retained in office shall confine themselves strictly to the performance of their official duties, and whilst holding their offices they shall not use any influence what ever to deter or dissuade the people from taking an active part in reconstructing their state government, under the act of Congress to provide for a more efficient government of the rebel states, and the act supplmentary thereto."
Th next act in this painful drama was for General Pope to call a constitutional convention to meet in the city hall, at Atlanta, on Dec. 9, 1867. Of the 170 delegates few were known in the affairs of the state, as many of the people had generally declined to take any part in their election, notwithstanding ex-Governor Brown and a few others had advised them to participate in the elections and

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to send their best men. After a twelve days' session the convention adjourned until Jan. 8, 1868, when it again assembled and remained in session until March llth. An indication of the feeling that existed may be seen in the following resolution, which was adopted by the convention early in its deliberations: "That the convention do hereby request the legislative department of the government of the United States to authorize this body to declare vacant the chief executive office of the state, and to fill the same, as well as to pro vide for the removal, through the chief executive officer thus se lected, of all persons who are hostile to reconstruction, and the fill ing of such vacancies by said executive."
The constitution adopted by the convention ratified the four teenth amendment and was submitted to the people at an election on April 20th. In the meantime the convention needed money to defray its expenses and passed an ordinance directing the treasurer to pay $40,000 to the disbursing officer of the body. Treasurer Jones declined to obey, stating as his reason therefor that he was forbidden to pay out any funds "except upon the warrant of the governor and sanction of the comptroller-general." On Jan. 7, 1868, General Meade, who had succeeded General Pope as com mander of the district, made a demand upon Governor Jenkins to draw up his warrant for the amount of $40,000, as it was "an appro priation made by law." To this the governor replied that the con vention was called under an act of Congress which prescribed tax to raise funds to pay the expenses of the body; that the fund so raised did not come within the scope of either the state or Federal con stitutions, and that in declining to draw his warrant he was only living up to the requirements of his oath of office, which constrained him to support both constitutions. On the 13th General Meade promulgated an order removing Governor Jenkins and Treasurer Jones from office and appointed Gen. Thomas H. Ruger and Capt. Charles H. Rockwell to the vacancies. Upon being deposed from office Governor Jenkins took $400,000 of the state's money and the seal of the executive office and set off for Washington City. There he filed a bill in the United States supreme court complaining against the seizure of the state government by the military power, after which he went to New York, where he deposited the money in one of the banks to make a payment on the public debt. The seal was restored to the proper authorities after the storm of re construction had passed.
In submitting the constitution to a vote of the people the con vention also provided for the election of a governor at the same

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time. The Republicans nominated Rufus B. Bullock and the Demo crats Gen. John B. Gordon. A large number of the native white citizens were denied the privilege of voting and Bullock was de clared elected by a small majority. The constitution was ratified by a majority of the people who were permitted to vote and as soon as the fact was certified to Congress a bill was introduced in both branches of that body to admit Georgia into the Union when cer tain conditions should be observed. It passed the house on May 14th by a vote of 109 to 35, 45 members declining to vote either for or against the measure, and on June 10th it passed the senate by a vote of 31 to 5, with 18 members recorded as not voting. The act of admission went into effect on June 25th and the same day Bul lock was appointed to succeed General Ruger as provisional gover nor, to enter upon the duties of the office on July 4th, at which time the legislature had been summoned to convene at Atlanta. When the general assembly met the time until the 22nd was spent in de ciding who were elegible to seats under the fourteenth amendment. On the 22nd Governor Bullock was inaugurated and on the 28th an order was issued from the headquarters of the army at Washington, declaring military rule under the reconstruction acts at an end. Again it looked as though Georgia had emerged from the night of despotism into the dawn of sovereign statehood. But again those who took an optimislic view of the situation were destined to disap pointment, for some of the most poignant experiences of the recon struction era yet remained to be endured.
Early in the legislative session the question of the eligibility of negroes to hold office under the new constitution came up for con sideration. The result was that in the end twenty-five colored rep resentatives and two senators were ousted and their seats given to white men, a number of white Republicans voting to unseat the negroes. This action soon became a topic of discussion all over the country. The general assembly adjourned on October 5th and as soon as Congress convened in the following December Governor Bullock went to Washington to urge a renewal of the reconstruc tion policy and a reinstatement of the provisional government. He submitted a lengthy communication in which he insisted that the laws under which the State of Georgia was to have been admitted to representation in Congress had not been faithfully nor fully exe cuted ; that, as the government was merely provisional at the time the legislature assembled in July, 1868, the law required that such persons only as were eligible under the reconstruction acts should "be permitted to participate in the necessary provisional legislation

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prior to admission as a state. Georgia was again turned over to the tender mercies of the reconstruction committee and under the leadership of Charles Sumner, senator from Massachusetts, a reso lution was adopted to put the state for a third time under military rule, but for some reason its provisions were not then carried out. Under the act of Dec. 22, 1869, Gen. A. H. Terry was ordered by General Sherman to exercise the duties of the commanding general of the District of Georgia, as denned by the act, and thus at the beginning of the year 1870,.nearly five years after the close of hos tilities, Georgia was found under military rule, knocking at the door of the nation for admission. Some of the incongruities of recon struction and the inconsistencies of Congress may be seen in the matters of representation and the counting of the electoral vote of 1868. On July 29th of that year the legislature had elected Joshua Hill and H. V. M. Miller United States senators, but when they presented themselves before that body for the oath of office in De cember they were denied admission. On the other hand the house had seated six of the seven members from Georgia. Yet, when the question of counting her electoral vote came up in February, 1869. the house, by a vote of 150 to 41, decided against it, while the senate decided in favor of the vote being counted. Can any one conceive a more incompatible position for a deliberative body? The senate, on the question of representation, held that Georgia was not a state, but was willing to count her electoral vote for the choice of a chief executive. The house had gone on record as declaring that Georgia was a state, but denied her the right to vote for presi dent of the United States.
The year 1870, although it opened with somber outlook, marked the closing scenes of reconstruction and the fight for recognition as a state. The legislature was called together on January 10th by proc lamation of Governor Bullock. The governor did not permit the members to organize and elect their own officers, but selected J. G. W. Mills to organize the senate and A. L. Harris, an employe of the State road, to perform a similar duty for the house. Several short sessions were held, in which all the demands of Congress were complied with, and on March 16th the governor recommended no further legislation until "the action to complete the reconstruction of the state is accepted by Congress." The next day an adjourn ment was taken for sixty days to await such an event. But Con gress could not agree. The question of readmitting the state was debated from February to July. The irregular method of the gov ernor in effecting the organization of the assembly was brought up
11 m

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in the United States senate and the judiciary committee was direct ed to inquire into the matter and report "whether the legislature of Georgia has been reorganized in accordance with the provisions of the act passed at the present session to promote the reconstruction of that state, and whether further legislation is necessary upon the subject of the provisional legislature of Georgia." Among the op ponents of the Bullock policy were J. E. Bryant and J. H. Caldweil, both conservative members of the same political party as the gov ernor. These men appeared before the judiciary committee to pre sent their side of the case, while Bullock appeared in person to de fend his course. The committee, in its report, condemned the gov ernor's action and declared the course of the military authorities "not authorized by law," though General Terry was exonerated from any intention to usurp power or to transcend his authority. With regard to the necessity for further legislation the report said: "As the representatives of those who contend that the proceedings in organizing the legislature were illegal and irregular had ex pressed their willingness that Congress should refrain from further interference with the organization and composition of the legisla ture, and leave it to proceed in the exercise of its legislative func tions, and the other party justified what had taken place, and, of course, objected to any action on the subject, and inasmuch as the errors of the general in command of the state do not appear to have worked any serious injustice in point of fact, and as an error in seating the minority candidates was committed by the house of representatives in the exercise of a right ordinarily belonging to it in the first instance; and inasmuch as it appears certain that the terms of office of the Georgia legislature, and of its state govern ment, will expire at the same time that they would have done had the state been fully restored to its place in the Union in July, 1868, and did not commence or run from the date of its future admission to representation, without reference to what might be legal or literal construction of the last clause of the second subdivision of the first section of the third article of the constitution, the committee feel justified in omitting to recommend any further legislation on the subject of organizing the legislature."
Following the report of the committee bills were introduced in both branches of Congress for the readmission of Georgia, but it was not until July that a definite agreement was reached. The house bill was amended in the senate and vice versa. A number of congressmen had either grown tired of the protracted fight or ashamed of ultra legislation and refused to follow the leadership of

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the radical party. On July 8th a conference committee was ap pointed. It introduced a new bill which was passed by both houses on the 14th and was signed by the president on the next day. This ended the matter so far as Congressional action was con cerned, but the provisional government was -still in power. Of ficial notice of the passage of the admission act was given to the leg islature, then in session, by Governor Bullock. In his message com municating the information he noted the fact that Congress had adjourned without having formally admitted the senators and rep resentatives from Georgia. He insisted that such recognition was necessary, in accordance with section five of the reconstruction act of 1867, before the military authority could be withdrawn. In order to perpetuate the provisional government a bill was introduced in the general assembly to prohibit the people from holding an elec tion. It passed the senate, but the storm of popular indignation aroused by this incendiary measure bore fruit and it was happily defeated in the house. Frustrated in their efforts to subvert the right of popular suffrage, the reconstructionists next devised a scheme by which they hoped to control the election. But in spite of their machinations they were defeated at the polls. The people elected five of the seven congressmen and a legislature, the majority of which were opposed to the vagaries of reconstruction. No governor was elected, but upon the resignation of Governor Bullock, Oct. 23, 1871, the legislature ordered an election for December 3d, to fill the vacancy, and at that time James M. Smith was chosen chief executive. He was inaugurated on Jan. 12, 1872, and with his induction into office the long contest was ended. The people, once more assumed their sovereign rights and the travesty of re^ construction passed into history, with no tear of sorrow shed over its bier nor no friendly hand to plant a flower on its grave. Of the conditions which succeeded the restoration to statehood a recent Georgia writer says: "The rebound from depression to buoyancy was instantaneous. Freed from the despoiling rule and strangling grip of those who felt no real interest in her prosperity, and the government restored to her intelligent native and long-time citi zenship, Georgia soon regained her old-time progressive spirit, new political life was infused, manufactures, mining and railway construction -were fostered, and improvement was manifest along all lines of material development and commerce." (See the articles on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments and the Ku Klux Klan).

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Recovery, a post-village in the southwestern part of Decatur county, is a station on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, and is only about two miles from the Florida state line.
Redan, a post-village of Dekalb county, with a population of 50, is on the Georgia railroad, about half-way between Stone Mountain and the Rockdale county line.
Redbud, a post-hamlet of Gordon county, is on Pine Log creek, about eight miles east of Calhoun, which is the nearest railroad station.
Red Clay, a post-village in the northern part of Whitfield county, is a station on the Southern railroad, not far from the Tennessee line. It is a trading center and shipping point for that section of the county and in 1900 reported a population of 110. On the night of May 3, 1864, Lamson's cavalry brigade encamped at Red Clay. Just before going into camp the division scouts, who were slightly in advance, were fired upon by a small force of Confederate cavalry and one man killed. Reinforcements were at once sent forward and the Confederates retired in the direction of Varnell's Station.
Reddick, a post-hamlet of Screven county, is four miles northeast of Sylvania, and not far from Brier creek.
Redding, John F., of Barnesville, has here been established in the practice of law for many years; is a man of high professional attainments, and prominent in political and public affairs. He is an ex-member of both the house and senate of the state legislature and is one of the representative citizens of Pike county. Mr. Redding was born in Monroe county, Ga., Jan. 24, 1848, and is a son of Capt. W. D. and Ann W. (Avery) Redding, the former born on March 20, 1820, and the latter on Jan. 20, 1827. Captain Red ding was an officer of a Georgia regiment in the Confederate service, and his grandfather, Charles Redding, was a soldier in the Conti nental line during the war of the Revolution, having been present at the surrender of Cornwallis, at Yorktown. John F. Redding re ceived excellent educational advantages, both collegiate and pro fessional, and is known as an able trial lawyer and counselor. He has ever been unwavering in his allegiance to the Democratic party and is a prominent factor in its councils in his section of the state. He was a member of the Georgia house of representatives in 1882-3,

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1894-5, and 1896-7, and of the state senate in 1898-9. He is identi fied with the Kappa Alpha college fraternity. Mr. Redding married the daughter of Rev. John P. Duncan. His only child is Mrs. Ed ward L. Cook.
Redding, Joseph Henry, M. D., a prominent and honored phy sician and surgeon of Waycross, Ware county, has here been suc cessfully established in the practice of his profession since 1883. He was born in Monroe county, Ga., Nov. 26, 1848, a son of James Tarpley and Sarah Ann (Dickson) Redding, the former born in Monroe county and the latter in Crawford county, Ga. James Tarpley Redding was a son of William Chambliss and Margaret (Flewellyn) Redding, the former of whom was a son of Anderson Redding, who was a valiant soldier in the Continental line during the war of the Revolution and who was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Doctor Redding's parents removed to Louisiana in December, 1858, and were refugees to Texas in 1863. In April, 1865, Doctor Redding, who was then sixteen years old, donned the Confederate uniform and rode on horseback a dis tance of forty miles, in Texas, to visit the nearest postoffice to learn where he could join the Confederate army. Great was his dismay and disappointment when he there received the information concerning the surrender of General Lee. Doctor Redding secured his more specifically literary education in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., the family having returned to this state after the close of the war. In 1878-9 he attended medical lectures in Louisville, Ky., and in 1881 he was graduated in the College of Physicians & Surgeons, of Atlanta, receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine and being valedictorian of his class. His standing as a student may be com prehended when it is stated that he took every prize offered by the faculty. He has since taken several post-graduate courses in New York city and keeps in close touch with the advances made in both departments of his exacting and humane profession. He was en gaged in practice in the city of Macon until 1884, when he took up his residence in Waycross, where he controls a large and important professional business and is held in high regard as a citizen and physician. He is a member of various medical associations, is a Democrat in his political adherency, and both he and his wife hold membership in the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Feb. 2, 1873, he was married, to Miss Lucy C. Storey, daughter of Col. Richard L. and Jane (Dickson) Storey, of Hancock county, Ga. She was summoned to the life eternal on Aug. 1, 1882, survived by two children Henry Storey, born May 25, 1875; and Charles Leon-

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idas, born July 31, 1879. On April 28, 1892, was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Redding to Miss Isabella C. Remshart, daugh ter of John W. Remshart, of whom specific mention is made in this compilation. Of this second marriage no children have been born.
Redhill, a post-hamlet of Franklin county, is five miles north of Carnesville. The nearest railroad station is Martin, on the Elberton & Toccoa division of the Southern.
Redlevel, a post-village of Wilkinson county, is about six miles south of Irwinton. Mclntyre is the nearest railroad station.
Reese, David, was born in South Carolina, received a limited education in his native state, after which he settled at Monticello, Ga. He took an active interest in public affairs and in 1852 was elected as a Whig to represent his district in the lower house of
Congress.
Reese, Seaborn, lawyer and legislator, was born at Madison, Mor gan county, Nov. 28, 1846. He entered the University of Georgia, but left the institution in his senior year, in 1868, to begin the prac tice of law. In 1872 he was elected a member of the lower branch of the legislature; was solicitor-general of the Northern circuit from 1877 to 1880; presidential elector on the Hancock and English ticket in 1880; elected to the Forty-seventh Congress to fill the va cancy caused by the resignation of Alexander H. Stephens, who had been elected governor of the state; was re-elected in 1882 and again in 1884. Upon retiring from Congress he resumed the practice of
law at Sparta.
Reese, Thomas, the able and popular
manager of the Masonic Temple Phar
macy, in Savanah, was born on a planta
tion in Dinwiddie county, Va., April 28,
1856. He is a son of Dr. Beverly P. and
Laura (Grigg) Reese, the former born in
Dinwiddie county, Va., and the latter in
Montgomery, Ala. Doctor Reese was for
many years engaged in active practice as
a physician and surgeon, and during the
Civil war he had charge of the White
Oak hospital, in Dinwiddie county. He
now resides in the city of Staunton, Va. His wife died about 1862. Thomas Reese secured his preliminary education under the direction of a private tutor employed by his father, later was a student in Eastwood academy, Va., and in 1877 was graduated in the Maryland college of pharmacy in the city of

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167

Baltimore. On Jan. 22, 1872, he became a clerk in a drug store in

Columbia, S. C., and remained there until 1875, when he entered the

school of pharmacy just mentioned. From 1877 to 1881 he owned

and conducted a drug store at Baltimore, Md., and for several years

he was engaged in the same line of business at Charlotte, N. C. He

was employed one year as a drug clerk in Philadelphia, one year in

Charleston, S. C., and came to Savannah in 1893, where he was

employed one year in the drug store of James T. Shuptrine. From

1894 to 1899 he was a resident, for varying intervals, of Raleigh,

N. C., Baltimore, Md., and Philadelphia, Pa. In the spring of 1899

he again located in Savannah, where he was employed for the fol

lowing four years as clerk in the drug establishment of R. A.

Rowlinski. Since that time he has been the manager of the Masonic

Temple Pharmacy, one of the most attractive retail drug establish

ments of the city. He is a member of the Savannah retail drug

gists' association, is a Democrat in politics and both he and his wife

are members of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Reese was a member

of Company A, Fifth regiment Maryland National Guard, at the

time of the Yorktown centennial celebration, in which the regiment

participated, in 1880. He was at the time engaged in the drug busi

ness in Baltimore. On Sept. 13, 1887, Mr. Reese married Miss

Eleanor Berkley Hall, daughter of John R. and Elizabeth (Baker)

Hall, of Philadelphia, Pa., and they have two sons Beverly, born

June 19, 1888, and Thomas, Jr., born April 18, 1890.

Reese, William Miller, was one of the

: ;:::||||||||;|:w: :; :

distinguished lawyers and jurists of

j||lf\ : ::f|A;||j:: :

Georgia, was a man of fine intellectual

attainments and was prominent in pub

lic, civic and business affairs, as well as

in the work of his profession. He was

born at the navy yard, in the city of

Philadelphia, Pa., where his father was

then stationed, July 23, 1818, and is a son

of Dr. Milton and Annie (Miller) Reese,

the former a son of George Reese, who

died in Pendleton, S. C. George Reese

was a son of David Reese, of North Caro

lina, a signer of the Mecklenburg declaration of independence and a

valiant soldier in the Revolution. Doctor Reese was appointed sur

geon at the naval station at. Philadelphia; later went to Europe with

the navy and was stationed in Italy several years, in the days of the

early childhood of the honored subject of this memoir. When the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

latter was eight years of age his father resigned his commission in the navy and established his home in Pendleton, S. C, where his wife died shortly afterward. He was twice married thereafter. In 1834 Doctor Reese removed to Athen, Ga., and he was one of the original subscribers to the Georgia railroad, of which his son Wil liam M. was a director during the major portion of his life. After proper preliminary training William M. Reese was matriculated in Yale college in 1834, and remained two years, when impaired health compelled his withdrawal. In 1837 he entered Princeton college, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1839. He then returned to Georgia and began reading law under an able preceptor, thus continuing six months and then passing an equal time in the law school of Harvard college. He was admitted to the bar of Georgia in 1841, and was associated in practice with Gen. Robert Toombs, who later attained to so great distinction. Judge Reese was for many years engaged in the practice of his profession in Washington, Wilkes county, where his death occurred on May 14, 1899. No better review can, perhaps, be given of his career in the limits necessarily defined in a work of this nature, than that embodied in the tribute paid to him at the regular bi monthly meeting of the board of directors of the Georgia Railroad & Banking Company, held Nov. 14, 1899, a few months after his death. From this article the following is substantially direct quo tation: "The death of the Hon. William Miller Reese, the senior director of the Georgia Railroad & Banking Company, deserves more than passing notice from his associates. In order to under stand and rightly appreciate the measure of his services to this company, it is necesary to consider his entire career, public as well as private and professional, which manifested his character and his qualifications for the duties of the position. His mind was naturally strong and acute and was enlarged and enriched by liberal educa tion and by habits of diligent study and reflection. He was pains taking and exact in details and industrious to avail himself of all sources of information. Possessed of sound judgment and scrupu lous integrity, his private business affairs were always well man aged and in business relations he enjoyed, to an extent rarely equalled, the respect and confidence of the best people of this sec tion of the state. The practice of law was his life work and in him the bar of the state had one of its chief ornaments for more than half a century. He was a lawyer of great acumen and learn ing, of such thorough research and of such uprightness and direct ness of character that his legal opinions commanded universal re-

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169

spect. These endowments gave him the eminent success which crowned his professional career. His treatise on Executors & Guardians for more than forty years has been a handbook in the courts of ordinary and in the offices of busy lawyers, and has proven invaluable in the conduct of the business of estates. A more useful book has never been published in the state. He served several years upon the circuit bench, in times of revolution and change of institu tions, and won the reputation, in dealing with new questions and conditions, of a profound jurist and of an upright and efficient judge. The public life of Judge Reese embraced the period when, as never before, the state needed her wisest legislators and states men. As a member of the constitutional convention of 1865 he bore a prominent part in the formation of the first constitution after the close of the war between the states. In December, 1870, he was elected senator from the twenty-ninth district, and was reelected in 1874, serving eight years, with great usefulness and dis tinction. Much of the legislation of that period bears the impress of his broad and liberal mind. A comprehensive review of what he did as a member of the four legislatures intervening between the restoration of the state government to our own people and the con stitutional convention of 1877, would embrace a large part of the history of the state during that time. He was one of the wisest and most conservative legislators the state ever had. If the occa sion permitted, enough could be said of his legislative work to jus tify vis in ascribing to him a high order of statesmanship. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1877, rendering the most valuable service to the cause of good government. Whatever defect may mar the symmetry of the constitution framed by that convention grew out of the condition of the times, rather than the errors and mistakes of such men as Judge Reese. While he was not a member of the succeeding legislature, which adjusted the statutes of the state to the changes in fundamental law, his skill, experience and knowledge were unreservedly enlisted in contribut ing to this important work. Indeed, for many years he was one of the trusted and highly valued counselors of public men. His services on this board during the twenty-eight years of his mem bership constitute not the least of his claims to the confidence and admiration of the people of the state. It is manifest that such a man possessed in an eminent degree the qualifications necessary to discharge the duties connected with the direction of the affairs of the Georgia Railroad & Banking Company. How well he met every requirement, how thoroughly he considered and illumined by

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wise suggestions every question, how often he has saved the board from inconsiderate action, by his sound judgment and his mastery of the facts of the situation, his associates with one accord will at test. We will not soon forget his modesty, his genial courtesy and the charm of his manner. These, with his conscientiousness in every detail of business and policy and his wealth of informa tion, rendered his presence at the meetings of the board or in informal conference of its members, a source of enjoyment, the loss of which we will never cease to regret." The board embodied the foregoing, with other words of appreciation, in resolutions which were sent to members of the family of the honored decedent. At the time of his death special memorial services were held in the Wilkes superior court, and resolutions of honor and esteem were passed by the bar of the circuit. All classes of citizens felt a sense of personal bereavement when he was summoned from the field of life's endeavors, and not the least of the tributes of affectionate regard were those given by those in the lowlier walks of life. All this gives assurance of the man as he stood among his fellow men. Judge Reese was a stanch supporter of the principles of the Democracy and his religious faith was that of the Presbyterian church. During the last few years of his life he was afflicted with almost total blindness, and was therefore compelled to withdraw from active work in the court room, but he continued associated with his son as counselor and coadjutor in office practice. In 1846, Judge Reese was united in marriage to Miss Lucy Pettus, who survives him, as do also their two children. Milton is en gaged in the practice of law in Washington, being a representative member of the bar of Wilkes county, and Sarah is the wife of George Dillard, who likewise resides in Washington.
Reeves, a post-village in the southwestern part of Gordon county, with a population of 51, is a station on the Southern railroad.
Regester, Richard Parish, late supervising inspector of .naval stores for the State of Georgia, with office and headquarters in the city of Savannah, was a young man of excellent attributes and a familiar figure in business and commercial circles. He was born in Sampson county, N. C., Oct. 3, 1870, was of English and Scotch lineage, and possessed in a marked degree the sturdy habits and intellectual characteristics of those nationalities. His paternal grandfather, Berl Richard Regester, came from England about the year 1820 and settled in Sampson county, where he became a pros perous planter and passed the remainder of his life. The maternal great-grandfather, Peyton Parker, came from Scotland about 1760

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

17]

and settled in Richmond, Va. His son, John R. Parker, removed to Sampson county, where George R. Regester married his daughter, Anna Louisa Parker, and this couple were the parents of the subject of this sketch. George R. Regester died in 1879, upon the planta tion where his father located more than fifty years before. He and his wife were the parents of seven children, concerning whom the following brief record is given: Samuel Walter is a naval stores inspector at Jacksonville, Fla.; George W. is a naval stores inspec tor in Savannah; Madison G. holds a similar position in Jackson ville ; John E., of Savannah, is individually mentioned in this pub lication ; James C. lives in Savannah, where he is a naval stores inspector; Bettie M. is the wife of L. E. Robinson, of Jacksonville, and Richard Parish is the immediate subject of this memoir. The father of these children was a valiant soldier in the Confederate army during the Civil war, having served as a member of Com pany A, Fifty-first North Carolina infantry. Richard P. Regestei received his education in the schools of Faison, Duplin county, N. C., and at the age of eighteen years became a naval stores clerk at Brunswick, Ga., where he remained for one year, at the expira tion of which he went to Savannah to accept a similar position. His quick discernment and close application to the duties assigned him marked him for promotion and in 1890 he was appointed an inspector of naval stores. He served in this capacity until 1903, when he was appointed to the repsonsible position of supervising inspector of naval stores for the state, which office he held until his death on April 24, 1906. His record as a public official is spot less and marked him as a capable and conscientious man. He was a member of the Savannah board of trade, was a Democrat in his political convictions, and was a member of the Fraternal Order of Eagles. Among his business, political, fraternal and social asso ciates he was held in high esteem as one worthy of the confidence and respect of all men. Cut off in the flower of his manhood, his death was sincerely mourned by a large circle of friends. On May 15, 1892, Mr. Regester led to the altar Miss Lura C. Parker, daugh ter of William L. and Narcissa (Carlton) Parker, of Conway, S. C. Of the five children born to this union Rupert died at the age of six years and Lura died in infancy. The other three, Jewell L., Richard P., and Alma C., are still living, a comfort to their wid owed mother.
Register, a town in the central part of Bulloch county, is at the junction of the Central of Georgia and the Glennville & Register railroads, and in 1900 reported a population of 276. It has a money

172

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

order postoffice, with several rural delivery routes radiating from it, express and telegraph offices, mercantile and manufacturing in terests, and handles a large quantity of freight.
Rehoboth, a post-hamlet in the extreme northern part of Morgan county, is four miles west of Farmington, which is the nearest railroad station.
Reid, John H., owner of a finely appointed drug store at the cor ner of Abercorn and Jones streets, Savannah, was born in that city Sept. 18, 1864, a son of Michael and Catherine (Fortune) Reid, of whom more specific mention is made in the sketch of their son William F., in this publication. Of the six children surviving the parents, William F. is the eldest and is a druggist of Savannah, which city is also the home of the other children, namely: Thomas Joseph, Mary E., John H., Annie Margaret, and Dr. Robert Stephens Reid. Annie Margaret is now the wife of Edward F. Broderick. John H. Reid was graduated in the Savannah high school, at the age of eighteen years, and entered the drug store of his brother William F., in the capacity of clerk, in 1883, since which time he has been consecutively identified with this line of enter prise. He remained as clerk and pharmacist with his brother for several years, and upon the death of another brother, Peter B., who was likewise engaged in the drug business in Savannah, John H. assumed charge of the store, as manager for the estate. About six years later he purchased the stock and good will and has been en gaged in business for himself about fifteen years. In 1900 he erected on the site of the store which his brother had owned the handsome, three-story brick block, whose ground floor is now util ized as his drug store, the same being one of the most attractive and well equipped retail drug establishments of the city. Mr. Reid is a member of the Georgia State pharmaceutical association and of the Savannah retail druggists' association. His political views are those represented by the tenets of the Democratic party, and he is a communicant of the Catholic church, being a member of the cathedral parish of Savannah.
Reid, Robert Raymond, was born in Beaufort district, S. C., in 1789. He subsequently removed to Augusta, Ga., where he studied law and began to practice. In 1816 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat; was reflected in 1818 and again in 1830. He was at different times mayor of Augusta, judge of the superior court, United States judge for the district of east Florida, governor of the territory of Florida and president of the convention which framed

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

173

the constitution for the admission of that territory into the Union

as a state. He died at Tallahassee, Fla., July 1, 1844.

Reid, William A., a well known resi

dent and business man of Augusta, was

at Savannah, Ga., Dec. 18, 1838. His

father, John Hope Reid, was born near

til:

Glasgow, Scotland, but came in early Hie to this country and settled in Sa

vannah, where for many years he was

prominently identified with the cotton

business as a merchant in that staple.

He married Ruth Erwin Welman, who

was born and reared in Savannah, a

daughter of Francis H. Welman, a cot

ton merchant of that city. John H.

Reid died in 1848. His widow long survived him, passing to her

eternal rest in the year 1898. William A. Reid was educated at

the Georgia military institute at Marietta, where he graduated

with high standing as a member of the class of 1856, having served

as a cadet officer. In the fall of that year he began his business

career by becoming associated with the cotton industry in his na

tive city. Since then his experience has been wide and varied.

After a short time in Savannah he was offered and accepted a po

sition with the water works at Mobile, Ala., where he remained

for about two years. He then returned to Savannah, where he

was connected with a firm of cotton dealers for about a year, when

he went to New Orleans. That was in the fall of 1859, and he

was there engaged in the cotton business until the outbreak of

the Civil war. Under an act of the Louisiana convention, provid

ing for two regiments, regularly enlisted men, one of infantry and

one of artillery, approved Feb. G, 1861, Gov. Thomas O. Moore

appointed Mr. Reid a lieutenant in the regiment of infantry. His

first duty, under an order of March 9, 1861, was to carry some

despatches to the Confederate secretary of war at Montgomery,

Ala. Finishing the duties assigned in New Orleans, he was or

dered to report for duty to Captain Mouton, C. S. A., commanding

New Orleans barracks, the regiment by act of the Louisiana con

vention having been transferred to the Confederate States, and on

April 24, 1861, he was mustered into the Confederate States serv

ice as second lieutenant with company F. The said company pro

ceeded at once to Warrington navy yard, near Pensacola, Fla.,

where the five other companies had preceded it, and the remain-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ing four soon followed. The regiment was fully organized under command of Col. A. H. Gladden, who afterward became a briga dier-general. It was organized as "regiment, Louisiana infan try," and known at the war department, Richmond, as "First regi ment, Louisiana enlisted men"; also known at headquarters, army of Pensacola, and later at headquarters, army of Tennessee, as "First regiment, Louisiana infantry" and "First Louisiana infan try" as per official documents. After guarding the Pensacola bat teries for a time, being present during the bombardments, the regiment was ordered to Mobile, thence to Corinth, and later took part in the battle of Shiloh and in Bragg's Kentucky campaign. On Sept. 30, 1861, Mr. Reid was promoted to first lieutenant, and on Feb. 16, 1863, he was promoted captain. On July 13, 1863, he. was, by special order, No. 185, detached from his regiment and detailed for special duty, and was made acting assistant inspectorgeneral on the staff of the Army of Tennessee, where he served successively under Gens. Braxton Bragg, Joseph E. Johnston and John B. Hood. Captain Reid was in many of the hottest engage ments of the war. He was wounded at Shiloh and at Murfreesboro. The wound he received at Murfreesboro was pronounced mortal by the surgeon. He was therefore left in the hospital at Murfreesboro, with about 1,300 other Confederate soldiers who were too severely wounded to bear transportation when the army retreated on the night of Jan. 3, 1863, and the next morning all these wounded soldiers became prisoners of war. Before the ar rival of the Federal troops Captain Reid, with several other wounded soldiers, was taken to the house of Doctor Nelson, where he was kept until he had sufficiently recovered to be taken to Camp Morton, a prison camp at Indianapolis, Ind. Upon the arrival of the Federal army in Murfreesboro some of the officers demanded that the wounded soldiers in Doctor Nelson's residence be sent to the hospital and the rooms given to them. This the family re fused to do and finally compromised by crowding themselves into part of the house and turning the rest of it over to the officers. From Camp Morton Captain Reid was taken to Fort Delaware, and after an imprisonment altogether of four months and one day was exchanged. He reported to the military examining board at Chattanooga, which body found him unfit for military duty, as his wound was not yet healed, and he was granted a leave of absence, thus giving him an opportunity to visit his old home in Savannah. He returned to the Army of Tennessee on July 13,1863, when he was appointed for staff duty in accordance with the order above men-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

175

tioned. After General Johinston resumed command of the Army of Tennessee Captain Reid continued on his staff until the final surrender near Greensboro, N. C., in April, 1865. His parole was signed for him by General Johnston on May 2, 1865, as was done for the other members of his staff. He then spent a few months in Savannah, but in the fall of 1865 he returned to New Orleans and again engaged in the cotton business. In the early part of 1867 he went to New York, where for the next twelve years he was identified with railroad and iron furnace interests. In the fall of 1878 he left New York with his wife and children, and on October 8th he landed in Augusta, where his family joined him about a month later, having spent the intervening time in visiting rela tives and friends in Savannah. In Augusta Captain Reid became associated with his brother, Maj. Frank W. Reid, in the cotton business and continued thus for over seven years. He was then for two years connected with the Barrett Manufacturing Company, paper manufacturers, of Bath, S. C., and on May 8, 1887, he be came bookkeeper, paymaster and cashier for the Riverside Mills (incorporated) of Augusta, manufacturers of cotton batting, ma chinery waste, etc. On April 3, 1901, he was elected secretary of the company, and on March 22, 1904, was made assistant treas urer. In March, 1906, he retired from the office of secretary, but still retains that of assistant treasurer, together with the per formance of some special duties. On Dec. 17, 1867, Captain Reid was united in marriage to Miss Aurelia Murray Wheeler, daugh ter of Daniel Wheeler, a cotton merchant of Mobile, Ala. Of the six children born to this union five are still living, viz.: George H. B.; Ruth Erwin, (now the wife of Dr. H. H. Malone) ; Rachel Murray, Aurelia Wheeler and Elizabeth Meldrum. Frank Welman died in the twelfth year of his age. Captain Reid is justly proud of his honorable war record. He is a member of Camp 435, United Confederate Veterans, is a life long Democrat, and both he and his wife belong to the First Presbyterian church of Au-. gusta.
Reid, William F., one of the leading druggists of Savannah, where he has been engaged in business for more than thirty years, is a native of that city, where he. was born May 6, 1852, a son of Michael and Catharine (Fortune) Reid, the former born in County Galway, and the latter in County Wexford, Ireland. Both came to America and became residents of Savannah, where their marriage was solemnized in 1851. Michael Reid was a young man at the time of his immigration to the United States, and was

176

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

accompanied by his brothers James and Thomas. His wife came with her parents to America when she was a child and her death occurred in 1878. Her husband survived her by several years,
being a resident of Savannah at the time of his death. He was for some time a member of the police force of the city. He was of Scotch-Irish stoqk, and his wife was of pure Irish extraction. Four sons and two daughters survive them, all being residents of Savannah. William F. Reid attended the public schools of Sa vannah until he was about seventeen years of age, when, in 1869, he took a position in a local drug store for the pur pose of learning the business. He has ever since been actively engaged in the drug trade in Savannah, either as employe or proprietor. He hase been in business for himself since 1874, and since 1876 has conducted his present finely appointed store at the corner of East Broad street and Oglethorpe avenue, his store being within a short distance of the house in which he was born and reared. He also has a branch store at the corner of Henry and West Broad streets. He is a member of the Georgia state pharmaceutical as sociation, the Savannah retail druggists' association, and is identi fied with the Savannah chamber of commerce. He is president of the Georgia cooperative fire association and chairman of its board of control, while he is also a member of the directorate of the Commercial bank of Savannah. He and his wife are commu nicants of the Catholic church, and he is affiliated with the Knights of Columbus, the Catholic Knights of America, in which latter he was president of the local organization four years, and is a member of the Catholic library association. Politically Mr. Reid is a Democrat, and he held the office of city alderman for ten years. He was a member of the Savannah Volunteer Guards for fourteen years, during the last five years holding the office of first orderly, and for fifteen years he was a pay-exempt member of the Irish Jasper Greens. In October, 1881, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Reid to Miss Mary Teressa Hussey, who was born in Nash ville, Tenn., and they became the parents of one child, which died at the age of three years. Reidsville, the county seat of Tattnall county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1897. It is situated on a high sandy

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

177

hill about four miles from the Ohoopee river. The Collins &

Reidsville railroad gives it connection with Savannah by the Sea

board Air Line railroad, while the Stillmore Air Line, by its ex

tension to Wadley, connects Reidsville with the Central of Geor

gia. According to the United States census of 1900 the population

was 257, and the entire Reidsville district had a population of

2,446. Reidsville has a court house,, express and telegraph offices,

a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank and some

prosperous business houses.

Remerton, a post-hamlet of Lowndes county, is on the Georgia

Southern & Florida railroad, about four miles northwest of Val-

dosta.

Remshart, Rev. John Waldhauer, was

K:;;;;llllilill;;;:;:;:: .

a representative of two of the earliest

::::||||||||:||||||||, pioneer families -of Georgia, and he la

bored faithfully for a score of years as

a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal

church, his life being one of signal con

secration and nobility. He died July 3,

1878, at Tebeauville, now Waycross,

Ga. He was born in the city of Savan

nah, Ga., Jan. 7, 1801, a son of Daniel

and Elizabeth (Waldhauer) Remshart,

'both of whom were likewise native of

Savannah, where the former was born

Oct. 20, 1767, and the latter June 20, 1773. John Remshart, father

of Daniel, and Jacob Casper Waldhauer, father of Elizabeth

(Waldhauer) Remshart, were members of German families who

came to Georgia with Oglethorpe, at the time of his second voy

age to his newly founded colony. The parents of these two ster

ling pioneers were German Lutherans and joined the Salzberger

colony, at Ebenezer in February, 1736. Both John Remshart and

Jacob C. Waldhauer were educated under the tutorship of John

Martin Bolzius, the finest scholar of his time in Georgia. Both

were official members of the church. Jacob Casper Waldhauer

was a member of the Provincial Congress, at Savannah, in July,

1775, and was a soldier of the Continental forces during the war

of the Revolution, being mentioned in General Elbert's official

orders as Capt. Jacob Waldhauer. John Rem'shart's name appears

in various historical collections as among those citizens of Geor

gia- who protested against the action of the colonies in taking up

arms against the British crown, their animus being the result of

12-111

178

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the fact that England had afforded them freedom to worship God according to their own convictions and ideas, and this prompted a spirit of loyalty. After the conflict and bloodshed in North Carolina, however, Mr. Remshart warmly espoused the cause of the colonists. Rev. John W. Remshart was in active service as a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church for a score of years, his retirement resulting from the loss of his voice, which rendered it impossible for him to continue public "speaking as a vocation. He served seven years as a missionary among the negroes of Georgia, being the only'-member of the Georgia' conference who understoqd the dialect of the negroes--near the sea-coast, and hav ing therefore volunteered to carry. the gospel to this class. It was through his continued speaking in the open air while engaged in this work that his vocal functions became so seriously impaired. He was originally a Whig in politics and later a stanch Democrat, being loyal to the Confederacy in the Civil war. On Nov. 11, 1822, Rev. John W. Remshart was united in marriage to Miss Jane Bryan, daughter of James and Elizabeth (Langley) Bryan, of Savannah, and she died in 1881. Concerning the children of this union the following is a brief record: Ann Elizabeth became the wife of John May; Amanda Jane married Saul S. Box and after his death became the wife of Elliott C. Johnson; Pamelia Nowlan became the wife of Edward O. Withing.ton; Mary Ewen married William F. Parker; Margaret Eliza died at the age of twenty years, and Daniel at the age of eighteen. William Capers was a soldier in the Confederate army during the war between the states, and died on March 3, 1878; and Isabella'Cornelia is the wife of Dr. Joseph H. Redding; who is individually mentioned under the proper alphabetical heading in this compilation.
Renfroes, a post-village in the northeast corner of Stewart county, is a station on the Albany & Columbus division of the Seaboard Air Line railway system. It-has a local trade and does some shipping.
Rentz, George, of Swainsboro, a prominent capitalist and banker of Emanuel county, has gained success through well directed ef fort along lines of normal and legitimate industry. He was born in Jackson county, Fla., Sept. 9, 1864, a son of Rev. Edward Jo seph and Martha Ann (McGehee) Rentz, both natives of Geor gia, the former having been born in Liberty and the latter in Houston county. The father was an itinerant clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in Georgia, for thirty-five years, and died in Bartow, this state, in 1885, after a life of signal

CYCLOPEDIA OF'GEORGIA

179

usefulness and honor. His widow afterward became the wife of Rev. George Clark, of the South Georgia Methodist conference, who died a few years ago, and she is now living in Bartow. George Rentz, grandfather of him whose name initiates this sketch, was a native of Germany and was the founder of the family in Georgia, having been the owner of a line- of steamers plying the Savannah river and southern Atlantic coast. He also owned val uable mining properties in the northern part of the state and was a man of much wealth. The McGehee family is one long and prominently identified with the history of Georgia, the maternal grandparents of the subject of this review having been Edward H. and Clara (Owens) McGehee.' Mr. Rentz secured his earlier edu cational training in various academies in Georgia, his father mov ing from place to place in pursuit of his ministerial labors, and he finally entered Collingsworth institute, at Talbotton, where he continued his studies until he had attained to the age of eighteen years. He then became, bookkeeper for a naval-stores concern near Bartow, Ga. He remained for a period of eight years engaged as a bookkeeper, in the employ of Various concerns, his last position of this order having been in the general-merchandise house of S. C. Evans, at Pinetuckey, Jefferson county. In 1890 he initiated his independent business career, engaging-in the manufacture of naval stores, in Tattnall county,- and continued to be identified with this line of business until 1901. In the meanwhile he became con cerned in the lumber business, operating saw mills. In 1900 he took up his residence in Swainsboro, where he established a large saw mill. In the following year he disposed of all his naval-stores and lumbering interests and turned his attention to banking in connection with which he has been very successful. In 1901 he organized the Citizens' bank, of Swainsboro, of which he has since been president, and he is also president of the Bank of Wadley, at Wadley, this county, having organized the same in 1902. In 1901 he- erected the Citizens' bank block in Swainsboro, the property being now owned by the bank, and he is the owner of a large amount of valuable real estate in his home city and county. A loyal supporter of the cause of the Democratic party, Mr. Rentz has taken an active interest in its cause, though never ambitious for public office. At the behest of the citizens of Swainsboro he served three terms as its mayor, giving a most progressive and businesslike administration of the municipal government. He is chairman of the board of trustees of Swainsboro academy and takes a deep interest in all that tends to conserve the welfare and

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

advancement of his home city. He is a Master Mason, a member

of the Knights of Pythias, and both he and his wife are zealous

members of the local Methodist Episcopal church South, of whose-:

Sunday school he is superintendent. On Oct. 26, 1892, Mr. Rentz

was united in marriage to Miss Bessie J. Rentz, of Grovania,

Houston county, and they have six children: Edward Hugh,

George Pierce, Bessie Ruth, Julian Howard, John. Frank, and

Sarah.

Reo, a post-hamlet of Walker county, is on the headwaters of

Armuchee creek and not far form the Whitfield county line. La

fayette is the most convenient railroad station.

,

Reppard, Robert Blair, a representa-

,::;;||lllllllll;s;::,

tive citizen and business man of Savan

nah, where he is also serving as consul

for Chili, is a native of the old Key

stone State, having been born in Potts-

ville, Schuylkill county, Pa., Dec. 11,

1845, a son of Aaron and Flavia (Mer

rill) Reppard, the former born in New

Berlin, Pa., April 9, 1824, and the latter

in South Lee, Mass., Sept. 4, 1826. An

cestors on both sides were soldiers in

the Continental line during the war of

the Revolution. Aaron Reppard built and

operated the first circular-saw mill ever established in the State of

Georgia, the mill having been located near Thomson, the county

seat of McDuffie county. He was the inventor of the Reppard

roller gauge, one of the most valuable inventions of the sort ever

made; was a millwright by trade, and erected hundreds of saw

mills and other kinds of mills. Robert B. Reppard succeeded his

father in the lumber business, and for a time transacted an enor

mous business, handling at one time about fifty carloads a day.

He is .now a member of the lumber firm of Reppard, Snedeker &

Co., of Savannah, but devotes the greater part of his time and at

tention to his railroad and-iron interests, being president of the

Collins & Reidsville Railroad Company, and the largest stock

holder of the Reppard Iron Company, of which he is business

manager. He effected the organization of both of'these important

concerns, one of which has been in existence more than a quarter

of a century, the function of the last named company being prin

cipally in the selling or leasing of railroad iron for tram roads

operated in connection with saw mills. Mr. Reppard was about

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

181

one year old at the time of his parents' removal to Georgia. In this state he was reared and educated and has ever since made his home, while he has risen to prominence in business, civic and so cial life. In harmony with his earnest convictions, he exercises his franchise in support of the principles and policies of the Pro hibition party. He is a member of the board of trustees of Emory college at Oxford, Ga.; is Chilian consul in Savannah; vice-presi dent for Georgia of the American forestry association; a Master Mason, and is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fel lows. He and his wife are prominent and zealous members of Wesley Monumental church, Methodist Episcopal South, of Savanah. He is chairman of its board of trustees, was superintend ent of its Sunday school for six years, and has been for many years especially prominent in Sunday-school work. He was president of the Georgia Sunday school association for seven years; was chairman of the executive committee of the same- for an .equal pe riod, and was president of the Monteagle Sunday school assembly seven years, while for twelve years he served as president of the Savannah Poet society. On Nov. 26, 1865, Mr. Reppard was united in marriage to Miss Mary Campbell, daughter- of John and Sarah (Wilson) Campbell, the former of whom was born in Scotland and the latter in Skowhegan, Me. Mr. and Mrs. Reppard have three children: Viola R. is the widow of W. R. "Starnes, of Frank lin, Tenn.; Marian R. is the wife of David C. Carson, of Savan nah ; and Albert A. is a prominent business man of Reidsville, Ga.
Resaca, a small town in Gordon county, is on the Western & Atlantic railway and in 1900 had 128 inhabitants. It has an ex press office, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a large flour mill and a few stores with a good country trade.
While Sherman was making attacks upon Johnston's position at Dalton, he sent McPherson to Snake Creek Gap, where his cavalry encountered some Confederate forces including Grigsby's Ken tucky cavalry and' the cadets from the Georgia Military Institute at Marietta, supported by Canty's brigade. The cadets made a brilliant reputation by this fight and delayed for some time McPherson's advance, although finally forced back with the rest of the Confederates into the works in front of Resaca. After skir mishing until dark and finding that he could not cut the railroad that afternoon, McPherson withdrew and took.up a position for the night between Sugar Valley and the entrance to the gap. Johnston had sent Hood with three divisions to Resaca, but learn ing of McPherson's retreat, recalled Cleburne and Walker to Til-

182

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ton. On May 14th Sherman with the main body of his army moved through Snake Creek Gap and found the Confederates in a strong position behind Camp creek, occupying the forts at Resaca with their right on some high chestnut hills to the north of the: town. Loring held back the Federal advance until Hood's and Hardee's corps arrived and took position. Then the army was formed in two lines, Polk and Hardee facing west, with Folk's left on the Oostanaula, while Hood faced northwest, his right extending to the Connesauga river. There had been some slight skirmishing on May 13th, as Sherman's army approached, and on the 14th the fighting became severe along the whole Confederate front. Logan reached a ridge in front of Polk, from which he had dislodged a Confederate force, and intrenching there, placed his cannon so as to command the Confederate pontoon bridges. Hood advanced in the afternoon striking Howard and Stanley. Stevenson's division of Hood's corps drove back the opposing line until they were halted under orders and at dark were drawn back to their original position. Early on the loth Stevenson resumed the position from which he had been recalled the evening before. By order of General Hood he placed a battery some 80 yards in front of his line of infantry, which before it could be properly supported opened fire and drew upon itself so fierce a fire that the guns could not be drawn back to the main line of the division, but Brown's and Reynolds' brigades drove back the Federals from the guns. Hooker advanced against Hindman's position but his fierce as saults were all repulsed by Hindman's first line alone. Hood was now under renewed orders to advance and Stewart's division had assailed the Federal left, when the order was countermanded upon positive information that a force from the Federal right had crossed the Oostanaula to the westward, at Lay's or Tanner's ferry and had pushed back Martin's division of Wheeler's cavalry corps. Near this point Jackson's Georgia brigade of infantry met with a severe repulse from the Federal forces under Corse. Find ing his left thus weakened Johnston withdrew his army across the Oostanaula that night, while the Federals were asleep, Hardee holding back Thomas' advance and the other two corps marching to the south of Calhoun.
Retreat, a post-hamlet of Liberty county, is not far from the Mclntosh county line. The nearest railroad station is Riceboro, five miles north on the Seaboard Air Line.
Rett, a little village of Carroll county, is on the Chattahoochee river, six miles northeast of Whitesburg, which is the nearest rail-

;
; : : ; ;'; : ';; \( :;; ;; .; : ; ;
; !;; : :
:
:::;;;: ;;;;;;;;; ::::|: :::|: :;;;;;;;'

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

183

road station. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading cen ter for the neighborhood.
Revolution, The. Georgia, the youngest, most remote and, con sequently, the least important of the British provinces in Amer ica, was the last to abandon hope of reconciliation with the MotherCountry. The British parliament had never passed any act, save only the Stamp Act, that materially affected her people, and that had never been enforced in the province. It had, however, ex pended many thousands of pounds in an effort to promote the growth and prosperity of the colony and to protect it from the in cursions of the savages, who surrounded it. Thus exposed to sav age enemies on every side and having much for which to be grate ful, the sturdy sons of Georgia were slow to resort to arms but acting on the motto, which they soon after emblazoned on their escutcheon, "Wisdom, Justice, Moderation", pursued the even tenor of their way till it became apparent that reconciliation be tween England and her colonies was impossible. Then Georgia hesitated no longer, but regardless of the danger to which she ex posed herself at the hands of the savage allies of the royal gov ernment, she put herself in line with her sisters and, as a reward for her temerity, suffered more in the conflict than any other one of the thirteen revolting colonies. When the Stamp Act was passed in March, 1765, a call was issued for delegates from the several colonies to meet in a general congress at New York on the 7th of October. A meeting was held at Savannah, at which res olutions were passed expressing sympathy with the movement, but Governor Wright managed to prevent the selection of dele gates to the congress. About this time William Knox, who was Georgia's agent in Great Britain, wrote a letter in defense of the Stamp Act to a friend in America. When the general assembly met on Nov. 15, 1765, Mr. Knox was summarily removed by a res olution and Charles Garth was appointed in his place. Governor Wright objected to this proceeding- and, when the appointment was sent up to the council, that body acted with the governor, agreeing, however, to the nomination of "any other unexception able person." To this the assembly replied that if the council rejected the appointment of Mr. Garth they would appoint him themselves, which was subsequently done. This was probably the first direct clash between royal authority and the rising spirit of liberty in Georgia. In a letter written by Governor Wright, soon after the event, he said: "A large proportion of the people

184

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Georgia are sons of liberty, and the same spirit of sedition which first appeared in Boston has reached Georgia."
The stamp act was repealed in March, 1766, but it was soon fol lowed by others equally oppressive, and therefore equally obnox ious. One of these wa's an act providing for the raising and quar tering of troops in the colonies. When, in 1767, Governor Wright made a demand upon the assembly for the erection of barracks to accommodate a body of British troops it was peremptorily re fused. This -was followed soon after by the "Boston Letter"' (q. v.) and before the excitement over that document had died out the Boston Massacre added fuel to the flames. Meetings in Sa vannah declared that "all commercial relations with England should cease and denounced as a foe to liberty any who should import English goods. On July 14, 1774, a notice appeared in the Geor gia Gazette, requesting all persons within the limits of the province to attend a meeting at the liberty pole at Tondee's tavern in Sa vannah on the 27th to take into consideration "the critical situa tion to which the British colonies in America are likely to be re duced, and such other constitutional measures pursued as may then appear to be most eligible." The meeting assembled at the appointed time and place, but as some of the outlying parishes were not represented an adjournment was taken until August 10th. In the interim Governor Wright issued a proclamation de claring all such meetings to be "unconstitutional, illegal and pun ishable by law," and warned all to pay due respect to his proclama tion "as they will answer the contrary at their peril." The threat implied in this proclamation had no effect, unless it was to make the friends of liberty more determined. The meeting was held, resolutions were adopted denouncing the parliament for the pas sage of the Boston port bill, concurring with the sister colonies in every constitutional measure to obtain redress of their wrongs, and a committee was appointed to receive subscription for the suffering citizens of Boston. To offset the effects that this meet ing might have in England Governor Wright called a meeting of royalists at Savannah. Resolutions were there passed and signed by a large number of fictitious names, the object being to show that the majority of the people were satisfied and loyal to the crown. The actions of the Provincial Congress and the Council of Safety (q. v.) still further widened the breach between the pa triots and the royal authority, and when the Declaration of In dependence was received at Savannah the reign of the latter was at an end.

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In the meantime the friends of liberty had been preparing for the worst. On the night of May 11, 1775, Joseph Habersham, with a small body of brave and trustworthy men, made a raid on the powder magazine at Savannah, carried off the entire stock, part of which was spirited away to Boston and. the rest concealed in cel lars to be ready in case of emergency. In July of,the same year a ship loaded with powder from England was captured off Tybee island and the cargo confiscated to the cause of liberty. Following the adoption of the declaration a convention was called to meet in Savannah on Feb. 5, 1777. At that convention the declaration was ratified, a new government and a new seal adopted for the state, the parishes were abolished and counties substituted there for, new courts were established and provisions made for forever abrogating royal rule.
One instance of the patriotism of the people of Savannah is worthy of special mention. When the city was threatened by the British in 1776 the committee of safety passed a resolution that the houses, belonging to the friends of liberty, together with the homes of widows and orphans, should be appraised, and in the event of the enemy's gaining possession of the town the torch was to be applied. The houses of the tories were to share the same fate, but were not to be appraised. To this proposition there was not a dissenting voice. McCall says: "There are many in stances of conflagration, by order of a monarch 'who can do no wrong,' but there are few instances upon record, where the pa triotism of the citizen has urged him on to the destruction of his own property, to prevent its becoming an asylum to the enemies of his country."
In the war of the Revolution Georgia bore her part. For two years she escaped serious invasion, but after that time a number of battles and skirmishes were fought on Georgia soil. (See Bat tles). In addition to these there were skirmishes in Burke and Liberty counties, besides numerous brushes with the Indians and tories. Besides the fifty, or more, battles and skirmishes on Geor gia soil, a Targe number of Georgians fought for independence in the Carolinas.
Rex, a little village in the eastern part of Clayton county, is a station on the Southern railway. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, a local trade, and does some shipping.
Reynolds, a town in the eastern part of Taylor county, on the southwestern branch of the Central of Georgia railway, was granted a new charter by act of the legislature in 1880. It had by the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

census of 1900 a population of 436 in the corporate limits and 2,199 in the entire militia district. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, a cotton mill, several stores and good schools and churches.
Reynolds, Frank G., chief of the well equipped and efficient fire department of the city of Augusta, is a native of that city, where he was born on Feb. 25, 1867, a son of Patrick and Anne (Gallaher) Reynolds, both of whom were born and reared in Ireland. Their marriage was solemnized in the city of New York, whence they came to Augusta more than half a century ago, the father having been for many years engaged in the mar ble business here and being now retired. He and his wife are communicants of the Catholic church, and he is a stanch Democrat in his political adherency. The popular chief of the Augusta fire department was educated in the parochial and public schools of Augusta and at the age of fourteen years he began an apprenticeship at the trade of marble cutting in the establishment of his father. He followed this trade until he had attained the age of twenty years, when he became a member of the fire department, serving as call man un til 1888, when he became a regular employe of the department, in which he has made a record for most faithful and discriminat ing service, as is evidenced in the official preferment which has come to him in the connection. In 1891 he became assistant chief, and in 1904 was elevated to the head of the department. He is a member of the International association of fire chiefs, a Democrat in his political allegiance, a communicant of the Catholic church, and is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Knights of Columbus, and the An cient Order of Hibernians. He is a bachelor. Reynolds, John, first governor of Georgia appointed by the king after the surrender of the original charter, was born in England about the beginning of the eighteenth century. He entered the British navy and rose to be a captain. His title when he was ap pointed to the chief office of the colony was "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of his Majesty's Province of Georgia, and ViceAdmiral of trie same." He organized a system of courts, estab lished friendly relations with the Indians, and called an assembly

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to legislate for the colony. With this body he became involved in a misunderstanding, which was aggravated by the conduct of his secretary, William Little, (q. v.) and in 1756 he was recalled, but the letter did not reach Savannah until Feb. 17, 1757. On his way to England he was captured by a French privateer and did not reach London until July. His papers had been taken from him by his French captors and he could not satisfy the board of commissioners with his explanations of the Georgia dispute, so he reentered the navy and subsequently became rear-admiral. He died in January, 1776.
Reynolds, Joseph J., cashier of the Southern Cotton Oil Com pany, Waynesboro, Burke county, was born on the homestead plantation of his parents in this county, Oct. 9, 1866. He is a son of Joseph J. and Rose V. (Anderson) Reynolds, both of whom passed their entire lives in Burke county. The father, who was a son of James M. and Mary Ann (Jones) Reynolds, was a repre sentative planter of Burke county, a loyal soldier of the Confed eracy in the war between the states, and deputy clerk of the su perior court of Burke county for many years prior to his death, which occurred in 1901. Rosa V. (Anderson) Reynolds, was a daughter of James Anderson, of Burke county and died when the subject of this sketch was a mere child. After a course of pre paratory study in Waynesboro academy Joseph J. Reynolds, to whom this sketch is dedicated, entered the University of Georgia, where he remained as a student until he had attained the age of twenty years. For several years thereafter he was associated with the late Col. William E. Jones in the insurance business. In 1889 he became bookkeeper and cashier for a large mercantile concern in Waynesboro, retaining this incumbency until 1893, after which he held for several years a similar position at Millen. Since 1902 he has been cashier of the Southern Cotton Oil Company, at Waynesboro, and he is also a member of the directorate of the Citizens' bank, of Waynesboro, being held in high regard in both business and social circles. Mr. Reynolds is a stalwart supporter of the cause of the Democratic party and served four years as a member of the board of aldermen of Waynesboro. He is af filiated with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and served several years in the Burke light infantry, having been a charter member of that popular military organization. On Jan. 2, 1890, Mr. Reynolds was united in marriage to Miss Angie C. Perry, only daughter of Judge

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

H. H. Perry, of Waynesboro, and they have five children, namely: Charlotte E., Barbara, Joseph J., Jr., Heman P., and Oliver.
Reynolds' Place. On Nov. 28, 1864, while the Federal army was advancing on Savannah, Wheeler struck Kilpatrick's cavalry at Reynolds' place, a short distance south of Waynesboro, in Burke county, and routed it with a loss to his command of 74, the Fed eral loss being reported as 250.
Reynoldsville, a post-village of Decatur county, is on Spring creek, twelve miles west of Bainbridge. Brinson, on the Atlan tic Coast Line, is the most convenient railroad station.
Rhine, 'a town in the southern part of Dodge county, was in corporated by act of the general assembly on Sept. 1, 1891. The population in 1900 was 191. It is located on the Seaboard Air Line railway, seven miles east of Abbeville, has a money order postoffice, with a number of free delivery routes radiating from it, ex press and telegraph offices, mercantile and manufacturing inter
ests, and does a large shipping business. Rhodes, Absalom, one of the extensive
handholders and planters of Richmond
county, his beautiful homestead planta
tion being located near the village of
Hephzibah, which is his postoffice ad
dress, was born on his father's planta
tion, of which he is now the owner, in
Richmond county, Feb. 15, 1844. He is
a son of John A. and Cynthia (Brown) Rhodes, the former born in the city of
Augusta, Ga., March 11, 1797, and the
latter in Edgefield county, S. C. Both
passed the closing years of their lives in Richmond county, where the father was a successful planter and influential citizen, his death occurring on Jan. 18, 1897. Had he survived until the llth of the following March he would have been one hundred years of age. His wife died Jan. 21, 1885, at the age of eighty-five years. The subject of this sketch was named in honor of his paternal grandfather, Absalom Rhodes, who was one of the honored pioneers of Richmond county, of which he served as sheriff for many years, and also held the office of judge of the inferior court of the county. He whose name initiates this article was reared on the old home plantation, near Hephzibah, about four miles distant from his present residence plantation, and was af forded the advantages of the schools of the locality and period,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

189

leaving his studies at the outbreak of the Civil war to go forth in defense of the cause of the Confederacy. On May I, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company D, Twelfth Georgia battalion of infantry, and continued in active service until the close of the war, having been a member of Gen. Clement A. Evans' brigade, in the division commanded by the late and honored Gen. John B. Gor don. He was with his command in many important engagements in Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Virginia anc1 Maryland, taking part in the battle of the Wilderness, the engage ments in the valley of Virginia and those in front of Petersburg. His command was with General Lee's army at Appomattox at the time of the final surrender. Mr. Rhodes was fortunate in escap ing serious wounds while in the service, the most severe injury which he received having been in the battle of Winchester, Va. After the war he loyally took up the burdens which, in common with so many others whose properties had suffered greatly through the ravages of war, devolved upon him in assisting to rebuild the prostrate industries of the South. He has been continuously and prominently identified with plantation interests and is now one of the most extensive cotton producers of Richmond county, his out put of the great staple averaging 100 bales each year. His home plantation comprises 2,500 acres, and his other plantation, the old homestead of his father, comprises 700 acres. Mr. Rhodes has ever been a stalwart advocate of the principles of the Democratic party, but has not sought the honors of public office of any sort. He is a member of Camp No. 435, United Confederate Veterans, in Augusta, and he and his wife are prominent members of the Methodist Episcopal church South in Hephzibah, in which he has been steward and trustee for many years. On Feb. 15, 1866, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Rhodes to Miss Fannie H. Cogil, daughter of the late George H. and Nancy (Hill) Cogil, of Rich mond county. Mrs. Rhodes was born on Feb. 15, 1847, so it will be seen that they were married on their birthday. Of the fifteen children of this union eleven are living, namely: Walter E., Clarence A., Anna E., Sterling A., Chesley M. and Wesley P. (twins), Hattie C., Clifford E., William T., Foster G. and Beulah E. Anna is the wife of W. J. Glisson, and Hattie is the wife of George F. Sullivan.
Rhodes, Robert Anderson, one of the interested principals in the well known firm of Rhodes Bros., of Louisville, Jefferson county, has been a resident of Georgia from the time of his birth, which occurred June 12, 1856, on the homestead plantation of his father,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in Richmond county. After securing a rudimentary training in the common schools Mr. Rhodes continued his studies in turn in the Louisville academy and the Hephzibah high schools, with drawing from the latter institution when sixteen years of age. For a decade thereafter he was employed as clerk in the mer cantile establishment of W. A. Wilkins & Co., of Waynesboro, and for the ensuing ten years he was engaged in the gen eral merchandise business on his own responsibility, at Mat thews, Jefferson county. In January, 1905, he located in Louis ville, where he became a member of the firm of Rhodes Bros., general merchants, planters and owners of livery and sales sta bles. The firm controls a large business and has a high reputation for reliability and fair dealing. Robert A. Rhodes is a stalwart in the camp of the Democratic party, though he has never sought the honors or emoluments of public office, and he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in which h'e is a steward. On Feb. 18, 1895, Mr. Rhodes was united in mar riage to Miss Mary E., daughter of the late Dr. Lewis D. Mat thews, of Matthews, Ga., who was a lineal descendant of a titled English family. Mr. and Mrs. Rhodes have four children, namely: Robert L., William E., Mary Elizabeth, and Lilla Gertrude. The elder son is a member of the senior class of 1906 in Emory col lege, Oxford, Ga.
Rhodes, William James, M. D., is a representative physician and surgeon of his native city of Louisville, Jefferson county, Ga., and in sketches of other members of the family will be found details in regard to the genealogy and personal careers of his parents. He was born Dec. 28, 1857, and after completing his studies in the Hephzibah high school, in Richmond county, he entered the literary department of the University of Georgia, where he re mained as a student for some time, then being matriculated in the medical department of the same institution and graduated March 1, 1884, with a degree of Doctor of Medicine. He located in Bartow, Jefferson county, soon after his graduation,' and there built up an excellent practice, in which he continued until 1898, when he returned to the county-seat, his native town, where he has since been in active practice, and where he has gained even more marked prestige and success. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, is a Democrat in his political proclivities, is a RoyalArch Mason, and he holds, membership in the Methodist Episco pal church South. On Feb. 10, 1885, Doctor Rhodes was united in marriage to Miss Mary Lavinia Carswell, daughter of James W.

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191

Carswell, of Jefferson county, where she was born and reared. Mrs. Rhodes was summoned into eternal life Feb. 7, 1906, and is survived by one child, William J., Jr., who was born June 4, 1891.
Rice. Of the many varieties of this plant known to Asiatic countries only two general distinctions, the upland and the low land, are common to Georgia. Considerable attention has been given to the production of the former but the frequent need of irrigation has somewhat retarded the cultivation of the latter. The average yield of upland rice is about 800 pounds to the acre, though in Hall, White, Pike and Early counties some farms have produced as high as 100 bushels, or 4,300 pounds. One great draw back to its successful production is the-lack of mills for cleaning the grain and preparing it for market. The largest and best equipped mills are at Savannah, where there are three, with a capacity of something like half a million bushels. In 1890 the crop amounted to a little over 14,500,000 bushels but in 1900 it had fallen to 7,500,000. With the introduction of mills and mod ern methods of cultivation the rice crop could be made one of the leading products of the state.
Rice, Patrick H., who is prominently identified with the wholesale and retail shoe trade in Augusta, and who is rec ognized as one of the progressive busi ness men of that section of the state, was born in Augusta, May 15, 1857. He is a son of Matthew and Elizabeth (Galvan) Rice, the former born in County Louth, Ireland, and the latter in County Cork, ' of the same fair Emerald Isle. Both came to America when young, their acquaintanceship was formed in Augusta, where their marriage was sol emnized, and where they passed the remainder of their lives, both having been devoted communicants of the Catholic church. Patrick H. Rice was educated in the parochial schools of his native city, and when but thirteen years of age he took a position as messen ger boy in the office of a local cotton firm. At the age of fifteen he assumed the position of assistant bookkeeper in the shoe store of Gallaher & Mulhefin, and this association led to his rise to his present prominent position in this line of trade. Upon the disso lution of this firm, in 1876, Mr. Gallaher became the sole owner and Mr. Rice was retained in his employ in the capacity of buyer

192

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and manager. Two years later he accepted a position as book keeper in the newly established shoe establishment of Mr. Mul herin, who had again engaged in business. At the age of twentyone years he secured an interest in the business and the firm name of William Mulherin & Co. was adopted. In 1888 Jeremiah J. O'Connor was admitted to the firm, and the title of the same was then changed to Mulherin, Rice & Co. The business was con ducted under this name until the death of Mr. Mulherin, in 1893, and in the following year the surviving partners, Rice and O'Con nor, reorganized the business under the title of the Rice & O'Con nor Shoe Company. They also are associated in the same line of enterprise under the name of the Great Eastern Shoe Company, conducting three large shoe establishments in the city of Au gusta, two under the title first mentioned and the third under that last noted, and they control a large and representative busi ness in both the wholesale and retail departments. Mr. Rice is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party; is a communicant of the Catholic church; is grand knight of the Patrick Walsh Council, Knights of Columbus; master for the Fourth degree, Knights of Columbus 'for North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Flor ida; captain of the Sacred Heart Cadets, and treasurer of St. Jo seph Branch of the Catholic Knights of America. He is vicepresident of the Irish-American bank, of Augusta; a director of the Augusta chamber of commerce; president of the Augusta job bers' and retail merchants' association; and vice-president of the Savannah Valley fair association. On Sept. 22, 1886, Mr. Rice was united in. marriage to Miss Elizabeth Carson, of Savannah, and they have four children: Anna M., May Claire, Matthew,
and Patrick H., Jr. Riceboro, a village of Liberty county, is a station on the Sea
board Air Line railway between the North and South branches of the Newport river. It has a money order postoffice, an express office, a good local trade, and in 1900 reported a population of 60.
Riceborough, Skirmish Nov. 24, 1778. (See Bull Town Swamp). Richardson, a post-hamlet of Rockdale county, is not far from the Henry county.line. The nearest railroad station is Stock-
bridge. Richardson, Mahlon M., an honored veteran of the Confederate
service in the Civil wrar, has maintained his home in Hart county from the time of his birth, being a representative of one of the prominent families of that section of the state, and a leading mem ber of the bar of his native county. He is engaged in the active

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

193

practice of his profession in Hartwell, and is senior member of the firm of M. M. Richardson & Son, which controls a large and important law business. Mr. Richardson was born in El-
bert county, May 3, 1840, and is a son of
James V. and Elizabeth (McMullan) Richardson, both of whom were born in that county. The former was a son of Amos Richardson, who was a soldier in the war of 1812, and served as sheriff of Elbert county in an early day, being a citizen of prominence and influence. James V. Richardson was one of the ster
ling citizens of Hart county, with whose civic and material upbuilding he was prominently connected. He was one of those who in 1854 founded the present city of Hartwell, having aided in platting the town. In that year he was elected judge of the inferior court of Hart county,' which office he filled with signal ability for several terms. The early educational training of Mahlon M. Richardson was received in the common schools of Hart county and he was one of the loyal sons of that county who went forth in defense of the Confederate cause in the Civil war. He enlisted on March 7, 1862, as a member of Com pany D, Thirty-seventh Georgia volunteers, in which he was fin ally promoted to first lieutenant. He took part in a number of engagements, among the more important of which should be men tioned the sanguinary battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19-20, 1863. He received a severe wound in this battle and after his recovery he rejoined his command, taking part in the battle of Resaca in May, 1864, again having the misfortune to be wounded and in capacitated. He was retired with the rank of first lieutenant and remained on the retired list until the close of the war. His con tinued interest in his old comrades in arms is indicated by his mem bership in the United Confederate Veterans. After the war, 'Mr. Richardson was for two years a student in the literary department of the University of Georgia. Thereafter he completed a course in what was then known as the university law school, the present law department of the state university, and was graduated in February, 1870, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, thus being granted admission to the bar of his native state. After his gradu ation he was engaged in teaching school in Hart county for three years, and in 1866 he was elected tax collector of the county, serv-
13--III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ing one term. He was elected clerk of the superior court in Octo ber, 1881, assumed his official duties on the 1st of the following January, and remained in this office for fourteen consecutive years, since which time he has been engaged in the practice of law in Hartwell, now being associated with his son, Arthur S., under the firm name of M. M. Richardson & Son. He is also secretary and treasurer of the board of county commissioners. Mr. Richardson has ever given his influence and support to the Democratic party and has done effective service in its cause.' In 1897-8 he repre^ sented Hart county in the state legislature and served on the com mittee of special judiciary and on other important committees of the house. He is a member of Hartwell lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, and is chaplain of Hartwell Lodge Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Both he and his wife are devoted members of the Baptist church, in which he is serving as deacon, and Mrs. Rich ardson is a zealous member of the Daughters of the Confederacy. On Dec. 18, 1872, Mr. Richardson was united in marriage to Miss Hester Ann McMullan, daughter of Sinclair and Clarice (Rich ardson) McMullan, of Hart county, and they have three sons : John G., who resides on the homestead plantation in Hart county; Arthur S., who is associated with his father in the practice of law, and Frederick H., who is now connected with the Wilham cotton mill.
Richers, Christian, (deceased) who was the senior member of the firm of Richers & Gehrken, wholesale grocers, of Augusta, was born in Bremerhaven, in the province of Bremen, Germany, Jan. 37, 1850. He was educated in the schools of the village of Sievern, that province, and at the age of eighteen years immigrated to America. He landed in the city of New York, in November, 1868, and then took passage on a steamer to Charleston, S. C., from which latter place he came forthwith to Augusta, where he con tinued to maintain his home and where he had at the time of his death on Dec. 27, 1905, risen to a position of prominence as a re liable and progressive business man and public-spirited citizen. Upon his -arrival in Augusta Mr. Richers secured a position as clerk in a grqcery store, receiving his board and five dollars a month in recompense for his services. From this very subordinate and lowly position to that of being one of the influential and suc cessful wholesale merchants of a thriving city was a great change, but the progress of Mr. Richers was won through earnest applica tion and legitimate' enterprise and effort. He was significantly deserving of the title of self-made man, and his business career

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

195

was a creditable one in every respect. In 1881 he became a mem ber of the wholesale grocery firm of N. Kahrs & Co., and in the .following year he associated himself with Fred Gehrken, who pur chased the interests of Mr. Kahrs, and the enterprise was suc cessfully conducted under the firm name of Richers & Gehrken. The firm is still continued by Mr. Gehrken and controls a large and representative trade in the handling of staple and fancy gro ceries, liquors and cigars at wholesale, and stands high in the es teem and confidence of all who have dealings with the house. Mr. Richers was a member of the directorate of the National bank of Augusta; was a Democrat in his political allegiance; a mem ber of the Lutheran church, and was identified with various social organizations of his home city. He was a bachelor.
Richland, a town in the eastern part of Stewart county, located at the junction of two branches of the Seaboard Air Line railway, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1889 and 1890 a char ter was granted for a system of water works. Within the decade from 1890 to 1900 the town more than doubled in population, and according to the census of the latter year, contained 1,014 inhabi tants, while the entire Richland district at that time had a popu lation of 2,746. The town has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, two banks, sev eral prosperous business houses, a wagon and buggy factory, a cotton oil mill, churches, good schools, etc.
Richmond County lies in the eastern part of the state and is bounded on the east and northeast by the State -of South Caro lina, on the south by Burke and Jefferson counties, and on the northwest by Columbia and McDufKe. It was* originally laid out as St. Paul's parish, but in 1777, when the parishes were, changed to counties, the name of Richmond -was conferred on this' section of the province, in honor of the Duke of Richmond, who, as a mem ber of the British Parliament, stood as the stanch friend'of the American colonists. During the Revolutionary war some severe fighting occurred on Richmond county soil. (See Augusta). In 1788, when the convention to ratify the Federal constitution was called to meet at Augusta, the county sent as ' delegates John Wereat, William .Few and James McNeil. In. 1790" a portion of the county was set off to Columbia. The.land is drained by the Savannah river and its, affluents, which . also furnish abundant water-power, that is extensively used for manufacturing purposes. The climate is healthful, numerous cases of longevity having been recorded, and is a favorite place for northern tourists during the

196

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

winter seasons. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, easily worked, the alluvial lands along the Savannah being exceptionally fertile. Crops of corn, wheat, oats, sugar-cane, sweet potatoes, etc., are. raised, and truck farming is an important occupation. Apples, pears., peaches, plums and other fruits do well, and the Richmond county water-melon is celebrated for its size and flavor wherever it has been introduced. In the northern part, where the land is high and rolling, there is a considerable growth of hard wood timber, short leaf and yellow pine, but comparatively little lumber is sawed. The chief mineral products are sandstone, clays, suitable for brick and pottery, and kaolin. Augusta is the county seat and commercial center. Six lines of railway center here, con necting the county with the leading Atlantic seaports, and the competition provided by the transportation companies of the Sa vannah river makes shipping rates reasonable. There are also several electric railway lines in the county. The schools are among the best in the state, the county academy dating back to colonial times. Among the noted men who lived in this county may be mentioned John Forsyth, John Milledge, George W. Crawford, George Walton, Charles J. Jenkins, Richard H. Wilde, Au gustus B. Longstreet, Gen. Joseph Wheeler and Gen. Lafayette McLaws. During the Civil war Richmond county sent thirty companies to the front, 2,000 men, out of a white population of 10,000, enlisting in the Confederate service. In 1864, when Sherman marched through Georgia to Savannah, and again in the spring of 1865, when he was advancing through South Carolina, General Wheeler saved Augusta from the fate of Atlanta and Columbia by defeating the Federal cavalry commanded by General Kilpatrick. In the summer of 1898, while the Spanish-American war was in progress, about 8,000 troops were stationed for some time at Camp McKenzie in this county, waiting and hoping for orders to take them to Cuba. The population in 1900 was 53,735, an in crease of 8,541 during the preceding decade.
Richwood, a town in the northern part of Crisp county, is a sta tion on the Atlantic & Birmingham railway, five miles from Cordele. The population in 1900 was 252. It has some mercantile and manufacturing concerns, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, and does a good shipping business.
Rico, a post-hamlet in the western part of Campbell county, is about ten miles from Palmetto, which is the nearest railroad sta tion.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

19'7

Riddleville, an incorporated town of Washington county, is

eight miles southeast of 'Tennille, and in 1900 reported a popula

tion of 178. It is the principal trading center for that part of the

county and is provided with church and school privileges, etc.

The most convenient railroad station is Davisboro, six miles north

east on the Central of Georgia.

Ridge, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Richmond county,

is about five or six miles west of McBean Depot, which is the near

est railroad station.

Ridgeville, a town in Mclntosh county, is the first station north

of Darien on the Darien & Western railroad. The population in

1900 was 304. It has some good stores, a few manufacturing es

tablishments, a money order postoffice, schools, churches, etc.

Ridley, a post-hamlet of Heard county, is about six miles west

of Franklin. The nearest railway station is Hogansville.

Rift, a post-hamlet of Lee county, almost on the Sumter county

line. It is five miles southwest of DeSoto, which is the nearest

railroad station.

Rigdon, David Beasley, the able and

: ::|i:i;::llll:;i::::; :

honored postmaster at Statesboro, Bul-

loch county, was born in the fine little

city which is now his home, Aug. 16,

1855. He is a son of Mitchell and Sallie

(Hendricks) Rigdon, both of whom were

likewise born in Bulloch county, the

former at Statesboro, Aug. 3, 1827, and

the latter at Blitch, Nov. 29, 1839. The

father was a prosperous planter of this

county and here both he and his wife

continued to reside until their death.

David- B. Rigdon passed his early years

on the homestead farm and after a course in the high school at

Excelsior he entered the old and famed Eastman business college,

Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he was graduated with most credit

able standing. In 1874 he engaged in the general merchandise

business in the village of Blitch and remained identified with this

enterprise for four years, at the expiration of which he was ap

pointed transfer clerk in the postoffice service. Six months later

he was transferred to the postoffice in Savannah, where he held

the position of mailing clerk one year. Thereafter he served five

years as railway mail clerk on the Wilmington & Jacksonville rail

road; one year on the Atlanta & Brunswick railroad; and one and

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one-half years on the Augusta & Atlanta railroad. He then met with an accident which rendered it necessary for him to retire from this line of service and he returned to Statesboro, where he was appointed postmaster one year later, during the first administra tion of President McKinley. He has since remained in tenure of this office, has brought the service up to the highest standard, has systematized the work in every department and has gained the un qualified commendation of the local public. In politics he is a stanch advocate of the principles and policies for which the Repub lican party stands sponsor, and both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. In a fraternal way he is affiliated with Ogeechee Lodge, No. 213, Free and Accepted Masons; Statesboro Chapter, No. 59, Royal Arch Masons; and Myrtle Lodge, No. 6, Knights of Pythias. He is secretary of both his lodge and chapter in the Masonic order. On June 29, 1887, Mr. Rigdon was united in marriage to Miss Martha E. Humphries, daughter of James and Lillie (Moore) Humphries, of Halcyondale, Screven county, and to this union were born eight children, two of whom died in in fancy. The living children are Martha E., Sally, Daniel R., David, James H. and Zella.
Rincon, a village in the southern part of Effingham county, is a station on the Seaboard Air Line railway, about sixteen miles from Savannah. The population in 1900 was 91. It has a good local trade, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, and handles a considerable quantity of freight.
Ringgold, the county seat of Catoosa county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1847. It is located on the Western & Atlantic railroad and was named for Major Ringgold, a gallant Marylander, who was mortally wounded at Palo Alto, the first battle of the Mexican war. It has a court-house, a bank, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph of fices and several mercantile establishments. In 1900 the popula tion of the town was 437, and of the whole Ringgold district 1,221.
In November, 1863, after Bragg's defeat at Missionary Ridge, General Cleburne was ordered to take a position on Taylor's Ridge and check the pursuing forces under Hooker. At a gap back of Ringgold he posted his division in such a way as to cover the road through the gap from different points, masked his artillery and waited for the coming of the enemy. Hooker's army, consist ing of the divisions of Osterhaus, Geary and Cruft, advanced in the order named, and though there were three divisions to Cleburne's one the latter remained cool and steady until the word

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came to open the engagement. As the Federals drew near the ridge a fire from one of the batteries on the flank compelled them to take shelter behind the railroad embankment. An attempt to turn the Confederate right flank was promptly met and thwarted by Taylor's Texans. Then deploying skirmishers up the slope of the hill he charged with three companies and routed the flanking force, capturing 60 prisoners and the colors of the Twenty-ninth Missouri. Osterhaus sent the Seventy-sixth Ohio, supported by the Fourth Iowa, to attempt the ridge farther north. The column, commanded by Colonel Williamson, was met by Folk's and Lowry's bridgades, and five more regiments were ordered to Williamson's assistance, but without avail. Creighton's brigade, of Geary's division, next charged the hill, but was struck on the flank by the Second Tennessee and repulsed with considerable loss. About this time Hardee sent word to Cleburne that the wagon train was safe, and Cleburne then withdrew about a mile to the rear of the army. Hooker was ordered to make no further at tempts to advance, but to return toward Chattanooga. This affair, which occurred on Nov. 27, 1863, is known as the battle of Ringgold Gap. General Cleburne and his division received the thanks of the Confederate Congress for the gallant defense of their posi tion, which saved the supply trains of Bragg's army. During the month of February, 1864, there was considerable skirmishing in the vicinity of Ringgold, as Thomas was making his advance on Dalton.
Ringgold Gap. (See Ringgold). Ripley, a post-village of Twiggs county, is a station on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad, about five or six miles north west of Jeffersonville. Rising Fawn, an incorporated town in Dade county, is on the Alabama Great Southern railroad, eight miles south of Trenton. The population in 1900 was 212. It has some mercantile, mining and shipping interests, telegraph and express offices and a money order postoffice, from which mail is supplied to the surrounding rural districts by free delivery routes. Ritch, a post-village of Wayne county, is located on Dougherty's creek, not far from the Appling county line. The population in 1900 was 100. It is a trading center for that part of the county. Screven, eight miles southeast on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, is the nearest station. Riverdale, a town in Clayton county, is on the Atlanta & Fort Valley division of the Southern railway, fifteen miles from Atlanta.

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It had a population of 168 in 1900. Among its institutions are sev eral good mercantile concerns, a few manufacturing establish ments, good schools, churches, telegraph and express offices, and a money order postoffice, from which a number of free delivery routes supply mail to the rural districts.
Rivers, Eretus, junior member of the firm of Robson & Rivers, who are established in a successful real estate business in the city of Atlanta, was born in Pike county, Ga., in 1874, and in the schools of his native county he secured his earlier educational discipline. In 1886 he took up his residence in Atlanta, becoming office boy in the local offices of the Central of Georgia railroad, and remained with this road for fifteen consecutive years, being advanced to the office of train master, the youngest incumbent of sueh position in the South. For three years he had charge of the Macon tunnel. In 1900 he resigned his position and in the following year engaged in the real estate business, the present firm of Robson & Rivers being formed in 1902. The concern has shown an enterprising and aggressive policy, its members are well informed on realty values and their business is one of important scope. Mr. Rivers is popular in business and social circles in Atlanta; has attained to the thirty-second degree in Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite Ma sonry; is also identified with the Ancient Arabic Order of the No bles of the Mystic Shrine, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Capital City club and the Pied mont Driving club. He is a member of the North Avenue Presby terian church.
Rivertown, a post-hamlet of Campbell county, is on the Chattahoochee river. Fairburn and Palmetto, on the Atlanta & West Point railroad, are the most convenient railroad towns.
Roads. (See Highways). Roan, Charles T., judge of the city court of Douglas, is one of the representative members of the bar of Coffee county and has been a resident of Georgia from the time of his birth. He was born at Fayetteville, Fayette county, Dec. 36, 1866, a son of Ben jamin S. and Lucy J. (Vickers) Roan, both natives of this state. Benjamin S. Roan was born in Jasper county, June 18, 1817, and died Dec. 23, 1892. His wife is still living, at the age of eighty-three years. The father served under General Floyd in the Seminole Indian war, and soon after the inception of the Civil war he enlisted in a Georgia regiment of the Confederate service, being with his command in General Lee's campaign in western Virginia. He became seriously ill and received his dis-

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201

charge on account of physical disability. Charles T. Roan com pleted a partial course in Emory college at Oxford, Ga., then stud ied law under the preceptorship of his brother, Len S., at Fairburn, Campbell county, and was admitted to the bar on Aug. 1,. 1888. He was engaged in practice in Fairburn one year, then re moved to Atlanta, where he was successfully engaged in the work
of his profession until 1901, when he took up his residence in Douglas, the county seat of Coffee county, where he assumed marked precedence as an able member of his profession and as a citizen of prom inence and distinctive public spirit. He served as mayor of Douglas in 1903-4, and in August, 1905, was appointed, by Governor Terrell, to his present office. He is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands sponsor; is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, in which he. had served as master of his lodge before he had attained to the age of twenty-five years; is also a member of the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity, and both he and his wife hold membership in the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Sept. 13, 1889, Judge Roan was united in marriage to Miss Issie M., daughter of William H. and Ella (Jones) Morrow, of Jonesboro, Ga. They have five children: Len K., Luella, Benjamin Henry, Augustus M. and Bruce Jonas. Roanoke. Among the villages that grew up in the Creek coun try after the conclusion of the treaties of 1821 and 1825 was one which does not now exist, called Roanoke, located on the Chattahoochee river, in Stewart county. Being on the extreme frontier the citizens had made some preparations for defense in the erec tion of a blockhouse, surrounded by a sharp picket, and the organi zation of a company of volunteers, which could be assembled on short notice. Early in May, 1836, when the Creeks began to mani fest signs of hostility, this company was assembled to guard the border against an invasion from the allied Creeks and Seminoles of Alabama. On the night of Friday, May 13th, an attack was made upon the village, but it was promptly met by the troops and the Indians were driven off with some loss. At daylight the next morning not a red man could be seen and the citizen soldiers, think ing the enemy was defeated became careless, and quite a number

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obtained a leave of absence to visit their homes, leaving but a few on guard. A short time before daybreak on Sunday morning the people were awakened by the yells of the savages, now numbering 300 or more. They had crossed the river quietly during the night, scattered around the sleeping village in Indian fashion, and at first commenced firing at some distance, as if to test the strength of the garrison before making an assault. Finding their fire returned with uncertain and irregular aim, owing to the darkness, they closed in upon the doomed village, firing as they came, with such deadly results that in a little while eleven whites were killed and eight others seriously wounded. The ones who were left hurriedly evacuated the fort and dashing through the Indians gained the bluffs of the river and escaped. The savages then fired the town, but during the morning the troops were collected and by a de termined attack drove the enemy from the scene of their recent
victory.
Roanoke, a post-hamlet of Milton county, is three miles north east of Roswell, which is the nearest railroad station.
Rober, a post-hamlet of Pickens county, is three miles west of Talking Rock, which is the nearest railroad station, and is a trad
ing point of the neighborhood in which it is located.
Roberta, a town of Crawford county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 26, 1890. It is located on the Atlanta & Fort Valley division of the Southern railway system, and in 1900 reported a population of 252. It has a bank, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express service, several stores, school and church advantages, and is a shipping point of considerable impor
tance, especially during the fruit season.
Roberts, David Montgomery, of Eastman, is a nestor of the bar of Dodge county; ex-judge of the superior court of the Oconee circuit; ex-member of the state senate; a veteran of the Confeder ate service in the Civil war, and a representative of one of the old and influential families of Georgia. He was born on the home stead plantation, in Laurens county, June 15, 1837, a son of Daniel and Elizabeth Roberts, both of whom were likewise natives of that county. The father was born in 1792, being a son of Frederick Roberts, who was a soldier in the Continental line during the war of the Revolution, in which he received a wound which necessi tated the amputation of one of his legs. Daniel Roberts devoted
his active life to agricultural pursuits, and was a man of influence in his community, honored by all who knew him. Though averse to becoming incumbent of public office, he was at one time sheriff

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203

of Laurens county, where both he and his wife passed their entire lives. Judge Roberts received his early educational training princi pally under the direction of private instructors, having been reared on the home plantation, where he remained until he had attained the age of twenty years, when he took a position as clerk in a drygoods store,- and following this line of work a few years, after which he took up the study of law, under Hugh M. Moore, of Dublin, Laurens county, and was admitted to the bar in June, 1859, at an adjourned term of the superior court of his native county, his examination being conducted before Judge Peter E. Love. He soon afterward located in Quitman, Brooks county, but a short time later removed to Jacksonville, Telfair county, where he was engaged in practice until just before the opening of the Civil war, when he returned to Dublin, whence he went forth to serve as a soldier in the Confederate ranks. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in Company G, Tenth Georgia infantry, with which he was in active service about nine months, finally contracting rheumatism and becoming incapacitated for further field service. He received his honorable discharge on Feb. 1, 1862. After leaving his regi ment he remained at home two months and then re-enlisted, joining a battalion of Georgia cavalry commanded by Gen. Charles T. Goode. Later this battalion, consisting of five companies, was consolidated with an Alabama battalion, the two making up the Tenth Confederate cavalry. Judge Roberts was assigned to Com pany G, in which he rose to the rank of lieutenant. His command was assigned to the Army of Virginia, and the first engagement in which he participated was that near Mill Spring, Ky., at a place called Tryon, on the Cumberland river. Later he took part in the battles of Chickamauga, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Bentonville, and several others of minor importance. In the latter part of the war he had been sent on a secret scouting expedition by General Johnston, and while he was within the enemy's lines the war closed. He then located in Reidsville, Tattnall county, where he remained about one year, then removed to Holmesville, Appling county, where he continued to reside until 1875, when he engaged in the practice of his profession in Jesup, Wayne county. A year later he removed to Eastman, where he has since been identified with the work of his profession, in which he has met with marked success, having high standing as a jurist. Judge Roberts is a stal wart in the camp of the Democratic party, having been a delegate to the national convention which nominated Gen. W. S. Hancock for the presidency, and is still active in local politics. He repre-

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sented the fourteenth district in the state senate one term and served eight years on the bench of the superior courts of the Oconee circuit. He is a member of the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity in Eastman, the commandery of Knights Templar at Macon, and is also identified with the United Confederate Vet erans. Both he and his wife are zealous and valued members of the Presbyterian church in their home town. On Dec. 2,2, 1875, was solemnized the marriage of Judge Roberts to Miss Ursula Edwards, daughter of William H. and Eliza (Bell) Edwards, of Tattnall county, and they have three children James Henry, Fred
erick Augustus and Paul Montgomery. Roberts, John Benjamin, M. D., a lead
ing representative of the medical pro
fession in the city of Atlanta, and a vet
eran of the Confederate service in the
Civil war, was born in Washington
county, Ga., Nov. 12, 1840, a son of Wil
liam B. and Martha R. (Strange) Rob
erts, both of whom were born and reared in Georgia, where the respective fami
lies were early founded. Doctor Roberts
was reared to maturity in his native
county, where he had good educational advantages. Wrhen the Civil war was precipitated he was one of the first to tender his services in defense of the cause of the Confederacy. In 1861 he enlisted in the First Georgia volunteer infantry, later became a member of the Forty-ninth regiment and served with gallantry and distinction, in General Thomas' brigade, in the Army of Northern Virginia, until the close of the war. He took part in all the battles in which his command was involved, rising to the rank of lieutenant, and his name stands high on the roll of the brave and loyal young men of Georgia who fought so faithfully for the righteous cause which they had thus espoused. Time and again he penetrated to the very heart of the enemy's camp, safely making his escape and returning with information of the greatest value. He took prisoners from the Union lines and, at great personal risk, triumphantly brought them into the camp of his own command. He seized videttes at their posts and marched them into the Confederate lines. His courage was not the result of impulse or foolhardy daring, but was of that cool, deliberate character which betokens the ideal soldier. He was wounded in the battle of Chancellorsville and also at

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205

Gettysburg. For distinguished gallantry at Petersburg he was promoted to the rank of captain, this action being taken by the secretary of war on the recommendation of the commanding gen eral. The doctor manifests his abiding interest in his old com rades by retaining membership in the United Confederate Vet erans. After the close of the war he turned his attention to the vocations of peace, in which he has shown the same loyalty and fidelity which characterized his military career. He took up the study of medicine, first at Augusta, Ga., and finally entered the Medical College of the State of South Carolina, at Charleston, in which he was graduated in 1867, with the degree of Doctor of Med icine. He remained in practice in Charleston one year in the Roper Hospital and then returned to his native county, where he was most successfully engaged in the work of his profession for a quarter of a century. In 1895 he removed to Atlanta, where he has risen to marked prominence and success as an able physician and surgeon. He passed one year in European travel and within this period visited the leading hospitals and medical colleges of the continent, gaining much valuable information. He is one of the city physicians of Atlanta; is a member of the Atlanta medical so ciety, the Georgia state medical association and the American medical association. His religious faith is indicated in his holding membership in the Baptist church, and he is prominent in the Masonic fraternity. In November, 1868, Doctor Roberts was united in marriage to Miss Ernestine Artman, of Charleston, who died in 1882 and who is survived by four of her five children, concerning whom the following brief record is entered: Mary E. married L. H. Holt, became the mother of two children and died in January, 1896; Carrie remains at the paternal home; Myrtle is the wife of W. J. Gilbert, of Dudly, Laurens county, Ga., and they have three children; Brady A. is identified with the water-works department of the city of Atlanta; and Venice married Thomas J. Gilbert, of Dudly, Ga. On April 26, 1885, Doctor Roberts married Miss Thena C. Roberts, of Atlanta, and they became the parents of five chil dren, all of whom are living except Lucinda, who died July 10, 1898, at the age of eleven years. The younger children, Marion G., John P., Hinda Mary, and Rainy Lindsey, are all attending school.
Robertstown, a post-hamlet of White county, is situated in a pic turesque mountainous district, twelve miles northwest of Clarkesville, which is the most convenient railroad town.
Robertsville, (railroad name Roberts' Station) is a post-hamlet

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Jones county, located on the Athens division of the Central of Georgia railway, six miles south of Clinton..
Robinson, a post-village of Taliaferro county, with a popula tion of 50, is on the main line of the Georgia railroad, five miles west of Crawfordville. It has a good local trade and does some shipping.
Robinson, John T., who occupies the position of master mechanic with the Seaboard Air Line railrdad, with head quarters in the city of Savanah, was born in Chesterfield county, Va., Oct. 20, 1859. His father, John Robinson, was a merchant by vocation and passed his entire life in the Old Dominion state, where he died in 1861, at the age of thirty-eight years. He was a son of Wil liam Robinson, who was a native of Eng land, whence he immigrated to Virginia. Eliza T. (Atkins) Robinson, mother of John T. Robinson, died in 1889, at the age of fifty-six years. She was a daughter of John Atkins, a native of England. John T. Rob inson passed his early youth in his native county, in whose schools he secured his preliminary educational training, while his technical discipline was secured in the Ohio Mechanics' institute in Cincin nati. The institution being one of the best of the sort in the Union, dating its foundation back to 1828. Previously to his work in this institution Mr. Robinson had served a practical apprenticeship in the machine shops of Talbott & Sons, in the city of Richmond, Va., so that he is well fortified for all duties devolving upon him in his present responsible position. From 1881 to 1885 he was ma chinist and foreman for the Chesapeake & Ohio railroad, at Huntington and Hinton, W. Va., and from 1885 until the autumn of 1886 he was employed as a foreman in the shops of the East Ten nessee, Virginia & Georgia railroad, in the city of Atlanta. There after he served until 1888 as machinist for the Richmond & Dan ville railroad at Manchester, Va., from 1888 until 1892 he was gen eral foreman for the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia railroad at Mobile, Ala., afterward serving in the same position and for the same company at Macon, Ga., and from 1897 to 1900 he was master mechanic of the Southern railroad at Selma, Ala. Later he occu pied a similar position in that company's employ, at Spencer, N. C., until 1904, and since then has held the position of master mechanic

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207

for the Seaboard Air Line, at Savannah. Mr. Robinson is now a member of the Master Mechanics' association, and also of the Southern & Southwestern railway club, of Atlanta. He is affilliated with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity, is a Noble of the Mystic Shrine, belongs to the Benevo lent and Protective Order of Elks, and in politics is a stanch Democrat. On Oct. 16, 1889, Mr. Robinson married Miss Lizzie C. Phillips, of Chesterfield county, Va., and they have two sons, Pendleton Thomas, and Carroll Trabue.
Robinson, Vernon B., is one of the representative members of the Johnson county bar, being engaged in the practice of his pro fession in Wrightsville, where he also has important industrial in terests and is one of the honored and influential citizens. He was born on the homestead plantation of his parents in Pike county, Ga., April 26, 1858, a son of Jack and Lucretia (Singleton) Rob inson, the former born in South Carolina and the latter in Jasper county, Ga. The mother had been previously married, the name of her first husband having been Sanders, and he was survived by two sons, Brown and Wyatt Sanders, who were soldiers of the Confederacy in the Civil war. Jack Robinson also rendered loyal and effective service in defense of the cause of the Confederacy, having enlisted soon after the outbreak of the war, in Company I, Fifty-third Georgia infantry, at Savannah, where the command was stationed for six months and where he was made lieutenant of his company, later being promoted to its captaincy. He took part in many important engagements, having gone with his regi ment into Virginia. In the battle of the Wilderness he was severe ly wounded by a minie ball and never fully recovered from the effects of the injury, one of his arms remaining partially crippled. In the same engagement his stepson, Brown Sanders, who was a member of the same company, was wounded in the right leg, the injury being so severe as to necessitate the amputation of the mem ber. His other stepson, Wyatt, was wounded in the right wrist, in the battle of Atlanta. Captain Robinson continued in service until the close of the war, when he returned to Pike county, where he farmed for two or three years, then moved into Crawford county, where he farmed and merchandised until 1881, when he moved to Florida and there remained until 1891, when he went back to his childhood home in Pike county, where he lived until he died. His death occurred in July, 1900, and he was buried in the family burial ground on the plantation. His wife passed away in June, 1883, and she was also buried in the family burying ground.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

There were born to Jack and Lucretia Robinson three sons, Ed ward M., generally known as "Ruff"; Andrew, and the subject of this sketch, Vernon B., and two daughters, Annie and Lizzie. The boys have all married, but the daughters have chosen to remain single. All are yet living, and the subject is the youngest of the family born to this marriage. Vernon B. Robinson passed his boyhood and early youth on the home plantation, and after a due preliminary training entered the high school at Milner, where he completed his academic studies. In 1878 he came to Johnson county, where he was a successful and popular teacher in the pub lic schools until 1883, when he was matriculated in the law depart ment of the University of Georgia, in which he completed the prescribed course and was graduated as a member of the class of 1883, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He soon afterward en gaged in the active practice of his profession in Wrightsville, where he has made an admirable record as a lawyer of excellent knowl edge of the science of jurisprudence, with ready power as an advocate and marked conservatism as a counselor. He is an ac tive and zealous worker in the ranks of the Democratic party, and is now chairman of its executive committee in Johnson county. He served several terms as a member of the city council of Wrightsville, five years as mayor, and for four years he was judge of the city court, making an excellent record on the bench. He was for quite a while a member of the board of education of John son county. In 1904 he built and equipped a planing mill in Wrightsville, doing all kinds of work in the manufacture of build ers' materials and making a specialty of interior finishings and cabinet work. The enterprise has secured a large support and is a valuable acquisition to the business concerns of the city. Judge Robinson is a steward in the local organization of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and a trustee of the Nannie Lou Warthen institue, a church institution, which was established in Wrights ville in 1888, at which time he became the incumbent of his pres ent office in the connection, the school being under the auspices of the South Georgia conference. In a fraternal way he is identi fied with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Dec. 14, 1880 was solemnized the marriage of Judge Robinson to Miss Susan D. Page, daughter of John D. and Polly (Rawls) Page, who were residents of Johnson county until their death. Of the seven children of Judge and Mrs. Robinson four are living, namely: Annie Lou, Curtis, Vallie and Clifford. The names of the deceased children are: Vernon, Mary "Lizzie, and Charles.

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209

Robinson, William M., one of the well known and popular rail road men residing in the city of Augusta, was born on a plantation in Fairfield county, S. C, Dec. 30, 1851, a son of John E. and Mary C. (Hartin) Robinson, both of whom were born and reared in that same county, where they passed their entire lives. The father was a prosperous planter at the time of the inception of the war between the states. He enlisted in the Confederate service and while in the ranks was attacked with fever in 1863, being com pelled to return to his home, where he died shortly afterward, at the age of thirty-six years. His widow never married again and survived him by many years. She died at her home, in Fairfield county, at the age of seventy-eight years. She is survived by three sons and three daughters; James E. is a resident of Covington, Ga.; Caroline M. is the wife of William G. Castles, of Fairfield county, S. C.; Victoria is the wife of Wiley Coleman, of Chester county, that state; Margaret is the wife of Thomas E. Clark, of Fairfield coun ty; John F. is a resident of Atlanta, Ga.; and William M. is the immediate subject of this sketch. Mr. Robinson attended the schools of his native county until the age of sixteen years and thereafter remained on the homestead plantation with his widowed mother until he reached his legal majority. He then entered the employ of the Southern Railway Company, in the capacity of sec tion hand, thus initiating his railroad career in the most subordi nate capacity. He continued with the Southern six years, having soon been advanced to the position of section foreman, with head quarters at Trenton, S. C., where he remained three years. He was then made conductor of a work train, holding this position three years, after which he served as locomotive fireman, and subse quently as engineer on the Spartanburg & Asheville railroad a few months. In 1879 he entered the employ of the Georgia Railroad Company, as a track layer, being thus engaged for six years, and for the ensuing four years was division supervisor. In 1890 he was promoted to his present responsible position, that of road master, in which he has rendered the same discriminating and able ser vice which has characterized his course from the time of entering railroad work. He is a member of the Roadmasters' and Mainte nance of Way association; is a Democrat in politics; a member of the First Baptist church of Augusta, and affiliated with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity. Mr. Robinson's first mar riage was solemnized on Sept. 13, 1880, when Miss Georgia Hendry became his wife. She died less than a year later, together with her infant child. On March 19, 1889, he married Miss Minnie Alien, of
14 in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Covington, Ga., and they have three children William M., Jr., Charles E. and Henry A.
Robley, a post-hamlet of Crawford county, is about three miles southwest of Musella, which is the nearest railroad station.
Rochelle, a,town in the northern part of Wilcox county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1888. It is located on the Seaboard Air Line railroad and in 1900 reported a population of 793, while the entire militia district showed 1,960 inhabitants. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, a bank, several good stores, a large trade in lumber and naval stores, a cotton gin belonging to the Rochelle Gin Company, and good educational and religious advantages.
Rockalo, a post-village of Heard county, with a population of 48 in 1900, is about nine miles northwest of Franklin, and is a trading center for that neighborhood. The nearest railroad station is Clem, on the Rome & Griffin division of the Central of Georgia.
Rockdale County was created in 1870 from Henry and Newton, and derives its name from the immense ledge of rock which runs through the county. It lies in the central part of the state, and is bounded on the northeast by Walton county, on the southeast by Newton, on the southwest by Henry, and on the northwest by DeKalb and Gwinnett. The county is almost rectangular in shape, the two longest sides running from northeast to southwest, with a narrow projection in the southwestern part. The land is watered by tributaries of the Ocmulgee river, in some of which are natural falls with sufficient power to operate mills or factories. There are a number of factories in the county, but there is water-power sufficient to operate many more. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, sweet and Irish potatoes, field and ground peas are raised. There are large orchards of peaches, apples and cherries. The nearness to Atlanta provides a good market for all the produce that can be . raised above that required for home consumption. There are still thousands of acres of land covered with forest timber, but the large trees have been felled and but few sawmills are now in oper ation. Conyers, the county seat, is the center of the cotton trade for the county. The Georgia railroad runs through the countyy and connects Conyers with Atlanta and the other large cities of : the state. Granite is found, and several quarries are in operation;: ; The population in 1900 was 7,515, an increase of 702 since 1890.
Rockingham, a post-village of Appling county, is a station mi the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad, not far from the Piere<2 : county line.

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211

Rockledge, a village in the eastern part of Laurens county, is at the junction of the Wadley & Mount Vernon and the Macon, Dub lin & Savannah railroads. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some local trade, and is one of the promising towns in that section of the state.
Rockmart, so called from its large quarries, in an apparently in exhaustible supply of roofing slate, is a town in the eastern part of Polk county, at the junction of the Southern, the Atlantic & Bir mingham, and the Seaboard Air Line railways. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1872 and in 1900 contained a popula tion of 575 in the corporate limits and 3,477 in the entire Rockmart district. There are here express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, a Portland cement works, several successful stores, and is well supplied with churches and schools. The Piedmont Institute is located here.
Rockspring, a village in the eastern part of Walker county, is on the Central of Georgia railroad, ten miles north of Lafayette. The population in 1900 was 102. It has a money order postoffice, an express office, some mercantile concerns and small manufactur ing enterprises, and is the principal shipping point for that vicinity.
Rockville, a post-hamlet of Putnam county, is eight miles east of Eatonton, which is the nearest railroad station.
Rocky Creek, a post-village of Gordon county, with a population of 49, is at the western base of Horn mountain and not far from the Chattooga county line. The most convenient railroad station is Reeves.
Rocky Creek Church. On Dec. 2, 1864, She* man sent Kilpatrick towards Waynesboro, supported by Baird's division of infantry. Wheeler checked the advance at Rocky Creek Church, but was flanked from his position. Next day he attacked the enemy's full force of infantry and cavalry as it advanced, and though he threw up: barricades and fought desperately, he was forced back to Waynesboro. (See Waynesboro).
Rocky Face Ridge. (See Military Operations around Dalton). Rockyford, a town in the western part of Screven county, is at the junction of the Central of Georgia, the Sylvania Central and the Foy railroads. Its population in 1900 was 300. It has a money ; order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, several good stores, school and church advantages, and does an extensive shipping business in lumber and naval stores. Rockymount, a town of Meriwether county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 6, 1891. It is ten miles north of

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Greenville, which is the nearest railroad station, and is the prin cipal trading point for that section of the county. It has a money order postoffice and good church and school privileges.
Roderick, a post-village of Liberty county, with a population of 53, is located on Jones' creek, about six miles northwest of John-
ston Station.
Roding, a post-village of Bryan county, is on the Cannouchee river, four miles south of Clyde. The population in 1900 was 61. It has some-stores with a good local trade. The nearest railroad station is Ways, on the Seaboard Air Line, six miles to the south
east. Roebuck, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Gilmer
county, is four miles from Talona, which is the nearest railroad
station.
Rogers, a town in Jenkins county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railway, ten miles west of Millen. It has a money order postoffice, express office, some mercantile and ship ping interests,' and in 1900 had a population of 250.
Rogers, William, is one of the vener
able and honored citizens and prominent business men of Savannah, where he has long served as chairman of the board of
directors of The Citizens' bank of Savan
nah, of which he was formerly president. He was born in Fifeshire, Scotland, Nov. 1, 1817, a son of John and Elizabeth
Rogers, who passed their entire lives in Scotland. William Rogers was reared
and educated in his native land, where he remained until 1838, when at the age
of twenty years, he set forth to seek his fortunes in America. He landed in Charleston, S. C., where he remained a short time, coming to Savannah in October, 1838, and has ever since maintained his home in that city. His first occupa tion was that of clerk in the office of R. & W. King, cotton factors, the firm at that time handling most of the sea-island cotton that found its way into the Savannah market. Mr. Rogers remained with this concern about three years, after which he passed several years as a bank clerk. From 1866 to 1887 he was identified with the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia, having been book-keeper in the Savannah general office for three years and thereafter served as general superintendent for eighteen years,

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213

retiring in 1887, since which time he has given his attention largely to his banking interests. During the Civil war he served about three years as a member of the Georgia reserves, in the Confed erate service, being promoted from private to lieutenant. He is a valued member of the St. Andrews society of Savannah, of which he has been president many times, and is also affiliated, with the Masonic fraternity. Though he is approaching the patriarchal age of ninety years, Mr. Rogers is well preserved mentally and phy sically and enjoys the golden evening of his day to the fullest ex tent. He was first married to Miss Annie C. Beck, who was born in South Carolina, and of this union one son was born, John H., who was a student in the Georgia .military institute at Marietta at the time of the inception of the Civil war. His youthful loyalty was roused to responsive protest and he secured his father's con sent to enter the service of the Confederacy, being about seventeen years of age at the time. He was elected lieutenant of his company in the Sixty-sixth Georgia infantry, with which he took part in a number of important battles, having been in service about eighteen months at the time of his death, which occurred on the battle-field before Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Mrs. Annie C. Rogers died in the year 1852 -and in 1854 Mr. Rogers married Miss Mary E. Millen, of Savannah. They became the parents of four children: William White grew to manhood and was cashier of the Merchants' Na tional bank of Savannah at the time of his death; McPherson Millen, the second son, died at the age of forty-six years, having been for many years connected with the New York agency of the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia; Wallace Mil len died at the age of three years, and Eliza Millen died in infancy. Mrs. Rogers is still living.
Rolston, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is eight miles east of Ellijay, which is the nearest railroad station.
Rome, the metropolis and county seat of Floyd county, is lo cated at the junction of the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers, on the site of . the old Indian village of Chiaha. The population in 1900 was 7,291, while the adjacent towns of East and North Rome included almost as many more. In the early thirties, when the state was issuing land grants to all this portion of Georgia, the town site was acquired by five men from Bartow (then Cass) and Cherokee counties. The town was laid off by Daniel R. Mitchell and Zachariah B. Hargrove. At that time Livingston was the county seat, but the proprietors of the new town proposed to pro vide free ferries and bridges and to give one-half the proceeds from

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the sale of town lots for a given period, as well as locations for county buildings, etc., if the county seat was removed there. Their offer was accepted and in 1834 the legislature passed an act desig nating Rome as the seat of justice. It was incorporated as a city in 1847.
Rome is the principal railroad center for the northwestern part of the state. Four lines of the Southern system center here, the Griffin & Chattanooga division of the Central of Georgia connects it with those cities, and a short branch connects it with the main line of the Western & Atlantic at Kingston. Among the manu facturing industries are cotton factories, gins, compresses, a foun dry and machine shop, brick works, an ice factory, cotton seed oil mills, stove works, a carriage and wagon factory, planing mills, a furniture factory, an acid phosphate works, a steam tannery and a rolling mill for the manufacture of bar iron and cotton ties. The city has both gas and electric light works, waterworks, an electric street railway, which extends to the suburbs, good church advan tages, three banks, eight newspapers and periodicals and an ex cellent system of public schools. Shorter college is located here, while near the city is the Boys' Industrial school, founded by Miss Martha Berry in 1902.
On May 16, 1864, while Johnston was retiring from Resaca and taking up a position at Adairsville, McPherson marched against Rome, opposed by a cavalry force alone. On the 19th a division of his army occupied the city, captured a large amount of commissary and quartermaster stores, hospital supplies, ammunition and, what was to the Confederate cause a much greater loss, the valuable iron works, which had been partially destroyed by the small guard before they abandoned the town. On Oct. 13 and 14, 1864, Hood passed below Rome on his march into Alabama, with Sherman following, and there was some slight cavalry skirmishing in the vicinity of the city. (See Streiger's raid).
Rome Cross Roads. (See Parker's Cross Roads). Rome Female College. In 1845 Rev. J. M. M. Caldwell and his wife opened the Rome female academy and continued to conduct it until 1857, when the school was incorporated under the name of the Rome female college and began its work under the auspices of the Presbyterian synod of Georgia. In 1862 it became the property of Doctor Caldwell and two years later was closed, a move made necessary by the war. It was not reopened until 1871. The course of study was then made to include languages, mathematics, physi cal and metaphysical sciences, music and art. A medal was

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215

awarded the exhibit of drawings made by this school at the Paris Exposition of 1878. This valuable educational institution is now a
part of the public school system of Rome. Rome Tannery. This represents one of the important industrial
enterprises of northern Georgia and the output is exclusively oak belting leather of the best grade. The Rome Tannery was estab lished in 1882, by Brazilla A. Connelly, and upon his death, in 1897, his widow, Mrs. Jennie E. Connelly, became proprietor, the business having since been conducted under her name. Under Mr. Connelly's administration the enterprise rapidly expanded in scope and importance, having utilized on the start but twenty hides per day at time of his death, while one hundred and twenty hides are now demanded each day, and employment is given to a force of fifty workmen. Lewis W. Palen, the present manager, has been iden tified with the operation of the plant since 1890, and has had the practical control and supervision of the business since the death of its founder. The entire output of the tannery is shipped to the Jewell Belting Company, of Hartford, Conn. Mr, Palen is a thor oughly practical tanner, as was also his father and his paternal grandfather, the latter having followed the business in New York, whither he immigrated from Germany. Mr. Palen came to Rome from the state of Pennsylvania. Mr. Connelly was also a skilled workman at the tanning business, having learned the business under the direction of his uncle, H. S. Ladew, one of the greatest pioneer belting leather men of the United States. In 1904 the Rome tannery turned out 1,253,013 pounds of belting leather.
Roney, Henry C., one of the leading members of the Augusta bar and for
merly judge of the superior court of the
Augusta circuit, was born on the home
stead plantation, in Warren county, Ga.,
Dec. 31, 1845, a son of Thomas and Jane
V. (Stanford) Roney, both of whom were
likewise born in Warren county, the for
mer being of Irish and the latter of Eng
lish lineage. The father was a planter
by vocation and was a man of marked
mentality and strong character. He and
his wife passed the closing years of their lives in McDuffie county, this state. Judge Henry C. Roney was reared on the plantation and was attending school at the time of the outbreak of the war between the states. In the autumn of 1862

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somewhat before his seventeenth birthday anniversary, he enlisted in Company H, Twenty-second Georgia volunteer infantry, with which he went forth to valiant service in the cause of the Confed eracy. His command operated principally in Virginia, and he con tinued in active service until June 22, 1864, when he was severely wounded, in an engagement in front of Petersburg, being thereby incapacitated for further field service and receiving his honorable discharge. He has signified his abiding interest in his old com rades and in the more gracious memories of the "lost cause," by retaining membership in the United Confederate Veterans. .After the close of the war Judge Roney resumed his interrupted educa tional work, finally being matriculated in the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, in 1870, the late Hon. Walter B. Hill, who served afterward as chan cellor of the university, having been a member of the same class. After his graduation Judge Roney entered the law school of the university, and in 1871 was admitted to the bar of his native state. He initiated the active practice of his profession by locating in Thomson, the judicial center of McDuffie county, where he was successful in building up a representative and profitable profes sional business, and from 1879 to 1881, both dates inclusive, he represented McDuffie county in the state legislature. In 1882 he was elected to the bench of the superior court of the Augusta cir cuit, assuming the duties of the office in January, 1883, and remov ing to the city of Augusta in October of that year. He served on the bench three successive terms a total of twelve years and his judicial record is one of marked creditability, without spot or blemish and stands in evidence of his legal erudition and fine judicial acumen. Since January, 1895, Judge Roney has been en gaged in the general practice of his profession in Augusta, where he has a large and important clientage and is recognized as one of the distinguished lawyers and jurists of Georgia. He is a member of the American bar association and the Georgia bar association, and of the directorate of the Augusta Southern railroad. In poli tics he is unswerving in his loyalty to the cause of the Democracy, and is a member of the First Baptist church of Augusta, On Dec. 16, 1873, was solemnized the marriage of Judge Roney to Miss Bettie B. Florence, of Glenville, Ala., and they have two daughters: Florence, now the wife of William S. Richardson, of Atlanta; and Willye, wife of Dr. Eugene E. Murphy, of Augusta.
Roopville, a town in the southern part of Carroll county, was in corporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 7, 1885. The popu-

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217'

lation in 1900 was 109. Clem, on the Central of Georgia, seven miles northeast, is the nearest railroad station.
Roosevelt, a post-hamlet in Gilmer county, is five miles west of Ellijay, which is the nearest railroad station.
Rosebud, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Gwinnett county, is not far from the Walton county line. The nearest rail road station is Loganville, five miles east.
Rosier, a post-hamlet of Burke county, is sixteen miles south west of Waynesboro and not far from the Jefferson county line. Louisville is the nearest railroad station.
Rosin. (See Naval Stores).
Ross, John, Indian Chief. (See Cherokees).
Ross, John Nolan, is serving his sec
ond term as ordinary of Jackson county
and is one of the honored and influential
citizens of the attractive city of Jeffer
son. He was born in the county which
is now his home, Nov. 7, 1855, and Jack
son county also figures as the native
place of his parents, Thomas L. and
Eleanor C. Ross, the former born Dec. 6,
1825, and the latter March 3, 1835. The
paternal grandfather served in the In
dian war in Georgia. Eleanor C. Ross
was a granddaughter of one of the cele brated Camp sisters of Jackson county, the three sisters having been distinguished in that they became the mothers of a total of sixty children, an average of twenty children for each. Thomas L. Ross went forth in defense of the Confederacy at the outbreak of the Civil war, enlisting, in July, 1861, as a member of Com pany G, Sixteenth Georgia volunteer infantry. He was made first lieutenant of his company and later rose to the rank of captain. He took part in the battles of Seven Pines, South Mountain, the Wilderness, Gettysburg, Fredericksburg, Knoxville, and Cold Har bor, being finally captured by the enemy and held a prisoner of war, at Fort Delaware, until after the surrender of General Lee, and was discharged from the prison about May 1, 1865. He served as ordinary of Jackson county from January, 1868, until January, 1872, and is still a resident of the county. His wife died near Jef ferson, May 31, 1904. John N. Ross was educated in Martin insti tute at Jefferson, and Peabody normal college, Nashville, Tenn. After leaving school he was a successful and popular teacher, con-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tinuing his pedagogic labors about six years, after which he was editor of the Jackson Herald for three years. Thereafter he was engaged in agricultural pursuits until his election to the office of ordinary, in which he is now serving his second term. He was mayor of Jefferson two terms, and also held the office of justice of the peace for a number of years. He is one of the stalwart sup porters of the Democratic party, and in 1898 was chairman of the Democratic county committee. It was during the campaign of that year, under his direction, that the Populists who had been in office for four years were defeated. This was one of the most ex citing campaigns the people of the county have ever witnessed. Mr. and Mrs. Ross are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in Jefferson; he is affiliated with Unity Lodge, No. 36, Free and Accepted Masons, is also a Royal Arch Mason, and is a mem ber of Jefferson Lodge, No. 200, Independent Order of Odd Fel lows. On Sept. 30, 1883, Mr. Ross married Miss Lucy Whitehead, daughter of John C. and Sophia (Wills) Whitehead, of Jackson county, and the only child of this union, Thomas died in infancy.
Rossville, a town in Walker county, is on the Southern railway close to the Tennessee line. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several stores, schools and churches, and by the census of 1900 had a population of 368. Here on Sept. 21, 1864, after the defeat of Rosecrans at Chicamauga, General Thomas had his forces concentrated and there was some skirmishing with the cavalry of General Forrest.
Roster Commission. On Dec. 9, 1897, the governor approved an act of the general assembly providing for a roster of all Confederate soldiers. The principal provisions of the act were as follows: The ordinary of each county was to appoint three surviving soldiers as a roster committee to prepare a muster roll of each company raised in the county during the war, as well as of the militia that were in actual service; the persons thus appointed were to be recommend ed by the surviving soldiers of the county and when the work of preparing the muster roll was completed the committee was to make report to the ordinary; this report was required to be com pleted by August 1, 1898, and was to remain open to the inspec tion of all surviving soldiers for four months, for the purposes of revision and correction. Subsequently the legislature authorized the "Georgia Soldier Roster Commission," which was to prepare a muster roll of all Georgians who served as soldiers, sailors or marines in any part of the army or navy of the Confederate States, or the State of Georgia, in the War between the States, including

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219

the organized militia. Copies of the muster rolls of the different counties were placed in the hands of the commission, which was composed of Gov. J. M. Terrell, Gen. C. A. Evans, Hon. J. W. Lindsey and Gen. S. W. Harris, and the work of revising and per fecting these rolls under the supervision of the state commission was commenced. The commission organized by electing General Evans, chairman; J. W. Lindsey, secretary; and ex-Gov. Alien D. Candler was appointed superintendent. A circular letter was ad dressed to thousands of Confederate soldiers asking their coopera tion in the work of completing the muster rolls. In this letter it was set forth that the purpose of the commission was to prepare the roster by companies, battalions, legions and regiments, dis tinguishing the different departments of the service infantry, cav alry, artillery, sailors and marines and showing whether in the State or Confederate army. Partial muster rolls were sent out to a large number of men who served in the armies of the state and the Confederate States, requesting them to carefully revise the rolls and to add thereto any names which might have been omitted. The letter further stated that "The war record of each officer, soldier and sailor should show the date of his enlistment, the company in which he enlisted, if transferred, date of transfer and to what com pany, date of promotion and to what rank, if wounded, when and where, if killed, when and where, if captured, when and where, if he died of disease, when and where, if discharged, give date and place as accurately as possible."
The work is still in progress at this time (1906) and when com pleted will furnish a valuable and comprehensive addition to Georgia's military history.
Roswell, a town in the northeastern part of Cobb county, on the Chattahoochee river, was incorporated by an act of the legislature in 1854. A branch of the Southern railway connects it with the main line of that system at Chamblee. It has the usual postoffice accommodations, with money order and rural service, telegraph and express offices, a bank, and some successful mercantile con cerns. The water power of the Chattahoochee has been utilized to establish several important manufacturing enterprises, among them two large cotton mills, one of which also conducts a woolen de partment, making jeans, cassimeres and tweeds, a flour mill, a wagon factory, a harness factory and a. factory for the manufac ture of men's pants. Some of the mills also use steam as a motive power. Good school and church privileges are afforded. The pop-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ulation in 1900 was 1,329. This little town is the birth-place of President Roosevelt's mother.
After Johnston had fallen back from Smyrna toward the Chattahoochee river, General Garrard led a force of Federal cavalry to Roswell and, after destroying the factories on the ground that they had furnished much cloth to the Confederate soldiers, held the ford near the town so that McPherson and Thomas could Cross. On July 14, 1864, Wheeler's cavalry had a brisk fight near Roswell, inflicting upon the enemy a loss of 80 men and losing 20 of his own.
Rough and Ready. During the war there was a station by this name on the Central of Georgia railroad, not far from the present town of Morrow, in Clayton county. In the latter part of August, 1864, the hostile lines of the two contending armies extended from this station to Jonesboro, and a lively skirmish occurred here on the last day of the month. Again on November 15th, as Sherman's army marched out of Atlanta toward Savannah, his progress was here disputed by a considerable Confederate force, but after a sharp skirmish the Confederates were forced back and the march to the sea proceeded.
Round Oak, a village of Jones county, is a station on the Athens division of the Central of Georgia railroad, four miles south of the Jasper county line. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, some mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 reported a population of 72.
Round Top, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is five miles west of Talona, which is thfc most convenient railroad station.
Rousseau's Raid. During July, 1864, General Rousseau con ducted a raid from Decatur, Ala., against the railroads connecting Atlanta with the west. On the 14th a division of Federal cavalry crossed the Chattahoochee near Newnan, but was defeated and driven off by Armstrong's brigade of Wheeler's cavalry.
Rover, a post-village of Spalding county, is a station of the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern railroad, and is not far from the Pike county line.
Roxie, a post-hamlet of Macon county, is located on Whitewater creek, which forms the boundary between Macon and Taylor counties. It is about ten miles south of Butler, which is the near est railroad station.
Roy, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is about eight miles south east of Ellijay, in the valley of the Cartecay river.
Royal, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Taylor county, is ten miles from Butler, which is the nearest railroad station.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

221

Royston, a town on the southeastern border of Franklin county,

is located on a branch of the Southern railway that connects Elber-

ton arid Toccoa. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in

1891 and according to the census of 1900 had a population of 579 in

its corporate limits, while the Manley district, which includes it,

had 1,321. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order

postoffice, with rural free delivery, a bank, an oil mill, a rolling

mill, several successful stores, and four establishments which carry

on a large business in commercial fertilizers. School and church

privileges are excellent.

...,,,.,w ...

Rozier, Edward Alexander, president

of the Bank of Sparta, Hancock county,

and recognized as one of the influential

business men and sterling citizens of this

county, has here resided from the time

of his birth, this section having formerly

been a part of Columbia county. He

was born near Sparta, June 15, 1859, and

is a son of Hiram French Rozier, who

"was one of Sparta's most prominent and

honored business men. Edward A. se

cured his early education in the schools

of Sparta, and when but twelve years of

age became associated with his father in the general merchandise

business, under the firm name of H. F. & E. A. Rozier, the concern

being still in existence under this name, the oldest mercantile

house in Sparta. In 1877 Hiram F. Rozier was robbed and mur

dered, and the subject of this sketch then assumed entire charge of

the business of the firm, still'continuing to superintend the same,

in its various departments, the concern conducting an extensive

general store and controlling a large trade throughout this sec

tion. In 1885 Mr. Rozier became associated with George S. Varde-

man in the drug business, Vardeman withdrawing from the firm in

1900, his place being filled by Marvin Middlebrooks. In 1902 he

effected the organization of the Sparta Banking Company and in

1904 the business was incorporated under the laws of the state as

the Bank of Sparta, Mr. Rozier being made president of the same.

He owns and operates a modern cotton gin, is interested in oil

mills, peach-growing and other industries. His political allegiance

is given to the Democratic party, he has been a valued member of

the village council, and was secretary and treasurer of the town

at the same time. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

church South, as is also his wife, and is a steward of the local organization of the same. On Sept. 9, 1885, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Rozier to Miss Ella Louise Shivers, daughter of Sydney C. Shivers, of Sparta, her family being one of the oldest in the state. The father of Sydney C. Shivers erected the first cot ton mill in this section of Georgia. Mr. and Mrs. Rozier have five children, namely: Lottie Zell, Edward Alexander, Jr., Ella Louise, Sydney Fionne, and Harold Francis.
Ruby, (railroad name Chula Station) a post-hamlet of Tift county, is a station on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, about seven miles north of Tifton.
Rucker, Joseph. Many of the most familiar names in middle Georgia may be traced back to Virginia and to that tide which be gan to flow southward from the Old Dominion about 1786. React ing from the illiberal land laws which had characterized her as a colony, Georgia, after the Revolution, threw open her public do main to settlers and invited those from other states to make their homes within her borders. As early as 1784 the general assembly passed the act by which 200,000 acres in Wilkes county were set apart to be settled by Virginians. Among the first to take advan tage of these land laws was John Rucker (III), of Orange county, Va. He was a son of John Rucker (II), who died in 1794, and grandson of John Rucker (I), of St. Mark's parish, Va., who died in 1742. John Rucker (III) settled near Broad river, in what was then Wilkes county, about 1787. His son Joseph was there born in 1789, and there died, at Ruckersville, Elbert county, in 1864. From the standpoint of the present, there was little in the locality at that time to commend it as a center of influence or as the seat of a grea't estate. The land was young, roads were bad, markets there were none, and it was a four days' journey to Augusta, the nearest approach to a city. And yet in that secluded locality, remote from marts and markets, Joseph Rucker not only created a fortune great for his day. and generation, but also displayed such wisdom and executive ability and manifested such high traits of character as to mark him as an extraordinary man. In this day of the subdivision of labor it is difficult to Appreciate the kind and variety of talent then required in the development and successful management of great landed* estates at points distant from centers of trade and, according to present standards, practically inaccessible, for want of highways, railroads and means of transportation. The success ful agriculturist in every stage of the country's history has needed the highest order of judgment and forethought and has necessarily

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

223

been a man of affairs. But the successful planter at the end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century required a combination of talents which would now thoroughly equip the master minds that control the colossal enterprises of the twentieth century. For such a planter had not only to be an agriculturist, but also a manufacturer, a financier and, above all, he had to know how to manage, care for and develop men. In all these depart ments Joseph Rucker was conspicuous. The cotton industry was in its infancy, and in that he made a marvelous success. But that was only a part of what was needed to be done, and on his exten sive plantations there were conducted those hives of industry of such varied and diverse sorts as were to be found in the South before the Civil war. Stock of all kinds horses, mules, cattle and sheep were raised. The cotton was to be ginned, and the ginnery and the press were supplemented by the spinning of the yarn and the wool and the weaving of cloth for many bodies that had to be clothed. There were blacksmiths and wheelwrights, and also car penters, to build saw mills in which to manufacture lumber for the "quarters." The planter had his own tan-yards and tanners, his harnessmakers and shoemakers. Immense crops of wheat and corn were raised. Corn cribs and granaries abounded. There were the mills to do the grinding and millers to make food for the hungry. The management of these separate and varied industries was not the most difficult task involved. There were the slaves themselves, a large and hetrogeneous body, a wholly irresponsible people whose ancestors had but recently come from Africa. These had to be trained and taught, and how humanely and well this was done by the planter of the old regime is shown by the conduct of these same slaves when, during the war, discipline was neces sarily relaxed and control partially suspended. Joseph Rucker lived the typical life of the southern planter. Self-centered and inde pendent, he lived at home. He had little fb buy and always some thing to sell, and the great crops of cotton were shipp'ed in Peters burg boats down the Savannah river to Augusta. The community was unusually prosperous. The Harper, Heard, White, Maddox, Clark, Adams and a host of other families made a neighborhood that was ideal for home and society. A large family came to Joseph Rucker and his wife, Margaret Speer, and his house was the scene of a wide, gracious and generous hospitality a social center which not only made its impress upon its' inmates, but also left a memory which abides to the third and fourth generations. Joseph Rucker was pre-eminently a good neighbor, counselor and friend.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

He was grave, reticent, extremely dignified in his demeanor and intensely pious. In politics a Whig, he was one of the chosen friends and advisors of the leaders of the party in that district so noted in state and national politics. However, he never sought political preferment, though always taking an active interest in the questions which then agitated the south. He lived at a time when 'the country was experimenting with the banking laws, and he organized and, as president, managed with phenomenal success the Bank of Ruckersville, under circumstances that would now provoke a smile. We can not think of a bank, a moneyed institu tion, with hardly a human habitation in sight and surrounded by original forests. This institution was conducted in a small, unpre tentious frame building. Its doors and shutters were studded with nails at close and regular intervals, to guard against the burglar's ax. It had a safe without time-lock, opened with a key. The furni ture was of the plainest, but the bank issued bills which passed current at par throughout the state. It thrived and prospered and, with the assistance of the wealthy planters in the neighborhood, became a strong financial institution, contributing to the develop ment and prosperity of that part of the country^ In his old age Joseph Rucker was a man of striking appearance ruddy cheeks, snow-white hair, clear blue eyes. Dressed in the prevailing style, black broadcloth coat, cut away to the waist line at the front, beaver hat, turndown collar and stock and with gold watch fob, he might be taken as a type of the ante-bellum planter one of those who made the "Old South."
Rue, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Telfair county, is near the Ocmulgee river and about eight miles northwest of Barrows Bluff, which is the nearest railroad station.
Ruff's Mill. During the fighting near Smyrna in Cobb county, on July 4, 1864, Wheeler's cavalry defeated the Federals at Ruff's Mill, inflicting on them a loss of 100 men, his own loss numbering 40.
Ruff's Station, a little settlement in Cobb county, was the scene of a skirmish on Oct. 19, 1864, as Hood was marching northward toward Tennessee and Sherman following.
Rufus, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Bulloch county, is not far from the Ogeechee river. The nearest railroad station is Brewers' on the Central of Georgia, about four miles east.
Rugby, a post-hamlet in the western part of Union county, is not far from the eastern base of the Blue Ridge. Mineral Bluff, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, is the nearest railroad station.

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Ruger, Thomas Howard, appointed military governor of Georgia in 1868, was born at Lima, Livingston county, N. Y., April 2, 1833. He was educated at West Point military academy and entered the engineer corps. In 1855 he resigned and settled in Janesville, Wis., where he began the practice of law. In 1861 he enlisted as lieuten ant-colonel of the Third Wisconsin regiment; was commissioned brigadier-general in 1862; brevetted major-general in November, 1864, and on being mustered out entered the regular army as colonel. He was detailed by General Meade as governor of Georgia and performed the duties of that office from January to July, 1868.
Rupert, a post-hamlet of Taylor county, is located about eight miles south of Butler, which is the most convenient railroad sta
tion.
Ruralvale, a post-village in the northeastern part of WhitfieM county, is not far from the Oostanaula river. The population in 1900 was 79. It is the principal trading point in that portion of the county. Varnell's Station on the Southern railway, eight miles west, is the nearest railroad town.
Rush, (railroad name Leveretts Station) a post-hamlet of Web ster county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, about two miles north of the Terrell county line.
Ruskin, a town in Ware county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, six miles southwest of Waycross. The population in 1900 was 300. It has several good mercantile establishments, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express service, and does a large shipping business.
Russell, Albert Henry, of Bainbridge, Decatur county, is serving as both city and county attorney, is one of the lead ing lawyers of the county and a repre sentative of one of its honored families. He was born in Bainbridge, March 1,
1874, a son of Benjamin E. and Cora (Cunningham) Russell, the former a na tive of Florida and the latter of Georgia. Benjamin E. Russell is a prominent
newspaper man of Georgia, having been for many years editor and publisher of the Bainbridge Democrat, and later of the Bainbridge Argus. He represented the county in the state leg islature and for two terms was representative of the Second district of Georgia in the Fifty-third and Fifty-fourth Congresses. Albert
15 III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

H. Russell duly availed himself of the advantages of the schools of his native city, after which he studied law in the office of the late D. A. Russell, of Bainbridge, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1891. For two years he was engaged in the practice of his profession in Augusta, and then returned to Bainbridge,. where he has since built up a representative professional business. His influence and franchise are exercised in support of the princi ples and policies of the Democratic party and he is the present city and county attorney. He served for four years, from December, 1900, as county solicitor. He is affiliated wtih the Masonic fra ternity and the Knights of Pythias. On June 25, 1902, Mr. Russell was united in marriage to Miss Ethel Fleming, daughter of the late Judge W. O. Fleming, of Bainbridge. Judge Fleming was a promi nent lawyer and jurist of Southern Georgia, and served with distinc tion on the bench of the superior court for the Albany district.
Russell, Benjamin Edward, was born at Monticello, Fla., in 1845. At the age of nine years he came with his parents to Decatur county, Ga., and was educated in the common schools of that vicinity. In 1861 he enlisted in the Confederate army as a drum mer boy and served until the end of the war, attaining the rank of first lieutenant. After the surrender he became editor of the Bain bridge Democrat; was a delegate to the state constitutional con vention of 1877; to the Democratic national convention in 1880; was elected mayor of Bainbridge in 1881 and again in 1882; was next a member of the legislature; postmaster at Bainbridge from 1885 to 1890; was elected to Congress in 1892 and reelected in 1894. Upon retiring from Congress he resumed his newspaper work,, again becoming editor of the Democrat.
Russell, Randolph Bolyn, who is en
gaged in the practice of law at Cairo,
Grady county, is one of the enthusiastic and prominent young representatives of
the Democratic party in Georgia. He
was born at Bainbridge, Decatur county,.
Ga., Nov. 15, 1878, and is a representa
tive of one of the honored families of the
county. He was afforded the advantages
of the common schools, thereafter stud
ied law under the preceptorship of Judge
Byron B. Bower, of Bainbridge, and was
admitted to the bar of Georgia in 1897, while in 1902 he secured admission to the bar of the State of Texas.

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227

On May 4, 1898, at the time of the outbreak of the Spanish-Ameri can war, Mr. Russell enlisted as a private in Company C, First Georgia volunteer infantry, but the regiment was not called into active service. He received his honorable discharge, at Macon, Ga., Oct. 1, 1898. In the following December he was appointed lieu tenant-colonel and aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. Alien D. Candler, and retained this position throughout the governor's ad ministration. He is a stanch supporter of the principles of the Democratic party and has taken an active part in the promotion of its cause in his native commonwealth. He was appointed so licitor of the county court of Miller county, by Governor Candler, but resigned the position a few months later. He has never held other distinctive political office, but was director of the document room in the headquarters of the national Democratic committee, in New York city, during the campaign of 1904. Mr. Russell is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church.
Ruth, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Greene county, is about six miles west of White Plains, which is the nearest rail road station.
Rutledge, a town on the western side of Morgan county, is lo cated on the Georgia railroad, and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1872. The population in 1900 was 469. It has tele graph and express offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, a cotton oil mill and several successful stores. The school and church privileges are good.
Ryley, a post-hamlet of Macon county, is about ten miles north west of Oglethorpe, which is the most convenient railroad station.
s
Saffold, a post-village of Early county, with a population of 47, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, at the point where it crosses the Chattahoochee river. It has a few stores with a good local trade and does some shipping, both by rail and water.
Saffold, Frank H., a leading lawyer of Swainsboro and at present a representative of Emanuel county in the state legislature, has achieved success in an exacting profession and has risen through his own efforts. He was born in Warrenton, Warren county, Ga., Sept. 27, 1863, and is a son of Isham H. and Louisa (Prescott) Saffold, the former of whom was born in Madison and the latter in Linton, Ga., both being now deceased. The father was a lawyer by profession and died when his son was a small child. Owing to his father's death, Frank H. Saffold was denied

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the early educational advantages which would other-wise have been his, but he attended the schools of his native town when oppor tunity afforded and then entered upon an apprenticeship at the
printer's trade a discipline that has well been pronounced equivalent to a liberal education. He began his work at this trade when a mere lad and his diminu tive wages were contributed to the sup port of the other members of the family. After following his trade for several years, Mr. Saffold took up the study of law, in which he brought to bear his char acteristic perseverance and receptivity, thus making a rapid advancement in his knowledge of the science of jurisprudence. On Oct. 3, 1883. he realized his am bition, as he was then admitted to the bar of his native state. He has worked his way upward in his profession until he is now one of the leading members of the Emanuel county bar, and has been engaged in practice at Swainsboro since 1885. He has ever been arrayed as a stanch supporter of the principles of the Democratic party, and in 1904 he was elected to represent his county in the lower house of the state legislature, where he has proved a valuable working member. He and his wife are mem bers of the Methodist Episcopal church South. He is identified with the lodge, chapter, and commandery bodies of the Masonic fraternity, as well as with its adjunct organization, the Ancient Arabic order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine.; is a past master of the lodge and is at present chairman of the board of district deputies of the fraternity. He is also a past chancellor of the Knights of Pythias, and past noble grand of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Mr. Saffold has been twice married. His first wife, whose maiden name was Mellie Manson, is survived by her only son, James H. After the death of his first wife, Mr. Saffold mar ried Miss Gertrude Coleman of Swainsboro. They have no chil dren. Saint Andrew's Parish. (See Parishes). Saint Andrew's Society. On Dec. 24, 1824, Governor Troup ap proved an act of the general assembly "to incorporate the Savan nah St. Andrew's Society. Among the incorporators were Alex ander Telfair, John Balfour, James Wallace, William Robertson, Robert Mitchell, Henry McAlpin, John McNish, and a number of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

229

others whose names betrayed their Scottish origin. The society had a much earlier existence, however, having been organized in 1750, only seventeen years after the colony of Georgia was settled. It was named in honor of the patron saint of Scotland and the membership was originally restricted to persons of Scottish ex traction. James Habersham was a member in his time and in a letter to John Clarke, under date of Nov. 29, 1771, states that "On tomorrow I dine with a merry saint St. Andrew." The annual banquets are still prominent events in the social life of Savannah.
Saint Charles, a town in the southern part of Coweta county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 9, 1893. It is. on the Atlanta & West Point railroad, eight miles south of Newnan, has some mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 re ported a population of 66.
Saint Clair, a post-town in the western part of Burke county, reported a population of 154 in 1900. It is the principal trading center for a large agricultural district. Matthews and Keysville, on the Augusta Southern, are the nearest railroad towns.
Saint George's Parish. (See Parishes). Saint James' Parish. (See Parishes). Saint John's Parish. (See Parishes). Saint Marks, a town in the western part of Meriwether county, was incorporated by act of the general assembly on Dec. 15, 1897. In 1900 the population was 160. It is the principal trading point in that part of the county, has good school and church advantages, etc. The nearest railroad station is Hogansville. Saint Mary's, the county seat of Camden county, is one of the old towns of Georgia, having been incorporated by an act of the legislature in 1802. It is beautifully situated in the extreme south eastern part of the state, upon the river of the same name, and occupies an eminence from which a good view of the Atlantic Ocean, nine miles distant, can be obtained. Steamships plying between Savannah and Fernandina, Fla., touch at St. Mary's, the harbor there being accessible to the largest vessels. About nine miles west of the town runs the Savannah & Jacksonville division of the Seaboard Air Line. A short railroad would therefore con nect St. Mary's with this line and increase its importance as a commercial town, as it already has a large trade in lumber, fruits, vegetables, sea-island cotton and lumber. It has good public schools, churches, and a money order postoffice. In 1900 the popu lation of the town was 529 and of the district in which it is sit uated 1,291.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Saint Mary's River, which forms part of the southern boundary
of Georgia, rises in the western part of the great Okefinokee swamp, flows southward, then east, then north, and finally in an eastward direction again until it empties into the Atlantic Ocean. A south fork rises in Florida, a few miles east of Lake City. It
was the difference of opinion as to which was the main stream
that caused so much controversy over the Georgia-Florida boun dary. The'river is navigable for steamers of considerable size as far as the town of St. Mary's, and for smaller boats to Trader's
Hill. Saint Matthew's Parish. (See Parishes). St. Paul's Parish. (See Parishes).
Saint Philip's Parish. (See Parishes). Saint Simon's Island. This island is a part of Glynn county. It lies directly south of the mouth of the Altamaha river and is separated from the main land and from Jekyl's island by St. Simon's sound. In length St. Simon's island is about twelve miles and it is about eight miles wide in the widest part. It was ceded to the white people by the treaty made by Oglethorpe in May, 1733, and was settled at Frederica in 1736, at which time Ogle thorpe established a small fort at the south end of the island for the protection of the settlers. During the Spanish invasion in 1742 the buildings around this fort were burned by the Spaniards, who occupied the island for about two weeks. The battle of Bloody Marsh occurred here on July 7th of that year. Saint Simons Mills, a town of Glynn county, is located on the western coast of St. Simon's island, about six miles northeast of Brunswick. The population in 1900 was 300. It has a money or der postoffice and several mercantile establishments doing a good business. Brunswick is the nearest railroad station. Saint Stanislaus College. This school was founded at Macon by the Roman Catholic church and was opened in May, 1874. It was established through the efforts of Rt. Rev. William H. Gross, Bishop of Savannah, and was at first called Pio Nono college. A thorough preparatory training is given in all the collegiate branches, though no degrees are conferred. The buildings of the school are valued at $100,000 and it has a library of 6,000 volumes valued at $25,000. Sale, Rev. George, A. M., the able and honored president of the Atlanta Baptist College, of which due mention is made under the proper title, elsewhere in this work, is a native of the beautiful citv of Toronto, Canada, where he was Born Sept. 13, 1856, a son of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

231

Julian and Mary Ann Sale, both of whom were born in London,

England, the former in 1827 and the latter in 1815. President Sale

secured the best of educational advantages in the Dominion of Can-

.ada, where he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and later his

alma mater conferred upon him the degree

..:: :^:;;;N:;';:S;;|;t;-;f;:;:;-K,

of Master of Arts. After being ordained

to the ministry of the Baptist church he

held various pastoral charges in Canada,

including that of pastor of the First Bap

tist church of Montreal, which position he

resigned in 1890, to accept the presidency

of the Atlanta Baptist College. He is a

man of high scholarship and marked ad

ministrative talent, and under his execu

tive control the institution of which he is

executive head is accomplishing a most

beneficent work. He was married, on

April 4, 1889, to Miss Clara B. Goble, daughter of Jasper G. and

Rose M. (Wolverton) Goble, of Woodstock, province of Ontario,

Canada, and they have one daughter, Margaret Lathrop, born in

1899.

Sale City, a post-village of Mitchell county, is almost on the

Colquitt county line. It is a station on the Flint River & North-

eastern railroad, about half way between Doerun and Pelham.

Sallacoa, a post-hamlet in the northwest corner of Cherokee

county, is about ten miles northwest of Ball Ground, which is the

nearest railroad station.

Salt Springs. (See Lithia Springs).

Salzburgers. Among the early settlers of Georgia were some

people belonging to a religious sect called Salzburgers. They

were descended from the Waldenses, (or Vallenses) who opposed

some of the tenets and practices of the Roman Catholic church

long before the time of Luther. The early part of the eighteenth

century found a number of them gathered at Salzburg, in the east

ern district of Bavaria, whence they derived the name. Here they

were persecuted by direction of Leopold, archibshop of Salzburg,

and from 1739 to 1732 about 30,000 of them were exiled. Some

of these wanderers found their way to Great Britain and in De

cember, 1732, the trustees of the Georgia colony offered to give

homes in America to such as would go there. About fifty fami

lies accepted the overture, but it was not until Dec. 28, 1733, that

they sailed from Dover. After a stop at Charleston, where they

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

were met by General Oglethorpe, they proceeded to Savannah, arriving there on March 11, 1734. With them came their minis ter, John Martin Bolzius, and their catechist, Israel Christian Gronau. They wanted to settle somewhere on high ground, some distance from the sea, and finally selected the site of Ebenezer. (q. v.) Others came later and, notwithstanding sickness and the hardships incident to a new country, through all of which they exhibited great patience and fortitude, the settlement became in time one of the most prosperous in Georgia, owing to the thrift and industry of the inhabitants. Descendants of these early Salz-
burgers are still to be found in the South. Sancken, Henry, wholesale and retail
dealer in liquors, 657-9 Broad street,
Augusta, was born near Bremerhaven,
province of Hanover, Germany, Feb. 26, 1873, a son of John and Meta (Dese-
brock) Sancken, the former of whom died in 1902, in Germany, where he was
a farmer by vocation, and where his widow still resides. Three of their chil
dren are residing in the United States, John, who is general manager of the
Consumers' Ice Delivery Company, of Augusta; Catharina, wife of Edward Mollenhauer, of Brooklyn, N. Y., and Henry, the subject of this sketch. Two sons and two daughters still remain residents of Germany. Henry Sancken was accorded good educational advan tages in the excellent schools of his native land, where he remained until 1888, when, at the age of fifteen years, he came to America, proceeding directly to Augusta, where his elder brother, John, had located in 1878. For eight years he was employed as a clerk in a grocery and bar in this city, and then established his present prosperous enterprise. He is a member of the two leading Ger man social organizations of the city and is a member of St. Mat thew's Lutheran church. He has won success through personal efforts and has a wide circle of friends in Augusta. Sandersville, the county seat and largest town in Washington county, was incorporated by act of legislature in 1812. In 1866 its charter was amended, its limits extended and municipal rights conferred. It is situated on a ridge between the Oconee and Ogeechee rivers, at an altitude of 480 feet above tide water, and on the Augusta Southern railway. It has a court house valued at $40,-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

233

000, a jail that cost $20,000, express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, three banks, a number of prosperous commercial houses, machine works, a flour mill, oil and guano mills, fertilizer works, good schools, both public and private, and several churches. According to the census of 1900 the- population of Sandersville was 2,023 and of the entire district 3,013.
On Nov. 35, 1864, during Sherman's march from Atlanta to the sea, General Wheeler reinforced the local troops at Sandersville, who were attempting to hold in check the Federal cavalry, and by charging promptly drove back the enemy. Wheeler's loss was 12 and that of the Federals was reported as 70.
Sand Mountain is a spur of the Allegheny range in northwest Georgia and close to Lookout Mountain. There was some brisk skirmishing here on Oct. 2, 1864, as Hood was moving northward into Tennessee.
Sandstone. This name is applied to any stone which is an ag glutination of grains of sand. They occur in nearly every geolog ical formation from the Cambrian to the Tertiary. The sand may be held together by an iron oxide, by calcareous matter, or by sim ple pressure. Siliceous sandstones are the most common and vary in hardness, or compactness, from scarcely,cemented sand to that of quartz rock. Several varieties of this stone are found in north western Georgia, the most noted being the brown stone near Graysville and the deposits on Lookout and Sand mountains, but they have not been sufficiently developed to be of commercial value.
Sandtown, a little village of about 30 inhabitants in the extreme northern part of Campbell county on the Chattahoochee river, was the scene of a skirmish on Oct. 2, 1864, as Hood was marching northward.
Sanford, a post-hamlet of Stewart county, is ten miles south west of Lumpkin, which is the nearest railroad town.
Sanford, Daniel B., may well be entitled the Nestor of the bar of Baldwin county, since he has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Milledgeville for two score of years, and for eighteen consecutive years he presided on the bench of the court of ordinary of the county. He was captain of a company in a Georgia regi ment of the Confederate service in the Civil war, in which he made a gallant record, and has been a citizen of prominence and influence in his county, having marked professional prestige and being dis tinctively a man of affairs. Judge Sanford was born on his father's

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

plantation, in Greene county, Ga., April 11, 1839., a son of Daniel and Elizabeth (Totty) Sanford, the former of whom was born in Loudoun county, Va., in 1777, and the latter in the state of South Carolina, in 1799, both families having been founded in the South
in the early colonial epoch of our national history. Daniel Sanford was reared and educated in the Old Dominion state, where he remained until 1800, when he
came to Georgia and located on a .planta tion near Greensboro, the judicial center
of Greene county, and this old homestead has ever since remained in the possession
of the family, being now owned by the subject of this sketch, who purchased the interests of the other heirs more than twenty years ago. The place is a val uable one and is endeared to him through the hallowed memories and associations of the days long past. Daniel Sanford was engaged in the mercantile busi ness in Greensboro for many years as senior member of the firm of D. & B. Sanford. The junior member was :his brother Benjamin, and Judge Sanford, of this sketch, was named in honor of the two Daniel Benjamin Sanford. Daniel Sanford was a man of noble character and was influential in his community, continuing a resident of Greene county until his death, which occurred in 1854. His father, Jeremiah Sanford, was a soldier in the war of the Revolution and was a personal friend of George Washington. He came to Georgia in 1810 and passed the closing years of his life on the old Sanford homestead, just mentioned. Elizabeth (Totty) Sanford long survived her hon ored husband, her death having occurred in 1889, at the venerable age of ninety years. Judge Sanford secured his more purely aca demic education in a high school in Greensboro and at the age of twenty years was appointed deputy clerk of the supreme court of the state, taking up his residence in Milledgeville, which was then the capital of Georgia. He was appointed to this office in 1859 and was the incumbent at the time of the outbreak of the war between the states. He at once resigned the position to go forth in defense of the cause of the Confederacy. He returned to Greene county and assisted in the organization of the Greene Rifles, which organization was mustered into the Confederate service as Com pany A, Phillips' Legion of Georgia infantry. He enlisted as a

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

235

private and was several times promoted, finally being made cap tain of his company. In the battle of Sailor's Creek, Va., while in command of his company, he was severely wounded, captured by the enemy, and taken to the city of Washington, D. C., where he remained until the close of the war, his exchange having been effected in July, 1865. He took part in a large number of impor tant battles, besides skirmishes and other minor engagements, making a record for gallant and faithful service. At the close of the war Judge Sanford returned to Milledgeville, where in Octo ber, 1865, he was chosen enrolling clerk of the first state conven tion held in Georgia after the great conflict had ended. This con vention drafted and adopted a new constitution for the common wealth. He remained in Milledgeville, where he took up the study of law under effective preceptorship, and was admitted to the bar in 1866. From that time to the present he has been numbered among the representative lawyers of Milledgeville and Baldwin county, having gained distinctive professional precedence and be ing fortified by broad and exact knowledge of the intricacies of the great science of jurisprudence. The judge is unwavering in his allegiance to the Democratic party and has done worthy serv ice in its cause. In 1873 he was chosen judge of the court of ordi nary of Baldwin county, and by successive reflections continued in this office until 1891 a period of eighteen years. He is chairman of the board of trustees of Georgia military college at Milledge ville, and is president of the Milledgeville Banking Company, of whose board of directors he has been a member since its organiza tion as the first banking institution of the town in 1889. He is affiliated with the United Confederate Veterans. On Jan. 8, 1868, Judge Sanford was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth C. Stet son, daughter of Daniel B. Stetson, who came from the city of Bos ton, Mass., to Milledgeville in 1840. Mrs. Sanford died, Feb. 13, 1886, and she is survived by two children, Daniel Stetson, who is associated with his father in the practice of law, and Elizabeth, who presides over the attractive paternal home.
Santa Luca, a post-village of Gilmer county, is three miles north west of Cherrylog, which is the nearest railroad station.
Sarah, a post-hamlet of Union county, is in a mountainous dis trict near the Lumpkin county line. The nearest railroad station is Blueridge.
Sardis, a post-village in the southeastern part of Burke county, is near the Screven county line. The population in 1900 was 51. The nearest railroad station is Munnerlyn.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Sarepta, a post-hamlet of Dawson county, is about five miles northwest of Dawsonville and fourteen miles east of Jasper, which is the nearest railroad station.
Sargent, a town in Coweta county, is on the Central of Georgia railroad, about half-way between Newnan and the Chattahoochee river. The population in 1900 was 200. It has several good stores, some shipping interests, school and church advantages, telegraph and express offices, etc.
Sasser, a town in Terrell county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 29, 1890. It is on the Albany & Columbus division of the Seaboard Air Line railway, about eight miles south east of Dawson, has a money order postoffice, with rural free de livery, telegraph and express accommodations, some manufactur ing and mercantile concerns, and does a large shipping business. In 1900 the population was 322.
Satilla Bluff, a town in the central part of Camden county, is on the right bank of the Satilla river, about four miles east of Wood bine, which is the nearest railroad station. Transportation facili ties are afforded by the Satilla river steamers. The population in 1900 was 310. It is the most important town in that part of the county.
Saussy, Gordon, a successful and pop ular member of the bar of Savannah, was born in the city which is now his home, Feb. 14, 1872, .a son of Robert and Gertrude L. (Keller) Saussy. (See sketch of Robert Saussy). He was afforded the advantages of the public schools of New York city, where the family resided from 1885 until 1896, then entered the College of the City of New York, and later was matriculated in Cornell uni versity, in which he was graduated in 1896, in the law department, securing the degree of Bachelor of Laws. Since his graduation he has been engaged in the general practice of his profession in Savannah, where he has a representative clientage and has met with gratify ing success. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party; is a veteran member of Troop A, First cavalry, National Guard of Georgia; is also a member of the Georgia Hussars' club, the Sa vannah Yacht club, Ancient Landmark Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, and the chapter of the Phi Delta Phi fraternity at Cor-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

237

nell university. He enjoys uniform popularity in professional,
business and social circles in his native city. Saussy, Robert, owner of the Bona Bella farm, one of the fine
estates lying between Savannah and the Isle of Hope, is a veteran soldier of the Confederacy and is also a veteran in the railway service, from which he retired in 1903. He was born in the city of Savannah, Dec. 25, 1839, a son of Dr. Joachim R., and Margaret G. (Nowlan) Saussy, the former born in Beaufort District, S. C., in 1804, and the latter in Effingham county, Ga., in 1812. Dr. J. R. Saussy was engaged in the practice of his profession in Savannah for a term of years and during the memorable yellow-fever epi demic of 1854 he succumbed to the disease, after having minis tered faithfully to many others suffering from the dread malady. His wife passed away in 1900, at the age of eighty-eight years. The paternal grandparents of Robert Saussy were Gabriel and Sarah (Radcliffe) Saussy, the family being of French Huguenot and Salzburg stock. The maternal grandparents were George G. and Hannah (Gugel) Nowlan and on the maternal side the an cestry is traced back to Clement Martin, a member of the Georgia colony of General Oglethorpe, of whose cabinet he was also a member, thus being numbered among the founders of the colony of Georgia. Robert Saussy was afforded the advantages of excel lent private schools in Savannah, and was about twenty-one years of age at the time of the inception of the Civil war. In May, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company F, Jeff Davis Legion of Geor gia cavalry. His company was known as the Georgia Hussars, served in Young's brigade, Hampton's division, Stewart's corps, and took part in many of the important engagements of the great conflict between the states. Mr. Saussy remained in the service during the entire war, except for a period of three months during which he was confined in hospital as the result of a severe bullet wound, received on Oct. 27, 1863. He retired from the service as second lieutenant of his company, his record having been one of valor and utmost fidelity to duty. After the war he became identi fied with railroad interests and for twenty-five years he remained in the employ of the Central of Georgia in various capacities. In 1903 he purchased the Bona Bella farm, on LaRoche Ave., be tween Savannah and Isle of Hope, where he has since resided, giv ing his attention to the management of what is undoubtedly one of the finest poultry, fruit and dairy farms in the State of Georgia. He has expended several thousand dollars in buildings and equip ments, making the farm modern in all its provisions and facilities,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and it constitutes an ideal home. Mr. Saussy is a Democrat in politics, is a member of the United Confederate Veterans, and is identified with the Hussars club, of Savannah. On Sept. 27, 1873, he was united in marriage to Miss Gertrude Keller, of Chatham county, Ga., and she died about three years later, leaving two sons. Gordon, the elder son, is a graduate of Cornell university, and is now a representative member of the bar of Savannah. Hugh was killed in a football game at the age of nineteen years, being at the time a student in the College of the City of New York.
Sautee, a post-village of White county, is about eight miles northeast of Cleveland, in the valley of the same name, and in 1900 reported a population of 80. The most convenient railroad station is Clarkesville.
Sautee Valley. (See White County). Savannah, the county seat of Chatham county, the most east ern county of the state, is not only the principal seaport of Geor gia, but is the great maritime mart of the entire south Atlantic coast. As a shipping point it is well supplied with transportation facilities, about a dozen steam ship lines connecting it with the great cities of the north, and the coast to the southward, while five lines of railroad connect it with the interior. As a cotton shipping center it is the third port of the United States, and as a shipping point for naval stores it is the greatest in the world. The harbor of Savannah is one of the finest in the United States. Improve ments made in recent years by the Federal government have given the harbor a clear depth of twenty-six feet, sufficient for the ac commodation of the largest vessels plying along the coast. The annual tonnage of the port has increased from about 1,000,000 in 1870 to over 3,000,000 in 1904. Few cities in the United States can show so large a volume of business in proportion to the pop ulation. The principal articles of commerce are cotton, more than a million bales of which are annually shipped from the port; naval stores, rosin, turpentine, etc., running into millions of barrels; lumber, the shipment of which is constantly on the increase, and rice, more than a quarter of a million bushels of which find a way into the market from Savannah every year. Among the manu factures of the city are cotton and woolen goods, cotton seed oil, agricultural implements, engines and boilers, rubber goods, car riages, brick, brass goods, building materials, cigars and various other products. There are four large oyster canning establish ments in the county, the annual output of which is about 3,000,000 cans. But it is not only the commercial and manufacturing

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

239

interests of Savannah that go -to make it a great city. Its history is replete with interest to the student of American institutions; its school system is surpassed by no city of its size in the country; its park system is one that many larger cities might envy, while the neatness of its residences bespeak it a city of refined homes. Savannah might not be inaptly termed the "Monumental city of the South." In Forsyth Park stands the Confederate monument, in Johnson Square is a neat obelisk, erected in 1829 to the mem ory of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, who commanded the department of the south during the Revolution, being second in command to General Washington, and who drove the British from Georgia and the Carolinas. The corner stone of this monument was laid by LaFayette in 1825, while on a visit to this county. In Monterey Square stands the Pulaski monument, fifty-five feet high, of mar ble, surmounted by a statue of "Liberty." It was erected to com memorate the services of Count Pulaski in the war of Independ ence. On Bull street stands the monument erected to the memory of W. W. Gordon, one of the pioneers in the railroad development of the State, and in fact of the South. In Madison Square stands a monument to another Revolutionary hero. Every school boy is familiar with the story of how Sergt. William Jasper rescued the fallen colors at the bombardment of Fort Moultrie, June 28, 1776, but the school boy of Savannah has the additional satisfaction of looking upon the Jasper monument, which was unveiled in 1888, President Cleveland being present at the ceremonies. In one of the prominent squares stand the monuments to Gen. Francis S. Bartow and Gen. Lafayette McLaws, who were distinguished of ficers in the Confederate service during the Civil war. And last, but not least of the beauty spots of Savannah, is the historic Bonaveiiture Cemetery, with its avenues of live-oaks, draped with the long gray southern moss.
Savannah received her full meed of glory and bore her full share of disaster in the war for independence. The capture of Maitland's powder ship in the summer of 1775 and the burning of the rice vessels the following spring are described elsewhere in this work. Toward the close of 1778 a British force under Colonel Campbell occupied the city. (See Brewton's Hill). Early in Oc tober, 1779, an American army under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, aided by the French fleet under D'Estaing, and a large force of infantry, laid siege to the place. On the 9th an assault was made, but it was repulsed with a loss of about 1,200 in killed and wounded, among whom were Count Pulaski and Sergt. William Jasper,

240

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

whose deeds of bravery have been told in song and story. In May, 1782, the king ordered Governor Wright to surrender the city to the Americans and it was occupied at that time by Gen. Anthony Wayne.
In the early days of the Civil war there was severe fighting at Forts Pulaski and McAllister and at Whitemarsh island, (q. v.) After the fall of Atlanta in 1864, Sherman marched to Savannah and by the middle of December had his lines drawn about the city. His army numbered about 65,000 men, while the Confederates un der Hardee in defense of the place numbered about 17,000 in all. On the 17th Sherman made a demand for the surrender of the city but it met with a refusal from Hardee, who sent Flag-officer Hunter up the river, with two gunboats and a small transport, to destroy the Charleston & Savannah railroad bridge, so that Sher man could not use it to cut off the Confederate retreat into South Carolina in case it became necessary. Hunter succeeded in de stroying the bridge, but in attempting to return he was driven back by the Federal batteries and made his way up the river to Augusta. After the fall of Fort McAllister Sherman secured siege guns for the reduction of the city, then moved around to Port Royal and got possession of the railroad to cut off Hardee's re treat, intending to capture his entire army. But Hardee was not to be caught so easily. While keeping up an almost constant skir mishing for several days, against a vastly superior force, he con structed a pontoon bridge from the city to Hutchinson's island, a distance of half a mile, and during the night of the 20th moved out with all his army, field artillery and baggage wagons, reaching the opposite shore in safety. This retreat was one of the great est maneuvers of the war. General Slocum discovered the move ment about three o'clock on the morning of the 21st, but too late to prevent it. He then moved in and took possession. Commo dore Tattnall was unable to save his fleet, as the Federal monitors blocked every avenue of escape. He turned his attention to the destruction of the property, burned two gunboats, the Milledgeville and the Water Witch, the navy yard and a large quantity of ship timber. The Savannah, the strongest vessel of the fleet, com manded by Captain Brent, was still left, and when the Federal flag was hoisted over Fort Jackson at once opened fire, driving the invaders from the fort. All day on the 21st this vessel continued to fly the Confederate flag, when she was run over to the Caro lina shore, the crew was disembarked to join Hardee, and the ship was then blown up. An unfinished torpedo boat, the small

^

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

241

steamers, Beauregard and General Lee, 150 large cannon, and 32,000 bales of cotton fell into the hands of the Federals. Sherman had gained possession of the city, but was greatly chagrined at the escape of Hardee's army with all its artillery and supplies.
Savannah, (Steamship). The first steamer to cross the Atlan tic was the result of Georgia enterprise. In 1818 the legislature, at the request of William Scarborough and others, passed an act incorporating the Savannah Steamship Company. The organiza tion was fully completed in February, 1819, and an order placed for the building of. a vessel at Corlear's slip in East river, New York. The work was hastened forward with all possible speed and on March 28th the "City of Savannah," as the steamer was called, left New York for her trial run to Savannah. The trip was made in six days (A "liner" now makes it in two) and she re ceived an enthusiastic greeting from hundreds of citizens assem bled upon the wharf to witness her arrival. On May 20th she sailed in ballast, under the command of Capt. Moses Rogers, an experienced engineer, and made the voyage to Liverpool in twentytwo days, eighteen of which were under steam. Pitch pine was used for fuel, coal not having come into use. A description of her arrival at Liverpool says: "With wheels plying to the utmost and all sails set, she went into the Mersey, proud as any princess go ing to her crowning, the spectators absolutely astounded at her appearance." After a month in Liverpool, where she was visited by thousands, the "Savannah" went on to Copenhagen, Stockholm and St. Petersburg, Captain Rogers and his novel craft being everywhere received with respect and admiration. On November 20th she steamed into the port of Savannah, having solved the problem of steam as a power in navigation. Later the vessel was sold to a New York company, who took out the steam machinery and converted into a sailing packet between Savannah and New York. She was finally lost off the coast of Long Island. One of the cylinders and the log book are still preserved in Crystal Pal ace, London.
Savoy, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is on the Little river, ten miles southeast of Washington. Ficklin is the nearest railroad station.
Saxon, Albert B., senior member of the firm of A. B. Saxon & Bro., wholesale and retail grocers, with headquarters at 566 Broad street, Augusta, was born on the home plantation of his parents, in Burke county, Ga., April 4, 1846, a son of Henry and Rebecca (Attaway) Saxon, both of whom passed their declining years in that
16 III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

county, the father having been a school teacher and planter by vocation. Albert B. Saxon was afforded the advantages of the common schools of Georgia and was reared in a home of distinctive

.,,, >,.x,,.

culture and refinement. Early in 1862, at

the age of sixteen years, he tendered his

aid in upholding the cause of the Confed

eracy by enlisting as a private in Com

pany F, Sixty-third Georgia volunteer

infantry, having previously served in the

state militia. He took part in the cam

paign from Dalton to Marietta, in which

latter place he was attacked with severe

illness, which compelled him to enter the

hospital at Macon. Upon his recovery he

rejoined his command and participated in

Hood's campaign in Tennessee and North

Alabama. He was captured at Nashville and was imprisoned

at Camp Chase, Ohio, until the close of the war, when he was paroled. Returning to his home, he, like others of the loyal southern youth, faced the task of adjusting him self to changed conditions, and he has loyally aided in bringing

about the commercial and industrial rebuilding of his native com

monwealth, the Empire state of the South. In 1866 he located in

Augusta, where he was for six years identified with the wholesale and retail lamp and crockery business, and for nearly a score of years past he has been engaged in the wholesale and retail gro cery trade as senior member of the firm of A. B. Saxon & Bro., his associate in the large and flourishing business being his brother,

J. J. Saxon. Mr. Saxon is a loyal supporter of the principles of the

Democratic party; is a member of the First Baptist church; and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the United Confederate Vet

erans, the Royal Arcanum, the Knights of Honor and the National

Union. On April 18, 1877, he was married to Miss Susan Car

penter, who was born and reared in Burke county. They have six

children, namely: Mamie Virginia, Henry F., Ellen M., Susie B.,

Judson L. and Emma W. Ellen M. is now the wife of John L. Janes. Henry F., the elder son, was born in Augusta, Feb. 28, 1878, and on April 18, 1900, the twenty-third anniversary of the

marriage of his parents, he was united in matrimony to Miss Isa-

belle Coffin, of Augusta. They have two sons, Francis Amory and

Donald Verdery.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

243

Saylor, B. F. A., geologist and miner alogist, of Rome, is vice-president of the Gulf States Portland Cement Com pany, which is developing one of the important industrial enterprises of the South. The company is incorporated under the laws of South Dakota, with a capital stock of $2,500,000, while its mills, at Demopolis, Ala., have at the present time a daily capacity of 2,400 barrels of Portland cement. , Mr. Saylor, who has been a resident of Georgia since 1888, is thoroughly schooled in a theoretical and practical way in his technical professional lines. He was for sev eral years identified with the Pottstown Iron Company, in Pottstown, Pa., took a literary and scientific course in Muhlenburg col lege, and later a scientific course in Lehigh university. He has the degrees of Mining Engineer and Civil Engineer, and is a member of the American Institute of mining engineers. In 1891 Mr. Say lor took up the development of the bauxite deposits in Floyd and adjoining counties. He secured control of the properties required and then effected the organization of a company to carry forward the work of development, the Pittsburg Reduction Company, which opened the mines on the Barnsley estate in Bartow county. Since this initial work a number of mines have been acquired in Georgia and Alabama, the properties being owned by the Dixie Bauxite Company, which was organized through the efforts of Mr. Saylor, who is superintendent and general manager. He also organized the Rome Petroleum and Iron Company, which was capitalized for $1,000,000, the stock being held principally by Chi cago capitalists, and was made president and general manager. The company acquired leases on oil land, bored two wells near Rome, one making a good showing of oil, and is engaged in the extensive development of iron properties in Cleburne county, Ala. Mr. Saylor disposed of his interests in the concern some time ago and in 1904 organized the Gulf States Portland Cement Company, and this corporation will do much to further the industrial prestige of the South. Scales, Floyd L., the present mayor of the city of Waynesboro, and one of the able members of the bar of Burke county, was born at Waynesboro, July 15, 1871. He is a son of Robert W. and Frances R. (Martin) Scales, the former born in Rockingham county,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

N. C., and the latter at Mason, Ga. Prior to the Civil war the father was a wealthy planter, owning fine estates in North Caro line, Georgia and Mississippi. At the inception of the war he
tendered his services in defense of the
cause of the Confederacy, but met with an accident which incapacitated him for serv
ice in the field, and he was accorded an honorable discharge. He gave largely of his means in upholding the Confederate
government. Before the war he had taken up his residence in Burke county, and he
died, in the city of Waynesboro, Dec. 12, 1872, when the subject of this sketch was
but one and one-half years of age. His widow still survives and resides with
her son Floyd L. Robert W. Scales was a brother of ex-Governor Alfred M. Scales of North Carolina. Mrs. Frances R. (Martin) Scales is a represen tative of an old and influential North Carolina family, and her father, Robert Martin, was an uncle of the wife of Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, Mrs. Douglas having been a Martin. Floyd L. Scales attended Waynesboro academy until he had at tained the age of sixteen years, and two years later began reading law under the direction of Judge Philip P. Johnston, of that city. He was admitted to the bar at the age of nineteen years and at once became a member of the law firm of Lawson, Callaway & Scales, his associates having been Judge Floyd Lawson and Judge E. H. Callaway. In 1894 the latter was elected to the bench of the superior court of this district and withdrew from the firm, and since that time the firm name has been Lawson & Scales. Owing to the impaired health of Judge Lawson the large business of the firm has devolved chiefly upon Mr. Scales for several years past. The firm was a representative clientage and extensive practice, numbering on its clientele many prominent eastern persons and corporations having interests in Burke county. Mr. Scales is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, but has never been a candidate for office until the present year, having been elected mayor of his native city in February, 1906. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and in a fraternal way is a Royal-Arch Mason; a member of the Knights of Pythias, in which he is past chancellor; the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in which last

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

345

he is noble grand of his lodge. He is a director of the Bank of Waynesboro. For fifteen years Mr. Scales was an officer in Com pany E, First Georgia regiment, known as the Burke Light In fantry, and for several years was captain of his company. He is now captain in the National Guard of Georgia (Retired).
Scarboro, a town in the southeastern part of Jenkins county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railroad, and is the most important station between Millen and Rockyford. It has a money order postofHce, telegraph and express offices, mercantile and ship ping interests, and in 1900 reported a population of 153.
Scheetz, Elwood S., master car builder, in the employ of the Georgia Railroad Company, in Augusta, is a native of the city of Philadelphia, Pa., where he was born March 21, 1855, a son of John and Mary (Newlin) Scheetz, both of whom were born in Montgomery county, Pa., where the respective families were founded in the pioneer days. The father, who was a contractor and builder by vocation and a valiant soldier in the Mexican war, continued resident of Philadelphia until his death, as did also his wife. They became the parents of eleven children, of whom three are deceased- Annie, John Oliver, and William. Aside from the subject of this sketch the surviving children are as follows: Charles N., a resident of the state of Virginia; George W., a resi dent of Philadelphia; Mary E., wife of Samuel Thorn, of Phila delphia; Laura E., wife of Samuel Birkmire, of that city; Frank L., who resides in Augusta, Ga., Andrew J., a resident of Louisiana; and Florence I., wife of Henry Neil, of Chicago, 111. Elwood S. Scheetz attended the public schools of Philadelphia until he was sixteen years of age, when he entered the shops of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, of that city, where he learned the trade of pattern maker and became especially skillful in this line. For four years he was employed as pattern maker in different institutions in Philadelphia. In 1878 he came to Georgia and located in Barnesville, where he was employed a few months in the Barnesville iron works. In 1879 he removed to Atlanta, where he remained four years in the employ of the Atlanta bridge works, later being with the Atlanta machine works. He then passed six months in the city of Macon, where he was employed in the Schofield iron works. In 1885 he took up his residence in Augusta, entered the employ of the Georgia Railroad Company, in whose service he has since continued, initiating his efforts as a pattern maker inthe Augusta shops, and was promoted to his present office of mas ter car builder in 1891. He is a member of the American Railway

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Master Car Builders' association; is affiliated with the lodge, chap ter and commander of the Masonic fraternity, as well as its ad junct, the Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine; and also with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Knights of Pythias. He and his wife are members of the First Baptist church. On Jan. 4, 1881, Mr. Scheetz was united in marriage to Miss Agnes H. Martin, who was born and reared in the town of King of Prussia, Montgomery county, Pa. They have four children: Eva T., wife of James L. Hunter, of Augusta, Mary N., Frank M., and Sarah B.
Schlatterville, a post-village of Pierce county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, ten miles east of Waycross, and in 1900 had a population of 90. It has a few stores, etc., and does some shipping.
Schley, a post-hamlet in the county of the same name, is between the forks of Buck creek, six or seven miles north of Ellaville.
Schley County was created Dec. 22, 1857, from Macon, Marion, and Sumter, and was named for William Schley, governor of Georgia from 1835 to 1837. It is in the western part of the state and is bounded on the north by Taylor and Macon counties, on the east by Macon and Sumter, on the south by Sumter and on the west by Marion. The surface is nearly level, much of it being covered with a heavy growth of long leaf pine, oak, hickory, ash and maple, which numerous sawmills are employed in converting into lumber for the market. The tributaries of the Flint river drain the land and supply ample waterpower, which is utilized by a number of mills and factories. The soil is a gray sandy loam, with an outcrop of red clay in the southern part, and produces cotton, sweet and Irish potatoes, field and ground peas and sugarcane. There are many peach and apple orchards and some pears, plums and cherries are raised. The Columbus & American divi sion of the Central of Georgia railway system crosses the central part of the county from west to east. Ellaville, the county seat, is on this road. The population of the county in 1900 was 5,499, a gain of 56 since 1890.
Schley, Julian, of Savannah, one of the representative insurance men of the state, is a member of one of the old and honored fam ilies of the commonwealth and has been a resident of the city of Savannah from his childhood days. He was born at Richmond Hill, the old Schley homestead, in Richmond county, about four miles from the city of Augusta, Aug. 7, 1852. The original Amer ican ancestors were two brothers, John Jacob and Thomas Schley, who came to America from Germany in 1745, and settled in the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

24=7

mountains of Maryland, near Hagerstown and Frederick. About the year 1800 John Jacob Schley, Jr., son of John Jacob Schley, Sr., just mentioned, came to Georgia and settled at Louisville, Jefferson
county, which was then the capital of the state. The Schleys have been noted jur ists and physicians,as well as leading men in the history of Maryland, Georgia and the United States. Admiral Winfield Scott Schley, of the United States navy, the hero of Santiago, and Judge William Schley, of Baltimore, for many years a leading jurist of Maryland, are cousins of the subject of this sketch. Julian Schley is the great-grandson of John Jacob Schley, the founder of the Georgia branch of the family, and is a grandson of Judge John Schley, who presided on the bench of the middle circuit of Georgia from 1841 to 1845, and whose brother, Hon. William Schley, was governor of Georgia from 1835 to 1837, inclusive. Both of these brothers were pioneers in connection with the building of the first railroads and cot ton mills in Georgia, and the charter of the Central railway of Georgia was granted by Governor Schley within his term of office. He and his brother, Judge John Schley, were asso ciated in building and operating the second and third cotton factories established in the state. The father of Julian Schley was John Schley, Jr., eldest son of Judge John Schley and a lawyer and jurist of note. He married Miss Ellen McAlpin, eldest daugh ter of Hon. Henry McAlpin, who was born in Scotland and who built up the magnificent estate, "The Hermitage," near Savannah a place that even to this date remains an attraction to strangers visiting that section of the state. Julian Schley has lived in and near Savannah since he was two years of age, his parents having removed here in 1854, from their former home near the city of Augusta. His father purchased a beautiful sea-island cotton plan tation about twelve miles distant from Savannah, on the sea coast, the same being known as "Beaulieu." There the family resided until the second year of the Civil war, when they were compelled to vacate, as the site was required by the Confederate government for the erection of a fortification, known in history as Beaulieu bat tery. The subject of this sketch has been in active business in Savannah since 1872, and has always been held in high esteem in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

his city and the state. Besides many positions of honor held by him in the past he is now prominently identified with the general insurance business, having been general agent of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., for the past eighteen -years. During that time he has built up a notable business in his jurisdiction, having increased the amount of insurance from $12,000 to more than $4,000,000. He also represents three fire-insuiance companies, writing a large line for each. He is president of the Life Underwriters' association of Savannah; president of the St. Andrew's society; a member of the chamber of commerce; a Knight Templar Mason; is one of the charter members of Alee Temple of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine; an ex-commodore of the Savannah Yacht club, of which he has been a member for more than twenty years, during the greater portion of which he has held office in the same; is a Dem ocrat in politics, and since the age of sixteen years has been a member of the Independent Presbyterian church in Savannah. On Dec. 31, 1878, Mr. Schley was united in marriage to Miss Eliza Ann Larcombe, of Savannah, and they have four children: Julian Larcombe, the eldest, is a first lieutenant of engineers in the United States army, having been graduated at West Point as a member of the class of 1903, which comprised ninety-three members and in which he stood seventh; Richard Larcombe, is a student in Princeton college, N. J.; Eliza Champion, and Henry McAlpin Schley remain at the parental home. Mr. Schley has a lovely sum mer home built upon the site of the old plantation home at Beaulieu, which is delightfully located on the Vernon river, an arm of the sea. There he is now living over again his boyhood days with his children.
Schley, William, lawyer, legislator and governor, was born at Frederick, Md., Dec. 10, 1786. In early life he removed to Geor gia; received an academic education at Louisville and Augusta; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1812; practiced at Au gusta until 1825, when he was elected judge of the superior court, which position he held for three years. In 1830 he was elected rep resentative in the state legislature and in 1832 to the lower house of Congress; was reflected representative in Congress in 1834, and governor of Georgia in 1835. In his first message to the legisla ture he recommended the construction of the Western & Atlantic railroad and before the expiration of his administration signed the act authorizing the road. He also recommended a geological sur vey and the creation of a lunatic or insane asylum. Governor

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

849

Schley was a pronounced Democrat. He believed in a strict con struction of the Federal constitution. His views were fully em bodied in his "Digest of the English Statutes in Force in Geor gia," which was published in 1826. Schley county was named in his honor. His death occurred at Augusta on Nov. 20, 1858.
Schneider, Charles H., proprietor of
one of the largest and best equipped de partment stores in the city of Augusta, and senior member of the firm of C. H. Schneider & Bro., manufacturers and
jobbers of clothing, skirts, jackets, etc., was born in Drohobicz, Austria, March
21, 1869. He is a son of Mayer and
Schpvintze (Grad) Schneider, who still
reside in the city of his birth. Mr. Schneider was afforded the advantages
of the excellent schools of his native town and at the age of nineteen years he severed the home ties to come to the United States. He passed two years in New York city, where he was employed as salesman in mercantile establishments. He then spent one year as traveling salesman for a New York wholesale house, resigning this position in 1891 and taking up his residence in Augusta, where he has since been established in business and has built up one of the most im portant mercantile enterprises in the city, his department store being located in most eligible quarters, at 1114-1116 Broad street. The firm of C. H. Schneider & Bro. controls an excellent business in the manufacturing and jobbing of clothing, skirts, cloaks, jackets, etc., giving employment to four traveling salesmen and having a trade extending throughout Georgia and adjoining states. Mr. Schneider is a Democrat in his political allegiance and is identified with the Jewish synagogue in Augusta. He is an alert, progres sive business man and is held in unqualified esteem in the city in which he makes his home. He is a member of the Augusta chamber of commerce and is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Aug. 3, 1903, Mr. Schneider was united in marriage to Miss Edna Lipfeld, of Au gusta, where she was born and reared. Immediately after his marriage, he and his wife made an extended bridal tour in Europe, visiting his parents and the scenes of his childhood, as well as many of the principal points of historic interest.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Schneider, John R., a successful whole

sale and retail merchant of Augusta,

was born in Bremerhaven, near the city

of Bremen, Germany, July 14, 1841, and

was reared and educated in the city of

Bremen, duly availing himself of the ad

vantages of the excellent schools of that

famous old city. At the age of seven

teen years he came to America, landing

in Charleston S. C, in April, 1858,

and thence came forthwith to Augusta,

where he has since continued to reside

JOHN E. SCHNEIDER.

*nd has risen to prominence as a suecesstul business man and loyal citizen.

His uncle, Ernest R. Schneider, came to the United States in 1841 and became one of the representative business men of Augusta,

having been the founder of the large wholesale and retail liquor business now owned and conducted by the subject of this sketch, with headquarters at 601-603 Broad street a location which has

long been known as Schneider's. corner. John R. Schneider has

been the sole owner of the fine prop

erty and extensive business since his

uncle's death, which occurred July 1,

1893. His uncle, who was a native of

Bremen, remained a bachelor until his

death, and John R. became his heir. Mr.

Schneider is a direct importer of the fin

est of wines and liquors and his jobbing

trade is one of the best of the sort in

this section of the state. He is a stanch

supporter of the principles and policies

of the Democratic party and is a mem

ber of the board of trustees of the Au gusta free schools. His religious faith

ERNEST R. SCHNEIDER.

is that of the Lutheran church, under whose influences he was

reared. He is a man of sterling character, generous and fair-

minded, progressive and public-spirited, and ever ready to lend his influence and tangible aid in the support of measures and enter

prises advanced for the general good of his adopted city and state. His business methods have been direct, unequivocal and honor

able and he commands the respect and confidence of his fellow citi

zens. On Jan. 10, 1865, Mr. Schneider was united in marriage to

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

251

Miss Augusta Erdman, who died in July, 1902, leaving no chil dren. In May, 1903, he was married to Miss Anna Kohler, a na tive of Hanover, Germany, who presides graciously over their attractive home.
School for the Deaf. The proposition to establish an institu tion for the care and education of the deaf and dumb first came before the legislature in 1833, when the governor was directed to obtain information on the subject and submit the same to the next session of the assembly. Nothing came of this movement and for about twelve years after it was inaugurated the Georgia deaf mutes were sent to Hartford, Conn., to receive their schooling. In 1844 Prof. O. P. Fannin, associate principal of the Hearn In stitute, at Gave Spring, began teaching a few deaf mutes in con nection with that school. The following year those at Hartford were brought back to Georgia and placed in charge of Professor Fannin. This was the beginning of the school as a state institu tion. In 1847 an appropriation was made for the erection of suit able buildings. During the war the school was closed but at the first meeting of the legislature in 1866 steps were taken to reopen it and increase its scope. In 1875 an additional ten acres of ground were obtained and a negro department authorized. Buildings were erected and the department was opened in 1878. The primary ob ject of the institution is to give to the deaf a thorough knowledge of the common school branches and to instruct them in some trade, so that they can earn a living in spite of their misfortunes. In 1904 the school received state aid to the amount of $38,750, of which $8,500 was for buildings and $2,750 for special purposes.
School of Technology. The Georgia School of Technology was established as a branch of the state university under the act of Oct. 13, 1885. Five "fit and discreet persons, citizens of the state," were to be appointed as a commission to secure the grounds and erect the necessary buildings. The act further provided for the location of the school "within or near the corporate limits of that city or town in the state which shall offer the best inducements for such location in the opinion of the commission." Atlanta was selected and the first term of the school was opened in 1888, the first president being Dr. Isaac S. Hopkins, formerly connected in a similar capacity with Emory college. The attendance in 1904 was over 500 students/ The president at that time was Capt. Lyman Hall, a graduate of West Point, who remained in charge of the institution until his death, and who did much to- give it the excellent reputation it bears in educational circles. The equip-

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ment of the school includes wood-working, machine and black smith shops and. a foundry. The buildings are of the most mod ern designs and the degree of Bachelor of Science is conferred in mechanical, electrical, civil and textile engineering and in en gineering chemistry.
Schroder, Earnest A. M., a member of the board of aldermen of Savannah, where he is now engaged in the real-estate busi ness, has here maintained his home from his youth and he has long been identified with business enterprises in the city, where he now has diversified capitalistic interests. He was born in the province of Hanover, Germany, Feb. 28, 1854, and in that province his parents, John H. and Gesche Adaline (Wreden) Schroder, passed their entire lives. Mr. Schroder secured his early educational training in the excellent schools of his native land, where he remained until he had attained to the age of sixteen years, when he set forth to seek his fortunes in America. He made Savannah his destination, and here entered the employ of his older brother, who had located here a number of years before, and who was then engaged in the retail grocery business. He was employed by his brother for a period of four years, then engaged in the fancy-grocery business on his own account, building up a large and profitable enterprise and continuing to be identified with the same until 1890, when he practically retired from active business, though he has since given no little attention to dealing in real estate, in which connection he has been very successful. He is a director of the National bank of Savannah, the Oglethorpe Savings and Trust Company and the Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of Savannah, being held in unqualified esteem in the business circles of his adopted city. He was^elected a member of the board of aldermen in 1900, and by successive reflections still remains the incumbent of this office. He is a supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, takes a loyal interest in public affairs of a local nature, and is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Beavers. He is president of the German Friendly society, one of the oldest social organizations in Savannah, and is ex-president of the German Social club. He and his wife are prominent mem-

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bers of the local Lutheran church, in which he is deacon, being also vice-president of the Lutheran association of the city. His wife, whose maiden name was Minna M. Lange, was born in Ger many, a daughter of J. Henry Lange. They have no children.
Schroeder, John H., is a successful
business man of Augusta, where he has
maintained his residence for a quarter of
a century. He was born in the Province
of Hanover, Germany, March 4, 1866,
a son of Claus and Greta (Desebrock)
Schroeder, the former of whom was a
well-to-do farmer in his native Province
of Hanover, where he died in 1877, and
where his widow still resides. John H.
Schroeder was reared and educated in
his native land, where he remained until
1880, when, as a youth of fourteen years, he immigrated to America, taking up his residence in Au gusta in that year and finding employment in connection with the retail grocery and liquor trade, with which he thus continued to be identified until 1897, when he engaged in the retail liquor business for himself, on the corner of Broad and Center streets, where he has a large and finely appointed establishment. He is a Democrat in his political adherency, is a member of St. Matthew's Lutheran church, and is identified with various German social organizations in Augusta. Since taking up his residence in Augusta he has made three visits to his old home in Germany. On Nov. 15, 1905, Mr. Schroeder was united in marriage to Miss Wilhelmina Jessen, of
Summerville, S. C.
Schumpert, John E., cashier of the Citizens' bank, of Vidalia, Toombs county, was born in Newberry county, S. C., June 13, 1859. He is a son of Elisha K. Schumpert, likewise a native of Newberry county, where he was born in the year 1829. The father was a planter by vocation and was a loyal soldier of the Confed eracy during the entire course of the Civil war and was brought home ill after the surrender of General Lee. John E. Schumpert, the immediate subject of this sketch, was afforded the advantages of Newberry college, in his native county. He attended this excel lent institution, in the preparatory and collegiate departments, for five years, completing the work of the junior year and was then compelled to withdraw from school to assume the responsibilities entailed on account of the death of his father. He remained on the

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homestead plantation one year and then, in 1880, engaged in the lumber business, operating a saw mill for four years in his home county. For the ensuing four years he was engaged in the general merchandise business at Prosperity, that county. He devoted the following year to the work of weighing cotton and then accepted a position as general manager of the business of the firm of Ramsey & Bland, dealers in furniture, funeral supplies and vehicles. Four years later he severed his connection with this firm and reentered the lumber business, with which line of enterprise he con tinued to be actively identified for seven years, six of which were passed at Vidalia. He then sold his interest in this business and, in 1901, was elected to his present office, that of cashier of the Citizens' bank, of Vidalia. He has proven a most excellent admin istrative and executive officer, has handled the detailed affairs of the bank with marked discrimination and has been a potent factor in the upbuilding of its very substantial business. He has a wide circle of friends in the business and social circles of Toombs county and is one of the representative business men of Vidalia. In pol itics Mr. Schumpert is found aligned as an uncompromising sup porter of the principles for which the Democratic party stands sponsor. He is affiliated with Vidalia Lodge, No. 355, Free and Ac cepted Masons, in which he has held the office of junior warden several years, and both he and his wife are members of the Meth odist Episcopal church South. In December, 1882, Mr. Schumpert was united in marriage to Miss Kate S. Bland, daughter of John son A. and Sallie (Watson) Bland, of Johnston, S. C., and they became the parents of five children, all of whom are living, namely: Ruby Selma, Helen May, Alice Mobley, John E., Jr., and Marion. Ruby Selma is now the wife of Herman C. White, of Macon, Ga. Mrs. Schumpert was summoned into eternal rest in June, 1903, and in August, 1904, Mr. Schumpert wedded Mrs. Annie L. Dickinson.
Schwarz, John, the present able and honored sheriff of Chatham county and ex-mayor of the city of Savannah, has long been identi fied with the business and civic interests of that historic old city and from the same went forth to serve his adopted country as a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, now being a retired lieutenant-colonel of the National Guard of Georgia. He was born in the city of Zweibrucken, Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, Sept. 23, 1840, a son of John and Margaret (Braun) Schwarz, both of whom were likewise native of that province, where the father was engaged in the general merchandise business until 1855, when

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255

he came with his family to America. They first located in the city

of New York, where the father was identified with the same line

of enterprise until 1885, when he retired from active business and

came to Savannah, Ga., where he passed

,:;:;ii|::iif::l::iw::>,

the remainder of his life, his wife having

died in New York city. They became the

parents of four sons and one daughter:

Charles, was a successful merchant in Sa

vannah and is now deceased; Emil A. is

engaged in the furniture business in that

city; Nicholas, now deceased, was a

manufacturer of jewelry boxes in New

York city; Lena is the wife of August

Scheonaur, of New York city; and the

subject of this sketch was the fourth in

order of birth. Major Schwarz re

ceived his educational training in the excellent schools of his native

land, where he also served a thorough apprenticeship at the

baker's trade. He was sixteen years old at the time his par

ents immigrated to the United States. Upon arriving in New York

he was for a time employed at his trade and finally shipped as

cook on a line of vessels plying between New York and Savan

nah. He followed this line of work about six months, then located

in Savannah, where he followed his trade as a journeyman until

January, 1860, when he opened a modest bakery of his own and

conducted it until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he put aside

all personal ambitions to go out in defense of the cause of the

Confederacy. In 1859 he had become a member of the German

Volunteers, a local military organization, and on Jan. 34, 1861,

this company became a part of the First Georgia infantry, taking

quarters in Fort Pulaski and serving through the remainder of the

year on general duty along the coast. Major Schwarz then with

drew from this regiment and became a member of Captain Phil-

lips' company in the Thirty-second Georgia infantry. Early in

1863 he was detailed to take charge of the Confederate bakery

in Savannah under command of Major Robertson. Here he re

mained until Sherman's army entered the city, when he was cap

tured and held as a prisoner until Jan. 8, 1865, when he was re

leased on parole, the war closing before his exchange could be

effected. After the reorganization of the state militia the German

Volunteers again effected an organization, as a part of the National

Guard of Georgia, he became second lieutenant and thereafter was

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successively promoted first lieutenant, captain and major in the First Georgia infantry, serving thirteen years as major, being then placed on the retired list, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He served four years on the staff of Governor Atkinson, and for an equal period on the staff of Governor Candler, being well known in the military circles of the state and enjoying marked popularity therein, as does he also in the other relations of life. After the war Major Schwarz again established himself in the bakery busi ness in Savannah, beginning operations on a small scale and bring ing to bear that technical knowledge, concentration of purpose and indefatigable energy which enabled him to build up the most ex tensive enterprise of the sort in the city, his finely equipped plant being maintained at the highest modern standard and the trade controlled being large and representative. He continued to re main actively identified with the business until 1900, when he turned it over to his elder son, Frederick, who now has charge. In politics Major Schwarz gives an uncompromising support to the Democratic party, in whose cause he has rendered efficient service. In 1869 he was elected a member of the board of alder men of Savannah, and his membership in this body was continued by consecutive reflections, for twenty years, retiring in 1889, when he was accorded still farther distinction by his appreciative fellow citizens, being then elected mayor of the city, in which office he served one term, giving a most able and satisfactory administra tion, as his long identification with the municipal government rendered him a specially eligible candidate for the mayoralty. He was a member of important committees in the aldermanic body and his interest in all that concerns the welfare and progress of his home city has been of the most insistent type. In 1900 he was elected sheriff of Chatham county and has since remained in tenure of this office, where he is again able to render to his city and county valuable service. He is a valued member of the Masonic frater nity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pyth ias, and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. In 1866 Major Schwarz was united in marriage to Miss Mary Geil, of Sa vannah, a daughter of Jacob and Mary (Breckman) Geil, who came from Germany to this city in 1845. Major and Mrs. Schwarz have four children: Frederick has charge of the bakery business, as al ready noted; Mary is the wife of Howard Scherer, of Savannah; Theckla is the wife of Frederick Morgan, of Batesville, Ind.; and John M. G. is a successful farmer and dairyman near Savannah.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

257

Frederick married Miss Mamie Dietler, of Savannah, and they have four children.
Schwarz, Julius C., one of the representative business men of the younger generation in Savannah, is secretary and general manager of the London-Savannah Naval Stores Company, of which he was the organizer. He was born in New York city, Oct. 7, 1871, a son of Carl E. F. and Elizabeth (Roesing) Schwarz, both of whom were born and reared in Bremen, Germany. Carl E. F. Schwarz came to America in 1864 and located in New York city, where he became an exporter of petroleum. He remained a resident of the national metropolis until 1873, when he removed to Wilmington, N. C., where he engaged in the exporting of naval stores. He bulit up a prosperous enterprise and continued a resident of Wilmington until 1893, when he took up his residence in Savannah, organized the Antwerp Naval Stores Company, doing a large general ex porting business, and continued to be actively engaged until 1903, when he retired, returning with his wife to his old home, in Bre men, Germany, where they now reside. After availing himself of the advantages of Cape Fear academy, at Wilmington, the sub ject of this review was sent to the polytechnic school of Leipsic, Germany, and graduated in this celebrated institution as a member of the class of 1890. Pie then returned to the United States and became a representative of the New York produce exchange as supervising inspector of foreign cargoes, covering southern ports. He remained thus engaged until 1903, when he effected the orga nization of the London-Savannah Naval Stores Company, which is incorporated under the laws of Georgia, and of which he is sec retary and general manager. The company controls a large and constantly expanding business, maintaining offices in Savannah and London, England. Mr. Schwarz devotes his time and atten tion to the Savannah office, though he makes yearly trips to Lon don, where the large export trade of the company centers. He is a member of the directorate of the Savannah board of trade; a director of the Hibernia bank; is identified with the Savannah Yacht club; with Landrum Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons; and in political matters maintains an independent attitude. Oct. 24, 1894, recorded the marriage of Mr. Schwarz to Miss Caroline Theresa Dock, daughter of Charles H. and Dorothy (Gade) Dock, of Wil mington, N. C., and they have two children, Julius C., Jr., and Dorothy Elizabeth.
Scogin, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Meriwether county,
17 III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

is only about two miles from the Coweta county line. Grantville is the nearest railroad station.
Scophalites. In the early part of the year 1778 about five or six hundred men came from the upper part of Carolina, crossed the Savannah river just below Augusta, where they captured a number of trading boats, after which they crossed the state, committing depredations as they went, and joined the British garrison at St. Augustine. They were commanded by one Colonel Scophal, from whom they took their name, and who has been described as a "fuming and illiterate partisan." On their way through Georgia they were joined by the disaffected tories in the districts throughwhich they passed. The action of these desperadoes cemented the people of Georgia together for defense and made them more earnest in the cause of independence.
Scotchville, a post-village of Camden county, with a population of 66 in 1900, is about seven miles northwest of St. Marys and a short distance from the Florida line. The nearest railroad station is Kingsland, on the Seaboard Air Line.
Scotland, a town in Telfair county, is on the Macon & Bruns wick division of the Southern railway, about five miles south east of McRae. It has some mercantile, manufacturing and ship ping interests, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, school and church privileges, and in 1900 had a population
of 150.
Scott, a town, of Johnson county, is on the Dover & Brewton branch of the Central of Georgia railroad, about three miles west of Adrian. The population in-1900 was 70. On August 6, 1904, it was incorporated by act of the general assembly.
Scott, Llewellyn Davis, is numbered among the prominent educators of Geor gia, being now principal of Washington seminary, of Atlanta, one of the largest and best boarding schools for girls to be found within the limits of this com monwealth. Professor Scott has the dis tinction of being a native of the Old Do
minion, where was cradled so much of our national history. He was born in Bowling Green, Caroline county, Va., Nov. 6, 1871, a son of Frank W. and Julia I. (Mann) Scott, the former born at Ruther Glen, that county, in 1845, and the latter in Essex coun-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

259

ty, Va., in 1847. Professor Scott was graduated in RandolphMacon college, Virginia, as a member of the class of 1890, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He began teaching at the age of nineteen years, as professor of Latin in the Marion military institute, Marion, Ala., where he did very successful work, remain ing there for four years, at the expiration of which, in 1894, he came to Atlanta and became associate principal of Washington seminary, with Mrs. W. T. Chandler. Mrs. Chandler's death occurred in 1904 and since the demise of this honored coadjutor he has been the principal of this thriving and ably conducted institution, which now has a faculty of eighteen persons and a student enrollment of more than two hundred. Professor Scott is not only a strong factor in the pedagogic department of .the school, but is also rec ognized as a capable administrative and executive officer and main tains the seminary at a high standard. He is a member and direc tor of the Atlanta Athletic club, having always taken a lively interest in athletic matters; is also a member of the executive committee of the United States National lawn tennis association, and is secretary and treasurer of the Southern lawn tennis asso ciation. He gives his allegiance to the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of St. Mark's church, Methodist Episcopal South. On Aug. 22, 1894, he was united in marriage to Miss Lila Wyatt Lovelace, daughter of John B. and Mary (Wyatt) Lovelace, of Marion, Ala., and she was summoned to the life eternal in January, 1902, being survived by two children, Francis Wyatt, born in 1898; and Kendick Lovelace, born in 1900. In 1904 Professor Scott married Miss Josephine Lovelace, a sister of his first wife. ;
Scottdale, a:post-hamlet of Dekalb county, is a station on the Georgia railroad, about half-way between Decatur and Stone Mountain.
Screven, a small town in the western part of Wayne county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, ten miles southwest of Jesup. The population in 1900 was 100. It has a money order postoffice, an express office, a few stores, and does some shipping.
Screven County, which was formed from the counties of Burke and Effingham in 1793, was named for Gen. James Screven. Three years after it was laid out a. part was set off to Bulloch and in August, 1905, its size was further reduced by the erection of Jenkins county. It lies in the eastern tier of counties and prior to the last division was bounded on the east and northeast by the Savan nah river, which separates it from the State of South Carolina,

260

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

on the southeast by Effmgham county and on the southwest by the Ogeechee river, which separated it from the counties of Bulloch and Emanuel. The climate is mild and the land is level and well watered. Agriculture is the leading occupation, the principal products being cotton, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, field and ground peas, rice, sorghum and sugar-cane. Fruits are easily raised and large quantities of apples, peaches and melons are shipped to Sa vannah. Next to agriculture lumbering and the production of naval stores give employment to the people. Much of the origi nal forest remains. The timber consists of oak, cypress, ash, maple, poplar and the long leaf pine. Few minerals are found, the most important, being buhrstone and a fine quality of clay, the latter being developed to some extent. The main line of the Central of Georgia railway runs through the southern part, along the banks of the Ogeechee river, and there is a short railroad called the Sylvania Central, which connects with the Central at Rockyford. These lines with the Savannah river steamers afford good transpor tation facilities. The battle of Brier Creek was fought in this county. In 1900 the population was 19,252, a gain of 4,828 over the preceding census.
Screven, James, a hero of the Revolutionary war, was a native of South Carolina, but settled near Medway church a few years before the beginning of the Revolution. In the battle at Medway church on Nov. 24, 1778, he received a mortal wound. Col. Samuel Elbert, commander of the Americans, sent a flag of truce to the enemy and asked permission to send physicians to care for General Screven. This request was granted and Doctors Braidie and Alex ander entered the British lines. They soon saw, however, that the brave man had but a few hours to live and could do nothing more than to relieve his suffering as much as possible during the brief period he had to live. His death occurred the following day. Screven county bears his name, and several of his family have been intimately and prominently identified with Georgia's progress.
Screven, John, was born in Savannah, Ga., Sept. 18, 1827. His father, Dr. James P. Screven, mayor, state senator and railroad president, was of English descent, his ancestor, Rev. William Screven having come over first to Maine and then to South Caro lina, where he founded the first Baptist church in the colony. Another of Doctor Screven's ancestors was Thomas Smith, colo nial governor of South Carolina. John Screven's mother was Han nah Georgia Bryan, a descendant of Jonathan Bryan, associate justice and councilman, and one of the founders of the colony of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

261

Georgia. John Screven attended Franklin College (of the univer sity of Georgia) but did not continue until graduation, studied law under Judge William Law, went abroad in 1848, spent some time in Heidelberg, returned home and was admitted to the bar in Savannah in 1849. He soon left his profession to manage the estate of his father. In 1853 he was elected justice of the inferior court and held this position until 1866. He was elected president of the Atlantic & Gulf railroad in 1859, but being a captain in the Savannah volunteer guards, he obtained leave of absence from his railroad duties to serve in the Confederate army. He was com missioned major of artillery in 1861 and placed in command of the Eighteenth Georgia battery, but the next year was ordered back to railroad duties. In 1864 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel and assigned to the defense of the inner lines of Savannah. In 1865 upon the close of hostilities he began the rehabilitation of his road, from the presidency of which he retired when it became a part of the Savannah, Florida & Western system. In 1859 Colonel Screven was elected representative in the state legislature and in 1869 mayor of Savannah, to which latter office he was twice after ward elected. He was a member of the Constitutional convention of 1877; in 1880 was associate arbitrator of the Southern railroad and steamship association, and in 1889 was elected a trustee of the University of Georgia. He has also held the honorable positions of president of the Savannah university club, trustee of the Chat ham academy, Fellow of the New York geographical society, and president of the Sons of the Revolution in Georgia. He was mar ried in 1849 to Mrs. Mary Footman, who died in 1863, and in 1865 he was married to Mrs. Mary Eleanor Brown, daughter of Dr. H. O'K. Nesbitt and niece of United States Senator Berrien, who died in 1883. Colonel Screven died in Savannah about eighteen years later.
Seabrook, a post-village of Liberty county, is between the Medway and North Newport rivers, and is six miles southeast of Ar cadia, which is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1900 was 111.
Seal of State. Since the first settlement of Georgia various de signs have been used on the official seal, to correspond to the form of government under which the affairs of the colony or state have been administered.
1--The Seal of the Trustees. Soon after the original charter was granted in 1732 the trustees, in accordance with its provisions, ordered a seal to be made. The device was that of two figures

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

resting upon urns, representing the Savannah and Altamaha rivers, which'formed the northeastern and southwestern boundaries of the colony, and between those figures was seated the genius of the province with a cap of liberty on her head, a spear in one hand and a cornucopia in the other, with the inscription "Colonia Georgia Aug." On the other side of the seal were some silk worms some beginning and others having finished their webs with the motto "Non sibi sed aliis."
2--The Seal of the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Planta tions. The last meeting of the trustees was held on June 23, 1752. At that time the charter was surrendered, the old seal destroyed, and the inhabitants of the colony commended to His Majesty's protec tion. The affairs of the colony were turned over to the Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, who adopted a new seal. It was made of silver, bearing on one side a figure representing the genius of the province offering some skeins of silk to the king, with the motto: "Hinc laudem sperate Coloni," and around the margin were the words: "Sigillum Provincial nostras Georgian in America." The obverse bore His Majesty's arms, crown, garter, supporters, and motto, with the inscription: "Georgius II. Dei Gratia Magnse Brittanniae Fr. et Hib, Rex. Fidei Defensor Brunsvici et Luneburgi Dux. Sacri Romani Imperii Archi Thesaurarius et Princeps Elector."
3--First Seal of State. The Savannah convention, which as sembled on Feb. 5, 1777, discarded the old seal of the royal govern ment and adopted a new one bearing on one side a scroll, upon which was the legend: "The Constitution of the State of Georgia," and the motto "Pro Bono Publico." On the other side was repre sented several buildings, fields of corn, meadows with herds of sheep and cattle, a river running through the landscape, with a ship under full sail, and the motto: "Deus nobis hsec otia fecit." This remained the seal of state until after the independence of the United States was fully established and a majority of the states had ratified the Federal constitution.
4--The Present Seal. The legislature that met in June, 1799, decided upon a new design for a seal, to wit: On one side a ship receiving a cargo of cotton and tobacco and flying the flag of the United States at her masthead; in the background a man plowing, herd of sheep, and around the margin the words: "Agriculture and Commerce, 1799." On the other an arch, representing the con stitution, rested upon three pillars, about which was entwined a scroll bearing the words, "Wisdom, Justice and Moderation," while

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363

below the design was the date 1776. With some slight modifica tions this has continued as the Great Seal of State until the pres ent time. Under an act of the legislature, approved De*c. 14, 1861, commissioners were appointed to alter the seal in accordance with the provisions of the Confederate constitution, but no record of their acts has been obtained. There is a story to the effect that when Governor Jenkins was deposed from office by the order of General Meade, in 1868, he carried the great seal away with him, but when Gov. James M. Smith was inaugurated in 1872 the seal was returned accompanied by a communication from Governor Jenkins, the closing words of which were as follows: "I derive high satisfaction from the reflection that it has never been dese crated by the grasp of a military usurper's hand, never been pros tituted to authenticate official misdeeds of an upstart pretender. Unpolluted as it came to me, I gladly place it in the hands of a worthy son of Georgia her freely chosen Executive my first legitimate successor." This story is literally true, except that the seal carried away by Governor Jenkins, when he was deposed from office was not the great seal but the seal of the executive office. The great seal was in the possession of its lawful custodian, the secretary of state, the venerable Col. N. C. Barnett. At the time when Governor Jenkins carried away the seal of the executive office Colonel Barnett carried the great seal to his house and his wife, Mrs. Barnett,. a loyal and patriotic Georgia woman, buried it under the floor of a pig pen where it remained for many months, until peace was fully restored, when she restored it to the office of the secretary of state. And thus, in the language of Governor Jenkins, the great seal of Georgia "was never desecrated by the grasp of a military usurper's hand."
Seals, a post-village of Camden county, is a station on the Sea board Air Line railway, at the point where it crosses Crooked river.
Secession. In the early years of the Federal government the ideas of union and secession might be said to have been concur rent. Although only occasionally alluded to as a possibility, there were some who held tenaciously to the theory that if a state volun tarily entered into a compact she had a right to voluntarily with draw, while others just as tenaciously clung to the idea that no state, having once been admitted into the Union, had the right to withdraw without the full consent of the sister states. The first important discussion of the advisability of secession as a corrective for governmental measures was in the Hartford convention, which

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met on Dec. 15, 1814. This convention was made up of delegates from the New England States, the call for it having emanated from the legislature of Massachusetts, and grew out of the declar ation of war against England in 1812. As the war injured the com merce of the New England States there was a violent opposition from that quarter to the action of Congress in declaring war, and, although the sessions of the convention were held behind closed doors,'it is known that secession was seriously considered as a remedy.
Phillips, in his work on "Georgia and State Rights," says: "Se cession as a remedy for the ills of the South was first mooted in Georgia about the year 1849. The compromise of 1850 tended to check the discussion, but the theoretical privilege of secession was one of the contentions of the local Southern Rights party in 1851. Early in 1854 Gen. James N. Bethune established the 'Corner Stone' at Columbus, Ga., which for some length of time had the dis tinction of being the only newspaper in the South which advised the immediate dissolution of the Union. From the beginning of the Kansas struggle, secession as a last resort for the protection of Southern rights was never completely out of the contemplation of Southern statesmen. Hiram Warner, in accepting a Democratic nomination to Congress in 1855, expressed his approbation of with drawal from the Union should it become necessary in defending the rights of the State of Georgia. Herschel V. Johnson, while governor of Georgia, wrote in 1856 that the election of Fremont as President would drive the Southern States to dissolve the Union, while Howell Cobb, in discussing the same contingency, declared that he would hasten home, in the event, to take the stump for im mediate secession."
Besides these examples mentioned by Phillips there were a number of statesmen who advocated similar views. Opinion on the subject was divided, but the division was not marked by sectional lines. All over the South could be found honest and sincere men who opposed secession, some of whom, while not questioning the right, deemed it inexpedient, while in every Northern state were men, equally honest and sincere, who maintained that the South had not only, the right to secede but that it was her duty to do so, and that the Federal government had no constitutional power to coerce a state into remaining in the Union against the dictates of the people's judgment. Abraham Lincoln, who was elected to the presidency in 1860, through a division in the Democratic party, said in a speech in the national house of representatives, on Jan.

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12, 1848: "Any people any where, being inclined and having the power, have the right to rise up and shake off the existing govern ment, and form a new one that suits them better. This is a most valuable, a sacred right a right which, we hope and believe, is to liberate the world. Nor is this right confined to cases in which the whole people of an existing government may choose to exer cise it. Any portion of such people that can, may revolutionize, and make their own of so much territory as they inhabit. More than this, a majority of any portion of such people may revolution ize, putting down a minority, intermingled with, or near about them, who may oppose their movements."
On Nov. 9, 1860, two days after Mr. Lincoln was elected to the presidency of the United States, Horace Greeley, one of the most uncompromising advocates of the abolition of negro slavery, used the following language in an editorial in the New York Tribune: "The telegraph informs us that most of the Cotton States are meditating a withdrawal from the Union, because of Lincoln's election. * * * * We hold, with Jefferson, to the unalienable right of communities to alter or abolish forms of government that have become oppressive or injurious; and, if the Cotton States shall decide that they can do better out of the Union than in it, we insist on letting them go in peace. The right to secede may be a revolutionary one, but it exists nevertheless; and we do not see how one party can have a right to do what another party has a right to prevent. We must ever resist the asserted right of any State to remain in the Union, and nullify or defy the laws thereof; to withdraw from the Union is quite another matter. And, when ever a considerable section of our Union shall deliberately resolve to go out, we shall resist all coercive measures designed to keep it in. We hope never to live.in a Republic, whereof one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets."
Of the Georgia statesmen who opposed secession the leader was unquestionably Alexander H. Stephens. His speech before the Georgia legislature on Nov. 14, 1860, was, all things considered, the greatest of his life. Small of stature but a giant in intellect and force of character, he stood firmly against disunion, and urged the people to be guided by the motto of the state "Wisdom, Jus tice, and Moderation." Shoulder to shoulder with Mr. Stephens stood Herschel V. Johnson and Ben. H. Hill, both men of un doubted loyalty to their state, but who saw in secession a drastic remedy for the existing evils. One of the prominent leaders of the secessionists was Robert Toombs who at that time occupied a seat

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in the United States senate. Among others equally prominent were Gov. J. E. Brown, Senator Iverson, Howell Cobb, Thomas R. R. Cobb and Alfred H. Colquitt. It was largely through the influence of Toombs that the Crittenden resolutions were offered as a solution to the problem. These resolutions proposed amend ments to the Federal constitution reestablishing the old dividing line of 36 30'; depriving Congress of the power to interfere with slavery south of that line, or to abolish slavery in the territory under exclusive Congressional supervision; prohibiting the free transportation of slaves from one state to another in which slavery was permitted; and providing for the enforcement of the fugitive slave law. Mr. Toombs was a member of the committee of thir teen, to which the resolutions were referred, and voted against the proposed amendments, though he declared himself ready to sup port them if the Republicans would do so in good faith. Upon the defeat of the resolutions as a compromise measure Toombs sent an address to the people of Georgia counseling secession before the inauguration of Lincoln as president. The address gave an ir resistible impetus to the cause of secession and the movement sped onward to its consummation. On the afternoon of Dec. 20, 1860, the telegraph flashed the tidings to all the towns and cities of Georgia that South Carolina had passed an ordinance of seces sion and declared her sovereign independence. This added to the determined spirit of Georgia and when, eight days later, the Fed eral war department ordered the garrison at Fort Moultrie to de stroy that fortification and to occupy Fort Sumter, no course other than secession appeared to remain.
In his message to the legislature, which assembled a few days after the presidential election in 1860, Gov. Joseph E. Brown ad vised a convention of the people, and recommended an appropria tion of $1,000,000 for a military fund, to be used in putting Georgia in a state of defense. Both suggestions were acted upon favorably by the assembly and the convention was called to meet at Milledgeville on Jan. 16, 1861. Before that date Governor Brown ordered Col. A. R. Lawton, commanding the First Georgia regiment, to seize and occupy Fort Pulaski, at the mouth of the Savannah river, as a measure of self defense. At the time he issued this order Georgia was still in the Union and it was regarded as an act of war against the government of the United States. Delegates to the convention were elected on the first Monday in January. Out of a total of 87,336 votes the majority in favor of immediate disunion was 13,120, the anti-secessionists carrying many of the counties.

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Cobb and Chatham counties were almost unanimous in favor of secession, while in the counties of Tatnall and Taliaferro the sen timent was so much the other way that no secession candidate was presented. These incidents go to show how much the people were divided on the issue.
George W. Crawford, an ex-Governor of Georgia, and secretary of war under President Taylor's administration, was elected presi dent of the convention, and Albert R. Lamar, a well known journal ist, was chosen secretary. Soon after the organization the conven tion was addressed by James L. Orr and John G. Shorter, commis sioners from South Carolina and Alabama respectively, explaining the attitude of those states and urging Georgia to cooperate. On the 18th Eugenius A. Nisbet offered two resolutions, the first declaring the state had a right to secede, and the second asking the appointment of seventeen to report an ordinance to that effect. The next day the committee reported the following:
"An Ordinance to dissolve the Union between the State of Geor gia and other States united with her under a Compact of Govern ment, entitled 'the Constitution of the United States of America.'
"We, the people of the State of Georgia, in Convention as sembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and or dained :
"That the Ordinance adopted by the people of the State of Geor gia, in Convention, on the second day of January, in the year of our Lord, seventeen hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitu tion of the United States of America was assented to, ratified and adopted; and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assem bly of this State ratifying and adopting amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, rescinded and abrogated.
"We1 do further declare and ordain, That the Union now sub sisting between the State of Georgia and other States, tinder the name of the United States of America,' is hereby dissolved, and that the State of Georgia is in the full possession and exercise of all those rights of Sovereignty which belong and appertain to a free and independent State."
The opponents of secession had ready a substitute for the or dinance and as soon as the report of the committee was read the substitute was offered by Benjamin H. Hill. It had been prepared by Herschel V. Johnson and had been offered the day before, when Judge Nisbet introduced his resolutions, but had been cut off from consideration by the operation of the previous question. It declared that Georgia was attached to the Union and desired to preserve it

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if it could be done with due regard for her rights and safety; invited the slave states to send delegates to a convention to be held at Atlanta on February 16th; pledged the state to make com mon cause with those which had already seceded in case any at tempt should be made to coerce any one of them; provided for the appointment of commissioners to each of the slaveholding states that had not yet passed ordinances of secession, to urge their con formity to the policy indicated, and also a commissioner to the convention called at Montgomery for February 4th; and then pledged the state to secede if nothing could be accomplished toward a reconciliation between the free and slave states. The debate that followed was a battle of Titans. On the side of immediate secession were Judge Nisbet, Robert Toombs, T. R. R. Cobb, Augustus Reese and Francis Bartow, and among the opponents were Ben. H. Hill, Herschel V. Johnson, Alexander H. Stephens and his brother Linton, who was one .of the justices of the supreme court. The substitute was defeated by a vote of 164 to 133, after which the ordinance as reported by the committee was adopted by a vote of 208 to 89, many of the anti-secessionists voting for it to give all the moral force possible to the act of the convention. Among those who changed was Mr. Hill. The ordinance was finally signed by all the delegates except seven, and these de clared their intention to "yield to the will of the majority of the state as expressed by their representatives, and to pledge their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor to the defence of Georgia."
The news of the passage of the ordinance was everywhere hailed with delight. Although the contest had been a stubborn one it was a fair fight, and the people stood unanimously by the action of their representatives. As soon as it became known in Wash ington that the state had seceded the Georgia senators and repre sentatives in the Congress of the United States withdrew from that body and cast in their lot with their state. On the 22nd the convention adopted resolutions revoking all cessions of land to the Federal government and claiming all public buildings erected there on. On the 23d ten delegates were elected to the Confederate Congress, to be held at Montgomery, Ala., on February 4th. They were Robert Toombs, Francis S. Bartow, Martin J. Crawford, Eugenius A. Nisbet, Benjamin H. Hill, Howell Cobb, Augustus R. Wright, Thomas R. R. Cobb, Augustus H. Kenan and Alexan der H. Stephens. When the convention adjourned on the 29th it was to meet at Savannah on March 7th. There it ratified the

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constitution of the Confederate States, authorized the governor to raise and expend all the funds necessary to carry out the acts for the public defense, passed a resolution to cede ten miles square for a capital of the Confederate States, transferred the forts and arms to the Confederate government, adopted a new state con stitution, and on the 23d adjourned sine die. The state constitu tion was submitted to a vote of the people in July and was ratified, thus completing the secession of the state.
Georgia soon took a position in the vanguard of the great move ment. She was signally honored in the election of Alexander H. Stephens to the office of vice-president of the Confederate States. Notwithstanding his early opposition he became an earnest and consistent supporter of the Confederacy. His "corner-stone" speech at Savannah, in April, 1861, went all over the civilized world as the representative philosophy upon which the new Federation of States was founded. Jefferson Davis, soon after his inaugura tion as provisional president, appointed three persons, in pursuance of a resolution adopted by the Confederate Congress, to go to Washington and make an effort to establish friendly relations with the United States government. This commission consisted of Martin J. Crawford, of Georgia; John For syth, of Alabama; and A. B. Roman, of Louisiana. Mr. Crawford was not only the nomi nal head of the commission, but was also its leading spirit. It ac complished nothing, however, and after remaining in Washington until April 9th the members separated and returned to their re spective states, after addressing a communication to William H. Seward, Lincoln's secretary of state, censuring him for his re fusal to entertain their overtures of peace.
Although the election of. Lincoln was the immediate cause of secession it is worthy of note, and in the light of subsequent events a ground for felicitation, that none of the Georgia statesmen made any attack upon the character of the president. Those who knew him personally spoke highly of his worth, and some even expressed the opinion that he would not resort to force of arms to prevent the formation of a new government. No war was proposed against him, nor no threat made to endeavor to set aside his election. While some of the other states made personal attacks upon the newly elected executive, Georgia assailed the principles rather than the man. Her aim was, as she expressed it, "simply to enter into concert of action with the sister Southern States which will secure their common rights under the constitution in the Union, or if that be no longer possible, their independence and security out of it."

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Seed, a post-hamlet of Habersham county, is on a branch of the
Soquee river, eight miles northwest of Clarkesville, which is the
nearest railroad station.
Selina, a post-village of Clayton county, is a station on the At lanta & Fort Valley branch of the Southern railroad, and is five miles west of Jonesboro. It has a few stores with a local trade, express and telegraph offices, and does considerable shipping.
Semmes, Paul J.., was a resident of Columbus at the beginning of the war and captain of one of the finely drilled military com panies of that city. When the state seceded he at once enlisted and was made colonel of the Second Georgia regiment. The fol lowing spring he was commissioned brigadier-general, assigned to McLaws' division, and participated in all the principal engage ments of the Maryland and Virginia campaigns. He was mortally
wounded at Gettysburg and died July 10, 1863. Semmes, Raphael Thomas, president
of the Semmes Hardware Company, one
of the representative wholesale concerns
of Savannah, was born at Canton, Madi
son county, Miss., July 27, 1857. His father, Dr. Alphonso Thomas Semmes,
was born in Washington, Wilkes county,
Ga., April 28, 1830, and his mother, Mary
Sabina (Semmes) Semmes, was born in
Georgetown, now a portion of the city
of Washington, D. C., Dec. 6, 1832. Doc
tor Semmes was a son of Thomas Sem
mes, Jr. and Harriet Shepherd (Bealle) Semmes, the latter being a native of Columbia county, Ga., and a descendant of early settlers from Charles county, Md., whence her grandparents removed to Georgia. Thomas Semmes, Jr. was born in Wilkes county, Ga., Jan. 19, 1802; was married Jan. 7, 1829; removed to Mississippi in 1852, and died at Canton, in May, 1862. He was a son of Roger and Jane (Sanders) Semmes, of Charles county, Md., the latter having been a lineal descendant of one of the Roman Catholic gentlemen who came to Maryland with Lord Baltimore in 1634. Roger Semmes was born in Charles county, Md., in December, 1779, and removed to Wilkes county, Ga., where he died in September, 1804. He was a son of Thomas Semmes, Sr., who married a widow, Mrs. Mary Ann (Ratcliff) Brawner, their marriage occurring in February, 1779, in Charles county, Md. Thomas Semmes, Sr. was born in 1754,

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in Charles county. In 1800 he removed to Wilkes county, Ga., where he died June 14, 1824. He was a lieutenant in the Maryland line of troops in the war of the Revolution. (See Maryland Ar chives). He was a son of James and Mary (Simpson) Semmes, the latter a daughter of Andrew and Elizabeth (Green) Simpson. Elizabeth (Green) Simpson was a granddaughter of Thomas Green, the first proprietary governor of the province of Maryland. James Semmes II was a son of James and Mary (Goodrick) Semmes, of Charles county. James Semmes I was a son of Marmaduke Semmes, of St. Mary's county, Md., and his mother, Fortune Semmes was the widow of Bulmer Medford, who immigrated to Maryland in 1664. Her first husband died in 1666 and in July, 1668, she married Marmaduke Semmes, who had been, in 1662, sworn in as doorkeeper of the upper house of the province of Maryland. (See Maryland Archives). Mary Sabina Semmes, nee Semmes, mother of the subject of this sketch, was the seventh child of Raphael and Mary Matilda (Jenkins) Semmes, of George town, D. C. The former was an uncle of Adm. Raphael Semmes of the Confederate States Navy, whom he formally adopted in child hood. Raphael Semmes I was born in Charles county, Md., Aug. 21, 1786, and died Oct. 12, 1846, in Georgetown, D. C. He was a son of Joseph and Henrietta (Thompson) Semmes, of Charles county, the former of whom served in the Revolution and the lat ter was a daughter of Richard Thompson, of Charles county, son of one of the early settlers of Maryland. Joseph Semmes was born in 1753, in Charles county, and was a brother of Thomas Semmes, Sr., who became a resident of Georgia. They were sons of James Semmes II, of Charles county, and hence Joseph also descended from Marmaduke Semmes I and from Gov. Thomas Green, pre viously mentioned. Two other sons of James Semmes II served in the Revolution and both were killed in the battle of Long Island. One of these was Andrew Green Semmes I, uncle of Andrew Green Semmes II, of Wilkes county, Ga., who was the father of Gen. Paul J. Semmes, a distinguished officer in the Confederate service during the Civil war. Mary Matilda (Jenkins) Semmes, maternal grandmother of the subject of this review, was born Dec. 28, 1800, in Charles county, a daughter of Capt. Thomas JenkinSj of the Revolution, so long imprisoned by the British, and his wife, Mary. (Neale) Corry, widow of Benjamin Leslie Corry and daughter of Richard Neale, son of Henry Neale of James Neale II, son of Capt. James Neale, who was an early immigrant to Maryland, whither he came from Spain, in whose navy he had

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been a commander. An ancestress was a lady of the court of Spain. He was also a direct descendant of the famous Hugh O'Neale, king of Ulster. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, of England, when France and Spain incited Ireland to revolt against England, the O'Neale estates were confiscated and all of the family perished except the two youngest children, who were small boys. At the instigation of the Pope, the kings 'of France and Spain each took one of these boys. One became the ancestor of the famous French General, Marechal Niel. The other married a lady of the Spanish court and died a number of years later while on a visit to Rome, his remains being buried in the Spanish church (Church of St. Peter of the Rock), in the "Eternal City," where his tomb can yet be seen. He was the ancestor of Capt. James Neale, who set tled in Maryland, as noted above. Dr. Alphonso T. Semmes, father of him to whom this sketch is dedicated, was an able phy sician, and during the Civil war he served the Confederacy for a time as surgeon in the army, but was in the hospital service the greater portion of the time. Thomas Semmes, Jr., of Georgia and later of Mississippi, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, crippled from paralysis and unable to fight for his country, equipped at his own expense a company, the Semmes Rifles, in Canton, Miss., and this company rendered valiant service in the Confed erate ranks. Raphael Thomas Semmes secured his earlier educa tional training in private schools in Canton, and supplemented this by careful discipline in the Christian Brothers' college, Memphis, Tenn. In January, 1873, he became a clerk in a hardware store in Canton, and on Dec. 9, 1879, he located in Atlanta, Ga., where he became a clerk in the hardware establishment of Tommey, Gregg & Beck. Two or three years later, when the firm was merged into a stock company, under the title of the Beck & Gregg Hard ware Company, Mr. Semmes became a minority stockholder, and in 1891, when the concern increased its capital stock, he considerably increased his holdings. In January, 1896, he resigned his associa tion with this concern, having formed a business connection in Savannah, where he took up his residence in March of that year. In 1898 he individually established himself in the wholesale hard ware business in Savannah, being the sole owner of the enterprise but adopting the title of R. T. Semmes & Co. In 1901 he organized the Semmes Hardware Company, for the purpose of broadening and facilitating his business, and he has since been president of the company, whose business now takes rank among the leading enterprises of the sort in the southeastern states, the substantial

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growth and expansion of .the same being due to the able and hon orable methods and the energy and discrimination which Mr. Semmes has brought to bear in the connection. He is also a director of the Savannah Trust Company. In politics he is a stanch Demo crat, and he and his wife are communicants of the Catholic church, with which his ancestors have been identified for generations. He is a member of the Maryland Historical Society and Savannah Yacht club. On April 30, 1891, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Semmes to Miss Mary Katherine Flannery, daughter of Capt. John and Mary Ellen (Norton) Flannery, of Savannah. Mr. and Mrs. Semmes have no children.
Seney, an incorporated town in the northeastern part of Polk county, is on the Southern railroad, and in 1900 had a population of 121. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express of fices, some mercantile and manufacturing interests, schools,
churches, etc.
Senoia, a town in the southeastern part of Coweta county, is located on the branch of the Central of Georgia railway that con nects Griffin, Newnan and Rome. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1866 and in 1900 had a population of 782 within the corporate limits, and in its entire district 2,390. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, a cotton oil mill, prosperous stores, a public cotton gin, a grist mill, a cotton factory and good schools and churches.
Sessoms, a post-town in the southwest corner of Appling county, is a station on the Nicholls & Waycross division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad, and in 1900 reported a population of 105.
Sessoms, Alexander, a prominent bus
iness man of Waycross, Ware county,
and an honored veteran of the Confeder
ate service in the war between the states,
was born in Cumberland county, N. C.,
Jan. 2, 1834, a son of Amos and Marga
ret (Antry) Sessoms, both of whom were likewise born in Cumberland county and
passed their entire lives in North Caro
lina, where the respective families were
early founded, the Sessoms family being
of Welsh extraction. Alexander Ses
soms was reared to manhood in the old North state, and his youthful training was that of the plantation.
18 III

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In February, 1862, about one month after celebrating his twentyeighth birthday, he enlisted as a private in Company C, Thirtysixth North Carolina heavy artillery, was stationed for some time at Fort Fisher, and later took part in the siege of Savannah. He rose to the rank of sergeant, was with his command at Fort Fisher when captured by the Union forces, Jan. 15, 1865, and was paroled at the end of the war. He maintains a lively interest in his old com rades and signifies the same by his membership in the United Confederate Veterans. Mr. Sessoms has been a resident of Geor gia since 1877 and has been successful in his business operations, as a manufacturer and producer of naval stores. He has ever re tained the confidence and esteem of his fellow men and is one of the representative citizens of Waycross, where he has made his home since 1893. In politics he is a stanch adherent of the Dem ocratic party, but has never been an aspirant for public office. In February, 1869, Mr. Sessoms married Miss- Hannah Jane Bullard, who died in 1879, and who is survived by three children Blanch, Albert Henry, and John Gordon. In November, 1880, he was united in marriage to Miss Lou W. Cogdell, and of their eight children seven are living Alexander K., Pauline, Ruby, Ralph, Robert Lee, Lewis and Dorothy.
Seville, a town in the western part of Wilcox county, on the. Sea board Air Line railway between Americus and Savannah, was in corporated by act of the legislature in 1891. Being in the midst of the lumber and turpentine section it has had a steady growth and according to the census of 1900 had within its corporate limits 1,277 inhabitants. It is in one of the best peach and grape grow ing sections of the South, has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices and prosperous mercan tile houses, and its people enjoy excellent school and church priv ileges.
Seward, James L., was born in Georgia and after completing his education began to practice law at Thomasville. He served for several terms in the legislature; was elected to Congress in 1852, reflected in 1854 and again in 1856.
Shack, a post-hamlet of Chattahoochee county, is on the Chattahoochee river, near the mouth of Upatoie creek. The nearest railroad station is Fort Mitchell, Ala.
Shadydale, an incorporated town in the eastern part of Jasper county, is on the Athens division of the Central of Georgia rail road, four miles north of Machen, and in 1900 had a population of 300. It has a money order postoffice from which free delivery

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routes supply mail to the rural districts, telegraph and express offices, and is a trading and shipping point for that part of the
county.
Shady Grove, sometimes called Millen's grove, was in the line of the Federal advance upon Savannah in the latter part of the year 1864. .On the first day of December, as the army moved from Louisville toward Waynesboro, a foraging party of the Eighty-eighth Indiana infantry came in contact with a small de tachment of Wheeler's cavalry and a sharp skirmish ensued near this grove, but without serious loss to either side.
Shannon, a post-village of Floyd county, is a station on the Southern railway, about ten miles northeast of Rome. It has some mercantile interests, an express office, and in 1900 had a popula
tion of 62. Sharon, a town in Taliaferro county, was incorporated by act of
the legislature on Dec. 24, 1884. It is on the Washington branch of the Georgia railroad, five miles north of Barnett, and in 1900 reported a population of 216. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, some mercantile concerns, and does considerable shipping. A skirmish between the Americans and British occurred near the site of this town on May 24, 1782.
Sharp, Lemuel Johnson, M. D., a rep
resentative medical practitioner of Jack
son county, is established in practice in
the town of Commerce, where he is held
in high regard both as a physician and
as a citizen. He was born in a log cabin
in Jackson county, Feb. 10, 1862, and this
county was also the birthplace of his
father, Eclmond Johnson Sharp, who was
born Jan. 9, 1826. The maiden name of
his mother, also native of Georgia, was
Margaret Harrison. After due prelimi
nary training in Martin .institute, at Jef ferson, Ga., Doctor Sharp, at the age of eighteen years, took up the study of medicine, for which he early manifested a distinct predi lection. He finally entered the Ohio medical college, at Cincinnati, and was there graduated as a member of the class of 1883, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He has never abated his vigilance in keeping abreast with the advances made in the sciences of medicine and surgery, and this has been indicated by his taking exceptionally advanced post-graduate courses, in the

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following named institutions: The Post-Graduate medical col lege and hospital, the New York school of clinical medicine and the New York polyclinic, all of New York city; the Metroplitan school of medicine and the Post-Graduate college of medicine and surgery in London, England. Doctor Sharp initiated the practice of his profession by locating in Jefferson, where he was a resident in 1883-84, since which time he has maintained his professional head quarters in Commerce, where he has a large and representative practice. He is a member of the American medical association, the Medical Association of Georgia, and the Jackson county med ical society. He is a Royal Arch Mason, is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Nov. 29, 1893, he was united in marriage to Miss Esther Gunnels, daughter of Daniel P. and Sarah E. (Cunningham) Gunnels, and she died in August, 1901. On Nov. 26, 1902, he married Miss Pauline Shankle, daughter of Seaborn and Victoria (Park) Shankle, of Commerce. Two chil dren, Kathleen and Herbert Johnson, one by the first and one
by the second marriage are living. Sharpe, a post-village in the southwestern part of Walker coun
ty, is a station on the Chattanooga Southern railroad and in 1900 reported a population of 93. It is the principal trading point for
the surrounding country.
Sharpe, Charles W., who has the dis tinction of being the first judge of the court of ordinary of Jenkins county,
whose organization was effected in 1905, with Milieu as the county-seat, is one of
the well known and popular citizens of this section of the state. He was born on the homestead plantation in Screven
county, Aug. 14, 1864. In Screven ^coun ty were born his parents; Judge Robert D. and Martha Ann (Enneis) Sharpe,
the former in 1825 and the latter in 1830.
Judge Robert D. Sharpe was one of the successful planters and influential and honored citizens of Screven county, where his death occurred in 1902. He served several terms as judge of the court of ordinary, clerk of the superior court, and county commissioner, and held the unqualified respect and esteem of all who knew him. His widow still survives, and re sides at Scarboro, which is now in Jenkins county, eight miles

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277

distant from Millen, that also being the home of the subject of this sketch, though Millen is his official address. Judge Charles W. Sharpe attended Scarboro academy in his youth and also a school conducted by Prof. James R. Drake, in Screven county, securing excellent scholastic discipline and continuing to attend school until he had attained the age of eighteen years. He has been identified with plantation enterprises from his youth up, while his business career has also included successful operations as a merchant and a manufacturer of turpentine. He is at the present time secretary and treasurer of the Sharpe Company, of Scarboro, of which his brother, Milburn C., is president. The company is incorporated with a capital stock of $100,000, carries on a large general mer chandise business, has large and important turpentine and distil ling interests, and owns and controls large plantation property in Jenkins county. Judge Sharpe accords an unwavering allegiance to the Democratic party, and he has been an effective worker in its local councils. When the new county of Jenkins was organized, in August, 1905, he was made the first judge of the court of ordi nary, and has given a most admirable administration, bringing the affairs of the office into the best of order and having successfully accomplished the initial work of systematizing and adjusting after the new county was brought into being. He is well known through out the county, his circle of friends is circumscribed only by that of his acquaintances, and he is recognized as a liberal and publicspirited citizen. His brother, Benjamin P. Sharpe, an extensive turpentine farmer and manufacturer, and prominent in business circles in both Georgia and Florida, died near Halcyondale, Bulloch county, May 27, 1906.
Sharpsburg, an incorporated town of Coweta county, is on the Central of Georgia railroad, about ten miles east of Newnan. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express service, some mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 had a population of 137.
Sharptop, a post-village of Cherokee county, with a population of 59 in 1900, is about six miles west of Ball Ground, which is the nearest railroad station.
Shaw, (railroad name Estelle Station) a village of Walker coun ty, is a station on the Chattanooga Southern railroad where it passes through the gap in the Pidgeon mountain. It has a money order postoffice, some' stores doing a good business, and in 1900 had a population of 108.

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Shearwood, a post-town in the eastern part of Bulloch county, is a station on the Savannah & Statesboro railway, and in 1900 re ported a population of 200. It is a shipping point of some im portance and its stores have a good local trade.
Shelbine, a post-hamlet of Camden county, is near the mouth of Crooked river and on the sound opposite Cumberland island. Seals is the nearest railroad station.
Sheldon, James R., is numbered
among the prominent business men and influential citizens of Savannah and is a
veteran of the Civil war, in which he
served as a member of a Georgia regi
ment. He is a representative of stanch colonial stock, in both the paternal and maternal lines. He was born in Paw-
tuxet, near the city of Providence, R. I.,
June 2, 1840, a son of Capt. Pardon and Rebecca (Aborn) Sheldon, who were likewise natives of Pawtuxet. The fath er was born in 1801 and his death oc curred in 1849. He was a ship owner and sea captain and his death occurred when the subject of this sketch was about eight years of age. Captain Sheldon was a son of Remington and Huldah (Greene) Sheldon, the former born in 1753 and died in 1829, and the latter born in 1758 and died in 1822, having been a representa tive of the same family of which Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of Revo lutionary fame, was a distinguished member. Rebecca (Aborn) Sheldon was born in 1806 and died in 1869. She was a daughter of Jonathan and Dorcas (Tourtellot) Aborn, the former born in 1778 and died in 1826, and the latter was born in 1774 and died in 1850. James R. Sheldon attended the schools of his native vil lage until he attained to the age of fourteen years and has been dependent upon his own resources from early youth. He came to the state of Georgia in 1858 and went, forth from this state to lend his aid in defending the cause of the Confederacy. On March 2, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company E, Fiftieth Georgia in fantry, and soon afterward proceeded with his command to rein force Lee's army, below the city of Richmond, Va., taking part in the engagement at Malvern Hill and in all the later engagements in which Longstreet's corps was involved. Mr. Sheldon never asked or received a furlough nor was he absent from duty at any time, continuing in service until the close of the war. He was a

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non-commissioned officer until after the battle of Fredericksburg, when he was promoted commissary of his regiment, succeeding Capt. S. M. Colding who was transferred to post duty in Savan nah. For.six months he served as commissary of the brigade com manded by Generals Benning and Bryan, receiving the rank of major and succeeding Major Hankel who was transferred to Charleston, S. C. He remained on duty until the great conflict terminated with the surrender of General Lee, at Appomattox, Va., his regiment having been captured on Sailor's creek, Va., on April 6, 1865, three days before Lee's capitulation. Major Sheldon managed to escape at the time of his regiment's surrender, and then made his way on foot to Georgia. Soon afterward he went to Florida, and from Oct. 1, 1865, until the same relative date of the following year he held a clerical position at Madison, that state. He then returned to Georgia and located in Savannah, where he was in the employ of a commission house until 1870, when he engaged in the cotton commission business on his own account. In 1880 he was one of the three organizers of the Savan nah Guano Company, erecting a plant on the east side of the city and eventually building up an important and prosperous enterprise, the scope of the industry being such that a number of enlargements have been made on the plant from time to time. He has been vice-president of the company from the start, and has capitalistic interests in the city which has been his home for two score of years. In politics Mr. Sheldon maintains an independent attitude, giving his support to the men and measures meeting the approval of his judgment. He has served as a member of the board of alder men of Savannah and was a member of the city health and sanitary board for about six years. He is identified with the United Con federate Veterans; served for about six years on the staff of Gen. Clement A. Evans, commander of the order in Georgia, and is now assistant adjutant-general on the staff of General Willy. He is also identified with the Savannah Volunteer Guards and the Oglethorpe club. He is not a member of any religious organization, but attends the services of St. John's church, Protestant Episcopal, of which Mrs. Sheldon is a communicant. He has advanced to the fourteenth degree of Scottish Rite Masonry and takes a deep interest in the time-honored fraternity. On April 7, 1875, Major Sheldon was united in marriage to Miss Louisa C. Roberts, daugh ter of Hiram and Mary J. Roberts, of Savannah. Mrs. Sheldon died in 1881, and on Nov. 16, 1882, he married her sister, Miss Bes-

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sie Roberts. Their only child is James R., Jr., who was born on Nov. 5, 1893.
Shell Bluff, a post-village of Burke county, is about ten miles northeast of Waynesboro, and in 1900 had a population of 61. Green's Cut is the nearest railroad station.
Shellman, a town in the eastern part of Randolph county, is located on a branch of the Central of Georgia railroad. It was reincorporated by act of the legislature in 1889 and in 1900 was credited with a population of 584. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, two banks, several prosperous mercantile establishments, saw mills in the town and its vicinity, a cotton oil mill and fertilizer factory, churches, a good academy, and schools of lower grade belonging to the public school system.
Sheltonville, a post-town in the eastern part of Milton county, reported a population of 120 in 1900. It is four miles west of Suwanee, which is the most convenient railroad station, and is the principal trading point in that part of the county.
Shepherd, a village of Coffee county, is about five miles north east of Douglas, which is the most convenient railroad station. It has a money order postoffice, some stores with good local trade, and in 1900 had a population of 53.
Shepherd's Plantation. On June 9, 1836, while the whites and the Creeks were at war with each other, a battle was fought at the plantation of Doctor Shepherd, in Stewart county. Captain Garmany's company of Georgia militia was at dinner when firing was heard a short distance away. The men were ordered to leave the dinner and in light marching order they moved in the direction of the firing. After a brisk march of about half a mile they came upon a party of Indians prepared for battle. Garmany's men fired at a distance of one hundred yards and several of the enemy were seen to fall. The Creeks retreated a short distance, when they again formed in line, but a second volley compelled them to again fall back. At each retreat they were reinforced until the number was about 250, while Garmany had but 42 men in action. Seeing the Indians were trying to turn his flanks Garmany ordered his men to retreat. Half of the men were faced to the right and the other half to the left, with instructions to keep up a fire on the savages to prevent the flank movements from being successful. After retreating some distance, a small field containing a gin house and some other buildings was reached and the fence used as a breastwork until two rounds were fired. Here the company was

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divided by the Indians and Captain Garmany was seriously wounded. Major Jarnigan, who was stationed at Fort Jones, three miles from the scene of the conflict, arrived just at this moment with a small detachment of troops and charged the Creeks, which diverted their attention and enabled Garmany to escape. Another body of reinforcements arrived soon after from Fort McCreay and the Indians were put to flight. The whites lost in this engage ment 12 killed and 7 wounded. The loss of the Indians was esti mated at 25 or 30 killed and a number wounded, but it was never
fully ascertained.
Sheppard, Walter W., a successful
member of the Savannah bar and an ex-
member of the state senate, was born in
Liberty county, Ga., Aug. 31, 1866, a son
of David B. M. and Marian C. (Fraser)
Sheppard, both natives of Georgia, the
former born in Screven county in 1812,
and the latter, in Liberty county, Jan.
10, 1830. The paternal grandfather served
as a soldier in the Continental line dur
ing the Revolution, principally in North
Carolina, and the maternal grandfather
was a soldier in the war of 1812. David B. M. Sheppard was judge of the inferior court of Liberty county for a number of years, and there resided until his death. His wife, who is now deceased, was a daughter of Simon Fraser, who was born in Inverness, Scotland, in 1782, came to America in 1801, first locating in Nova Scotia, whence he soon afterward removed to the United States, taking up his residence in Georgia in 1806, and serv ing as a representative of this state in the war of 1812. William Sheppard, paternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch, par ticipated in the battle of Cowpens in the Revolution. After the close of the war he removed to Georgia and settled in the parish of St. George, which later became Screven county. Two uncles of Walter W. Sheppard, Alexander and Donald Fraser, were soldiers in the Confederate service during the Civil war, as was also one of his brothers, William A. Sheppard. AValter W. Sheppard se cured his preparatory educational discipline in Bradwell institute, Hinesville, Ga. In 1889 he graduated at the University of Geor gia, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1893 he secured from the law department of the same institution the degree of Bachelor of Laws. In 1894 the degree of Master of Laws was con-

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ferred upon him at the close of a post-graduate course in George town university, Washington, D. C. Mr. Sheppard was identified with agricultural pursuits in Liberty county for a number of years, and was also there engaged in the practice of his profession until 1896, when he removed to Savannah, where he now controls a very satisfactory law business, being known as one specially well forti fied for the successful work of his exacting profession. He is a stanch advocate of the principles of the Democratic party and in 1894-5 represented the second district in the state senate. His re ligious faith is that of the Presbyterian church, and he is identified with the Masonic fraternity, Knights of Pythias, Independent Or der of Odd Fellows, Junior Order of United American Mechanics, and the Phi Theta college fraternity.
Sherman, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Pickens county, is almost on the Cherokee county line. The nearest railway sta tion is Tate, some five miles northeast, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern road.
Sherrill's Fort. In 1751 a number of Quaker families made a settlement about seven miles west of Augusta, at a place after ward known as Quaker Springs. The hostility of the Indians soon compelled them to abandon their farms. Subsequently they re turned and in January, 1774, under the leadership of one Sherrill, were engaged in erecting a fort for their protection, when a party of Creek Indians, led on by the chief Big Elk, made a descent upon the settlement. At the time there were five white men, three negro men and twelve women and children in the fort. Sherrill and two others fell at the first fire. The remainder retreated to the houses, where they were encouraged by one of the negroes to put up a defense. The Indians fired the fort and the houses but the flames were extinguished without doing much damage. A small party coming to the relief of the fort were discovered and pursued by the savages and this gave the inmates of the houses an oppor tunity to seek safer quarters, but not until seven had been killed and five wounded. Captain Barnard collected about forty men and went in pursuit of Big Elk. Attacking the Indians from the rear he drove them into a swamp, where the pursuit was aban doned.
Shiloh, a village in the eastern part of Harris county, is a sta tion on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern rail way, and in 1900 had a population of 160. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, and is the chief trading and shipping point in that section.

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383

Ship's Gap. This is a passage through Taylor's Ridge in north west Georgia. As Hood was marching northward in the fall of 1864 Gist's brigade passed through the gap on October 15th and camped in the Chattooga valley. Early on the morning of the 16th Col. Ellison Capers was ordered to march back with his regi ment, the Twenty-fourth South Carolina, and hold Ship's Gap un til ordered to retire. He placed two of his companies under Captain Roddey, about a quarter of a mile in advance, with order to detain the enemy as long as possible. From his position on the ridge Colonel Capers saw seventeen flags and thus knew that he was greatly outnumbered. The Federals successfully flanked Roddey's force and captured the greater part of it. They then advanced up the mountain but met a withering fire from Capers' main body and were driven back. Learning soon after that a detachment of the enemy was marching to cut off his retreat, Capers fell back slowly until relieved by cavalry at the foot of the ridge and conducted to the bivouac of Gist's brigade on the Summerville road.
Shoal Creek, a post-village in the northern part of Hart county, had a population of 102 in 1900. It has some stores with a good local trade, schools, churches, etc. The nearest railroad station is Lavonia.
Shoals, a post-village in the extreme southwest corner of War ren county, is on the North fork of the Ogeechee river near the mouth of Long creek. The nearest railroad station is Mitchell.
Shorter College. Sometime in the summer of 1873 a number of citizens of Rome organized a company and bought the eminence known as "Shelton Hill" for the location of a female college. The name of Cherokee female college was at first bestowed on the in stitution, but in 1877 the entire property was conveyed to Col. Alfred Shorter, whose name it now bears. He erected new build ings, revised the course of study, employed a corps of instructors and soon placed the school in the front rank of those of its kind. Colonel Shorter generously donated the college to the Baptist de nomination calling it "a gift to our daughters." The regular course of study comprehends five years and embraces ancient and modern languages, mathematics, philosophy, natural science, music and art.
Shoulder, a post-village of Hancock county, with a population of 50, is in the valle3r -of Shoulderbone creek, ten miles northwest of Sparta, which is the most convenient railroad station.

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Shumate, Ignatius Elgin, senior mem ber of the law firm of Shumate, Maddox & Shumate, Dalton, Ga., was born in Loudoun county, Va., Dec. 5, 1834. For a number of years he has been one of the most prominent and useful citizens of North Georgia, taking high rank among the distinguished lawyers of his section, and being a leader in all educational and reform movements affecting his city, county and state. His grandfathers, Louis Shumate and Gustavius Elgin, the former of French and the latter of Scotch lineage, were large landholders and highly respected citi zens, the former of Fauquier and the latter of Loudoun county, Va. They were men of affairs and of marked influence in their respective counties, among the oldest, richest and most advanced counties in the state. They both entered the military service of the State of Virginia when it was invaded by the British army in the war of 1812. His father, Murphy C. Shumate, was also a successful Loudoun county farmer, liberally educated, and a man of unquestioned probity, standing always positively and influentially for the best things; in politics a Whig, and in religion a Methodist. During his young manhood Mr. Shumate was engaged in educational work. Before his majority, for two years he was one of a corps of teachers in charge of the Masonic institute at Germanton, N. C., a school then largely patronized and one of the most important in the western portion of that state. He com pleted his education at Emory and Henry college, Virginia, gradu ating with distinction in the class of 1858. The degree of Mas ter of Arts was conferred upon him by that institution a few years later. For two years he was a member of the faculty of that re nowned institution, in the most prosperous period of its history. Afterwards he had charge of a high school in Jefferson city, Mo., and later of the Old Dominion female institute at Richmond, Va., both schools of excellent grade in their day. At the out break of the war between the states, army movements and the military atmosphere about Richmond had the effect of suspending most of the schools of that city. Mr. Shumate removed his young family to the home of his wife's mother, at Dalton, Ga. While he remained at Dalton, Maj. W. F. Ayre, who had been placed in charge of the quartermaster's department at that post, procured

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his assistance in the management of the important and rapidly in creasing business. Dalton soon became one of the largest depots for army supplies, and one of the most important distributing points of such supplies in the state. Commissary, ordnance, and medical departments were estatblished, and very extensive hos pitals were erected, and that city became the most important mili tary post in Georgia, with the possible exception of Atlanta. Mr. Shumate was placed in charge of the transportation office, was the confidential clerk of the post quartermaster, under his direction conducted all the official correspondence of his office, and was also a post purchasing agent. His work was so rapid, accurate and satisfactory and his services became so valuable to the post that upon the application of Major Ayre, by order of the proper commanding officers, he was permanently assigned to duty in the quartermaster's department, and remained with Major Ayre until he became chief quartermaster of Hood's army. During the last year of the war he was in active field service with the Georgia state troops, under the command of General G. W. Smith. At the close of the war he entered upon the practice of the law as partner with that distinguished lawyer, Cicero D. McCutcheon, at Dalton, and rose rapidly in his profession. When Mr. McCutcheon was promoted to the bench in 1872, the firm had a very large and lu crative practice throughout the circuit, and adjoining circuits. Mr. Shumate retained this practice to the satisfaction of his clients, and became one of the best known and most successful representa tives of his profession in the Cherokee, Rome and Tallapoosa cir cuits, standing in the front rank of the bar in those circuits. Few, if any, lawyers have presented more causes before the supreme court of Georgia, and with greater average success than he. He has thus acquired a state-wide reputation as an able lawyer. Dur ing the whole of his professional career he has represented in North Georgia, with pronounced satisfaction, the railroads which are now consolidated under the management of the Southern Rail way Company. His course has always been such as to retain for himself the respect and confidence of his professional confreres, as well as of the general public. Mr. Shumate is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands. He was elected to the first legislature that convened un der the constitution of 1868, and served in that legislature as the representative of Whitfield county during the sessions of 186869-70, and was regarded one of the Democratic leaders in that memorable assembly. Several of the leading cities of the state,

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among them Savannah and Augusta, having no Democratic rep resentative in that legislature, entrusted to Mr. Shumate the man agement of bills affecting their government, and intended to pro tect them from Radical domination. These bills he successfully engineered to their passage. He also introduced into the legisla ture the six months statute of limitations as to ante war debts, and engineered it to its passage. This bill was drafted by the then chief justice of the supreme court, Joseph E. Brown, ex-governor of Georgia. Avery, in his History of Georgia, in speaking of this tempestuous legislature, gives a list of a number of intelligent young men on the Democratic side of the house, who were active in preventing or modifying extreme legislation detrimental to the best interests of the state, and in thwarting the revolutionary meas ures proposed by the Republican party to prolong its power in the State of Georgia. In this list appears, among others, the name of I. E. Shumate. Avery adds: "Of these Mr. Shumate, of Whitfield, was the most brilliant; a slender dark-eyed, heavy whiskered gen tleman, with a clear ringing voice, of unusual compass, and a flu ent flow of vivid language. He was, and is today, a .most charm ing orator, with few equals in the state. He became instantly a leader in the body, and was placed at the head of one of the most important committees." He was for twenty, years thereafter a delegate to every Democratic state convention that convened in Georgia, and was frequently a member of the Democratic execu tive committee of the state. He always was active and influential in state conventions, notably in the memorable convention that assembled June 9, 1880, known in the history of the party as the Colquitt convention. This convention remained in session for seven days without effecting a nomination, but recommended Al fred H. Colquitt by almost a two thirds majority as the Democratic candidate for governor. A contemporaneous writer says of that convention: "There never has been just such another parlia mentary battle in the state. It was a large body, of unusual intel ligence. It was an unbroken majority against a solid minority. The leaders on both sides were men of ability and splendid wit." That writer says, of Mr. Shumate: "Both in caucus and conven tion, he was very impressive and strong. His oratory was stir ring, his matter and manner dignified, conservative and magnetic. He evinced a rare quality of leadership." He has been frequently importuned to become a candidate for judicial honors and for Congress, but has persistently, except on two occasions, refused to consider these overtures, having no taste or ambition for po-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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litical preferment, and finding his profession worthy of his un qualified allegiance. At one time he was a candidate before the legislature for associate justice of the supreme court, and though he received a flattering vote failed of election, Spencer R. Atkinson winning the prize. Mr. Shumate is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and for several terms has been the worshipful master of his lodge, and high priest of his chapter. He has been since his maturity a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, has a number of times served as a lay delegate in the North Geor gia annual conference, and twice as a member of the general con ference of his church, at Richmond, Va., and Memphis, Tenn., respectively. In all of these ecclesiastical conventions he has been prominent and active in their deliberations. He has been promi nently concerned with educational interests; was for twenty years president of Whitfield county board of education; for a long time president of the board of trustees of the Dalton female college, and is a member of the board of trustees of Emory college, Ox ford, Ga. He has written extensively for his church papers and magazines, and his contributions have gained significant com mendation. These contributions, published at Nashville and St. Louis, have given him distinguished consideration among the lead ing men of his church throughout the connection. He has been three times married; his present wife was Miss S. M. Smith, daugh ter of that excellent citizen of revered memory, the late Robert S. Smith, of Washington, Ga. Of his seven children, the eldest son, Lewis M. Shumate, died soon after graduating from Emory and Henry college. His married daughters are, Mrs. R. D. Bridges, of Leesburg, Va., Mrs. R. E. Parker, of Atlanta, Ga., and Mrs. E. C. Coffey, of Dalton, Ga. His two living sons are, John H. and Frank E., the former of Charlotte, N. C., the latter of Dalton. A single daughter, Miss Lou Shumate, is still a member of his fam ily. These children are all intelligent, active and useful members of their respective communities. Mr. Shumate has made a distinct impression for good in all the relations of life throughout a large section of the state, and at this writing, (1906) he is actively en gaged in the practice of his profession, without material abatement
of his mental and physical vigor, and is still recognized as a lead ing lawyer of North Georgia, and, indeed, of the State of Georgia.
Shuptrine, James T., who is engaged in the drug business in the city of Savannah and treasurer of the Georgia State pharmaceuti cal association, is a member of one of the oldest pioneer families of Georgia, the founder having been Nicholas Shuptrine, or Schub-

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trein, as the name was originally spelled, who immigrated from Salzburg, Germany, to America, in 1734, settling at Ebenezer, in what is now Effingham county, about a year after the landing of General Oglethorpe, the founder of the colony. James T. Shuptrine was born on the homestead plantation, in Effingham county, Oct. 29, 1850, a son of Daniel C. and Carolina A. (Newton) Shuptrine, the former born in Effingham county in 1823, and the latter in Screven county the same year. Daniel C. was a planter by occupation throughout his active career and died in June, 1892, his wife having passed away in February of the previous year. Both were residing in the home of their son James T. at the time of .death. They were the parents of nine children, of whom only three are living. John S. resides in Liberty county, Ga.; Daniel R. is a resident of Saratoga, Ark.; and James T. is the immediate sub ject of this sketch. Israel Shuptrine, grandfather of James T., was born in Effingham county, and was a son of Daniel, also born in that county, a son of Nicholas, who was the founder of the iamily in Georgia, as already noted. Daniel C. Shuptrine was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war, having en listed, in 1861, in Captain McAllister's company of Georgia cav.alry, with which he served about one year, and soon afterward reenlisted as a member of Company B, Millen's battalion of cavalry, with which he served as sergeant until the close of the war. He thereafter located in Liberty county, where he resided until his retirement from active business life. James T. Shuptrine secured his educational training in the schools of Liberty county and in 1870, at the age of twenty years, he took up his residence in Sa vannah, where he became a clerk in a drug store. In 1877 he en gaged in the same line of business for himself and now controls a large wholesale and retail trade, handling both drugs and seeds, as well as druggists' sundries and specialties. He was the first president of the Savannah retail druggists' association. For ten years he was an active member of the Georgia Hussars, and is now an honorary member of the organization. He accords alle giance to the Democratic party, and he is a member of Trinity church, Methodist Episcopal South, of whose board of trustees he is chairman. On Feb. 15, 1876, Mr. Shuptrine was united in mar riage to Miss Sarah Savannah Newton, daughter of Barnett and Jane A. (Edwards) Newton, of Effingham county, and they have three children: Herman C., a member of the Shuptrine Drug and Seed Company; Eulalia Newton, wife of Francis E. Johnston, of Atlanta; and Jane C., who remains at the parental home.

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Sibbie, a post-village of Wilcox county, is five miles northwest of Bowen's Mill, which is the nearest railroad station, and in 1900 had a population of 60. It is a trading center for the neighbor hood in which it is located.
Sibley, a town of Crisp county, is on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, twelve miles south of Cordele. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 had a population of 173.
Sidney, a post-hamlet of Jenkins county, is about four miles southeast of Thrift, which is the nearest railroad station.
Sigsbee, a post-town of Colquitt county, is a station on the Geor gia Northern railroad, ten miles northwest of Moultrie, and in 1900 reported a population of 227. It has some mercantile establish ments and is an important shipping point.
Sigurd, a post-hamlet of Dodge county, is about six miles north east of Godwinsville, which is the nearest railroad station.
Silco, a post-village of Camden county, with a population of 52, is on the headwaters of Crooked river, six miles west of Seals, which is the nearest railroad station.
Silk Culture. In the early settlement of America it was the dream of the English economists that the new country would be come a great producer of silk. The experiment was first tried in the Jamestown colony, where the cultivation of the mulberry tree, the food of the silk worm, was enforced by a system of fines and bounties. The effort proved unsuccessful in Virginia and when, in 1732, the colony of Georgia was chartered" it was intended by the trustees that silk should be the chief article of export. One of the requirements was that on every ten acres of cleared land one hundred white mulberry trees should be planted. General Oglethorpe expressed the opinion that several thousand people could be profitably employed in the culture of silk. In 1735-enough Geor gia silk was taken to England to make a robe for Queen Caroline, the first exportation from the new colony. Six years later Ben jamin Martyn's "Impartial Inquiry into the State and Utility of the Province of Georgia" was published, in which it was stated that "Some was brought over by one Mr. Samuel Auspourquer, who has made an affidavit that he saw the Italian family winding it off from the balls. It was viewed by Mr. Zachary, an eminent raw silk merchant, and Mr. Booth, one of our greatest weavers, who affirmed it to be as fine as any Italian silk, or any they would wish to use, and that it was worth at least twenty shillings per pound." Notwithstanding this favorable opinion of experts the
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industry began to dwindle a few years later and finally was given up altogether. Ebenezer, the settlement founded by the Salzburghers, led in the production of silk and in 1747 raised one half of all that was produced in the colony. They continued in the occupation for several years after it had been abandoned by the other colonists, who found the cultivation of rice and cotton far more remunerative. In 1772, 485 pounds of raw silk was reported from Ebenezer. Between the years 1755 and 1772 the entire amount of silk exported was 8,829 pounds. The greatest amount in any one year was in 1766, 'when 20,000 pounds of cocoons were produced. While entertaining the notion that Georgia would be come a great silk-producing colony a filature was built at Savan nah to properly care for the product. Operations ceased at this establishment in 1771, and in 1774 Governor Wright recommended that the building be converted to some other use. With the cessa tion of the royal bounties, caused by the outbreak of the Revolu tionary war, the culture of silk entirely ceased. In 1840 Judge Law, in an address to the Georgia Historical Society, prophesied that "silk is doubtless destined to bring again into utility our ex hausted soils and greatly to increase the wealth and capital of our state." This prediction remained unfulfilled until the fall of 1902, when a meeting of parties interested was held at Atlanta and a Silk Growers' Association was formed. All parts of the state were represented and some enthusiasm was manifest in the meeting. A company was formed with a capital of $1,000,000 and a mill erected at Tallulah Falls. The efforts to revive the industry have not been so immediately successful as the promoters of the enter prise hoped, though it is probable that the future holds better things in store for Georgia silk culture.
Silk Hope. This was one of the early settlements. It was lo cated on the Little Ogeechee river, about seven miles from Savan nah, and was the center of silk culture. The plantation of James Habersham was located here and -he made the place his home for many years.
Siloam, a town of Greene county, is on a branch of the Georgia railroad, about five miles northwest of White Plains. The popu lation in 1900 was 210. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an express office, mercantile and shipping interests, schools, churches, etc.
Silver. Many stories of rich deposits of silver ore in the north ern part of the state have been circulated, but none has been well authenticated. It has been found in the gold, copper and lead ores

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in nearly every locality where these metals have been mined, but not in sufficient quantity to insure profitable mining. The greater part of it is contained as a sulphide in lead. (q. v.)
Silver City, a post-village of Forsyth county, is ten miles north of Cumming and not far from the Dawson county line. It has some mercantile and mining interests and in 1900 reported a pop ulation of 110.
Silver Creek, a post-village of Floyd county, is at the junction of the Central of Georgia and the Southern railroads, and is about six miles south of Rome. The population in 1900 was 78. It is the principal trading and shipping point in that section of the county.
Silverman, Harry, a leading cigar dealer and restaurateur of Atlanta, was born in the city of Philadelphia, Pa., Sept. 22, 1861, a son of Seligman and Henrietta (Weil) Silverman, the former born in France and the latter in Ger many. When the subject of this sketch was fourteen years of age his parents took up their residence in Atlanta, where he was reared and educated and where he has been engaged in the cigar and tobacco trade, wholesale and retail, since 1885, while he is popular in the business and social circles of his home city, to whose interests he is loyal in all respects. He was one of the original promoters and is a charter member of the Atlanta Athletic club; is affiliated with Georgia Lodge, No. 96, Free and Accepted Masons; his political allegiance is given to the Democratic party, and he is a member of Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, one of the principal Jewish churches of the city. In 1880 Mr. Silverman enlisted as a private in that popular military organization known as the Gate City Guards. At the time of the late Spanish-American war he ten dered his services as a volunteer, Governor Atkinson conferring upon him the appointment of second lieutenant of Company I, Third Georgia volunteer infantry, which was duly mustered into the United States service. He received his appointment on July 18, 1898, but his command was not called into active service, and he resigned after the protocol of peace was signed. In December, 1898, Governor Candler appointed Mr. Silverman aide-de-camp on his staff, with rank of lieutenant-colonel, and in December, 1902,

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he was made assistant quartermaster general of the Georgia state troops, with rank of lieutenant-colonel, an office of which he has since remained the incumbent. .On Dec. 18, 1887, Mr. Silverman was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Cohen, of Atlanta, and they have two daughters^ Helen and Regina.
Silver Shoal, a post-village in the central part of Banks county, reported a population of 50 in 1900. The nearest railroad station is Yonah, on the main line of the Southern.
Silvey, a post-hamlet of Meriwether county, is ten miles north east of Greenville, and not far from the Flint river. The nearest railroad station is Neal, on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern system.
Simmons, Thomas J., late chief jus tice of the supreme court of the State of Georgia, was born in Hickory Grove, Crawford county, June 25, 1837, his par ents being Alien G. and Mary (Cleve land) Simmons. The early education of Judge Simmons was secured in the com mon schools of his native county, after which he was for a time a student in Bromwood institute, at La Grange, Ga. He studied law under the preceptorship of E. G. Cabaniss and Col. A. D. Hammond, of Forsyth, Monroe county, and was admitted to the bar in August, 1859. He initiated the prac tice of his profession in Knoxville, Ga., where he later removed to Macon, which was to prove the scene of his very successful endeavors as a member of the bar of his native state. There came an interposition, however, which caused him to subordinate his personal interests in order that he might go forth in support of the cause of the Confederacy. In April, 1861, while still resident of Knoxville, he enlisted in the Crawford Greys, the first company organized in Crawford county, and was forthwith made first lieu tenant of the company, which was assigned to the Sixth Georgia volunteer infantry, commanded by Col. A. H. Colquitt. From At lanta the regiment was ordered to the Virginia frontier and it was the lot of Judge Simmons to participate in all engagements in which the Army of Northern Virginia was involved. In 1862 he was elected lieutenant-colonel of the Forty-fifth Georgia regiment, of which Col. Thomas Hardeman was commander. In the au tumn of the same year the future chief justice was made colonel

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of this regiment, in which capacity he served until the final sur render on April 15, 1865, at Appomattox. A few months before the close of the war General Lee recommended his promotion to the office of brigadier-general of infantry, but he never received his commission as such, owing to the final surrender and conse quent close of the long and sanguinary conflict. After his return to his home Judge Simmons was chosen a delegate to the consti tutional convention of 1865-6, in which he represented Crawford county, and in 1877 he was a delegate from Bibb county to the constitutional convention of that year, having in the meanwhile taken up his residence in Macon, in 1867. In 1866-7 he served as solicitor-general of the Macon circuit, and in 1872-3 he represented the twenty-second district in the state senate, of which he was president for two terms. In the senate he was chairman of the finance and bond committees, and his efforts in the latter connec tion in the suppression of fraudulent bonds gained him unqualified and earnest commendation, the state being saved an unnecessary expense of $11,000,000. In the constitutional convention of 1877 he was appointed chairman of the finance committee, reported the financial scheme of the present constitution and witnessed its adoption without material change. In November, 1878, he was elected to the bench of the Macon circuit of the superior court, retaining this office until 1887, in September of which year he was chosen to fill the vacancy on the supreme bench caused by the death of Judge Hall. He was elected his own successor the fol lowing year, without opposition, serving as associate justice un til 1894, when he was elevated to the distinguished office of chief justice, being reelected in 1904, for a term of six years. While in active practice he was associated with the late Congressman James Blount, and with Augustus O. Bacon, present United States senator, the latter having been elected to the senate on the same day that Judge Simmons was made chief justice. Judge Simmons was never defeated for any office in connection with which he ac cepted a candidacy, and his hold upon popular confidence and es teem and upon the regard of the bar of the state was tenacious in the extreme. That well known professional publication, the "Green Bag," has spoken of him as follows: "His mind is char acterized by that rare and valuable faculty, the genius of common sense. His intellect intuitively perceives the substance of the case and is under no temptation to get away from it." He was a Primi tive Baptist in his religious faith and allegiance, and was identi fied with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd

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Fellows, and the Knights of Pythias. He was thrice married, first, in 1859, to Pennie Hollis, who died in 1864; second, in 1867, to Miss Lucille Peck, who died in 1882; and in 1888 he married Mrs. Nannie R. Renfro. He died Sept. 12, 1905, in Atlanta, and was buried at Macon. .His widow and three children survive him : Irene, who is the wife of Artemus O. Murphey, of Barnesville; Alien G., who is a resident of Moran, Ga.; and Thomas J., Jr., a resident of Macon, Ga.
Simms, James P., was a lawyer at Covington before the war. At the beginning of hostilities he became major of the Thirtythird Georgia regiment and was in the principal battles in Vir ginia and Maryland. On Dec. 8, 1864, he was commissioned briga dier-general for gallant service. After the war he located in New ton county, where he resumed his practice and was elected to the legislature. He died in 1888.
Simpson, a post-village of Heard county, with a population of 77, is five miles northwest of Franklin. The nearest railroad sta tion is Clem, on the Central of Georgia.
Sims, George H., a representative busi ness man of Atlanta and a member of its board of aldermen, was born on the homestead plantation in Fulton count}', about five miles distant from that city, May 4, 1861. He is a son of William E. and Virginia E. (Donehue) Sims, both of whom were likewise born in Fulton county, the respective families having early been founded in .this county and concerned with agricultural pursuits. William E. Sims was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, as a member of a Georgia regiment of infantry, which was part of Gen eral Johnston's command. He was promoted to lieutenant and served principally in the capacity of guide and scout, being very familiar with the greater portion of the country in which his com mand maneuvered, and he was an active participant in a number of battles and skirmishes. After the close of the war he again en gaged in the operation of his plantation, upon which he continued to reside until his death, in 1904. His wife died in 1895. George H. Sims secured his early education in private schools, after which he completed a course in Moore's business college in Atlanta, hav ing been reared on the home plantation, in whose work and man-

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agement he assisted until after attaining his legal majority. He then secured a position as clerk in a mercantile establishment in Atlanta and in 1888 he engaged in the grocery and meat business at his present location, where he has a finely equipped establish ment, owning the building, to which he has made additions and other improvements since coming into possession of the property. He is president of the Guarantee Trust Company of Georgia; president of the company publishing the Southern Merchant; pres ident of the Southern Laundry Machine Company; and a member of the directorate of the Mechanics' and Traders' Bank, of At lanta. He has attained success through his own efforts and has risen to a position as one of the substantial and influential busi ness men of the state metropolis, while he takes a deep interest in the material development and civic prosperity of "Greater At lanta." He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Mystic Shrine, the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Improved Order of Red Men. In politics he ex ercises his franchise and lends his influence in support of the Demo cratic party. In 1895 he was elected a member of the city coun cil, serving two years, and in 1904 he was chosen to represent the fifth ward on the board of aldermen, for a term of three years. In this body he is chairman of the electric-light committee and of the board of electric control. He is a trustee and steward in the Payne Memorial Methodist Episcopal church South.
Sinquefield, Francis Albert, was one of the honored and influ ential citizens of Louisville, Jefferson county, where he was prom inent in connection with civic, industrial and mercantile affairs and where he held himself as a sterling and upright man, command ing the high regard of all who knew him. He was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war and represented his native county in the state legislature. He was born on the home plantation of his father, in Jefferson county, Ga., Aug. 22, 1836, and died at his home in Louisville, in 1900, after a life of signal honor and usefulness. He was a son of William A. and Hephzibah (Ingram) Sinquefield, both natives of Georgia, the former born in Washington county, Sept. 24, 1801) and the latter in Jefferson county. In 1835 William A. Sinquefield represented Jefferson county in the state legislature, having been nominated and elected without aught of solicitation on his part. He was a man of utmost integrity, was a successful planter, and left a definite impress upon the history of his home county. He died in 1876 and was buried in the cemetery of Duhart's church, (Baptist) of which he was a zealous member. His

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wife survived him by a number of years. Francis A. Sinquefield completed his early educational discipline in Louisville academy, having been reared to maturity on the homestead plantation. He continued to be identified with agricultural pursuits through his entire life, having been one of the extensive and successful planters of Jefferson county and also for many years engaged in the gen eral merchandise business in Louisville. He early tendered his services in support of the cause of the Confederacy, enlisting as a private in that celebrated command known as Cobb's Legion of Georgia cavalry, being identified with Company F. He proceeded to the front and saw his full share of active service on the field of carnage. At Brandy Station he was severely wounded in the leg, and in another battle his favorite horse, "John," was shot and killed under him. He was promoted to the office of first lieuten ant, and served in this capacity until the close of the war. Mr. Sinquefield was aligned as a loyal supporter of the principles of the Democratic party, and he twice represented his county in the state legislature. He was tax collector of Jefferson county two terms, was chairman of the county board several years and for a long period he was a member of the board of trustees of the Louis ville high school, taking a deep interest in all that concerned the welfare of the community. He was one of the prominent mem bers of the Masonic fraternity in this section of the state, and served as worshipful master of his lodge. He was a deacon of the Baptist church of Louisville, and served many years as super intendent of its Sunday school. On March 9, 1869, Mr. Sinquefield was united in marriage to Miss Mary Louise Brown, daughter of Richard and Eliza (Denny) Brown, of Louisville, and they became the parents of five children: Pearl, Albert Lamar, William Rich ard, Louis Woodbridge, and Alice Louise. Pearl, who is now the wife of William A. Stone, of Louisville, furnished the data from which this brief memoir was prepared. The mother died April 10, 1887, and Mr. Sinquefield la..er married Miss Mary Ponder who survives him.
Sirmans, a post-hamlet of Clinch county, is five miles northwest of Dupont Junction, which is the nearest railroad station.
Sisson, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is nine miles west of Washington, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Skeinah, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Fannin county, is on the Toccoa river. Blueridge is the most convenient railroad station.

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297

Skidaway Island. This island lies almost due south from Sa vannah, and extends from Wassaw sound to the Little Ogeechee river. A colony of ten families was planted at the northeastern extremity of the island in 1734 and a fort built at Skidaway Nar rows for the protection of the settlers. For some time a garrison was maintained there by detachments from Noble Jones' company of marines, but the colony never fkmished and four years later it was abandoned. The island has some fertile spots, but the greater portion of it is too sandy for successful cultivation. On March 3, 1776, while the British were trying to capture the rice ships at Savannah, a party of British marines went ashore on this island, in search of supplies, but they were driven back to their ship by a detachment of militia commanded by Lieutenant Hext.
Slack, Henry Richmond, M. D., of La-
Grange, is one of the representative
physicians and surgeons of the state.
He is at the head of the LaGrange Sana
torium and president of the Georgia
Pasteur institute in the city of Atlanta.
He was born in Rosedale, Iberville par
ish, La., May 7, 1862, a son of Henry R., and Louisiana (Woolfolk) Slack, the
former born at Plaquemine, La., Oct. 20,
1835, and graduated in Yale university
as a member of the class of 1855. His
wife was born in Jackson, Tenn. Through his paternal grandmother, Doctor Slack is descended from the well known Cutter family of New England, several representatives of which served as patriot soldiers in the war of the Revolution. His maternal grandfather, Austin Woolfolk, of Tennessee, was on the staff of Gen. Andrew Jackson in the war of 1812, and Henry R. Slack, his father, was a gallant soldier of the Confederacy, having been first lieutenant in Company A, First Louisiana cavalry, un der General Morgan. Doctor Slack was graduated in the Univer sity of Maryland (college of pharmacy) in 1885, receiving the de gree of graduate in pharmacy, and five years later that of Master of Pharmacy. He had previously been a student in the literary department of Johns Hopkins university. In 1891 he was gradu ated in the Atlanta medical college with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and in 1895 and 1902 he did valuable post-graduate work in the Johns Hopkins hospital, Baltimore, Md. He has also taken courses in the New York and Chicago post-graduate medi-

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cal schools, and also at Harvard; has written several prize essays on scientific subject, and is a frequent contributor to the medical periodicals. In 1880 he entered the drug store of Dr. T. S. Bradfield of LaGrange, Ga., in a clerical capacity and in 1885 he became a partner in the business, under the firm name of Bradfield & Slack. In 1897 he disposed of his interest in the business to W. S. Davis, in order to devote his entire time to the practice of his profession. In 1900, in association with Drs. C. D. Hurt, James N. Brawner, J. H. McDufKe and Claude A. Smith, he established the Georgia Pasteur institute in Atlanta, for the preventive treatment of hyprophobia, and was made president. This institution is known as one of the most successful of the sort in the world, its death rate thus far being less than one-half of one per cent. Doc tor Slack filled the chair of chemistry and physics in the South ern female college for twelve years. He also taught the same branches in the LaGrange female college until the exactions of his constantly expanding professional practice compelled him to abandon teaching. By 1902 his practice had become so large that he found it necessary to make further provision for his patients, many of whom came from long distances for treatment. He ac cordingly secured a charter and built the LaGrange sanatorium, which, with the aid of Mrs. Slack, he has since conducted most suc cessfully. He is a director in the Dixie cotton mill and the LaGrange National bank; is a life member of the Georgia pharma ceutical association; and is identified with the American medical association and the Georgia medical association. He was elected vice-chairman and presided over the section on pharmacy and therapeutics of the American medical association in Boston in 1906. In political matters he is a stalwart Democrat, and served two terms as a member of the city council of LaGrange. He took a leading part in the establishment of public schools in LaGrange and has been on the board of education ever since it was estab lished. He was secretary and chemist of the Georgia state board of pharmacy for twelve years, holding appointment under Gover nors Gordon and Northen. He is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church; is affiliated with the LaGrange Lodge No. 78, Knights of Pythias; Commandery No. 4, Knights Templar, of At lanta ; Yaarab Temple of the Mystic Shrine, and the Elm City club, of LaGrange. On Sept. 14, 1887, Dr. Slack married Miss Ruth Bradfield, daughter of Dr. T. S. and Mary (Loyd) Bradfield, of LaGrange, and they have four children: Henry Richmond, Jr., Searcy Bradfield, Ruth and Mary Louise.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

299

Slade, William B., is one of the repre sentative members of the Muscogee county bar, and a prominent citizen and
business man of Columbus, the countyseat. He was born in the city which is
now his home, Oct. 3, 1859, a son of James Jeremiah and Leila Birchett
(Bormer) Slade, the former born in Clin ton, Jones county, Ga., April 28, 1831, and the latter in Columbus, Dec. 12, 1841.
William Slade, great-great-grandfather
of the subject of this sketch, was lieu tenant and adjutant in the First North Carolina regiment of the Continental line during the war of the Revolution. James J. Slade was a valiant soldier of the Confed eracy in the Civil war, having been a member of the Tenth Geor gia volunteer infantry. He took part in the battle of Seven Pines, where he was promoted to lieutenant of his company, and later participated in the engagements at Frazier's Farm, White Oak Swamp and Malvern Hill, acting as aide-de-camp, with rank of captain, on the staff of Gen. Paul J. Semmes. He was captain of Company A, Tenth Georgia infantry, on Lee's march into Mary land, and took part in the engagement at Crampton's Gap and in the capture of Harper's Ferry. Physical disability finally ren dered him unfit for field service and he was detailed to the quar termaster's department in the west, thus serving until the close of the war. He was one of the able and well known educators of the state, and for a number of years conducted a school known as Sladeville Hall, in Columbus. William B. Slade secured his early educational training under the direction of his father, in the school just mentioned, and then entered the University of North Caro lina, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1880, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He initiated his business ca reer by accepting a position as collector in the National bank of Columbus, and thereafter was successively promoted bookkeeper, teller, assistant cashier and cashier. In 1900 he was elected presi dent of the institution, of which office he is now the incumbent. In addition to holding other important trusts he is president of the Columbus Savings and Loan association and of the Home Savings bank, which latter he organized in 1903, and he is also vice-presi dent of the Columbus Clearing House association. He is a mem ber of the board of trustees of the Columbus public schools, being

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chairman of the finance committee of the board, and is a member of the Columbus board of trade, of whose finance committee he is chairman. Mr. Slade was admitted to the bar in 1883. He gives a stanch allegiance to the Democratic party, is a member of the Baptist church, and is identified with the North Carolina society of the Cincinnati, the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the Ma sonic fraternity, being past commander of St. Aldemar Commandery, No. 3, Knights Templars. On Nov. 19, 1884, Mr. Slade was united in marriage to Miss Mary Byrnes Browne, daughter of J. Rhodes and Roberta Hanson Harrison (Yonge) Browne, of Co lumbus, and they have four children, namely: Roberta, John Rhodes, Mary Browne, and Leila Jacqueline.
Slates. The indispensable qualities of a good roofing slate are durability and capacity for being easily split into thin plates. Slate of this character is found at a number of places along the line of contact between the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas, the principal deposits being in the Cohutta, Silicoa, Pine Log and Dug Down mountains. At Rockmart, in the eastern part of Polk county, the deposits outcrop in the steep hills and have been ex tensively worked. The Rockmart slate is of the Silurian age, has a deep blue-black color, is of fine even texture free from pyrites or other foreign substances, and cleaves readily into plates suitable for roofing purposes. The output of the quarries amounts to about $13,000 annually. Dark colored slates are also found in Bartow, Murray, Gordon and Fannin counties. Slates of buff and light green shades are found in large quantities in the northern part of Bartow county and neighboring hills.
Slaton, John Marshall, a representative member of the Georgia bar, is also an influential member of the state legislature, in which he had the distinction of being chosen speaker of the house for the sessions of 1905-6. He was born near Greenville, Meriwether county, Ga., Nov. 25, 1866, a son of William Franklin and Nancy Jane (Martin) Slaton, the former born near Warm Springs, Meri wether county, March 6, 1831, and the latter in Wilkes county, Ga., Dec. 6, 1834. One of William F. Slaton's paternal grand fathers, Arthur Harris, of Maryland, served as a patriot soldier in the war of the Revolution, and Absalom Harris, great-grandfather of William F., early settled in Hancock county, Ga. His son Henry is mentioned in AVhite's Statistics of Georgia as being one of the early settlers of Meriwether county. The latter's daughter, Nancy Harris, married John Slaton, grandfather of him whose name initiates this sketch. On the maternal side is traced a long

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301

line of Revolutionary ancestors. Abram Martin, who served with Washington at Fort Duquesne and whose wife, Elizabeth (Mar shall) Martin, rendered valuable assistance in the siege of Au gusta, was an ancestor of Mr. Slaton. Gen. John Martin, son of Abram and Elizabeth Martin, was a brigadier-general during the war for independence, and John Oliver Martin, great-grandfather of Mr. Slaton, was an ensign in the Continental line. Elizabeth (Marshall) Martin, from whom the subject of this sketch is of the sixth generation in line of direct descent, was the aunt of the dis tinguished Chief Justice John Marshall. She sent six sons into service in the cause of independence from Ninety Six, S. C., and at the time of the siege of Augusta, Ga., she, with the assistance of her two daughters-in-law, Grace and Rachel Martin, practically saved the city from falling into the hands of the British. The three intrepid women donned men's attire and wrested from some Tory spies important dispatches and keys. There is now in Augusta a large painting depicting this brave act of the three patriotic women, and various historical publications make detailed mention of this event. William Franklin Slaton was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy during the war between the states. A sketch of his life appears elsewhere in this work. John Marshall Slaton se cured his early educational training in the schools of Atlanta, hav ing been graduated in the Boys' high school when but thirteen years of age and he still has the honor of being the youngest per son who has ever received a diploma from this well conducted and .popular institution. At the age of sixteen years he entered the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated in 1886 with the degree of Master of Arts. He then began reading law under the late John Thomas Glenn, of Atlanta, and in due time was admitted to the bar of his native state. In 1890 he entered into a professional partnership with his former preceptor, Mr. Glenn, and with but a slight interim, this association continued un interrupted until the death of Mr. Glenn, in 1899, the relations ever being most cordial, as well as mutually fruitful and profitable. At the time of the death of Mr. Glenn the firm contained a third member, Benjamin Z. Phillips, and the two surviving members have since continued associated in their professional work, under the firm name of. Slaton & Phillips. The firm controls a large and representative business and is one of the foremost in the capital city. In politics Mr. Slaton is an uncompromising adherent and supporter of the Democratic party. In 1891 he was president of the Young Men's Democratic League, and he has continued to

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take a lively interest in the party work and councils in Georgia. The estimate placed upon Mr. Slaton by the people of Fulton county is shown in the fact that he has served continuously as a representative of this county in the state legislature since 1896, having recently been reflected, for the term of 1907-8. He served seven years as chairman of the general judiciary committee, and in 1905-6 as speaker of the house, gaining great popularity as pre siding officer, as he had previously on the floor and in the com mittee room. He and his wife hold membership in Trinity church, Methodist Episcopal South, in Atlanta; he is identified with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Improved Order of Red Men, as well also as with the Capital City club, Piedmont Driving club and Atlanta Athletic club. On July 12, 1898, was solemnized the mar riage of Mr. Slaton to Mrs. Sarah (Grant) Jackson, daughter of William Daniel and Sarah Frances (Reid) Grant, of Atlanta.
They have no children. Slaton, William Franklin, is well
known and highly honored in the field
of popular education in Georgia, having been the superintendent of the city
schools of Atlanta for twenty-seven
years. He rendered most gallant serv
ice as an officer in the Confederate army
during the dark and turbulent period of
the Civil war, and also has the distinc
tion of being a representative of old and
prominent families of Georgia. He re
ceived his commission as colonel at the
close of the war while in prison at John son's island, but as all of his fighting was done while a major, he is known to everyone by the latter title. Major Slaton was born near Warm Springs, Meriwether county, Ga., March 6, 1831, a son of John and Nancy (Harris) Slaton, the former born in Kentucky in 1796 and the latter in Hancock county, Ga., in 1811. The father was a planter by vocation and served under Gen. Andrew Jackson in the Seminole Indian war. As he died when the subject of this sketch was a child, the latter has been unable to gain satisfactory data touching the family history. In the maternal line Major Slaton is descended from two Harris families, his mother having been a Harris, as was also her mother. The Major's grandfather, Henry Harris, was a son of Absalom Harris, who was a loyal sol-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

303

dier in the Continental line in the war of the Revolution, the fam ily having been resident of Virginia at the time. Mrs. Nancy Slaton's mother., Mary Elizabeth (Harris) Harris, was a daughter of Lieut. Arthur Harris, who went forth from Maryland to serve in the Colonial army in the Revolution. Absalom Harris came to Georgia from Greenville county, Va., and settled on Shoulderbone creek in Hancock county, where he spent the remainder of his life. His son, Henry, the grandfather of Major Slaton, moved from Hancock county to Greenville, Meriwether county, and White's Statistics of Georgia refer to him as having been one of the pioneers of that county. John Slaton, the Major's father, re moved to Autauga county, Ala. Major Slaton was afforded the advantages of various country schools of the old type, thereafter attending the school conducted by Dr. Archilus Mitchell, at Summerfield, Ala., and still later was a student in the school conducted by the noted Dr. Carlyle P. Beman, at Mount Zion, Hancock county, Ga. He was finally graduated in Emory college at Ox ford, Ga., and still later was granted the degree of Master of Arts by the University of Georgia. When it became certain that a con flict must occur between the states of the north and the south, Major Slaton, who was then engaged in teaching at Auburn, Ala., promptly subordinated all personal considerations to go forth in defense of the cause of the Confederacy. At the outbreak of the war he held the office of first lieutenant in the Auburn Guards, and with this command he went to Pensacola, Fla., to assist in the protection of Fort Barrancas. In the spring of 1862 his company formally entered the Confederate service at Auburn, Ala., as Com pany D, Thirty-seventh Alabama infantry. He participated in the battles of Corinth, Shiloh and luka and in all the engagements down to the siege of Vicksburg. At Corinth he was wounded in the head by the explosion of a shell, a fragment of which pene trated the skull just back of the temporal bone, but within a few weeks he was enabled to resume his.place with his command. He was under General Pemberton in the siege of Vicksburg and was captured at Lookout Mountain. There he was accused by Gen eral Grant of having violated his parole given at Vicksburg. This contretemps was caused by the fact that the secretary of war of the Confederate States government had returned 5,000 Vicksburg troops to the field on account of an equal number captured at Har per's Ferry, paroled in the field and recaptured the next day in Maryland with arms in their hands. He considered himself justi fied in ordering the return of the Vicksburg troops to the field, de-

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daring them exchanged without having their paroles in turn. Major Slaton was sent under sentence of death to Louisville, Ky., where he was tried by General Burbridge without being permitted to appear in his own defense and was condemned to be shot. By the intervention of Hon. Benjamin H. Hill his life was saved, and he was sent instead to endure the horrors of the Federal prison on Johnson's island in Lake Erie, where he languished for eighteen weary months, being held in captivity until the close of the war. He was promoted captain of his original company, later was made major and finally in 1864, he was commissioned colonel of his regiment. He took part in more than one hundred engagements and his record in the service is one of marked valor and faithful ness. He was discharged, as a prisoner of war, June 5, 1865, re turned to Georgia and located on a farm near Woodbury, Meriwether county, where he remained until he recuperated his wasted energies, after which he resumed teaching at Griffin, this state. He has been identified with educational work from the time of attaining to his legal majority. In 1855 he was elected to a pro fessorship in the Alabama polytechnic institute at Auburn, an in stitution of which he was practically the founder and in which he taught for a period of six years. After the war he devoted him self to agricultural pursuits, principally by reason of impaired eye sight, resulting from wounds received in the war. He resumed his pedagogic work in 1871, continued to teach at Griffin for the en suing four years and then took up his residence in the city of At lanta, where he assumed the position of principal of the boys' high school, which he retained until 1879, when he was elected to his present important office of superintendent of the Atlanta schools. In this position his labors and his marked administrative powers have redounded to the great benefit of the local school system, and he is held in the highest esteem as a citizen, educator and veteran of the Civil war. Major Slaton is a Democrat in his political al legiance, but he has never been a seeker of political office. He is affiliated with the United Confederate Veterans, is a Royal Arch Mason, and both he and his wife were members of Trinity church, Methodist Episcopal South, of Atlanta. On Dec. 6, 1852, Major Slaton was united in marriage to Miss Nancy Jane Martin, daugh ter of the late Rev. William D. and Martha Pope (Johnson) Mar tin, of Greenville, Ga. The Rev. William D. Martin was a man of wealth and great capacity, having served in the legislature and as a member of the secession convention. He was a noted orator of his day and the late Senator Benjamin Harvey Hill said he was

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the only man who ever defeated him in a stump speech. Major and Mrs. Slaton have seven children: William Martin Slaton married Miss Mattie Grant Jackson, daughter of Chief-Justice James Jackson, and is principal of the boys' high school of At lanta; Mary Katherine is the wife of Waid H. Blanchard; Annie May is the wife of Albigence Lamar Waldo; John Marshall mar ried Mrs. Sarah Grant Jackson, has been a member of the Georgia legislature since 1896, the longest term on record in Fulton county, .and has been elected speaker of the house; Mattie Lee; Lily B., teacher of French in the girls' high school of Atlanta, is the wife of Judge Samuel C. Atkinson, of the Georgia Supreme court; and Lulah E. is the youngest of the children, and all are residents of Atlanta.
Slavery. On Jan. 9, 1734, the trustees of the colony passed "An Act for rendering the colony of Georgia more Defencible by Pro hibiting the Importation and use of Black Slaves or Negroes into the same." By the provisions of this act if, after June 24, 1735, .any person or persons should be found guilty of importing, or causing to be imported, any negro, such person or persons should forfeit 50 for every such negro or black so imported or brought into the colony. It was also provided that all blacks or negroes found within the colony after the prescribed date, should be seized .and taken as the property of the trustees, to be sold or exported as the common council might direct.
The reasons for this action were explained to be: First, the .Spanish colony of Florida on the south might persuade the slaves to leave their masters or join in an insurrection against the au thority of the whites; Second, the time consumed by the master in keeping his slaves at work could be more profitably employed in doing the work himself; Third, in case of war the slaves, having no interests at stake, could not be relied on for the defence of the colony. The act had no sooner taken effect than a petition for its repeal was forwarded to the trustees. It was not granted, however, and when, in 1738, poor crops, Causton's defalcation and other causes brought hard times to the people of Georgia, a sec ond petition was presented. This effort was opposed by the High landers, who had settled at New Inverness, on the grounds that the introduction of slavery would increase the friction with the Spaniards and expose their settlement to greater danger. On Dec. 6, 1748, Whitefield wrote: "Georgia never can or will be a flour ishing province without negroes are allowed." Such eminent au thority as this encouraged the advocates of slavery and on Jan.
20 in

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10, 1749, a third petition, more insistent than either of the others, was sent to the trustees. This time the trustees asked the opin ions of the representative men of the colony and, the majority expressing themselves in favor, of the repeal, the question was presented to the king in council, with the result that late in the year the restrictions were removed. The introduction of negroes soon followed and the policy of slavery was continued until it was abolished after the Confederate war.
Sloan, Andrew, was born at McDonough, Henry county, June 10, 1845. He received a classical education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1846. Later he removed to Savannah, where he was appointed deputy collector of customs. Upon retiring from the custom house he resunTed the practice of law. In 1872 he was nominated by the Democrats for Congress and was elected, though his opponent, Morgan Rawls, received the certificate of election. After a long and tedious contest he was seated on March 24, 1874.
Slocumb, a post-hamlet of Jones county, is a station on the Athens division of the Central of Georgia railroad, about fifteen miles from Macon. It has some local trade and handles consider able freight.
Smarrs, a town in Monroe county, is a station on the main line of the Central of Georgia railroad, four or five miles southeast of Forsyth. The population in 1900 was 172. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, some mercantile interests, schools, churches, etc., and is an im portant shipping point.
Smelt, Dennis, was a native of Georgia and received a limited education. In 1804 he was elected representative in Congress, reelected in 1806 and again in 1808.
Smiley, a post-village in the western part of Liberty county, re ported a population of 50 in T900. It is the principal trading point for a large agricultural district. The nearest railroad station is Coe on the Glennville & Register road.
Smith, Bridges, mayor of the city of Macon, was born in Wilmington, N. C., Sept. 19, 1847, a son of James H. and Mary L. (Reeves) Smith, both of whom were born in North Carolina, of Scotch-Irish descent. In 1857 they removed from their native state to Georgia, first locating in Columbus, Muscogee county, whence they removed to Macon in 1858. The future mayor served in the capacity of newsboy in both Columbus and Macon, being fourteen years of age at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war. His

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youthful loyalty was one of action and he entered the Confederate service, in which he continued four years, with the Fifth Georgia reserves. After the war he identified himself with the printing busi ness, and in the '70s was engaged in the newspaper business in Macon. In 1888 he was elected to the office of city clerk, of which office he continued the incumbent eleven successive years, at the expiration of which, in 1899, he was elected mayor of the city. The best evidence of popular estimate placed upon his adminis tration as chief executive of the municipal government is that af forded in his having been retained in the office of mayor to the present time. His policy has been progressive and effective, due economy having been conserved in the various departments of the city government. It is in a large measure due to his efforts that a number of suburban districts have become part of the city within his administration, adding materially to the population and re sources of Macon, and the fine municipal auditorium building has been erected during his regime as mayor. Mr. Smith is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party; is identified with various busi ness, fraternal and social organizations; and enjoys unqualified popularity in the city which has so long been his home. In 1868 Mr. Smith married Miss Anna Wade, who died in 1884 and who is survived by two children. In 1886 he was united in marriage to Miss Katrina Goelz, a daughter of John Goelz, who was born in Germany and who is now resident of Macon.
Smith, Charles G., editor and publisher of the Georgia Enterprise, at Covington, Newton county, was born near Talbotton, Talbot county, Ga., Oct. 4, 1876. He is a son of Simeon G. and Eunice (Tigner) Smith, both of whom were likewise born and reared in this state. The father was a member of a Georgia regiment in the Confederate service during the four years of the Civil war and died at Thomaston, Upson county, in 1887. His wife is still living. Charles G. Smith secured his early educational training in the pub lic schools of Thomaston, after which he was for three years a student in Emory college at Oxford, Ga. He first became identified with newspaper work in Thomaston, where he remained a short time, after which, in 1899, he removed to Covington, where he has since been editor and publisher of the Georgia Enterprise, one of the model papers of its class in the state. Mr. Smith is a Dem ocrat in his political proclivities and supports the cause both through his editorial utterances and his personal influence. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and the Royal Arcanum.

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Smith, Charles H., better known to the literary world by his pseudonym of "Bill Arp," was born at Lawrenceville, Gwinnett county, June 15, 1826. In 1848 he graduated at Franklin college and the following year was admitted to the bar. He located at Rome, where he .practiced his profession for twenty-seven years, when he removed to Cartersville. He began writing about the time of the Civil war. The Louisville Courier-Journal said of his letter to Artemus Ward in 1865, that: "It was the first chirp of any bird after the surrender, and gave relief and hope to thousands of drooping hearts." At first his letters were written in the phonetic spelling adopted by so many humorists, but in later years he dropped that style and depended upon his real humor to make his articles popular. His letters to the Atlanta Constitution and the Home and Farm, of Louisville are delightful mixtures of humor and philosophy, free from pessimism or cynicism, and have been widely read. He is also the author of several books, the foremost of which are Bill Arp's Letters; Bill Arp's Scrap Book; The Farm and Fireside; A Side Show of the Southern Side of the War; and a History of Georgia.
Smith, Clifford L., superintendent of the public schools of LaGrange, has attained to marked success and popularity in his chosen profession and has been employed as a teacher in the LaGrange schools for nearly a score of years. He was born in the vicinity of Greensboro, Greene county, Ga., a son of Rufus W. Smith, of whom specific mention is made in this publication, so that it is not necessary to advert to the family genealogy in the present connection. Professor Smith is a man of fine scholarship, having graduated at Emory College, Oxford, Ga., and later took special post-graduate work in the celebrated University of Chicago. He taught one year in the schools of Dalton, Ga., and one year in Cartersville, after which, in 1886, he located in LaGrange, where he has since maintained his home and done most effective work. For seventeen years he was teacher of mathematics and sciences in the local schools and then came a just recognition of his ability and faithful service in his advancement, in 1903, to his present office. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party; is an ap preciative member of the Masonic fraternity, being master of his lodge and a past high-priest of his chapter. He served for a num ber of years as a member of the Fifth Georgia regiment, in which he rose to the rank of major. On April 2, 1893, Professor Smith was united in marriage to Miss Pearl Long, daughter of N. B. and Mary (Leslie) Long, of Gordon, Ala. They have no children.

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309

Smith, Ernest Marvin, a prominent member of the Henry county bar, is solicitor of the county court at the present time and is also mayor of McDonough, the county seat, where he has been established in the practice of his profession .since 1897. He was born in Monroe county, Ga., Jan. 7, 1873, a son of Augustus Clayton and Sarah Jane (Phinizy) Smith, both natives of Monroe county, the former born in 1831 and the latter in 1835. The father was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the war between the states as a member of a Georgia regiment of volunteers. The mother was a daughter of Rev. Hiram Phinizy, who in 1846 founded the Congregational Methodist church, of which he remained a dis tinguished clergyman until his death, and who was a representative of one of the oldest and most honored families of Georgia, where the name is still one of much prominence. Ernest M. Smith was afforded the advantages of Emory college at Oxford, Ga., after which he read law in the office of Berner & Bloodworth, of Forsyth, and was admitted to the bar of his native state in February, 1894. He served his professional novitiate in Forsyth, remaining in practice there until 1897, when he removed to McDonough, where he has since followed the work of his profession most successfully. He is a stanch and influential exponent of the principles of the Democratic party; is a member of the state Democratic executive committee, representing the sixth Congressional district; and is also a member of the county committee. In 1900 he was elected to represent Henry county in the state legislature, served one term, and he is now serving his second term as solicitor of the county court, to which position he was first appointed in 1902. In 1900 he was elected mayor of McDonough, and the best voucher for his per sonal popularity and the estimate placed upon his administration is that accorded by the fact that he has been reflected each year since, being in tenure of the chief executive office of the municipal govern ment at the time of this writing. He is vice-president of the Geor gia league of municipalities, to which office he was elected in Au gust, 1905. Both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Dec. 20, 1899, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Flora Turner, daughter of L. A. and Tommie (Glass) Turner, of McDonough. They have no children.
Smith, George G., clergyman and author, was born on Dec. 24, 1836, at Sheffield, the residence of his grandfather, Rev. John How ard, about eight miles from Oxford, Newton county, his parents being Dr. George D. and Susan A. (Howard) Smith. The greater part of his boyhood was passed in Oxford. He entered Emory col-

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lege, but left the institution at the age of eighteen and went to work in the city of Augusta. After several years there he joined the Georgia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church South as an itinerant preacher. In 1859 he married Sarah Joanna, daughter of Robert F. Ousley, and a third cousin of Jefferson Davis. When Phillips' Georgia legion was organized he was made its chaplain and went with the command to West Virginia in 1861. After some rough service there the legion was transferred to eastern Virginia and during the remainder of the war was with the army com manded by Gen. R. E. Lee. At the battle of South Mountain, McL, Chaplain Smith was severely wounded and for weeks lingered at the point of death. He finally recovered, but his left arm has been ever since paralyzed. When his health was sufficiently re stored he resumed his ministerial work, 'which he continued until within recent years, and since then has devoted much of his time to literary work. His wife died in 1869, leaving several children, and about the same time he was transferred to the Baltimore con ference. At Lewisburg, W. Va., in his new field of labor, he mar ried in December, 1870, Miss Nannie L. Lipps. Soon after this he returned to the North Georgia conference, in which he labored faithfully as long as his physical strength would permit, loved by all, and especially the children, to whom it was his delight to preach. He is also well known as an author, his most noted works being a "Life of Bishop Pierce," the "Life of Bishop Asbury," a "Story of the Georgia People," "Methodism in Georgia," the "Boy in Gray," and several smaller works.
Smith, George L., M. D., is to be designated in this work as one of the representative members of his profession in the state, and has been successfully established in practice at Swainsboro, Emanuel county, for a quarter of a century. He was born in Washington county, Ga., July 4, 1860, a son of Dr. Benjamin D. and Dora L. (Rountree) Smith, the former a native of Washington county, where he was born in 1831, and the latter of Emanuel county, where she was born in 1837. Dr. Benjamin D. Smith was an able physician and surgeon and was engaged in the active practice of his profession for about forty years, in Washington county and at Forsyth, Monroe county, having been graduated in the Medical College of Georgia, in Augusta, the medical department of the state university. He died in 1905, and his widow now resides in the home of her son George L., the subject of this sketch. The latter secured his preliminary education in the schools of Washing ton county, attended for a time an excellent preparatory school

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in Sandersville, and then entered Mercer university at Macon, where he completed his academic or literary studies. He was then matriculated in his father's alma mater, the Medical College of Georgia, in which he completed the prescribed technical course, made a specially excellent student record, and was graduated as a member of the class of 1881, with the degree of Doctor of Medi cine. From the time of his graduation to the present he has been engaged in the active practice of medicine and surgery with resi dence and headquarters at Swainsboro, controlling to-day a very large, representative and lucrative practice. His offices are equipped with the latest facilities demanded by the up-to-date practitioner, including a specially fine electrical equipment, Xray machine and other devices for the diagnosing and treating of diseases by electricity. Doctor Smith has gained a high reputation as a consulting physician, keeping constantly in touch with the ad vances made in all branches of his profession, thus being compe tent to serve his professional confreres in such advisory capacity. He took post-graduate courses in the celebrated New York polyclinic in 1895, 1898, and 1902, and in 1903 completed a thorough post-graduate course in connection with the use of electricity and electrical apparatus in the treatment of the varied ills to which human flesh is heir, this course having been taken in the city of Cincinnati. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia and of the Chatham county medical society. His political support is given to the Democracy and he is a member of the Masonic fra ternity. He is the owner of a large amount of well improved realty in Swainsboro, including his own beautiful modern residence, and he also has plantation interests in the county, being one of the substantial citizens of this favored section of the state. In Jan uary, 1882, Doctor Smith was united in marriage to Miss Madge A. McLeod, who died March 3, 1892, survived by two children, DeSanssure Dugan Smith, who is now a student in the Medical College of Georgia, and Miss Ruby George Smith, who is attending Monroe college. In December, 1892, Doctor Smith wedded Miss Juanita Coleman, daughter of John C. Coleman, of Swainsboro, of whom specific mention is made in this work.
Smith, Hardy Hamilton, president of the Laurens Banking Com pany, of Dublin, Ga., was born in Laurens county, five miles east of Dublin, Feb. 28, 1854. His father, Thomas Marcus Smith, was born in the same county, May 12, 1825, and his mother, Martha (Mason) Smith, was born in the Buckeye district of the same county, Nov. 18, 1815. Mr. Smith's great-grandfather, Hardy Smith, was a

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native of North Carolina and was a soldier in the Continental line

in the war of the Revolution. One of his maternal great-grand

fathers was Turner Mason, who likewise was a North Carolinian

..,. ,,,

and who served as a lieutenant in the Rev

olutionary war. Turner Mason was a son

of Thomas Mason, who was born March

7, 1722, and died in 1768. Turner Mason

was twice married, first to Elizabeth

Burns, who died in 1783, having borne to

him three children. In 1785 he married

Mary Lowe and of their fourteen children,

the eldest was William Lowe Mason,

grandfather of the subject of this sketch.

Turner Mason was reared in Virginia,

where he married his first wife, and

after the close of the Revolution,

in which he had been a valiant soldier, he removed to Halifax

county, N. C, where his second marriage was solemnized. In

1793 he removed with his family to Georgia, passed one year in

Jefferson county and then removed to the Buckeye district of what

is now Laurens county. William Lowe Mason, grandfather of Mr.

Smith, was for many years a prominent citizen of Laurens county,

where he long served as county surveyor. He studied medicine in

a private way and acquired much skill, his ministrations being

widely extended until college-bred physicians came into the field,

when he retired. He was familiarly known as Doctor Mason,

though he never claimed the title. Martha was one of the nine chil

dren of his first marriage, her mother's maiden name having been

Margaret Pullen. She was married to Thomas Marcus Smith

December 24, 1848, and died June 11, 1888. The Mason family has.

been long identified with Georgia history and has many represen

tatives within the borders of the state at the present time. Thomp

son Smith, grandfather of the subject of this review, was a sterling

old farmer of the ante-bellum days, and Mr. Smith's father also was

an energetic farmer and had entered upon the road to success in a

small way when the dark cloud of Civil war cast its pall over the

nation. He sacrificed his life in the cause of the Confederacy,

dying at the age of thirty-seven years and leaving his widow with

five small boys to rear as best she could, on the little farm which

he had labored so earnestly to bring under effective cultivation.

He enlisted as a private soldier in the service of the state, in the

summer of 1861, and went into camp near Savannah in the autumn

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313

of the same year, with a company known as the Troup Volunteers, under command of his cousin, Captain James M. Smith. Thomas M. Smith was a man of delicate constitution and the exposure to which he was subjected in camp life soon brought on an attack of typhoid pneumonia, which caused his death, Feb. 17, 1862. He was honorably discharged from the service a short time before his demise, which occurred at the home of his father-in-law, Dr. Wil liam L. Mason. He was on his way home to join his wife and little sons but grew so weak while en route that he was compelled to stop over at Doctor Mason's, where he died after many days of severe suf fering. Both he and his wife were professing Christians and taught their children to reverence and obey God. Their five boys, under the careful training of the widowed mother, grew up to be noble Christian men. They are still living in the city of Dublin, Ga., and their names, with respective dates of birth, are as follows: William Thomas, Dec. 14, 1849; James Thompson, April 17, 1851; Henry Turner, Oct. 10, 1853; Hardy Hamilton, Feb. 28, 1854; and Joseph Daniel, March 5, 1857. The eldest of these brothers is the veteran cotton-warehouse man of the "Gem City on the Oconee." Every one likes to take his cotton to clever, honest, large-hearted "Billy" Smith. The second of the brothers, Rev. James T. Smith, was graduated in Mercer university as a member of the class of 1877. He has devoted nearly all of his mature life to educational and ministerial work, is now pastor of Bay Springs church, near Scott, Ga., and has been county superintendent of schools of Laurens county for the past six years. The third of the brothers is Rev. Henry T. Smith, of Dublin. He also was graduated in Mercer university and since he reached manhood has given his attention almost entirely to the Gospel ministry. He is a man of scholary attainments, is an able clergyman, and has been pastor of some of the best churches in his section of the state. The sub ject of this sketch was the next in order of birth, and the youngest, Joseph D., of Dublin, is in some respects the most remarkable of the five brothers. He has been phenomenally successful as a farmer, and dealer in real estate, mules and horses. He has prob ably done more than any other man in forwarding the development and material upbuilding of Dublin and Laurens county and has the high esteem of all who know him. Hardy Hamilton Smith, whose name initiates this article, labored hard and faithfully with his brothers on the home farm until he had attained to the age of twenty years, his noble mother being the inspiration, the power behind the throne, the uncrowned queen who led him and all his

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brothers to worthy manhood and definite success in connection with life's activities. Schools were very few and exceedingly meager in facilities when Mr. Smith was growing up in the coun try, but his affectionate and far-sighted mother embraced every opportunity of sending him and his brothers to the little log-cabin school. The schools in the country were then hardly ever in ses sion longer than three months in the year, but Mrs. Smith would manage to send some of her boys to every school taught within access of her humble cottage. The result was that by laboring industriously on the farm about nine months in the year and spend ing three every alternate year in the school, the Smith boys, natur ally alert and apt, each acquired a good working education. At the age of twenty Hardy H. Smith entered upon a business course for himself. He borrowed a little money and a horse from his mother, and with this reinforcement started out as a traveling salesman or agent for the Gate City nurseries. In the first year he realized a profit of about $700. He paid his mother for his year's time, repaid her the amount of money which he had borrowed, and still had enough cash left to buy a good horse and to defray his neces sary expenses while he was soliciting orders for nursery stock the second year. He pursued his business with unabatjng energy for twelve long years, working for only two firms within this period, and at the expiration of that time he had about $35,000 as the net proceeds of his labors. He then entered the mercantile business, to which he devoted his attention for a few years, selling general merchandise and also buggies and wagons. Later he engaged in the stock business and he still continues to deal in horses and mules. In 1898 Mr. Smith and a few of his friends established the Laurens Banking Company, of which he was made president, which office he has since retained. The banking business has been very success ful, and in fact almost everything that Mr. Smith has undertaken has prospered. He is a very prudent, cautious, conservative busi ness man, and at the present time is worth at least $120,000 repre senting the results of his own efforts and able business methods. In politics he is a conservative Democrat, but never allows politics to interfere with business. When about seventeen years of age he united with the Baptist church, of which he has since been a con sistent member. He is loyal and faithful to his church, always ready to do his part in connection with all departments of its work and to bear his quota of its expense. He was married, June 12, 1889, to Miss Annie Augusta Cook, daughter of James T. and Celeste M. (Sands) Cook, of Columbus, Ga., and to them have

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

315

been born five sons, all of whom are living except one. Their names, with respective dates of birth, are as follows: Campbell Wallace, Nov. 9, 1890; Hisell Hamilton, Aug. 9, 1893, died at the age of five years and three months; Thomas Cook, Feb. 22, 1896; Edmond Carlisle, April 25, 1900; and Hardeman Hill, Dec. 13, 1905. Mr. Smith has never united with any other organizations than his church and a temperance society. During the life of his mother he was ever devoted to her. When he was a child and on coming home at any time found his mother absent from her usual place he was not satisfied until, by calling and hunting, he had determined her whereabouts. He certainly honored, his father and mother. It is not strange that he has made so signal a success in life. "Honor thy father and thy mother, that thy days may be long in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee." "Seest thou a man diligent in business, he shall stand before kings; he shall not stand before mean men." The success which Mr. Smith has wrested from the hands of fate, rising from poverty and ob scurity, forcibly illustrates what any cautious, honest and energetic young man may accomplish if he will but do his best in every way. He is the soul of honor and integrity. When he makes a statement it is certain that it is the truth. His words are golden, and honesty with him is not simply a policy it enters into his character and forms his moral makeup.
Smith, Hoke, lawyer and statesman, was born at Newton, N. C. Sept. 2, 1855, his parents being Prof. Hildreth H. and Mary B. (Hoke) Smith, the former a native of New Hampshire and the latter of North Carolina. His father was a graduate of Bowdoin college and was for a number of years president of the Catawba college at Newton. In 1858 he removed to Chapel Hill, N. C., and be came a professor in the State university there. Ten years later he located in Lincolnton, N. C., where he remained until 1871, when he became connected with the Atlanta public schools and removed to that city. Hoke Smith was educated at Chapel Hill, and under his father's instruction. In the spring of 1872 he entered the law offices of Collier, Mynatt & Collier, at Atlanta, as a student and about a year later was admitted to the bar, although at the time he was not quite eighteen years of age. He soon dem-

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onstrated his ability as a lawyer, however, and won the respect of the bench, bar and public by the masterly way in which he managed his cases. In 1876 he made his first appearance in politics and be fore he had attained his majority was chairman of the Democratic executive committee of Fulton county. He took an active part in the campaign for the removal of the state capital to Atlanta and won a reputation as a clear, concise and forcible public speaker. As an advocate of tariff reform he was on the stump in the national campaigns from 1884 to 1892 and was appointed secretary of the interior by President Cleveland in 1893. In August, 1896 he re signed this position and resumed the practice of law at Atlanta where he still resides. For more than ten years he was the pro prietor of the Atlanta Journal, and made that paper a powerful factor in state and local politics. At the primary election, held on Aug. 22, 1906 he defeated four other candidates for the nomina tion for governor of Georgia by a handsome plurality and on Nov. 6, 1906, he was duly elected to that exalted office. He is a member of the American and Georgia bar associations, the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Improved Order of Red Men, the Presbyterian Church and is president of the Atlanta board of education. On Dec. 19, 1883 Mr. Smith married Miss Birdie, daughter of Gen. Thomas R. R. and Marian (Lumpkin) Cobb, and to this union four children have been born, viz: Marion, Mary Brent, Lucy and Callie.
Smith, J. Alexander, a representative member of the bar of Emanuel county, and ex-mayor of his home city of Swains-
boro, was born on a plantation in Edgefield county, S. C., Sept. 16, 1867, a son of Jacob L. and Elizabeth (Griffith:) Smith, both natives of that county asd both of whom are now deceased. The father, who was born Oct. 13, 1887', was a planter by vocation, and served in the commissary department of the Confed eracy during the Civil war, his death oc curring Sept. 12,1905, at the home of the subject of this sketch. He removed to Emanuel county, Ga., about 1877 and settled on a plantation some twelve miles east of Swainsboro, there remaining until within a few years prior to his demise. J. Alexander Smith was but eight months old at the time of his mother's death and was about eight years of age at the time of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

317

his father's removal from South Carolina to Georgia. He remained on the homestead plantation thereafter the greater portion of the time until he was eighteen years of age, having in the meanwhile attended the country schools of Emanuel county and the graded school in Midville, Burke county, after which he continued his studies in the district high school at Spring Hill. As a young man he began teaching school, utilizing this vocation as a means to an end, as for several years he used his earnings in paying the ex penses of his own educational work, attending school between the periods devoted to the pedagogic work, having thus earned the funds which enabled him to complete his collegiate professional course. In June, 1889, he was graduated in the law school of Emory college at Oxford, Ga., receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and being soon afterward admitted to the bar. He forthwith opened an office in Swainsboro, where he now controls a large and representative practice and is known as an able trial lawyer and discriminating counselor. Mr. Smith is a stanch Democrat in his political proclivities and served several years as mayor of Swains boro, though he has not been ambitious for public office of any description. He is attorney for the Citizens' bank, of Swainsboro, and the Bank of Wadley, at Wadley, Jefferson county. He is a Master Mason and is also affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Royal Arcanum. He and his wife are promi nent members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and he is a steward and trustee of the local church society. On June 3, 1891, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Smith to Miss Mamie Eva Burkhalter, of Spring Hill, Montgomery county, and they have four children, whose names, with respective dates of birth, are as follows: Alexander Burke, May 25, 1892; Walter Browning, Oct. 22,1893; Eva Gladys, July 25, 1897; and Vernon Carlos, March 12, 1899.
Smith, James Milton, the first governor of the state to be elected by the people after the reconstruction period, was born in Twiggs county, Oct. 24, 1823. He was educated at Culloden academy in Monroe county and commenced to learn the trade of blacksmith. He abandoned this, however, for the law and in 1846 was admitted to the bar. For some time he practiced at Columbus, where he won a high standing at the bar. In 1855 he was a candidate for Congress as an independent state rights Democrat, but was defeated. At the beginning of the war he entered the Confederate army, served in the Virginia campaigns as lieut.-col., and was severely wounded at Cold Harbor. In the fall of 1863 he was elected a member of the Confed-

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erate Congress and served in that body until its dissolution. After peace was restored he resumed his practice at Columbus and was one of the attorneys in the famous Ashburn murder case. In 1870 he was elected to the legislature, where he became speaker of the house. On Jan. 12, 1872, he was inaugurated governor to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Governor Bullock, and in October of the same year was elected for a full term. He was defeated for United States senator in 1877; was appointed a mem ber of the first railroad commission by Governor Colquitt; served as president of that commission from 1879 to 1885; was made judge of the superior court in 1888 and held that office until his death on Nov. 20, 1890.
Smith, J. Stovall, a representative citi zen and prominent druggist of Bruns wick, Glynn county, was born in-Hamil ton, Harris county, Ga., Jan. 8, 1854. He is a son of Dr. Reuben A. and Mary Elizabeth (Stovall) Smith, both natives of Georgia, the former born in Greene county, Aug. 5, 1827, and the latter at Madison, Morgan county, Dec. 1, 1834. The father of Dr. R. A. Smith was Wil liam Smith, a gallant soldier of the Con tinental line during the war of the Revo lution. Maj. Caswell Black, an uncle of the subject of this sketch in the maternal line, was a soldier in the war of 1812; Dr. Ozias Stovall, the maternal grandfather, was a soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war; Judge Augustus Reese, of Madison, Ga., ex-member of Congress, was an uncle of Mr. Smith on the maternal side and among other prominent men in the ancestral line may be mentioned Doctor Smith, who was president of Emory college, and Rev. Daniel Marshall, who was the first clergyman of the Baptist church in Georgia. Dr. Reuben A. Smith tendered his services in defense of the Confederacy at the inception of the war between the states, enlisted at Auburn, Ala., and served as surgeon until the close of the war, when he resumed the private practice of his profession, in which he continued until his death. J. Stovall Smith secured his educational training in the schools of the city of Atlanta, where he was reared to manhood and where his circle of friends is circumscribed only by that of his acquaintances. He was early thrown upon his own resources and has been in a significant sense the architect of his own fortunes.

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He began work when but twelve years of age, without money or influential friends, and finally secured a clerical position in a drug store, in 1876, while he studied at night and worked assidously during the day until he had accumulated sufficient financial means to realize his ambition and take a course in pharmacy. In 1890 he was graduated at the Atlanta school of pharmacy, having made an admirable student record, and he then resumed clerking as a skilled pharmacist, in Atlanta, where he eventually was enabled to purchase the business of the firm by which he was employed. He remained in Atlanta until 1900, when he removed to Brunswick, where he has since conducted a finely appointed and equipped pharmacy and where he controls a large and representative busi ness. He has been devoted to the work of his chosen profession and his success in business is the diametrical result of technical ability, correct methods, and well directed effort. In politics Mr. Smith is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and he is known as a progressive and public-spirited citizen. He is serving (in 1906) his third term as president of the Brunswick board of trade; is a trustee of the Southern school of pharmacy at Atlanta; is a member of the American pharmaceutical association, the Na tional association of retail druggists, and the Georgia pharmaceuti cal association. He has advanced to the thirty-second degree in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, and is a prominent and appreciative member of the time-honored fraternity, in which he has also completed the circle of the York Rite bodies, and is also identified with the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is a past master of Gate City Lodge, No. 2, Free and Accepted Masons, of Atlanta, and since his regime seven who were made Masons under his administration have served as masters of the same lodge, this being an exceptional record. He is second vice-president of the Masons' annuity of the state of Georgia. He is also affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men, being a past officer in the two first mentioned. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church. On Oct. 5, 1882, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Willie Hunt Dozier, daughter of William Hunt and Martha Shields (Stapler) Dozier, of Atlanta, and the three children of this union all died at birth.
Smith, James W., junior member of the firm of T. N. & J. W. Smith, dealers in cotton and manufacturers of fertilizers, at Tennille, Washington county, is also president of the Tennille yarn

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mills, vice-president of the Macon Grocery Company and a member of the Middle Georgia Cotton Company. He was born on a plan tation in. Washington county, Ga., Oct. 7, 1849, a son of Alexander and Lavinia (Tarbutton) Smith, both likewise native of Washing ton county, where the former was born in 1825 and the latter in 1829. The mother died in 1864 and the father in 1876. Alexander Smith was twice married, and of the children of the first union three are living John T., James W., and Mrs. Margaret E. Brown. One son of the second marriage, Thomas W., is living. James W. Smith secured his educational discipline in the schools of Sandersville and Warthen, Ga., and has resided in Washington county during his entire life. In 1876 he became associated with his uncle, Thomas N. Smith, in organizing the firm of T. N. & J. W. Smith and they have been associated under this title during the long intervening period of thirty years, in which time they have built up a large and important business and have a high standing in the local commercial field. Mr. Smith is an able bus iness man and loyal citizen and commands the respect and confi dence of all who know him. He is aligned as a stalwart supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party; is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and council of the Masonic fraternity, as well as the Knights of Pythias, and both he and his wife are mem bers of the Baptist church in Tennille. On Feb. 13, 1874, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Smith to Miss Annie V. Sparks, who was born and reared in Washington county, and they have two children Sallie and Marcus the former of whom is now the
wife of Charles W. Marsh. Smith, Robert Lee Jewell, solicitor of
the city court of Jefferson, and one of the representative members of the bar of Jackson county, was born near Har mony Grove, now known as Commerce, that county, Dec. 21, 1864. He is a son of Col. Sumner Jewell Smith, born at Greenville, Tenn., Nov. 29, 1823, and Catherine M. (Erwin) Smith, born in Morganton, N. C, Feb. 21, 1829. The paternal grandfather, Maj. George Smith, was a son of a Revolutionary soldier.
Although far advanced in years, he was an officer in the Confederate service during the war between the states and rendered valiant service in defense of the cause which

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he has so ardently espoused. Col. Surnner J. Smith was one of the first to offer his services to the Confederacy when it became evi dent that war between the two sections of the country was in evitable. He was authorized by Gov. Joseph E. Brown, to raise a legion, composed of one company each of infantry, cavalry and artillery, and this was named in his honor, being known as Smith's regiment of Partisan Rangers. The command was engaged in some of the hardest campaigns of the war. Colonel Smith was unani mously elected colonel of this regiment, with which he served through Bragg's Kentucky campaign and thereafter until his con tinued ill health compelled him to resign his command, upon the recommendation of the medical board. Owing to the hardships endured by him in his campaigns he never recuperated his physi cal energies, lingering as an invalid until April 18, 1869, when he passed to the life eternal, the attending physicians stating that his death was the direct result of exposure and disease contracted during the war. Prior to the war he represented Union county in the state legislature, being the first Democrat ever elected to that body from said county, which had previously accorded overwhelm ing majorities to the Whig candidates. During his membership in the legislature he secured the necessary legislation, incorpora ting the new county of Towns, which was cut off from the counties of Union and Rabun, and named in honor of Hon. George W. Towns, a former governor of the state. After the war he was sent as one of .the delegates from Georgia to the Baltimore convention and was strongly importuned by his friends to become a candidate for Congress from the Ninth district of Georgia, his election being practically assured had his health permitted him to enter the arena of political life. Under the advice of his family physician, however, he positively declined to enter the race, and he lived a happy and peaceful life with his wife and little son for his few remaining years, preferring home, family and friends to the turmoils and ex actions of a political life in the national capital. Robert L. J. Smith, the immediate subject of this sketch, completed the regular course in Martin institute at Jefferson, Ga., and then entered the sopho more class of the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated with honors in July, 1885, receiving the. degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then entered the law department of the university, known in former years as the "Lumpkin law school," in which he was grad uated in July, 1886, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, having received his technical training under those distinguished jurists, Hon. George Dudley Thomas, now deceased; and Judge Andrew
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J. Cobb, now associate justice of the Georgia supreme court. Mr. Smith was admitted to the bar at the August term of the Jackson, superior court, in 1886, under Judge N. L. Hutchins, and he has since been engaged in the practice of his profession in Jackson county, first at Commerce, and later at Jefferson, to which city he removed in 1900. He is one of the ardent advocates of the prin ciples and policies of the Democratic party and has been prominent and influential in promoting its cause. He was unanimously chosen chairman of the Democratic Congressional convention at Gainesville, which nominated Hon. Alien D. Candler for Congress from this district, for his last term as congressman. Mr. Smith had the pleasure of notifying Mr. Candler, who was then attending a ses sion of Congress, that he had been renominated and he received from Mr. Candler a telegram and later a letter expressing thanks for the notification and also for the efforts put forth by Mr. Smith in his behalf in the nominating convention. In December, 1900, after a protracted and vigorous triangular contest, in which he was arrayed against the best of talent and personal popularity, in the persons of Col. Jerry S. Ayers and Col. William H. Quartermain, Mr. Smith was appointed solicitor of the city court of Jefferson, a position of which he has since continued the incumbent, having had no opposition on occasion of reappointments. In 1904 he was urged to make the race for solicitor-general of the western circuit, but he declined to become a candidate. He was attorney for the Northeastern Banking Company, of Commerce, during his resi dence in that place, and in 1888 he was appointed attorney for Jackson county of what was then the Richmond & Danville rail road, which later became a portion of the great Southern system, which latter he has represented since the time of the absorption of the line first mentioned. In all this time he has lost but one case for the railway company, and the same has been appealed to a higher court where it is now pending for new trial. In 1890 Mr. Smith was appointed attorney in Jackson county for the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern branch of the Georgia railroad, and he never lost a case for that road in the courts of Jackson county during the time the Georgia Railroad Company was in control. He is first vice-president of the Jefferson cotton mills, capitalized for $100,000, being one of the largest stockholders, and is also largely interested in the Harmony Grove cotton mills and the Farmers' and Merchants' oil mill at Commerce. He represented the town of Maysville as special counsel in securing the necessary legislation, in 1905, whereby the citizens of that thriving town

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were permitted to vote upon and issue of $10,000 in bonds for the purpose of erecting a fine new school building, and he also rep resented the town in the proceedings to validate said bonds, which were sold at a premium, Nov. 20, 1905. Mr. Smith and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church. He served as an elder in the church at Commerce, an office which he now holds in the church in Jefferson. He is a member of Unity Lodge, No. 136, Free and Accepted Masons; Jefferson Lodge; No. 138, Knights of Pythias; Jefferson Lodge, No. 200, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Jefferson Chapter, No. 43, Royal Arch Masons; is past chancellor commander of his lodge of the Knights of Pythias; also past grand representative to the grand lodge of the order in the state; is past noble grand and past representative to the grand lodge of the Odd Fellows, in which he is also past deputy noble grand for this district, as well as past deputy grand chancellor of the Knights of Pythias. On Dec. 21, 1887, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Emma Walton, who was born and reared near Washington, Wilkes county, Ga., being a daughter of Col. Wiley N. and Mary (Jones) Walton. Following is a brief record con cerning the children of Mr. and Mrs. Smith: Sumner Jewell, Jr., born Oct. 35, 1888; Harry Lee, now deceased, born March 13, 1890; Kate Erwin, March 36, 1892; Annie Mae, Dec. 28, 1893; and Wiley Walton, Aug. 8, 1896. Sumner J. Jr., was graduated in Martin institute in July, 1904, winning first medal in the oratori cal contest. He attended the North Georgia agricultural college during the scholastic year 1904-5 and was there the winner of another medal for oratory, in the annual contest. The younger son Wiley W. also won a medal for oratorical ability when but seven years of age, being the youngest participant in an oratorical contest in Martin institute and winning the first medal over a large number of contestants.
Smith, Rufus Wright, president of LaGrange female college, at LaGrange, Troup county, has been consecutively identified with educational work for half a century and is prominent in his chosen field of endeavor, being one of the well known educators of the state and at the head of one of the leading institutions of its kind in Georgia. Professor Smith was born near White Plains, Greene county, Ga., March 4, 1835, a son of Ebenezer and Cynthia (Lewis) Smith, both natives of Georgia, the former born in Lincoln county, Dec. 3, 1790, and the latter in Greene county, Oct. 15, 1801. James vSmith, the paternal grandfather, was born in North Carolina and was a soldier in the Continental line in the war of the Revolution,

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being with the North Carolina troops in the battle of Cowpens and other engagements. He removed from Lincoln county, N. C., to Lincoln county, Ga., and later to Greene county, where he passed
the remainder of his life, his remains be
ing interred near Flat Rock. His wife,
Elizabeth (Cowan) Smith, was born in
Scotland and lived to be more than one
hundred years of age, her death occurring
near Roswell, Cobb county, where she
was buried. In her fiftieth year she had
twin daughters, and when she had at
tained to the century mark in age she and
the two daughters duly celebrated the
event, their combined ages aggregating
two hundred years. One of these daugh
ters married Jesse Oslin, who was for many years messenger of the Georgia legislature, and the other became the wife of Rev. William Collins, a. prominent clergyman of the Baptist church. The maternal grandfather of Professor Smith came from Virginia to Georgia and set tled in Greene county, where he married Miss Mary Young. Pro fessor Smith was but fourteen years of age at the time of his father's death, and the five minor children were enabled to complete their education largely through the assistance of their older brothers. At the time of the father's death two of the elder sons were teach ers in Wesleyan female college, Dr. Osborn L. Smith having been president of the institution and Dr. Costy W. Smith professor of mathematics. With exception of a few weeks' schooling and a little instruction at home, he started to school regularly in his thirteenth year. He walked alone three miles barefooted( except in extreme winter weather) through fields and swamps; climbed seven fences, crossed seven branches each day going to and from school. More than half the way was a lone path through swamps and woods. He lost only one day from school in order to go with his father to mill and to see Curtwright's factory on the Oconee river. The first year's text books were: Webster's speller, Smith's arithmetic, Smith's English grammar, McGuffy's or Sterling's! reader and Mitchell's geography. Miss Almira Culver, a native of either Green or Hancock county, about twenty years of age, was his teacher. She is still living somewhere in Alabama. In January, 1853, Professor Smith was matriculated in Emory college at Oxford, Ga., in which he was graduated in July, 1856, with the

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highest honors of his class, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He passed his final examination on June 6, about a month prior to the commencement day, and commenced teaching school on the 9th of that month, at Haygood academy, Atlanta, to fill out an unexpired term for William L. C. Hunnicutt, who wished to de vote his time to the study of medicine. With the exception of about one year, during which he was in the Confederate relief service, in the Civil war, he has been continuously engaged in teach ing from that time to the present, and his labors have been glori ously rewarded in the good he has accomplished. At the outbreak of the war between the states his health was not such as to permit him to enter the regular army service of the Confederacy, but, without solicitation on his part, he was detailed, by Gov. J. E. Brown, to the Griffin relief association, in which he continued until the close of the war. His oldest brother, Rev. Osborn L. Smith, D. D., was for a number of years president of Wesleyan female college. In the 40's he was a professor in Emory college, and in the 70's he was made president of that institution. For eight years the subject of this sketch was engaged in teaching at Sparta, Ga., and just after the war he began teaching at Plaridge academy in Greene county, where Ex-Chief Justice Hal Lewis and Judge H. G. Lewis were prepared for the junior class in Emory college, and Dr. W. C. Lovett, editor of the Wesleyan Advocate, for a lower class. Here he remained six years, after which he passed seven years as an instructor in the academic department of Emory college, six years in Dalton female college, and for the past twentyone years he has been identified with LaGrange female college, of which he has been president since 1885. In a period of forty years he has not been absent from his schoolroom forty days on ac count of illness and has lost only a few days from any cause. In politics Professor Smith originally was an old-line Whig, later giving his support to the Know-Nothing; party, and since that time to the Democratic party. Both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. At Oxford, Ga., Dec. 2, 1856, Professor Smith was united in marriage to Miss Oreon M. Mann, daughter of Rev. Jeremiah and Mary Jones (Jernigan) Mann, of Powelton, Hancock county. Owing to financial reverses of her father, Mrs. Smith, while still in her teens, began teaching school immediately after leaving college. She aided her brothers and a sister in securing^their collegiate education. She taught mathe matics in the Masonic female college at Covington, then under the presidency of Dr. Alexander Means, and on one of the commence-

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ment occasions was awarded a silver cup for her excellency in train ing her pupils. When Doctor Means resigned the presidency she also left the college, although offered a salary of $1,000 to remain. She taught music one term in Madison female college, and during all the years of teaching with her husband she has taught mathe matics, physiology and astronomy. The only money Professor Smith had before his marriage was spent in securing a wedding outfit, and the first money he had afterward was a $100 bill from his bride. Concerning the children of Professor and Mrs. Smith the following brief data are entered: Euler B., born at Sparta, Ga., May 9, 1858, is now professor of English in the Georgia state nor mal school at Athens; Cecil H., born in Sparta, Jan. 1, 1860, is a representative lawyer of Sherman, Tex.; Rev. Hubert M., born in Sparta, Oct. 28, 1862, is a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church South; Alwyn M. was born, in Sparta, Jan. 5, 1865; Clif ford L. was born in Greene county, March 25, 1867; Leon P. was born in the same county, Dec. 24, 1869; Maidee was born at Ox ford, Jan. 11, 1872; Clara L. was born at Oxford, Nov. 25, 1873. All of the children have been actively identified with educational work, and all but three are still in the pedagogic profession. Maidee was a teacher with her father in LaGrange female college for about twelve years, then went to Brazil, to teach in the mis sion fields of the Methodist Episcopal church South, remained there six years and is now at home for a period of rest. The younger daughter, Clara L., was engaged in teaching for ten years and is now the wife of Frank H. Hill, treasurer of the Atlanta & West Point railroad. Their home is at College Park, a suburb of the capital city. Mrs. Smith has been associated with her hus band as a teacher for the past half century, and her work has been successful in every respect, while her effective cooperation and sympathy have been a source of distinctive satisfaction to Pro fessor Smith.
Smith, Thomas N., is one of the representative citizens and business men of Washington county, being senior member of the firm of T. N. & J. W. Smith, one of the leading cotton and fertilizer concerns of that section of the state, with headquarters in Sandersville, and he is also president of the Macon Grocery Company, one of the most extensive wholesale grocery houses in Macon. Mr. Smith- was born on the homestead plantation of his parents, in Washington county, Ga., March 27, 1846, a son of English and Keziah (Forbes) Smith, the former of whom died when the sub ject of this sketch was about fourteen years of age, the mother

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having died when he was four years old. English Smith is sur vived by one daughter of a previous marriage, Mrs. Jane Hodges, a resident of Alabama, and four sons of the second marriage are living. Joseph B. is a resident of Johnson county, Ga.; James K. P. resides near Quitman, Brooks county; and Richard R., the youngest, is a resident of Washington county. Thomas N. Smith was afforded the advantages of good schools in his native county and in 1863 he became a student in the Georgia military institute, where he completed his educational training. In 1862, when but fifteen years of age, he became a member of the state militia, with which he served in the vicinity of Savannah. From May 10, 1864, to May 20, 1865, he was in the regular Confederate service, as a member of the Georgia military institute cadets. The command served principally in Georgia, continuing on duty until the close of the war. In January, 1876, was organized the firm of T. N. & J. W. Smith, of Tennille, and the same has continued in success ful business, as cotton factors and manufacturers of and dealers in fertilizers. Mr. Smith is also vice-president of the Tennille Yarn Mill Company and president of the Macon Grocery Company. He is a liberal and progressive business man and is one of the well known and highly esteemed citizens of his native county. In politics he accords allegiance to the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Jan. 5, 1879, Mr. Smith was united in marriage to Miss Lula G. Youngblood, who died in 1882, and who is survived by one son, Carlton Y. In 1884 Mr. Smith married Miss Eva Daniel, and they have eight children: Roy, Wilbur, Beirne, Marguerite, Richard, Thomas N., Jr., Weldon and Eva.
Smith, William Duncan, soldier, was born in Georgia in 1826. At the age of sixteen he entered the West Point academy and grad uated in 1846. He entered the army as brevet second lieutenant and took part in the Mexican war, being severely wounded at Molino del Rey. Subsequently he served on the frontier and in garrison duty, being promoted to captain in 1858. In the latter part of January, 1861, he resigned his commission in the army and entered the Confederate service as captain of infantry. In July, 1861, he was made colonel of the Twentieth Georgia regiment and the following March was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. From that time until his death he was a conspicuous figure in the Confederate army and at one time was uregd by some as a suc cessor to General Pemberton. He died on Oct. 4, 1862, at Charles ton, S. C.

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Smith, William E., lawyer and member of Congress, was born at Augusta March 14, 1829. He received an academic education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1848 by special act of the general assembly. In 1853 he was elected ordinary of Dougherty county; was appointed solicitor-general of the Southwestern circuit in 1858; enlisted in the Confederate army as a private in 1861, but was promoted to a captaincy in the Fourth Georgia in April, 1862; resigned his commission in 1863 to enter the Con federate Congress; was elected to the Congress of the United States in 1874 and was twice reflected. Upon retiring from Con gress he resumed the practice of his profession at Albany and died there on March 11, 1890.
Smithonia, one of the important towns of Oglethorpe county, is about eight miles northwest of Lexington. It is the terminus of the Smithsonia, Danielsville & Carnesville and the Smithonia & Dunlap railroads, and in 1900 had a population of 200. It has a number of good stores, some factories, schools, churches, etc., a money order postoffice, and handles a large volume of freight.
Smithville, a town in the northwest corner of Lee county, is at the junction of two branches of the Central of Georgia railway system. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1863.. In 1900 it had within its corporate limits a population of 597 and in its entire district 1,954. Near by are two large sawmills, a black smith and a wood-working shop, a turpentine distillery, while just across the line in Sumter county is a large grist mill owned in the main by Smithville people, with a daily capacity of 600 bushels of corn. In the town are express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, a public cotton gin and several prosperous business houses. Large quantities of pears are shipped every season and about 3,000 bales of cotton are hand led annually.
Smyrna, an incorporated town in Cobb county, is on the Western & Atlantic railroad, five miles southeast of Marietta. It also has connection with Marietta and Atlanta by means of an electric rail way. The population in 1900 was 238 in the town and 1,185 in themilitia district of the same name. It has a money order postoffice,. with rural free delivery, some mercantile, manufacturing and ship ping interests, good school and church advantages, express and telegraph service, etc. Not far from the town is the Belmont stock farm, one of the finest in the South.
Snake Creek Gap. (For military operations here in the spring of 1864 see Dalton). In the fall of 1864 Sherman was drawn north-

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ward by Hood's movements. Upon reaching Snake Creek Gap October 15th, he was there delayed for several hours by the skirmishing with the Confederate rear guard.
Snap, a post-hamlet of Bulloch county, is about ten miles north east of Statesboro. Clito is the nearest railroad station.
Snapfinger Creek is a little stream in DeKalb county. As Stoneman was starting out on his raid there was a skirmish along this creek on July 27, 1864.
Snellville, a village of Gwinnett county, is about seven miles south of Lawrenceville. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some mercantile interests, and in 1900 reported a pop ulation of 147. Grayson, on the Loganville branch of the Seaboard Air Line, is the nearest railroad station.
Snider, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is twelve miles south east of Ellijay, near the base of the Amicalola mountain. Talona is the most convenient railroad station.
Snow, a village of Dooly county, is a short distance west of Unadilla, which is the nearest railroad station. It has a money order postoffice, is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located, and in 1900 had a population of 100.
Social Circle, a town in the southern part of Walton county, is on the Georgia railroad between Atlanta and Augusta and is the southern terminus of the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern railway. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1832. It is well situated for trade with the surrounding country, has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, a number of well-stocked stores, an oil mill, a public cotton gin, a cotton factory, some smaller manufactories, and quite a number of beautiful homes. The people enjoy the best of educa tional advantages and church privileges. According to the United States census of 1900 the district had a population of 3,879, and of these 1,329 lived in the corporate limits.
Socrates, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Monroe county, is on a branch of the Towaliga river. The nearest railroad station is Goggansville.
Sola Bills.- Very little actual money was brought to Georgia by the first settlers. What little trade they had was carried on chiefly by the primitive method of barter. But the increase of pop ulation, the widening of the settled area, made a larger volume of circulating medium a necessity. The trustees sent over all the English coin they could, and to further supply the deficit they fssued their warrants or due bills upon the treasury, which passed

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current as money. These were called sola bills, and at one time constituted practically all the currency of the colony.
Soldiers' Cemeteries. (See Cemeteries). Soldiers' Home. In 1889 the movement for a Georgia Confeder ate soldiers' home was warmly advocated by Henry W. Grady, then on the staff of the Atlanta Constitution and in the last year of his life. His earnestness in the cause enlisted the cooperation of others and led to the contribution by citizens from various parts of the state of sufficient funds for the purchase of a suitable site and the erection of a substantial building. The whole was then tendered to the state, but was not at that time accepted, and there fore remained unused for several years. The property was again tendered to the state and was accepted by act of the general as sembly, approved Dec. 21, 1900. It consisted of about 120 acres of land, situated near the city of Atlanta, upon which was located the home, the grounds and buildings being valued at $45,000. The state was to provide for the maintenance of the home for a period of twenty years, or for such period as the number of inmates or ap plicants might, in the discretion of the legislature, require. The trustees of the institution were William Lowndes Calhoun, presi dent ; Joseph B.| Gumming, president pro tern.; H. W. Bell, John Triplett, Charles D. Phillips, S. W. Harris, H. H. Perry, A. F. Daley, Charles M. Wiley, W. F. Jenkins and J. H. Martin. W. H. Harrison was elected secretary; Amos Fox, treasurer; James L. Wilson, superintendent; Dr. Henry Rossignol, surgeon; A. R. Holderby, chaplain; and Mrs. J. Pickney Thomas, matron. In July, 1901, the home was opened for the reception of veterans and in a short time seventy-two were admitted to its privileges. On. Sept. 30, 1901, the building was destroyed by fire. On the same day a temporary home was provided for the veterans, while the help less were cared for by the hospitals in Atlanta. On the house and furniture were $21,500 fire insurance, and this, with the liberal subscriptions that poured in from all parts of the state, provided the means for the erection of a new home even better than the first. The new institution was opened about Sept. 1, 1902. It is a substantial brick building, provided with all the modern conven iences. The average number of inmates for the years 1904 and 1905 has been 100, the losses by death having been filled by new admis sions. The officers of the board of trustees for 1906 were H. W. Bell, president; W. S. Thompson, vice-president; W. H. Harrison, secretary; Amos Fox, treasurer; John- A. Thompson, superinten dent. The building is valued at $30,000, the furniture at over $2,-

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331

000, and the grounds, which originally cost $8,500, are now worth over $20,000. In West View cemetery is a lot set apart for the burial of Confederate soldiers, and in the center of the lot is a neat monument. Here are buried most of those who have died in the home.
Sonoraville, a post-village of Gordon county, is on Pine Log creek, ten miles southeast of Calhoun, which is the most con venient railroad station. It is a trading center for that section of the county and in 1900 reported a population of 83.
Sons of Liberty. During the first half of the decade from 1760 to 1770, the dissatisfaction with George III and the British ministry led to the organization of little bands of patriots from New England to Georgia. By some subtle influence these little parties in time became united in a common cause under the name of the "Sons of Liberty." It is said the name was given to them by Col. Isaac Barre, who was a member of the British Parliament at the time the stamp act was passed. Charles Townshend, whom Macauley char acterized as "a man of splendid talents, of lax principles, and of boundless vanity and presumption," made a speech in favor of the measure. This was replied to by Barre, who defended the right of the colonists to resist taxation and called them "Sons of Liberty." Jared Ingersoll, the agent from Connecticut, occupied a seat in the gallery during the debate and sent a report of Barre's speech to America. It was printed in a newspaper at New London and Mrs. Lamb says: "May had not shed its blossoms before the words of Barre were in every village and hamlet of America."
The first demonstration of the "Sons" in Georgia was upon the occasion of the arrival of the hated stamps In Savannah, in Decem ber, 1765. By order of Governor Wright the papers had been placed in Fort Halifax for safe keeping. About 200 men gathered about the fort, threatening to break in and destroy the stamps. Under guard of two companies of the Royal Rangers they were removed to the guard-house and subsequently to Fort George. Governor Wright became alarmed and for several days kept a guard of forty men about his residence. But no violence was com mitted at this time. The populace contented themselves with burning the governor in effigy, after which they dispersed to their homes to await a more favorable opportunity, which was not slow in presenting itself. From that date the Sons of Liberty grew in numbers and strength until when the tocsin of war was sounded some ten years later they were ready for any emergency. Their record is written on every field of the Revolution, from Lexington

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

to Yorktown, and their valorous deeds will never be blotted from the pages of American history. (See articles on Revolution, Pro vincial Congress and Tondee's Tavern).
Sons of the Revolution. The society of the "Sons of the Revo lution" was first proposed by John Austin Stevens, of New York, who, with a number of other gentlemen of Revolutionary ancestry, organized the New York society in 1875. In 1904 there were thirty-one state societies, including the one in the District of Co lumbia, with an aggregate membership of over 7,500. The Georgia society was instituted on May 22, 1891, and in 1904 had a member ship of over 200. The objects of the organization are "to keep alive among ourselves and our descendants the patriotic spirit of the men who, in military, naval, or civil service, by their acts or counsel, achieved American independence; to collect and secure for preser vation the manuscript rolls, records, and other documents relating to the War of the Revolution, and to promote intercourse and good feeling among its members now and hereafter."
Soperton, a post-hamlet of Montgomery county, is four miles east of a station of the same name on the Macon, Dublin & Savan nah railroad.
Soque, a little village in the northern part of Habersham county, is near the base of Chimney mountain. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading point for that part of the county. The near est railroad station is Clarkesville.
Sorghum. About the middle of the nineteenth century the sorghum or Chinese sugar cane was introduced in this country. During the Civil war it became quite popular with the farmers of the South, as the use of small mills made it possible to produce syrup more cheaply from this cane than from the regular sugar cane, which required the operation of expensive machinery. With in recent years its production has declined. In 1890 Georgia had 22,089 acres of sorghum, from which were produced 1,342,803 gal lons of molasses. In 1900 the acreage had fallen to 11,553, the production in that year being 767,024 gallons, though the average output from each acre had increased about five gallons. Sorghum is still a great favorite with many Georgia farmers, and the syrup from this plant is preferred by the negro laborers to any other kind.
Sorrel, G. Moxley, soldier and merchant, was born in Georgia, and was one of the first to answer the call to arms at the beginning of the Civil war. He entered the army as a captain on the staff of General Longstreet, and fought at the first battle of Manassas.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

333

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334

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

The company also builds cabooses and repairs passenger coaches. This concern is the leading car factory of the south, and since the organization of the company semi-annual dividends of four per cent, have been paid on the cash basis. On June 13, 1904, a stock dividend of twenty-five per cent, was declared. The officers of the co'mpany are all Waycross men, and practically the entire stock is owned by residents of Ware county. Mr. McGee who has the general superintendency of the manufactory, has been a railroad master mechanic for many years and is specially well qualified for the executive and technical offices which he now holds. The com pany also owns and operates the car plant that formerly belonged to the Georgia Car and Manufacturing Company, at Savannah. This plant covers eighty-one acres of land, situated near the city limits, on.the line of the Seaboard Air Line railroad, being well equipped with trackage and having two large buildings one 1,500 feet long and the other 1,300 feet. The first is used as a planing mill and erecting shed, and the other for foundry, blacksmith shops, machine shops, etc. This plant has a capacity for the output of eighteen flat cars and twelve box cars a day. The company is now engaged in filling a contract (1906) for the building of 450 ventilated fruit cars for the Central of Georgia; 300 gondolas, of 80,000 pounds' capacity, for the Mexican National railroad; 50 -logging and ten flat cars for the Georgetown & Western Railroad; 500 flat cars for the Atlantic Coast Line; and 1,000 plain box cars for the Central of Georgia. At the time of this writing the plant in Savannah has booked orders which will run the same to full capacity for a period of six months.
South Newport River forms the boundary between Liberty and Mclntosh counties. In August, 1864 a Confederate force under Maj.-Gen. La Fayette McLaws, numbering about 2,500 men, was on coast guard duty from the Ogeechee to the St. Mary's rivers. On the 17th one of the companies of South Carolina cavalry that was stationed near South Newport river was surprised and most of the men were captured.
South River, a stream of Central Georgia, rises near Atlanta and flows a general southeasterly direction until it empties into the Ocmulgee at the southern point of Newton county. In July, 1864, Garrard's Federal cavalry made a raid along this river, engaging in skirmishes at Snapfinger creek, Flat Rock bridge and Lithonia. Some more fighting occurred along its banks on Oct. 24, 1864.
Southern Female College. This institution, located at La Grange and conducted under the auspices of the Baptist church, is one of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

335

the oldest of its kind in the United States. It was organized in 1843 by Rev. J. E. Dawson, the first class, consisting of five young women, graduating in 1845. By the act of Jan. 31, 1850, it was in corporated as the "La Grange Collegiate Seminary for Young Ladies." Two years later the name was changed to the "Southern and Western Female College," and in February, 1854 it took its present name. The school has good buildings and the course of study includes mathematics, English, Latin, Greek, modern lan guages, natural sciences, philosophy, elocution, music and paint ing.
Southwell, a post-village in the northwestern part of Bryan county, is a station on the Seaboard Air Line railway and in 1900 reported a population of 94. It has some local trade and does considerable shipping.
Spalding County was formed in 1851, from the counties of Pike and Henry, and named for Thomas Spalding, of St. Simon's Island, a member of the Georgia legislature and representative in Congress. It lies in the western part of the state and is bounded on the north by Clayton and Henry counties, on the northeast by Henry, on the east by Butts and Monroe, on the south by Pike, on the northwest by Fayette, and on the west by Fayette, Coweta and Meriwether. The Flint river forms a part of the western boundary, then turns through the county, and with many smaller streams drains the land. Scientific farming is being introduced and under its influence the productiveness of the land has been materially increased. Corn, wheat, oats, sweet and Irish potatoes, cotton and sugar-cane are the principal productions. Truck and fruit farming are profitable. Peaches, pears and plums are the fruits most raised. Vineyards receive much less attention than they did a few years ago, though considerable quantities of grapes are still produced. Some shortleaf pine, ash, maple and poplar still stand, but the timber products are small. Two branches of the Central of Georgia, and two of the Southern railway traverses the county in various directions, afford ing excellent facilities for transportation, while the public roads, which are worked by the convict system, are kept in fine condition. Griffin, the county seat, is a manufacturing center and the principal shipping point and market for the county. Sunnyside, Pomona, Vineyard, Orchard Hill, Experiment, Drewryville, Rover and Zetella are other towns'. Sunnyside was for many years the home of Capt. John Mclntosh Kell, once first officer of the Confederate cruiser, Alabama, and after the war served as adjutant-general of the state. Near Griffin the State of Georgia and the United States

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

government conduct an agricultural and horticultural experiment station. The population in 1900 was 17,619, an increase of 4,502 in ten years.
Spalding, Thomas, a resident of St. Simon's Island in the early part of the nineteenth century, was prominent in public affairs in his day. He served in the state legislature and in 1802 was elected to Congress. Owing to a contest with Cowles Mead he did not take his seat until December, 1903. Spalding county is named in his honor.
Spanish American War. In this war Georgia bore an honorable part, contributing more men in proportion to population than any other state in the Union. At Chickamauga, on her soil, some 40,000 soldiers, most of them sons of the men who in 1863 fought on op posing sides on that same ground, camped together, ready to obey the orders of the same government and fight under the same flag. At Griffin, Atlanta, Macon, Savannah and Augusta there were camps, in which men of the South and North tented and drilled side by side. Georgia furnished three regiments, of which the Third went to Cuba in the corps of General Fitzhugh Lee, on whose staff was Lieutenant Sartoris, a grandson of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant. This corps, the Seventh, had been selected to lead the assault upon the lines at Havana, but the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain ended actual hostilities and the movement was not executed. The Third Immunes was recruited in Georgia and was made up in the main of citizens of that state. Young Geor gians in the regular army and navy of the United States acted well their part in the Spanish-American war. Flag-Officer, Lieut. Thomas M. Brumby, was mentioned in flattering terms in Admiral Dewey's report of the naval victory in Manila Bay; Lieut. James V. Heidt, of the Sixth regiment, son of an ex-Confederate soldier, and Lieut. Isaac N. Newell, of the Twenty-second infantry, son of ex-Confederate Captain Newell, and grandson of the distin guished Confederate general and governor of- Georgia, Alfred H. Colquitt, when their captains were borne from the field wounded, led their respective companies in the battle of Santiago and won applause by their gallantry; W. W. Gordon, of Savannah, an exConfederate officer, was commissioned a brigadier-general of United States volunteers; Joseph Wheeler, a citizen of Alabama, but a native of Richmond county, Ga., an ex-Confederate lieuten ant-general, was commissioned major-general of United States vol unteers ; was second in command in the army operating at San tiago, and commanded the cavalry in the battles around that im-

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337

portant Spanish stronghold. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, afterward president of the United States, said that, when after the Americans had carried El Caney and San Juan Hill, some urged a withdrawal, "to \\ heeler, more than to any other one man was due the prompt abandonment of the proposition to fall back a proposal, which, if adopted, would have meant shame and disaster".
Spanish Invasion. From the time the first colonists landed in Georgia the Spanish settlements on the South proved a constant menace to the welfare of the province. The boundary line be tween the English possessions in South Carolina and the Spanish claims in Florida had never been definitely settled, and Spain pre tended to look upon Oglethorpe and his followers as trespassers upon her rights. Soon after Oglethorpe made his first treaty of peace with the Creeks the Spaniards sent agents among the In dians to seduce them from their allegiance to the English. As matters grew worse Oglethorpe went to England in January, 1737, to secure men and munitions of war for Georgia's defence. He returned in September, 1738, with two ships of war the Hector and the Blanford bringing a regiment of soldiers. Early in 1739 the Spaniards resorted to their old tactics of trying to work up a hostile spirit among the Indians. Oglethorpe went into the In dian country as far as the Cowetas, holding conferences with the chiefs, giving them presents, etc., with the result that the treaty of Aug. 21, 1739, was made, declaring all the country between the Savannah and St. John's rivers to belong to the Creeks, and that none but the trustees of Georgia should have the right to settle thereon. On Oct. 23, 1739, a formal declaration of war was made by England against Spain. Admiral Vernon was sent to the West Indies and Oglethorpe was instructed to harass the Spanish in Florida by every means in his power. About this time the Span ish agents tried to stir up an insurrection among the slaves in South Carolina. Under promise of freedom many negroes had been induced to flee to St. Augustine and join the Spanish army, where they were clothed and fed the same as the white troops. General Oglethorpe therefore felt justified in calling on the Carolinians for aid in an expedition against St. Augustine. Visiting Charleston in person he laid before the legislature an estimate of of the number of men, etc., that he deemed necessary for the un dertaking. A regiment of 400 men was raised in Virginia and the Carolinas and placed under the command of Colonel Vanderdussen. Vincent Price, the commander of the ships of war on that part of the coast, agreed to furnish four twenty-gun ships and two
22-111

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

sloops properly manned and equipped, and Indians known to be friendly to the English were invited to assist. On May 9, 1740, Oglethorpe, with 400 select men from his own regiment and a considerable body of Indians, reached the rendezvous at the mouth of the St. John's river, and the next day, while waiting for the arrival of the other troops, captured Fort Diego, twenty-five miles from St. Augustine. The delay of the Carolinians in reaching the mouth of the river gave the Spaniards time to prepare themselves for the corning assault. All the cattle in the vicinity were driven into the town, and to make matters worse for the English six ves sels armed with cannon and two sloops laden with provisions and munitions of war succeeded in reaching St. Augustine. Upon the arrival of Colonel Vanderdussen the entire army, some 2,000 strong, marched toward the town. Fort Moosa, two miles from St. Augustine, was evacuated at their approach, the garrison join ing the troops at the fort in the town. After disposing his forces Oglethorpe demanded the surrender of the place, but was met by a positive refusal. For several days a brisk cannonade was kept up on both sides, when Oglethorpe decided to turn the assault into a blockade. The siege lasted until July 10th, when, owing to scarcity of provisions among his own men, Oglethorpe withdrew his forces and returned to Frederica.
No further manifestation of hostilities was made until the spring of 1742. At that time the greater part of the British fleet in the West Indies was withdrawn, which gave the Spanish fleet an op portunity to reinforce the post at St. Augustine, and about the first of May 2,000 troops under Rodondo arrived there. On June 21st nine Spanish vessels entered Amelia sound, but were met with such a warm reception from the guns of Fort William that they kept at a respectful distance. About a week later thirty-six Span ish ships anchored off St. Simon's bar. On board were over 5,000 men, commanded by Monteano, the governor of Florida. On July 5th the ships tried to come in with the tide. They were received with a galling fire from the batteries and the vessels and after a fight which lasted for over three hours the Spanish were compelled to retire with considerable loss. Oglethorpe withdrew to Freder ica and two days later a large force of the enemy arrived within two miles of that place. With four platoons of his regiment, some Highlanders and Indians, Oglethorpe marched out and attacked them with such vigor that they were driven back with a loss of over a hundred men in killed and prisoners. The Spaniards next passed up the river in the attempt to make an attack from a dif-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

339

ferent quarter, but the English commander placed a force of rangers and Indians to form an ambuscade to prevent a landing and they were again driven back. By a trick Oglethorpe man aged to convey to Monteano the information that a large body of reinforcements was soon expected to reach Georgia, and this de termined the Spanish governor to attack with all his force before the expected assistance could arrive. The troops were disem barked and the whole army started for Frederica. A little body in advance was captured by a scouting party under Capt. Noble Jones, and from this party the English general learned that the entire Spanish army was on the way to attack his position. Dis posing his men so as to form an ambuscade he awaited the ap proach of Monteano and his men. When within a short distance of the ambuscade the Spaniards halted and began to make prep arations for cooking their supper. No sooner had they stacked their arms than a deadly fire was opened from the surrounding thickets. The Spaniards ran to their arms but after they had gained possession of their guns they were but little better off, for the enemy was invisible. Repeated attempts were made to form the men for a charge, but each attempt was met by such a fierce volley from the concealed marksmen that nothing could be accom plished. After the loss of several of their officers the men became panic stricken and fled in all directions, leaving their guns and camp equipage on the field, never stopping until they reached the protection of the ships. In this engagement the Spaniards lost in killed and wounded and prisoners about 500 men. The place where the fight occurred is still known as the "Bloody Marsh." A few days after this the Spaniards burned all the buildings on Jekyl island and those on the south end of St. Simon's and then, after a final demonstration against Fort William, returned to St. Au gustine. Thus ended the Spanish invasion of Georgia.
Spann, (railroad name Meadows Station) a village of Johnson county, is on the \Vrightsville & Tennille railroad, about three miles from the Laurens county line. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, mercantile and shipping inter ests, and in 1900 reported a population of 158.
Sparks, a town in Berrien county, is located on the Georgia Southern & Florida, and is the western terminus of the Nashville & Sparks railroad. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1888; in 1900 it had within its corporate limits a population of 683, and in its entire district 2,170. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

prosperous business houses, establishments for making brick and building materials and for operating gins and planing mills. School and church privileges are good.
Sparks, William Henry, poet and author, was born in St. Simon's island, Jan. 16, 1800. He was reared in Greene county, Ga., was educated in the north and studied law at Litchfield, Conn. Upon his admission to the bar he practiced for some years at Greensboro, served in the Georgia legislature, and in 1830 became a sugar planter at Natchez, Miss. Later he ree'ntered upon the practice of law and was for ten years a partner of Judah P. Benjamin at New Orleans, La. He declined several offers of political honors, among them a United States senatorship. He wrote a number of poems of a high order and in 1870 published his work "Memories of Fifty Years," which ran through several editions. He died at Marietta, Ga., Jan. 13, 1882.
Sparta, the county seat of Hancock county, is one of the old towns of Georgia, having been incorporated by act of the legisla ture in 1805. It is a beautiful town on a branch of the Georgia railroad connecting Macon and Augusta. The people of Sparta and of Hancock county have given much attention to education. The schools of Sparta were noted for years before the war. Sparta is not only noted for its schools, but is also a good market town for a prosperous agricultural community. It is partly in the 102nd and partly in the 103rd militia district, the former having 3,116 inhabitants and the latter 2,442, while the town proper has a pop ulation of 1,150. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, two banks, several first class commercial establishments, an oil mill and a variety of small manufactories. The Sparta creamery reported in 1901 the receipt of 2,200 gallons of milk in a day. The court house is an imposing building and cost $50,000. All Protestant denominations are rep resented in the churches.
Spear, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Warren county, is about seven miles north of Avera, which is the nearest railroad station.
Spears, Frank, senior member of the firm of Spears & Pilcher, cotton factors, with offices in the Warren block, Augusta, was born Aug. 14, 1848, and reared in the city which is now his home. His father, Francis Spears, was born in France, whence he came to the United States when a young man, locating in Washington county, Ga., where was celebrated his marriage to Miss Mary Malpass, who was born and reared in that county. They finally re-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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moved to Augusta, where he became a successful wholesale gro cer, his death here occurring in 1850. Frank Spears completed his educational training in the University of Georgia, and has been identified with the cotton business in Augusta during practically his entire business career. The present firm of Spears & Pilcher was founded in 1900, and controls a large and representative busi ness. Mr. Spears is a stanch supporter of the principles and poli cies of the Democratic party, is a member of the Augusta cotton exchange and board of trade, and is identified with the Commer cial club. For a few years in his early manhood he was a non commissioned officer in the Clinch Rifles, a local military organi
zation.
Spears, Joseph Henry, M. D., a repre
sentative cotton factor of Augusta, was
born in Washington county, Ga., Aug.
10, 1833, a son of Francis and Mary
(Malpass) Spears. His father was a
native of France, whence he immigrated
to the United States when a youth, and
became one of the prominent citizens
and honored business men of Augusta,
where he was engaged in the wholesale
grocery trade for a number of years, his
death here occurring in 1850. In Wash
ington county, Ga., he married Miss Mary Malpass, who was born and reared in that county, and who died, in Augusta, in 1875, at the age of sixty years. Three sons and two daughters survive the loved mother. The parents were valued members of St. John's church, Methodist Episcopal South. Dr. Joseph H. Spears passed the first ten years of his life in his native county, and in 1843 accompanied his parents on their re moval to Augusta, where he became a student in Richmond acad emy, after which he entered the employ of the general merchan dise firm of Spears & Beaufort, where he remained until the death of his father, who was senior member of the firm, thereafter con tinuing one year with the succeeding firm of Beaufort, Beall & Co. He then took up the study of medicine under Dr. A. C. Hart, of Augusta, attended one course of lectures in the medical depart ment of the University of Georgia, and then entered the Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, Pa., where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1852. In 1853 he again went to Philadel phia, where he remained about one year as resident physician in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

St. Joseph's hospital. He then returned to Augusta and engaged in the general practice of his profession, but soon afterward en gaged in the retail drug business, under the firm name of Clark, Wells & Spears. This firm continued until the inception of the Civil war, the senior members then selling their interests to the firm of Spears & Height, and Doctor Spears finally sold his inter est to Mr. Height. In the spring of 1864 he entered the service of the Confederacy as a member of the Georgia state troops, with which he continued to be identified until the close of the war. Prior to the conflict between the states he had been a lieutenant in a militia company, and had also.been extensively engaged in the manufacture of salt by evaporation, which enterprise was con tinued, under detail by General Cobb, for the state troops until the close of hostilities. Doctor Spears is to be considered one of the pioneer cotton merchants of Augusta, having here been con cerned with his important line of industry for more than thirty years and being esteemed as one of the progressive business men and public-spirited citizens of the community which has repre sented his home from his boyhood days. He is a stanch advocate of the cause of the Democratic party, is a member of the board of stewards of St. John's church, Methodist Episcopal South, and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity. In 1863 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary G. Warren, who was born and reared in Augusta, a daughter of the late Robert Warren. Of the three children of this union two are living Harriet T., wife of C. Winston Pilcher, of Augusta, and Mary C., wife of John Oscar Wicker, of the same city. The third child, Ophelia J., died in infancy.
Speer, Alexander M., jurist and politician, was born in South Carolina in 1820. He received his elementary education in the lit tle log school house of that period, and "in 1833 came with his parents to Georgia and in 1839 graduated at the state university. He then studied law for one year, when he was admitted to the bar and began practice at Forsyth. Later he removed to Macon, where he remained until the breaking out of the Civil war. On April 20, 1861, he enlisted in the "Macon Volunteers," but in 1862 became major of the Forty-sixth Georgia. A few months after ward he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, but retired from ac tive service in 1863 to enter the state senate. Two years later he was appointed judge of the Flint circuit, and served until 1868, when he was removed by Governor Bullock. When the Demo cratic party again assumed control of_ the state government he was reflected to the judgeship, serving a term in the legislature

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

343

before taking his seat. In 1879 he was elected to a place on the supreme court bench and served with credit for two years, when failing health compelled his resignation. He died at Madison, Ga., about 1898.
Speer, Emory, jurist, was born at Culloden, Monroe count/, Ga., Sept. 3, 1848. At the age of sixteen years he entered the Confeder ate army, and during the reconstruction days worked earnestly and effectively to redeem his state from negro domination. As a re ward for his services in this line he was appointed solicitor-gen eral by Governor Smith. In 1878 he was elected to Congress as an independent, defeating the Democratic nominee. In 1880 he was reflected, again defeating the Democratic nominee; was ap pointed a member of the ways and means committee as a protec tionist; and was one of the conference committee between the house and the senate that reported the bill which afterward be came the tariff of 1883. At the close of his second term he was appointed United States district attorney at Atlanta, by President Arthur, and won considefable renown in certain Ku Klux trials. In February, 1885, he was appointed United States district judge for the Southern district of Georgia. Judge Speer was one of the orators at the opening of the Cotton States Exposition at Atlanta in September, 1895; at the Peace Jubilee at Chicago in October, 1898, and at Savannah on John Marshall day in February, 1901. Although a Methodist he is president of the law department of Mercer university, a Baptist institution. He is the author of "Removal of Causes from State to United States Courts", and "Lectures on the Constitution of the United States". His home is at Macon.
Speer, Rev. Eustace Willoughby, D. D., was the youngest child of Alexander Speer and "his wife, Elizabeth Middleton, both of South Carolina. His father was the son of William Speer, a pa triot of the Revolution who for his services was granted by the State of South Carolina 1,400 acres of land at Cherokee Ford on the Savannah river in Abbeville district. There, after the Revolu tion he made his home and reared his family. Alexander Speer, the father of Eustace, was born in 1790, and was a man of broad culture, great eloquence and extensive influence. He was secre tary of state or comptroller-general of South Carolina in 1826, and on December 1 of that year Eustace was born in Columbia. With Pettigra and a few others, Alexander Speer resisted the nullifica tion theories of the Calhoun party. He was put forward as the protagonist of the Union party and the opponent in public discus-

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sions of such men as McDuffie. The late Benjamin C. Yancey, of Athens, often declared to the writer that Alexander Speer was in public discussion more than a match for that great nullifier. About the year 1833 he removed to Georgia and settled at Culloden, a village noted for the multitude of distinguished men it has sent forth. In the meantime while desperately ill, he had declared that if his life was spared he would devote it to the Christian min istry. He kept his vow and in this work he became even more famous than he had been as a lawyer and politician. He was one of the founders of Wesleyan female college at Macon, and it is believed preached the first commencement sermon at Emory col lege. The last commencement address made there by the late Associate Justice L. Q. C. Lamar was largely composed of pas sages quoted from memory from that sermon, from another by Bishop Soule and a commencement oration by George F., after wards Bishop Pierce. Alexander Speer, after filling many of the principal appointments in the Methodist churches in Georgia and South Carolina, died at Lagrange, Ga., in 1856, and a young law yer who watched by the bedside of the noble old patriot and gently closed his eyes in death, was afterwards to become Lieut.-Gen. John B. Gordon. Unlike his elder brothers, Dr. Algernon Sidney, and the late associate justice of Georgia, Alexander Middleton, Eustace Speer did not have the advantages of a collegiate educa tion. He was, however, an ardent student of English literature and the classics, and acquired a spoken and written style which for charm and clearness the late Robert Toombs declared was equalled by no man whom he ever heard, save Judah P. Benjamin. He was married when nineteen years of age to Annie E. King, daughter of the Rev. Geraldus King and grand niece of William Rufus King, of Alabama, at one time vice president of the United States. Eustace Speer was converted at the old Monroe camp ground, and, although he had been admitted to the bar by act of the general assembly, at once devoted his great talents to the service of.the Master. In 1851 he was sent by the annual conference, to the First church in Athens to control the unruly student body in that day mainly composed of sons of wealthy planters. After his ap pearance and first sermon there was not as before any disturb ance of the congregation lawfully assembled for divine service, and the students became his life long and devoted friends. Through his efforts the brick church still standing at Athens was erected. His subsequent appointments embrace all of the principal cities of the state. He was several times presiding elder, but declined

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the more conspicuous stations of the church. He was for eight years professor of English literature and Belles-lettres in the Uni versity of Georgia. Shortly after his resignation of his profes sorial duties he was appointed by the associate justice, and the circuit judge of the Fifth circuit as standing master in chancery. He had by nature the mind of the jurist and great powers of ra tiocination. He reports as master were models of juridical state ment and reasoning and exquisite English. His unobtrusive piety, his gentle courtesy, even to the lowliest and least fortunate, hiscompact, lucid and fervid sermons enriched by his copious learn ing, glowing with the vivid charm of his strong and cultured imag ination, endeared him to thousands of his contemporaries, and are yet cherished in tender memory by those who knew and loved him. Of another, no man ever heard him speak an ungentle or unkindly word. He adhorred debt and owed no man. While ever main taining a home of refined and elegant comfort, always liberal to the cause of religion and charitable to the poor, his savings from his slender salaries provided amply for those dependent upon him. He was like his father and grandfather an ardent patriot and a de voted advocate of the American system. On Oct. 29, 1899, he passed from this transitory life declaring with undiminished clear ness of mind and statement not merely his belief but his abso lute knowledge of a blissful and immortal life beyond the grave. He is survived by his widow, now nearly eighty years of age, and by his daughter, Miss Laura Speer, who live in Athens in the beautiful home he provided for them, and by his only son Judge Emory Speer.
Speer, Thomas, was born in Monroe, county in 1837. He re ceived a common school education and engaged in mercantile pur suits. He was appointed to several offices under the Confederate government; was a member of the constitutional convention in 1867; elected state senator in 1868 and representative in Congress on the Republican ticket in 1870. He died at Augusta in 1872 be fore the expiration of his term.
Spellman Seminary, an institution for the education of colored women, was founded in the spring of 1881 by Misses Packard and Giles, of the Women's American Baptist Home Mission Society of Boston. It occupies twenty acres in the city of Atlanta, has property valued at $300,000, gives a thorough drill in the common school branches, has college preparatory, college, normal and nurse training departments, and gives practical training in printing, type-

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writing, laundry work, cooking, sewing, dressmaking, millinery, etc.
Spencer, a post-hamlet of Appling county, is on the headwaters of Big Hurricane creek, about twelve miles southwest of Baxley, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Spencer, Richard Perry, president of the Phoenix bank of Columbus, Ga., was long and prominently identified with the Georgia Home Insurance Company of that city in the capacity of general agent. Columbus has been his home from his birth to the present time. When the tocsin of war was sounded through out the Southern states in 1861 he went forth a youth of fifteen years of age to do loyal service as a soldier of the Con federacy and served in the ranks, first as a member of Company F, Third Geor gia battalion, and later as a member of Company B, Thirty-seventh Georgia regiment, Army of Tennessee, throughout the entire war. He was seriously wounded at the battle of Resaca May 15, 1864, and on his return home invalided, his brother William Yonge Spencer, a youth of fifteen years.of age, donned the uniform of the older brother, took his place in the ranks and was killed at the bat tle on the Peachtree road, Atlanta, in August, 1854. As a citizen and successful business man, Mr. Spencer is held in unqualified con fidence and esteem, and has hosts of friends throughout Georgia and the other Southern states, where he has traveled largely in the interests of the fire insurance business. He was born in Muscogee county, Ga., Jan. 11, 1846, the son of R. P. Spencer, *%. native of Easton, Md., and of Laura Yonge Spencer, of Columbus, Ga. The father came to Georgia when a young man, located in Colum bus in 1835, was married in 1843 to Miss Laura Yonge and died Oct. 18, 1880. Richard Perry Spencer, whose name introduces this sketch, was afforded the advantages of the private schools of his native city up to the time of his enlistment as a soldier. His alma mater was the Confederate army, his diploma, the scars of battle. The glorious record of the Southern army and the part that he and his youthful and lamented brother played in it are cherished memories of the dead past. Mr. Spencer was married to Miss Ida Tunstall Speed, of Virginia, on July 8, 1879. His beautiful home on Second avenue is one of the most distinguished residences of

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the city and is the scene of many hospitable entertainments. Fully abreast with the progress of his time and quickened with abound ing prosperity of his native state, he has made his impress upon the community in which his life work has been accomplished, has achieved no mean success in the battle of life and will leave to his children the heritage of an honored and respected name.
Speth, Gustave, senior member of the firm of Speth Bros., whole sale and retail dealers in stoves, ranges, grates, tinware, sporting goods, bicycles and supplies, in Augusta, is one of the progressive and popular young business men of that city. He was born in New York city, Jan. 16, 1877, a son of Dr. Gustave and Catherine Speth, the former born in Stuttgart, Germany, and the latter in famed old Bingen on the Rhine. The parents formed an acquaint anceship on the steamer on which they took passage for America. He was a physician and as such was called to attend the young woman who later became his wife. This incident led to an ideal marriage, which took place soon after their arrival in New York. In 1880 they removed to Augusta, Ga., and in 1891 they took up their residence in Griffin, Spalding county. There the father be came state horticulturist at the Georgia experiment station and retained this office until his death, which occurred April 2, 1893. He was a man ofNine intellectual attainments, an able physician and surgeon and also a fine linguist, speaking, reading and writing five different languages. His father was an eminent physician of Europe and was for some time physician to the royal household of England. Mrs. Catherine Speth still survives her honored hus band and maintains her home in Augusta. Gustave Speth received his early education in the public schools of Augusta, after which he completed a course in the high school at Griffin. After the death of his father the family returned to Augusta, and for nine years he was in the employ of the Augusta Herald, holding the positions of bookkeeper and later that of manager of circulation. On Dec. 2, 1903, Mr. Speth entered into partnership with his brother, Louis P., and established their present large and prosperous business en terprise at 840 Broad St. They have a sales and display room nearly 300 feet in length, where they have one of the largest and most select stocks of stoves, ranges, grates, tinware, bicycles, sport ing goods, etc., to be found in the state, do both a wholesale and retail business, and have a well equipped repair department in con nection with the establishment. Mr. Speth is a man of strong intellectuality and independent views, and is known as an enter prising and public-spirited citizen. He gives allegiance to the

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Democratic party and both he and his wife are communicants of St. Paul's church, Protestant Episcopal. On June 6, 1901, Mr. Speth was united in marriage to Miss Mabel Claire Stothart, daughter of Dr. John A. Stothart, of Savannah, and they have one daughter, Mabel Claire, born April 18, 1902.
Spilo, a post-hamlet of Union county, is five miles north of Blairsville on a branch of the Notely river. Culberson, N. C, is
the most convenient railroad station. Spooner, a post-village of Miller county, with a population of
64, is about ten miles southwest of Colquitt and four miles from Donalsonville, which is the nearest railroad station.
Spread, a town in the northern part of Jefferson county, was in corporated by act of the legislature on August 15, 1903. The popu lation in 1900 was 105. It is located on the Augusta Southern rail road, has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some mercantile establishments, and is an important shipping point.
Springfield, the county seat of Effingham county, is located near the center of the county. The nearest railroad stations are Guyton, on the Central of Georgia, and Stillwell, on the Seaboard Air Line, each being about five miles distant. It has the court-house, several stores, schools, churches, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and in 1900 reported a population of 107. On Dec. 10, 1864, as Sherman's army was advancing upon Savannah, the Federal pickets were attacked at Springfield by a detachment of Confederate cavalry. The Eighth Indiana cavalry was sent to the rescue and the attacking party was driven off with a loss of 3 men and 7 horses.
Springhaven, a village of Laurens county, is a station on the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad, ten miles southwest of Dublin. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an ex press office, some mercantile concerns, and in 1900 had a popula tion of 96.
Springplace, once a missionary station amongst the Cherokees, and now the county seat of Murray county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1885. When the projected railroad from Dalton, Ga., to Murphy, N. C., is built, it ought to give to Springplace the impetus that has built up so many towns in Georgia. Its location is attractive, being in the midst of charming scenery, with the Cohutta Mountains in full view, and within ten miles of the Cohutta Springs, whose waters are said to possess great medicinal values. It has a handsome court house, good schools and churches, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery and stores well

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stocked for the country trade. The population of Springplace ac cording to the census of 1900 was 213. There was some skirmish ing here on Feb. 27, 1864, as Thomas was advancing against the Confederate position at Dallas. Other skirmishes occurred near the same place during the first week of the following April.
Springvale, a town in Randolph county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 16, 1891. It is about eight miles northwest of Cuthbert and four miles north of Springvale station, on the Smithville & Eufaula division of the Central of Georgia railroad. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an express office, some good stores, etc., and in 1900 had a popu lation of 166.
Sproule, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Pierce county, is in the forks of Big Hurricane creek, not far from the Ware county line. New Lacy is the nearest railroad station.
Spruce, a post-hamlet of Rabun county, is in a picturesque re gion, ten miles northwest of Clayton, which is the nearest rail road station.
Stacy, Rev. James, D. D., one of the
most prominent and honored members of the clergy of the Presbyterian church in Georgia and now a resident of New-
nan, Coweta county, was born in Lib
erty county, Ga., June 2, 1830, a son of John W. and Mary (Bacon) Stacy, both of whom were likewise natives of that county, the former born Nov. 3, 1798, and the latter Oct. 26, 1807. James Stacy experienced conversion Nov. 3, 1845, and on the 13th of the same month
was formally received into membership in historic old Medway church, in his native county, a church whose history is outlined under proper heading in this cyclopedia. He was graduated with distinction in Oglethorpe college, Nov. 14, 1849, and at Columbia seminary, Columbia, S. C., in May, 1852. At Flemington, Ga., Aug. 1, 1852, he was licensed by the Georgia presbytery, and on October 30, of the following year, the same body granted him formal ordination as a clergyman, in the city of Savannah. In that year he served as pastor of the church or ganizations at Lumpkin and Cuthbert; at Eufala, Ala., 1854; at West Point, Long Cane and Ebenezer, 1855-6; and pastor of the church at Newnan continuously since January, 1857. Within the

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time of his incumbency at Newnan he has also supplied several outlying parishes: West Point, 1857; White Oak (now Turin), from 1858, to 1898; Yellow Dirt, 1865-6; Hogansville, 1867 to 1880; Carrollton, from January, 1881, to July, 1888; and Palmetto, from 1890 to 1898. Since 1866 he has served continuously as stated clerk of the Presbytery of Atlanta, and since 1876 as stated clerk of the synod of Georgia. His father was clerk of the Medway church for thirty years and his grandfather for twenty years. Doctor Stacy was president of the board of directors of Columbia seminary from 1887 to 1897, and since 1878 he has been chairman of the permanent committee on the Sabbath in the general assem bly. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Arkansas college, in 1876. In addition to his earnest and unabating pastoral work and official service Dr. Stacy has been prolific as an author, having written a prize essay on the Sabbath, Rich mond, Va., 1877; "Day of Rest," 1885; "Water Baptism," 1882; a comprehensive and valuable history of the Medway church; and he is now engaged, 1906, in writing a history of the Presbyterian church in Georgia, having taken up this work at the request of the last synod; in the hands of the church committee of publica tion at Richmond, Virginia, is his book entitled "Prophecy and Second Coming." He is a man of high intellectuality and his work in the ministry has been fruitful during the long years of pas toral relations. He is a factor of importance in the councils of his church in Georgia, and to him is given the unreserved esteem of all who know him. He has been three times married but has no living children.
Stafford, Howard H., president of the Georgia-Carolina Brick Company, of Au gusta, is one of the representative busi ness men of the city, which has been his home from the time of his birth. He was born Jan 22, 1867, a son of Thomas H. and Adelaide (Evans) Stafford, the former born in the State of Rhode Isl and, Oct. 20, 1829, and the latter in Fayetteville, N. C, in 1844. Thomas H. Stafford removed to the South in 1847, being eighteen years of age at the time. He first located in Hamburg, S. C., just across the Savannah river from Augusta, to which latter city he subsequently removed and in which he still maintains his home.

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For many years he was prominently identified with the cotton business, chiefly as an exporter, and was one of the progressive and influential business men of the city. His wife was summoned to the life eternal on Nov. 30, 1898. The Stafford family is of stanch old Puritan stock, was early founded in New England, and of collateral relationship was Roger Williams, who colonized Rhode Island. Thomas H. Stafford upheld the cause of the Confederacy during the Civil war, as a member of a Georgia regiment of in fantry. Two of his brothers were soldiers in the Union army and one was in the Confederate service, another exemplification of the fact that the war between the states has been, consistently termed fratricidal. Howard H. Stafford was graduated in Richmond acad emy, Augusta, as a member of the class of 1884, and initiated his business career by taking a position as office boy for a local in surance agency. In 1887, he became traveling inspector for the Cotton Mill Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of Augusta, of which his father was secretary and treasurer and one of the or ganizers of the company. In 1889 he was made inspector and southern representative of the Associated Factory Mutual Insur ance Companies, of Providence, R. I., and later was individually engaged in the insurance business for a short time, in his home city. His ambition, however, was to identify himself with manu facturing interests in a direct way, since he was confident that greater possibilities for definite accomplishment and success were to be had in such connection. With this ultimate idea in view, he entered the employ of the Phinizy-Dunbar Brick Company, of Au gusta, in a minor capacity, and in this association he familiarized himself with every detail of the brick-manufacturing business. In 1902 he organized the Georgia-Carolina Brick Company, of which he has been president from the start and whose magnificent up building has been primarily due to his able and discriminating ef forts as an executive. The company handles the products of all the building-brick factories of Augusta, eleven in all, marketing the total output of each, both at wholesale and retail. The con cern thus handles an average of 50,000,000 brick annually, its trade ramifying through the states of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida. Mr. Stafford is a valued member of the Georgia brick manufacturers' association and a member of its executive committee. He is a member of the Benevolent and Pro tective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, is a Democrat in his political adherency, and both he and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal church. On Jan. 7, 1891, was solemnized

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the marriage of Mr. Stafford to Miss Bessie Foster, daughter of the late Hon. H. Clay Foster, who was one of Augusta's most prominent citizens and a leading member of the Augusta bar. Mr. and Mrs. Stafford have two daughters Bessie Holden and Grace Low.
Stage Routes. Before the advent of railroads about the only means of public conveyance, away from the navigable streams, was the old-fashioned stage coach, so celebrated in song and story. The coming of the stage was an important event in the life of many a village, and when the locomotive drove the stage out of business these villages, not fortunate enough to be on a line of railroad, sank into insignificance. Few men are now living who are old enough to remember the old coaching days in all their glory; the sound of the horn to announce the arrival of the stage; the sharp crack of the driver's whip as he proudly flourished the lash over the "leaders;" the open-mouthed wonder of the small boy as the lumbering vehicle drew up to the station; the quick change of horses, putting in fresh animals for the next stage; the inter change of mail and passengers; another blast of the horn, another crack of the whip, and the glory of the village was departed until the next coach. The principal stage routes in Georgia were as fol lows :
1 From Milledgeville to Nickajack, a distance of 255 miles, via Eatonton, Madison, Athens, Van's Ferry, where the road crossed the Chattahoochee, Blackburn's on the Etowah, and Cowsewettee town. From Milledgeville weekly stages were run as far as Athens, the fare for this part of the route being $6.25.
2 From Milledgeville to Tallahassee, Fla., passing through Hartford, Bainbridge, Jacksonville, and Thomasville, with numer ous stations at minor places along the route. The distance was 230 miles, the fare $25, and the stages ran weekly.
3 From Milledgeville to Augusta, a distance of 88 miles, the road passing through Sparta, Warrenton, Sweetwater, Kirkpatrick's and Ligon's. Stages ran on this line every day, except Wednesday, the fare for the full distance being $10.
4 Milledgeville to St. Mary's. The length of this line was 237 miles and the principal stations were at Jacksonville, Carver's and Waresboro.
5 From Milledgeville to Columbus. Two routes were used be tween these two terminals. The stage road usually followed ran by way of Macon, Knoxville, St. Lawrence, Rogers, and to Fort Mitchell, eleven miles beyond Columbus. The other road ran by

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way of Clinton, Forsyth, Thomaston, Gibson's and Major Well's place. The distance by the former route was 129 and by the lat ter 131 miles. The stage fare was $10. At Fort Mitchell the route connected with another stage line running into Alabama.
6 From Milledgeville to Rock Mountain via Eatonton, Madi son and Covington, a distance of 89 miles.
7 From Milledgeville to Pensacola, Fla. This was one of the longest stage lines in the state, being 346 miles. The most impor tant stations were Macon, Fort Lawrence, Fort Perry, Fort Gaines, Big Escambia and Pine Barren.
8 From Milledgeville to Darien, passing Sandersville, Mount Vernon, Beard's Bluff and Fort Barrington. This line was 192 miles long and stages were run twice a week, or oftener if the traf fic demanded.
9 A line from Savannah to Athens via Powelton and Greens boro, a distance of 197 miles. But little information can be ob tained of this line.
10 A road from Barksdale's ferry, on the Savannah river, to Whattey's ferry, on the Chattahoochee. This was the main east and west line across the state, the chief towns through which it passed being Greensboro, Monticello, Zebulon, Flat Shoals, Green ville and Lagrange. The distance was 189 miles.
11 A comparatively short but rather noteworthy line was the one from Augusta to Athens via Lexington. The distance was 93 miles and stages ran semi-weekly, the fare being $9.
12 From Milledgeville to Lexington, and via the way of Danielsville to Carnesville, touching at Greensboro, Hillsboro, Eaton ton and Garner's Ferry, the total distance being 107 miles.
13 A line 131 miles in length running from Savannah to St. Mary's, where it made connection with the route to Tallahassee. On this line was the old historic Ogeechee bridge, Mclntosh's old court-house and Darien.
Besides these main trunk lines, if such they can be called, there were numerous short routes of local consequence. Daily stages left Milledgeville for Augusta, Macon and Columbus; three times a week to Athens, Petersburg and Washington City. From Au gusta a stage left for Washington City every day; also daily lines to Savannah, Milledgeville, Macon and Columbus; to Abbeville, S. C, twice a week; and to Florida, Mobile, etc., three times a week.

23 III

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Staley, Joseph, has been engaged in the hardware business in Milledgeville for forty years, is ex-mayor of the city and served as a member of its board of aldermen for more than twelve years, being one of the best known and most highly esteemed business men of Bald win county and having been a loyal sol dier of the Confederacy in the Civil war. He was born in the borough of Roch dale, Lancashire, England, March 26, 1824, a son of John and Isabella (Hand-
ley) Staley, both of whom passed their entire lives in England, the father having been a gas-fitter by trade and vocation. The subject of this sketch was reared and educated in his native borough, where he also served a seven years' appren ticeship at the tinsmith's trade, becoming a thoroughly skilled artisan in the line. In 1853, at the age of twenty-nine years, he set forth to seek his fortunes in America, making Georgia his destina tion and located in Milledgeville in December of that year. This city has thus figured as his home for more than half a century and he holds prestige and honor as one of the pioneer business men of the former capital of the state. When the Civil war was pre cipitated on the nation he showed his loyalty to the South by tendering his aid in upholding the cause of the Confederacy. On April 26, 1861, he enlisted as orderly sergeant in Company H, Fourth Georgia infantry. He was in active field service with his command for one and one-half years, at the expiration of which, by reason of his mechanical ability, he was detailed to employment in the Confederate States armory at Milledgeville,- where he de voted his attention to the manufacturing of steel scabbards until the close of the war. Soon afterward he established himself in the retail hardware business in Milledgeville, beginning operations on a modest scale, and within the long intervening period of more, than forty years he has built up one of the most important enter prises of the sort in the city, while his course has been such as to gain to him the unqualified esteem and confidence of the com munity, where his circle of friends is limited only by that of his acquaintances. His name has ever been a synonym of honor and integrity in all the relations of life, and now, venerable in years, he feels that his lines have'been cast in pleasant places. He has kept himself free from "envy, hatred and malice and all uncharitable-

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ness," and this fact has not been denied a popular appreciation. Mr. Staley is a stanch supporter of the Democratic party; for more than twelve years he was a valued member of the board of alder men of Milledgeville, and served one term, 1878-80, as mayor of the city, giving a most able and satisfactory administration of the municipal government. He is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church; is afHlaited with the lodge of Perfection of the Masonic fraternity; is also a Knight Templar; is identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On Aug. 24, 1854, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Staley, to Miss Martha Jane Sanders, of Milledge ville, who was his cherished and devoted companion on the jour ney of life for nearly half a century, her death having occurred July 26, 1891. She is survived by one daughter, Isabella, who is now the wife of Charles M. Brake, of Milledgeville. Mr. and Mrs. Brake have three children Joseph Staley, now a resident of Macon; Pauline, wife of Thomas H. Caraker, of Milledgeville; and Charles E., who likewise resides in this city. Mr. Staley has two great-grandchildren, Martha and Pauline Brake, daughters of Jo
seph S. Brake, of Macon. Stamp Creek, a post-village of Bartow county, is ten miles north
east of Cartersville, which is the nearest railroad station. It is a trading point for the neighborhood in which it is situated and in
1900 had a population of 40.
Standifer, William Bryan, M. D., a
representative physician and surgeon of
Early county, who resides in Blakely,
was born Nov. 22, 1855. He is the son
of Dr. William Metellus Standifer, who
was born May 8, 1814, in Jasper, county,
Ga., near Monticello, and moved to
Blakely in 1838, where he practiced med
icine for over a half century. He was
one of the best of physicians and was
most highly respected and esteemed by all who knew him. He was married to
Miss Mary Grist Bryan in 1848. Miss Bryan was bora Nov. 7, 1826, and died at Blakely, on Feb. 27, 1903. She possessed the most charming personality and a sweet disposi tion which greatly endeared her to all who knew her best. Dr. W. B. Standifer, the immediate subject of this review, was their only son. He secured his educational training in the common

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schools of Blakely. As a youth he determined to prepare himself for the profession in which his father had rendered such able serv ice in behalf of suffering humanity. Accordingly, he took up the study of medicine and in due time entered the medical department of.the University of Georgia where he graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in March, 1876. He, forthwith, established himself in practice in his native town, where he controls a large and lucrative professional business and where he is held in high esteem, both as a citizen and a physician. He is a Democrat, but has never sought political preferment. He is a Mason, having joined that fraternity in 1878, and also an Odd Fellow and Pythian. The doctor is a member of the State medical association and of the Early county medical society, of which last he is the honored president. His father, W. M. Standifer, was also a Mason. He graduated at Augusta, Ga. (the medical department of the Uni versity of Georgia) in 1850. He was an invalid for^ twelve years before he died, which was in September, 1898. Four of his brothers were valiant soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil war. He also enlisted, but was honorably discharged, because he was the only doctor in the county at the time. He had three children: Mrs. T. F. Jones, Mrs. F. E. Hightower and Dr. W. B. Standifer, the subject of this sketch. On Nov. 18, 1885, Dr. W. B. Standifer was united in marriage to Miss Rebekah Janette Jones, the accom plished daughter of Col. Thomas F. Jones and Elisabeth Scott Jones of Covington, Newton county, Ga., and of Clay county, Ga. Both the doctor and his wife are Episcopalians in faith. They have three children: Jack Guy, Rebe May and Elisabeth Emma. The Standifers are of Scotch descent all of the doctor's ancestors came from Scotland to the United States in about 1675.
Stanfordville, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Putnam county, is in the Murder creek valley, about seven miles north east of Hillsboro, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Stanley, a post-village in the northern part of Screven county, is near the Burke county line, and is a trading center for that section of the county. The nearest railroad station is Munnerlyn.
Stansell, Francis Pickens, local freight agent of the Georgia railroad in the city of Augusta and president of the Augusta branch of the American association of railway freight agents, is an able and popular official, having held his present position since 1890. He was born on a plantation in Barnwell county, S. C., Jan. 8, 3847, a son of Thomas and Sarah A. (Lewis) Stansell, the former born in North Carolina and the latter in South Carolina, in which

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357

latter state both passed the closing years of their lives. Francis P. Stansell was afforded the advantages of a well conducted private school in his native county, where he was reared to maturity on
the home plantation. He served during the last year of the Civil war, as a mem ber of Company C, Eighth battalion, South Carolina infantry, in the Confed erate service, being but seventeen years of age at the time of his enlistment. After the close of the war he returned to the old homestead, where he remained until the autumn of 1865, when he located in Augusta, and entered the employ of the South Carolina Railroad Company, whose lines are now a portion of the Southern railway system. He was employed in a clerical capacity by this company for several years, and thereafter was similarly engaged in the offices of the Central of Georgia railway. In 1875 he returned to Barnwell county, South Carolina, with the primary object of taking part in the formation of an organization to bring about the overthrow of the odious "carpet-bag" government in that section. He remained there three years and within this period he took a prominent part in this movement, having been a captain of one of the historic "red-shirt" companies. The agitation culminated in the election of Gen. Wade Hampton to the office of governor of the state, in 1876. In 1878 Mr. Stansell again took up his residence in Augusta, where he became a clerk in the local freight office of the Georgia railroad, and has ever since been identified with this department of the service. He was soon promoted to the office of cashier, re taining this position ten years, at the expiration of which, in 1890, he was advanced to his present responsible position, in which he has proven an able and popular executive officer. He is a Demo crat in politics and he and his wife are members of the First Chris tian church, of Augusta. On June 8, 1880, Mr. Stansell was united in marriage to Miss Addie Augusta Moore, daughter of John W. and Alice (Calhoun) Moore, of Augusta. Stanton, Frank Lebby, poet and journalist, was born in Charles ton, S. C., in 1857. He received a common school education, served an apprenticeship in a printing office, and founded the Smithville News. Later he removed to Rome where he was connected with the Tribune. For several years he has been connected with the

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Atlanta Constitution, where he conducts the column "Just from Georgia". His poems published in the leading periodicals of the country, have been collected in two volumes, "Songs of the Soil"
and "Comes One with a Song."
Stapleton, Newton Lawson, is junior
member of the firm of Bush & Stapleton,
which controls the largest practice of all
law firms in Miller county, its headquar
ters being in Colquitt, the judicial cen
ter of the county. Mr. Stapleton is ex-
mayor of Colquitt and is now solicitor
of the city court. The Stapleton fam
ily is of stanch old English stock and
was founded in America in the colonial
days. The original representatives in
Georgia settled near Augusta and sev eral generations have played well their parts in the drama of Georgia history, the family having numerous representatives in Jefferson, Randolph, Webster, Lee and other counties of the state. The subject of this brief review was born at Smithville, Lee county, Ga., Oct. 23, 1876, a son of Dr. John Lawson and Miriam (Killen) Stapleton, the former born in Jeffer son county, Ga., in 1845, and the latter in Houston county, in 1853. The Killen family came to Georgia from Darlington district, S. C, and settled at Perry, Houston county, where it has since continued one of prominence and influence. Dr. John L. Stapleton was an able physician and surgeon and for nearly thirty years was en gaged in the practice of his profession at Bronwood, Terrell county. When but fifteen years of age he enlisted as a volunteer in the Georgia state troops, and with his company was later mus tered into the Confederate service, with which he served until the close of the war. He died in 1904 and his widow now resides in Bronwood, Ga. Newton Lawson Stapleton was graduated at Mercer university, Macon, Ga., as a member of the class of 1896, having received his preliminary educational training at Bronwood, Terrell county, where his boyhood days were passed. He received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Mercer university, to which he afterward returned, to enter the law department, in which he was graduated in 1902, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. After completing his literary course he devoted his attention to teaching for five years, having taught in the schools of Bronwood two years and two years at Parrott, in the same county. In 1900

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359

he was elected superintendent of the public-school system at Richland, Stewart county, giving an admirable administration and gain ing marked success in the field of pedagogy. Soon after securing admission to the bar, in 1902, he located in Dawson, Ga., and in the spring of the following year removed to Colquitt, where he entered into his present professional alliance with Judge C. C. Bush, the firm of Bush & Stapleton having the largest practice in the county, as already stated. Mr. Stapleton has won his spurs as an able and discriminating trial lawyer, and in August, 1905, Gov ernor Terrell conferred upon him the appointment of solicitor of the city court of Miller county, for a term of four years. In poli tics he is unwavering in his support of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and in January, 1905, he was honored with election to the office of mayor of Colquitt, serving one year and giving a most progressive and popular administration of the municipal government. He is a zealous member of the Missionary Baptist church, is deacon of the church in Colquitt and superin tendent of its Sunday school, in addition to which he is moderator of the Bowen Baptist association, one of the oldest and strongest in southwestern Georgia, having been elected to this office in Oc tober, 1905. He is a Royal Arch Mason, being at the present time principal sojourner in Colquitt Chapter, and is also identified with the Knights of Pythias and the Sigma Nu college fraternity. On Oct. 14, 1903, Mr. Stapleton was united in marriage to Miss Annie Lu Booker, daughter of Charles J. and Carrie Lu (Pearson) Booker, of Milledgeville, Ga., and of this union were born, Oct. 13, 1904, twin sons, John Lawson and Charles Jabez, both of whom are sturdy youngsters.
Star, a post-hamlet of Bulloch county, is on Big Lotts creek, four miles northwest of Jimps station on the Dover & Brewton division of the Central of Georgia railway.
Starnes, Ebenezer, jurist, was a lawyer of the old school. After serving for a time as judge of the superior court he was elected justice of the supreme court in 1853, to succeed Hiram Warner, but retired from the bench in 1856 to resume his large practice. His decisions are still quoted as good authority by the bench and bar of Georgia. He died about 1870.
Starr, Willington W., manager of the Savannah Brewing Com pany, was born on James island, opposite the city of Charleston, S. C., Feb. 22, 1847, the place of his birth having been the fine old cotton plantation of his maternal grandfather. He is a son of Willington W. Starr, who was named in honor of Aaron S. Willing-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ton, one of the founders and original owners of the Charleston

Courier, which was succeeded by the present News and Courier.

The father was born in the city of Savannah, was a successful and

prominent rice planter and a citizen of

::::::X:::::B:B:B?B*B;H:H::, .

sterling worth. He died in Augusta, Ga.,

in 1893, at the age of seventy-three years.

His wife, whose maiden name was Caro

line Rivers, was born on her father's

cotton plantation, on James island, a

daughter of Rawlins Rivers, a representa

tive of one of the prominent old families

of South Carolina. She died in 1876, in

Augusta, aged fifty-four years. Willing-

ton W. Starr, subject of this review, was

:::: B:B:B:B:B:--

afforded good educational advantages in his youth and was associated with his

father in the management of the home plantation until the time of the Civil war, during the last eighteen months of .which he was in the service of the Confederate States as a member of Company I, Garlington's South Carolina regiment of infantry, and at the close of the war was in the railway service of the Confed erate government in North Carolina. From 1865 to 1869 he was a telegraph operator at Rockhill, S. C, and thereafter, until 1880, he was incumbent of the office of cashier and agent for the Cen tral of Georgia railroad in Augusta. In 1880 he became trainmas ter for the same road, on the Savannah-Atlanta division, with head quarters in Savannah. In 1886 he was made superintendent of the South Carolina division of the road, with headquarters in Augusta, and in 1888 he became superintendent of the Southwestern divi sion, with headquarters in Macon. In 1890 he gained another note worthy promotion, being then made general superintendent of transportation for the entire system of the Central of Georgia, with headquarters in Savannah. In 1892, when the Richmond & Dan ville Railroad Company leased the Central of Georgia, Mr. Starr retired from the service and accepted his present office, that of general manager of the Savannah Brewing Company. Under his regime the plant has been made one of the most modern in the south, and the product is of the highest type, commanding a large sale. In politics Mr. Starr is a stanch Democrat and takes a lively interest in the party cause. He was elected alderman of Savannah on one occasion, but immediately resigned, not desiring the office. He is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

361

the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. He was deputy grand exalted ruler of the grand lodge of Elks in Georgia for two years. He is also identified with the Fraternal Order of Eagles and with the Beavers, being past president of the Georgia state organization of the former and the present presiding state officer of the latter. He is also affiliated with the Royal Ar canum, in which he is a life member of the grand council, and is a charter member of Shepard Lodge, Knights of Honor, in Au gusta. He is a member of the Savannah board of trade and cham ber of commerce and is an ex-commodore of the Savannah Yacht club. In 1870 Mr. Starr was united in marriage to Miss Tallulah C. Snead, youngest daughter of the late Judge Claiborne Snead, of Augusta, and a sister of Col. Claiborne Snead, who was com mander of the original Third Georgia regiment of infantry, in the Confederate service, and who fell severely wounded at the head of his regiment in Pickett's charge at Gettysburg, He recovered, however, and now resides in Columbia county, Ga. Mr. and Mrs. Starr have eight children, namely: Julia B., Arthur L., Wellington W., Jr., Neva T., William R, Cecelia C., Annie M, and John Garnett.
Starrsville, a village of Newton county, is on the Covington branch of the Central of Georgia railway, and in 1900 had a popula tion of 57. It has a money order postoffice, from which rural free delivery routes radiate to the surrounding districts, several good stores and express office and does some shipping.
Stateline, a post-village in the western part of Heard county, is, as its name indicates, on the line between Georgia and Alabama. The population in 1900 was 52. It is a trading point for the sur rounding territory. Roanoke, Ala., is the nearest railroad town.
Statenville, the county seat of Echols county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1858. It is located on the Allapaha river, the nearest railway station being Tarver on a division of the Atlanic Coast Line railway, which runs from Dupont Junction into Florida. It has a court house, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery and a few stores, adequate to the needs of the town, which has only 180 inhabitants. It has schools of the public school system and in the town and vicinity are churches of the Methodist and Baptist denominations.
State Officers, 1906. Governor, Joseph M. Terrell; Secretary of State, Philip Cook; Treasurer, Robert E. Park; ComptrollerGeneral,'William A. Wright; Attorney-General, John C. Hart; Adjutant-General, Sampson W. Harris; School Commissioner,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

.William B. Merritt; Commissioner of Agriculture, Thomas G. Hudson; Assistant, Robert F. Wright; Chemist, John M. McCandless; Entomologist, Ralph I. Smith; Oil Inspector, W. C. Bryant; Geologist, W. S. Yeates; Librarian, Carlton J. Wellborn; Commissioner of Pensions, John W. Lindsay; Prison Commission ers, Joseph S. Turner, Clement A. Evans and Thomas Eason; Rail road Commissioners, H. Warner Hill, Joseph M. Brown and O. B. .Stevens. (See Supreme Court and Congressional Representation).
State Sanitarium. On Dec. 26, 1837, the general assembly passed .an act authorizing the establishment of a lunatic asylum. The lo cation was to be selected by Governor Gilmer and the members of the medical profession, and a commission of two persons was to be .appointed to superintend the erection of suitable buildings. A tract of forty acres, located on a high hill, two miles from Milledgeville, was chosen for a site and bought at a small price, and in December, 1842 the first patients were received into the institution. For about four years the counties were compelled to pay for the maintenance of the pauper insane, and those who were able were -made to pay for the support of friends or relatives in the asylum. In 1846 or 47 this system was abolished and the institution became purely eleemosynary so far as the pauper insane was concerned. In 1877 an act was passed making the asylum free to all bona fide -residents of Georgia. Up to that time patients had been received from other states on the same footing as citizens of Georgia, but owing to the crowded condition of the asylum the legislature ordered that all non-residents be sent to their respective states. Since the first inception of the institution the state has appropriated nearly $1,000,000 for lands and buildings. The emancipation of the colored population at the close of the war made a negro department necessary and the assembly of 1866 appropriated $11,000 for this purpose. The department was enlarged in 1870 at a cost of $18,000 and in 1879 another appropriation of $25,000 was made for the same purpose. In 1881 the sum of $82,166 was appropriated for a new building and heating apparatus for the negroes. The original tract of forty acres has grown to more than 3,000 acres in one body. The institution is equipped with its own water works, its own lighting plant, and is modern in every respect. On Jan. 9, 1897, fire broke out in the negro building and before the flames could be controlled the entire structure was destroyed. The loss was largely covered by insurance and the buildings were immediately restored. On Dec. 21, 1897, the legislature enacted that from and after Sept. 1, 1898, the institution should be known by the name of the State

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

363

Sanitarium. The general assembly of 1899 appropriated $150,000 for two additional buildings, which have since been completed, and the annual appropriations for the support of the sanitarium amount to about $400,000.
Statesboro was made the county seat of Bulloch county about 1800, and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1866. When the lumber and turpentine men began to turn their attention to the great yellow pine forests the town commenced to grow, and between 1890 and 1900 doubled its population. Statesboro now has good railway advantages, being at the junction of two roads, either of which connects it with Savannah. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, three banks, several prosperous business houses and manufactur ing establishments, among the latter being an ice manufactory, a blind and sash factory, iron works, and the Bulloch Oil Mill. The court house cost $20,000 and the academy $15,000. By the United States census of 1900, the town of Statesboro had 1,197 inhabitants, and the entire district 3,706. As Sherman was march ing toward Savannah in the early days of December, 1864, there was a slight skirmish at Statesboro between Wheeler's cavalry and that of Kilpatrick, the loss on both sides being light and no perceptible advantage being gained by either side.
State University. (See University of Georgia). Statham, a town in the extreme southern part of Jackson county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 5, 1902. The population two years before was 172. It is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, twelve miles west of Athens, has a money order postoffice, from which a number of free delivery routes emanate, express and telegraph offices, some manufacturing and mercantile interests, schools, churches, etc., and is a shipping point of consid erable importance. Station No. 5. (See Halcyondale). Staunton, a town in the southern part of Tift county, is on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, ten miles north of Sparks. Its population in 1900 was 105. It has some mercantile interests and handles a considerable volume of freight. Stay, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is about five miles east of Dahlonega. The nearest railroad station is Lula, fifteen miles southeast. Steam Mill, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Decatur county, is not far from the Chattahoochee river. Donalsonville is the most convenient railroad town.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Stedman, a post-hamlet of Haralson county, is ten miles north west of Buchanan. The nearest railroad station is Felton.
Steed, Clem Powers, one of the leading
members of the Macon bar and profes
sor of common and statute law in the
law department of Mercer university, was born in the city of Macon, Nov. 21,
1861, a son of Rev. E. A. and India
(Powers) Steed, both of whom were
born, and reared in Georgia, where they passed their entire lives. The father was
at one time editor of a newspaper and
afterward became a clergyman in the
Baptist church. He was a man of high
intellectual attainments and noble at tributes of character, his influence being a power for good for all who came within its sphere. At the time of his death he was pro fessor of Latin and literature in Mercer university. Clem Powers Steed was afforded the advantages of Mercer university, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1882, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and later secured the degree of Master of Arts, from his alma mater. He studied law under Judge James Nisbet, of Macon, making rapid advancement under the direction of this able preceptor and was admitted to the bar in 1885. He forthwith engaged in practice in Macon, associating himself with OHn J. Wimberly, under the firm name of Steed & Wimberly. This alliance was later dissolved and he formed a partnership with T. E. Ryals, under the title of Steed & Ryals, which firm to-day controls a large and important practice, extending into the state and Federal courts. Mr. Steed has held the chair of common and statute law in the law department of Mercer university since 1893, is a valued member of the faculty of the institution and popular with the student body. He is uncompromising in his advocacy of the principles for which the Democratic party has long stood sponsor; is a deacon in the First B'aptist church of Macon ; a trustee of Mercer university, and is identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In 1901 was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Steed to Miss Eugenia Small, daughter of Augustus B. Small, president of the A. B. Small Company, wholesale merchants of Macon, and an ex-soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war.
Stellaville, a town in the northeastern part of Jefferson county, was incorporated by act of the general assembly on Sept. 11, 1891.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

365

It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some good
stores, schools, churches, etc., and in 1900 reported a population
of 170. The nearest railroad station is Matthews, on the Augusta
Southern, three miles north.
Stephens, a town in Oglethorpe county, is on the Athens division of the Georgia railroad, five or six miles south of Lexington. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, mercantile, manufacturing and shipping interests, and in 1900 reported a population of 170.
Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, a native and favorite son of Georgia, was born near Crawfordville, Feb. 11, 1812, His grand father, Alexander, settled in Pennsylvania in 1746; fought in the French and Indian war under Washington, and was a captain in the American army during the Revolution, afterward settling in Georgia. The subject of this sketch was left an orphan at a very early age, and was placed in the school of the Rev. Alexander Webster, at Washington. In 1828 he entered' Franklin college, his expenses there being paid by the educational society of the Presbyterian church, with the understanding that he was to devote his life to the Christian ministry. He graduated in 1832 with the first honors of his class. Having decided to adopt the law as his profession he taught school and earned the money to repay the church the sum advanced for his education. After only two months of special preparation he was admitted to the bar, where he soon won a high standing. He was elected state representative on the anti-nullification ticket in 1836, and reflected every year until 1841, when he declined further honors. In 1839 he was sent as a delegate to the Southern commercial convention; was elected state senator in 1842; member of Congress the same year; reflected each succeeding term until 1856, when he determined to retire from pub lic life, and with this end in view, delivered a most eloquent fare well address at Augusta. In 1860, Mr, Stephens' name was most favorably mentioned for the national presidency and he was chosen elector-at-large on the Douglas ticket. As a delegate to the seces sion convention in 1861, he voted against immediate secession, but signed the ordinance with the other delegates and entered upon the struggle without reserve. He was a member of the Con federate convention at,Montgomery and when the government of the Confederate States was established he was chosen vice-presi dent. In 1865 he was sent as a commissioner to the Hampton Roads conference, to negotiate peace with Lincoln and Seward. After the war Mr. Stephens was confined at Fort Warren, in Bos-

366

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ton harbor, until October 1865, when he was paroled. In 1866 he was elected United States senator, but was not allowed to take his seat. He was a delegate to the National Union convention at Phil adelphia in August of the same year; was appointed counsel for the Columbus prisoners, and was defeated by Joshua Hill for United States senator in 1868; became editor and proprietor of the Atlanta Daily Sun in 1871; was defeated by John B. Gordon for United States senator; was elected representative in Congress in 1872, and continued to represent his district in that body until 1882, when he was elected governor of his state. He died at Atlanta, March 4, 1883, before the expiration of his term. He won high rank as a writer. His "War Between the States," "School History of the United States," and the "History of the United States" are regarded as models of accuracy and impartiality. A statue has been erected to his memory at his old home, "Liberty Hall," in Crawfordville, and a county was given his name in 1905.
Stephens County was organized by act of the legislature on Au gust 17, 1905 and was laid off from Habersham and Franklin coun ties. It was named in honor of Alexander H. Stephens. It is bounded on the north by Habersham county, on the east by the Tugaloo river, which separates it from South Carolina, on the south by Franklin, and on the west by Banks and Habersham counties. It is watered by the Tugaloo river and other, head waters of the Savannah, including Broad river and its tributary creeks. It is traversed by the main line and the Elberton branch of the Southern railway. The lands along the Tugaloo river are produc tive of wheat, rye and oats. The lands along the creeks produce also cotton, corn, a great variety of vegetables, Irish and sweet po tatoes, crab and Bermuda grass, alfalfa, clover, etc. Apples, peaches, plums, grapes and cherries also are grown to some extent. The forest timbers are hickory, maple, ash, birch, walnut, cedar, pine, and the various varieties of oaks. The county is in the Ninth Congressional district and the northeastern judicial circuit. Toccoa, on the Southern railway, is the county seat. Three miles from the town are the beautiful Toccoa falls. Here the stream flows through a chain of mountains and the water pours over a per pendicular precipice one hundred and eighty-five feet in height. The volume of water is not so large, but the tremendous height gives the fall an appearance of sublimity rarely equalled. White, in his Historical Collections, says: "No description can give, an idea of the beauties of this fall and the surrounding scenery."

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

367

Stephens, Linton, lawyer and statesman, was born in Georgia in 1823 and was a brother of Alexander H. Stephens. After complet ing his education he practiced law in Hancock and adjoining coun ties; was repeatedly elected to the legislature; delegate to the Southern convention at Montgomery in 1858; judge of the supreme court in 1859, but resigned the next year; was a member 'of the secession convention of 1861 and during the war was a member of the Georgia legislature. He died in 1872.
Stephens, William, was born Jan. 28, 1671, on the Isle of Wight, England, where his father was lieutenant-governor. After gradu ating at King's college, Cambridge, he studied law at the Middle Temple,. London, but was never called to the bar. In 1697 he was a member of Parliament from Newport. In 1735 he came to South Carolina where he met General Oglethorpe, upon whose recom mendation he was appointed secretary of the trustees in Georgia. He was made keeper of the public stores in 1738; president of Sa vannah county in 1741; and when General Oglethorpe went to England in 1743 he became president of the colony. He was then seventy years old and in 1750 he resigned, owing to advanced age.
He died in 1753.
Stephens, William Berry, a represen
tative member of the bar of Savannah,
was born near Morven, Brooks county,
Ga., Feb. 22, 1870, a son of John Hugh
and Sarah C, (Hendry) Stephens, the
former born at Society Hill, Darlington
cdunty, S. C., Sept. 19, 1842, and the
latter at Morven, Brooks county, Ga.,
Aug. 19, 1846. Though personally he
has no authentic record to the effect, it
is a matter of tradition and practically
indubitable fact that Major Stephens' ma
ternal great-great-grandfather, Robert Hendry, who came from Virginia to Georgia and lies buried at Taylor's Creek, Liberty county, served under "Light Horse Harry" Lee in the war of the Revolution. The paternal grandfather of Major Stephens served with the South Carolina troops in Florida during the Seminole Indian war of 1835-42, and two maternal grand-uncles, William Hendry and Normal Campbell, are known to have served against the Indians in Georgia, participating in the battle of Brushy Creek. The maternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Neal Hendry, who was a valiant soldier of the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Confederacy during the Civil war, having been major in command of a detachment in middle Florida, guarding salt works along the coast and supplying cattle to the southern armies. John Hugh Stephens entered the Confederate service on Aug. 1, 1861, at Madi son, Fla., as a private in Company C, Fourth Florida volunteer infantry, and served in turn in the brigades commanded by Pres ton, Palmer, Anderson, Finley, Stovall and Smith. He was wounded in the battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., and later partici pated in the battles of Jackson, Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge, as well as at Chapel Hill, N. C., April 9, 1865, thus serving until the close of the war. He now resides in Jacksonville, Fla., where he holds membership in R. E. Lee Camp, No. 58, United Confed erate Veterans. In the present connection it may be said that three of his sons well upheld the military prestige of the family name at the time of the Spanish-American war. John Hugh, Jr., and Robert D.'were members of the First Florida infantry; United States volunteers, and the former lost his life, by disease, while in the service. William B., the subject of this review, became a pri vate in -Company B, Savannah Volunteer Guards, a battalion, in May, 1890, later being promoted corporal and sergeant, and on May 2, 1898, he was enrolled as a private in Company B, Second Georgia infantry, United States volunteers, for service in the war with Spain. He was appointed sergeant as soon as mustered, and proceeded with his command to the reserve camp at Tampa, Fla., where he remained in service until the close of the war. He was honorably discharged, at Huntsville, Ala., Aug. 29, 1898, in com pliance with his own request. Upon his return to Savannah he immediately reenlisted, as a private in Company B, Savannah Vol unteer Guards, serving as such until he was commissioned captain of his company, Feb. 1, 1900. In March, 1904, he resigned the captaincy and reenlisted as a private, serving as such until the fol lowing November, when he was commissioned major of battalion of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, the battalion having been con verted into heavy artillery, by act of the general assembly, Dec. 18, 1900. He still holds the office of major of this battalion, and is also a member of Francis S. Bartow Camp, No. 95, United Sons of Confederate Veterans, in Savannah. Major Stephens secured his preliminary educational training in the common schools of Thomas and Mitchell counties, Ga., and his higher academic studies were prosecuted under the direction of able private tutors. In 1889 he became a clerical assistant in the law office of Chisholm & Erwin, of Savannah, under whose able preceptorship he prosecuted

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

369

his reading of law and was admitted to the bar of the state in 1896. From 1898 until Jan. 1, 1900, he was division counsel for the Plant system of railways and then, upon the dissolution of the firm of Erwin, DuBignon, Chisholm & Clay, resigned the office noted and entered into a professional partnership with Hon. Flem ing G. DuBignon, under the firm name of DuBignon &' Stephens, this association obtaining until the latter part of the year 1902, when it was dissolved, upon the removal of Mr. DuBignon to the city of Atlanta. Since that time Major Stephens has conducted an individual professional business in Savannah, where he has a representative clientage. He is affiliated with the Democratic party but has never had an ambition for political office. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and he is identified with the following named organizations: An cient Landmark Lodge, No. 231, Free and Accepted Masons; Geor gia Chapter, No. 3, Royal Arch Masons; Georgia Council, No. 2, Royal and Select Masters; Palestine Commandery, No. 1, KnightsTemplars ; Alee Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mys tic Shrine; Alpha Lodge, No. 1, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite; the Savannah bar association; the Guards' club, Oglethorpe .club, Savannah Yacht club and Forest City gun club. On Sept. 6, 1899, Major Stephens was united in marriage to Miss Clifford B. Dasher, daughter of Frank W. and Grace B. (Lovell) Dasher, of Savannah, and they have one son, William Hugh, born Dec. 18, 1900. In the pursuit of his profession Major Stephens has not only attained to success but his career has also been marked by a thorough devo tion to the highest ideals of his calling. This has been the domi nant purpose of his life, to which his active participation in public affairs has been the natural incident. Of a singularly open and candid nature, rapid in conclusions and entirely bold in expression, he has been an effective soldier because he has been a consistent and fearless lawyer.
Stephens' Pottery, a post-village of Baldwin county, is located on the Central of Georgia railway, about nine miles south of Milledgeville. It is in the heart of the great clay belt extending from Augusta to Columbus along the dividing line between the Crystal line area and the Coastal plain, and takes its name from the indus tries established there. The clay at this point is white and is said to be capable of standing a greater degree of heat than that found anywhere else in the United States. Sewer-pipe, jars, vases, brick and ornamental pottery are manufactured here and the ware

24 III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

finds ready sale in Georgia and adjoining states because of its fine
quality. Stephensville, a post-village of Wilkinson county, is on a tribu
tary of the Oconee river, about twelve miles southeast of Irwinton. The population in 1900 was 50. It is a trading center for the neigh borhood. The nearest railroad station is Toombsboro, on the Cen tral of Georgia, eight miles north.
Sterling, an incorporated town of Glynn county, is on the South ern railroad, fifteen miles northeast of Brunswick. The population in 1900 was 97. It has a money order postoffice, an express office, some mercantile interests and does some shipping.
Stevens, Obadiah Benjamin, formerly commissioner of agriculture of the State of Georgia, and now a member of the railroad commission, was born near the little town of Benevolence, in the fourth militia district of Randolph county, Ga.,
Aug. 1, 1847, a son of W. J. and Susan M. Stevens. As has been consistently stated, Mr. Stevens is a man -"of the people, by the people, for the people." From farm er's boy to railroad commissioner of the greatest state in the South is a "far cry," but he has at all times been close to the people and'has had the most definite appreciation of the dignity of honest toil and endeavor. The following outline of his career is drawn from a publication entitled "Georgia's Public Men." "Mr. Stephens' parents were plain people, but they were not shiftless, and from them he no.t only inherited a fine intellect and habits of industry but was also given such opportunities for improving his mind as the meager advantages of a pioneer section afforded. It requires more seed to make a showing on some kinds of soil than on others, but in this instance such as were sown in the mind of this Randolph county farmer boy found fertile ground. He se cured the rudiments of an education, and to a mind such as his this was enough on which to build up a store of knowledge. In 1856 Terrell county was formed, parts of Randolph and Lee being taken for that purpose, and it was soon after this that Mr. Stephens' cit izenship and connection with the history of Terrell county began. To the little village of Dover Mr. Stevens' parents removed at the beginning of the war, and there he pursued his career on the farm, till finally there came to him the opportunity to clerk in a country

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store, where he began to acquire a knowledge of business. It has been said of Mr. Stevens that with one exception everything he was and is can be traced to its source. For instance, we know how he received his education, to which he added through observation and subsequent study; we know why he is a farmer and a good one, because he learned it between the plow handles; and we know how and when he acquired his splendid business training. But no one knows how or why he became the 'best politician in Georgia/ as he is often called. Up to the early '80s Mr. Stevens had seemed to care nothing for politics, being content to pursue his calling of planter and warehouseman, in both of which lines he was eminently successful. In the warehouse business, of course, he came in direct touch with the farmers, and he had no trouble in winning their esteem and confidence. Indeed, he became the adviser of most of them and the financial reliance of many in those days when banks were few and interest charges high. In 1884 opinion seemed -to turn upon 'Tobe' Stevens, as everyone called him, as a man whey would make a safe and energetic legislator. He was elected, and served with distinct credit to himself and his section; he was reelected and served two more terms, 1886-7. Thus began Mr. Ste vens' political career, and from that time on he has been a political leader in his, state -and section. Thorough organization, attention to detail and absolute faithfulness to his friends have constituted the secret of his wonderful success in politics. In 1896 he was again called to public life, being chosen state senator from the eleventh district and served two years, with marked acceptability. At the expiration of his term he became a.candidate for commis sioner of agriculture, his opponent being Hon. R. T. Nesbitt, of Cobb county, who had filled the office several terms. Mr. Stevens made one of the most remarkable campaigns ever recorded in the annals of the state and won by a magnificent majority. He thor oughly understands the needs of the farmer and, without detracting one iota from the work of his predecessors in this important office, it can safely be stated that the management of the agricultural de partment under the present incumbent has been characterized by progressiveness, intelligence and splendid executive and business ability. That he has enhanced the general efficiency of the depart ment can not be denied. Under Commissioner Stevens a large and handsomely illustrated volume, entitled 'Georgia, Historical and Industrial,' was issued by the department of agriculture in 1901. It was issued in obedience to the growing demand for information concerning the industrial resources and possibilities of Georgia,

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as shown by inquiries almost daily received, not only from the state but also from every section of the Union. The book is un questionably the most complete, specific and comprehensive com pilation of the kind ever published about Georgia." The popular appreciation of the character and admirable services of Mr. Stevens was manifested in his reflection to the office of commissioner of agriculture in 1902, by an overwhelming majority. "Mr. Stevens is pre-eminently a practical man," continues the sketch from which the above extracts are made, "he conducts his department along the same lines which made his business as planter and warehouseman sucessful. He is earnest, thoughtful, courteous, full of resources; his public career stamps him as one of the best equipped men in the state for usefulness" in public station." In politics he gives unqualified allegiance to the Democratic party. On Oct. 16, 1867, Mr. Stevens was united in marriage to Miss Julia A. Lofton, daughter of James R. Lofton, a prominent merchant of Terrell county. Of the seven children of this union all are living except the eldest, Jennie- E., who was the wife of Frank Nasworthy; Wil liam J. is a resident of Fayettville; Ola J. is the wife of Manning J. Yoemans, of Dawson, Terrell county; Susie S. is the wife of Mark J. James, of Griffin, Spalding county; Obadiah B., Jr., Ella C. and Robert L. remain at the parental home.
Stevens, William Bacon, physician, clergyman and author, was born at Bath, Me., July 13, 1815. He was educated in the common schools and at Phillips' academy, Andover, Mass., after which he traveled for two years in Europe to recuperate his health. Upon his return to America he took up the study of medicine and in 1837 received the degree of M. D. from Dartmouth college. For the next three years he practiced his profession at Savannah and in 1841 he was appointed state historian of Georgia. The following year he decided to enter the Protestant Episcopal ministry; was ordained deacon in 1843; priest in 1844, and for several years was rector of Emmanuel church at Athens. In 1844 he was called to the chair of belles-letters, oratory and moral philosophy in the University of Georgia. In the meantime he had published several works as state historian, the most notable being a "History of Silk Culture in Georgia," "Historical Collections of Georgia," and "Dis courses before the Historical Society." In 1847 his "History of Georgia," in two volumes was published and it is still regarded as a standard work on the history of the state. The same year he was a delegate to the general convention of the Protestant Episcopal church, and the year following became the rector of St. Andrew's,

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Philadelphia. In 1862 he was consecrated assistant bishop of Pennsylvania, and three years later succeeded Dr. Potter as bishop. He continued to discharge the duties of this office until 1886, when advanced age and failing health compelled him to ask for an as sistant. He died at Philadelphia, Pa., June 11, 1887.
Stevens Gap, a pass through Missionary Ridge, is about ten miles southeast of Trenton. While the two armies were maneuvering for vantage ground preceding the battle of Chickamauga two slight skirmishes occurred at this gap. One of them, on Sept. 6, 1863, was a small affair and no report of it is to be found in the official records of the war. On the 17th of the same month the Thirtyninth Indiana infantry here encountered the Third Confederate cavalry and a sharp skirmish resulted. The loss was trifling on both sides, so far as numbers were concerned, but the gallant Col onel Estes, commander of the Confederate forces, was among the
killed.
Stewart, Andrew P., who holds the re
sponsible position of tax collector of Ful
ton county, is one of the well known and
popular citizens of Atlanta, where he has
maintained his home for many years.
He was born at Jackson, Butts county,
Ga., Dec. 14, 1848, a son of Frederick S.
and Margaret (Nelson)' Stewart, both
natives of Georgia, the former born in
Oglethorpe county, Dec. 24, 1826, and
died in July, 1891, and the latter in
Greene county, in 1832, and died in 1886.
They became the parents of four sons and seven daughters, namely: Andrew P., subject of this sketch; Mrs. Anna Culbertson, of Atlanta; Mrs. Naomi Hill, who died in 1887; Mrs. Mary Murphy, of Farill, Ala.; Mrs. Ghetta McAfee, of Atlanta; William A., of Atlanta; Frederick S., who died in 1880; Mrs. Effie Wright, of Farill, Ala.; Thomas H., of Atlanta; Marga ret, who died in 1865; and Mrs. Clifford Scott, of Putnam county. Andrew P. Stewart has passed his entire life in Georgia, in whose common schools he secured his early educational training. He became a successful merchant in the city of Atlanta, where he was engaged in the hardware business until 1886, when he was elected to the office of tax collector, in which he has since served contin uously, proving faithful and capable, as his long tenure of office implies, having handled millions of dollars within his term of

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service. He is a stalwart supporter of the principles and policies

of which the Democratic party stands exponent, and in 1879-80

he represented his ward in the city council. He is affiliated with

the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows

and the Improved Order of Red Men, and both he and his wife

are devoted members of the First Baptist church, in which he has

been a deacon for thirty years and superintendent of the Sunday

school for a quarter of a century. On Dec. 14, 1871, Mr. Stewart

was united in marriage to Miss Frances Manning, daughter of

Jethrow and Frances (Payne) Manning, of Atlanta. They have

no children.

_,,,:, ,

Stewart, Charles Dawson, was born

in Brunswick county, Va., and was but

thirteen years of age at the time of the

death of his father, who had come to

America from the west of England and

who had met with reverses so that he

left but little property. Charles gave

his small patrimony to his mother and

sister, left the home, farm and state, and

began the battle of life with a mere pit

tance. He came to Georgia and secured

a clerkship in a store, while from time to

time, as his earnings permitted, he gave

up work and attended school, following this plan until he had

gained a common school education. By rigid economy he was

soon able to make a business venture on his own account and in

course of time he became a .successful merchant. Thus his ad

vancement to manhood was made up of alternate periods of faith

ful application to work and careful study. The result could be no

other than the development of a strong and self-reliant character,

in which were exemplified unswerving integrity, Spartanlike forti

tude, a strong sense of justice, and a remarkable degree of acquisi

tiveness with intellectual men. Resulting from the life led by

such pioneers in Colonial development, superadded to the innate

will of the boy, there developed in his make up a will power, with

a determination to accomplish whatever task that came to him.

This unswerving will power is well illustrated by an incident in

his life, showing as well his self control and promptness of action.

By some accident his finger was fractured, to which splints were

applied. On removal of the dressings he found his finger had

grown crooked by improper union of the bones. Rather than go

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375

through life with an unsightly digit, he placed the finger in a door jamb, closing the door on the finger and refracturing and subse quently resetting it in the proper manner. Though the course of refracturing and resetting is now adopted by all surgeons as the only proper one to be followed for the correcting of such acquired deformities, it was then a plan untried, his sound reasoning and logical mind alone suggesting its employment. Many men become narrow and contracted, close and niggardly under the lash of mis fortune, and when tested in the school of adversity with great financial needs, often the character all believed to be true to the right, as the needle to the pole, is found wavering on every side, to at last plunge from its true pivot down into the dark abyss of dishonor, dishonesty and crime. Not so with him. Twice through a long and eventful life he was pressed hard by the relentless hand of adversity, once by the unauthorized use of his name by a man with whom he had business relations. In this instance he paid the entire loss sustained by both, amounting to several hundred thousand, though legally bound for only part. This statement in one of his letters to a firm of importers who were among his credi tors, and with whom he had dealt for years, shows the plan of his life. They wrote a letter of sympathy with him in his losses, sug gesting a compromise of accounts at 50 cents on the dollar, back ing the proposal by so offering their account. This kind letter brought forth a terse but truly characteristic reply, as follows: "Gentlemen: Your kind and highly generous offer to hand. I cannot, as you doubtless expect, add appreciation, for such is not the case. Your proposal of compromise is more than distasteful, cover it as you will with soft words and women's sympathetic eulogies. The proffered act of kind generosity is a stench in my nostrils. Your house has shown in the making of this proposal two points of distrust in me: the first in valuing my paper at its highest point of estimated worth to not exceed 50%; second, fear ing this will not materialize, without your proffered assistance, you request my authorization of the issuance by you of a circular letter to creditors couched in sympathetic platitudes and false sympathies requesting a like scaling down of accounts by them, by these pro cedures virtually securing the guarantee of the 50% now repre senting a distrusted value to you. All of which is respectfully de clined. My name, as that of my father before me, has never been worth less than par. I decline to purchase my account with you for a less figure, as I do all other accounts and obligations. Re spectfully yours, Charles D. Stewart." His second disaster came

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during the war, to which cause he was a more than bountiful giver: the universal shrinkage in realty and personalty, representing as they did his entire estate, produced financial loss verging close to his all at the close of the war. At that time, being then a man of eighty years, still undaunted he again entered the business world and during the following ten years as a result of his remarkable business acumen, amassed an estate worth at his death quite a snug sum. His name was a synonym for honesty, justice, and untiring energy, tempered with kindness. Early in life he wedded Miss Henrietta Hargraves of Charles county, Md., and after her death he married Miss Rebecca Appling of Georgia, no children being born of the second union. His children were Rev. George Stewart; Dr. Theophilus Stewart; Charles Hargraves Stewart, and Henrietta Hargraves Stewart, the last mentioned becoming the wife of Henry Vincent Meigs, a son of Dr. Charles Meigs of Philadelphia. The early married life of Mr. Stewart was passed in Warrenton, Ga., whence he removed to Greensboro, where he resided until 1829, when he became one of the settlers of Columbus, Muscogee county, one year after its incorporation. In January, 1833, he was elected one of the six com missioners to govern the town, was reflected in July of the follow ing year and resigned in March, 1834. In July of that year he was elected superintendent of the town, but resigned the office the fol lowing December. Although he spent the last few years of his life with his son, Rev. George Stewart, who resided at Summerville Heights, Ala., about four miles north of Columbus, he always considered himself a citizen of Columbus. As planter, merchant and manufacturer, he was ever a prominent figure. He was one of the incorporators of the Eagle and Phoenix mills. With the ad vance of age his bright mind ever grew in its powers. Its clear, just, yet tolerant insight into human nature was never brighter than it was at the day of his death, having reached the age of ninety-two. He died at the home of his son, Rev. George Stewart at Summerville Heights.
Stewart County, situated in the western part of the state, was formed from Randolph in 1830 and was named for Gen. Daniel Stewart, of Liberty county, who achieved fame as a soldier of the Revolution and in subsequent Indian wars. It is bounded on the north by Chattahoochee county, on the east by Webster, on the south by Randolph and Quitman and on the west by the State of Alabama, from which it is separated by the Chattahoochee river. There are several tributaries of this river that flow across the

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377

county and the soil along the streams is very fertile. Cotton, the cereals, sugar-cane, fruits and melons are the principal agricul tural products. Two branches of the Seaboard Air Line railway traverse the county forming a junction at Richland, in the eastern part, and providing ample facilities for transportation. Lumpkin is the county seat. Richland, Omaha and Louvale are other towns. Near Omaha are some mineral springs. The population in 1900 was 15,856.
Stewart, John D., was born in Fayette county in 1833, attended Marshall college, taught school for a time at Griffin, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He served for five years as ordinary and during the war was captain in the Thirteenth Georgia regiment. From 1865 to 1867 he was a member of the Georgia legislature; was ordained a minister of the Baptist church in 1871; mayor of Griffin in 1875; was judge of the superior court from 1879 to 1886; trustee of Mercer university, also of the Theological sem inary, Louisville, Ky.; was elected to Congress from his district in 1886 and reflected in 1888. He died at Griffin in 1894.
Stewart, William Weaver, M. D., a. prominent physician and surgeon of Columbus, Muscogee county, Ga., was born at Union Springs, Ala., Aug. 30, 1865, is a son of Rev. George and Au gusta (Weaver) Stewart, and a grandson of Charles D. Stewart, individually men tioned in this work. When he was about one year of age his parents re moved to the old Stewart homestead at Summerville, Ala., near Columbus, Ga., and in his boyhood they took up their residence in Columbus. His early edu cation was procured from schools in the vicinity of his home and from the Alabama polytechnic institute in Auburn. In March, 1890, he graduated from Bellevue hospital medical college, of New York. This celebrated institution employed a most effective sys tem, thereby securing for their students a most extensive experi ence. Immediately after graduation he was appointed as member of the staff of the New York city hospital, in which institution he completed his service of eighteen months, occupying therein the position of both house physician and surgeon. On completing this service he immediately returned to his old home at Columbus, and at once entered upon the work to which in truth, he had de-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

voted his life. In July, 1891, he entered into a professional partner ship with Dr. George Grimes and they have since been associated under the firm name of Grimes & Stewart. Doctor Stewart's career as a physician has been phenomenally successful. In fact it has been said of him that he had no novitiate or term of waiting for practice as is common with the young physician, but that he stepped from the lecture room into a most successful and professional career. Combining marked ability as a physician with superb surgical skill, it is not surprising that he has a magnificent practice, while he is in the very prime of his useful and virile career. In 1903, at the time of the organization of the state board of health, Governor Terrell appointed Doctor Stewart a member of the body for six years. In Nov., 1892 Doctor Stewart was united in mar riage to Miss Euphan Marshall Collier, daughter of C. Myles and Hannah (Shackelford) Collier, of New York city, whither the family removed from Memphis, Tenn. Doctor and Mrs. Stewart have three children, namely: George Grimes, Myles Collier, and Edward Comer.
Stiles, William H., was born at Savannah in 1808. He received a good education, studied law and began practice in his native city. In 1833 he was elected solicitor-general of the eastern circuit, rep resentative in Congress in 1842, and was sent as minister to Aus tria in 1845. During the war he served as a colonel in the Con federate army. He died at Savannah in December, 1865.
Stilesboro, a town in the southwestern part of Bartow county, is on a short railroad that connects Carters-.'ille with Rockmart. It has an express and telegraph office, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several stores and good church and school privileges. The population by the census of 1900 was 221.
After Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had retired to the south bank of the Etowah in May, 1864, he learned that the Federal troops were crossing the river to his left near Stilesboro. The crossing was effected at several points between Stilesboro and Rome and the advance was delayed by Wheeler's cavalry which skirmished in front on the 23rd as Johnston was forming his lines along Pumpkinvine and Allatoona Creeks to meet their movement. This was the beginning of the ten days fight styled in Sherman and Johnston's reports of the Atlanta campaign as the battle of New Hope Church, (q. v.)
Stillmore, a town in the central part of Emanuel county, was incorporated by act of the general assembly on Nov. 13, 1889. It is the second largest town in the county, and is one of the great rail-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

379

road centers of the eastern part of the state. The Dover and Brewton division of the Central of Georgia, the Millen & Southwestern, and the Stillmore Air Line all pass through the town, giving facil ities for transportation in six different directions. The population in 1900 was 741. It has a bank, several good stores, some factories, express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, large ship ping interests and good church and school advantages.
Stillwell, a post-village of Effingham county, about six miles northeast of Springfield, is a station on the Seaboard Air Line railway, and in 1900 had a population of 110. It has some .stores doing a good business, an express office, and ships considerable produce to Savannah.
Stillwell, William B., a lumberman of note, a prince of good fellows, and above all a man among men neither spoiled by the smiles, nor dismayed by the frowns of the fickle Goddess of Fortune, the subject of this sketch stands to-day a forceful factor in the lumber trade, the delight of a host of friends and a worthy exponent of American manhood. Nich olas Stillwell, the first of the name to land in America, brought to the aid of the infant colonies an iron will and mighty arm, and his descendants set tling north, south, east and west have won enviable distinction in the pursuits of peace as well as in the art of war many to-day ocupying prominent positions in the army, in the national guard and in the great enterprises and industries of the country. In direct line of descent from Nicholas, his grandson, Maj. Thomas Stillwell, and great grandson, John Stillwell, who won distinction during the Revolution, came Charles H. Stillwell, who in addition to the spirit of his forefathers, was fortunate enough to inherit from his mother, a Huguenot of the South Carolina colony, the spirit which ani mated the French martyrs. To him, though always beset by dif ficulties and adversity and twice made a cripple the last time for life the State of Georgia is indebted for nine sons and one daugh ter, who have worthily illustrated in their various vocations, the indomitable energy, peerless courage and Christian faith which characterized their sire. William, one of the sons thus endowed, though starting without a dollar amid confusion which follows in the wake of civil strife, has won both means and position even in

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a business which requires as much capital and individual effort for its successful prosecution as the lumber trade. He was born in Rome, Ga., March 11, 1851, and his name is not quite half way down the official register of family births which must have.over flowed the record pages in the old family Bible, for there were sixteen children. At the close of the Civil war ten of these were still living nine boys and one girl four boys older than William having seen service under the Confederate flag. The family, which during the war had "refugeed" pretty much all over the state, moved back to Rome at the close of the war, and William got his firsf^experience in sawmill operations in an upright saw water mill operated by his father, whom he assisted as yardman and general utility man. In February, 1866, he went into the employ of Millen & Wadley, at Savannah, Ga., which firm afterward be came Millen, Wadley & Co., by the admission of D. C. Bacon as junior partner. In 1876 Messrs. Bacon & Stillwell formed the firm of D. C. Bacon & Co., H. P. Smart being afterward admitted to the firm. The firm formed and operated a number of other com panies including the Vale Royal Manufacturing Company, the At lanta" Lumber Company, Central Georgia Lumber Company, Screven County Lumber Company, and Amoskeag Lumber Company, Mr. Stillwell being for several years president of the last named, as well as an officer in all of the others. While with this firm, Mr. Stillwell served also as director of the Savannah board of trade for several years, and for two years was its vice-president. He was for several years a director and vice-president of the Citizens bank, a member of the cotton exchange and a director in the Savannah Construction Company, which built the road from Columbia to Savannah, afterwards operated by the Florida Central & Peninsular railroad, now part of the Seaboard Air Line. In 1887 the firm of D. C. Bacon & Co. was dissolved, and the firm of Stillwell, Millen & Co. was established, with headquarters at Savannah, and L. R. Millen & Co., of New York city, consisting of W. B. Stillwell, Loring R. Millen and L. Johnson, R. H. and W. R. Bewick being ad mitted several years later. The firm owned and operated the Screven County Lumber Company, Central Georgia Lumber Com pany, and Augusta Lumber Company, and also built and operated the Waycross Air Line railroad and the Millen and Southern rail road. In all these companies Mr. Stillwell held official positions and was president of the Waycross Lumber Company. In 1895 the lumber business of Stillwell, Millen & Co., L. R. Millen & Co., McDonough & Co., the James K. Clarke Lumber Company, Henry

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

381

P. Talmadge, and C. C. Southard was consolidated into the Southern Pine Company of Georgia, and Mr. Stillwell became secretary and treasurer of the company, which position he still holds, being also director of the purchasing and shipping department. So much for the busy career, but this sketch would be incomplete without some reference to the movements of wider scope in which Mr. Stillwell has been pre-eminent, and to the social side of his well rounded nature. In 1875 Mr. Stillwell was united in marriage with Mary Reily Royall, of the well known Carolina family of that name, and this union has been blessed with three daughters, Edith (now Mrs. W. F. Train), Mamie R. and Laleah P., and three sons, Wil liam H., Herbert L., and Walter B., who with their mother and father constitute an unbroken family circle. Early in life the sub ject of this sketch joined the Baptist church, of which he has ever since been a regular attendant, and he holds membership in many social and fraternal orders, among which are the Masons, Knights Templars, Mystic Shriners and Elks. In military circles he is also well known, having served as an active member for twenty years in the Chatham artillery, and being now an honorary member of that historic corps. He is also a life member of the Savannah volunteer guards and a pay member of the Savannah cadets. As early as the seventies Mr. Stillwell seems to have been a moving spirit in organizing lumbermen on lines tending towards the pres ervation of their business interests and the promotion of good fel lowship and social intercourse. In 1879 he was active in the forma tion of the Southern lumber and timber association, and was its secretary when it gave to the lumber world its classification and inspection rules of 1883, which have ever since been the basis of the operation of the yellow pine and cypress trade. Later he was a useful member and has been now for two years vice-president of the Georgia interstate saw mill association, and is now also a director in the Southern lumber manufacturers' association. The material mens association of Georgia owed its existence largely to his efforts and during his incumbency as its first president an im portant amendment to the lien laws of Georgia was made and is still in force. From its inception the National lumber manufactur ers' association, which is destined to accomplish much for the lum ber trade, has been the object of his zeal and untiring efforts. He has been the chairman of its transportation committee and now rep resents the Georgia interstate saw mill association as its member on the board of governors. It is, however, as a Hoo-Hoo that Mr.Stillwell became most widely known to the lumber men of recent

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

years his zeal and untiring work for the order, together with his personal popularity having won for him four years ago the highest position within its gift. How well he filled the office -of Snark of the Universe contemporary criticism fully testified. The Savannah board of trade has had no more devoted member and has testified its appreciation by electing him its president this year. Through these various channels and the medium of an extensive and thriv ing business, Mr, Stillwell is well and .favorably known to the lumbermen and business communities of the entire United States. But after 'all, it is when, man to man, the hearts fires are focused that the true metal or the dross is most clearly revealed and the highest tribute that can be paid to the subject of this sketch it to say that his life around the sacred hearth of home as well as to the outermost circle of individual friendship has shown but pure gold never too absorbed in business or taken up by the attraction of the larger social life to be unmindful of the claims of a loved one or friend, the crown and.summit of his earthly achievement is and ever will be the high place he holds in the hearts of those whose life long love and regard he has won by his bright and unsel fish nature.
Stilson, a town in the eastern part of Bulloch county, is on the Savannah & Statesboro railway and in 1900 had a population of 138. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, a money order postoffice, good school and church advantages, etc.'
Stinson, a town of Meriwether county, is on the branch of the Central of Georgia railway system that runs from Greenville to Columbus. The population in 1900 was ISO. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express service, several stores, and does considerable shipping.
Stirk, Samuel, Revolutionary patriot, was born in Savannah, according to popular belief, but the date is unknown. His first appearance as a public, character was as a clerk of the executive council under Governor Treutlen's administration. On August 16, 1781, he was elected a member of the Continental Congress; afterward served as attorney-general of Georgia; was justice of Chatham county, and was appointed with Button Gwinnett to settle the question of the boundary between Georgia and Florida. The place and date of his death are uncertain.
Stobo, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Hall county, is not far from the Lumpkin county line. The nearest railroad station is Lula.
Stockbridge, a town in Henry county, is on the Aalanta & Macon

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

383

division of the Southern railway system, about ten miles north of McDoijough. Its population in 1900 was 287. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, some manufacturing, a money order postofHce, from which several rural routes supply mail to the surrounding-districts, telegraph and express offices, and good edu cational and religious advantages.
Stockton, one of the important towns of Clinch county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, a few miles east of the Allapaha river. In 1900 it reported a population of 270. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, several good stores, some factories, schools, churches, etc. Large quantities of lumber and naval stores are shipped from this point every year.
Stogner, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Carroll coun ty, is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located Waco, on the Southern railroad, is the nearest station.
Stokes, Anthony, a native of England, came to Georgia in 1760. Three years later he succeeded William Grover as chief justice of the colony and continued in that position until control of the courts was assumed by the Provincial Congress in 1775. He was able and honest and during his administration the law was firmly and im partially administered. In March, 1776, he was arrested as an act of reprisal for the imprisonment of some American officers, but was soon released on parole. His house, library and legal records were destroyed by fire during the siege of Savannah, in the fall of 1779, and in 1782 he returned to England, where he published a scholarly and impartial treatise on the American colonies.
Stokes, Charles A., superintendent of Station B of the Atlanta postoffice, was born in this city, July 10, 1876, a son of William F. and Fannie (Cooper) Stokes, the former, born in Athlone, Ireland, April 12, 1845, and the latter in LaGrange, Ga., Sept. 26, 1848. The father is of Scotch-Irish genealogy and was reared and edu cated in the Emerald Isle, where he remained until 1866, when he came to the United States, becoming a successful merchant in Atlanta. Fie disposed of his business in 1879 and removed with his family to England, where they remained until 1884, when they returned to America, again taking up their residence in At lanta, where the parents still maintain their home. Charles A. Stokes secured his rudimentary education in England, and after the return of the family to Atlanta he entered the public schools of this city, continuing his .studies until he had completed a course in the Boys' high school, in which he was graduated as a member .of the class of 1894. Soon afterward he entered the local postoffice

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

service, beginning at the foot of the ladder and rising through

various grades of promotion to his present responsible office, of

which he has been incumbent since January, 1904, his station being

located at the corner of Pryor and Mitchell streets. Mr. Stokes

is one of the zealous and valued members of the Central Presby

terian church in which he is a deacon. Dr. George Stokes, a broth

er of Mr. Stokes' father was a professor in Trinity college, Dublin,

Ireland, and also a Fellow of the Royal Society of antiquarians.

Stone, William Alexander, president of

.Jillillill;;;;;::,

the Stone & Murphey Company, one of

the leading mercantile concerns of Louis

ville, and also the owner of valuable plan

tation interests in Jefferson county, was

born in that county, Sept. 3, 1859, a son

of Robert A. and Julia E. (Robinson)

Stone, both of whom were likewise born

there. Robert A. Stone was a successful

planter, continuing a resident of Jefferson

county until his death, and was a loyal

soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil

war. He was a son of William D.

and Martha (Little) Stone, both of whom were born and reared in

Jefferson county, the former having been a son of William D.

Stone, Sr., who was the founder of the family in Jefferson county,

whither he came from Indianapolis, Indiana, in an early day. Wil

liam D. and Martha (Little) Stone became the parents of six sons

and six daughters, and five of the sons were soldiers in the Con

federate service during the Civil war, in which four of the number

sacrificed their lives, the father of the subject of this sketch having

been the only one who survived the service. He is survived by

three children William A., whose name introduces this article;

James Albert, who is engaged in the mercantile business at Wrens,

this county; and Alice E., wife of William J. Wren, of the same

place. His widow is still living and now makes her home with her

daughter, Alice E., wife of William J. Wren, the founder and

builder of the village of Wrens, this county. William Alexander

Stone passed his boyhood and youth on the homestead plantation

which was the place of his birth, and his early educational ad

vantages were those afforded in the schools of Jefferson county.

He remained on the farm until 1880 when he assumed a clerical

position in the general store of the firm of Little & Clark, of Louis

ville. In 1885 he associated himself with a fellow clerk, William

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385

W. Abbot, and engaged in the same line of enterprise, under'the firm title of Abbot & Stone. They built up a very prosperous trade and the alliance continued until 1900, when Mr. Stone bought his partner's interest in the business, whereupon the present title, the Stone & Murphey Company, was adopted, the business being incorporated under the laws of the state. Mr. Stone became presi dent of the company, which is the direct successor of the firm of Abbot & Stone, and which figures as one of the largest and most solid mercantile houses in Jefferson county. Mr. Stone is a direc tor of the First National bank of Louisville and a stockholder in the Louisville Manufacturing Company, manifesting a lively in terest in all that concerns the welfare and progress of his home city and county, being at the present time a member of the Louis ville council. He is a stanch Democrat in his political allegiance, and he and his wife are valued and zealous members of the Presby terian church, in which he is a deacon. On April 17, 1889, he was united in marriage to Miss Pearl E. Sinquefield, daughter of the late Hon. Francis A. Sinquefield, who was one of the prominent and influential citizens of Jefferson county. Mr. and Mrs. Stone have five children, whose names, with respective dates of birth, are as follows: Francis Albert, Jan. 12, 1890; Mary Louise, March 14, 1892; Robert Augustus, May, 13, 1894; Julia R., Nov. 24, 1896; and William Alexander, Jr., Jan. 19, 1900.
Stoneman's Raid. While the city of Atlanta was in a state of siege in 1864, General Stoneman was sent by Sherman to cooperate with McCook in a raid upon the Macon railroad. The two were to meet at Lovejoy's Station and there begin the work of destruction. After the completion of his work at Lovejoy's Stoneman was to march against Macon, then to Andersonville and release the Fed eral prisoners there confined. On the morning of July 27th he left Garrard's division at Flat Rock and with three brigades, about 2,200 in all, crossed the Ocmulgee river near Covington. At Griswoldville and Gordon he destroyed a large number of engines and cars, while a detachment went eastward and destroyed the bridges over Walnut Creek and the Oconee river. He then concentrated his forces and marched upon Macon. Dibrell had been sent by Wheeler to hold Garrard in check and General Iverson with his Georgia brigade and the brigades of Alien and Breckenridge, came up in time to save the city. A few shells were thrown into Macon, after which Stoneman retired toward Clinton. On the way he was attacked by General Iverson, whose forces coming upon him from different directions led Stoneman to believe that he was sur-
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rounded by superior numbers. He therefore gave directions to two thirds of his force to escape, while he held the Confederates in check with the remainder, about 700 men and two light field pieces. This force was attacked and, after considerable loss in. killed and wounded, Stoneman surrendered, with 500 of his men.. One of his brigades (Colonel Adams') that had escaped, got back to Sherman in fair condition, but Capron's was surprised and scat tered, and after losing many killed, wounded and captured, thesurvivors got in mostly unarmed and on foot. Thus Stoneman had lost nearly a thousand men with their horses and two cannon.
Stone Mountain. This name is applied to a huge formation of granite in De Kalb county, and also a town near the foot of the mountain. The mountain is about three-fourths of a mile in height and nearly seven miles in circumference at the base. Seen from th'e east it has the appearance of a dark cloud, with streaks of zigzag lightning running through it. About two-thirds of the way up are seen the ruins of some ancient fortification, that formerly ex tended all the way round the peak and defended every possible approach to the summit, the only entrance being through a natural pass, so small that only one person could enter at a time, and- that only by crawling on the hands and knees. Various places around the mountain have received names, such as the "Buzzard's Roost," the "Lion's Den," the "Panther Hole," the "Eagle's Nest," etc. The view from the top of Stone Mountain is one of the finest in the state. A few years ago a company began taking the granite from the mountain and converting it into paving blocks, of which large quantities find their way to various cities in the South. To the lover of nature this looks like a desecration of one of her nob lest works.
The town of Stone Mountain stands near this lone peak and had in 1900 a population of 835. It is on the Georgia railroad, ten miles northeast of Decatur, and forms the principal shipping point for the granite taken from the mountain. It has an international money order postoffice, from which a number of free delivery routes supply mail to the adjacent rural districts, express and telegraph service, several good mercantile establishments and some manu factories. The University School for Boys Is located here.
Stonewall, a village in the eastern part of Campbell county, is a station on the Atlanta & West Point railroad, five miles north east of Fairburn. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and is the principal trading and shipping- point in that part of the county.

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387

Stono, a post-hamlet of Milton county, is five miles east of Alpharetta and seven miles northwest of Duluth, the latter being the
nearest railroad station. Stovall, Charles Theodore, M. D., of Vienna, is one of the lead
ing physicians and surgeons of Dooly county, where he has passed practically his entire life. He was born in the thriving little city which is now his home, July 28, 1857, a son of Dr.-Stephen B. and Savannah A. (Gartrell) Stovall, the former born in Lincoln county, Ga., Dec. 6, 1826, and the latter in Wilkes county. Dr. Stephen B. Stovall was one of the honored citizens and repre sentative medical practitioners of Georgia, having long followed the work of his profession in Vienna and serving with fidelity and ability as a surgeon in the Confederate ranks during the war be tween the states. Dr. Charles T. Stovall secured his earlier educa tional discipline in the schools of his native town and in the mean while determined to devote himself to that profession which his father had so honored and dignified by his services. He took up the study of medicine and was finally matriculated in the Atlanta medical college, in which he was graduated March 4, 1879, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. Since his graduation he has continued in the active work of his profession in Vienna, controlling a large and representative practice in this locality, and has served as county physician for more than a score of years. From 1884 until 1901 he was also engaged in the drug business here, disposing of his interests in the line in the year last noted. He is a member of the Medical Associa tion of Georgia. In politics he gives an unfaltering allegiance to the Democratic party, has served as clerk of the city coun cil of Vienna and also as mayor of the city. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South; he is affiliated with Vienna Lodge. Free and Accepted Masons; Wolilin Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, also of Vienna; St. Omer Commandery, Knights Templars, at Macon; Yaarab Temple, An cient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, in Atlanta; and with the organizations of the Knights of Pythias and Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows in his home city. On Sept. 23, 1878, Doctor Stovall was united in marriage to Miss Mildred Wells Forbes, daughter of Joseph and Ella F. (Smith) Forbes, of Vienna, and they have three children Rupert Hope, Ernest Forbes and
Carl Theodore. Stovall, Marcellus A., was born at Sparta, Ga., Sept. 18, 1818.
Both his grandfathers were Revolutionary soldiers. He was edu-

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cated in Massachusetts and, when only seventeen years old, en listed for the Seminole war. In 1836 he entered the military acade my at West Point, but was forced by ill health to leave before grad uating. After an extended European trip he went into business at Augusta and at once became prominent in the military circles of the state. In 1846 he removed to Floyd county, where he lived at the breaking out of the war. He at once offered his services to Governor Brown and was made colonel of artillery. The follow ing October he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Third Georgia infantry battalion and ordered to Richmond. He served during the entire war, and was several times specially mentioned for gallant conduct on the field of battle. In 1863 lie was commissioned brigadier-general. After the war he returned to Augusta and en gaged in the cotton and fertilizer business. He died August 4, 1895.
Stovall, Pleasant Alexander, editor of The Savannah Press, was born in Au gusta, Ga., July 10, 1857. He is the son of Boiling A. and Martha Wilson Stovall, the former of whom was born in Sparta, Ga., Aug. 19, 1827, and the latter in South Africa, Jan. 15, 1836. She was the daughter of Presbyterian missionaries stationed at that post. Mr. Stovall's an cestors on both sides fought as patriot soldiers during the war of the Revolu tion. Boiling A. Stovall served during the Civil war in the Confederate army, leaving Augusta as sergeant in Company A, Richmond Hussars. Afterward he was transferred to the engineer corps and when the war closed was captain of artillery. He took part in the cam paigns of Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia. His son, Pleasant A. Stovall, secured preliminary training at the academy of Rich mond county in Augusta and then entered the University of Geor gia at Athens, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1875 with the degree of Bachelor of Science. He went to work in the editorial rooms of the Augusta Chronicle, of which paper he finally became editor-in-chief under the management of the Hon. Patrick Walsh. In 1891 he moved to Savannah and started The Savannah Press of which journal he has been editor and pro prietor ever since. He is the author of "The Life of Robert Toombs," published by Cassell & Company, New York and Lon don. At the time of the outbreak of the Spanish-American war,

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389

Mr. Stovall was a member of Governor Atkinson's staff and vol unteered with the governor for service in Cuba, but the governor's offer to enter the volunteer service was not accepted. In 1891 Mr. Stovall was appointed by Governor Gordon a member of the board of trustees of the State University. He is now a member of the board of education of Chatham county; was an aide on the staff of Governor Northen and Governor Atkinson; has represented Chatham county for two terms in the lower house of the general assembly, and in August, 1892, was elected chairman of the Dem ocratic state convention in Atlanta. He is a member of Zerubbabel Lodge, No. 15, Free and Accepted Masons; Georgia Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; Palestine Commandery Knights Templars and of Alee Temple, Mystic Shrine. On Jan. 7, 1885, he was mar ried in Augusta to Miss Mary Ganahl, daughter of Joseph and Harriet H. Ganahl. They have two daughters, Sarah Adams and Pleasant, and one son, Joseph Ganahl Stovall.
Strickland, John J., is recognized as one of the representative members of the Clarke county bar, being engaged in the practice of his profession in the city of Athens as the senior member of the strong and prominent law firm of Strick land & Green. He was born on his father's farm, near the village now known as Ila, Madison county, Ga., Jan. 30, 1856. His father, Samuel Green Strick land, was born in the same county, Jan. 24, 1830, a son of Samuel Strickland, who was a son of Jacob and Ann (Pierce) Strickland. Jacob Strickland was a son of Isaac, who was born in Guilford county, N. C., in 1742. The last mentioned was a grandson of John Strickland, who was born and reared in Scotland, whence he immigrated to America and located in Virginia, in the early colonial era, there marrying a woman of Irish birth. Isaac Strickland was one of the founders of the family in Georgia, to which state he was accompanied by his brothers, Jacob, Solomon, Henry and Matthew. Isaac and Solomon both rendered yeomen service as Continental soldiers in the war of the Revolution; the latter was six feet and four inches in height, and Isaac was nearly as tall. Samuel Green Strickland was a loyal soldier of the Confed eracy, having gone to the front with a company raised in Madison county and commanded by Capt. Dabney Gholston. He was honor-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ably discharged in. 1864, by reason of physicial disability. He married Miss Catherine Barbara Stapler, who was born in Jackson county, Ga., Jan. 22, 1837, and the subject of this sketch is the only child of the union. John J. Strickland secured his preparatory educational training in the Martin institute at Jefferson, Jackson county, after which he was matriculated in the University of Geor gia, where he was graduated in 1879, receiving the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws, having been the first student who ever took the arts and law courses simultaneously in the senior years and secured from the institution the two degrees at the same time. He was a member of the Demosthenian society of the university, of which he was the first member of his class to be elected president. He also became a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity while a student in the university. Mr. Strickland was admitted to the bar in Jackson county in August, 1879, on presentation of his diploma. He served his professional novitiate in Danielsville, Madison county, where he built up a good business, there continuing until November, 1888, his practice extending into adjoining counties. He was the moving spirit in organizing the village of Danielsville into a municipality, under its charter, and he also effected the establishing of a newspaper in the town, the same being still continued under another name. On Nov. 1, 1888, he removed to Athens and formed a professional partnership with George C. Thomas, with whom he was associated in practice until Nov. 1, 1893, when the firm was dissolved by mutual consent. Mr. Strickland then conducted an individual practice until Dec. 1, 1897, when he formed a partnership with Thomas F. Green, and on March 1, 1903, Judge Hamilton McWhorter also became a mem ber of the firm, but went out on being appointed assistant general counsel for the Southern Railroad Company, Sept. 1, 1905. Mr. Strickland has been identified with practically all of the important litigation in the courts of this section for many years past, and while in partnership with Mr. Thomas his firm represented the Macon & Northern railroad, during the period of its construction. On March 1, 1903, he was made counsel for the Southern Railway Company. In politics he gives an unqualified support to the cause of the Democratic' party. He 'has never held political office, but has narrowly escaped the same. He was candidate for judge of the circuit court in 1894, being defeated by a few votes. While he was a resident of Danielsville he was tendered the nomination for representative of the thirtieth district in the state senate, but declined the honor on the score of his youth and inexperience. He

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

391

has thus been a candidate for public office only once. At the age of sixteen years he united with the Baptist church at Union, Madi son county, and he is now a member of the First Baptist church .at Athens. He is a member of the Georgia bar association, in which he has held various offices, being at the present time one of its vice-presidents. He is also a member of the American bar as.sociation and was a delegate to the congress of lawyers which met in St. Louis, Mo., in September, 1904. He is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity, and with its adjunct, the Mystic Shrine, being a past master of his lodge. He also holds membership in the Benevolent and Protec tive Order of Elks and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Oct. 15, 1879, Mr. Strickland was married to Miss Lucie L. McNorton, daughter of Jefferson G. and Matilda Frances (Hays) McNorton, of Clarke county, and she was summoned into the life eternal May 3, 1900, being survived by four children, namely: Norma Lucille, Roy McNorton, Samuel Guy, and John, Jr. On July 17, 1902, Mr. Strickland was united in marriage to Miss Eleanor Otey Anderson, daughter of Thomas C. and Betty (Otey) Anderson, of Clarkesville, Tenn. In his professional life Mr. Strick land is noted for his clear conception, fair and logical analysis and forcible presentation of his client's cause, and at the same time universal courtesy to and consideration of all with whom he comes in contact. It has been said of him that "He represents all that is most admirable in that aggressive intellectuality and visible energy that characterize the New South and still carries about him the delightful aroma of that geniality, graciousness and chivalry -that makes the memory of the old South so dear to us."
Strong, Rev. Charles Hall, rector of
St. John's church, of Savannah, is one of the representative and honored mem
bers of the clergy of the Protestant Epis
copal church in Georgia and presides over one of the important parishes of the state. He was born in the city of New Orleans, La., Dec. 29, 1850, a son of
Pascal Nilson and Louisa (Hall) Strong, the former born in New York city and
the latter in Augusta, Ga., both families
being of patrician lineage, founded in America in the early colonial epoch. IRev. Charles H. Strong was prepared for college under the instruc-

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tion of private tutors and finally was matriculated in Yale univer sity, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1870, receiving the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts from this historic old institution. After his graduation he entered Oxford university, England, where he completed a special course in the ology in 1872. He then returned to the United States and entered Berkeley divinity school, Middletown, Conn., where he was gradu ated in the same year, 1872. He was ordained to the priesthood of the Protestant Episcopal church at the hands of Rt. Rev. John Williams, D. D., bishop of the diocese of Connecticut and entered upon the active work of his high calling in Grace church, Brook lyn, N. Y., in 1873. He remained there two years, when he re signed the rectorship, on account of the impaired health of his wife, and removed to Stratford, Conn., where he assumed pastoral charge of the parish of Christ church, the old historic parish of the state. He retained this incumbency until 1878, when he re moved to Savannah, having been called to the rectorship of St. John's parish, where he has since continued to labor with all of zeal and devotion and with eminent success, his rectorship having now covered a period of nearly thirty years. It is needless to say that he has grown close to the hearts and lives of his parishioners, to whom he is endeared by the warmest of personal and pastoral ties, and to him is accorded the unqualified regard of the entire community in which he has so long lived and labored. March 6, 1903, marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of Mr. Strong's pas torate of St. John's. In commemoration of this noteworthy occa sion his parishioners tendered him a most gracious and elaborate reception and at the time gave further evidence of their affection ate regard by presenting to him a handsome chest of silver. This appreciable testimonial deeply touched the heart of the faithful rector, as may well be imagined, as it stood voucher for the esti mate placed upon him and his efforts by those whose interests and hopes lay most closely parallel to his own. Mr. Strong is a vigor ous and convincing pulpit orator, his every utterance bearing the impress of earnest conviction and being fortified by recondite study and investigation, his intellectual attainments are of high order. He has made valuable contributions to published literature, among his productions being works entitled: "Is Punishment Endless?", "In Paradise, or the State of the Faithful Dead," and "Creed inDeed." In addition to these volumes, he has also written and pub lished a collection of letters, in book form, under title of "Holidays in Highlands and Lowlands," many brochures and pamphlets on.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

393

ecclesiastical, parochial and secular topics, and has also been a frequent contributor to magazines. Mr. Strong is president of the Yale Alumni association of Savannah; was for twenty years chap lain of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, with rank of captain; is a thirty-second degree Mason; has been master of his lodge of An cient and Accepted Scottish Rite Masons in Savannah; was grand prelate of the grand commandery of Knights Templars of Geor gia; is state chaplain of the Sons of the Revolution and the So ciety of Colonial Wars; and has served as a member of the stand ing committee of his diocese, which he has represented as delegate to the general convention of the church. On Feb. 12, 1874, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Strong to Miss Jennie Butler Rich, daughter of Edward S. and Minnie (Butler) Rich, of New York city, and they have three children: Pascal Nilson, Ormond Butler, and Charles Hall, Jr.
Strouds, a village in the southwestern part of Monroe county, is about five miles northeast of Culloden, which is the nearest rail road station. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading cen ter for that part of the county. The population in 1900 was 79.
Strumbay, a post-hamlet of Liberty county, is twelve miles north of Hinesville, and not far from the Cannouchee river. Morrison, eight miles north on the Seaboard Air Line, is the nearest railroad station.
Stubbs, a post-hamlet of Mitchell county, is sixteen miles south west of Camilla and near the Flint river. The nearest railroad station is Boykin.
Stuckey, a post-hamlet of Montgomery county, is a station on the Seaboard Air Line railway, six miles west of Mount Vernon. It has a few stores and does some shipping.
Subligna is a village in the northeastern part of Chattooga county where on Jan. 22, 1864, there was a slight cavalry skirmish, but without serious loss or signal importance to either side.
Suches, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Union county, is not far from the Lumpkin county line. The nearest railroad sta tion is Blueridge.
Sugar Cane. Georgia was the first of the thirteen original states to introduce the cultivation of sugar cane. There is a tradition that two sugar plants were in operation near Savannah prior to the Revolution. One of these was on Hutchinson's island and the other one upon the island of Oatland. The ruins of these plants could be traced up to a few years ago, but Dr. W. C. Stubbs, of the Sugar Experiment Station, at New Orleans, is of the opinion that

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

they were rice instead of sugar mills. About 1814 a vessel brought from St. Eustatius, one of the Dutch West Indies, samples of the purple and striped varieties of cane to Savannah, and they were planted by a Mr. King on St. Simon's island. From this small beginning the striped or ribbon cane was introduced into Louis iana in 1835. About 1829 James M. Couper erected upon his place, "Hopeton Plantation," the first complete sugar, manufacturing es tablishment in Georgia. In both dimensions and equipment this plant was superior to any in the West Indies or Louisiana. The ruins of this mill may be still seen on the south bank of the Altamaha river, about five miles from Darien, Glynn county. In a re port of Doctor Stubbs, issued in 1900, he says: "A recent visit to the cane-growing regions of Southern Georgia and Florida has convinced me of the adaptability of these sections to the success ful growing of sugar cane and the manufacture of sugar, when the intelligent and progressive practices of the best sugar producing countries are universally adopted. Both the soil and climate of this section are favorable to the growth of cane, as was evidenced by the splendid patches, sometimes increasing to small fields or plantations, found everywhere throughout this belt. * * * The numerous samples of sugar cane grown in these sections, and for warded to us last season, show by analyses to be greatly superior in sugar content to that grown upon the alluvial lands in Louisiana."
These statements, from an eminent authority on the subject, show beyond question that Georgia is capable of becoming a great sugar producing state. Cane is now successfully grown in Bulloch, Thomas, Brooks, Burke, Rockdale and many other counties in Middle- and Southern Georgia, the yield running from 480 to 700 gallons to the acre. In 1900, according to the United States census, there were 25,056 acres of cane raised in the state; 18,868 tons of cane were sold; the entire crop producing 3,226,367 gal lons of syrup and 226,730 pounds, of sugar.
Sugar Valley, an incorporated town in the northwestern part of Gordon county, is situated on the Southern railway a few miles south of Resaca. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, a number of mercantile concerns, good educational and religious advantages, and in 1900 reported a population of 231. On May 12, 1864, while, the Fed eral forces were moving against Dalton and Resaca, there was a slight skirmish at Sugar Valley, but it was attended by no impor tant results.
Suits at Law. (See Actions).

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395

Sullivan, George F., is numbered among the representative retail grocers of Augusta, his finely equipped establish ment being located at 1599 Hicks street. He was born near Dawson, Terrell county, Ga., March 23, 1851, a son of Templeton Reed and Martha Ann (Sea born) Sullivan, both of whom were born in Georgia. The father, who was a loco motive engineer by vocation, was killed by Federal troops during the Civil war, the soldiers having blown up his engine and train by placing explosives on the track. His wife passed away in 1888, the subject of this sketch being the only surviving child. When George F. Sullivan was nine years of age his parents removed to Columbus, Muscogee county, where he was reared to maturity and received a good com mon-school education. For several years he was employed in a manufactory of loom-pickers, in Columbus. On Feb. 11, 1881, he removed to Augusta, and the following year he engaged in the re tail grocery business, on Hicks street, on which thoroughfare he has successfully continued in this line of trade during the inter vening twenty-three years. He is the owner of the building in which his store is located, having erected the same, as did he also his handsome, modern residence, at 1597, same street. He is also the owner of several other pieces of productive property in the city and is a progressive, reliable and popular business man. The Democratic party secures his support and influence, and he and his wife are valued members of St. Luke's church, Methodist Epis copal South, in which he has served as trustee and steward for a decade past. In July, 1872, Mr. Sullivan was united in marriage to Miss Delilah Catharine Cooper, who died Nov. 28, 1903, survived by one son, George Eugene, born Nov. 13, 188G. On April 3, 1904, Mr. Sullivan contracted a second marriage, being then united to Miss Hattie C. Rhodes, born in Richmond county, Ga., where she was reared and educated. Sulphur Springs, a village in Dade county, is a station on the Alabama Great Southern railway, not far from the state line. The population in 1900 was 45. It has a money order pqstoffice, express and telegraph service, some shipping interests, and is a trading center for that part of the county.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Sumach, a post-village of Murray county, is on a branch of the Oostanaula river, about ten miles north of Springplace. The near est railroad station is Varnell's ten miles west.
Summertown, a village in the western part of Emanuel county, is a station on the Midville, Swainsboro & Red Bluff railroad, and in 1900 had a population of 168. It has a money order postoffice, several good stores, church and school privileges, and does some shipping.
Summerville, the county seat of Chattooga county, about half way between Rome and Chattanooga, on that part of the Central of Georgia system formerly known as the Chattanooga, Rome & Southern, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1839. Al though by the census of 1900 the population of Summerville was only 486, the entire Summerville district had at that time 2,261 people. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, a court house, a bank, handsome business houses and residences, and streets paved with chert. Bauxite is mined in the town and iron at Taylor's Ridge near by. In 1901 there was shipped from Summerville 157 cars of iron ore, 65 cars of logs and over 100 cars of chert. It is also a great ship ping point for berries to northern and western markets.
On Sept. 7, 1863, before the retreat of the Confederates from Chattanooga, there was some skirmishing near the town. Again from the 10th to the loth of the same month there was some fight ing here during the Chickamauga campaign. As Hood marched north into Tennessee a skirmish occurred at Summerville on Oct. 18, 1864, and on May 5, 1865, after the war was really at an end, there was another slight affair here in which a few shots were exchanged by small parties of the Federal and Confederate armies.
Summerville, in Richmond county, is a beautiful suburb of the city of Augusta, with which it is connected by an electric rail way. It contained in its corporated limits according to the census of 1900, a total population of 3,245, of whom 1,941 were whites and 1,304 colored. In Summerville is located the United States arsenal, one of the most conspicuous buildings of which is the armory built by the Confederate government. To the Southwest of the arsenal is "Monte Sano", or "Sand Hill", located on a ridge known as the Sand Hills, stretching southwestward from Au gusta. "Monte Sano" is a part of Summerville and is a favorite residence section for many of the citizens of Augusta, some of whom reside there the year round, while others make it their sum mer home.

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397

Summit, an incorporated town of Emanuel county, is on the Millen & Southwestern railroad, ten miles northeast of Stillmore. It is one of the important towns of the county, has a money order postofnce, express and telegraph offices, a number of mercantile concerns, a few factories, large shipping interests, and in 1900 had a population of 264.
Sumner, an incorporated town in Worth county, reported a pop ulation of 333 in 1900. It is located on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, about nine miles southeast of Isabella, has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an express office, several stores with good trade, and does considerable shipping.
Sumter, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Sumter county, is a station on the Albany & Columbus division of the Central of Georgia railway, four miles north of Smithville.
Sumter County was laid out from Lee in 1831 and was named for Gen. Thomas Sumter, of Virginia, who commanded the South Carolina troops during the war of the Revolution, and who, by his dashing leadership, won the sobriquet of the "Game Cock." It is situated in the western part of the state and is bounded on the north by Schley and Macon counties, on the east by Dooly and Crisp, on the south by Lee and Terrell and on the west by Web ster and Marion. A northern projection is bounded on the west by Schley and the Flint river forms the eastern boundary. The surface is level or gently rolling, and the- soil is generally fertile. All the usual farm products are raised in this county, a number of market gardens are successfully operated and a considerable quan tity of fruit is shipped. The forests have been worked for many years, but there is still some yellow pine left, which a number of saw-mills are rapidly converting into lumber for the market. The main line of the Seaboard Air Line railway and two branches of the Central of Georgia traverse the county, providing excellent facilities for transportation. Americus is the county seat. Plains, Desoto, Andersonville and Leslie are the principal towns. The population in 1900 was 26,212, an increase of 4,105 during the decade.
Sunbury, one of the early settlements of Georgia, was located on a bluff on the south side of the Medway river, not far from the -present village of Octagon. The site was first observed by Oglethorpe, while on one of his exploring expeditions in January, 1734, but the place was not settled until 1758. On Oct. 4, 1757, Mark Carr was granted 500 acres of land, including the bluff, and in the following June he transferred 300 acres to James Maxwell, Ken-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

neth Baillie, John Elliott and John Steyens, as trustees, to lay out the town. Its growth was rapid and in 1760 it was made a port of entry. A fort was built for the protection of the people (See Fort Morris) and its prominence continued until after the Revolution, when its trade was gradually diverted to Savannah and it sank into insignificance. A few families now live where this historic town once stood.
Sunhill, a post-village of Washington county, with a population of 50, is a station on the Central of Georgia railway, about half-way between Tennille and Davisboro. It has a good local trade and does some shipping.
Sunnyside, one of the important towns of Spalding county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railway, not far from the Henry county line. It has a money order postoffice, express of fice, several mercantile concerns, and does a good shipping busi ness. The population in 1900 was 220. This place was for years the home of Capt. John Mclntosh Kell, who was for some time first officer on the Confederate cruiser Alabama.
Sunset, a post-hamlet of Colquitt county, is a station on the At lantic & Birmingham railroad, eight miles southwest of Moultrie.
Superior Courts. (See Courts, Superior). Supreme Court. (See Court, Supreme). Surrency, a town of Appling county, is on the Macon & Bruns wick division of the Southern railroad, twelve miles east of Baxley. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, im portant shipping interests, several stores doing a good business, and in 1900 had a population of 190. Susina, a post-village in the southeastern part of Grady county, with a population of 58, is a trading center for that part of the county. The nearest railroad station is Pinepark, eight miles north on the Atlantic Coast Line. Sutallee, a post-hamlet in the western part of Cherokee county, is eight miles from Canton, which is the nearest railroad station. Sutlive, William Greene, managing editor of the Savannah Press, a well ordered daily paper, is known as one of the representative newspaper men of the state and has attained to his present re sponsible position through his own well directed efforts, his entire business career having been one of close identification with jour nalism. He was born in Clayton, Barbour county, Ala., and in the public schools of his native place he secured his early educa tional discipline. He is a son of John W. and Etta (Kirkland) Sutlive. the former now being deceased. John Wesley Sutlive was

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399

born in Tennessee, but was for many years a.resident of Georgia, whence he went forth as a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war. He was possessed of distinctive literary ability, and his poems and short stories appeared at frequent intervals in the Macon and Savannah papers, in the early 70's. As a youth Will iam G. Sutlive came to Savannah and secured employment in the business office of the Savannah Times. When that paper sus pended publication he secured a position in the business office of the Savannah Press, for which he later became a reporter. After five years of effective service on the reportorial staff he was made city editor, and later was promoted to his present office of man aging editor. In 1905-6 he holds the office, of commandant of Francis S. Bartow Camp, United Sons of Confederate Veterans, Savannah, and is past chancellor of Excelsior Lodge, No. 8, Knights of Pythias, a member of Oglethorpe Lodge, No. 1, Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and the local lodge of the Wood men of the World. On June 28, 1898, Mr. Sutlive was united in marriage to Miss Josephine Laffitteau, and they have four chil dren.
Sutton, a post-village of Tift county, with a population of 49 in 1900, is about six miles northwest of Tifton, and is a trading cen ter for the neighborhood in which it is situated. The nearest rail
road station is Ruby, on the Georgia Southern & Florida. Suwanee, a town in the northwestern part of Gwinnett county,
is at the junction of the Lawrenceville and the Southern railroads,
and in 1900 reported a population of 247. It has a money order postofKce, with rural free delivery routes emanating from it, ex press and telegraph service, important mercantile and shipping
interests, schools, churches, etc.
Swainsboro, the county seat of Emanuel county, is at the junc tion of the Stillmore Air Line and the Swainsboro & Red Bluff railroads, and in 1900 reported a population of 895. It was incor porated by act of the legislature in 1853, has express and tele graph service, a money order postofKce, with rural free delivery, a court-house that cost $30,000, two banks, a number of manufac tories, several good business houses, excellent schools, good church buildings and attractive homes. About 5,000 bales of cotton are handled here every season and there are large shipments of naval stores.

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,.,,,..

Swann, Thomas C., was a man of im

pregnable sincerity and integrity and

made his life count for good in all its

relations. He was a typical American.

His passion for honesty, for fair play, for

straight dealing was the key to his per

sonal character and business success.

The enterprise and pluck with which he

built up the Covington cotton mills, at

Covington, Newton county, indicated his

tenacity of purpose and his distinctive,

initiative ability, and the enterprise

which he thus founded stands as a monu

ment to his aggressiveness and honest dealing. Mr. Swann was

endowed with a fine mind, a wonderful memory, and these attri

butes, as taken in connection with his ready "Irish wit" and his.

pleasant, genial manner, gained and retained to him the stanchest

of friends, their number being limited only by the circle of his ac

quaintanceship. Thomas C. Swann was born in Newton county,

Ga., Jan. 1, 1849. His father, Thomas D. Swann, was a prosperous

planter in this county prior to the Civil war, in which he and his.

older sons went forth to do gallant service as leal and loyal sol

diers of the Confederacy. The subject of this memoir was in his

'teens at the time of the outbreak of the war, and was too young

to enter the service. His father was made lieutenant in his com

pany, which was a part of the regiment of Georgia infantry .com

manded by Colonel Richardson. Thomas C. Swann received his

education in the schools of his native county, where he was reared

to- maturity and where the greater portion of his life was passed.

He manifested sterling characteristics and marked business abil

ity even as a youth, and his life was guided and governed by a

spirit of the loftiest integrity and honor. In 1872 he engaged in

the general merchandise business in Conyers, Rockdale county,

where he remained seven years, meeting with success in his en

terprise. He then removed to Covington, where he continued in

the mercantile business until his death, which occurred March 9,

1906. When thus summoned from the scene of life's endeavors,

his interests were many and varied. He was president of the Cov

ington cotton mills, of the Bank of Newton county, of the Eagle

Gold Mining Company, of Logan, Id., and of the Swann-Davis

Mercantile Company. He was president of the Covington & Ox

ford Street Railway Company for years, but retired from this of-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

401

fice before his death in order to have more time for other interests. Mr. Swann was a steadfast and loyal supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party and he ever took a deep in terest in public affairs, particularly those of a local nature. For a number of years he was a member of the board of county commis sioners and at different times served the town as mayor, council man and chairman of the board of education. It had been his intention to retire from active business and travel for his health and pleasure, but in the prime of life and the midst of his greatest usefulness, death's summons came and ended all his earthly plans. He loved his town and did much to add to its reputation and to forward its civic and material interests, leaving an impress upon Covington that can not but endure for years. In 1873 Mr. Swann was united in marriage to Miss. Elizabeth Stowers, of Oxford, Miss., and she survives him. To them were born three children: Stella, who died in 1883; Olive, wife of J. H. Porter,of Covington; and Thomas C, Jr., who likewise remains a resident of Covington. Mr. Swann's steadfast devotion to his family did not en tirely absorb the love of his great heart. His tenderness went out to all humanity and was manifested by many acts of noble gener osity to the needy. All classes went to him for advice, being as sured of wise and sympathetic counsel, and he always inspired them with confidence and hope and found a way to assist them. He was a distinct man. He was a good man. His was the faith that makes faithful, and his name and personality will long be remembered in the community in which he so long made his home.
Sweat, Frank L., a prominent and in
fluential citizen and business man of
Douglas, Coffee county, and an ex-mem
ber of the state senate, was born in the
vicinity of Waycross, Ware county, Ga.,
March 19, 1866, a son of Capt. James A.
and Serena (Miller) Sweat, the former
born near Blackshear, Pierce county,
Ga., and the latter at Waresboro, Ware
county. Captain Sweat was in command
of a company during the Indian war and
thus gained his title, but was too old to
be eligible for service in the Civil war, prior to which he had been a large slaveholder. He was a man of influence and of sterling character and died at the age of sixty-one years. He had large plantation interests and also engaged in the
26 in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

raising of live stock upon an extensive scale. His wife survived him by a number of years. Frank L. Sweat was educated in the common schools of Ware county, Ga., and at Madison, Fla. He has been identified with the turpentine and timber business since he was twenty years of age and has been very successful in his business operations. He now has interests in turpentine produc tion and lumbering in Georgia, Florida and Alabama, and is also concerned in banking, wholesale grocery business and railroad enterprises, his reputation, both as a citizen and business man, be ing unassailable. He became interested in the Douglas, Augusta & Gulf railroad at the time of its. organization, took stock in the company, of which he is now a director and general superintend ent. In a fraternal way he is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias. In politics he is an uncompromising Democrat, and is an active worker in the party cause. He represented the fifth district in the state senate from 1902 to 1904 and proved a valuable working member of that body. He was the author of the bill providing that only pure spirits of turpentine be permitted to be manufac tured in the state, and this act has worked to great advantage in doing away with the adulteration of such products. He also in troduced various other bills and was a member of a number of important senate committees. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Feb. 3, 1897, Mr. Sweat was united in marriage to Miss Minnie Lee Lott, daughter of John M. Lott. They have no children.
Sweat, Joel L., one of the prominent members of the bar of Ware county, is established in the practice of his pro fession in Waycross, the county seat. He is-a veteran of the Civil war, an exmember of the state legislature and served seven years on the bench of the superior courts of the Brunswick cir cuit. He was born in that part of Ware county which is now included in the county of Pierce, Sept. 21, 1847, a son of Samuel and Maria (Strickland) Sweat, both of whom died when he was a boy. His paternal grandfather, Nathaniel Sweat, was a soldier in the Continental line in the war of the Revolution, with the North Caro lina troops. Judge Sweat secured his early education in the schools of his native county and about four months prior to his fifteenth

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

403

birthday he tendered his services in defense of the Confederate cause. In May, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company G, Fourth Georgia cavalry, with which he served, under Colonel Clinch, along the Georgia coast, and later was with General Wheeler in the memorable campaign around Atlanta, following Sherman to Savannah. The -youthful but loyal soldier took part in a number of hotly contested engagements and continued with his command in active service until the close of the war. He had,at tended Blackshear academy prior to his enlistment, and after the close of the war he located in Homerville, Clinch county, where he was identified with mercantile pursuits until 1869, having in the meanwhile given careful attention to the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in that year. He then engaged in the practice of his profession in Homerville, where he remained until 1887, when he removed to W.aycross, where he has since been actively and successfully engaged in the general practice of his profession, save as his official duties have placed demands upon his time and attention. Judge Sweat has ever been found aligned as a stanch supporter,of the principles of the Democratic party, and in 1875-6 he was chief clerk of the-house of representatives of Georgia; in 1880-81 he represented Clinch county in the state legislature, and was chosen as his own successor in. 1882,-thus serving two terms. He was judge of the superior courts of the Brunswick circuit for seven years and made an admirable record as a jurist. He.retired from the bench on Jan. 1, 1899. He is attorney for the Atlantic & Birmingham Railway Company, the First National bank of Waycross, the Waycross Electric Light and -Power Company and the South Atlantic Car and Manufacturing Company. He is identified with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity and with the United Confederate Veterans, and both he and his wife hold mem bership in the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Jan. 10, 1869, Judge Sweat was united in marriage to Miss Margaret M. Hitch, daughter of Sylvanus and Annie A. (Nicholls) Hitch, of Homerville, and they became the parents of two children, Lee L., who is now a practicing attorney in Waycross, and Lulu M., who died in young womanhood.
Sweden, a post-hamlet in the extreme northwest corner of Pickens county, is eight miles west of Talking Rock, which is the nearest railroad station.,
Sweetgum, a post-village of Fannin county, with a population of 50 in 1900, is a station on the Murphy division of the Atlanta,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Knoxville & Northern railroad, and is not far from the North Caro lina line.
Sweetwater Creek is a small stream in the southern part of Paulding and Cobb Counties. As Hood was marching northward in the fall of 1864 there was skrimishing along this creek from October 1st to the 3rd, between the cavalry of Wheeler and Kilpatrick.
Swifton, a post-hamlet of Upson county, is about twelve miles southwest of Culloden, which is the most convenient railroad sta tion.
Swindel, a post-village of Liberty county, reported a population of 100 in 1900. It is located on a branch of the Cannouchee river, twelve miles northwest of Hinesville, and is a trading center for that section of the county. The nearest railroad station is Moody, on the Glennville & Register road.
Sybert, a post-hamlet of Lincoln county, is near the headwaters of Soap creek, six miles west of Lincolnton. The most convenient railroad station is Washington.
Sycamore, a town of Turner county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Sept. 29, 1891. It is located on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, about six miles southeast of Ashburn, and in 1900 had a population of 274. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, telegraph and express service, a money or der postoffice, which supplies the adjacent rural districts with mail through the medium of several free delivery routes, and good edu cational and religious advantages.
Sylvan Grove. On the evening of Nov. 26, 1864, Murray's brigade went into camp at Sylvan Grove, about ten miles east of Gibson. The Eighth Indiana and Second Kentucky cavalry were posted at the forks of the road as a picket and about midnight were attacked by a detachment of Wheeler's cavalry. The fighting con tinued until daylight, when the two regiments were withdrawn under heavy fire, with a loss of 70 men, and the Federals took up the march toward Waynesboro.
Sylvania, the county seat of Screven county, is the terminus of a short railroad connecting it with the Central of Georgia at Rockyford. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1854, though it was the county seat long previous to that date. The militia dis trict in which it is situated had in 1900 a population of 3,135, al though the town proper contained only 545 inhabitants. It is an important shipping point for the county and handles large quan tities of lumber, turpentine, cotton, sugar-cane, fruits and vege-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

405

tables. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, several successful mer cantile houses, a lumber company, an oil mill and a court house and jail valued at $20,000.
Sylvester, the county seat of Worth county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1897. In 1900 it had in its corporate limits 552 inhabitants and 1,612 in its entire militia district. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, two banks, express and telegraph offices, saw-mills, two flour and grist mills and several stores doing a profitable business. About 3,000 bales of cotton are handled annu ally by the merchants and shippers of the town and the people have good school and church privileges.

T
Tailscreek, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is in the valley of
the Cartecay river, eight miles west of Ellijay, which is the near est railroad station.
Tait, Charles, was born in Louisa county, Va., in 1768. He re ceived a liberal education, studied law and was admitted to the bar in Georgia. He was made judge of the superior court; was elected United States senator in 1809 to fill the unexpired term of John Milledge, and served until 1816. He then removed to Wilcox county, Ala., where he died Oct. 7, 1835.
Talbot county was laid out in 1827 and named for Hon. Matthew Talbot, for years a member of the Georgia legislature and gover nor of the state to succeed William Rabun. The county lies in the western part of the state and is bounded on the north by Meriwether county, on the northeast by Upson, on the east by Taylor, on the south by Taylor and Muscogee and on the west by Harris and Muscogee. The Flint river flows along the northeastern side and separates it from Upson. The surface is hilly, and the Oak Mountains cross the northern part of the county, where the soil is brown, with red clay subsoil, and covered with hardwood forests. In the south the soil is gray, sandy or gravelly and the growth is long-leaf, pine. Corn, wheat, oats, field and ground peas, cotton and potatoes are the staple productions. Peaches, plums, apples, pears and cherries are the principal fruits raised. The Flint river and the tributaries of the Chattahoochee furnish water-power, part of which is utilized. The county is well supplied with facilities for travel and shipping. Talbotton is the county seat. Geneva is also a thriving town. The population, according to the census of

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

1900 was 12,197, a loss of 1,061 since 1890. The schools are good and at Talbotton there are two excellent private schools, the Collinsworth institute, and LeVert female college.
Talbot, Matthew, governor and legislator, was born in Virginia. He settled in Wilkes county, Ga., which he repeatedly represented in the legislature, but later removed to Oglethorpe county. In 1798 he was a member of the convention which drafted the state constitution ; was elected state senator in 1808; president of the senate from 1818 to 1821 and became governor ex-officio on the death of Governor Rabun, in 1819. He died in Wilkes county, Sept. 17, 1827. Talbot county was named in his honor.
Talbotton, the county seat of Talbot county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1828 and in 1860 was reincorporated. It has a high location with invigorating air and good, cool water. By it flows Lazer creek. It has a court house worth $20,000, a bank, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, successful business houses, a cotton seed oil mill, many attractive residences and excellent schools. The Le Vert female college, and the Collinsworth institute were noted in stitutions before the Civil war and are now a part of the public school system. The Masonic hall gives the town a good audience room for meetings and entertainments. Talbotton handles about 6,000 bales of cotton annually. The population of the entire Tal botton district in 1900 was 1,963, and of these 1,131 lived in the corporate limits of the town.
Talc. There are three principal varieties of this mineral, foli ated, steatite and pseudomorphic, with numerous subdivisions of each. The foliated variety is of little importance as a commercial product. Steatite, or soapstone as it is commonly called, is of compact massive form and is extensively used for lining stoves, furnaces, etc. Ground to a fine powder it is used as lubricator for reducing the friction in machinery, and by dealers in fitting shoes and gloves. Mixed with cheap grades of soap it makes them as pleasant to the touch as the finest brands, and it frequently forms the basis of toilet and cosmetic powders. Cut into small blocks, it is sold as "French chalk," so largely used by tailors. When mixed with rubber it renders it more elastic and less liable to crack. It is also used as an ingredient in patent wall plaster, as a moulding sand, in the manufacture of wall paper, and for a num ber of other purposes. Talc is found in several places in Georgia along the line of contact between the Paleozoic and Crystalline areas. It has been mined in Fannin, Murray and Cherokee coun-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

407

ties,, with more or less success, for a number of years. The most important deposit is probably at Mineral Bluff, Fannin county. The talc from these quarries is compact and of a dark gray or blue color. It occurs in veins ranging from a few inches to several feet in thickness. The Murray county deposits are similar, both in formation and character. White talc is found in the marble belt running from Fannin to Cherokee county and a beautiful light green variety is found near Spring Place in Murray. The product of the Georgia talc quarries amount to about $5,000 a year, though the possibilities exist for a much larger output. The pseudomorphic variety, like the foliated, is of comparatively little value.
Taliaferro, a post-hamlet of Chattooga county, is a station on the Central of Georgia railroad, about three miles south of Lyerly.
Taliaferro, Benjamin, was a native of Virginia. His opportuni ties to acquire an education were limited, but he made the best of them. During the Revolutionary war he served under Morgan and was captured by the British at Charleston. After the war he settled in Georgia; was elected state senator; delegate to the con stitutional convention of 1798; representative in Congress in 1798 and again in 1800; and later was judge of the superior court. He died in Wilkes county in 1821. Taliaferro county was named in his honor.
Taliaferro County was formed in 1825 from Wilkes, Warren, Hancock, Greene and Oglethorpe. It was enlarged by the addition of a part of Hancock in 1828, and by parts of Wilkes in 1828 and 1835. It was named for Col. Benjamin Taliaferro. It is situated in the eastern part of the state and is bounded on the north and north east by Wilkes county, on the east and southeast by Warren, on the south by Hancock, on the west and southwest by Greene and on the northwest by Oglethorpe. Little river and the North and South Forks of the Ogeechee cross the county, and the lands along the streams are very fertile. The staple productions are corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, upland cotton, field and ground peas. Garden vegetables and the usual fruits are also raised. Crawfordville is the county seat. It is located near the center of the county on the line of the Georgia railroad. Nye, Sharon, Robinson and Hillman are the principal towns. The popu lation in 1900 was 7,912, a gain of 621 during the decade.
Talking Rock, an incorporated town in the northern part of Pickens county, is a station on the Atlanta, Knoxville & North ern railroad, and in 1900 reported a population of 102. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, some ship-

408

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ping interests, and is the principal trading point in that section of the county.
Tallapoosa, the metropolis of Haralson county, is on a branch of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta to Birmingham, Ala., and is a comparatively new town, having been incorporated by act of the general assembly in 1860, four years after the county was organized. It is now quite a busy place and by the census of 1900 showed a population of 2,128 inhabitants, while the entire district had 3,005. It has a money order postoffice, with rural serv ice, express and telegraph offices, a bank, a glass works, shops of the Southern railway, a gold mining plant, an iron company which makes a specialty of iron for car wheels, several prosperous mer cantile establishments, good schools, and churches of the leading sects. Besides the Southern railway connection mentioned above there is a short line from Alabama which has its northern terminus at Tallapoosa. About 3,000 bales of cotton find a market here every year.
Tallulah Falls, an incorporated town in Rabun county, is lo cated on the Tallulah river, a short distance above its confluence with the Chattooga, and not far from the Habersham county line. The population in 1900 was 134. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, some manufacturing enterprises, a weekly independent newspaper called the Echo, and affords a mar ket for a considerable portion of the products of the county.
Here are the picturesque falls, from which the town takes its name. The Tallulah river flows through a range of mountains, the banks along the falls being from two hundred to five hundred feet high, perpendicular, and worn into grotesque shapes by the action of the water. There are four vertical falls, ranging from fifteen to eighty feet in height, and a number of smaller cascades.
Tallulah Lodge, a village of Habersham county, with a popula tion of 50 in 1900, is on the Tallulah Falls railway, near the Rabun county line. It has a money order postoffice, an express office, some stores with good local trade, and does some shipping.
Talmage, a post-hamlet of Pickens county, is near the Cherokee county line, twelve miles west of Tate, which is the nearest rail road station.
Talmo, a post-village of Jackson county, is a station on the branch of the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern railroad that runs from Bellmont to Jefferson, and in 1900 had a population of 46. It is a trading and shipping point of some importance to that sec tion of the county.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

409

Talona, a post-village of Gilmer county, with a population of 58 in 1900, is a station on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway, seven miles south of Ellijay.
Tanner, William A., station master of the Union Station at Au gusta, is one of the well known and distinctively popular citizens of that city, and is also an honored veteran of the Confederate serv ice in the Civil war. He was born in Rutherfordton, Rutherford county, N. C, Jan. 31, 1839, and that county was likewise the birth place of his parents, Andrew and Susan (DuPriest) Tanner. When William A. was a small child his parents undertook to immigrate to the state of Missouri, this being before the period of railway construction in more than a very limited way. They set forth on the long overland trip, utilizing a large covered wagon for the transportation of the family and household effects. As the result of exposures while en route the father was taken ill, and died in the city of Louisville, Ky. The widowed mother and her seven children then returned to North Carolina, and she passed the clos ing years of her life in Augusta, Ga., attaining the extremely ven erable age of ninety-eight years. So far as known to the subject of this sketch, only two of the seven children are living, he himself being the elder of the two. His brother, George C., who was formerly a United States consul in both Belgium and Germany, is now employed in the department of the interior of the United States government, in the city of Washington. Daniel F. Tanner, the eldest brother, served throughout the Civil war as one of Gen. Wade Hampton's scouts and made a brilliant record. Francis D., another brother served as courier for Gen. James Longstreet, and George C., previously mentioned, was also in the Confederate service. William A. Tanner, to whom this sketch is dedicated was in the Confederate service during practically the entire period of the war, as a bugler in Gen. Wade Hampton's brigade. General Hampton remained his warm personal friend during the remainder of his life, and frequently visited Mr. Tanner in his home in Augus ta. All four of the Tanner brothers made fine records as loyal and valiant supporters of the cause of the Confederacy. Mr. Tan ner received his earlier educational discipline in the schools of : Rutherford county, N. C., and supplemented this by attending the free schools of Augusta, Ga., to which city his mother removed with her family in 1850. This city has thus been his home for more than half a century. In 1854 Mr. Tanner became identified with railroad affairs and since that year he has been the greater portion of the time in the employ of the Georgia Railroad Company,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

serving in various capacities and winning promotion through abil ity and fidelity. He was, of course, retired from the railway service during the period of the war between the states. In 1890 he was appointed to his present position as station master of the union passehger station of Augusta and is popular alike with the rail road officials, those employed under his direction, and the traveling public. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party; is affil iated with Camp No. 435, United Confederate Veterans, and also with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He and his wife are members of St. James church, Methodist Episcopal South, in which he is a steward. On Jan. 4, 1870, Mr. Tanner was united in marriage to Miss Isabella W. Cooper, daughter of William H. and Ellen Jane (Henderson) Cooper, of Augusta, and they have three children William W., Ellen J. and Susan I.
Tanner's Bridge. Some historians mention an engagement here on May 15, 1864, as the Federal forces were advancing upon Dalton. The official records of the war department make no note of such a place, but mention Tanner's Ferry, on the Oostanaula, as be ing the scene of a skirmish on this date. (See Resaca).
Tanner's Ferry, on the Oostanaula river, is a little southwest of Resaca. (For skirmish here see Resaca).
Tapley, a post-hamlet of Irwin county, is about four miles north west of Irwinton, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Tarboro, a village in the western part of Camden county, re ported a population of 162 in 1900. It has a money order postoffice and is the principal trading point in that section of the county. Whiteoak, four miles east on the Seaboard Air Line, is the nearest railroad station.
Tarrytown, a post-hamlet of Montgomery county, is a short dis tance east of a station of the same name on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad.
Tarver, a town in the southern part of Echols county, was in corporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 15, 1887. It is located on the branch of the Atlantic Coast Line railway that runs south from Dupont Junction, and in 1900 had a population of 62. It has a money order postoffice, and express office, a few stores, and does some shipping.
Tarver, James B., the head of the wholesale and retail grocery firm of J. B, & W. H. Tarver, of Columbus, has here been consec utively engaged in this line of business for nearly a quarter of a century and is one of the honored and valued citizens of the city where he has attained to well merited success. He was born at

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Enon, Bullock county, Ala., Feb. 10, 1849, a son of James Monroe and Rachel Jones (Banks) Tarver, the former of whom was born in Upson county, Ga., and the latter at Culloden, Monroe county.
The father was a farmer and merchant and served as a member of the Alabama Home Guards in the Confederate service during the Civil war. He died in 1896, his cherished and devoted wife passing away a few months later in the same year. The paternal grandparents of the subject of this sketch were Elijah and Dicy Tarver, the former of whom came to Georgia from North Carolina. The maternal grandparents were James J. and Hannah Banks. Mr. Tarver has one brother, M. W. Tarver, of James, Bul lock county, Ala., the two being the only living representatives of the immediate family. James B. Tarver secured his earlier educa tional discipline in the schools of Btillock county, and supplemented this by a course in the old Auburn college, at Auburn, Ala. He continued his studies until he had attained to the age of twenty years, and for several years thereafter was associated with his father in the management of the latter's general store at Enon, as well as in the supervision of the home plantation. Later he and his father conducted a mercantile business at Guerryton, in the same county, under the firm name of J. M. & J. B. Tarver. In 1884 the son withdrew from the firm and removed to,Columbus, Ga., where he has since been successfully established in the whole sale and retail grocery trade, now being one of the oldest merchants in this line to be found in this city, so far as continuous business as sociation is involved. For the first two years he was a member of the firm of Pearce & Tarver; from 1886 to 1900 he conducted the enterprise individually, under the title of J. B. Tarver & Co., on Jan. 1, 1900, he admitted his elder son to partnership, under the firm name of J. B. & W. H. Tarver, which is still retained. The large and well equipped establishment of the firm is located at 1249 Broad street. Mr. Tarver is a member of the Columbus board of trade, is a Democrat in his political proclivities and is affiliated with the Royal Arcanum. He is a valued member of the board of trustees of the Columbus public schools, and both he and his wife are zealous members of St. Luke's church, Methodist Episcopal South, of which he is a steward. On Feb. 10, 1874. Mr. Tarver was

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united in marriage to Miss Sallie Hannah Banks, daughter of the late Newton P. Banks, of Opelika, Ala., and they have four children Rosalie, wife of H. M. Wade,-of Columbus; William H., asso ciated with his father in business; Clifford, and Annie Belle.
Tarver, James E., is the owner of a large wholesale and retail hardware establishment, one of the most important and best known of the sort in the city of Augusta, where he is held in high regard as a reliable and progressive business man and loyal citizen. He was born on the old Tarver plantation in Burke county, Ga., Jan. 1, 1857, a son of Noah S. and Narcissa (Youngblood) Tarver, both born in that county, the former in 1822 and the latter in 1834. Noah S. .Tarver was a prosperous planter and influential citizen of'Burke county, where he passed his entire life, and died at the age of sixty-eight years. He was born on the same planta tion and in the same house as was James E. Tarver, his only living son and the present owner of the old homestead. The original dwelling, which is constructed of logs and which was erected more than a century ago, is still standing on the plantation and is still utilized as a dwelling, though the family home is a fine old resi dence erected in later years. Mrs. Narcissa (Youngblood) Tarver, now seventy-one years of age, (1906) resides with her only daughtre, Mrs. T. W. Pilcher of Augusta. James E. Tarver attended the schools of Burke county until he had attained the age of seventeen years, and for six years thereafter was associated in the manage ment of the old home plantation. In 1880 he took up his residence in Augusta where he was employed a number of years in the hard ware establishment of John B. Moore. In 1887 he associated him self with E. M. Averett, purchased the business from Mr. Moore and the enterprise was continued under the firm name of Tarver & Averett for the ensuing three years. In 1890 Mr. Tarver purchased the interest of his partner and has since remained sole proprietor of the business which is conducted under his name. The finely appointed establishment, one of the largest and most successful of the sort in the city, has been located for the past decade at 937 Broad street. In addition to the exceptionally large stock of hard ware, Mr. Tarver also carries a fine line of saddlery and harness farm implements and machinery, wagons, carriages, etc. The stock as a whole has a conservative valuation of $50,000 and the business in all departments is both wholesale and retail. Mr. Tarver is an extensive owner of valuable realty in Augusta, his real estate holdings there approximating in value $35,000, and his fine landed interests in Burke county are large, his plantation yielding large

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products of cotton each year. He is a director of the Augusta cham ber of commerce and also of the Merchants' bank. He is unswerving in his allegiance to the Democratic party, and while he has been im portuned on a number of occasions to become a candidate for the state legislature or the city council, he has invariably refused to permit the consideration of his name in the connection. He and his wife are members of the First Baptist church of Augusta. On Dec. 12, 1878 Mr. Tarver was united in marriage to Miss Jacqueline E. Farmer, daughter of the late Jackson J. Farmer of Jef ferson county, Ga. They have no children.
Tate, a town in Pickens county, is on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railroad, five miles south of Ellijay, and ,in 1900 reported a population of 100. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, important mercantile and shipping interests and good educational and religious advantages. Some of the finest marble quarries in the United States are near Tate.
Tate, Parish Carter, was born in Pickens county in 1856. He was educated in the common schools, the North Georgia agricul tural college at Dahlonega, studied law, and was admitted to prac tice in 1880. For six years he represented his district in the legis lature, during which time he served as chairman of the judiciary and railroad committees and as a member of the special committee to redistrict the state. In 1892 he ,was elected representative in Congress and reelected at each succeeding election until 1902. In 1906 he was appointed United States district attorney in Geor gia by President Roosevelt.
Tatham Mines, a post-hamlet in the northern part of McDuffie county, is not far from the Little river. Thomson is the nearest railroad station.
Tattnall County was formed from Montgomery county in 1801. Portions of it were given back to Montgomery in 1812 and in Au gust, 1905, another portion was set aside for the formation of Jeff Davis and Toombs counties. It was named in honor of Josiah Tattnall, of Chatham county, who was prominent in the affairs of Georgia for many years. Before the formation of the new coun ties the boundaries were as follows: Bulloch and Bryan on the northeast, Liberty on the east and southeast, Wayne and Appling on the South, and Montgomery and Emanuel on the west. The Altamaha and the Ogeechee rivers with their tributaries drain the land. Tattnall is noted for its fine climate. The northern portion of the county is hilly, but toward the south the surface becomes level. The soil is fertile and the leading productions are corn.

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wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, peas, cotton and sugar-cane. Melons and all vegetables are raised and lumber and naval stores are shipped to Savannah. Railroad accommodations are good. The Seaboard Air Line runs east and west through the center of the county, the Glennville & Register runs north and south through the eastern part, the Stillmore Air Line runs northwest from Collins, and a short road called the Collins & Reidsville connects the latter place with the Seaboard Air Line. Reidsville is the county seat. Claxton, Hagan, Glennville, Collins and Manassas are thriv ing towns. The population in 1900 was 20,419, an increase of over 10,000 in the preceding ten years.
Tattnall, Edward, was a native of Savannah and a member of one of Georgia's historic families. He held several local offices, was elected to Congress as a representative in 1820 and was twice reflected.
Tattnall, Josiah, soldier and statesman, was born at Bonaventure, near Savannah, in 1762. During the Revolution his father and grandfather, who sympathized with the mother country, sought refuge in England and their estates were confiscated. When Josiah was eighteen years of age he ran away from home, came to Amer ica, joined the Continental army and served to the close of the war. In recognition of his services in the cause of independence part of the confiscated estates were returned to him. After the war he was active in putting the militia of the state on a sound footing, serving as captain of the Chatham artillery, colonel of the First regiment and brigadier of the state forces. In 1793 he was elected to the legislature; was made state senator in 1796, and governor in 1802. He died at Nassau, in the West Indies, June 6, 1803.
Tattnall, Commodore Josiah, was born at the Bonaventure estate near Savannah, Ga., Nov. 9, 1795, and was the son of Josiah Tattnall, born at the same place, who, when his parents during the war for American .independence, returned to England, espoused the cause of the patriots, served under Wayne and Greene, re ceived a portion of his father's confiscated estate and became United States senator and governor of Georgia. The younger Josiah Tattnall was educated in England, but leaving that country in 1811, entered the United States navy as a midshipman, Jan. 1, 1812. He saw service on Craney island and at the battle of Bladensburg, during the second war with Great Britain, then with Decatur's squadron in the Algerian war, also on the Macedonian in the Pacific 1818-21. In 1828 he cut out the Spanish cruiser, Federal, and rendered other important service to commerce in the Gulf,

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on account of which he was given a service of plate by the mer chants of Vera Cruz and New Orleans. In 1838 he was in charge of the Boston navy yard and in 1843 received great commendation for saving the Saratoga from sinking in a hurricane. During the war with Mexico he won distinction in the bombardment of Tuxpan, where he was wounded, and in command of the "Mosquito" division of the American squadron covered the landing of Scott's army at Vera Cruz. For distinguished services he received from Georgia a sword and a vote of thanks. Promoted to captain in 1850 he performed delicate duty during the Cuban insurrection. While flag officer of the Asiatic squadron in 1857 he interfered to protect a British vessel from an attack of the Chinese, excusing his breach of neutrality by the declaration "Blood is thicker than water," and public opinion justified him. Resigning his commission in the United States navy in 1861 he threw in his lot with the Confederate States, served with credit on the Georgia coast, then as commander of the Merrimac or Virginia, after the wounding of Admiral Frank lin Buchanan, and later in command of the Confederate naval force at Savannah. At the evacuation of that city he destroyed his fleet and, repairing to Augusta, was there included in the surrender of Johnsfon's army. He resided at Halifax from 1866 to 1870, when, returning to Savannah, he served as inspector of that port, an office created for him and abolished after his death, which occurred June 14, 1871.
Tax, a post-hamlet of Talbot county, is ten miles northwest of Talbotton and five miles east of Shiloh, the latter being the nearest railroad station.
Taxes. On all property within the state taxes constitute the first lien. When property is sold for taxes the owner has one year in which to redeem it by the payment of all taxes and penal ties. This is the only redemption in the state where property is sold under the judicial authority.
Taylor, Augustus P., M. D., has been successfully established in the practice of his profession at Thomasville, Thomas county, for more than thirty years, and is known and esteemed as one of the able and popular physicians and surgeons of that section of the state. He was born in Jefferson county, Fla., March 4, 1849, a son of Joshua and Margaret (Pullen) Taylor, both natives of Washing ton county, Ga., where the former was born June 1, 1813, and the latter May 1, 1824. When Joshua Taylor was about seven years old, his parents, Andrew Taylor and wife, Polly (Askew) Taylor, removed from Washington county, Ga., to Florida, and located on

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fertile tracts of land on the Miccosukee lake in Jefferson and Leon counties. The family home was thus established in Florida about 1820 and there Joshua Taylor was reared to maturity and took
part in the Indian wars of that territory while still a youth, having been made first lieutenant in his company of volun teers. He took part in the severe fight in the cove on the Withlacoochee river, and continued in active service until the. Indians were quelled. In 1839 he was commissioned major in the Florida mili tia, and after the territory was admitted to the Union he represented Jefferson county in the state legislature. He later returned to Georgia, and at the time of the Civil war was a member of the state militia in the Confederate service, on duty around the city of Atlanta. Dr. Augustus P. Taylor secured his early educa tional training in private schools at Thomasville and in 1870, at the age of twenty-one years, he was graduated in the medical depart ment of the University of the City of New York, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine and coining forth admirably equipped for the work of his chosen calling. Since 1871 he has been contin uously engaged in practice in Thomasville, where his success has been unqualified and where his prestige best indicates the hold which he has upon popular confidence and regard. He is a member of the state board of health and is also identified with the Medical Association of Georgia. In politics he is a stalwart supporter of the principles and policies of the Democracy, is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and his wife is a Presbyterian. On Nov. 18, 1887, Dr. Taylor was united in marriage to Miss Elfleda Bennett, daughter of Thomas R. and Mary (Townsend) Bennett, of Camilla, Ga., and they have one son, Frederic Taylor, born Sept. 26, 1888. Taylor County was created from Talbot, Crawford, Macon, Monroe and Marion in 1852 and was named for Gen. Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana, who fought in the Mexican war and was afterwards president of the United States. It lies in the western part of the state and is bounded by the following counties: Upson and Crawford on the northeast, Macon on the east, southeast and south, Schley on the south, Marion and Talbot on the west and Talbot on the northwest. The Flint river flows along the north-

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eastern border and separates the county from Upson and Crawford. Numerous tributaries of this river flow across the county from the west and drain the land. There is fine water-power along these streams and it is utilized by several mills. The timber is hard wood, yellow pine .or swamp growth, according to location, though the timber products are small. Truck farming is carried on to a great extent and thousands of acres are planted to peach, apple, pear and plum trees. Taylor county peaches are especially fine, and in great demand in the northern and eastern markets. The staple products are corn, sweet and Irish potatoes, ground and field peas, and cotton. Butler, the county seat, and Reynolds are the chief towns. A branch of the Central of Georgia Railroad traverses the county from east to west, and supplies transportation facilities. The population according to the census of 1900 was 9,846, an increase of 1,180 since 1890. In Taylor county Gen. John B. Gordon owned a plantation on which he spent a part of his time during the winter seasons.
Taylor's Creek, a village of Liberty county, is about seven miles northwest of Hinesville and in 1900 had a population of 125. It has a money order postofKce and is the principal trading center for a large agricultural district. Mclntosh, twelve miles southeast on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, is the most convenient station.
Taylor's Ridge, an elevation or mountain chain in northwestern Georgia, runs from the Tennessee line near Graysville in a south westerly direction into Chattooga county. On Nov. 27, 1863, a battle was fought at a gap in this ridge near Ringgold, (q. v.) On April 14, 1864, a slight skirmish occurred near the .same place and on the 27th of the same month Kilpatrick's pickets on the old Alabama road were cut off and attacked, nearly all the horses be longing to the outpost being captured. No casualties reported.
Taylorsville, an incorporated town in Bartow county, is located on the Cartersville & Rockmart division of the Seaboard Air Line railway, and is not far from the Polk county line. The population in 1900 was 139. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express office, mercantile and shipping interests, schools, churches, etc.
Tazewell, a village of Marion county, is on the headwaters of Buck creek, ten miles northeast of Buena Vista, which is the near est railroad station. It has a money order postoffice, with several free delivery routes emanating from it, and is the principal trading point in that part of the county. The population in 1900 was 122.
27 III

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Telfair County was laid out in 1807 and named in honor of Ed ward Telfair, twice governor of. Georgia. Parts of it were added to Montgomery in 1812 and 1820, a part was taken from Appling and added to Telfair in 1818, in 1854 a part of Telfair was given to Coffee county, and in August, 1905, still another portion was taken to help form Jeff Davis county. Previous to the formation of the last named county, the boundaries were as follows: Mont gomery on the northeast, Coffee on the southeast, Coffee and Irwin on the south, Wilcox on -the southwest and Dodge on the northwest. The Ocmulgee and Little Ocmulgee rivers, with their tributaries, drain the county. The face of the country is level and the soil is sandy, with clay subsoil. Corn, oats, sweet and Irish potatoes, cotton, rice, millet, sugar-cane and peas are the staple productions. The principal fruits are peaches, apples, plums and pears. Thousands of acres of timber still stand and there is a large trade in turpentine, lumber, rosin and shingles. The South ern and the Seaboard Air Line railways cross the county and pro vide ample facilities for transportation. McRae is th'e county seat. Helena and Lumber City are other towns. The population of the county in 1900 was 10,083, an increase of 4,406 since 1890.
Telfair, Edward, second governor of Georgia after the govern ment of the United States was established, was born in Scotland in 1735. He received his education in the grammar school of Kirkcudbright and in 1758 came to America as a representative of a commercial establishment. For some time he lived in Vir ginia, then went to Halifax, N. C., and in 1766 located at Savannah. When the rupture came between the colonies and the mother country he became a stanch supporter of the colonial cause; was a Son of Liberty; a member of the committee in July, 1774, which drew up the resolutions urging Georgia to join the other colonies in resistance to British tyranny; was one of those appointed to receive subscriptions for the relief of the sufferers from the effects of the Boston Port Bill; was with Habersham's party that rifled the Savannah powder magazine and confiscated the contents, and was a member of the Council of Safety. In February, 1778, he was elected to the Continental Congress, where he signed the ratifica tion of the Articles of Confederation; was reflected in 1780 and served to 1783, when he was appointed commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Cherokee Indians. In 1785 he was again elected to Congress, but this time did not take his seat. On Nov. 9, 1790, he became governor, succeeding George Walton, and served until Nov. 7, 1793. He died at Savannah, Sept. 17, 1807. His mansion

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in that city was converted by his daughter into the Telfair art gallery, and Telfair county is nam'ed in his honor.
Telfair, Thomas, was born near Savannah, graduated at Princeton college in 1805, studied law, was admitted to the bar and began to practice at Savannah. He was elected representative in Congress in 1812, reflected two years later and died on April 12, 1818.
Telfairville, a little village of Burke county, is fifteen miles east of Waynesboro, on the ridge between Brier creek and the Savannah river. It has a money order postoffice and some local trade. The nearest railroad station is Robbins, S. C.
Teloga, a post-hamlet of Chattooga county, is a station on the Chattanooga Southern railroad, a short distance south of the Walker county line.
Temperance Laws. In 1827 temperance societies were formed throughout the Atlantic states. Adiel Sherwood organized one in Putnam county, which was the beginning of the movement in Geor gia. By 1839 a number of such societies were scattered over the state and in that year a canvas of all the counties was made under the direction of Josiah Flournoy, the object being to secure the passage of an act to prohibit the licensing of saloons. The move ment failed of its main purpose, but charters were granted to Ox ford, Penfield and Culloden, giving the local authorities power to prohibit the sale of liquors. Very little change was made in the system of selling liquors until 1885. On September 10th, of that year, the governor approved an act of the general assembly, pro viding that on the petition of one-tenth of the voters in any county, the question of allowing or prohibiting the sale of liquors should be submitted to the people of that county at a special election. For many years prior to that time it had been the custom of the Jegislature to forbid ^.the sale of intoxicants within certain pre scribed distances of schools and churches, and under the temper ance agitation that had been going on a majority of the counties were really prohibition counties, even before the passage of the local option act. The first election under the new law was in Fulton county on Nov. 25, 1885, and resulted in a majority of 225 for prohibition. A non-resident of the state, interested in the liquor business in Atlanta, secured a temporary restraining order in the United States district court, to prevent the result from being declared. The injunction was afterward dissolved and the law stood the test in the courts, so far as its constitutionality was con cerned. Under its operation a large majority of the counties went

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"dry" as it was termed when the sale of liquors was prohibited. A slight reaction followed, however, and two years later there were sixty-four "wet" counties in the state. The local option act was amended by the legislature of 1892, providing for elections not oftener than every four years, instead of every two, and the oper ations of the law were materially strengthened by the act of Dec. 18, 1893, which prohibited manufacturers and dealers from so liciting orders for liquors in prohibition counties, either by mail or agent, except from licensed druggists and practicing physicians. The law was rendered still more effective by the legislation of 1897, which prohibited the sale of intoxicants by peddlers. Not withstanding these laws there were some who persisted in selling liquors in violation of law. The legislature of 1899, therefore, passed an act declaring nuisances all places where such liquors were sold without legal authority, and giving officers of the law authority to break open the "blind tigers," arrest the proprietors and seize their goods. This law had a salutary effect, the result be ing that the illegal sale has been reduced to a minimum, and in most places broken up entirely. About this time the dispensary system was introduced and it is now in use in a number of counties. Recent legislatures have passed acts prohibiting the manufacture of ardent spirits in counties where the prohibition or dispensary methods prevail. In counties where the sale of liquors is permitted the saloons pay a license fee to the state, the revenue derived from this source being about $175,000 for the year ending Dec. 31, 1904.
Temple, a town in the northwestern part of Carroll county, was first incorporated by act of the legislature on August 28, 1883, and a new charter was granted by the act of Nov. 23, 1901. The popu lation in 1900 was 397. It has a money order postoffice, from which a number of free delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding country, telegraph and express offices, mercantile, manufacturing and shipping interests, and good educational and religious ad vantages. It is on the branch of the Southern railway that runs from Austell into Alabama.
Templegrove, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Murray county, is about twelve miles east of Cohutta, which is the nearest railroad town.
Tennille, a town of Washington county, is located on the Central of Georgia railway between Macon and Savannah, three miles south of Sandersville, and was incorporated by act of the legisla ture in 1875. It is connected with Augusta by the Augusta South ern, and with Wrightsville, Dublin and Hawkinsville by the

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Wrightsville & Tennille railway. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, two banks, a cotton oil mill, a cotton factory spinning yarn, express and telegraph offices, a hardwood factory, novelty factory, mineral works, machine works, electric light plant, mercantile houses with a large country trade, and good schools and churches. Tennille is the second in importance of the Washington county towns, and according to the census of 1900, had a population of 1,121 within the corporate limits, while its entire militia district contained 3,195 inhabitants.
Tennille, George Francis, district man ager of the Southern Cotton Oil Com pany, with headquarters in Savannah, was born in New York city, March 6, 1873, a son of William Alexander and Clara (Tuttle) Tennille, the former born in Washington county, Ga., July 3, 1840, his death occurring Jan. 10, 1905, and the latter in Fort Gaines, Clay county, Ga., May 30, 1847, being now a resident of East Orange, N. J. The paternal great-grandfather, Lieut.-Col. Francis Tennille, was born in Prince William county, Va., in 1747, and removed to Georgia just before the inception of the war of the Revolution. He was a lieutenant in the Second battalion, Georgia brigade, in the Continental line, having been one of the first settlers of Washington county. He was an original member of the Society of the Cincin nati, his death ocurring in 1812. Other Revolutionary ancestors on the paternal side were Robert Dixon and John Jordan, both residents of Georgia and great-great-grandfathers of the subject of this sketch. In the maternal line two ancestors who assisted the colonies in the Revolution were Capt. Amos Wilson and Daniel Hudson. The founder of the Tuttle family in America was Wil liam Tuttle, who was born in England, in 1609, and died in Connec ticut, in 1673, having been in military service in the colony. Other maternal ancestors who were in the military service of America were Gen. Nathaniel Bacon, whose name is well known in history, Thomas Barnes, and Lieut. Francis Bell, the former serving in the .Pequot war, in 1637. William Alexander Tennille went forth in defense of the Confederate cause at the opening of the Civil war, becoming second lieutenant in a Georgia regiment, and taking part in numerous engagements of importance. He was twice promoted

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for gallantry on the field, the second occasion being at the battle of Gettysburg, where he was made captain of his company, and served as such until the close of the war, on the staff of General Anderson. George Francis Tennille secured his preliminary educa tion in schools of the national metropolis, and in 1894 was gradu ated in the school of mines, Columbia university, New York city; He became chemist and afterward superintendent of factories of the Central Lard Company, New York city, 1894-7, and in the latter year came to Savannah as chief chemist of the Southern Oil Com pany, of which he later became district manager. In politics he is a Democrat, and is identified with the following named organiza tions : Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and club; Chemists' club, of New York city; Society of Chemical Industry; American Chem ical society; University club, of New York city; Sons of the Rev olution, in New York; Society of the Cincinnati, in Georgia; and the Oglethorpe club, Yacht club, Cotillion club, Union society, and Chatham Hunt club, all of Savannah. On Feb. 24, 1903, Mr. Tennille was united in marriage to Miss Jessie M. Chisholm, daughter of William W. and Jessie M. (Fowke) Chisholm, of Sa vannah, and they are prominent in the social life of the city.
Terrell County was created from Lee and Randolph in 1856 and was named for Dr. William Terrell of Hancock county, a member of the Georgia legislature and representative in Congress. It is in the southwestern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Webster and Sumter counties, on the east by Lee, on the south by Dougherty and Calhoun and on the west by Randolph. The county is well watered, the soil is a gray, sandy loam, the face of the land is undulating, and there is a heavy growth of yellow pine, oak and hickory, with white oak, ash, maple, sycamore, poplar, gum, and magnolia on the streams. Much of the yellow pine has been cut away, but there is still a fine revenue from lumber. Cot ton, sweet and Irish potatoes, sugar-cane and the cereals are the principal crops raised. Melons and peaches do well and prove profitable. Sandstone is found in the county, but it is not quarried. Manufacturing attracts much attention, especially at Dawson, the county seat. Parrott, Bronwood, and Sasser are other towns. The county roads are in good condition and the wagon trade with these towns is considerable. The population of the county in 1900 was 19,023, an increase of 4,520 since 1890.
Terrell, Joseph M., the sixty-eighth incumbent of the guberna torial chair in Georgia and the present honored and distinguished governor of the great commonwealth, was born June 6, 1861, at

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Greenville, Meriwether county, Ga., and he has ever continued to make his home in that county, save for the periods of his official resi dence in the capital of the state. Governor Terrell's father, Dr. Joel E. G. Terrell, was born in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1834, and was a child at the time of his parents' removal to Meriwether county. He studied medicine in Greenville, under the preceptorship of Dr. J. W. Anthony, later had the distinction of being the first gradu ate of the Atlanta medical college, and completed effective post graduate work in famous old Jefferson medical college, of Phila delphia, from which he also received the degree of Doctor of Med icine. He established himself in practice in Greenville, became one of the best known and most loved citizens, as well as one of the most able physicians of that section of the state, and never laid aside the professional harness until death intervened to end his noble and self-abnegating career. He died, Nov. 30, 1886, having been stricken with paralysis while at the bedside of a patient, and passed away the same day. On account of physical 1 disability he was unable to render active service in the Civil war, though he did all in his power to uphold the cause of the Confederacy during the great conflict between the states. He was a son of David Meriwether Terrell, born in Wilkes county, whence he re moved to Meriwether county, as noted, there passing the remainder of his life. His death occurred on Nov. 20, 1882, at the age of more than three score and ten years. The maiden name of his first wife was Chapman and they had two children, Dr. Joel E.'G. and Ann; after her death he married Mrs. Russell, nee Boozer, and they had one daughter. He was a soldier in the Confederate service, being in the ranks of the state troops as long as they were in the field. David M. Terrell was a son of Joel and Frances (Butler) Terrell, the former having been one of the early settlers of Wilkes county, whither he removed from Virginia, his native state, and was a successful planter at the time of his death. The maiden name of Governor Terrell's mother was Sarah Rebecca Anthony, born in Wilkes county, in 1832, and her death occurred in 1895. Her grandmother was a Hamilton, of Scotch descent, and her mother was a Render, the latter family having been one of the oldest and most prominent in Meriwether county. Joseph Meriwether Ter rell secured his preliminary educational training in the.schools of his native village, attending the same until he had attained the age of fourteen years, when he assumed responsibilities which would have overburdened a less resolute and self-reliant boy, for he be came manager of his father's farm, in Meriwether county, remain-

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ing in charge of the same for the ensuing five years. His ambition for a broader sphere of endeavor had been insistently quickened in the interim, and he had determined to prepare himself for the legal profession. Concerning this period in his career and the sequelae thereof the following has been written: "Young Terrell read law for one year under the direction of Maj. John W. Park, of Greenville. It is safe to say that no young man ever studied with closer application. After standing a most creditable examina tion, he was admitted to the bar in February, 1882, by Judge Samp son W. Harris, of the Coweta circuit. He opened an office in Greenville and entered, without delay, upon the practice of his profession. From the very first his efforts were crowned with success, and he has been succeeding ever since. Business flowed in upon the young attorney from all sides. Such was his ability, his energy, his integrity, his devotion to duty that he landed, at a bound, in the confidence and affections of the people. No young man in the state ever rose more rapidly at the bar. But the people had no thought of allowing him to pursue the even tenor of his way in the court house. They saw in the magnetic and indefa tigable young lawyer all the elements which go to make the suc cessful public man. They began to call him up higher when they realized that his services were needed at the capitol. In October, 1884, he was elected to represent Meriwether county in the general assembly. He was at that time only twenty-three years of age, the youngest member of the house of representatives; but his youthfulness did not interfere at all with his usefulness. His worth was recognized at once and he was honored accordingly. He was made a member of the most important committees the judiciary, local bills, and temperance. His constituents were so well pleased with the record which he made that he was returned to the house in October, 1886, by a handsome majority. While serving his second term he was chairman of the committee on county affairs and a member of the judiciary committee. The Alliance wave swept over the county of Meriwether in 1888, and Mr. Terrell, who was a candidate for the third time, sustained the first and only defeat of his political career. But two years later, in 1890, after one of the hardest fought and most intensely exciting campaigns ever held in Georgia, he defeated the Alliance candidate and was nominated for the state senate. His opponent, not satisfied with the verdict of the party, ran in the ensuing election and became the victim of a double defeat. Honors were showered upon Mr. Terrell while state senator, and right well did he sustain his repu-

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435

tation as one of the wisest young legislators in the state. He was not only made chairman of the finance committee, but was also placed on the committee on rules, the judiciary committee, the committee on congressional districts, and the committee on public schools. It was in 1892 that Mr. Terrell, fresh from his conquests in the state senate, was called upon to serve the people in the office of attorney-general, being elected to serve two years. Two dis tinguished lawyers were his opponents for the nomination, but, by a two-thirds vote of the convention, Mr. Terrell was made the candidate. In 1894 his nomination was unanimous. He was elec ted, without opposition, in 1896, 1898 and 1900. During his long and distinguished service as attorney-general he repeatedly loomed up as a probable gubernatorial candidate. Toward the close of that service he became one of the most formidable political figures in the state. Yielding to the urgent call of friends throughout the state, Mr. Terrell resigned the office of attorney-general in Febru ary, 1902, and became a candidate for the Democratic nomination for governor. His opponents in the primary were Dupont Guerry and J. H. Estill, both of whom he defeated by a large majority. His victory at the polls was one of most gratifying order, and his commanding ability in administration as chief executive of the state gained him that constituent and popular endorsement which made him the only candidate for the office at the expiration of his first term; he was returned to the governor's chair in the election of 1904, and is at present the incumbent of the same. He has shown here, as in other official capacities, all the elements of political and popular strength, while his entire career in public life has justified the suffrages of the people and the confidence of all." In the affairs of state, as taken aside from the extraordinary conditions of warfare, there are demanded men whose mental ken is as wide and whose generalship is as effective as those which insure successful man euvering of armed forces by the skilled commander on the field of battle. The nation's welfare, progress and prosperity may be said to hinge as heavily upon individual discrimination and executive ability in the one case as the other. It requires a master mind to marshal and organize the forces for political purposes and pro duce the best results by concerted action. Such a leader is found in Governor Terrell, who has facility in practical politics, but whose labors in official capacity have thrown the partisan into complete subordination to the general good, while the very training and dis cipline which made him successful in his profession, in the halls of legislation and in the office of attorney-general, all the more

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eminently fit him for the effective discharge of the duties of the high executive position of which he is now incumbent and in which he has made and is making so enduring and admirable a record. Governor Terrell is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and both he and Mrs. Terrell are members of the Baptist church. On Oct. 19, 1886, Governor Terrell was united in marriage to Miss Jessie Lee Spivey, daughter of Thomas Spivey, who was born in Georgia, and who was for some time before his death, in 1904, a resident of Texas. For many years before moving to Texas he was one of the leading planters and influential citizens of Harris county, Ga., the Spivey home stead, about ten miles from Hamilton, being one of the fine and picturesque places of that county. Mrs. Terrell was educated in the Wesleyan college at Macon, and is a woman of gracious pres ence and marked culture, presiding right charmingly in the execu tive mansion.
Terrell, William, was born in Fairfax county, Va., in 1778. He served for several years as a member of the Georgia legislature and "was elected representative in Congress as a Democrat in 1816 and 1818, but declined a reflection in 1820. He died at Sparta, July 4, 1855.
Tesnattee, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of White county, is near the Lumpkin county line. Lula is the most conven ient railroad station.
Texas, a post-village of Heard county, is six miles southwest of Franklin. Roanoke, Ala., is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1900 'was 80.
Textile-Manufacturers Association. The depressed and unsatis factory condition of business in the textile industries in the spring of 1896 led the manufacturers in those lines to seek some plan for the mutual advancement of their interests. Accordingly a meet ing was called at Atlanta on May 13, 1896, and the Textile Manu facturers' Association was organized. The purposes of the or ganization are succinctly stated in the resolutions adopted, viz: "That it is the sense of this association that production be at once curtailed, and, in order to carry out this idea, that the chair ap point a special committee of nine, whose duty it shall be to at once correspond with all Southern mills at as early a date as possible to consider and take action on the curtailment of production." Man ufacturers of colored goods met later and decided to reduce the production not less than one-third through the months of June, July and August. Improved business conditions have obviated the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

427

necessity for the action inaugurated with the association, but the organization has been kept up for exchange of ideas and for the general good of the textile industries of the South.
Tharin, a post-hamlet of Camden county, is on a branch of the Satilla river, twelve miles east of Waverly, which is the nearest railroad station.
Thaxton, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is about twelve miles northwest of Washington,.which is the nearest railroad station.
Thebes, a post-hamlet of Liberty county, is eight miles south east of Hinesville. Mclntosh, on the Atlantic Coast Line, and Arcadia, on the Seaboard Air Line, are the most convenient rail road stations.
The Glades, a post-village of Hall county, with a population of 91 in 1900, is about four miles northwest of Lula, which is the nearest railroad station. It is a trading center for that part of the county.
Thelma, a post-town of Clinch county, is on the Georgia South ern & Florida railroad, not far from the Echols county line. It is in the Magnolia militia district and in 1900 had a population of 175. It has several stores, and does some shipping.
Thena, a post-hamlet of Washington county, is about ten miles north of Sandersville, and six miles west of Warthen, the latter being the nearest railroad station.
Theo, a post-hamlet of Mclntosh'county, is at the junction of,the Seaboard Air Line and the Darien & Western railroads, and is known to railroad men as Darien Junction. It has a money order postoffice and some shipping interests.
The Rock, an incorporated town in Upson county, is on the Barnesville & Thomaston branch of the Central of Georgia rail way, and in 1900 reported a population of 180. It has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice, and is a trading and shipping point for that section of the county.
Thirteenth Amendment. The first step toward the abolition of slavery was the president's emancipation proclamation, which be came effective on Jan. 1, 1863, but no legislative sanction was offered to that proclamation until during the first session of the 38th. Congress. On March 38, 1864, there was introduced in the senate of the United States a joint resolution, relative to a consti tutional amendment forever prohibiting slavery. After consider able discussion it was adopted and sent to the house, where it was rejected in June following. In January, 1865, it was again brought up in the house and finally passed by a vote of 119 to 50. The pro-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

posed amendment was formally submitted to the legislatures,of the states on February 1st. It was ratified by the Georgia assembly on Dec. 9, 1865, and on the 18th it was proclaimed part of the Federal constitution by the secretary of state.
Thomas, a post-village of Burke county, is a station on the Au gusta branch of the Central of Georgia railroad, about six miles south of Waynesboro. During the war it was known as Thomas Station. Here there was some sharp fighting between the cavalry forces of Wheeler and Kilpatrick on Nov. 27 and Dec. 3, 1864, Kilpatrick being supported in the latter engagement by Baird's division of infantry.
Thomas, Arthur Allan, president of the Thomas & Barton Com pany, wholesale and retail dealers in furniture, musical instruments, sewing machines, etc., in Augusta, was born in the city of Mon treal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1850, a son of Arthur Joseph and Margaret Gertrude (Haddigan) Thomas, both born in County Galway, Ire land, where they were reared and educated and where their mar riage was solemnized. Immediately afterward, about the year 1847, they came to America, remained in New York city a few weeks and then proceeded to Montreal, which was their home for many years. In 1869 they removed to Brookville, province of Ontario, Canada, where the father died in 1871, and where his widow still resides (1906) at the venerable age of eighty-two years. Arthur J. Thomas was engaged in the dry-goods business during the greater portion of his active business career in Amer ica. The family is of Welsh extraction but was early founded in Ireland. Besides the subject of this sketch three other children survived the honored father: Edward George, who resides in Aurora, 111., Isabel Mary and Florence Margaret, who remain with their widowed mother, in Brookville, Ontario. Arthur A. Thomas attended the public schools of his native city, where he also was for a time a student in Durham college. He left school at the age of fourteen years; became a clerk in a wholesale clothing house in Montreal; was thus engaged for four years, at the expiration of which, in 1868, he came to the south; passed seven years in Sa vannah, Ga.; then, in 1876, took up his residence in Augusta, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits and has ever since been con spicuously identified with the business interests of the city. A few years after locating in Augusta (about 1880) he formed a partnership with John E. Barton, under the firm name of Thomas & Barton. In 1899 the firm was merged into a stock company and incorporated under the title of the Thomas & Barton Company,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

429

Mr. Thomas being made president of the concern. The com

pany's fine establishment is located at 708-12 Broad street and is

one of the largest and finest furniture stores in the south, the

stock carried approximating $100,000 in value. In addition to the

finest imported and domestic furniture of every description the com

pany also handle pianos and other musical instruments, sewing

machines, various other lines of merchandise, and in both the retail

and wholesale departments a large and important business is con

trolled. Mr. Thomas is a Democrat in his political allegiance, is

a communicant of St. Patrick's church, Roman Catholic, is affiliated

with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Royal

Arcanum, and also holds membership in the Commercial club and

Country club.

Thomas, Bryan M., a native of Georgia, graduated at West

Point in 1858, entered the army as brevet second lieutenant, and

was engaged in garrison and frontier duty until the beginning

of the Civil war. When Georgia seceded he at once resigned his

commission and became a lieutenant in the regular army of the

Confederacy. He served on General Withers' staff during the

Kentucky and Murfreesboro campaigns; was promoted to the rank

of major, and after the battle of Chickamauga was commissioned

brigadier-general. After the surrender he retired to his farm in

Dooly county, but subsequently removed to Dalton, where he en

gaged in teaching.

,re,,,, =l ^

Thomas, Charles H., a resident of

^SSsi;S;S^H^:j..

Waynesboro, numbered among the

prominent planters of Burke county,

where his landed estate includes more

than 2,000 acres, was born in Waynes

boro, Oct. 13, 1854, a son of Jethro and

Nancy (Gates) Thomas, both of whom

were likewise born and reared in Burke

county. Prior to the Civil war the fath

er was a successful planter, and after its

close he engaged in mercantile pursuits

in Waynesboro, where he passed the re

mainder of his life. He was a loyal

soldier of the Confederacy in the war between the states and was

captured by the enemy and imprisoned for some time at Point

Lookout. He was twice married, the only surviving child of the

first union being Judge George C. Thomas, a prominent member of

the bar of the state, residing in the city of Athens. The three sur-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

viving children of the second marriage are Charles H., subject of this sketch; Kate, wife of C. T. Milner, of Waynesboro, and Jethro B., also a resident of the same city. The widowed mother still lives, at a venerable age. Charles H. received his educational training principally in the Hephzibah high school in Richmond county, continuing to attend school until he had attained the age of nineteen years, since which time he has devoted his attention to mercantile pursuits and the industry of agriculture, having formerly been a merchant in Waynesboro. About 1892 he suffered the amputation of his right arm, which had been accidently caught in a cotton gin, and since that time he has given his attention to the management of his plantation, having disposed of his store. He is the owner of three well improved farms in his native county, and his average annual yield of cotton is about 200 bales. Mr. Thomas is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party but has never sought official preferment. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church, and in his early manhood he was for several years a mem ber of the Stonewall Rifles, a local military organization. On April 8, 1878, he was united in marriage to Miss Ruth M. Miller, daughter of Dr. B. B. Miller, formerly a resident of this county but now deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas have two children: Nellie, wife of W. C. Hillhotise, of Waynesboro; and Kate F., wife of Maj. W. A. Wilkins, of the same city.
Thomas County was formed from Decatur and Irwin in 1825 and was enlarged by the addition of a part of Lowndes in 1826. In August, 1905, a part was set off to Grady county. It was named for Capt. Jett Thomas, who fought under General Floyd in the battles of Autossee and Chalibbee. The county lies in the extreme southern part of the state and before the partition of 1905 was bounded on the north by Mitchell and Colquitt counties, on the east by Brooks, on the south by the State of Florida, and on the west by Decatur county. An elevated ridge extends through the county from northeast to southwest, numerous springs burst from the hillsides, and a number of creeks flow from it, both to the east and the west. The surface is undulating, in some places becoming hilly, and the soil is fertile. The staple crops are cotton, sweet and Irish potatoes, sugar-cane and all varieties of peas. The fruits are mainly apples, peaches, pears, plums, strawberries, figs, grapes and melons. Much of the land is still covered with the original growth of yellow pine, oak, hickory, poplar, maple, magnolia, gum, beech and other woods, which numerous sawmills are busy con verting into lumber for the market. The county has within the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

431

last few years become the center of the syrup trade of the state. Cairo, formerly in Thomas, now the county seat of Grady county, in one year shipped 10,000 barrels, valued at $100,000. Two branches of the Atlantic Coast Line and the Atlantic & Birming ham railroads supply transportation facilities and the county roads are kept in excellent condition for wagon traffic. Thomasville is the county seat and the center of the cotton trade. Boston, Ochlochnee, Metcalf, Pavo and Meigs are other towns of im portance. The population of the county in 1900 was 31,076, an in
crease of 4,922 in ten years.
Thomas, Edward, J., of Savannah, is one of the representative civil engineers
of this part of the state, and is the pres ent county surveyor of Chatham county.
He was born in Savannah, March 25, 1840, a son of Maj. John A. and Malvina H. (Huguenin) Thomas, the former
born in Mclntosh county, Ga., and the latter in Charleston, S. C. Maj. John A. Thomas was a planter by vocation, in Mclntosh county, and his death occurred
in 1860. He was a son of Jonathan and Mary Jane (Baker) Thomas. His wife Malvina, was a daughter of John and Eliza (Vallard) Huguenin, who were of French Huguenot stock. Mrs. Thomas survived her husband by many years, her death occurring in 1895, and of their children four are living, Edward J. being the only surviving son. Eliza is the wife of John W. Magill; Mary Jane is the wife of George Gaydon; Malvina H. is unmarried, and resides in Savannah. Edward J. Thomas secured a good education in the academic sense, as well as in the line of his profession. He was graduated in the University of Georgia as a member of the class of 1860, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In early manhood he taught school for two terms, but his vocation during practically his entire career has been that of civil engineer. For many years he was the civil engineer for the Savannah street-car system and for six years he has rendered most efficient service as surveyor of Chatham coun ty, being the incumbent of that office at the present time. His loyalty to the cause "of the Confederacy was manifested in no equivocal way during the Civil war, through the entire period of which he served as quartermaster-sergeant in the Fifth Georgia cavalry, with Wheeler's command in Johnston's army and sur-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

, rendered at Greensboro, N. C. He is a member of the United Con

federate Veterans; a stanch Democrat in politics, a member of the

University club of Georgia and he and his wife are members of St.

John's Protestant Episcopal church, in Savannah. On April 2,

1862, Mr. Thomas was married to Miss Alice G. Walthour, daughter

of George W. and Mary (Russell) Walthour, of Walthourville,

Liberty county, Georgia, and they had seven children Abbott,

Walthour, Julia (Mrs. C. H. Gibbes), Alice (Mrs. R. C. Gordon),

Edward J., Jr.,.Huguenin and Dr. Marion R. Of these Walthour

died in youth, and Mrs. Gibbes in 1900.

,,,,,.

Thomas, Edward L., distinguished as

an officer in the Confederate service dur

ing the Civil war, known as a citizen of

utmost loyalty and a man of exalted

virtues, was an outstanding figure in the

history of Georgia during the war' be

tween the states, as well as afterward,

and at the time of his death, March 10,

1898, was the incumbent of a responsible

government position in the Indian Ter

ritory. He also reaped high military

honors through his gallant service as a

soldier in the Mexican war. Gen. Ed

ward Lloyd Thomas was born in Clarke county, Ga., March 23,

1825, and .was a direct descendant of the well known Thomas,

Lloyd and Wiles families, which were early founded in Maryland.

His paternal grandfather removed from Maryland to Virginia,

and from the Old Dominion he finally came to Georgia, in his family at the time being a young son, Edward Lloyd Thomas.

This son grew to maturity under propitious circumstances and be

came a man of potent influence in the development of the Empire

state of the South. His parents were people of noble character

and reared their several children with scrupulous care and devotion,

while to their youngest son they gave the full patronymic of the

sire, Edward Lloyd Thomas. After receiving due academic in

struction young Edward entered Emory college at Oxford, Ga.,

where he was graduated with honors as a member of the class of

1846. In the early spring of the following year the characteristic

ardor and patriotism of the youth prompted him to enter the

service of his country as a private in a Georgia regiment which had

been raised for the Mexican war. For conspicuous bravery he was

soon made a lieutenant, and he took a spirited part in the battles

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

433

on the .line between Vera Cruz and the city of Mexico. In one dar ing charge upon the enemy he effected the capture of Iturbide, a member of the staff of Santa Ana. In 1848 the legislature of Georgia adopted resolutions commendatory oi his gallantry in sev eral battles incidental to the progress of the Mexican war. He was tendered a lieutenancy in the regular army of the United States, by-George H. Crawford, then the secretary of war, but for domestic reasons he declined the position. After his retirement from the military service Lieutenant Thomas was united in marriage to Miss Jennie H. Gray, of Talbot .county, Ga., a member of one of the prominent and wealthy families of the state. He then settled on his large plantation, where he led the life of a planter and country gentleman until the inception of the war between the states. He at-once gave evidence of his intrinsic loyalty to the southern cause by tendering his aid in support of the same, ready to sacrifice all in defense of the principles and institutions in which he so firmly believed. President Davis appointed him colonel and he was authorized to raise a regiment in Georgia. He effected such an organization and led his regiment into prompt service in the battle of Seven Pines. Concerning his notable military career as a soldier and officer of the Confederacy the following epitome has been written: "When the battle of Seven Pines began his regiment was armed with old remodeled flint-lock guns, but it came out bearing the best arms of the enemies. During the battle Brigadier-General Pettigrew was shot from his horse, and the command of the bri gade devolved upon Edward L. Thomas as the ranking colonel. The regiments were then brigaded by states, and Colonel Thomas was assigned to a brigade commanded by Gen. J. R. Anderson. In the battles around Richmond General Anderson was transferred to the control and management of the Tredegar iron works, and Colonel Thomas then succeeded to the command of the brigade. He retained General Andersen's staff, which was composed of such brave, true men as Maj. Lewis Ginter, Maj. Robert Taylor and Adjutant-General Norwood, all of Richmond, Va. His brigade was then assigned to Gen. A. P. Hill's light division, Stonewall Jackson's corps. General Thomas was in all the battles around Richmond and was ordered to open fire in the battle of Mechanicsville. His command crossed the famous pond in front of the enemy's works and held its position with unsurpassed bravery until Stonewall Jackson came upon the Federal right flank. General Thomas was wounded in this battle but remained in the saddle and fought in every battle around Richmond. He was in every battle
28 III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

fought by General Lee in Virginia, and only missed that of Sharpsburg, Md., by reason of being detached at Harper's Ferry to receive the parole of the prisoners captured there. In the official reports he was frequently mentioned by his superior officers for gallantry in the field. Count de Paris, in his history of the war, states that in one of the battles, when the front line of the Confederates was broken by the Federal forces, the manner in which General Thomas moved his command and struck their advancing column, turned their confident victory into immediate and perfect defeat. He was a born soldier, by nature a tactician. His shrewd military eye would at a glance, even in the thunder of battle, catch the enemy's weak points, and his intrepid courage ever enabled him to strike with telling force. His private life was.as pure as his military career was courageous and stainless. In all his exciting experiences he never was guilty of using a profane oath." After the cessation of hostilities General Thomas lived a quiet, retired life on his plan tation, in Newton county, Ga., until 1885, when President Cleve land appointed him to an important office in the land department, and in 1893 he was again given a prominent official preferment in the same department, his duties in these connections causing him to take up his residence in the West, where the last years of his life were passed. He was a most appreciative member of the United Confederate Veterans, and was commander of the Okla homa division of the same in 1896. His wife is still living at the age of seventy-three years, in good health. The other surviving members of the family are his son, Dr. Edward G. Thomas of Atlanta, Ga., and a grandson, Edward Garland Thomas. For years he was connected with the Southern Methodist church.
Thomas, George C., was born in Burke county, Ga., Oct. 20, 1850. His father was a farmer. His father J. Thomas, enlisted in Company D, Fifth Georgia cavalry, and spent three years in the army, during the war between the states. In December, 1864, he was captured by the enemy, and kept confined in prison at Point Lookout until after the surren der. The subject of this sketch was ed ucated at Hephzibah high school, from which school he went to Mercer univer sity, which was then located at Penfield, Greene county, Ga., at which university he graduated in August,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

435

1869. After his graduation he taught school in Wilkes county for one year, then married Miss Anna M. McWhorter, the youngest daughter of Moses E. McWhorter, of Athens, Ga., and moved to Watkinsville, Clarke county, Ga., as principal of the Watkinsville high school, where he taught until September, 1879, when he was admitted to practice law. He was soon thereafter appointed judge of the city court of Oconee, which position he held for four years. He then moved to Athens, and opened a law office, where he has been ever since. He was elected to the general assembly -in 1896 and '97. While a member of the legislature he secured an appro priation of $45,000 for building purposes, with which to erect new buildings on the university campus. This was the first appro priation ever given the University of Georgia for building new houses, since which time the institution has been receiving annually like appropriations. He was one of the most useful members of the general assembly that ever went from Clarke county, and his work there will be a lasting monument to his skill and ability. He is a great fraternal order man, being an active member of the Masons, Odd Fellows and Red Men, and has frequently repre sented each of these orders in their Grand Lodges. He, to-day, is regarded as one of the best lawyers in Georgia, and has been remarkably successful as a practitioner. He married Miss Anna M. McWhorter of Athens, Georgia, in April, 1872. His family consists of his wife and two children, Miss Mary McWhorter Thomas, and Mr. W. Milton Thomas, who is in the hardware bus iness in Athens. He has held high positions of trust; has always been a Democrat, frequently holding the positions of chairman of his county and district executive committees. He is now filling the office of solicitor of the city court of Athens. He is a member of the Baptist church, and an uncompromising prohibitionist.
Thomas, Marion R., M. D., is established in the successful prac tice of his profession in the city of Savannah, where he was born on Feb. 25, 1878, a son of Edward J. and Alice G. (Walthour) Thomas, both born in Walthourville, Liberty county, Ga., and now reside in Savannah, the father being surveyor of Chatham county, a position which he has held for many years. Both the Thomas and Walthour families were early established in Georgia, and the names have been prominently identified with the annals of the commonwealth. After securing proper preliminary discipline in public and private schools of his native city, Dr. M. R. Thomas began the work of preparing himself for his chosen profession, finally entering the medical department of the University of Mary-

436

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

land, where he was graduated with honor as a member of the class of 1902, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He thereafter served one year as interne in the university hospital, and in June,
1903, opened an office in Savannah, where
he has since been engaged in the general practice of his profession. He is identi fied with the Medical Association of
Georgia; the Georgia medical society, of Savannah; is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and the Phi Sigma Kappa col
lege fraternity. He and his wife are com
municants of the Protestant Episcopal
church, being members of the parish of
St. John's. On June 9, 1903, Doctor
Thomas was united in marriage to Miss Ethel R. Butler, of Baltimore, Md., and they are prominent in the social life of Savannah.
Thomas, Nathaniel P., of Waynesboro,
is one of the representative merchants and planters of Burke county, which has been his home from the time of his birth,
on April 15, 1863. He is a son of Joseph H. and Geraldine (Gordon) Thomas,
both now deceased. The father, who was a native of Richmond county, was a successful planter of Burke county at
the time of his death, and the mother was born and reared in Burke county. Nathaniel P. Thomas passed his child
hood on the homestead plantation, and after attending the Hephzibah high school, in Richmond county, he continued his studies in a private school in the city of Augusta until he had attained the age of fifteen years. At the age of six teen he began farming on his own responsibility, and during all the intervening years he has been identified with plantation in dustry in Burke county, having been very successful and is now one of the leading cotton-growers of this section as well as one of the prominent merchants of Waynesboro, where he has a well stocked and well appointed general store. In 1894 he turned his plantation interests over to capable overseers, and established his mercantile enterprise, to which he has since given his personal supervision, and has built up a large business. He is a director

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

437

of the Citizens' bank and also of the Waynesboro Grocery Com pany, a wholesale concern. His political allegiance is given to the Democracy, and he is a member of the board of stewards of the local Methodist Episcopal church South, of which Mrs. Thomas also is a devoted member. He is identified with the Waynesboro Lodge of the Knights of Pythias, in which he is a past chancellor, and enjoys marked popularity in his native county. On Feb. 11, 1885, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Thomas to Miss Emma Thomas Marsh, of Savannah, Georgia, and they have three daugh ters, Natalie, Georgia Estelle, and Marian M.
Thomaston, the county seat of Upson county, on the Macon & Birmingham railroad, and connected with Barnesville by a branch road of the Central of Georgia, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1857, but was the county seat many years before that time and had a cotton factory doing excellent work. It was also a point of distribution of the products of three other factories of Upson county, of which the Franklin factory was first operated in 1833 and the Waytnan factory in 1841. All of these were in pros perous condition until ruined by the war. Thomaston has a court house, money order postoffice with rural free delivery, two banks, telegraph and express offices, many prosperous stores, a cotton mill with 175 looms and .6,000 spindles, a. successful cotton oil mill and many smaller enterprises. The streets, stores and res idences are lighted by electricity. Several Christian sects have churches and there is an excellent system of public schools. The R. E. Lee institute enjoys a fine reputation as a school for boys and girls. It has a large and beautiful auditorium that would reflect credit on a much larger town. According to the census of 1900 the population was 1,714, and the entire district contained 3,098 people.
Thomas' Station, in Burke county, is some six or seven miles south of Waynesboro on the Central of Georgia railway. Here there was sharp fighting between the cavalry forces of Wheeler and Kilpatrick on Nov. 27, and Dec. 3, 1864, Kilpatrick being sup ported in the latter engagement by Baird's division of infantry.
Thomasville, the county seat and largest town of Thomas coun ty, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1831. Two of the main branches of the Atlantic Coast Line (Plant System) cross each other at Thomasville and this city is also the southern termi nus of one division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad. It has a money order postoffice, three banks, telegraph and express offices, many prosperous mercantile establishments and various

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important manufacturing enterprises, among which are the rail road shops of the Atlantic Coast Line, three shops for repairing vehicles, two sash and blind factories and a foundry. Near the city are turpentine distilleries, grist mills and ginneries. Thomasville is a shipping point for cotton, syrup from Georgia cane, lum ber and naval stores. It has good hotels, which in the winter season are filled with tourists from the North seeking health or pleasure, and a number of winter residences of prominent men, among whom was the late United States senator, Marcus A. Hanna. The city has waterworks and a good system of sewers. The natural drainage is perfect, the water running off in every direction. The whole city is lighted by electricity and has every convenience for household comfort that can be found in places many times its size. The town has long been noted for its excellent schools. The Young female college, located here, has been absorbed by the public school system. The South Georgia military and agricul tural college was opened in 1879. Methodists, Baptists, Episco palians, Presbyterians, Bible Christians (or Disciples) and Roman Catholics all have churches here. The population in 1900 was 5,322 and the whole militia district contained 9,173.
Thompson, Robert F., mayor of East Point, Fulton county, where he is engaged in the real-estate and fire-insurance business, was born at Cave Springs, Floyd county, Ga., Jan. 1, 1857, a son of Dr. James D. and Mary E. A. (Baskin) Thompson, the former born in Jackson county and the latter in Carroll county, Ga. Both fam ilies were represented in the Continental line during the war of the Revolution, and were early founded in Virginia and the Carolinas, while both also found representation among the early settlers of Georgia. Dr. James D. Thompson was an able and prominent physician and surgeon, and was engaged in the practice of his profession for many years, his death occurring, in Fulton county, in 1877. He was graduated in Macon medical college and was successful in the work of his exacting and noble profession. His widow still survives him and resides in East Point. Robert F. Thompson secured his educational discipline in the public and private schools of Fulton county, and in 1878 engaged in the gen eral merchandise business at East Point, being identified wtth this enterprise several years. He then turned his attention to the newspaper business, becoming editor of the Plow Boy, which he conducted for several years, after which he was for a time engaged with the White Hickory Wagon Company, retaining his residence in East Point consecutively. In 1900 he established himself in

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the real-estate and fire-insurance business, in which he is still con

tinues, and has built up a large and successful business in both

departments. He represents four of the leading fire-insurance

companies, handles real estate, both improved and unimproved

town properties, as well as farming and timber lands, and he has

at all times most desirable investment represented on his books.

He is one of the progressive and public-spirited citizens of East

Point, to whose advancement and civic prosperity he has contrib

uted in large measure, through private enterprise and public serv

ice. In politics he maintains an independent attitude. In 1895

he was elected mayor of his home town, and is now serving his

seventh term as chief executive of the municipal government. He

and his wife are members of the Methodist church, and he is af

filiated with the Masonic fraternity. On Oct. 4, 1893, Mr. Thomp

son was united in marriage to Miss Gallic Standish, daughter of

Miles Standish, of Omaha, Neb., and a lineal descendant of the New

England Puritan of the same name as her father. Mr. and Mrs.

Thompson have two children, Robert and Ruth.

Thompson, Thomas Mclntosh, who

died at his home, in Greene county, Ga.,

Dec. 6, 1882, was born in that county,

Aug. 2, 1818, and was a member of one

of the old and honored families of that

section of the commonwealth. He was

a son of Thomas and Lucy Hester

_____ ____ Thompson, the former born in Halifax

county, Va., in 1779, and the latter in

Clarke county, Ga., in 1800. Harmon

Thompson, of Halifax county, grand

father of the subject of this memoir,

BURDELL L. THOMPSON.

served in the war of the Revolution, and of, t.h, e same f,ami.,ly l,.ine was HTTon. R-r> ich1

ard W. Thompson, who served as secretary of the navy, 1877-81.

The maternal grandmother was a daughter of Robert Greenwood,

a direct descendant from one of the oldest families in England.

Thomas Mclntosh Thompson secured his early educational dis

cipline at Covington, Ga., where he was a pupil of Dr. Alexander

Means, a prominent local educator of the time. At the time of

the removal of the Cherokee Indians to the west Mr. Thompson

enlisted as a member of Company I, commanded by Captain Vin

cent, of Clarke county, in a Georgia regiment which assisted in

conducting the Indians to the new quarters, and was ensign of

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his company, being the youngest commissioned officer in the regi ment. In 1863 he enlisted for service in the Confederate ranks, as a private in Cook's battalion, and taking part in the engagements around Atlanta, at Jonesboro, Griswoldville, and Savannah, as well as others of minor importance. He was promoted to the office of sergeant and later transferred to the commissary department, in which he served until the close of the war. When but eighteen years of age he engaged in the mercantile business, but his health became impaired and he finally retired to his farm, in Green county, where he passed the remainder of his long and useful life, which was marked by the most inflexible integrity in all its rela tions. He was a stanch advocate of the principles of the Demo cratic party, but preferred private life and thus refused to become a candidate for office. His religious faith was that of the Meth odist Episcopal church South. On Aug. 2, 1841, Mr. Thompson was united in marriage to Miss Ann R. Hillsman, daughter of Micajah and Nancy Ann (Barnett) Hillsman, of Morgan county, Ga., and she died July 22, 1875. Following is a brief record concern ing the children of this union: Thomas Waddy is a resident of St. Augustine, Fla.; Henry C. and Walter P. reside in Atlanta; William B. died in 1902, at Woodlawn, Ala.; Robert M. died in Santiago de Cuba, in 1895; Guy Percival died in infancy; Burdell L. resides in Atlanta and Lucy in Griffin, Ga.; Anna T. died in 1876; and Emma A. and Clara B. reside in Atlanta. Micajah Hills man, father of Mrs. Ann R. Thompson, was born in Hillsboro, N. C., in 1779. His parents were massacred by the Indians when he was but thirteen years of age, and later, in company with his older brother, Bennett, and sister Patsy, he came to Georgia, set tling at White Plains, Green county. Patsy married a man named Early, and a number of their descendants still reside in that county. Micajah Hillsman finally settled in Morgan county. He first married a daughter of Capt. Frank Clark, of Clarke county, and after her death he wedded Nancy Ann Barnett, daughter of Leon ard Barnett, whose possessions included a water-power on the Oconee river, the locality still being known as Barnett's Shoals. It was at this place that occurred probably the last Indian out break in that section of the state, one of Leonard Barnett's sons and a negro being killed, and a little daughter threatened, but as the savage drew back his arm to strike her she threw up her tiny hand and said, "If you hit me I will kill you." The Indian, evidently admiring the courage of the little maid, allowed her to

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live. Leonard Barnett was an uncle of Hon. Nathan Barnett, who was for many years secretary of the state of Georgia.
Thompson, Wiley, was a native of Amelia county, Va., but upon reaching manhood removed to Elberton, Ga. Here he took an ac tive interest in public affairs, filled several local offices with abil ity and fidelity, and in 1820 was elected representative in Con gress. He was reflected at each succeeding election until 1830, serving twelve years, at the expiration of which time he retired
to private life. Thompson, William T., author, was a native of Ohio, but was
one of Georgia's earliest and most popular literary characters. His most noted works are Major Jones' Courtship, Major Jones' Travels, The Live Indian, and The Chronicles of Pineville. It has been said of him that "As a humorist and portrayer of rural life and manners he had no superior in his generation." He re mained a prominent figure .in journalism and politics until his death, which occurred at Savannah in 1882.
Thomson, the county seat of McDuffie county, is located on the Georgia railroad and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1854. The population of the town in 1900 was 1,154 and of the district 3,843. It has two banks, express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an oil and fer tilizer works, a cotton mill, and several prosperous mercantile es
tablishments. Thomson, Thomas Freeman, of Sa
vannah, tax collector for Chatham county, was born in Macon, Bibb county, Ga., July 12, 1850, a son of Dr. Methven
Smith and Mary Ann Elizabeth (Free man) Thomson, the former born in Perth, Scotland, Jan. 7, 1815, and the lat
ter on Staten Island, N. Y., Oct. 14,
1824, a daughter of Azel Roe Freeman, a veteran of the war of 1812, and who re moved to Macon in 1827. Doctor Thom son removed to Georgia in the 40's, and
became one of the leading physicians and influential citizens of Macon, of which city he was mayor for three successive terms, in 1860-66. After due preliminary training Thomas F. Thomson was matriculated in the University of Geor gia, and was a student in this institution for one year as a mem ber of the class of 1870. In 1870 he became bookkeeper for the

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firm of Champion & Freeman, of Savannah, and held this position until October, of the following year, when he assumed the posi tion of bookkeeper in the Southern bank of the State of Georgia, Savannah, retaining this incumbency until October 1, 1877, when he took a similar position in the Merchants' National bank, of the same city. He remained with this institution until 1885, when he became first cashier of the National bank of Savannah, and served as such until 1906. In March, 1901, Mr. Thomson was first elected to his present office, that of tax collector of Chatham county, this being the only political office he has ever held, and which he now holds, though he has been a stanch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party. He is an official member of Trinity Meth odist church, of Savannah, of which Mrs. Thomson also is a zeal ous member. He is a life member of the Benevolent and Protec tive Order of Elks, a veteran member of the Knights of Pythias, and a member of the following Masonic bodies: Zerrubbabel Lodge, No. 15, Free and Accepted Masons; Georgia Chapter, No. 3, Royal Arch Masons; Georgia Council, No. 3, Royal & Select Masters, Palestine Commandery, No. 7, Knights Templars, Alpha Lodge of Perfection, Temple Chapter, Gethsemane Council, and Benzabee Consistory, of the Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite, hav ing attained to the thirty-second degree of this branch of the fra ternity; and Alee Temple of the Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. On March 25, 1874, Mr. Thomson was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Jane Meldrim, daughter of Ralph and Jane (Fawcett) Meldrim, of Savannah, both of whom are now deceased. Mr. and Mrs. Thomson have six children Ralph Methven, Thomas Harris, Robert Corley, Edward Gaudry, Margaret Meldrim, and Meldrim. Dr. Ralph M., the eldest son, is a graduate of Tulane university, New Orleans, and is a successful physician and surgeon. He married Miss Bessie Howard, of Hazlehurst, Miss., on June 28, 1898. Rev. Thomas H. Thomson, the second son, is a clergyman of the Methodist church. On Dec. 2, ;1901, he married Miss Nellie Lachlison, daughter of Captain James Lachlison, of Darien, Ga. Robert C. was married Feb. 22, 1902, to Miss Parmelia Evans Patillo. Mr. and Mrs. Thomson have three grand children Thomas F., Jr., and Robert P., sons of Robert C. and Par melia E. Thomson; and Eunice, daughter of Rev. Thomas H. and Nellie Thomson.
Thrift, a post-village of Jenkins county, with a population of 61 in 1900, is on the Millen & Southwestern railroad, ten miles from

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443

Millen. It has some mercantile interests and does considerable shipping.
Thunder, a post-village of Upson county, is a station on- the Macon & Birmingham railroad, near the Flint river. It has some mercantile interests, an express office, etc.
Thunderbolt, a post-town of Chatham county, is about five miles southeast of the city of Savannah, on one of the numerous inlets, along which are several oyster fisheries. The population in 1900 was 300. It is a favorite suburban resort for the people of Savan nah and is connected with that city by an electric railway. It has a theatre and a number of popular amusement features. The place received its name from an account of General Oglethorpe, to the effect that a thunderbolt fell there and opened a spring, which still has a sulphurous odor. By the act of March 3, 1856, the name was changed to Warsaw and under that name the place was in corporated. But custom refused to sanction the change and the old name of Thunderbolt remains.
Thyre, a post-village of Screven county, with a population of 57, is on the Little Ogeechee river, six miles south of Sylvania, which is the nearest railroad station.
Tibet, a post-hamlet of Liberty county, is fifteen miles south of Hinesville. Johnston Station, on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, is the nearest railroad station.
Tickanetley, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Gilmer county, is in the valley of the Cartecay river, near the western base of the Blue Ridge. The nearest railroad town is Ellijay.
Ticknor, a post-village of Colquitt county, is on the Georgia
Northern railroad, not far from the Worth county line.
Tift County, organized by act of the legislature on August 17, 1905, and laid off from Berrien, Irwin and Worth counties, was named in honor of Hon. Nelson Tift, a gentleman prominent in advancing every enterprise calculated to promote the interest of the Southern section of Georgia. It is bounded on the north by Turner and Irwin counties, east by Berrien and Irwin, south by Colquitt and Berrien and west by Worth. It is watered by the Allapaha and Little rivers and their branches. It is traversed by the Atlantic & Birmingham, the Atlantic Coast Line and the Geor gia, Southern & Florida railways, all of which pass through the town of Tifton, which is the county seat. The soil in some parts is gray and sandy, in others it is rich, loamy and dark, with a good clay subsoil. The agricultural products are corn, cotton, oats, Irish and sweet potatoes, field peas, ground peas, sugar-cane and

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hay from native grasses. The horticultural products are vegetables of all varieties, peaches, grapes, cherries, plums, peas, figs and watermelons. The forest timbers are chiefly the long leaf pine and cypress, which give employment to saw mills and turpentine distilleries. The minerals are brick clay and marls. Near Tifton are several large vineyards, producing grapes unsurpassed in flavor. The county is in the Second congressional district and Southern judicial circuit.
Tift, Nelson, founder of the city of Al bany and for many years prominent in Georgia affairs, was a son of Amos and Hannah Tift and was born at Groton, Conn., July 23, 1810. At the age of six teen years he left home and went to Charleston, S. C., where he engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1835, when he located in southwest Georgia. At that time he was but twenty-five years old, but with a foresight worthy of a man of more mature years he saw the possi bilities of that section of the state and became the founder of Albany, to the advancement and prosperity of which city he devoted the energy and enthusiasm of youth, combined with the wisdom and judgment of age. Soon after set tling at Albany he married Miss Annie Maria Mercer, a niece of the noted Baptist minister, Jesse Mercer, whose name is now borne by Mercer university, one of the leading educational institu tions of the state. To this union were born two sons and five daughters, viz.: Nelson F., James M., Annie Tift Rawson, Fannie Tift Nelson, Isabel Tift Mitchell, Clara Tift Woolfolk and Irene Tift Mann. All lived to maturity, married and their descendants still live to perpetuate the name and memory of Albany's originater and architect. About 1844 Mr. Tift established the Patriot, a. weekly newspaper, which attained much prominence and wielded a large influence in public and industrial affairs. This paper was the progenitor of the present Albany Daily Herald. During the 50's he held successively the offices of justice of the peace, judge of the inferior court, and was appointed colonel of militia for the district. When the Civil war broke out Mr. Tift virtually gave up his priv ate business interests and devoted his energies to furthering the cause of the Confederacy. About this time he was joined by his brother, Asa F. Tift, who came to Albany as a refugee from his

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

445

home at Key West, Fla., and together they established a large beef and pork packing house at Albany, from which large quantities of provisions were issued for the use of the Confederate States navy. Subsequently they erected a large cracker or "hard tack" factory, a grist mill and a barrel factory, the products of which were turned over to the Confederate government for the use of the soldiers and sailors who were fighting the battles of the South. In 1863 the two brothers, under the approval and .by the direction of the secre tary of the Confederate States navy, S. R. Mallory, began the con struction of the ram "Mississippi" at New Orleans. The vessel was built on novel lines, entirely the conception of Mr. Tift, and was pronounced by the best experts of the navy department to be the most formidable gunboat in the navy of either government, while many did not hesitate to assert that it alone would have been sufficient to successfully defend the city of New Orleans. Un fortunately the vessel was never given an opportunity to test its efficiency, for when it was almost completed Admiral Farragut ran past the forts and captured the city. The "Mississippi" was burned by its builders to prevent its falling into the hands of the Federal fleet. They then went to Savannah, where, at the request of Secretary Mallory, they transformed a merchant vessel into a gunboat called the "Atlanta." The vessel was run aground on its first trip and destroyed to keep it from falling into the hands of the enemy. All the work of the two brothers for the Confeder ate cause was done without compensation, an indisputable evi dence of their loyalty. After the war Neslon Tift entered with characteristic zeal and energy into the work of ridding his state of "carpet-bag" rule. He was one of the first Southern Democrats to be elected to Congress, where his untiring and persistent efforts in behalf of his constituents did much toward alleviating the op pression of the reconstruction era. He was again elected to Con gress in 1870, but his seat was contested by R. H. Whitely, who was finally given the seat, though it was evident that Mr. Tift was the rightful choice of the people of his district. He then turned his attention to the construction of railroads, projecting and carrying to completion no less than four distinct lines. His interest in the city of Albany was proverbial. Full of confidence in its future he never hesitated to spend his money in advancing its interests, and today the city owes much to his patriotic and well timed efforts. His last public service of any consequence was as a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1877, in which his sound judgment and wide experience wielded a potent influence

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in the formation of Georgia's organic law. His characteristics were an indomitable will that was seldom frustrated; an untiring energy that overcame all obstacles; a foresight that was .almost phenomenal; a temper that was always well controlled; a courage that nothing could daunt; an integrity that was unimpeachable; a kind, sympathetic nature, and a smile which the immortal Henry Grady said was irresistible. His death occurred in Albany on Nov. 21, 1891, at the age of eighty-two years. Tift -county, created in August, 1905, was named in his honor.
Tifton, the county seat of Tift county, is located at the junction of the Georgia Southern & Florida, the Atlantic Coast Line and the Atlantic & Birmingham railways. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1891, in 1900 the population of the town was 1,384 and of the district in which it is situated 3,145. It has saw mills, a foundry, a canning establishment, cotton, mills, machine works, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, three banks and good school and church privileges. Near the town are large orchards and vineyards and great qtiantities of fruits are annually shipped from this point.
Tiger, a town in Rabun county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on August 13, 1904. Its population in 1900 was but 36. It is located on the Tallulah Falls railroad, about four miles southwest of Clayton, has a money order postoffice, some mercan tile concerns, and since the completion of the railroad to Clayton is growing in importance.
Tignall, a village of Wilkes county, with a population of 67, is about twelve miles due north of Washington, which is the nearest railroad station. It has a money order postoffice, with several free delivery routes radiating from it, and is the chief trading center for that section of the county.
Tilda, a post-hamlet of Milton county, is three miles southeast of Alpharetta, on a tributary of the Chattahoochee river. The rail road towns of Roswell and Duluth are about equally distant.
Tilton, a town in the southern part of Whitfield county, is a sta tion on the Western & Atlantic railroad. It has express and tele graph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several stores and good school and church privileges. The popu lation in 1900 was 194. On May 13, 1864, while the military opera tions around Dalton were in progress there was a skirmish near this point between Wheeler's cavalry and a detachment of Fed eral troops, in which the former scored a victory. During the war

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there was an armory at Tilton that turned out a large number of swords and sabers for the Confederate service.
Tinkle, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Tattnall county, is about three miles west of Coe, which is the nearest railroad sta tion.
Tison, a post-hamlet of Tattnall county, is located about seven miles west of Glennville, and is a trading center for that part of the county.
Titus, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Towns county, is near the source of the Hiawassee river. The nearest railroad station is Clayton.
Tivola, a post-hamlet of Houston county, is a station on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, at the point where it crosses Mossy creek. It has a small local trade and does some shipping.
Tobacco was, up to the invention of the cotton gin, the chief agricultural product raised for market, but by the invention of this machine the cultivation of cotton was made so much more profit able that the planting of tobacco was practically abandoned. At this time it is grown only in small quantities for domestic use in the upper counties of the state, and in Decatur county; v;!.'_i'c an excellent quality of cigar tobacco, almost equal to the Cuban va riety, is largely cultivated.
Tobesofkee, a post-village of Bibb county, with a population of 56, is a station on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, ten miles south of Macon.
Tobesofkee Creek, a little stream which rises in the central part
of Monroe county, flows southeast and empties into the Ocmulgee river a few miles below Macon. On April 20, 1865, as Wilson's cavalry was making a demonstration against Macon, they encoun
tered a small body of Confederates on this creek and a sharp skir mish followed, the Confederates gradually falling back toward the
city. Tobler, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Upson county, is not
far from the Monroe county line. The nearest railroad station is
Yatesville, two miles east. Toccoa, the county seat of the new county of Stephens, was in
corporated by act of the legislature in 1875 and has had a steady and rapid growth. It is on the main line of the Southern railway running northeast from Atlanta and is the northern terminus of a branch road of the same system, which connects Toccoa with Elberton, and through a short railroad with Hartwell. Although built since the Civil war, it 'had by the census of 1900 a population

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of 2,176, while the entire Toccoa district contained 3,419 people. It has an international money order posto'ffice with rural free de livery, many successful business houses, a -leather manufacturing company, a sash and blind factory, furniture works, saw-mills, a cotton seed oil mill, fertilizer works, two banks and a cot ton mill of 5,000 spindles. Toccoa was chartered as a city by act of the legislature in 1897 and will soon build a court house worthy of her new dignity as the capital of Stephens county. The inhabitants enjoy the very best school and church privileges.
Toledo, a post-village of Charlton. county, is on the St. Mary's river, about twelve miles above Trader's Hill. The nearest rail road town is Cutler, seven miles south on the Georgia Southern & Florida.
Tom, a post-hamlet of Johnson county, is a station .on the Wadley & Mount Vernon railroad, and is not far from the Emanuel county line.
Tomochichi. This chief, or mico, of the Yamacraw Indians was the chief factor on the part of the red men in the negotiation of the treaty of May 21, 1733, Mary .Musgrove acting as inter preter, la April, 1834, Tomochichi, accompanied by his wife, his nephew, and several of his tribesmen, visited England with Oglethorpe and spent four months in that country. While there he urged the trustees to settle by established rules the prices, weights and measures of goods designed for the Indian trade, and to allow none but licensed traders to deal with his people. He remained the stanch friend of Oglethorpe as long as he lived. His death occurred in 1739, when he was supposed to be about ninety-seven years of age. At his request his body.was buried in the court house square, in the city of Savannah. The place is now marked by a huge, irregular-shaped block of granite, upon one side of which is a bronze tablet, bearing the inscription:
"In memory of Tomochichi, the Mico of the Yamacraws, the Companion of Oglethorpe, and the Friend and Ally of the Colony of Georgia, this Stone Has Been Here Placed by the Georgia So ciety of the Colonial Dames of America. 1739-1899."
Tompkins, a post-hamlet of Camden county, is six miles west of Colesburg, which is the nearest railroad station.
Tondee's Tavern. Among the early settlers of Savannah was one Peter Tondee, who built a tavern on what is now the north west corner of Whitaker and Broughton streets. Tondee was a Catholic, an earnest advocate of liberty, and was one of the founders of the Union Society. In the tavern was one apartment, known

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as the long room, where the Council of Safety, the Provincial Con gress, and patriotic meetings generally were wont to assembly. In August, 177*4, a meeting of the Sons of Liberty gathered there, in the face of the governor's proclamation that "they must do so at their peril," and it is related that Tondee himself stood in the door way with a list of names of the "Sons" and refused admittance to all whose names did not there appear.
Toombs County, organized by act of the legislature on August 17, 1905, was laid off from Tattnall, Montgomery and Emanuel counties, and was named in honor of Robert Toombs. It is bounded on the north by Montgomery and Emanuel counties, on the east by 'Tattnall, on the south by Appling, and on the west by Montgomery. Tributaries of the Altamaha and Ohoopee rivers water the county. The agricultural products are cotton, corn, Irish and sweet potatoes, field peas, ground peas, oats, rice, sugarcane and hay from pea vines and native grasses. The horticultural products are all kinds of vegetables, peaches, peas, figs, berries and melons. The forest timbers are oaks and a few other hard woods, cypress and long-leaf or yellow pine. Marls are the only mineral products. Lyons, on the Seaboard Air Line railway, is the county seat. The county is in the First congressional district and Middle judicial circuit.
Toombs, Robert, soldier and statesman, was born at Washing ton, Wilkes county, July 10, 1810. After attending the University of Georgia and the Union college of New York he graduated in law at the University of Virginia, in 1828. Being still under age he was admitted to the bar by special act of the legislature. He served as captain in the campaign against the Creek Indians; was elected to the legislature in 1838; reflected each succeeding term until 1844, when he entered Congress as a representative. In 1854 he was elected United States senator by the Constitutional Union party. As an advocate of the doctrine of state rights and later of secession, he made many eloquent speeches. When Lincoln was elected president Mr. Toombs at once informally quitted the sen ate and returned to Georgia, where he threw himself, heart and soul, into the work of urging forward the secession movement. He was a member of the secession convention of 1861, and was appointed on the committee to draft the ordinance that severed Georgia's connection with the Union. At the Montgomery con vention he was favorably mentioned for the presidency of the Confederate States, but declined the nomination. For a time he served as secretary of state under the Davis administration, but
29--III

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resigned this position to take a more active part in the conflict. He was commissioned brigadier-general July 21, 1861; partici pated in the operations of the army in Maryland and Virginia, and won special fame at Sharpsburg by his defense of the bridge. He resigned his commission and in 1864 was made adjutant and in spector-general of the Georgia state troops. After the surrender an order was issued for his arrest and he spent two years in Cuba, France, and England, returning to Georgia in 1867. He died at Washington, where he was born Dec. 15, 1885.
Toomsboro, a. town in Wilkinson county, reported a population of 50 in 1900. It was incorporated by act of the legislature on Au gust 15, 1904. It has a money order postoffice, from which several rural free delivery routes emanate, express and telegraph offices, important mercantile and shipping interests, and is one of the growing towns in that part of the state. It is located on the main line of the Central of Georgia railway system, about half-way be tween Irwinton and the Oconee river.
Toonigh, a post-village of Cherokee county, is a station on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway, about half-way between Canton and the Cobb county line. The population in 1900 was 69. It has an express office, some mercantile concerns, school, churches, etc.
Top, a post-hamlet of Jenkins county, is five miles northeast of Millen, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Towaliga, a village of Butts county, is on the river of the same name, about seven miles west of Jackson. The population in 1900 was 50. It has a money order postoffice, some stores, etc. Jack son is the most convenient railroad station.
Towaliga Bridge, on the Towaliga river in Monroe county, was the scene of a skirmish on Nov. 17, 1864, as Sherman was begin ning his march from Atlanta to the sea.
Towaliga Falls. (See Monroe County). Town Court. (See Courts). Town Creek, a post-village of Gilmer county, with a population of 75 in 1900, is about three miles southwest of Talona, which is the nearest railroad station, and is a trading center for the neigh borhood in which it is located. Towns, a village of Telfair county, is a station on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railway system, ten miles southeast of McRae. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, mercantile and ship ping interests, and in 1900 reported a population of 141.

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Towns County was formed from Union and Rabtm in 1856 and was named in honor of George W. Towns, governor of the state from 1847 to 1849. The county lies in the northeastern part of the state and is bounded on the north by the State of North Carolina, on the east and southeast by Rabun and Habersham counties, on the south by White and on the west and southwest by Union, There are several streams flowing through the county and the land along their courses is very fertile. The surface is mountainous and in some parts still bears the original forests of oak, hickory, poplar, walnut, chestnut, cherry, maple and ash, and the great need of the county is factories to utilize this wealth of hardwood timber. The streams are full of mountain trout and the woods abound in game, such as bear, deer, and turkeys. The farm prod ucts are principally sweet and Irish potatoes, field and ground peas and the cereals. All the fruits do well, but owing to tne re moteness from the railroad none but apples are shipped. The county has an abundant supply of granite and serpentine gneiss suitable for building purposes. Iron, magnetite, manganese, as bestos, talc, ochre, yellow and red plumbago, buhrstone and cor undum are also found, and some gold is mined. Hiawassee is the county seat. Mpuntain Scene and Young Harris are the only other towns of importance. There are no railroads in the county, the nearest station being Murphy, N. C, or Clayton, and most of the produce shipped from the county is marketed at these places. The population in 1900 was 4,748, an increase of 684 since 1890. There are in the county two fine schools, one at Young Harris and one at Hiawasee,the latter being under the patronage of the Baptist church.
Towns, George W., governor and Congressman, was born in Wilkes county, May 4, 1802. After reaching maturity he studied law in Alabama and began practice in that state, where he also edited a political paper. On his return to Georgia in 1826 he lo cated in Talbot county and soon built up a successful practice. He served in both branches of the state legislature; was elected to the lower branch of Congress in 1834 and 1836; in 1846 he was again elected representative -to fill the unexpired term of Wash ington Poe, resigned, and in 1847 was chosen governor. His ad ministration was marked by wisdom and a thorough knowledge of public matters, and in 1849 he was reflected. His death oc curred at Macon, July 15, 1854.
Townsend, a village of Mclntosh county, is about fifteen miles northwest of Darien, on the Seaboard Air Line railway, and in 1900 had a population of 65. It has a money order postoffice, ex-

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press and telegraph service, some mercantile and shipping inter

ests, etc.

Townsend, Wesley J., local freight

.x^iii^sg^gsssis;::,

agent for the Southern Railway and also

the Augusta Southern railroad, at Au

gusta, was born in the town of Melk-

sham, on the Avon river, Wiltshire, England, June 15, 1863, a son of Mark

and Mary A. (Davis) Townsend, both

of whom were likewise born in England.

They came to America in 1873 and first

located in Ridgeway, N. C, where they

remained until 1890, when they removed

to Oxford, Pa., where they now maintain

their home, the father being a contrac tor and builder by vocation, though now practically retired from business. Of the children, aside from the subject of this sketch, it may be said that Mary J. is the wife of John H. Morrison; Eliza

beth A. remains with her parents; and Frederick W. and Albert E. also reside in Oxford, Pa., which is thus the home of all members of the immediate family except Wesley J. Mr. Townsend attended the schools of his native town until he was ten years of age, when he came with his parents to the United States, being reared to

maturity in Ridgeway, where he continued to attend school until he was eighteen years of age. He then became a clerk in a coun try store near that place, and at the age of twenty he gave incep tion to his career in connection with railway operations by secur

ing a clerkship in the office of the Seaboard Air Line at Middlebury, N. C. A few months later he was made agent of the West ern North Carolina railroad at Black Mountain, N. C., and he

has been in the employ of this railroad company or its successors, the Richmond & Danville and the Southern Railway Companies,

ever since, with the exception of one year, during which he held

the joint agency of the Florida Central & Peninsula and the Port Royal & Augusta railroads at Fairfax, S. C. He was nine years stationed at Marion, N. C., as agent of the Western North Caro lina; for a short time was agent for the Richmond & Danville at

Asheville, N. C.; from 1893 to 1894 was a clerk in the office of the general superintendent of the Richmond & Danville at Columbia, S. C.; from 1895 to 1897 was stock-claim agent of the Southern

railway, at Columbia; and since February, 1897, has held his pres ent office, noted in the opening lines of this article. He is one of

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453

the best known and most popular railway men of Augusta; is a member of the American local freight agents' association, and is secretary of the Augusta branch of the same. He gives his sup port to the Democratic party and he and his wife are communicants of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church in Augusta. On June 15, 1899, Mr. Townsend was united in marriage to Miss Emily Mae Morris, who died on May 12, following, leaving an infant son, Emile Morris Townsend, who is still living. On Oct. 19, 1904, Mr. Townsend was married to Mrs. Anna (Clayton) Burwell, of Au gusta.
Trackrock, a post-hamlet of Union county, is six miles north east of Blairsville in a gap of the Enchanted mountain. The near est railroad station is Culberson, N. C.
Traders Hill, a town in Charlton county, was formerly the county seat. It is located on the St. Mary's river, four miles south of Folkston, and in 1900 had a population of 115. It has some mer cantile establishments and does a large shipping business, espe cially in lumber and naval stores.
Train, Hugh Fred, is one of the best known and most highly honored citizens of Savannah, where he has served as principal of the high school for the exceptionally extended period of thirtyeight years, so that it is not strange that there are few house holds in the city in which his name is not familiar. Mr. Train is a native of the sturdy land of hills and heather, having been born in Muirkirk, Ayrshire, Scotland, June 27, 1831. He was reared and educated in his native land, where he did efficient work as a university student and later completed a two years' course in a normal training school in the city of Glasgow. For five years thereafter he was a successful and popular teacher in the parish school of Perth. About this time alarming symptoms began to manifest themselves in the way of incipient disease of the lungs, and as his brother had died of tuberculosis Mr. Train was admon ished by his medical adviser to seek a less vigorous climate, in order that his life might be prolonged and try; disease possibly averted. Under the care of a friend and former Schoolmate he was induced to come to America and settle in the South. In January, 1857, he took up his residence in Bluffton, Beaufort district, S. C., where he remained until the outbreak of the Civil war, being there engaged in teaching. In ,1861, loyal to the cause of the Confed eracy, he became a private in the Third regiment of South Caro lina state troops. His right arm being practically useless, as the result of an accident encountered when he was a boy, he was not

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able to take part in the tactical drill and maneuvers and conse quently, after two months of irregular service, he was appointed, by Col. Charles J. Colcock, commanding officer, to the position of commissary and acting quartermaster for the squadron, consist ing of three companies, being first in camp at Bluffton and later at Camp Hartstein, and he was honorably discharged when the state troops were formally mustered into the Confederate service. After the close of the war Mr. Train found his home burned to the ground, his school room plundered of everything movable and the whole country steeped in poverty. He remained in Bluffton one year, not earning enough to provide for ordinary necessities within the period, and then removed to Savannah, where, through the influence of Mr. Mallon, then superintendent of schools, he was appointed principal of the boys' grammar school. In the fol lowing year the board of education conferred upon him the ap pointment of principal of the Savannah high school, to succeed William H. Baker, who had been made superintendent. That he has remained incumbent of this position during the long inter vening years is the unequivocal voucher for the successful work which he has accomplished, the strong hold he has maintained upon the regard of pupils and patrons, and the unqualified confidence reposed in him by the successive boards of education under whose regimes he has served. Mr. Train is regarded as a grand man, physically, mentally and morally. In an assembly he would be marked by his massive head, commanding appearance and noble presence. There is in him a certain robustness of character, im pressive and suggestive, a sincerity of speech and motive, and a rounded benevolence which attract respect, admiration and affec tion. Within the mortal tenement of this schoolmaster throbs a big, manly heart which makes each student feel himself the es pecial object of its solicitude and care. By his associate teachers he has always been beloved. When school relations come to be disrupted his boys wake to find that Mr. Train is idolized: each year, at parting, they say goodbye with swelling throats, swim ming eyes and hearts too full for utterance. Coming from the University of Glasgow, Scotland, Mr. Train brought with him a scholarship broad, accurate and full, united with the innate talents of a teacher. He was quickly honored in Savannah, and the home of his adoption having tried him, he was thenceforth grappled with "hoops of steel." His mind is characterized by that clear ness, directness and candor which are distinctive of the Scotch intellect. As an educator he has been gifted in an eminent de-

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gree with that personal magnetism, invaluable to the teacher, which rouses and stimulates the student to ambitious effort in pursuit of learning. He has been successful because his heart is in his work. He has loved it; it has been his life work; it has been rounded with honor and fruitful in results. As principal of the Savannah high school for thirty-six years, Mr. Train has been to it what Arnold was to Rugby. He has had under him thousands of students. They are to be found not merely in Savannah but all over the south. He has made his impress on more than one gen eration, having lived to graduate children whose parents, years ago, were elevated and enthused by his lofty character and learn ing. His name is a household word in thousands of homes. He is, perhaps, more uniformally loved and respected in Savannah than any one of its most illustrious upbuilders, and his good work will continue to blossom and bear fruitage in this community as long as education is prized and knowledge is rewarded. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and his religious faith is that of the Presbyterian church. He has been a member of the First Presby terian church of Savannah for thirty-three years and Mrs. Train also is a devoted member of the same. He is identified with the St. Andrew's Society and the Georgia Hussars of his home city. On' Dec. 29, 1869, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Train to Miss Elizabeth Frew, daughter of James and Mary Frew, of Sa vannah, and they became the parents of six children, of whom four rest in the beautiful Bonaventure cemetery. The two surviving are William Frew Train, who is engaged in the insurance busi ness in Savannah, and Dr. John Kirk Train, a successful physician and surgeon of that city.
Trammell, Leander Newton, who died at his home, in Marietta, Ga., June 29, 1900, was one of the distinguished and honored citizens of Georgia, which he in turn honored and dignified by his life and services, having been called to po sition of high public trust and respon sibility. He was born in Habersham county, Ga., June 5, 1830, a son of Jehu and Elizabeth (Fain) Trammell. His paternal grandfather, William Trammell, of Scotch-Irish descent, was born in South Carolina, whence he went forth to serve as a soldier in the war of the Revolution, remaining with

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the Continental forces three years and participating in the siege of Savannah, the battle of King's mountain, where he lost an arm, and in the memorable battle of Cowpens, as well as other engage ments. He died in Macon county, S. C., in 1843, and his wife, whose maiden name was -Lynch, also died in that state. Jehu Trammell was born in Union district, S. C., and in 1818 he came to Georgia, settled in Habersham county, where he became one of the prominent and influential citizens of that section of the state, being twice elected to represent his district in the state senate. Ebenezer Fain, material grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was of French extraction, having been a nephew of Baron Fain, a member of Napoleon's staff. Representatives of the family set tled in Pennsylvania in the colonial epoch and in that state Eben ezer Fain was born, Aug. 27, 1762. He served with marked distinction as a soldier in the war of the Revolution, having been but fourteen years of age at the time of his original enlistment. He settled in Habersham county in 1818, and passed the remainder of his life in this state, as did also his wife, whose maiden name was Mary Black. Col. Leander N. Trammell was reared on the homestead farm, and attended the local schools at such times as his services were not in requisition in connection with the work of the homestead. At the age of nineteen years he entered a boarding school in Monroe county, Tenn., where he was a student fifteen months. Thereafter he was engaged in teaching school for an interval, then took up the study of law under the direction of Simpson Reid, of Blairsville, Ga., and in 1856 attended the law school at Lebanon, Tenn. After his admission to the bar he lo cated in Ringgold, Catoosa county, Ga., and engaged in the prac tice of his profession, as junior member of the firm of McConnell & Trammell. In 1861 he was elected to represent the county in the state legislature and was reflected in 1863, without opposition. In March, 1862, he entered the Confederate service, as quartermas ter, with the rank of captain, and discharged the duties of his office with the loyalty and fidelity which characterized him in all the relations of life. In 1866 he resumed the practice of law, in Calhoun, Gordon county. He was elected a delegate to the con stitutional convention of 1867-8, in which he did most valuable work for the state. Of his efforts in the connection the following has been written: "He was the recognized leader of the little band of fourteen dauntless patriots in that convention known as the 'Hancock Democracy,' whose unflagging courage and unrelaxing labor saved and secured to Georgia the supremacy of the white

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

457

race, a service which endeared him to the people and which will never be forgotten." At the election next succeeding he was unani mously tendered the nomination to the state senate, but declined the honor. In 1870, however, he was elected to represent his dis trict in the state senate, and was elected president of the body. In this position "he was distinguished for his fairness, impartial ity and parliamentary ability, and in 1873 was reflected without opposition, closing his four years' incumbency without having an appeal taken from any decision he had made." He was a Tilden elector in 1876, was a member of the state constitutional conven tion of 1877, and served on its committee on revision. He was president of the Democratic state convention of 1881, and chairman of the Democratic executive committee in 1882 and 1883. Prior to his chairmanship of the executive committee in 1883 the twothirds rule governed the gubernatorial nominating conventions. Through his wholesome influence this rule was changed, and since that time nominations have been made by a majority vote. In October, 1881, he was appointed a member of the state railway commission, and through successive reappointments held this of fice until the time of his death, having been chairman of the com mission from 1890 until the time when he closed his earthly labors. Of him it has well been said: "Endowed with unusual mental capacity, keen and strong; a courage of conviction unappalled by the most powerful antagonism; an integrity of character and sin cerity of purpose absolutely unassailable; a deep insight into mo tives ; and common sense and executive ability of a high order, he naturally became an almost unerring judge of public sentiment and a wise and successful leader of men, exercising a strong and salutary influence on the legislation of Georgia." Mr. Trammell was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South and was an appreciative member of the Masonic fraternity. His life was one of signal purity and usefulness and his name is held in lasting, honor in the state which he served so faithfully and well. In 1856 Mr. Trammell was united in marriage to Miss Zenobia J. Barclay, daughter of Hon. Elihu S. Barclay, who was for several terms a representative of Union county in the state legislature. Mrs. Trammell survives her honored husband, as do also their eight children, viz.: Mary M., wife of Samuel B. Scott, of Atlanta; Paul B., a resident of Dalton and the subject of an individual sketch in this compilation; Elizabeth V., wife of George L. Morris, of Birmingham, Ala.; William J., a resident of Marietta, Ga.; Alice N., wife of Walter L. Sessions, of Marietta; Fleta, wife of Frank

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

M. Boston, of Atlanta; Margaret Z., wife of William Pomeroy, of Cairo, 111.; and Leander N., Jr., of Marietta.
Trammell, Paul B., president of the First National bank of Dalton and an ex-member of the state senate, is a son of the late Leander N. Trammell, to whom a special memoir is accorded in this publication. Paul B. Trammell was born in Catoosa county, Ga., April 3, 1859. When the Civil war was inaugurated the fam ily removed to White county, where they remained until the close of the great struggle between the states. Then they removed to Gordon county, and two years later located in Whitfield county, where Paul attended school and prepared for college. He then entered the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1878, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Thereafter he resided in Atlanta four years, during three of which he. was in the employ of S. M. Inman & Co,, extensive cotton dealers. He then returned to Whitfield county, where he engaged in farming and also in the buying of cotton, becoming interested in a cotton-compress plant in Dalton, with which concern he is still identified. In 1888 he was elected to represent the forty-third district in the state senate, in which he served on the committee on finance, railroads and corporations. In 1890 he was elected to represent Whitfield county in the lower house of the legislature; was chosen as his own successor in the election of 1892, and in the sessions of 1890-91 he served as s'peaker pro tern. In 1893 Presi dent Cleveland appointed him collector of internal revenue for Georgia, and he took up his residence in Atlanta, where he re mained as the incumbent of this office until 1897, when he returned to Dalton, where he has since made his home, becoming identified with the First National bank in that year and elected to the presi dency of the same in 1900. He is stanch in his allegiance to the Democratic party, is a Royal Arch Mason, a member of the Knights of Pythias, and both he and his wife belong to the Methodist Epis copal church South. On Dec. 13, 1883, Mr. Trammell was united in marriage to Miss Fannie McAfee,' daughter of Dr. J. R. and Mary (Tarver) McAfee, of Dalton. They became the parents of four children, of whom three are living, Ruth having died at the age of three years. The others are Paul B., Jr., McAfee, and Leander Newton.
Transportation. The State of Georgia is well provided with both natural and artificial means of transportation. According to the report of the railroad commission for the year ending Oct. 15, 1904, there were then 6,230 miles of railroad in the state, only ten

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

459

of the 145 counties being without railroad accommodation. Most of these counties are in the mountainous districts of the northern portion, where the construction of railroads is attended by a vast amount of labor and expense. Nevertheless, lines are now c under contemplation that will, when completed, open some of them to railroad travel. Atlanta, Macon, Savannah, Columbus and Al bany are prominent railroad centers, while Cordele, Thomasville, Valdosta, Stillmore, Americus, Tifton and Waycross are centers of lesser importance. (See articles on Railroads and Canals).
In addition to the opportunities for trade and travel provided by the railroads, the inlets along the coast and the navigable rivers furnish means for water transportation, thus giving to many towns the advantage of cheap freight rates through, competition. The Savannah is navigable for boats of considerable size as far as Au gusta, and smaller steamers can ascend to the junction of the Tugaloo and Kiowee rivers, about one hundred miles farther. The Chattahoochee is navigable for modeate sized steamboats as far as Columbus and the Flint to Albany. Large steamers ply the entire length of the Altamaha; good sized boats can ascend the Ocmulgee to Macon, except at times of very low water, and the Oconee is navigable for small boats to Milledgeville. The Ogeechee and Satilla are each navigable for some distance, and in the northwestern part of the state Rome enjoys a fine river trade in iron, lumber, grain, cotton, etc., through the Coosa and Oostanaula rivers. Ocean steamers can pass through St. Simon's sound and the Turtle river to Brunswick, which place is next to Savannah in importance as a Georgia seaport, and the largest vessels can ascend the St. Mary's river to the town of that name, while small boats can pass up that stream as far as Trader's Hill, or even farther in a good stage of water. Along the coast are numerous sounds, nearly all of which are capable of navigation by large steamboats. The principal sounds are Wassaw, Ossabaw, St. Catherine, Sapelo, Doboy, Altamaha, St. Simon's, St. Andrew's and Cumberland. The inlets formed by the Newport and Medway rivers, which flow into St. Catherine's sound, are navigable for some distance at high tide. The same is true of the Sapelo river, which flows into the sound of that name, and the Little Satilla river, which flows into St. Andrew's sound.
A new feature in the transportation problem is the introduc tion of electrical roads. The longest electric line in the state at the present time is probably the one running from Atlanta to Marietta. Several suburban towns are connected with the capital

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

city by electric roads. Augusta, Macon and Savannah each have lines extending beyond their corporate limits, and the prospects are that Georgia will occupy a place in the front rank of those states that are turning to electricity as a cheap, convenient and reliable motive power for short distance traffic.
Travis, Robert Jesse, senior member of the prominent law firm of Travis & Travis, with offices in suite 16-18, Provi
dent building, in the city of Savannah,
was born in Conyers, Rockdale county,
Ga., Jan. 13, 1877. He is a son of A. C. W. Travis, M. D., born in Henry county, Ga., Dec. 18, 1835, and Allie (Living-
ston) Travis, born in Covington, New ton county, Ga., June 17, 1845. Among the ancestors of Mr. Travis who were prominent in colonial affairs may be mentioned Amos Travis, Richmond Terrell, of Virginia, who distinguished himself in the battle of King's Mountain, in the war of the Revolution; John Nicholson, who served in the Revolution, from Mecklenburg, N. C.; and Ebenezer Smith, a representative of Georgia in the same great struggle for independence. Robert Bass Livingston, maternal grandfather of Mr. Travis, was of distinguished ancestry, having been a grandson of William Livingston, of colonial fame, and a direct descendant of Robert Livingston, who, in 1686, obtained the patent for the manor of Livingston, Columbia county,, N. Y., an account of whose life is given in Lossing's "Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence." Among other prominent ancestors of Mr. Travis were John Lewis, who settled in Hanover county, Va., in 1640, and his son David Lewis, Sr., of Albemarle county, Va., who was born in 1685. Robert J. Travis was graduated in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., as a member of the class of 1897, receiving first honors and the degree of Bachelor of Arts, together with every scholarship medal offered in any department. In 1899 he was graduated in the law department of the University of Georgia, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, simultaneously prosecuting a post graduate course in the literary department of the same institution. In 1897-8 he was principal of the high school at Madison, Ga., and after graduating in the law school he entered upon the practice of his profession in the city of Savannah, forming a partnership with Chas. G. Edwards, under the title of Travis & Edwards. Later he

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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entered into partnership with his brother, John Livingston Travis, under the present firm name of Travis & Travis. They have an excellent professional business both as attorneys and counselors, and both are popular and appreciative members of the Savannah bar association. In his political allegiance the subject of this sketch is a stanch Democrat, and while he has been an effective worker in the party cause he has never desired or been a candidate for public office. He is known as one of the best revolver and rifle shots in the state and has been a member of every Georgia team since 1902, holding since that time the state and inter-state (southern) individual championship medals. He has been identi fied with the Georgia state troops since Aug. 25, 1899, when he enlisted as a private in Company E, First regiment of infantry, and in Company C, Savannah Volunteer Guards, he rose through the various grades of promotion corporal, first lieutenant, and captain. In 1903 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel and assist ant judge advocate in the Georgia state troops. He is also a mem ber of the Savannah Volunteer Guards club and the United Sons of Confederate Veterans. His father was one of the best known physicians and surgeons of middle Georgia and was prominent as a surgeon in the Confederate service during the war between the states. He died in 1890 and his widow now resides in Covington, Ga., being a woman of rare gifts and gracious refinement. Frequent sketches from her pen find their way into print. Mr. Travis is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the University club, the Savannah Yacht club, the Sons of the Revolution, and the Methodist Episcopal church South, being one of the board of stewards of the Wesleyan Memorial church in his home city. On Nov. 27, 1902, he was united in marriage to Miss Rena Falligant, daughter of Louis A. and Rosa O. (Brown) Falligant, of Savan nah, and they have one son, Robert Falligant Travis, born Dec. 26, 1904.
Travisville, a post-village of Clinch county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, about half-way between Homerville and Argyle, and in 1900 had a population of 96. It has some mercantile and shipping interests, school, church advantages, etc.
Treasury Notes. The scarcity of money in the early years of the Confederate war led the general assembly to pass an act on Dec. 12, 1863, providing for an issue of treasury notes. These notes were to be redeemable in Confederate notes after Dec. 25, 1864, the said Confederate notes to have been issued subsequently to April 1, 1864, and to be deposited by the governor in the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

banks for the redemption of the treasury notes. In November, 1864, it became necessary to remove the state treasury to a place of greater security, and on the 18th of that month the legislature passed a resolution authorizing the treasurer to burn a large amount of these notes in the presence of three or more respon sible persons, whose certificates should be vouchers for the amount of notes and change bills so destroyed.
Treatise. -(See Indian Treaties). Tree, a post-hamlet in the extreme northeast corner of Towns county, is about twelve miles northwest of Clayton, which is the most convenient railroad station. Trenton, the county seat of Dade county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1854. It is located near the center of the county on the Alabama Great Southern railway which runs south ward from Chattanooga through the great coal and iron regions of Georgia and Alabama. Being situated in Town creek valley, between Lookout and Raccoon mountains, it has a fine climate, delightful and healthy in summer, though somewhat cold in win ter. The population of Trenton by the census of 1900 was 349 and its entire district had 689 inhabitants. It has a money or der postoffice, telegraph and express offices, several stores, small industries, schools and churches, etc. There was a skirmish here on Nov. 18, 1863, while the Confederate army under General Bragg was holding the Federal forces in a state of siege in Chat tanooga. Treutlen, John Adam, was the first governor of Georgia under the constitution of 1777. The date and place of his birth are not known. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress, which met at Savannah on July 4th, 1775, and was active in the cause of independence. He became governor on May 8, 1777, being elected by a large majority over Button Gwinnett, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. His term ended on Jan. 8, 1778. Tribble, Joseph M., M. D., a successful physician and surgeon of Lithonia, Dekalb county, was born near Monroe, Walton county, Ga., April 2, 1865. He is a son of Rev. A. K. and Elizabeth (Smith) Tribble, the former of whom was born in South Carolina and the latter in North Carolina. The father served in the quartermaster's department of the Confederate States at the time of the Civil war and later as chaplain in the field ranks. He died in 1886, at Decatur, Ga., his wife having passed away in the preceding year. Doctor Tribble attended the academy in

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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Decatur, Dekalb county, and in 1895 was graduated in the Georgia college of Eclectic medicine and surgery in Atlanta, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He initiated the ac tive work of his profession by locating at Lithonia in April, 1895, and within the decade that has intervened he has proven himself \vorthy of the high confidence placed in him as a practitioner and as a man among men. He has a large and substantial profes sional business and is one of the representative citizens of his community. Though stanch in his support of the principles of the Democratic party, he has never sought public office, but he is now rendering effective service as a member of the board of edu cation of Lithonia. He is a member of the Georgia medical asso ciation; is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men. On Dec. 17, 1890, Doctor Tribble was united in marriage to Miss Minnie Wing, daughter of Hiram L. and Marian (Berry) Wing, of Virginia, and the three children of this union are: Marian, Hiram L. and Ora M.
Tribble, Samuel J., of Athens, is one of
Georgia's representative lawyers and is
the present incumbent of the office of solicitor-general of the western circuit.
He was born in Carnesville, Franklin
county, Ga., Nov. 15, 1869, a son of Lem
uel N. and Jane Tribble, the former born
in Abbeville, S. C, and the latter in An-
derson, that state, where the respective
families were founded in an early day. Lemuel N1. Tribble served sixteen years
as ordinary of Franklin county, and for
many years was one of the wealthiest and most prominent citizens of the northeastern part of the state. He was a leal and loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, serving for four years. At the battle of Jonesboro, when exGovernor Candler, of Georgia, was wounded, it was Mr. Tribble who rushed into the relentless rain of shot and shell, courting almost certain death, took Colonel Candler in his arms and bore him to a place of safety. Mr. Tribble died in 1902 his wife having passed away in 1876.* Samuel J. Tribble, after due preparatory discipline, was matriculated in the University of Georgia, and with the class of 1891 was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. While in the university he won the Sophomore medal, considered bv manv students the highest honor of the sort

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

conferred by the university. In 1891 an oratorical contest between the southern universities was held at the University of Virginia, and judges were selected to name the best ora tor of the student body of the University of Georgia, as rep resentative in said contest. The local competition was held before Hon. Pope Barrow, Hon. E. T. Brown and Hon. A,. G. McCurry, as judges, Mr. Tribble was selected to represent his university, and he ran a close second in the final contest at the University of Virginia. In 1891 Mr. Tribble was admitted to the bar and engaged in the practice of law in Athens. That he has attained success and distinction along the line of his chosen pro fession is indicated in his tenure of his present responsible and exacting office. He served five years as solicitor of the city court of Athens. Within his second term, in 1904, he was elected solicitor-general of the western circuit, in which capacity he is now serving with marked ability and objective favor. The contest made by him in the race for this office is one which will remain memorable in the politics of the state. He entered the race at a late hour and unexpectedly to his friends, but his campaign was aggressive and thorough, the voters becoming very much wrought up over the fight between him and his opponents, and he won by a very large majority. He was one of the prime factors in securing the removal of the negro postmaster'of Athens in 1900, and his action in the matter gained to him the unqualified endorsement of the white citizens, who zealously seconded his efforts. In poli tics Mr. Tribble is a stanch supporter of the cause of the Dem ocratic party, being an active worker in its ranks. He is identi fied with the Sons of Confederate Veterans, in which he has served as .judge advocate, and has also held the position of commandant of Tro'up Artillery Camp. He is affiliated with the Masonic fra ternity, the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity, and is a valued member of the Baptist church. On Dec. 10, 1891, he was united in marriage to Miss Minnie McEntire, daughter of Dr. William C. and Eliza (Jones) McEntire, of Carnesville, and they have two children Ruth and Lamar.
Trinity, a post-village of Liberty county, is about eight miles northwest of Fleming, which is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1900 was 44. It is a trading point for the neighbor hood in which it is located.
Trion Factory, as its name indicates, is an important manufac turing town, being the largest place in the county of Chattooga. It had its origin in 1847 when Judge A. P. Allgood of Walker

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

465

county and Judge Spencer Marsh of LaFayette, united with Col. W. K. Briers to build a cotton mill with a capital of $25,000. This mill was called Trion after the trio who were its founders. It escaped destruction during the war, although in the track of Sherman's army, but in 1875 it was destroyed by an accidental fire. The fol lowing year the first mill of the new plant was built and by 1900 there were three mills with property valued at $600,000, having 1,432 looms, over 50,000 spindles and consuming daily 20 tons of coal and 60 bales of cotton. Around these mills has been built the town of Trion Factory, which was first incorporated by act of the legislature in 1863. After all the vicissitudes of war and re construction, it had grown by 1900 into a town of 1,926 in its cor porate limits, while its entire district contained 3,020 people. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, prosperous commercial establishments and ex cellent schools and churches. It is located on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway which runs southward from Chatta nooga through the flourishing city of Rome, via Griffin and Macon to Savannah.
Triplett, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is on a tributary of the Broad river, about twelve miles west of Washington, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Tripp, Town of. (See Grayson). Trippe, Robert P., was a native of Georgia. He graduated at Franklin college, studied law and was ad'mitted to practice at Forsyth. He was elected representative in Congress in 1854 and reflected in 1856. In 1873 he was elected to succeed Judge W. W. Montgomery on the supreme bench, where he served until 1875, when he resigned. He died in 1900. Troup County was created in 1826 from lands acquired from the Indians by the treaty of Indian Springs. A part was set off to Harris in 1827 and a part to Heard in 1830. It was named for 'Gov. George M. Troup. The county lies in the western part-of the state and is bounded on the north by Heard and Coweta counties, on the east by Meriwether, on the south by Harris, and on the west by the State of Alabama. The Chattahoochee river flows through the western part of the county. The land 'is rolling and well watered, and the soil is fertile. Cotton, sweet and Irish pota toes and all the cereals are raised. Both soil and climate are adapted to the production of vegetables, and such fruits as peaches, plums, cherries and grapes. The forests yield yellow pine, oak, maple, hickory, sweet-gum and poplar, suitable for manufacturing
30-111

466

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

purposes. This timber supply and the advantages offered by fine water-power has led to the establishment of a number of factories, but good sites are still abundant. The Atlanta & West Point rail road traverses the county from northeast to southwest and the Macon & Birmingham from west to east, providing good facilities for shipping. La Grange, the county seat, is the manufacturing center of the county. West Point, Hogansville and Mountville are important towns. There are two colleges at La Grange, which with the Park high school offer exceptional educational advantages. The population of Troup county in 1900 was 24,003, an increase of 3,279 in ten years.
Troup Factory, a town of Troup county, is located ten miles southeast of La Grange. As its name indicates it is a manufactur ing town, the first cotton factory there being built about 1841. It afterward changed owners and was removed to La Grange. Although Troup Factory had a population of 400 in 1900 it has no postoffice, being dependent upon the rural free delivery from the county seat for its mail. The nearest railroad station is Chipley, seven miles distant in Harris county.
Troup, George Michael, lawyer, legislator and governor, was born on Sept. 8, 1780, at Mclntosh's Bluff, then in the State of Georgia, but,now in Alabama. His early education was received under a private tutor. In 1797 he graduated at Princeton and in 1800 was admitted to the bar. The following year he was elected to the legislature; was reelected in 1802 and again in 1803 ; served as a representative in Congress from 1806 to 1814; was elected United States senator in 1816, but resigned after serving about two years; was elected governor in 1823 and again in 1825. During his admin istration as governor he successfully maintained the rights of Georgia in a controversy with the United States government with regard to the Indian lands. In 1828 he was again elected to the United States senate, without opposition, but he resigned his seat in that body in 1833 and retired to private life. During the war of 1812 he was chairman of the house committee on military affairs in the Congress of the United States. A ward and square in the city of Savannah bear his name, and a life size portrait, painted by order of the general assembly, hangs in the capitol at Atlanta. He died in Montgomery county on April 26, 1856.
Trust Companies. Charters to trust companies issue from the office of secretary of state. Before a charter can be obtained notice of intention to organize must be published and a capital stock of at least $25,000 paid in. Companies of this character have

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

467

power to sue and .be sued; to buy, sell or lease real estate; to re ceive deposits of trust money; to loan money on real estate or per sonal property; to act as trustee for bonds or as fiscal agents; to accept and execute trusts for married women; and when appointed by the court to serve as guardian, trustee or receiver, or to execute such other duties as may be assigned to them by order of the court.
Trustees. (For list see Charter). Trustees, Seal of. (See Seal). Tube, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is about four miles north of Dahlonega. Lula is the nearest railroad station. Tuckahoe, a post-hamlet of Screven county, is ten miles north east of Sylvania and about three miles from the Savannah river. Sylvania is the most convenient railroad station. Tucker, a village of Dekalb county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, seven miles northeast of Decatur, and in 1900 had a popu lation of 37. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and ex press accommodations, some mercantile interests and does con siderable shipping. Tucker, Henry Holcombe, educator and clergyman, was born in Warren county, not far from where the town of Camak now stands, May 10, 1819. His mother being left a widow soon after his birth, removed, to Philadelphia, where he received his education. In his senior year he left the University of Pennsylvania and went to Washington, D. C., where he graduated in the Columbian col lege in 1838. After engaging in mercantile pursuits for about three years he studied law and began practice at Forsyth, Ga., in 1846. In 1851 he was ordained to the Baptist ministry at Lagrange, where he had been engaged as an instructor in the female college. In 1856 he was elected professor of belles-letters and metaphysics in Mercer university, which position he held until the commencement of the Civil war. In 1866, after serving for a short time as editor of the Christian Index, he was elected to the presi dency of Mercer university, but resigned in 1871 and with his fam ily visited Europe. Dr. Tucker was elected chancellor of the University of Georgia in 1874 and held the position until 1878, when he again became editor of the Index and took up his resi dence in Atlanta, where he died on April 14, 1877. Tucker, John J., one of the sterling citizens and successful farmers of Meriwether county, where he died Jan. 13, 1896, was an officer in the Confederate service in the Civil war, and his loyalty in all other relations of life was equally inviolable. Captain Tucker

468

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

was born in Elbert county, Ga., Oct. 31, 1826, a son of Humphrey

David and Eda (Grant) Tucker, the former born in North Caro

lina and the latter in Virginia. The original ancestors of the

.,.,,,,.

Tucker family as represented in the

Georgia line came from Ireland, before

the war of the Revolution, there having

been five brothers of the one immediate

family connection and three brothers who

were cousins of the other five of the

name. The parents of the subject of this

memoir passed the closing years of their

lives in Meriwether county, having been

representatives of honored pioneer fami

lies of this section of the state. Humphrey

D. Tucker was a soldier in the war of

1812. He was a son of Ethrel Tucker,

who was born in North Carolina and whose wife, Rebecca,

was a native of Virginia. Ethrel Tucker removed from North

Carolina to Georgia in 1833 and settled in Elbert county,

where he passed the remainder of his life. The maternal grand

father of John J. Tucker was Daniel Grant, who was born in Vir

ginia and came to Georgia in early life, here residing until his

death. Mr. Tucker acquired a good common-school education and

throughout life remained a great reader, being an excellent math

ematician and a man of superior intellectuality. He was identified

with agricultural pursuits from his boyhood until his death, and the

greater portion of his life was passed in Meriwether county, where

his name is held in lasting honor. At the inception of the war

between the states he tendered his services in defense of the

cause of the Confederacy. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in Com

pany B, Sixtieth Georgia infantry, in which he was finally pro

moted to captain and with which he saw arduous service, partici

pating in a number of important battles. At the battle of Gettys

burg he gave a wounded comrade his horse in order that the un

fortunate man might escape and he himself was captured, taken to

Johnson's island, in Lake Erie, where he was held as a prisoner

of war for twenty-two months, at the expiration of which his

exchange was effected, and that by a very narrow margin, as an

arrangement had been made for the exchange of 500 men and he

was the next to the last to be chosen. He was with Gen. Lee's

forces during the latter days of the war and after the surrender

was paroled. Captain Tucker was a stanch Democrat, a devout

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

469

member of the Methodist Protestant church, and a Royal Arch Mason. In 1853 he was united in marriage to Miss Louisa Kilpatrick, daughter of Richard and Elizabeth (Rawls) Kilpatrick, of Meriwether county, and she was summoned to the life eternal on Dec. 3, 1873. In May, 1874, he married Miss Ollie C. Crawford, daughter of P. Crawford, of Talbot county, and she still survives him. Five children were born of the first union. Concerning them the following brief data are given: Sarah F. is the wife of R. R. Mabley, of Chipley, Harris county; Oscar D. and Dr. William B. are likewise residents of Chipley; John T. resides in the city of Atlanta; and Dr. James R., who was an able physician and sur geon, died in Chipley.
Tucker, O. Walter, a popular young business man of Chipley, Harris county, where he is associated in the drug business with his father, under the firm title of W. B. & O. W. Tucker, was born in the town which is now his home, Feb. 25, 1880. A sketch of the life of his father, Dr. William B. Tucker, is to be found in a later paragraph in this publication. After a due amount of pre paratory study in the public schools of Chipley Mr. Tucker en tered Gordon institute, at Barnesville, Ga., where he pursued higher academic work. He then took a course in the Atlanta school of pharmacy, thoroughly fortifying himself in the knowledge of his profession and was granted a state license as a registered pharmacist upon examination before the state board of pharmacy. At the age of seventeen years he was admitted by his father to partnership in the latter's drug business, in which they have since been associated, under the title already designated, with the ex ception of an interim of three years. They have a modern and well equipped establishment and control an excellent business. In politics Mr. Tucker is aligned with the Democratic party; is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and is affiliated with the local blue lodge of the Masonic fraternity.
Tucker, William B., M. D., who is engaged in the practice of his profession at Chipley, Harris county, where he also conducts a well appointed drug store, in which latter enterprise his second son is associated with him, was born in Harris county, Ga., Aug. 11, 1857, a son of Capt. John J. and Louisa (Kirkpatrick) Tucker, both now deceased. As a memoir of Cap tain Tucker appears in this work further reference to the family history is not demanded at this point. After a due preliminary discipline in the common schools Doctor Tucker was matriculated in the medical department of the University of Georgia, at Augusta,

470

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in which he completed the prescribed course and was graduated in

March, 1883, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Shortly after

ward he established himself in practice at Warm Springs, Meri-

.,,,:.;,,;;.;:;;:,..

wether county, where he remained until

1891, when he removed to Chipley, where

he has continued in the work of his pro

fession with most gratifying success.

His drug business is conducted under

the firm name of W. B. & O. W. Tucker.

In 1905 he retired to a large extent from

the work of his profession, in order to

devote his attention to his drug business

and farming interests, the latter being

quite extensive in scope. As a planter

he utilizes the most approved modern

methods, and his enterprise as a busi

ness man is shown in the fine new building which he has

erected for his drug store. He is a member of the Medical Asso

ciation of Georgia and also of the Georgia pharmaceutical asso

ciation. He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, Knights of

Pythias and Royal Arcanum, and his religious faith is indicated

by his membership in the Methodist Episcopal church South. He

is a stalwart adherent of the Democratic party; has been a member

of the municipal council of Chipley for several years; has served

as mayor pro tempore, and is now a member of the board of edu

cation. On Oct. 11, 1887, Doctor Tucker was married to Miss

Mary E. Williams, daughter of Dr. Daniel and Martha (Gore)

Williams, of Chattooga county, and her death occurred on Nov.

6, 1898. She is survived by two sons, Dr. Otis B., who is engaged

in the practice of medicine at Pitts, Wilcox county, and O. Walter,

individually mentioned in this work. On March 20, 1899, Doctor

Tucker wedded Miss Susie Key, daughter of Crawford Key, of

Chipley, and they have one son, James Robert.

Tugaloo, a post-village in the eastern part of Stephens county,

is a station on the Southern railway, and is not far from the Tug

aloo river. It is a trading point for the neighborhood in which it

is situated and in 1900 had a population of 46.

Tulip, (railroad name Sprite Station) a post-hamlet of Chattooga

county, is on the Central of Georgia railway, not far from the Floyd

county line.

Tumuli, Ancient. (See Antiquities).

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

471

Tunnelhill, so named from the great tunnel on the Western & Atlantic railroad, is a town in the northern part of Whitfield coun ty, and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1856. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, and several stores. The people have also the advantage of good schools and churches. On Sept. 11, 1863 during the Chickamauga campaign there was some skirmishing here. Again on Feb. 33-24, 1864, Wheeler's cavalry was engaged in skirmishing with the Federal outposts and foraging parties, and on March 3, 1865, there was also some fighting in this vicinity.
Tupper, William Marsh, one of the most prominent and influential business men of Brunswick, Glynn county, is a citizen of sterling character and has large and important interests in his city and state. He claims the old Pine Tree State as the place of his nativity, having been born in the city of Bangor, Me., Jan. 1, 1849, a son of Rev. Thomas B. and Lucy R. (Peck) Tupper, the former born in Nova Scotia and the latter in New Brunswick, Dominion of Canada. The father was a clergyman of the Methodist church and both he and his wife passed the closing years of their lives in Maine. The subject of this sketch attended the common schools until he had attained to the age of thirteen years, when he entered the East Maine Conference seminary, at Bucksport, where he remained a student two years. He then took up a seafaring life, sailing before the mast, and he has ever since been identified with some order of maritime or navigation interests. At the age of twenty-two years he was master of a sailing vessel, in the employ of R. P. Buck, of New York, and remained in the employ of this firm, as first officer and master of different vessels, for a period of twenty years. He then came to Georgia and took up his residence in Brunswick, where he has since maintained his home. He here established a line of tow boats and lighters, and in this line he has built up a large and important business. He is also agent for the Mallory and Clyde steamship lines; is president .of the company operating the Cumberland Line, between Bruns wick-and Fernandina, Fla.; and represents the leading marine-in surance companies of Europe and America; is vice-president of the Brunswick Banking and Trust Company, vice-president of St.

472

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Simon's Transit Company and president of the Seaman's Friends' society of the port of Brunswick. He is also a member of the directorate of the Brunswick sash, door and blind factory and the South Atlantic Towing Company. In national affairs he gives his support to the Republican party, but in local politics he is aligned stanchly with the Democracy. He is a member of the board of aldermen of Brunswick and is held in unqualified esteem in both business and social circles. He and his wife attend and support the Presbyterian church, and he is a member of the Ocean Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons. In February, 1871, Mr. Tupper was united in marriage to Miss Alveretta Devereaux, daughter of Ralph and Mary (Harriman) Deveraux, of Searsport, Me., and they have one son, Ralph B., who is associated with his father in business, under the firm name of Tupper & Co. Ralph B. Tupper married a daughter of Dr. J. M. Madden, a prominent physician of Bruns wick, and they have two children, William M. and Alveretta, named in honor of their paternal grandparents.
Turin, an incorporated town of Coweta county, is on the Central of Georgia railroad, ten miles east of Newnan. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, some manufacturing enterprises, telegraph and express offices, a money order postdffice, with rural free delivery, and in 1900 reported a population of 196,
Turner County was organized by act of the legislature in August, 1905, and was laid off from Irwin, Wilcox, Dooly and Worth counties. It was named in honor of Henry G. Turner, who at one time served in the Georgia legislature, was a member of the State constitutional convention of 1877, and represented Georgia in the United States house of representatives. Turner county is bounded on the north by Crisp and Wilcox, on the east by Irwin and Wilcox, on the south by Worth and Tift and on the west by Worth county. Tributaries of the Allapaha and Little rivers water the surface and the Georgia Southern & Florida railway traverses the county. The soil is a light, sandy loam with clay subsoil, but on the creek bottoms it is alluvial and very productive. The agricultural products are corn, cotton, wheat, oats, rye, upland rice, sorghum, sugar-cane, Irish and sweet potatoes, field peas, ground peas, chufas and hay from crab grass and pea-vines. The horticultural products are apples, peaches, plums, cherries, grapes, figs, melons, berries and all the usual vegetables. Mineral products are clay, limestone and sandstone. Ashburn, on the Georgia South ern & Florida railway, is the county seat. Turner county belongs to the Second Congressional district and Albany judicial circuit.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

473

Turner, Henry G., lawyer and member of Congress, was born in Franklin county, N. C, March 20, 1839. After the usual prepara tory training he entered the University of Virginia, but the death of his father in 1857 made it necessary for him to leave the insti tution before completing his course. The following year he came to Georgia, where he taught school until the commencement of the war, when he enlisted in the Confederate service. He served through the entire war, being mustered out as captain, and in 1865 was admittd to the bar. In 1872 he was one of the presidential elec tors on the Democratic ticket. Later he served three terms in the legislature; was elected to represent his district in the lower branch of Congress in 1880, and reflected at each succeeding election until 1894. Upon retiring from Congress he resumed the practice of law at Quitman; was appointed one of the justices of the supreme court, but after a short service he resigned, and died at Quitman in 1905.
Turner, William Joseph, M. D., who is
established in the successful practice of
his profession in Ashburn, Worth coun
ty, and known as an able physician and
surgeon, was born in Cusseta, Chatta-
hoochee county, Ga., Dec. 20, 1868, a son
of Olynthus W. and Emma H. (Shipp)
Turner, the former born near Cuthbert,
Randolph county, Ga., July 22, 1845, and
the latter in Cusseta, Chattahoochee
county, Feb. 13, 1847. The paternal
grandfather of Doctor Turner was a
clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church and was a soldier in the Confederate service during the war between the states. Olynthus W. Turner, in the year 1863, also tendered his aid in upholding the cause of the Confederacy, en listing as a private in Company E, Thirty-first Georgia infantry, with which he participated in a number of important engagements, including the battles of Morton's Ford, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Gettysburg, Cedar Creek, Hatcher's Run, Petersburg, and a spir ited engagement near Appomattox, besides numerous skirmishes and other minor engagements. He was captured the day prior to Lee's surrender and was taken to Newport News, Va., where he was paroled in June, 1865. Doctor Turner secured his early edu cation in the schools of his native place, and completed his tech nical training in Atlanta, Ga., where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1893, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine

474

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and coming forth well fortified for the work of his chosen pro fession. He is one of the representative members of the medical fraternity in Turner county, having been engaged in the practice of his profession in Ashburn since 1895, and is held in high esteem in the community. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, is a Democrat in his political proclivities, is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias and the Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and his religious faith is that of the Methodist Episcopal church South. Mrs. Turner is a zealous member of the Baptist church. On Feb. 13, 1894, was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Turner to Miss Julia H., daughter of Ben jamin F. and Leannah V. (Holomon) Cawley, of Macon, Ga., and the two children of this union are Hazel and Olynthus C.
Turner, William R., cashier of the Citizens' bank, Milieu, Jenkins county, was born on the plantation of his father, near Barnesville, Pike county, Ga., Feb. 14, 1883. Fie is a son of Capt. Benja min M. and Mary Ella (Banks) Turner, the former born in Barnesville, April 1, 1839, and the latter was born in Han cock county, in 1849. Captain Turner was a lawyer by profession and was dis tinctively a. man of affairs, having been identified extensively with planting in terests and also been engaged in the mercantile business for a number of years prior to his death, which occurred on April 3, 1900. He commanded a company in a bat talion of sharpshooters, in the Confederate service, during the war between the states, and was one of the prominent and influential citizens of Pike county, where he held the uniform esteem of all who knew him. His widow still resides in Barnesville. William R. Turner secured his preparatory educational discipline in Gordon institute, at Barnesville, and then entered the University of Geor gia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1903, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He also studied law at the university, but has never taken up the work of the pro fession. After his graduation he became bookkeeper in the Citi zens' bank of Barnesville, where he remained two years, gaining a thorough knowledge of the executive details of the banking bus iness. Upon the organization of the Citizens' bank of Milleir hewas chosen its cashier, and has since served in that capacity, his

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

475

able efforts having done much to further the upbuilding of this popular new financial institution. He is one of the stockholders of the bank and is a member of its directorate, while he is known as one of the progressive young business men of Millen. He is a Democrat in his political proclivities; a member of the Baptist church; is identified with the Knights of Pythias and the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity. During the last term of adminis tration of Governor Candler Mr. Turner served on his military staff, the governor having been a college roommate of his father.
Turner's and Howell's Ferries. During Hood's northward march in the fall of 1864 there was skirmishing at these points on the Chattahoochee river, nearly due west of Atlanta, on Octo
ber 19th. Turnerville, one of the important towns of Habersham county,
is on the Tallulah Falls railroad, about ten miles northeast of Clarkesville. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and ex press services, several stores, and is a shipping point for the products of the surrounding country.
Turpentine. (See Naval Stores). Tusculum, (railroad name Brewer's Station) a post-village of Effingham county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railroad, about eight miles northwest of Springfield. It has some mercantile and shipping interests, a money order postoffice, and in
1900 had a population of 50. Tussey, J. E., supervisor of bridges
and buildings of the Central of Georgia railway in the city of Savannah, has been in railroad service since he was fifteen years old and has won successive promotions through efficient and dis criminating effort. He was born in Lexington, Davidson county, N. C., March 13, 1870, a son of Z. B. and B. E. Tussey, both born in Lexington, the former in 1844 and the latter in 1848. The father was a soldier of the Confed eracy during the Civil war, having en listed in March, 1862, as a member of Company B, Forty-eighth North Carolina volunteer infantry, which was assigned to Cook's brigade, Heath's division, Hill's corps. He served eighteen months as brigade scout and at the time of the final surrender had just been promoted first sergeant of his company. J. E. Tussey secured

476

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

his early education in the public schools of Lexington and, as be

fore stated, entered railroad service when but fifteen years of age.

He has ever since been identified with the same. He began as

commissary clerk, later became assistant to the railroad civil engi

neers in construction work, has been at different intervals the in

cumbent of positions as section foreman, foreman and conductor

of work trains, flagman and yard foreman, conductor in connection

with steam-shovel work, assistant track supervisor and finally

track supervisor, in which last mentioned capacity he served the

Central of Georgia six and one-half years. At the expiration of

that time, on May 1, 1904, he was promoted general yard master

which he held until March 15th, 1906, when he was promoted to

supervisor of bridges and buildings which place he now holds.

He came from Virginia to Georgia, May 26, 1891, and has found

this fair old commonwealth so attractive that he has never since

had any desire to depart therefrom. In politics he is independent

in his attitude; fraternally he is identified with Landrum Lodge,

No. 48, Free and Accepted Masons; Georgia Chapter, No. 2, Royal

Arch Masons; is also a Knight Templar and a member of Alee

Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He

and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church

South. On Nov. 28, 1895, Mr. Tussey was united in marriage to

Miss Amanda M. Millikan, daughter of Azel and Annie E. (Spen

cer) Millikan, of Randleman, N. C., and their only living child

is Helen Alberta, born Jan. 28, 1904.

Tuten, James Greene, M. D., is one of

:,:;llll;|||;;;;;;:;;;.;.;;:': -.

the able and popular representatives of

the medical profession in Wayne county,

being established in an excellent repre

sentative practice at Jesup. He was born

near Staffords, Hampton county, S. C.,

Feb. 15, 1870, and in the same locality

his father, John Asa Tuten, was born,

Feb. 22, 1846. His mother, whose maid

en name was Susan Catherine Dowling,

was born near Blackville, Barnwell coun

ty, S. C., Jan. 31, 1845. John A. Tuten

was a valiant and loyal soldier of the

Confederacy in the war between the states, having enlisted, in

1862, as a member of Kanta Paux artillery, a fine South Carolina

command with which he was in active service until the close of the

war, taking part in a number of important engagements incidental

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

477

to the campaigns in the Carolinas, including the battles of Honey Hill, Orangeburg and Buford's Bridge, S. C., and Columbia, Averasboro and Bentonville, N. C. He was paroled, at Salisbury, N. C. in April, 1865. The father died in 1891 and the mother in 1899. Dr. Tuten secured his preliminary educational training in the schools of Hampton county, S. C., and his technical discipline, preparing him for the work of his exacting profession, was gained in the medical department of the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated March 3, 1890. He has been unswerving in his devotion to his profession and has gained marked prestige as a phy sician and surgeon, while he is one of the popular citizens of Jesup, commanding the uniform confidence and esteem of the community. He is a member of the American medical association, the Interna tional association of railway surgeons and the Medical Association of Georgia. He has twice had yellow fever and is thus immune, while it has been his privilege to render most valuable service in epidemics of this dreaded scourge of the south. He was acting assistant surgeon in the United States marine-hospital service, at Jesup, during the epidemic of 1893; was similarly engaged at Scranton, Miss., in 1897; and at the soldiers' home in Hampton, Va., in 1899. He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and the Knights of Pythias, is a stanch advocate of the principles of the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist church. On Dec. 10, 1891, he was united in marriage to Miss Minnie Lee Walters, daughter of Charles W. and Augusta Walters, of Montezuma, Ga., and the children of this union are: Mamie Louise, born Oct. 21, 1894, and James Greene, Jr., born Dec. 20, 1897.
Twiggs, Albert J., of Augusta, is one of the leading civil engi neers and railroad and government contractors of the State of Georgia. He was one of the youngest soldiers in the Confederate service during the Civil war and for about thirty years was a mem ber of the Richmond Hussars, of which he was captain a number of years. He was born on the home plantation, in Edgefield coun ty, S. C., April 25,1849, a son of Col. John D. and Eugenia (Rambo) Twiggs, the former born in Richmond county, Ga., and the latter in Edgefield county, S. C. John D. Twiggs was born on the old Twiggs homestead, near Alien's station, Richmond county, Ga., April 6, 1826. He was a grandson of Maj.-Gen. John Twiggs, a distinguished officer of the war of the Revolution, and a nephew of Maj.-Gen. David E. Twiggs, a hero of the Mexican war. When the State of South Carolina seceded he was first lieutenant of the

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Edgefield Rangers, a cavalry company of Hamburg, that state, A. J. Hammond being captain. The company went into camp at Horse creek bridge in the spring of 1861, and when Captain Ham mond tendered his resignation Lieutenant Twiggs was unanimous ly elected to succeed him. The following extracts are from an ap preciative memorial contributed by two of Colonel Twiggs' com rades : "The company was ordered to Charleston, where it became a part of the First South Carolina regiment of cavalry, John L. Black, of Edgefield, being made colonel and John D. Twiggs, of Hamburg, lieutenant-colonel. They went into active service on the coast and the islands near Charleston, and were engaged in several severe fights and heavy skirmishes, and doing much picket duty. Afteraboutsix months they were sent to Virginia, leaving Summerville, Oct. 1, 1861, and were then attached to Hampton's famous brigade, in the corps of the distinguished Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. In Vir ginia they saw much hard service and were engaged in all the great battles that were fought around Richmond. In the great cavalry battle at Brandy Station Colonel Black was early wounded and compelled to retire and the command devolved upon LieutenantColonel Twiggs, who led the regiment during the battle. His horse was killed and fell on him, pinning him to the ground, but he sus tained no serious injuries. He was pulled from under his fallen horse and, securing a remount from one of his men, contiued to command his regiment with such skill and bravery as to elicit the praise of the commanding general. He continued in command of the regiment until after the battle of Gettysburg, in which he was distinguished by his gallantry and bravery, on several occasions leading his men in the 'very hottest places in the terrible contest. In December, 1863, the First and Second South Carolina regiments were ordered to Charleston, S. C, and went into camp on James island, where they saw more hard fighting and much heavy picket duty. It was day and night service, driving back the negro troops. It is needless to say that his regiment was much grieved when its members learned of the death of Colonel Twiggs, as they were devotedly attached to him. They loved him and admired him. He was always kind and considerate. We feel justified in saying that no braver, more patriotic or purer man has ever lived than Col. John D. Twiggs. He lives, and will ever live, in the hearts of his Confederate companions in arms those who followed him on many a bloody battle field. His son, Albert J. Twiggs, went with him to the war when only about thirteen years of age, acting as

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his courier and remaining with him to the bitter end. Colonel Twiggs died in September, 1864." Touching the service of Capt. Albert J. Twiggs,-it may be noted that in December, 1863, when but fourteen years of age, he enlisted as a private in Company K, First South Carolina cavalry, being one of the youngest members in the regular service of the Confederacy, remained in the ranks until the close of the war, and was with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army at the time of the final surrender. He refused to. surrender, however, and with others of his comrades set forth to join the com mand of Gen. Kirby Smith, in the Trans-Mississippi department, and was finally paroled in Augusta, Ga., May 25, 1865. Captain Twiggs was educated in the Virginia military institute, where he took a thorough course in civil engineering. Throughout his bus iness career, covering a period of thirty-five years forward from 1871, he has followed his profession successfully and has handled many important railroad and government contracts. In the former department of his work he has been concerned in railroad con struction in Georgia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, Ten nessee, Louisiana and Florida. He has also executed some very noteworthy work for the government, in connection with the im provement of the Savannah river below Augusta. He is a stock holder in the Hardwood Lumber Company, of Augusta, being general manager of the business, in which he is associated with Frank E. Fleming. He is a stanch Democrat; is a member of the United Confederate Veterans; since 1900 he has served as a member of the board of school trustees of Richmond county; is a member of the Commercial club, of Augusta, and both he and his wife are members of the First Baptist church. On Nov. 30, 1871, Captain Twiggs was united in marriage to Miss Emma W. Jordan, of Augusta, and they have two sons Captain John D., and William J., both of whom are graduates of the Virginia mili tary institute and both civil engineers by profession. The elder son well upheld the military prestige of the name at the time of the late* Spanish-American war, as captain of Company H, Third United States volunteer infantry, having taken part in the battle of Santiago.
Twiggs County was laid out from Wilkinson in 1809 and a part was set off to Bibb in 1833. The county was named for Col. John Twiggs, who, during the Revolutionary war, won distinction in many battles with the British and their Indian allies. The first superior court was held in the county in November, 1811, at Marion,

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then the county seat, Judge Peter Early presiding. The county is situated in the central part of the state and is bounded by Bibb and Jones on the north and northwest, Wilkinson on the east, Pulaski on the south and Houston and Bibb on the west. The Ocmulgee river forms the western boundary and drains the land. Along its banks a'nd those of its tributaries the soil is exceedingly fertile. The prin cipal productions are Irish and sweet potatoes, cotton, all varie ties of peas and the cereals. All kinds of vegetables and fruits do well. Thousands of acres of timber still stand and lumber is one of the important articles of export. Bluestone and potter's clay are found and the latter is worked to some extent. The Ocmulgee furnishes abundant water-power and there are several mills along its course. The county is well supplied with railroad facilities, the Southern traversing the western part, and the Macon, Dublin & Savannah the eastern. Jeffersonville is the county seat. Other towns are Danville, Westlake, and Willis. The population in 1900 was 8,717, an increase of 521 in ten years. Twiggs county was the home of Col. John Lawson, John Shine, Henry Sapp and Arthur Fort, all Revolutionary heroes who lived to advanced age.
Twiggs, David Emanuel, soldier, was born in Richmond county in 1790, and was a son of John Twiggs, of Revolutionary fame, who was known as the "Savior of Georgia." At the beginning of the war of 1812 he entered the army as captain of the Eighth in fantry, but soon won promotion to the rank of major. He took a prominent part in the Black Hawk war and during the trouble between South Carolina and the national government in 1832 he was assigned to the command of the United States arsenal at Au gusta. As colonel of the Second dragoons he served in the Mexican war. For gallant conduct at Palo Alto and Resaca de La Palma he was brevetted brigadier-general and at the close of the war was presented with three magnificent swords, one by Congress, one by the legislature of Georgia, and one by the city of Augusta. He was placed in command of the department of the west and at the beginning of the Civil war was next in rank to General Scott. When Georgia withdrew from the Union he at once resigned his commission and was made major-general in the Confederate army. For a time he served at New Orleans, but owing to his great age found the position too ardous and retired from active service. He died at Augusta, Sept. 15, 1862.

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Twiggs, Hansford D. Duncan, an emi
nent lawyer and jurist of Georgia, and
a representative of one of the distin
guished families of the state, is now en
gaged in the practice of his profession
in the city of Savannah. He is a great-
grandson of Maj.-Gen. John Twiggs, a
Revolutionary soldier who has been des
ignated as the "Savior of Georgia," and
a nephew of Maj.-Gen. David E. Twiggs.
(q. v.) Hansford D. D. Twiggs was
born in Barnwell, S. C., March 35, 1839,
during a visit of his mother at her par ental home. He is a son of George W. L. and Harriet E. (Duncan) Twiggs, the former born in Richmond county, Ga., Feb. 22, 1813, and the latter at Sandy Run, Lexington county, S. C., about 1815. Colonel Twiggs passed his boyhood on the homestead plantation of his father, in Richmond county. He was graduated in the Georgia military institute at Marietta, in 1858, then entered upon the study of law in Philadelphia, attending lectures one year in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1860 was graduated in what is now the law department of the University of Georgia. He had but initiated the practice of his profession when the secession is sue became paramount. The convention which decided upon the secession of Georgia authorized the formation of two regiments, and of the First Georgia regiment Colonel Twiggs was commis sioned first lieutenant, by Governor Brown. A little later the two regiments were consolidated in the First Georgia regulars, under Col. Charles J. Williams, and mustered into the Confederate ser vice. The young lawyer, Twiggs, became first lieutenant of Com pany G, and in the following year he was promoted captain. With the regiment he went on duty in northeastern Virginia in the summer of 1861, participating in the battle of Lewinsville, where he acted on the staff of Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, commanding the outposts, and upon the withdrawal of Johnston's army was in an engagement at Fredericksburg. He was with General Toombs at Yorktown, participated in the battle of Dam No. 1, and went through the Seven Days' battles before Richmond. In the closing fight, at Malvern Hill, he received a wound that kept him in hos pital for thirty days. At his next battle, that of Sharpsburg, Md., he was wounded and captured. After lying in the Federal field hospital about ten days he was paroled and sent into the Confed-
31-111

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

erate lines, in charge of about 400 other prisoners of war, with whom he reported to General Lee near Sheppardstown, and was ordered on to Staunton. While upon leave of absence he visited his home. Upon his recovery and exchange he reported to Gen eral Beauregard, at Charleston, S. C., for staff duty, by order of the war department, and was assigned to the staff of Gen. W. T. Taliaferro, at Savannah. On July 13, 1863, General Taliaferro was ordered to take charge of Battery Wagner, on Morris island, S. C. Captain Twiggs accompanied him as inspector-general and served in Battery Wagner during the terrific and desperate assault by the Federal troops. On the day of the assault, July 18, he was severely wounded, and the next day was sent to Charleston and thence to his home in Georgia. In August, 1863, he rejoined his regiment, the First Georgia, then on duty in the southern coast department, and remained with it until the close of the war. He took part in the battle of Olustee, Fla., Feb. 20, 1864, fought against Sherman before Savannah and finally participated in the battle of Averasboro, North Carolina, where he was made lieutenant-colonel of the regiment. In this rank he surrendered with Johnston's army, at Greensboro, April 36, 1865. After the close of the war Colonel Twiggs remained on the home plantation until January, 1868, when he located in Augusta, where he formed a law partnership with Alfred P. Aldrich. In 1870 he removed to Sandersville and in the same year was made judge of the superior courts of the mid dle judicial district of the state, retaining this office until the sum mer of 1873. Thereafter he was engaged in the practice of his profession in Augusta until 1892, when he removed to Swainsboro and remained a member of the Emanuel county bar until 1897, when he took up his residence in Savannah, where he has since been actively engaged in the work of his profession. He is >a brilliant lawyer and forcible orator and has attained specially high prestige throughout the state for his ability in criminal pracitice. In 1880-81 he represented Richmond county in the state legislature and served as speaker pro tern, of the house. Colonel Twiggs has given an unfaltering allegiance to the Democratic party, is a member of the United Confederate Veterans, is affiliated with the Phi Kappa Sigma, in Philadelphia, and with the lodge of Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks in Savannah. On May 31, 1861, he was united in marriage to Miss Lucie E. Wilkins, daughter of Joseph C. and Elizabeth (Grant) Wilkins, of Liberty county, Ga., and they have two children David E. and Miss Sallie B.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

483

Twilight, a post-hamlet, of Miller county, is located on Spring creek, seven miles south of Colquitt. The nearest railroad station
is Boykin.
Twitty, Frank Elmore, senior member
of the law firm of Twitty & Reese, of
Brunswick, and recognized as one of the
representative members of the bar of
Glynn county, was born in Smithville,
Lee county, Ga., Dec. 13, 1867, a son
of Charles Russell and Ellen (Paul)
Twitty, the former born in Lancaster,
S. C., in 1816, and the latter in Wades-
boro, N. C., Nov. 8, 1836. Charles R.
Twitty was a successful educator and a
man of high scholarship. For several
years, just prior to the Civil war, he was professor of languages in the Carolina female college, at Ansonville, N. C. Later he held a professorship in the Greenville female seminary, of South Carolina, retaining this incumbency several years and then removing to Lee county, Ga., about 1865. He taught in that county several years, and was similarly engaged about four years in Mitchell county, from which he removed to Gordon county, where he continued in pedagogic work several years. He passed the closing years of his life on his farm near Reeves Station, Gordon county, where he died March 10, 1878. His widow sur vived him and is now the wife of Rev. W. L. Curry, of Pelham, Ga. The late Francis M. Paul, of Nashville, Tenn., was an uncle of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Paul was the editor and pub lisher of the Chattanooga Rebel, which he issued during the Civil war and which was one of the best known of all papers published in the interests of the Confederate cause. He was born in Wadesboro, N. C., about the year 1834, and died at his home, in Nashville, Tenn., in 1899. Frank E. Twitty was a member of the class of 1888 in the literary department of the University of Georgia, com pleting a portion of the work of the junior year, and then with drawing to devote his attention to the study of law, entering the law department of the sa'me institution and being graduated as a member of the class of 1887, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He began the practice of his profession in Camilla, Mitchell county, and has been established in practice in the city of Bruns wick since 1890, having gained precedence through his devotion to his profession and through his distinctive ability in the same.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Since 1904 he has been associated with Millard Reese, under the firm name of Twitty & Reese. He is a stanch and effective advo cate of the principles of the Democratic party, and for the past nine years he has been chairman of the Democratic executive committee of Glynn county. He has served for several years as attorney for the city of Brunswick, and is now attorney for the county of Glynn. He is a member of the Missionary Baptist church, a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and also of the Chi Phi fraternity, Eta Chapter, University of Georgia.
Tworun, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is the trading center of a fertile region, seven miles northwest of Dahlonega. Ellijay is the nearest railroad station.
Tybee, a town on the island of the same name, was incorporated as "Ocean City, by act of the legislature on Oct. 15, 1887, but the name was changed by a supplementary act of incorporation on Dec. 26, 1888. It is the most eastern town in the state, being located on the north end of the island, eighteen miles from Savan nah, with which it is connected by both water and railway. The population in 1900 was 381. It is every year becoming more popular as a bathing resort, as it has four miles of smooth, gently shelving beach, equal to any on the Atlantic coast. The hotel will accommodate several hundred guests, there are several at tractive cottages and club houses, while in the immediate vicinity are excellent boating and fishing grounds. (See Tybee Island).
Tybee Island, lying just south of the mouth of the Savannah river, is probably the most noted of the islands along the Georgia coast. It is claimed by some writers that a settlement was made on this island by people from South Carolina, before the coming of Oglethorpe. On the north end stands a peculiar structure known as the Martello Tower. Its origin has been attributed to the Span iards about the beginning of the eighteenth century, but Estill, in his "Tales of Tybee," says it was built by the United States, probably immediately after the second war with England, and names Isaiah Davenport, of Savannah, as the builder. It is con structed of tabby, a concrete of lime and oyster shells, and al though it has the appearance of great age it is still in an excellent state of preservation. One of General Oglethorpe's first acts was to order the erection of a lighthouse on the island for the guid ance of vessels seeking to enter the river. It was ninety feet high and stood near where the present light is located. John Wesley's first prayer in America was made on this island.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

485

Tybee has been the scene of important military operations, both in the Revolution and the Civil war. When Governor Wright made his escape in January, 1776, he took refuge on one of the British ships then lying in Tybee Roads. There were at that time a number of houses on the island, and the British officers, in their frequent visits ashore, made use of them for shelter and enjoyment. The Council of Safety determined to burn these houses and accordingly, on March 25th, Archibald Bulloch, with a com pany of 100 riflemen, light infantry and Creek Indians, made a de scent upon the island, destroyed all the buildings arid killed two marines and one Tory without the loss of a man, although the Cherokee, British man-of-war, kept up an incessant fire upon the Americans. In the early spring of 1862 the Federal batteries were planted upon Tybee island for the reduction of Fort Pulaski. (q. v.)
In the early years of the nineteenth century the island abounded in game. Deer hunted on the mainland swam to Tybee for refuge. But the hunters soon discovered their retreat and many a deer met his death in an effort to save his life in this way. The creeks still afford fine sport for the angler. The surf bathing at Tybee is as fine as anywhere along the Atlantic coast. The beach is an ideal one and is becoming more popular every season.
Tyty, an incorporated town of Worth county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, a short distance west of the Little river. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, and in 1900 reported a population of 175.
Tyjas, a post-hamlet of Carroll county, is ten miles southwest of Carrollton, which is the nearest railroad station.
u
Unadilla, a town in the northern part of Dooly county, is on the Georgia Southern & Florida railway. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1891 and in 1900 its population was given as 524. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order posfoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, several presperous stores, saw and planing mills, a large trade in lumber, rosin and turpen tine, and good school and church privileges.
Underwood, John W. H., was born in Elbert county in 1816. After completing his preliminary education he studied law and began practice at Rome in 1834. He was a member of the legisla ture and speaker of the house in 1857; elected representative in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Congress in 1858 and retired with the other Georgia Congress men in January, 1861. During the war he served in the Confeder ate army and resumed his practice at Rome after the surrender. From 1867 to 1869 he was judge of the superior court in the Tallapoosa circuit; occupied the bench in the Rome circuit from 1873 to 1882, when he was appointed a member of the tariff commission by President Arthur. He died at Rome in 1888.
Underwood, William H., lawyer, was born in Culpeper county, Va., Sept. 13, 1779. While still in his childhood his parents re moved to Georgia and settled in Elbert county. His opportuni ties to acquire an education were extremely limited, but he made the most of them, and for some time engaged in teaching. In 1810 he was admitted to the bar and was just beginning to make a reputa tion when the War of 1813 was declared. As captain of a company he served through the war, after which he resumed his practice. In 1825 he was elected judge of the Western circuit, and was the leading counsel for the Cherokee Indians in the controversy over the cession of their lands. He died at Marietta on August 4, 1859.
Undine, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Tattnall county, is a short distance west of a station of the same name on the Glennville & Register railroad.
Union, a village of Stewart county, is a station on the Seaboard Air Line railway, about half-way between Louvale and the Chattahoochee river. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 had a population of 72.
Union County was created from Cherokee in 1832. At the time of its organization there was a great deal of agitation in Georgia over the question of state rights. John Thomas, who had been elected to represent the new county in the general assembly, when asked what the name should be, at once replied "Union, for none but union men live in the county." The legislature accepted his suggestion and in this way the county was named. It lies in the northern part of the state and is bounded on the nprth by the State of North Carolina, on the northeast by Towns county, on the southeast by White, on the south by Lumpkin and on the west by Fannin. It is in a mountainous district, the southern part of the county being traversed by the Blue Ridge, and there are several isolated peaks. The most noted of the mountains are Ivy Log, Cooper's, Track Rock, Round Top, Etna and Frozen Knob. Notely creek and the Toccoa river are the principal streams. The land in the valleys is fertile and good crops are

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

487

raised. The agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, apples, peaches and an unusually fine quality of cabbages. The natural grasses afford good pasturage and stock raising is carried on to some extent. Alum, iron, sulphate of iron, granite quartz and buhrstone are found in various places in the county. Gold is found on Coosa creek and in the same locality are fine deposits of variegated marble. Poplar and several varieties of hard-wood exist in considerable quantities, but little lumber is manufactured, owing chiefly to lack of transportation facilities. There are no railroads in the county, the nearest line being the Murphy division of the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern. Blairsville is the county seat and only town of importance. The little village of Trackrock, about seven miles northeast of Blairsville, occupies a gap in the Enchanted Mountain, (q. v.) The population in 1900 was 8,841, an increase of 732 during the decade.
Union League. During the reconstruction era this organization came into existence as a means of acquiring and maintaining political power. Avery, in his History of Georgia, says: "It united its members in a compact oath-bound organization of won derful cohesiveness and discipline. Its hidden partisan efficiency was remarkable, and it ruled consummately its unlettered legion aries from Africa. Perhaps the most pernicious damage done by this order was the utter loathsome disrepute into which it brought the sacred idea of loyalty to government. All dissent from the sanctity of oppression and the virtue of tyranny was 'disloyal;' all abject approval of every hideous abortion of relentless despot ism was 'loyal.' The line of loyalty was ignominious subservience to power."
Union Point, a town of Greene county, is located at the junction of two lines of the Georgia railway system, one running from Augusta to Atlanta, and the other from White Plains to Athens. It was long known merely as the station where the branch road left the main line. Now it is quite a thriving town with money order post-office and rural free delivery routes, two banks, several stores enjoying a good trade, express and telegraph offices, an electric light plant, several manufactories, including a planing mill, a knitting mill and a cotton seed oil mill. There is also an iron and copper mine, not at this time operated. There are good school anl church buildings, both in the town and neighboring country. The population by the census of 1900 was 700, but recent estimates place it at 1,000.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Unionville, a post-village of Monroe county, is about twelve miles northwest of Forsyth, between the forks of the Towaliga river, in a fertile farming district. The population in 1900 was 60, and it is the trading center of that section. The nearest rail road station is Goggansville, about six miles south.
United Confederate Veterans. For several years after the close of the great war between the States, the veterans of the Confed erate army were too much occupied in rebuilding their ruined homes to give much time to the formation of associations like that of the Grand Army of the Republic, which consisted of Union veterans. But with the same return of prosperity they began the formation of what they styled Confederate Survivors' Associa tions. In 1889 at New Orleans, in response to a call from veterans of that city, delegates from these associations, and other ex-soldiers of the South, organized the first meeting of the United Confederate Veterans' Association. Gen. John B. Gordon was elected commander and held that post of honor until his death in January, 1904. Gen. Clement A. Evans was at the same meeting elected adjutant-general. Ever since then there have been grand annual reunions of Confederate Veteran camps from not only every state of the South, but also from the far North, the distant West, the District of Columbia and wherever ex-Confederates have made their homes. At the second meeting of the United Confeder ate Veterans, held at Chattanooga in 1890, several state divisions elected commander of the Georgia division, and George W. Moorwere represented and the convention adopted the first constitution of the general body. Gen. Clement A. Evans was afterward man succeeded him as the adjutant-general. At that time there wjere forty camps in the Georgia division which have since in creased to 140. The state divisions for several years held their annual reunions at the time of the general reunions, but during the reunion in Atlanta in 1898 the Georgia division was arranged in four brigades to be known as the Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western brigades. This plan was adopted at the Charleston U. C. V. division reunion in the spring of 1899, and it was resolved to hold thereafter annual division reunions in the state. The first Georgia state reunion was held in Savannah in November, 1899, and a constitution for the division, drafted by General Evans, was adopted. The commanders of the Georgia brigades were at first: Gen. Peter A. S. McGlashan, of the Southern; J. S. Boynton, of the Western; C. M. Wiley, of the Eastern; and A. J. West, of the Northern. Reunions of the Georgia division have been held at

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

489

Savannah, Augusta, Macon, Columbus and Rome, Augusta and Macon having each had two reunions. At the generad reunion at Nashville in 1904, Gen. Stephen D. Lee was elected commander of the general organization; General Evans was elected com mander of the Department of the Army of Tennessee; General McGlashan was then elected commander of the Georgia division, and Joel L. Sweat was elected commander of the South Georgia brigade. At the reunion in Macon in November, 1905, General McGlashan, on account of failing health, resigned his position as commander of the Georgia division, and Charles M. Wiley was elected his successor. John W. Clark was chosen to succeed Gen eral Wiley as the commander of the Eeastern Georgia brigade. The Western Georgia brigade has had three commanders, viz.: Gen. J. S. Boynton, Gen. C. W. Wheatley and Gen. John A. Cobb. Gen. A. J. West has by successive elections been retained as com mander of the North Georgia brigade. One of the best signs of the times is the friendly relations that exist between these camps of the United Confederate Veterans and the Grand Army posts of Union veterans which are likewise formed in every section of the Union.
University of Georgia. In July, 1783, Gov. Lyman Hall recom mended a state university, or some kind of an institution where young men could acquire a more thorough education. In February, 1784, the legislature passed an act creating the counties of Wash ington and Franklin, and provided in that act for a grant of 40,000 acres of land, to be used as an endowment "for a college or sem inary of learning." The governor, John Houstoun, James Habersham, William Houstoun, Joseph Clay, Nathan Brownson, Will iam Few and Abraham Baldwin were named as trustees, but no actual provisions were made for the erection of the buildings, etc. By the act of Jan. 27, 1785, the trustees were granted a charter and the institution was designated as the "University of Georgia." The act also provided that power for the general regulation of the university should be vested in two bodies; one consisting of the governor, and council, the speaker of the house of the assembly, and the chief justice, who were denominated a board of visitors, and the other consisting of thirteen persons, to be known as the board of trustees, the two to constitute the "Senatus Academicus of the University of Georgia." The first meeting of the boards was held at Louisville in November, 1799, at which the location of the university was discussed. A majority rather favored Louis ville as the site, though Greensboro was also considered, as a por-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tion of the university lands lay in that county, and efforts were made to have the institution located in Columbia, Hancock or Wilkes county. Before a conclusion was reached John Milledge, in 1801, donated 630 acres of land, where the city of Athens now stands, on condition that the university be located there. His proposition was accepted and the same year Josiah Meigs, LL. D., was called to the presidency of "Franklin college," which was the actual beginning of the university. For want of college buildings Doctor Meigs heard his first classes under the shade of a large oak tree, and the first graduates, ten in number, received their degrees in 1804 in "an arbor formed of branches of trees." In 1811 the exercises of the college were suspended for want of funds, but the following year John Brown, D. D., was elected president and the work was resumed. In 1802 the state advanced $5,000 to the university, another loan of $10,000 was made in 1816 and a similar amount was loaned to the trustees in 1830. In that year one of the main buildings was destroyed by fire and to aid in re building it, and also to provide for the current expenses, the legis lature made an annual appropriation of $6,000, which was con tinued until 1841. From that time until 1875 little, if any, aid was given by the state, but since 1875 the appropriations have been more regular, as well as more liberal. Several private donations have been received at different times from public spirited citizens and the city of Athens in 1873 gave $25,000 for the erection of what is known as Moore college. In 1889, by an act of the legis lature, the old board of trustees was done away with and the gov ernment of the university vested in a board consisting of four members from the state at large and one member from each Con gressional district, the governor, the chairman of the board of directors of the school of technology, the state normal and indus trial college, and the Colored industrial college, being ex-ofHcio members of the board.
The branches of the University of Georgia, with the date of their establishment, are the Lampkin law school, now the law depart ment, established in 1859, became part of the university in 1867; the college of agriculture and mechanic Arts, 1872; the North Georgia agricultural college, at Dahlonega,1873; the Georgia medical college, at Augusta, 1873; the South Georgia college of agriculture and mechanic Arts, at Thomasville, 1879; the Southwest Georgia agri cultural college, at Cuthbert, 1879; the Middle Georgia military and agricultural college, at Milledgeville, 1880; the school of tech nology, at Atlanta, 1885; the normal and industrial school for girls,

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at Milledgeville, 1889; the industrial college for colored youths, near Savannah, 1890; the state normal, near Athens, 1895, and the school of pharmacy, 1903. These institutions have all been con solidated under one management because the constitution of 1877 limits the appropriation of public funds to education, other than "the elementary branches of an English education," to the state university, and by incorporating the several schools into the uni versity they can be the beneficiaries of state aid. The appropria tions for'the year 1904, for all the departments, amounted to nearly $140,000.
Upatoie, a post-village in the northeastern part of Muscogee county, is a station of the Central of Georgia railway, and in 1900 had a population of 51. It has express and telegraph offices, some mercantile and shipping interests, educational and religious advantages, etc.
Upson County was laid out from Crawford and Pike in 1824 and a part of it w;as returned to Pike in 1885. It was niamed in honor of Stephen Upson, a prominent citizen of Oglethorpe county, and is situated in the western part of the state, being bounded on the north by Pike county, on the east by M'onroe and Crawford, on the south and southwest by Taylor and Talbot, and on the west by Meriwether. The Flint river outlines the western and southern borders and with its tributaries furnish to the county immense water-powers. The Big Potato Creek, especially, is estimated to have over 2,000 hore power, of which less than 100 is utilized. Along the eastern side of the Flint run the Pine mountains, which in some places rise 800 feet above the river. From these hills many fine springs issue, and the highest point is crowned by an Indian burying ground. The soil is red, interspersed with gray gravel, both having a red clay foundation. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, barley, sugar-cane sorghum, vegetables and fruits are the staple productions. The land still bears much of the original swamp and hardwood growths, of which little use is made. Thomaston, the county seat, is a manufacturing center. Waymanville, Swifton and The Rock are important towns. The Macon & Birmingham railroad crosses the county from west to east, the Southern crosses the northeastern corner, and the Central of Georgia connects with the Macon & Birmingham at Thomaston. The population of the county in 1900 was 13,670, an increase of 1,480 since 1890.
Upson, Stephen, jurist, was born at Waterbury, Conn., in 1785. He was educated at Yale college and in 1806 came to Georgia, where he studied law with William H. Crawford and was ad-

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mitted to the bar at Sparta in 1808. He was always interested in public affairs and served several years in the legislature. His death occurred on Aug. 3, 1824. Upson county was named for him.
Urbana, a post-hamlet of Tift county, is a station on the Fitz gerald & Thomasville division of the Atlantic & Birmingham rail road, and is about ten miles southwest of Tifton.
Urena, a post-hamlet of Banks county, is ten miles north of Homer, and not far from the Franklin county line. Cornelia is the nearest railroad station.
Usury. See Interest. Utica, a post-hamlet of AVorth county, is about twelve miles northwest of Isabella and not far from the Flint river. Oakfield is the nearest railroad station. Utoy Creek. See Atlanta.

V
Vada, a post-village of Mitchell county, is about five miles east of the Flint river and not far from the Grady county line. The population in 1900 was 45. Bainbridge is the most convenient railroad station.
Valambrosa, (railroad name Moore's Station) a post-village of Laurens county, is on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad, four miles west of Dublin. The population in 1900 was 69.
Valdosta, the county seat of Lowndes county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1860, at which time it was already coming into prominence as one of the thriving towns of South Georgia. It is at the junction of the Atlantic Coast Line, the Georgia Southern & Florida and the Valdosta Southern railways. Through these roads it has easy communication with Savannah, Macon and other Georgia towns and with Madison and Jackson ville, Fla. It had by the census of 1900 a population of 5,613 in the corporate limits and in the entire district there were at the same time 8,532 inhabitants. It has a court house, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, three banks, large and prosper ous commercial houses, express and telegraph offices, an electric light plant, an ice factory, an iron foundry, sash and blind factory, buggy and carriage factory, industrial variety works, a cooperage company, fertilizer and oil company, telegraph connections, a cot ton factory with 10,000 spindles, churches of all the leading denom inations, an excellent public school system, handles 7,000 bales of cotton annually, and is the shipping point for a great part of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

493

pine products of Lowndes county, such as lumber, rosin and tur pentine.
Valley Store, a post-village and trading center in the northwest ern part of Chattooga county, reported a population of 44 in 1900. The nearest railroad station is Harrisburg, on the Chattanooga Southern.
Valona, a post-hamlet of Mclntosh county, is on the Sapelo sound, ten miles northeast of Darien. Crescent, on the Darien & Western railroad, is the nearest station.
Vance, a post-village of Tattnall county, with a population of 55 in 1900, is six miles southeast of Reidsville, which the most con venient railroad station.
Van Hoose, A. W., associate president of Brenau college, at Gainesville, one of the state's leading boarding schools for girls, ^ is an able and popular educator and executive and has brought the institution with which he is now connected up to a high standard of efficiency and popularity. He was born in Griffin, Spalding county, Ga., Oct. 31, 1860, a son of Rev. A. and Missouri F. (Daniel) Van Hoose, the former born in Giles county, Tenn., in 1818, and the latter in Eufaula, Ala., in 1833. The father was a clergyman of the Baptist church and followed the work of his high mission for half a century. His wife was a teacher of music for thirty years and Sunday-school teacher and organist for fully sixty years. The subject of this sketch had excellent educational advantages in a preliminary way, also having the gracious influ ences of a home of marked culture and refinement. He finally entered the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1882, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Since his graduation he has been continuously identified with educational work, in which he has attained to high reputa tion and significant success. His first pedagogic labors were per formed in the country schools of Hall county, Ga., and thereafter he became a professor in South Georgia agricultural college, at Thomasville, later being a member of the faculty of Howard col lege, at Marion, Ala., after which he served for a time as an adjunct professor of mathematics in his alma mater, the University of Georgia. For the past twenty years he has been identified with Brenau college, and when he assumed charge of the institution, which was then a seminary conducted under the auspices of the Baptist church, but which is now an undenominational school, its enrollment of students numbered only twenty. The work which he has accomplished in the interim may be partly understood

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when it is stated that the number of students in the college at the present time is about 350. The college is most eligibly located and is well equipped in every department, its patronage being of representative order. In politics Professor Van Hoose gives his support to the Democracy and both he and his wife are zealous members of the Baptist church. He is identified with the Masonic order, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Sigma Alpha Epsilon college fraternity. On Aug. 11, 1887, he was united in marriage to Miss Lucy E. Rucker, daughter of Fielding S. and Mary E. (Wynn) Rucker, of Thomaston, Ga., who has been a strong help to him in his work at Brenau.
Vanna, a post-hamlet of Hart county, is a station on the Elbetton & Tuccoa division of the Southern railway system, and is not far from the Elbert county line
Vanoy, a post-hamlet of Crawford county, is about seven miles southeast of Knoxville, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Van's Valley. See Floyd County. Van Wert, formerly the county seat of Paulding county, was named for a companion of John Paulding who shared with him and David Williams the honor of capturing Major Andre, thereby exposing the treason of Benedict Arnold. After the removal of the county seat to Dallas the town of Van Wert gradually disap peared until to-day its location is uncertain. On Oct. 9-10, 1864, there was some slight skirmishing here as Hood was marching northward into Tennessee after the fall of Atlanta. Varnell's Station, in the northern part of Whitfield county, is on the Western & Atlantic railroad. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a few stores, school and church privileges, and in 1900 reported a pop ulation of 99. In the early part of May, 1864, there was almost constant skirmishing at and near this place, the most important engagement being on the 9th, when General Wheeler defeated the Federal cavalry led by Colonel LaGrange. Wheeler reported his loss in this affair at 36, while that of the enemy was estimated at 260. Vaughn, a post-village in the western part of Spalding county, is at the junction of the Central of Georgia and the Fort Valley branch of the Southern railroads. It is sometimes called Kallulah Junction. The population in 1900 was 43. It has some mercan tile concerns, an express office, and does considerable shipping.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

495

Vayles, a post-hamlet of Union county, is almost on the North

Carolina line in the valley of the Nbtely river. Culberson, N. C,

four miles northwest, is the nearest railroad station.

Veazey, a post-hamlet of Greene county, is on Stewart's creek,

six miles south of Greensboro. The nearest railroad station is

Siloam.

'

Vega, a post-hamlet of Pike county, is a station on the Southern

railroad, seven miles south of Zebulon.

Velma, a post-hamlet of Appling county, is in the Carter's creek

valley, six miles southeast of Baxley, which is the nearest railroad

station.

Venture, a post-hamlet of Monroe county, is four miles east of

Forsyth, which is the nearest railroad town.

Venus Point. Early in February, 1862, a Federal battery was

planted at Venus Point on Jones Island. On the 13th the Con

federate steamer Ida, one of Commodore Tattnall's boats, was

fired upon by this batter)^ but not injured. The following day

three of the Confederate boats bombarded the battery for some

time but with no serious result to either side.

Verdell, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is in the valley of the

Coosawattee river, four miles northwest of Talona, which is the

nearest railroad station.

Vesta, a post-hamlet of Oglethorpe county, is fifteen miles north

east of Lexington. Carlton, on the Seabord Air Line, is the most

convenient railroad station.

Vice Admiralty Court.-- See Court of Vice Admiralty.

Vickery, a village in the southwestern part of Forsyth county,

reported a population of 100 in 1900. It has a money order post-

office and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is

located. The nearest railroad station is Suwanee, twelve miles

southeast.

Victoria, a post-hamlet of Cherokee county, in Etowah valley,

about seven miles west of Toonigh, which is the nearest railroad

station.

Victory, a post-village of Carroll county, with a population of

63 in 1900, is on the Tallapoosa river, twelve miles southwest of

Carrollton, which is the nearest railroad town. It is the principal

trading point for a large agricultural community.

Vidalia, a town in the eastern part of Montgomery county, is

located on the Seaboard Air Line railway, at the termini of the Mil-

len & Southwestern and the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroads.

Its population in 1900 was 503 in its corporate limits, while in its

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

entire district there were enumerated 2,342 inhabitants. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, several prosperous business houses, lumber mills, turpentine distilleries, a cotton oil mill and other manufacto ries, and is well supplied with schools and churches.
Vidette, a post-hamlet of Burke county, is in the valley of Buckhead creek, not far from the Jefferson county line. Louisville is the nearest railroad station.
Vienna, the county seat of Dooly county, located on the Georgia Southern & Florida railway, was incorporated as a town by act of the legislature in 1854, though it had been the county seat for years prior to that date. It has a court house, money order postoffice with rural free delivery, two banks, express and telegraph offices, successful commercial establishments, extensive saw and planing mills, a cotton factory and oil mill. There is a heavy trade, not only in cotton, but also in pine products such as lumber, turpentine and rosin. The lumber trade has given it considerable growth in recent years and since the formation of the new county of Crisp, of which Cordele is the county seat, it is the largest town in Dooly county. It has good church edifices and excellent schools. According to the census of 1900 the population was 1,035.
View, a post-hamlet of Habersham county, is located in the fer tile Soquee valley, four miles northwest of Alto, which is the nearest railway station.
Villanow, a village in the eastern part of Walker county, is in the Armuchee valley and in 1900 reported a population of 150. It has a money order postoffice and is the principal trading center of the neighborhood in which it is located. Cove City is the nearest railroad station.
Villa Rica, a town in the northeastern part of Carroll county, is on the Southern railway and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1842. Its name (signifying rich village) was adopted from the adjacent mining districts, in which large quantities of gold are found. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, a mining plant, an electric light and power company, a bank, several good stores, and good schools and churches.
Vineyard, a post-village of Spalding county, is on the Central of Georgia railway, about three miles north of Griffin. As its name indicates, it is in the heart of a section noted for the fine grapes produced.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

497

Vinings, a post-village of Cobb county, is a station on the West ern & Atlanta railroad, about half-way between Atlanta and Marietta. It has telegraph and express offices, some mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 reported a population of 270.
Vinson, John T., manager of the Savannah branch of the great meat-packing concern of Schwarzschild & Sulzberger, of New York city, was born in the village of Union, N. C., Sept. 10, 1874, a son of Jame Henry Vinson, a merchant and farmer, and a native of North Carolina, where he was born on March 3, 1849, and where he died on Dec. 11, 1901. In 1878 he removed from North Carolina to Magnolia, Va., where he remained until 1888, when he took up his residence in Evinston, Fla., which continued to be his home until 1895, when he returned to North Carolina and there passed the remainder of his life. His. wife, whose maiden n'ame was Emily A. Drake, was born in Virginia, in 1842, and survives her husband, having been his senior by about seven years. She now maintains her home in Newbern, N. C. She was married to James H. Vinson in December, 1871, and of their seven children six are living, namely: Garrett L., engaged in the grocery business at Raleigh, N. C.; John T., whose name initiates this article; Stan hope Glenn, secretary and general manager of the Ideal Electrical Manufacturing Company, of Mansfield, Ohio; Robert L., a success ful farmer near Newbern, N. C.; and James P.,an electrical engineer, residing in Detroit, Mich. The only daughter, Lillian, died at the age of three years. James H. Vinson was a son of Lawrence and Mary Vinson, both of whom were born in North Carolina, where the respective families were early founded. John T. Vinson attended the public schools of Magnolia, Va., in his boyhood days, later w.as a student in the state normal school at White Sulphur Springs, Fla., and in a military school at Gainesville, that state, and subsequently completed a course of study in a business college in Atlanta, Ga. He completed his school work at the age of nineteen years and became secretary and treasurer of his father's mercantile business, at Evinston, Fla. Fifteen months later, in the spring of 1895, he took a position as traveling freight agent for the old Plant system of railroads, but resigned a few months later to accept a position as secretary in the office of Thomas R. Sawtell, of Atlanta, engaged in the wholesale meat business. On Dec. 15, 1896, he resigned this position to take that of cashier of the Savannah plant of the firm of Schwarzschild & Sulzberger, one of the largest and strongest packing concerns in the Union, incorporated for $10,000,000 under the name of the Schwarzschild
32--III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

& Sulzberger Company. In September, 1899, Mr. Vinson was promoted to his present responsible position as manager of the company's Savannah branch and he has proved a most able and discriminating executive. He is loyal to the cause of the Demo cratic party, is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, and the Royal Arcanum, and was formerly identified with the Georgia Hussars. He and his wife are members of the First Baptist church of Savannah. On April 15, 1899, Mr. Vinson was United in marriage to Miss Mamie L. Lewis, of Atlanta, and they have one child, John T., Jr., born Sept. 5, 1901.
Viola, a post-hamlet of Heard county, is on the west side of the Chattahoochee river, four miles below Franklin. Hogansville is the nearest railroad station.
Visage, a post-hamlet of Towns county, is in a picturesque re gion, about seven miles east of Hiawassee. Clayton is the nearest railroad station.
w
WacOj an incorporated town of Haralson county, is located on the Southern railroad, a little west of Bremen. The population in 1900 was 345. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, some manufacturing, educational and religious advantages, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, etc.
Waddell, Moses, educator, was born in Rowan county, N. C., July 29, 1770, of Irish parentage. His early education was ob tained in a school called Clio's nursery, after which he graduated at Hampden-Sidney college in 1791. The following year he was licensed to preach by the Hanover presbytery of Virginia. In 1794 he removed to Columbia county, Ga., where he conducted a school until 1801, when the institution was removed to Vienna, S. C. There it remained for about four years, when Dr. AVaddell changed the location to "Wellington, about six miles from Vienna, where the school became widely known. A number of the cele brated men of Georgia and South Carolina, among whom were William H. Crawford and John C. Calhoun, were students in this school. In 1818 Dr. Waddell was elected president of the Uni versity of Georgia and removed to Athens in the spring of 1819. He served as president for about ten years, when he returned to Willington, where he served for seven years as pastor of a church. His four sons were all graduated in the university while he was president. He died on July 21, 1840.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

499

Wade, a village of Emanuel county, with a population in 1900 of 86, is on the Millen & Southwestern railroad, a little north ot Monte Junction. It has a money order postoffice, some mercantile concerns, and does some shipping.
Wade, Howard M., secretary and treasurer of the Perkins hosiery mills, at Columbus, is recognized as one of the repre sentative young business men of that section of the Empire state of the South, and has set at naught the application of the proverb that "a prophet is not without honor save in his own country," from the fact that he was born near Columbus, his present home, in Muscogee county, Aug. 21, 1876. His father, Miles Green Wade, was born in Lee county, Ala., and his mother, Madeline Virginia (Biggers) Wade, was born in Muscogee county, Ga. The former was identified with plantation interests during practically the entire course Of his active business career and died on Oct. 5, 1902. He was a son of Thomas Henry Wade, a successful planter in Lee county, Ala. The mother of the subject of this sketch now resides at Smith Station, Lee county, Ala., whither the family removed from Georgia in 1897. Her father, Lorenzo Madison Biggers, was a prosperous farmer and merchant, and passed the closing years of his life in Muscogee county, Ga. After duly availing himself of the advantages of the schools of his native county Howard M. Wade was matriculated in Emory college at Oxford, Ga., in which institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 1898 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and stood fourth in a class of forty-three members. After leaving college he put his scholastic acquirements to practical use by teaching. For one year he taught in a private school for boys in Columbus and then became assistant principal of the Columbus high school. This position he retained for two years and made an excellent record. In 1901 he completed a course in Eastman's business college, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in which old and celebrated institution he was graduated. From April, 1902, until December 1st of the same year he held the posi tion of bookkeeper for the Britt-Tarver Shoe Company, of Colum bus. He then-purchased an interest in the Georgia Manufacturing Company, conducting a large hosiery mill in Columbus, and as sumed charge of the office of the concern. In August, 1903, he was made vice-president of the company and retained this office until Jan. 1, 1905, when he sold his interest in the mill. In the following May he became one of the incorporators of the Perkins hosiery mills, of which he has since been secretary and treasurer. The concern has a paid in capital of $100,000, so that its operations are con-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ducted on the basis of ample financial reinforcement. It also has the best of equipments in the way of modern buildings and ma chinery and enlists the cooperation of good executive and tech nical talent. Its fine factory and handsome brick office were erected in 1905 and the property is one of the best of the sort in the state. The officers of the company are C. L. Perkins, president; R. C. Jordan, vice-president; H. M. Wade, secretary and treasurer. The enterprise represents one of the important industries of Colum bus and adds largely to the commercial prestige of this thriving city. In politics Mr. Wade is a stanch advocate of the principles and policies of the Democratic party and both he and his wife hold membership in St. Luke's church, Methodist Episcopal South, of Columbus, of which he is steward. On Nov. 22, 1900, was sol emnized the marriage of Mr. AVade to Miss Rosalie Tarver, daughter of James B. and Sallie (Banks) Tarver, of Columbus, and they are prominent in the social activities of their home city.
Wade, Peyton. L., attorney and coun selor at law, Dublin, is one of the leading members of the bar of Laurens county,
and is a scion of distinguished ancestry. He was born at "Lebanon Forest," his grandfather's home, in Screven county,
Ga., Jan. 9, 1865, a son of Robert M. and Frederica (Washburn) Wade, the former
born in Screven county, March 4, 1840, and the latter in the city of Savannah, Aug. 31, 1844. His paternal grandfather, Rev.. Peyton L. Wade, of Screven county, w;as the owner of an extensive landed es tate and more than 500 slaves at the time of the inception of the Civil war. He was well known in his day as a man of broad informa tion, profound scholarship and great wealth. He was for a time in the Georgia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, when a young man, and continued a zealous member of that church until his death, in 1866, when well advanced in years. His second wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Robert, was a descendant of the Huguenot, Pierre Robert, from whom many of the partician families of South Carolina claim descent. Her maternal grand father was Samuel Maner. The first wife of Rev. Peyton L. Wade was the widow of Isaac G. Crawford, a brother of Gov. George W. Crawford, of Georgia, but no children were born of this union. Frederica (Washburn) Wade was a daughter of Joseph Washburn,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

501

who was born in Massachusetts, whence he came to Georgia as a young man and here passed the remainder of his life. For many years prior to his death he 'resided in Savannah, and for a long period held the presidency of the old Savannah bank, one of the lead ing financial institutions of the entire South. He was a brother of Gov. Emory Washburn, of Massachusetts, a very distinguished lawyer, who was Bussy professor of law in Harvard university for many years, and the author of "Washburn on Real Property," as well as many other works. He was the last Whig governor of Massachusetts. Joseph Washburn was thrice married, and the subject of this sketch is a descendent of his second wife, whose maiden name was Martha Ingersoll, of the well known Ingersoll family of Massachusetts. The maiden name of his first wife was Bird, and she was of a South Carolina family, while his last wife, who bore him no children, was a resident of Savannah at the time of their marriage, her .maiden name having been Habersham. Joseph Washburn was an ardent secessionist, and all of his sons, two by his first and two by his second marriage, were valiant soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil war. He died about the beginning of the war, having been a citizen of wealth and a man of unspotted integrity. The Washburn family is descended from Joseph Washburn, whose father married a granddaughter of Mary Chilton, the first woman who stepped from the "May flower" on Plymouth Rock. The original progenitor of the family in America was one of the first Puritan settlers of Massachusetts and was secretary of the colony. The grandfather of Joseph Washburn, of Savannah, was Col. Seth Washburn, of Leicester, Mass., who served as colonel in the Revolutionary army. He was a man of distinction in his day, and held various public offices after the war; including that of member of the Massachusetts house of representatives. The Wade family is of Welsh derivation, the .family crest being a dove with an olive branch. The original American settlement was made in Spottsylvania county, Va., whence representatives came to Georgia in an early day. Robert M. Wade, father of the subject of this review, was a soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war, having enlisted, in 1862, as a member of the First Georgia regulars, in which he was a lieutenant, and remained in active, service until the close of war, having been with the command of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at the time of the surrender. He was graduated in the Georgia military institute at Marietta, as a member of the class of 1860, and was afterward on the staff of Gen. Frank W. Capers, in the Georgia militia. After-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the disbanding of the militia he was a member of the Twentysecond Georgia battery of artillery, as hospital steward, having been a medical student from 1860 until the time when he entered the army. After the evacuation of Savannah he was in the quar termaster's department. He was in Virginia during the early part of the war, and after about a year was there stricken with typhoid fever. A few; weeks after his return home, for recuperation, he joined the army in Savannah, and served until the close of the war, as noted. He was graduated in the medical department of the University of Maryland at Baltimore, as a member of the class of 1872, and thereafter was engaged in the practice of his profession until 1898, when he retired, by reason of impaired health. For a quarter of a century he was a resident of Athens, Ga., where he died on Dec. 7, 1904. His wife still survives him. Peyton L. Wade, to whom this article is dedicated, was graduated in the University of Georgia, as a member of the class of 1886, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts and standing fifth in a class of forty-seven members. He was junior speaker of his class, the place being awarded in competition for composition, and was classtree orator; he was also senior speaker, the place being awarded on class standing, and was class poet at the commencement ex ercises, in July, 1886. After graduation he taught one year in the Dublin high school, and thereafter was editor of the Dublin Post for six months. He studied law in the office of his uncle Ulysses P. Wade, of the firm of Dell & Wade, Sylvania, Ga., and was ad mitted to the bar, in Screven county, in November, 1888. Immedi ately afterward he went to the paternal home in Athens, where he remained six months, during which he served his novitiate in his profession. He then established himself in Dublin, where he has since been engaged in practice. He has enjoyed a good practice in Laurens county for fifteen years and for the past decade has con fined himself entirely to civil business. He is counsel for various local corporations, and is local counsel for the Wrightsville & Tennille and the Central of Georgia railway companies. He is a member of the Georgia bar association and has the largest pro fessional library in his section of the state, as well as the largest private and general library, the law library comprising over 800 vol umes and the general library more than 2,000, including many special and limited editions. Mr. Wade is affiliated with Kappa Deuteron Chapter, of the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity at the University of Georgia, and also with the Knights of Pythias and the Royal Arcanum. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance, but has

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

503

seduously avoided and refused to enter politics or to accept office. On April 13, 1895, he was united in marriage to Miss Gussie K. Black, who was at the time a resident of Atlanta, a daughter of George R. and Georgia A. (Bryan) Black, of Screven county. Her father and paternal grandfather, Edward J. Black, have both served Georgia as members of Congress. Mr. and Mrs. Wade have one child, Frederica Washburn Wade, born Sept. 11, 1905.
Wadley, a town in Jefferson county, is located at the junction of the main line of the Central of Georgia, the Stillmore Air Line and the Wadley & Mount Vernon railways. The Louisville & Wadley railroad also connects it with the county seat. In 1900 the popula tion was 630 in the town and 2,815 in the district. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, express and tele graph service, several important mercantile concerns and is the principal shipping point for that section of the state. The people are well supplied with schools and churches.
Wadley, William Morrill, a pioneer of the railroad development of Georgia, was born in Brentwood, N. H., Nov. 12, 1813, of Puri tan ancestry. He learned the blacksmith's trade and when he was about twenty years of age went to Georgia, where he worked as a blacksmith in various places, until he became a railroad contrac tor on the Central of Georgia railroad. By his ability and close attention to details he .rose rapidly and in 1849 was made superin tendent of the road. From that time until his death he occupied a prominent place in Southern railroad circles. During the war he was appointed superintendent of transportation for the Con federacy by President Davis and after peace restored he was called upon to rebuild the Central railroad. He died August 10, 1882. The employes of the Central railroad have erected at Macon a magnificent bronze statue, dedicated to "Our President and Friend."
Wahoo, a post-village in the southeastern part of Lumpkin county, reported a population of 55 in 1900, and is the principal trading point in the section where it is located. Lula is the nearest railroad station.
Wainright, (railroad name Uptonville) a town in the eastern part of Chaflton county, is a station on the Waycross division of the Atlantic Coast Line railway, and in 1900 reported a population of 100. It has a money order postoffice, some mercantile concerns, and does considerable shipping.
Walden, a town in the southern part of Bibb county, is on the Macon & Columbus branch of the Central of Georgia railroad. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an express

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office, several good stores, some small factories, does some ship ping, and in 1900 reported a population of 100.
Waleska, a town in Cherokee county, is about eight miles north west of Canton, on a branch of the Etowah river. The popula tion in 1900 was 170. It has a money order postoffice, several successful mercantile establishments, and is the seat of the Reinhardt Normal college, a coeducational institution conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church South.
Walker County was organized in 1833 from Murray and named in honor of Maj. Freeman Walker, of Richmond county, member of the Georgia legislature and representative in Congress. It is in the northwestern part of the state and is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, on the east by Catoosa and Whitefield counties, on the south by Chattodga, and on the west by Dade county and the State of Alabama. Chickamauga creek is the largest stream. The surface is mountainous and many noted val leys occur between the ridges, among them McLemore's Cove, P'eavine, Armuchee and Chickamauga, in which the soil is of unsur passed fertility. These valleys produce abundantly corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, clover and potatoes. On the table-lands fine crops of cotton are grown and the untilled lands and woods afford ex cellent range for cattle. Peaches, apples, melons and all varieties of berries are exported. Iron and bituminous coal are extensively mined, and granite, marble and limestone of superior quality are found. In some places the land is still covered with a heavy growth of timber and the lumber industry is an important one, waterpower being supplied by the Chickamauga and other streams. Two railroads, the Chattanooga Southern and a branch of the Central of Georgia traverse the county and supply facilities for transpor tation. LaFayette, the. county seat, is extensively engaged in manufacturing. In Walker county lies the western portion of the national park, which marks the site of the Chickamauga battle field. Wilson's cave, near LaFayette, is a natural curiosity often visited. Round Pond is a beautiful sea green sheet of water cover ing four or five acres. It has no visible outlet, yet the waters never become stagnant. In places it is forty-eight feet deep and like the other streams and ponds of the vicinity contains a supply of ex cellent fish. The population of the county in 1900 was 15,661, a gain of 2,379 since 1890. Chattanooga, Term., is the market for most of the productions of Walker county. Gen. Daniel Newman, the noted Indian fighter and Georgia Congressman, died in this county.

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505

Walker, Dawson A., jurist, was a native of Tennessee, where he was born in 1819. In 1845 he removed to Murray county, Ga., where he began the practice of law. For some time he was judge of the Cherokee circuit and in 1866 was elected to a place on the supreme bench. His term expired in 1868. His decisions during that time show him to have been a lawyer of profound learning and clear methods of expression. Upon retiring from the bench he resumed practice at Dalton, where he died in 1881.
Walker, Edward H., who is success fully established in the real-estate busi ness at College Park, Fulton county, was born in Lagrange, Troup county, Ga., Sept. 16, 1861, a son of David A. and Mary (Hill) Walker, the former born in Harris county, Ga., and .the latter in Monticello, Jasper county. The Walker family was represented in the early wars of the South. Judge Edward Y. Hill, maternal grandfather of Edward Walker, was prominently identified with the his tory of Georgia in the early days and was at one time bearly defeated for governor. Dr. John E. Dawson,' a great-uncle of Mr. Walker, was the founder of a college and was noted as one of the eloquent Baptist ministers of Georgia. He represented this state in the United States senate, as did also Joshua Hill, another great-uncle. The Walker family was estab lished in Georgia in 1751, the original settlement being made in Richmond county, and it is said that at the present time a repre sentative of the name is to be found in every county in Georgia. William Walker, who was in hib day the wealthiest citizen in Harris county, was the great-grandfather of him whose name initiates this sketch. He owned 20,000 acres of land and about 1,000 slaves. David A. Walker was quartermaster in the Con federate service during the Civil war, serving three years and being an active participant in the siege of Vicksburg and the battle of Chickamauga. He was graduated in the University of Georgia and took a post-graduate course in Yale university. His vocation throughout life was that of farming. Edward H. Walker attended the theological department of Mercer university at Macon, and later took a partial course in'the Southern Baptist theological seminary in Louisville, Ky., being ordained as a clergy man of the Baptist church in 1893. He was pastor of the Baptist

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church at Hapeville, Fulton county, for one year, and later served in turn as pastor of Calvary and Edgewood Baptist churches in the city of Atlanta, and others. In 1902 Mr. Walker was elected manager of the College Park Land Company, which position he now holds. He has been conspicuously identified with the development and upbuilding of this beautiful suburb of Atlanta, and its attractions are unrivaled by those of any of the suburban districts of Georgia's metropolis. The growth of this suburb began with the induction of Mr. Walker into the manager's office. He has taken an active part in the commercial and industrial development, and the increase in real-estate values has been over 400 per cent, since he took charge. In politics he is a stanch sup porter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and he and his wife are numbered among the most prominent and in fluential members of the College Park Baptist church. On Feb. 12, 1895, Mr. Walker was united in marriage to Miss Mildred Stevens, daughter of Calvin and Frances (Noble) Stevens, of Montgomery county, Alabama, and they have three children Effie Lou, Janie Marguerette, and Edward, Jr.
Walker, Freeman, was born in Charles City county, Va., Oct. 25, 1780. He received a liberal education in his native state, after which he became a resident of Georgia. In December, 1819, he was elected to the United States senate, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Forsyth, and served until August, 1821, when he also resigned. He died at Augusta in 1827.
Walker, George P., of Savannah, cap tain of the Chatham artillery since 1895, was born in Charleston, S. C., in Oct., 1845, and was reared in Savannah from infancy. In the fall of 1861 he left school in Screven county, Ga., and enlisted as a private in the Republican Blues, Com pany B, with which he was on duty for six months. After the expiration of this period of enlistment, he was employed in the commissary department on the coast until the fall of 1863. He then en listed, Nov. 13, 1863, being at the time eighteen years of age, as a private in the Chatham artillery. With this gallant battery he participated in the battle of Olustee, Fla., Feb. 20, 1864, afterawrd engaged the enemy at Cedar Creek, near Jacksonville, Fla., and through the summer of 1864 was on duty

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507

in the works about Charleston, S. C. After Charleston was evacu ated he participated in the engagement at Columbia, S. C., and surrendered with his command April 26, 1865, at Greensboro, N. C. Captain Walker has been a resident of Savannah since the war, and is successful in business and popular with his fellow citizens.
Walker, John David, of Sparta, Han cock county, is one of the prominent bankers and planters of that section of the state and is an influential business man and citizen, while his name is well-known in connection with industrial enterprises and associations in the state. He was born in Augusta, Richmond county, Ga., Jan. 6, 1871, a son of Clarence V. and Lucy (Pearson) Walker, both born in Richmond county, Ga. The father served with gallantry and distinction as a soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war, in which he rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He took a lively interest in the public and civic affairs of the state and the city of Augusta, having served as a member of the city council. The subject's great-grandfather, Hon. Freeman Walker, served as the first mayor of Augusta, and was also a member of the United States senate. Gen. William H. T. Walker and Maj. John David AValker were men of distinction in Georgia in their day, being great-great-uncles of the subject of this sketch. John David Walker was educated in Richmond academy, the city of Augusta, and his business career has been one of peculiarly successful order, showing a mastering of details, a wonderful facility in expedients, a rare power of initiative and a signal maturity of judgment. At the age of thirteen years he became a clerk in the office of the Southern Telegraph Company,, in Augusta, but resigned two years later and became assistant bookkeeper for the Howard-Willett Drug Company, of that city. Two years later he assumed a sim ilar position with the C. B. Vail Commission Company, and he resigned this place to accept that of cashier of the private bank of R. A. Graves, of Sparta, to which place he removed in the year 1900. Upon the death of Mr. Graves in 1902, he became president of the bank, and held this office until the institution was reorgan ized and incorporated as the First National Bank of Sparta, in January, 1904, when he became president of the amplified institu tion, of which he has since continued chief executive. After locat-

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ing in Sparta he engaged in the insurance business, which he still continues, and in the connection he also controls a large real-estate business. He is identified in a capitalistic and administrative way with other important enterprises. He is president of the Bank of White plains, Greene county; The Bank of Gray at Gray, Ga.; The Bank of Harlem at Harlem; the Jones County bank -at Haddock; Farmers and Citizens bank, Watkinsville, and vicepresident of the Merchants & Farmers bank, Davisboro, Ga. He is President of the Sparta Oil Mill Company and of The Union Store, incorporated, of this place, is also conducting an extensive and profitable business as a dealer in carriages, buggies, harness, etc., and has the largest plantation interests in Hancock county. He is secretary-treasurer of the Southern Bankers' executive com mittee, which promised the Southern cotton association $10,000 in January, 1905, at the meeting in New Orleans, and it is largely due to his well directed efforts that this amount has been raised. He is also treasurer of the Georgia division and president of the Hancock county division of the Southern cotton association, and his labors in the interest of this association have brought him into prominence among all interested in the cotton industry in the South. Concerning his efforts in this connection, Harvie Jor dan, president of the association, has stated that no man in the South has done more or better work for the welfare of the associa tion than has Mr. Walker. True to the military instincts of his forefathers, he has taken an active interest in the organization of a military company in Sparta, and has been elected captain of same. A characteristic incident in Mr. Walker's career is worthy of note in this article, an indicating the confidence which he has merited and received in all the relations of life. When R. A. Graves died, as previously mentioned, he left an estate of about $100,000, and Mr. Walker was made sole executor of the same, without bond. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and he has been an earnest and uncompromising worker for the cause of the prohibition of the liquor traffic in Hancock county. He was the leader of the prohibition forces which gained the great victory in the campaign to exclude the liquor traffic from the county; has served as treasurer of the village of Sparta and also of the county; and has also been a member of the board of county commissioners. He is a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in his state; is a chairman of the board of stewards of the local church and superintendent of its Sunday school; is presi dent of the Hancock county Sunday school association, a member

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

509

of the executive committee of the Georgia Sunday school associa

tion, and chairman of the board of trustees of the Culverton

campground association of the church. He has also served as lay

member of the general conference. On Nov. 22, 1893, Mr. Walker

was united in marriage to Miss Christine Berry, daughter of James

Edward and Anne Elizabeth (Simmons) Berry, of Hancock county.

The children of this union are as follows: Edward Valentine,

Elizabeth Pearson and John David, Jr.

.....

Walker, John L., M. D., a prominent

,::::::5HH:BJi;i::;:::::>:;:.: : :::::::,

and successful physician and surgeon of

Waycross, Ware county, was born in

Washington county, Ga., Aug. 27, 1854,

a son of Elisha W. and Martha (Webb)

Walker, who were likewise born in

Washington county, the former on Jan.

19, 1832, and the latter on June 12, 1831.

The father served a short period as a

soldier in the Confederate ranks during

the Civil war, but withdrew upon his

election to the office of treasurer of John

son county, an exacting position during

the turbulent epoch of the war between the states. Doctor Walker

took a course in the high school at Wrightsville, Johnson county,

and thereafter began the work of preparing himself with all

thoroughness for his chosen profession. He attended the Atlanta

medical college and the Kentucky school of medicine, securing his

degree of Doctor of Medicine from the former and he has since

done effective post-graduate work in leading medical schools and

hospitals in New York city and Chicago. Since his graduation he

has been successfully engaged in the practice of his profession, the

greater portion of the time in Waycross, where he now has a rep

resentative and extended clientage. He is a member of the Ameri

can medical association, the Medical Association of Georgia and

the Ware county medical society. In a fraternal way, he is affili

ated with the Masonic fraternity, The Knights of Pythias, the

Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Benevolent and Pro

tective .Order of Elks. In politics he exercises his franchise and

influence in support of the Democratic party, and both he and his

wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On

Dec. 19, 1883, was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Walker to

Miss Laura Singleton, daughter of Samuel and Ann (Christian)

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Singleton, of Eatonton, Putnam county, Ga., and they have four

children, namely: John S., Robert C., Annie Laurie, and Samuel E.

,

Walker, John W., conducting one of

the leading insurance agencies in Au

gusta, was born in that city, June 18,

1372, a son of Capt. James W. and Mary

Belle (Miller) Walker, both of whom

were likewise born and reared in Au

gusta, where both died. Captain Walker

commanded a company in a Georgia

regiment of the Confederate service in

the war between the states, and was

serving as adjutant on the staff of Gen.

Goode Bryan at the time the war closed.

He was a graduate of the University of

Georgia, having been a classmate of the late Gen. John B. Gordon.

He passed his entire life in Augusta, save for the period of his

military service, and was city collector and treasurer at the time

of his death, April 12, 1897, his wife having passed away on July

27, 1879. John W. Walker was graduated at Richmond academy

in Augusta, at the age of eighteen years, and then took a position

as clerk in a local hardware establishment, being thus engaged

for the ensuing three years, at the expiration of which he secured

a clerical position in the insurance office of J. V. H. Alien & Co.,

of Augusta, familiarizing himself with the minutiae of the business

and remaining in the employ of the firm two years. He then, on

March 12, 1896, engaged in the same line of enterprise on his own

responsibility, and has built up a very large and prosperous gen

eral insurance business representing many important fire and acci

dent companies. He is a member of the Commercial and Country

clubs of his native city, is a Presbyterian in his religious faith

and is popular in both business and social circles. On May 17, 1905,

Mr. Walker was united in marriage to Miss Martha Beall Panknin,

of Augusta, her birthplace having been Charleston, S. C.

Walker, William H. T., soldier, was born in Georgia in 1816.

After attending the schools of Augusta he entered the United States

military academy at West Point, where he graduated in 1837 and

entered the army as second lieutenant in the Sixth infantry. In

the campaign against the Indians in Florida in 1837-38 he won

distinction and was brevetted first lieutenant. In 1845 he was

promoted to the rank of captain ; served through the Mexican war,

attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and received a handsome

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

511

sword from his state in recognition of his services. From 1854 to 1856 he was commandant of cadets and instructor of infantry tac tics at West Point. In 1860 he resigned his commission in the army and when Georgia seceded was made major-general of the First division of state troops. In May, 1861, he was commissioned brigadier-general in the army of the Confederate States and was stationed at Pensacola until the following October, when ill health compelled him to retire from the service. In February, 1863, he reentered the army and was placed in command at Savannah. In May he was made major-general and assigned to the command of a division in the army of Gen. J. E. Johnston. He fought at Vicksburg and Chickamauga and fell on July 22, 1864, while lead ing a charge upon the Federal left at Atlanta.
Walker, William J., president of the Citizens' bank of Sylvania and a member of the firm,of W. J. Walker & Co., con ducting the only mercantile establish ment at Middle Ground, Screven county, is one of the representative young busi ness men of that county, which has been his home from the time of his birth. He was born on his father's plantation, March 15, 1875, is a son of James T. and Sallie (Robbins) Walker, both of whom were likewise born and reared in Screven county and now reside at Middle Ground, the father being chairman of the board of education of the county and a man of prominence and influence in his community. He has large landed interests and is associated with the subject of this sketch in the general merchandise and naval-stores business at Middle Ground, under the title of W. J. Walker & Co., noted above. He is a son of the late William Walker, who likewise was a native of Screven county, and a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war. The maternal grandfather of the subject of this re view was Archibald Robbins, also born and reared in Screven county and represented the same as a loyal soldier of the Confed erate States of America. William J. Walker attended a neighbor hood school at intervals until he had attained the age of twenty years, and at the age of twenty-one he engaged in the mercantile business at Middle Ground, where he has since continued in the same line of enterprise, having built up a large and profitable trade, having the only store in the village. The firm carries a

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

select stock of general merchandise and also operates largely in the handling of naval-stores. . William J. Walker has shown marked energy and initiative power, and is entitled to be consid ered one of the representative business men of his native county. In October, 1905, he organized the Citizens' bank, of Sylvania, incorporated under the laws of the state, and he has been president of the institution from the start. The bank was opened for busi ness Jan. 1, 1906, and is meeting with distinctive success and popular appreciation. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance, is a member of the Baptist church, as is also Mrs. Walker, and is a Master Mason. On Feb. 1, 1900, was solemnized the marriage of Mr, Walker to Miss May Blitch, daughter of the late Willis S. Blitch, of Screven county, and they have two children J. Willis, born Dec. 17, 1900, and Regis, born Sept. 5, 1905.
Walker Station, a post-village in the western part of Dougherty county, is on the division of the Central of Georgia railway that runs west from Albany into Alabama. The population in 1900 was 56.
Walkersville, a post-hamlet of Pierce county, is in the Big Hurri
cane valley, seven miles north of Blackshear, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Wall, Budd C., who is engaged in the grocery trade in Augusta, as a jobber and retailer, was born on the home plan tation, in Elbert county, Ga., April 24, 1847, a son of Budd C. and Martha (Nunnelee) Wall, both natives of Elbert county. The father, who was born in 1803, was a successful agriculturist of Elbert county, where he passed his en tire life, his death occurring in August, 1874. The death of his wife occurred in 1866. He was a son of Cade and Nancy (Pace) Wall, both of whom were born in Virginia, whence they removed to Elbert county, prior to the war of the Revolution. Nancy (Pace) Wall lived to attain the ex tremely venerable age of one hundred and five years. The mater nal grandparents of the subject of this sketch were James F. and Jane (Nash) Nunnelee. Budd C. Wall was reared on the home plantation and attended the schools of the locality until he had attained the age of thirteen years, or until the beginning of the Civil war. In December, 1863, when but sixteen years of age, he

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

513

enlisted as a. private in Company C, Seventh Georgia cavalry, with which he served in Young's brigade, Gen. M. C. Butler's division, remaining in the ranks as a loyal and faithful soldier until the close of the conflict, taking part in all the important engagements in Virginia in which his command was involved during the cam paign of 1864-5. After the war he returned to Elbert county, where he followed agricultural pursuits until 1875, when he removed to Abbeville county, S. C., where he followed the same vocation until the autumn of 1881, when he took up his residence in Augusta and established himself in the grocery business, as a jobber and re tailer. He has since continued in this line of business and has built up an excellent trade in both departments. Since 1891 he has been established at his present eligible location, 917 Broad street. Mr. Wall is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, but has never sought official preferment. He and his wife are members of St. John's church, Methodist Episcopal, South, and he is identified with Camp No. 435, United Confederate Veterans. On Dec. 11, 1866, Mr. Wall was united in marriage to Miss Annie C. Mclntosh, who was born and reared in Elbert county, a daugh ter of William M. and Maria L. (Alien) Mclntosh, and a repre sentative of stanch old Scottish lineage. Mr. and Mrs. Wall have five children: Martha L., James S., Bevelle W., Jessie M. and Harry M. Jessie M. is now the wife of John Stelling.
Wall, E., has gained recognition and
success in the exacting profession of law,
forging his way to the front through ability and well directed personal effort
and is to-day numbered among the rep
resentative members of the bar of Irwin
county, established in the practice of his
profession in the thriving little city of
Fitzgerald. He was born at Ellaville,
Schley county, Ga., Aug-. 20. 1874, a son
of Marion J. and Mary B. Wall, the
former born in Opelika, Ala., and the latter at Ellaville. The paternal great grandfather was a soldier in the Continental line during the war of the Revolution, and Marion J. Wall, the father, went forth from Schley county with a Georgia regiment of volunteers to do battle in the cause of the Confederacy, later being assigned to duty in the commissary department at Andersonville, Ga. He died about 1887, having been a successful lawyer and farmer in Schley county
33--III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

after the war, and his widow is still living in that county. The subject of this sketch passed his boyhood days on the home farm, two and one-half miles west of Ellaville, and was about thirteen years of age at the time of his father's death. He had attended the local school and after the death of his father he went to Ella ville, where he attended the high school which is now known as the Charles F. Crisp institute. Upon going to Ellaville he became a clerk in the drug store of Dr. C. H. Smith, working mornings and evenings and attending school during the regular hours for several years. He then became associated with Dr. H. S. Munro in pur chasing the drug business of Doctor Smith and about two years later Mr. Wall sold his interest to his partner and began readinglaw in the office of Col. Charles R. McCrory, being admitted tothe bar about one year later, when about twenty years of age, having passed a creditable examination before Judge W. H. Fish. He initiated the practice of his profession in Ellaville, where he remained about one year, then removed to Abbeville, where he was in practice about two years, at the expiration of which time he took up his residence in Fitzgerald, where he has built up an excellent practice and gained cordial recognition among his pro fessional confreres in the county. He has depended entirely upon himself in gaining his technical education and in winning his pro fessional laurels, so that his success is the more gratifying to con template. He is an uncompromising advocate of the principles and policies of the Democratic party and both he and his wife hold membership in the Methodist Episcopal church South. On April 28, 1897, Mr. Wall was united in marriage to Miss Eddie Hicks, daughter of Capt. James H. and Annie E. Hicks, of Fitzgerald, whither they removed from Wrightsville. Mr. and Mrs. Wall have a winsome dittle daughter, Arielle, who was born in Sep tember, 1900.
Wallace, a post-hamlet of Dekalb county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, about three miles northwest of Decatur.
Wallace, Campbell, born in Sevier county, Tenn., was on his father's side descended from Scotch Presbyterians who made their home in the Waxhaw settlement, N. C., and his mother, of Quaker stock, was of Welsh descent. His grandfather, William Wallace, was an American soldier in the war of the Revolution and one of the first two magistrates in the East Tennessee territory. His father, Jesse, removing to Blount county, Tenn., placed his son, Campbell, in the commercial house of McCurig & Son, of Knoxville, where he remained three years, when he returned home to

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

515

care for his aged parents. In 1834 he became a partner in his old firm at Knoxville. Being made president of the East Tennessee & Georgia railroad in 1853, he placed that enterprise on a firm basis and completed it to Chattanooga and Knoxville. When General Bragg was returning from his Kentucky campaign in the fall of 1862, Mr. Wallace under great difficulties, transported 60,000 troops from Knoxville, Tenn., to Bridgeport, Ala., thus enabling that general to move his army rapidly and concentrate promptly for an advance into middle Tennessee. He was offered a brigadier-general's commission, but refused it because he -could better serve the Confederacy by transporting troops. After the war he was soon pardoned by his friend, President Andrew John son, and removed from Atlanta to Bartow county, Ga., with the intention of being a farmer, but in 1866 he was appointed by Gov. Charles J. Jenkins superintendent of the Western & Alabama rail road, which under his supervision was promptly rebuilt. Resign ing in 1868, he contracted the next year to build the South & North Alabama railroad from Decatur to Montgomery. He became president of the Atlanta State National (afterward Merchants') bank and in 1879 was appointed to the Georgia railroad commission, and again in 1883, -when he was made chairman. After eleven years' service with five more years to run, he resigned, because the legislature would not allow what he considered the needful clerical force to do the work properly. Campbell Wallace was a man of great business talent and his best work was that of mould ing the Georgia railroad commission, the first in this country and the model for the Union. He was ever equally careful of the rights of the railroads and of the people. He was for over fifty years an elder of the Presbyterian church. Colonel Wallace was married in 1831 to Susan E. Lyon and to them were born several children. He died in Atlanta May 3, 1895.
Walnut, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Lumpkin county, is near the base of Rock mountain. Clarkesville is the nearest railroad station.
Walnut Creek is a small stream in Bibb county. On Nov. 20, 1864, as the Federal troops were advancing on Macon, they found a Confederate force posted at Walnut creek, about two miles from the city, to dispute their further progress. A skirmish ensued which lasted until nightfall, when the Federals withdrew, leaving their antagonists in possession of the field, though that night they succeeded in destroying the railroad for some distance.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Walnut Grove, a village of Walton county, with a population of 82 in 1900, is not far from the western boundary of the county. It; has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some stores with good local trade, schools, churches, etc. Monroe is the most convenient railroad station.
Walnut Hill, a post-village of Franklin county, is about six miles west of Carnesville. The population in 1900 was 51. The nearest railroad station is Canon, tw.elve miles east.
Walrick, a post-hamlet of Crawford county, is about six miles southwest of Musella, which is the nearest railroad station.
Walsh, Patrick, was born in Ireland in 1840. While still in his boyhood he came with his parents to Charleston, S. C., where he learned the printer's trade and earned money to pay for a course at the Georgetown college, Georgetown, D. C. After completing his education, he located at Augusta, where for thirty-two years he was connected with the press of that city, most of the time as editor and manager of the Augusta Chronicle, and was remarkably active in promoting all the interests of the city. He was elected to the legislature in 1872; reflected in 1874 and 1876; was a delegate-at large to the Democratic national convention at Chicago in 1884; v/as a member of the Democratic state executive committee for four years; was appointed by President Harrison member of the World's Columbian Exposition Commission in 1893 and by Gov ernor Northen as United States senator to succeed Senator Alfred Colquitt, taking his seat April 9, 1894. He died in August, 1900.
Walter, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Burke county, is
about six miles southeast of Keysville, which is the nearest rail
road station.
Waltertown, a post-village of Ware county, is a station on the Nicholls & Waycross division of the Atlantic & Birmingham rail road, and in 1900 reported a populatian of 90. It has some mer cantile interests and is a shipping point of considerable importance.
Walthour, Henry Clayton, who> is successfully established in the cotton exporting trade in Savannah, is a representative of old and honored families of the south, and the records of the era of the Civil war indicate how gallant and efficient service was ren dered in defense of the Confederate cause by his grandfathers, Maj.Gen. Henry D. Clayton, and Capt. William L. Walthour. He was born at Opelika, Ala., Feb. 22, 1874, a son of Andrew M. and Sarah (Clayton) Walthour, the former born in Savannah, Ga., and the latter in Clayton, Ala., and they now1 reside in New Jersey. Henry C. Walthour pursued his preparatory studies in a private

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

517

school in Clayton, .after which he w;as matriculated in the Uni versity of Alabama, where he remained as a student for one year, and later attended the Alabama polytechnic institute at Auburn. After leaving school he served several years in the capacity of railroad clerk, and is now one of the cotton factors of Savannah, where he is building up an export trade. His political allegiance is given to the Democratic party; he is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church, as is also Mrs. Walthour; is a Master Mason, a member of the Royal Arcanum and is identified with the Savannah cotton exchange. On April 19, 1901, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Walthour to Miss Helen M. Buckman, daughter of John W. and Sarah (Milward) Buckman, of Philadelphia, Pa., and they have two children Sarah and Jack B.
Walthourville, a town in Liberty county, is near the Atlantic Coast Line railway. An academy was incorporated here by act of the legislature in 1823. By the census of 1900 the town had a population of 500. It has, at Walthour station, on the railroad, express and telegraph offices, and the town has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery. It is a shipping point for lumber, rosin and turpentine and has in the town or near by lumber mills and turpentine distilleries. There are several stores doing a profit able business, good schools and churches.
Walthrall, a post-hamlet of Polk county, is about three miles southwest of Youngs, which is the nearest railroad station.
Walton County was laid out by the lottery act in 1818 and a part of Jackson was added to it the following year. A portion of the county was given to Jasper in 1820 and another to Newton in 1821. During this year a part of Walton was added to and a part taken from Henry county. It was named for George Walton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and afterward governor of Georgia. It lies in the central northern part of the state and is bounded on the northeast by Jackson and Oconee counties, on the southeast by Morgan, on the southwest by Newton and Rockdale, and on the northwest by Gwinnett. The principal streams are the Appalachee, Alcovey and Yellow rivers. There are many smaller creeks in the county, and the land along all the streams is very fertile. Cotton, corn, wheat, rye, oats, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and forage' crops, are the principal productions. All fruits are raised and marketed in the towns of the county. There are many acres of timber lands, both original and second growth, and many saw-mills in the county are employed in preparing the timber for the market. Monroe, the county seat, and Social Circle

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

are the principal towns. The public roads are good, the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern, the Georgia, and the Seaboard Air Line railroads traverse the county and afford means of transporta tion and travel. Near Loganville, granite is found, but it is not quarried. The population in 1900 was 20,942, a gain of 3,475 since 1890. Jack's creek in this county was the scene of a battle in 1787 between the Indians and a band of 130 white men under Gen. Elijah Clarke. R. M. Echols, one time president of the senate, was a resident of Walton county.
Walton, George, governor and signer of the Declaration of Inde pendence, was born in Frederick county, Va., in 1749. Being left an orphan in early boyhood he was apprenticed to a carpenter. His education was obtained by reading at night, using pine knots for a light when his employer would not permit him to have a candle. At the close of his apprenticeship he located at Savannah, where he studied law with Henry Young. When the troubles with the mother country began he became an enthusiastic advocate of lib erty ; was secretary of the Provincial Congress of 1774; one of the committee that appealed to Governor Wright for a redress of griev ances; a member of the Council of Safety; was elected to the Continental Congress in January, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence in the following July. In 1778 he was made a colonel of militia. When the British took Savannah he was wounded and- captured, being held a prisoner until September, 1779. About a month after his release he was elected governor. In 1783 he was appointed chief justice, but did not serve. He was a delegate to the convention that adopted the Federal constitution and in 1789 was again elected governor, the first to serve in that office after the republic was establisted. In 1793 he was made judge of the superior court and in 1795 was elected to the United States senate. He also served two terms in the state legislature and was a commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Cherokee Indians. He died in Augusta on Feb. 2, 1804.
Walton, John, was a brother of George Walton and was active in behalf of the colonists* dviring the Revolutionary struggles. In July, 1775, he was a member of the Provincial Congress from St. Paul's parish; he served as a member of the executive council under Governor Treutlen, and on Feb. 26, 1778, was elected one of Georgia's delegates to the Continental Congress. He died near Augusta in 1783.
War of 1812. War against England was declared by Congress on June 18, 1813. For some time prior to that date the English

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

519

had been impressing American seamen into the British service. The night encounter between the United States frigate President and the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, on May 16, 1811, aggra vated the situation, and in April, 1812, Congress passed the em bargo act, closing American ports to English commerce, prepara tory to a declaration of war. England, however, was especially desirous of holding the trade of South Carolina and Georgia, on account of the cotton these states exported, and sent ships to open the ports. At Savannah they were met with a decided coldness and ordered to take their departure at once. As the ships put out to sea a number of shots were fired and other evidences of hostility shown. President Madison, hearing that the British had formed an alliance with the Spaniards in Florida asked Governor Mitchell, of Georgia, to investigate the situation. Mitchell opened a corre spondence with the officer in charge in East Florida, with a view to annexation but the proposition was haughtily rejected. The British and Spaniards tried to force the American troops to retire from the vicinity of the border but were defeated in the attempt. Governor Mitchell left Colonel Smith in command and returned to Milledgeville. In a somewhat pointed message to the general assembly he called attention to the unprotected state of the coast and to the need of troops to defend the state against an invasion. The legislature responded by appropriating $30,000 for defense and authorizing the enrollment of volunteers. Two companies of in fantry were stationed in each of the counties of Chatham, Bryan and Camden, and detachments were placed at intervals along the Florida border. The only attempts of the British to invade the soil of Georgia were the landing at Cumberland island, in January, 1815, and the expedition against 'Clarke's Mills, (q. v.) On Jan. 15, 1815, a force of some 1,500 British was sent against Point Petre from Cumberland island, but the movement was defeated by the militia under Captains Tattnall and Messias.
On the western frontier Georgia was subjected to considerable danger through the hostile demonstrations of the Indians. At the beginning of the war the wily chief Tecumseh, with a chosen band of thirty warriors, was sent by the Shawnees to enlist the Creeks in the cause of Great Britain. The scheme was only partially successful but a respectable number of the tribe was sufficiently aroused by the power-of Tecumseh's eloquence to give the frontier settlements serious apprehension. Through the influence of this visit the massacre at Fort Mims, Ala., occurred and numerous petty depradations were committed. These events impelled the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

general government to call on Georgia for a levy of troops, which was promptly filled. A force of 3,600 men were soon assembled at Fort Hawkins and Gen. John Floyd was placed in command. Tennessee also raised an army, which was placed under the com mand of General Coffee, and Gen. Andrew Jackson was appointed commander-in-chief of the combined forces of the tw'o states. Floyd constructed a line of blockhouses and stockade forts from the Ocmulgee westward to the Chattahoochee, where he built Fort Mitchell. From this base he marched against the Indians, defeating them at Autossee and Challibee. He then cooperated with Jackson and Coffee in administering a series of overwhelming defeats to the savages, which finally compelled them to sue for peace.
War Woman's Creek. In Elbert county there is a small tribu tary of Broad river, which acquired the name of "War Woman's Creek" during the Revolution. It was near this stream that Benja min Hart lived, and the name was conferred on the creek because of the heroic deeds of his wife, who was known among the Indians of that section as the "War Woman." (See Nancy Hart).
Ward, James M., of Waynesboro, is one of the popular citizens of that locality and now devotes his attention to the management of his large plantation interests in Burke county. He was born on the homestead plantation, in that county, Aug. 1, 1845, a son of Gilbert A. and Rosina (Watkins) Ward, both natives of the county, where the former was born in 1819, and the latter in 1822, both being now deceased. The father was a planter by vocation and served the Confederacy as a soldier in the Civil war, as a member of what was known as Joe Brown's militia. For twentyone years he held the office of tax collector of Burke county, being in tenure of this position at the time of his death, which occurred in 1891, his widow passing to the life eternal in 1900. Gilbert A. Ward was a son of Francis Ward, who was born in Burke county, a son of James Ward, a native of Ireland, who came to this state from Virginia in an early day and settled upon a tract of land embracing about 3,000 acres, the same having been granted to him by King George III. He subsequently served as a patriot soldier in the Colonial line during the Revolution, and was a prominent and influential citizen. His landed estate is still held in the possession of his descendants. The maternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Jacob Watkins, likewise born in Burke county. James M. Ward, the immediate subject of this sketch, was educated in the schools of Burke county and remained

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521

on the home plantation until his loyalty to the Confederacy prompted him to go forth in defense of its cause. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fifth Georgia cavalry, with which he served one year, after which he re-enlisted, as a member of the Twelfth Alabama cavalry and remained on active duty with this command until the close of the war. He took part in many engagements in Georgia, Tennessee, and North and South Carolina, and surrendered at Greensboro, N. C., at the close of the great internecine conflict. During his father's long period of service as tax collector of Burke county he served as deputy and in 1891, upon the death of his father, he succeeded to the office'. By subsequent reflections he continued the incumbent of this office for fifteen consecutive years, retiring in August, 1905, since which time he has found ample demands upon his time and atten tion in supervising his plantation. He is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party; is a steward in the Waynesboro Methodist Episcopal church South; and is identified with the United Confederate Veterans and the Knights of Pythias. On April 8, 1868, he was united in marriage to Miss Cornelia Alien, of Houston county, Ga., who died in February, 1884, leaving one child, Hugh A. In December, 1884, Mr. Ward wedded Miss Madeline Dunlap, and they have three children: Eugenia, Annie and Frank.
Ward, John Elliott, one of Georgia's old school lawyers and statesmen, was born at Sunbury, Liberty county, Oct. 14, 1814. He was educated at Yale and Amherst colleges, studied law under Mathew H. McAllister at Savannah, and was admitted to practice by special act of the legislature before he was twenty-one years of age. In 1836 he was appointed solicitor-general, was then elected to the legislature and in 1838 was made United States district attorney for Georgia. A year later he resigned to again enter the legislature and w'as made speaker of the house; was then elected mayor of Savannah; declined an appointment to the United States senate upon the resignation of John M. Berrien in 1852; was chairman of the national Democratic convention that nominated Buchanan in 1856, and was prominently mentioned for the vice-presidency in that campaign; was appointed by Buchanan in 1858 as envoy and minister plenipotentiary to China; resigned in 1861 on account of the secession of his state, and in 1866 re moved to New York.
Wardin, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Charlton

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

county, is five miles southeast of Winokur, which is the nearest railroad station.
Ware County was laid out from Irwin in 1824 and was named for Hon. Nicholas Ware of Richmond county, who served in the Georgia legislature and was elected United States senator in 1821. It lies in the southern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Appling county, on the east by Pierce, on the south and east by Charlton, on the south by the State of Florida, on the south west by Clinch, and on the west by Coffee. The Satilla river and numerous smaller streams flow across the surface and lose them selves in the Okefinokee Swamp. The'surface is level and there are many small swamps within the borders of the county. The soil is light, but produces good crops of sugar-cane, cotton, corn, pota toes, tobacco, peaches, melons, figs and oranges. Cattle and sheep have excellent range over the unused land which provides pasturage all the year through, while the mild winters render shelter super fluous. Fish are plentiful in all the streams and deer and wild turkey offer fine sport to the huntsman. The timber, which is mainly pine and cypress, is very valuable, rosin, turpentine and lumber being among the leading exports. Three branches of the Atlantic Coast Line system of railroads and the Nichols & Waycross division of the Atlantic & Birmingham afford opportunities for travel or shipping. The county seat is Waycross. Waresboro is the next town in importance and was once the county seat. The population in 1900 was 13,761 a gain of 4,950 in ten years.
Ware, Nicholas, was born in Caroline county, Va., in 1769. He received his general education in his native state, after which he located in Richmond county, Ga., where he began the practice of law. He served with distinction in the state legislature and in December, 1821, was elected to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Freeman Walker. At the close of that term he was elected for a full term of six years, but died in New York city on Sept. 7, 1824, before its expiration. Ware county was named in his honor.
Waresboro, an incorporated town in Ware county, is located on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, ten miles west of Waycross. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express accommoda tions, several stores, some factories, and is a shipping point of con siderable importance. The population in 1900 was 269. It was formerly the county seat.
Warhill, a post-hamlet in the southeast corner of Dawson county,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

523

is not far from the Chattahoochee river. The nearest railroad station is Gainesville. .
Waring, a post-hamlet of Whitfield county, is a station on the Southern railroad, five miles north of Dalton.
Waring, Thomas Pinckney, M. D., a representative physician and surgeon of Savannah, was born in that city, Feb. 28, 1867. His father, Dr. James Johnston Waring, was born in Savannah, May 7, 1829, and was graduated in Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, Pa. He served about one year as surgeon of a North Carolina regiment, in the Confederate army, during the Civil war, and there after was engaged in practice in Savannah until his death, which occurred on Jan. 9, 1888. He began the practice of his profession in Washington, D. C, where he held the position of curator of the Smithsonian institution and professor of obstetrics in the medical department of Columbian university. His wife, whose maiden name was Mary Bruton Alston, was born in South Carolina, in 1827, and still resides in the old Waring homestead, corner of Bull and Perry streets, Savannah. Dr. James J. Waring was a graduate of Yale college in the class of 1850, as was also his father and the other sons, while the famous old institution has graduated numer ous representatives in the later generations. Dr. Thomas P. War ing secured his early education in the public schools of Savannah and then entered Yale college, in which he was graduated as a mem ber of the class of 1889, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1892 he was graduated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York city, and thereaftej he served as interne in Bellevue hospital, that city, until 1894. He passed a portion of the following year in Europe, pursuing his medical studies in leading institutions, especially the University of Berlin. Upon his return he located in Savannah, where he has since been engaged in active practice, being one of the leading physicians and surgeons of his native city. He is a member of the American medical association; a member and expresident of the Georgia medical society; is identified with the Chatham county medical society, and is medical superintendent of Telfair hospital and visiting surgeon to the Savannah hospital and St. Joseph's hospital. He holds membership in the Savannah chamber of commerce, Savannah Yacht club, and the Oglethorpe club, and is a Knight Templar Mason and a noble of the Mystic Shrine. He and his wife are communicants of Christ church, Pro testant Episcopal. On Dec. 24, 1902, he was united in marriage to Miss Martha Gallaudet Backus, daughter of Henry E. and

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Alice (Hardee) Backus, of Savannah, and they have a daughter, Alice, born April 29, 1904.
Warm Springs, a village in the southern part of Meriwether county, is a station on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern railway system, and in 1900 reported a population of 151. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, some mercantile concerns, schools, churches, etc., but the chief at traction are the mineral springs from which the town takes its name. The water is always of the temperature of 92 and affords the finest bath in the South.
Warner, Hiram, jurist and legislator, was born at Hampshire, Mass., Oct. 29, 1802. When he was about seventeen years old he came to Georgia, where he taught school for three years and then began the practice of law at Knoxville. From 1828 to 1831 he was a member of the legislature; was judge of the superior court from 1833 to 1840; occupied a place on the supreme bench from 1845 to 1853; was elected to Congress in 1854, but declined a reflection; was frequently called on to serve as delegate to Democratic state and national conventions; was a member of the secession conven tion of 1861 and was one of those who voted against the ordinance; was appointed associate justice by Governor Bullock in 1868; chief justice by Governor Smith in 1872, and held that position until 1880, when he resigned. His name was mentioned in the Democratic state convention of that year as a candidate for governor. He died in 1881.
Warnock, George O., vice-president of the First National bank of Waynesboro and one of the extensive planters of Burke county, was one of those loyal sons of Georgia who went forth in defense of the Confederacy in the Civil war, and he stands to-day as one of the representative citizens of the Empire commonwealth of the. south. He was born on the homestead plantation of his parents, in Burke county, and is a son of Ella and Nancy E. (Moore) Warnock, both of whom passed their entire lives in this county. The father died when the subject of this sketch was but six months old, and his widow remained faithful to his memory until her death, which occurred in 1888. Besides George the only other living child is Mrs. Martha Perry, of Waynesboro. One son, Ransom, was killed in the battle of Sharpsburg in the Civil war, and the only other son, William, was severely wounded in the same bat tle. He died in 1886, all three of the sons having thus been soldiers of the Confederacy. George O. Warnock secured his early educa tion in the village school at Louisville, Jefferson county, and later

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535

*
supplemented this by a course of study in Mercer university, at Macon. At the inception of the war between the states he enlisted in Company B, Seventh Georgia volunteer infantry, and was made second lieutenant of his company at the time of organization. He served until the expiration of his six months' term of enlistment and then became one of the organizers of a cavalry company, known as the Twenty-first battalion of Georgia cavalry, in which he was made a lieutenant. He was in active service with this command two years and then became a lieutenant in the Seventh Georgia cavalry. He was wounded in the battle of Trevilian Sta tion, Va., where he was captured by the enemy and was held as a prisoner, at Fort Delaware, until the close of the war. He retains a deep interest in his old comrades and is an appreciative member of the United Confederate Veterans. Aside from: .his services in various official capacities, Mr. Warnock's career since the war has been one of close identification with planting interests and banking in Burke county. He has an extensive landed estate, is a large grower of cotton, and is also vice-president of the First National bank of Waynesboro, in which city he maintains his home. He is unwavering in his allegiance to the Democratic party and its prin ciples ; served sixteen years as clerk of the circuit court of Burke county; was a member of the board of county commissioners for several years, and has been for three years a member of the board of aldermen of Waynesboro. Mr. Warnock is a man of marked ability in business, is strong in his convictions and direct and un assuming in his intercourse with his fellow men. His stand on all matters of public or civic interest is never equivocal or unstable, and he has so ordered his life in all its relations as to corrmiand the respect of those with whom he has come in contact. He is a mem ber of the board of stewards of the local Methodist Episcopal church South, and is affiliated with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity.
Warren County was laid out in 1793 and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren, of Massachusetts, who fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. It is bounded on the north by Wilkes and Taliaferro counties, on the east by McDuffie, on the south by Jefferson and Glascock, on the west by Hancock and Taliaferro and on the west and north west by Taliaferro. The land is well watered and much of it is covered with a growth of oak and hickory timber. The soil is well adapted to the production of corn, cotton, small grains, vegetables, melons and fruits. The produce of the county is marketed princi pally at Warrenton, Camak and Barnett. Two lines of the Georgia

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railroad offer excellent transportation facilities. Warrenton is the

county seat. Other towns are Camak, Norwood and Mesena. In

the northern portion of the county gold has been found, but it is not

mined. The population in 1900 was 11,463, an increase of 506 in

ten years.

:,

Warren, John M., of Abbeville, judge

,,::HH::H;H:H::3B::::SB:H:H;:::::, . of the court of ordinary of Wilcox county,

and one of the representative citizens,

was born on his father's plantation, in

that county, March 26, 1862. He is a son

of Thomas and Queen (Faircloth) War

ren, the former born in Dooly county, Ga.,

and died in Wilcox county, Nov. 14,

1891, at the age of sixty-six years. The

latter was born in Laurens county, Ga.,

and her death occurred, in Wilcox

county, in 1864. Of the two children the

subject of this sketch is the elder, the

other having died in infancy. Thomas Warren was one of the ex

tensive land owners of Wilcox county and a citizen of prominence

and influence. He was judge of the inferior court of the county

at the time of the Civil war and was thus exempt from military

duty, but he became captain of a company in the state militia,

and in 1863 he entered the Confederate service with his command,

with which he continued to serve until the close of the war, as

captain of Company D, Sixty-sixth Georgia infantry. He was a

member of the board of county commissioners for a period of

sixteen y, ears an d held other minor offices of public trust. John

M. Warren secured his early educational discipline in the public

schools of Wilcox county and at the age of twenty years engaged

in agricultural pursuits on his own responsibility, his father having

given him 400 acres of land, in Wilcox county. At the age of

twenty-one years he was elected justice of the peace, in .which

office he served four years. In 1886 he was elected tax receiver

remaining the incumbent of this position two years. In 1889 he

removed to Rochelle, having erected the first house in the place,

which is now a thriving village of 800 population. He there estab

lished a general store and built up a prosperous enterprise, which

he continued until 1893, when he disposed of the business. In the

meanwhile he served three years as justice of the peace, and in

1896 he was mayor of the town. In 1897 he was elected judge of

the court of ordinary of the county, taking up his residence in

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

527

Abbeville at that time, and he has since remained the incumbent

of this office, by successive reflections. He has given a most care

ful and businesslike administration, and the affairs of the office

have been handled with the utmost ability. Judge Warren is a

stanch adherent of the Democratic party, is identified with the

lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias

and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; and both he and his

wife are members of the Baptist church. On Dec. 29, 1881, he

was united in marriage to Miss Eva D. Fenn, daughter of Z. S.

and Mary T. (Everett) Fenn, of Dooly county, both of whom are

now deceased. Judge and Mrs. Warren became the parents of nine

children, of whom seven are living: Lena died at the age of twelve

years and the sixth child died at birth. The surviving children are

Pearl, Eva, Mamie, Thomas, Ethel, Charles and Ola.

Warren, Lewis Philip Desaubleaux, son of Hon. Lott Warren

(q. v.), was born in Marion, Ga., in 1838. His education was

secured in Albany, Dougherty county, and in Mercer university

at Macon. He studied law with his father and was duly admitted

to the bar of Dougherty county, where he began practice in part

nership with his father, while later he was a law partner in turn

of Gen. Gilbert J. Wright and Capt. Richard Hobbs. He served

on the bench of the county court of Dougherty county; as solic

itor-general of the Albany district, and at the time of his death

was judge of this district, having been appointed by Governor

Colquitt. He died in 1882. He married Miss Louisa H. Webb

and of their children R. H. is secretary of the Albany Trust Com

pany of Georgia.

. ,.-,.. ,

Warren, Lott, a scion of one of the old

and honored families of Georgia, lent

distinction to his native state through his

able services as a jurist, a member of

Congress and a citizen of sterling char

acter. He was born in Burke county,

Ga., Oct. 30, 1797, his ancestors having

come from England and settled in Vir

ginia, whence his father, Josiah Warren,

removed to North Carolina, from which

latter state he came to Georgia. The early

education of Lott Warren was secured

under the tutorage of several private in

structors, and in 1816 he became a clerk in a retail mercantile

establishment in Dublin, Laurens county, Ga. Shortly afterward

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

he was drafted into the state militia, for service in the Seminole war and was elected second lieutenant of the Laurens company. He served with distinction during the campaign and on his dis charge again became identified with business affairs. Having long cherished the ambition of becoming a lawyer, he applied himself to technical study, and in 1820 entered the law office of Daniel McNeil, a prominent lawyer of Dublin. In the same year was solemnized his marriage to Miss Jane Desaubleaux, daughter of a French general who came to America to assist the colonies in their struggle for independence, and who was an active participant in the war of the Revolution. In 1821 young Warren was admitted to the bar, forthwith opened an office in Dublin and entered upon the practice of the profession for which he had well fortified him self. In 1825 he removed to Marion, Twiggs county, and in the following year received from Governor Troup appointment to the office of solicitor-general. He became very prominent and influ ential in the legal circles of the state, and in 1830 was elected to the state senate. In the same year he was elected judge of the superior court of the southern district of Georgia, for a term of three years. In 1834 he resumed the active practice of law, in Americus, Sumter county, and in 1838 he was elected a representa tive in Congress, being chosen as his own successor in 1840. His career in Congress was distinguished and on his return from his service in the national capital he was elected to the bench of the superior court of the southwestern district of the state in 1843, and reflected in 1847. He died in 1861, in the court house at Albany, while defending a client charged with murder, his death being the result of a stroke of appoplexy.
Warrenton, the county seat of Warren county, is located on a branch of the Georgia railroad running between Augusta and Macon and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1810. Its population by the census of 1900 was 1,115 in the corporate limits and 2,842 in the militia district. It has a court house, money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, a bank, and several very prosperous business houses. There are neat and substantial churches and a good system of public schools.
Warrior, a post-hamlet of Worth county, is on a branch of Tyty creek, about five miles northwest of O'mega, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Warrior Creek. In that portion of Colquitt county formerly belonging to Thomas, there is a shall stream known as Warrior

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

529

creek. After the battle of Chickasawhachee (q. v.) one of the scattered remnants of the defeated Creeks passed through the northern part of Thomas county in the effort to reach Florida. Late in the afternoon of July 12, 1836, word was received at Thomasville that the band had that day been seen in the neigh borhood of Warrior creek swamp. Early the next morning the Thomas and Lowndes county battalions, under the command of Major Young, set out in pursuit. On the 14th a small party of Indians was seen about a mile and a half from the swamp and headed in the direction of Little river. That evening Young was reinforced by the companies of Captains Sharpe and Tucker and decided to attack the next morning. The Indians were overtaken in an open pine woods and a charge was ordered. The Creeks were panic-stricken at the rush and fled precipitately in all direc tions. The main body was pursued for about three miles, killing several as they retreated. The savages numbered about 70, of whom 22 were known to have been killed, and 18 were captured. The whites lost two men killed and 8 wounded.
Warsaw, a post-village of Milton county, with a population of 52 in 1900, is on the Chattahoochee river, and is a trading point for the southeast portion of the county. Duluth is the nearest rail road station.
Warthen, an incorporated town of Washington county, is on the Augusta Southern railroad, ten miles northeast of Sandersville. The population in 1900 was 148. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, is a trading point for a large agricultural district, and does considerable ship ping.
Warwick, a village of Crisp county, is on the Albany Northern railroad, ten miles southwest of Cordele. It has a money order postoffice, with rural- free "delivery, a telegraph office, some mer cantile establishments, and in 1900 had a populatian of 76.
Washington, the county seat of Wilkes county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1804, but was founded several years previous to that date and claims the honor of being the first place in the United States to bear the name of the immortal Washing ton. It is a terminus of a branch of the Georgia railroad. Its incorporation as a city dates from 1899. It had in 1900 a popula tion of 3,300 in the corporate limits and 4,436 in the entire district. It has a court house valued at $40,000, three banks, between thirty and forty prosperous mercantile establishments, a postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, a water works
34--111

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

plant, a cotton seed oil mill, a 'knitting mill, a wagon and carriage factory, a public cotton gin, and good schools and churches. At Washington was held the last cabinet meeting of the government of the Confederate States of America.
Washington County was created in 1784 and named in honor of George Washington. At the time of its organization it included all the land "from the Cherokee corner north, extending from the Ogeechee to the Oconee, south to Liberty county." In 1786 a por tion of it was added to Greene county, in 1793 a part to Hancock and in 1807 and 1826 parts were added to Baldwin. In the con vention which met at Augusta in January, 1788, to ratify the Fed eral Constitution, the county was represented by Jared Irwin and John Rutherford. The first superior court within her borders was held in May, 1787, Judge Henry Osborne presiding. It is in the central part of the state and is bounded on the northeast by Glascock and Jefferson counties, on the east by Jefferson, on the south by Johnson, on the southwest by Wilkinson, on the west by Wilkinson and Baldwin and on the northwest by Hancock. The Ogee chee and Oconee rivers flow along the boundaries and many streams cross the surface, making this one of the best watered counties in the state. The surface is level or gently rolling, and the soil is fertile. Cotton, sugar-cane, potatoes and all the cereals are grown and the native grasses afford excellent pasturage for cattle. Timber grows along the streams and the timber products exported are considerable. Many factories are located along the Ogeechee and the Oconee rivers, but there are still immense waterpowers not utilized. The minerals of the county include potter's clay, sandstone, buhrstone, opals, chalcedony and agate. Sandersville is the county seat. Tennille, Warthen, Davisboro and Riddleville are other towns of importance. The population of the county in 1900 was 28,227, an increase of 2,900 since 1890. Near Sandersville are several lime sinks, or caves, in which fossils of many kinds are found. Being so near to the Indian lands, the early settlers of Washington county suffered much from Indian depredations.
Waterfalls. In Georgia there are several noted cataracts. Those most widely known are the Tallulah falls, in Habersham county; Amicalola falls in Dawson county; the Toccoa falls in Stephens, and the falls of the Towaliga in Monroe county. A description of the Tallulah falls is given in connection with the town of that name and the others are described in the sketches of the counties in which they are located. Another picturesque waterfall is that of Cane creek, near Dahlonega in Lumpkin county, where the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

531

water descends in a series of cascades for a distance of some sev enty-five feet until it reaches the placid bosom of the stream below. The surrounding scenery is of a romantic and diversified character, adding to the beauty of the falls, the whole forming a landscape that invites the brush of the artist.
Water-Power. Georgia is well provided with streams that fur nish water-power for the operation of mills and factories. The state geological survey a few years ago issued a bulletin on the subject of water-power, in which the total horse-power covered by the investigations of the department amounted to 550,000, of which less than ten per cent, was at that time utilized. The report did not include all the streams of the state, as the survey had not been completed at the time the bulletin was published. As a rule the largest water-powers are at or just above the fall line, which runs from Augusta to Columbus, via Macon, but there is scarcely a stream of any consequence that does not provide fine water-power at some point along its course. Some of the streams in the north ern part flow into the Tennessee river. The principal of these are the Chickamauga, Toccoa, Notely and Hiawassee rivers, and Nickajack, Lookout and Chattanooga creeks. All these and some of their tributaries furnish water-power at various places. The waters of the Coosa and its affluents find their way to the Gulf of Mexico through the Mobile basin. In this system the Oostanaula, Etowah, Chattooga, Tallapoosa, Little Tallapoosa, Amicalola, Coosawattee and Cartecay rivers, and many of the larger creeks furnish abundant power, some of which is utilized to operate saw and grist mills, cotton, woolen and furniture factories, and a num ber of minor establishments. The Chattahoochee and Flint rivers are the main arteries of the Apalachicola basin. The aggregate horse-power of these two streams and their principal tributaries runs into thousands. At Columbus this power is employed to a considerable extent, that city standing second only to Augusta as a cotton manufacturing center. Streams of the Altamaha basin are also rich in water-power, that of the Oconee, Ocmulgee, Apalachee, South, Yellow; and Towaliga rivers being partially devel oped. The largest drainage system of the state, and the richest in water-powers, is that of the Savannah river. According to the United States census Richmond county has a gross horse-power of over 50,000 from-the Savannah alone, while other .counties in the basin are amply provided with water-power by the Tallulah, Tugaloo and Broad rivers and a number of large creeks. Rabun, Elbert, Lincoln and Habersham counties are particularly fortunate

532

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in this respect, and the towns in this section are doubtless destined to become important manufacturing centers at no distant period in the future. In all the lesser drainage systems, viz., the Ogeechee, the Ocklockonee, the Suwannee, the Satilla and the St. Mary's, there is more or less water-power, but it is not so easily utilized as that of the streams farther from the coast where there is a stronger current.
Wateryille, a post-hamlet of Walker county, is located on Cane creek, about six miles southeast of Lafayette. Martindale is the nearest railroad station.
Water Witch. In the spring of 1864 Ossabaw sound was guarded by a single Federal vessel, a side wheel steamer called the Water Witch, which had participated in the Paraguay war of 1855 and had acquired considerable notoriety by fighting against Commodore Hollins in the Mississippi passes during the early part of the Civil war. About the first of June the vessel ascended'the Little Ogeechee river and on the night of the 3d was attacked in the midst of a thunder storm by Lieut. Thomas P. Pelot, with about 130 men in seven small boats. The boarding netting was cut through, in the face of a gallant fire of small arms from the steamer, and after a desperate hand to hand fight, in which Lieutenant Pelot was killed, the vessel surrendered, being afterward added to the Confederate navy.
Watkins' Ferry. On March 2, 1862, Colonel Reynolds, by order of Gen. Daniel Leadbetter of the Confederate army, burned the bridges over Lookout creek, between Trenton and Chattanooga, to obstruct the advance of the Federal troops under General Mitchell. Scouting parties of the contending armies met at Watkins' Ferry on the 3d and a slight skirmish ensued, but without important results to either side.
Watkinsville, the county seat of Oconee county, was incor porated in 1806 and was long the county seat of Clarke county. At the organization of Oconee county it retained the court house with the same relation to the new county that it had formerly held to Clarke. It is located on the Macon & Northern branch of the Central of Georgia railway within a belt of red lands which run across the county from the upper portion of Clarke southward into Morgan county. It has a money order postofKce with rural free delivery, a bank, several commercial establishments, express and telegraph offices, schools and churches, etc. The population in 1900 was 351.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

533

Watson, a post-village of Cherokee county, is about seven miles

southeast of Canton, which is the nearest railroad station. It has

some local trade and in 1900 reported a population of 44.

Watson, Thomas E., was born in Columbia county Sept. 5, 1856.

After attending the common schools of his neighborhood and

Mercer university, he taught school, read law and in 1875 was

admitted to the bar. He was elected to the legislature in 1882; was

chosen Democratic elector-at-large for the state in 1888, and was

elected to Congress in 1890, as a Populist. While in Congress he

secured the first appropriation for free delivery of mails in farming

districts. He was nominated for vice-president by the Populist

convention at St. Louis in 1896; conducted a Populist paper for a

time at Atlanta; author of The Story of France, Life of Thomas

Jefferson, Life of Napoleon, and in 1905 founded Tom Watson's

Magazine.

Watters, John H., assistant master me-

x:;|||i||||||s::::,

chanic of the Georgia railroad, with head

quarters in the city of Augusta, is a

prominent figure in railroad circles in the

South, and comes of distinguished line

age, both his paternal and maternal an

cestors having early established homes in

the southern part of the present great

American republic. He was born in

Rome, Floyd county, Ga., Sept. 12, 1851,

a son of Thomas G. and Catherine C.

(Moore) Watters, the former born in

Oglethorpe county, Ga., .Aug. 21, 1818,

and the latter in Rome, Aug. 18, 1828. Thomas Glascock Watters

was named in honor of Colonel Thomas Glascock, of whom indi

vidual mention is made elsewhere in this work. The father of

Thomas G. Watters was Joseph Watters, who had served in.the

command of Colonel Glascock. On Jan. 27, 1818, Joseph Watters

was commissioned captain of a company of militia, by Gov. Will

iam Rabun, of Georgia, and later he held various offices of public

trust, having been sheriff of Floyd county several years, prior to

the Civil war, and afterward served eight years as justice of the

peace. John Moore, great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch

in the maternal line, took up his residence in North Carolina in the

colonial days, having come to America from Ireland. He was

a patriot soldier of the continental forces in the war of the Revolu

tion, in which he attained the rank of major-general. He was a

534

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

member of the fourth house of commons of North Carolina, serv ing from 1783 to 1794; again becoming a member in 1798, and served until 1809. His eldest son, William Adair Moore, grandfather of him whose name initiates this sketch, was in service as a soldier in 1818 and also in 1836. He married Miss Frances Swanson Edmundson, of Jasper county, Ga., a representative of prominent families of the state, through direct and collateral lines, including the Moxeys, Swansons and Buckinghams. Gen. John Moore's wife was a sister of Gen. John Adair, who. was the first governor of Kentucky. General Moore died in 1836 and was buried at Goshen, N. C. John H. Walters received his educational training at Rome and in 1868 became identified with railroad interests, taking a position as locomotive fireman on the Rome railroad. One year later he took a similar position on the Selma, Rome & Dalton rail road, now a portion of the Southern railway system, running between Rome and Selma, and was promoted locomotive engineer in 1872, thereafter continuing to work as such until 1886, when he was made master mechanic and train master of the Anniston & Atlantic and Anniston & Cincinnati railways, which was shortly afterwards made a part of the Louisville & Nashville system. He served in this dual office, with headquarters in Anniston, Ala., until Oct. 1, 1901, when he located in Augusta and assumed his present office, that of assistant master mechanic of the Georgia railroad. He has marked mechanical ability, as his present incumbency im plies, and has invented several different styles of pneumatic tracksanding devices, which are being used by a large number of rail roads in the Union. He is a member of the Southern & South western railroad club, the American master mechanics' association and the American railway appliance association, and is also affiliated with the Knights of Pythias. In politics he gives his support to the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Nov. 29, 1881, Mr. Walters was united in marriage to Miss Mamie W. Borders, daughter of Samuel K. and Sarah M. (Williams) Borders, of Ninetysix, Greenwood county, S. C. Her mother was a relative of Col. James Williams, who was killed in the battle of King's Mountain. Samuel K. Borders was a native of Georgia and was educated in the state university. He served in both the Mexican and Civil wars and died, at Oxford, Ala., in 1880. His wife still survives him. Mr. and Mrs. Walters have no children.
Waverly, a post-hamlet of Camclen county, is a station on the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

535

Seaboard Air Line railway, about half-way between the Satilla and the Little Satilla rivers.
Waverly Hall, a town in the eastern part of Harris county, is on the Southern railroad, and in 1900 had a population of 226. It has a money order postoffice, from which several rural free delivery routes emanate, telegraph and express offices, schools, churches, etc., and is the principal trading and shipping point in that part of the county.
Waycross, the county seat of Ware county was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1874. Three main divisions of the Atlantic Coast Line center at Waycross, where they form a junction with a branch of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad. This rapidly grow ing city has a court house valued at $30,000, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, two banks, many successful commercial establishments, gas and water works, an electric plant for lighting and for street railroad power, shops of the Atlantic Coast Line rail-way, two iron manufactories, a sash, door and blind factory, saw mill and other industries. There is a good public school system, including an academy, seven churches for whites, some of them elegant buildings, and nine for colored people. The population of Waycross by the census of 1900 was 5,919.
Wayne, Anthony, soldier, was born on Jan. 1, 1745, at Easttown, Pa. He received an academic education, followed surveying for a time and then engaged in farming. In 1774 he was elected to the colonial legislature as a Whig, and the following year was made a member of the Committee of Safety. When it became evident that war with the mother country was inevitable he raised a regi ment, of which he was made colonel and went to the assistance of the army in the north. He fought at Three Rivers; commanded at Ticonderoga; was prominent in driving the British from New Jersey; participated in the battle of Brandywine; led the assault at Warren Tavern; opened the battle of Monmouth with his brigade; effected the capture of Stony Point, and contributed largely to the capture of Yorktown. Toward the close of the war he took part in the military operations in the South and in Decem ber, 1782, took possession of Charleston. After the war he settled in Georgia; was a delegate to the convention that framed the first state constitution after the independence of the nation was estab lished; was elected to Congress in 1790, but his seat being declared vacant, owing to a contest by James Jackson, he refused to become a candidate in the special election, and in the spring of 1792 sue-

536

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ceeded General Harmar as general-in-chief of the army. For the next few years he was engaged in campaigns against the Indians of the Northwest. His success, where it looked like failure was certain, gave him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." He died on Dec. 15, 1796, at Presque Isle, (now Erie) Pa., but in 1809 his remains were removed to Radnor, in his native county.
Wayne County was laid out under the lottery act of 1803 and was organized two years later. It was named in honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne. Part of it was given to Carnden in 1805 and parts of Camden were added to it in 1808 and 1812. It was enlarged by the addition of a part of Glynn in 1820 and a part was added to Glynn in 1822. It lies in the southeastern part of the state and is bounded on the northeast by Tatnall, Liberty and Mclntosh counties, on the east by Glynn, which is also south of a small portion of it, on the south by Camden, Charlton and Pierce and on the west by Pierce and Appling. The Satilla and Altamaha rivers drain the surface and supply an abundance of fish. The soil when fertilized produces sugar-cane, potatoes, rice, corn, a variety of vegetables, melons and long staple cotton. Recently there have been a number of experi ments conducted in the production of sugar-cane, cassava and fruits by scientific methods, in Wayne county, and the results have been gratifying in a high degree. Much of the land is wild and affords fine range for cattle, sheep and hogs, while the mild winters save all expense of shelter. The county is traversed by the Southern railWay, two divisions of the Atlantic Coast Line, the Atlantic and Birmingham and the Seaboard Air Line touches the northeast cor ner. The Satilla and Altamaha rivers furnish water transportation. The forests consist chiefly of pine and cypress timber and there is a large trade in turpentine, rosin and lumber. Jesup, the county seat, is near the center and is an important railroad town. Other towns are Gardi, Brentwood, Lulaton, Atkinson, and Mount Pleasant.
Wayne, James Moore, jurist and Congressman, was born in the city of Savannah in the year 1790. In 1808 he was graduated at Princeton, after which he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1810. Becoming interested in politics he was elected represent ative in the state legislature, and in 1823 became mayor of Savan nah. From 1834 to 1828 he served as judge of the superior court, resigning his place on the bench to enter Congress as a representa tive, to which position he was elected in 1828. He was twice reflected, but before the close of his third term he was appointed associate justice of the United States supreme court by President

"CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

537

Jackson. In 1849 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by his alma mater. He took an active part in having the Indians placed on reservations, was a pronounced free-trader, and was par ticularly noted for his knowledge of maritime and admiralty cases. He died at Washington, D. C., July 5, 1867.
Waynesboro, the county seat of Burke county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1803 and in 1883 was chartered as a city. It is located on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway running from Millen to Augusta, in the center of a fine cotton grow ing section and does a heavy warehouse and shipping business, besides carrying on a considerable trade in fertilizers. It has a court house, money order postoffice with rural free delivery, two banks, telegraph and express offices, prosperous commercial estab lishments, a cotton and oil mill, saw and planing mill, good water, supplied by an artesian well and distributed through mains, electric lights, an excellent school system, an academy enjoying an envi able reputation, and several denominations have churches in the town. The population by the census of 1900 was 2,030.
While Sherman was on his march from Atlanta to the sea there were some sharp combats in the vicinity of Waynesboro. On Nov. 37, 1864, Kilpatrick destroyed a bridge near the town and set fire to some of the buildings, but Wheeler with his cavalry arrived in time to extinguish the flames, after which he pushed on beyond Waynes boro and attacked Kilpatrick's barricaded line, while Humes and Anderson struck the Federals on the flank. Kilpatrick was routed and barely escaped. Later he was again defeated in a swamp fight and was driven across Buckhead Creek. On the 28th Wheeler again drove him from his position. On December 3rd, Sherman sent Kilpatrick's cavalry and Baird's division of infantry again toward Waynesboro. Wheeler threw up barricades and, though fighting desperately, was pushed back to the town, where he was^ so pressed by the heavy odds that he found it difficult to withdraw, but a dashing charge of his Texas and Tennessee horsemen enabled him to retire in safety.
Waynesville, a town on the southern border of Wayne county, is connected with Brunswick and Waycross by a branch of the Atlantic Coast Line railway. It had in 1900 a population of 300. It has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several stores, manufactories of various kinds, mostly lumber mills, and good churches and schools.
Wayside, a village of Jones county, is a station on the Central of Georgia railroad, about seven miles north of Clinton. It has a

538

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some mercantile and shipping interests and in 1900 had a population of 105.
Ways Station, a village in Bryan county, with a population of 131 in 1900, is on the Seaboard Air Line railroad, a little west of the Ogeechee river. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and ex press service, and is the principal trading and shipping point in that section of the county.
Webb, a post-hamlet of Milton county, is about three miles north east of Alpharetta. The nearest railroad station is Roswell.
Webster County was laid out in 1853 and named Kinchafoonee county (q. v.). In 1854 it was named for Daniel Webster, the noted statesman and orator. The county lies in the southwestern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Marion and Chattahoochee counties, on the east by Marion and Sumter, on the south by Terrell and Randolph and on the west by Stewart. The sur face is level and the land well watered. The staple productions are cotton, sugar-cane, potatoes, peas and the cereals. The fruits are apples, plums, peaches and grapes. Great forests of pine, poplar, ash, birch, sweet and black gum, hickory, black-jack^ white and Spanish oak still stand and the annual output of lumber is immense. The streams afford water-power, only a part of which is utilized. Webster county has few minerals. Iron, clay, lime stone, mica and manganese are found in small quantities, but none are mined or quarried. Preston is the county seat and Weston is a thriving town. Two branches of the Seaboard Air Line railway traverse the county and provide ample facilities for transportation. The population in 1900 was 6,618, an increase of 923 since 1890.
Weed, Joseph Dunning, was born in Savannah, Ga., March 15, 1838, and lived in that city continuously until his death on Feb. 11, 1906. He was the senior member of the firm of J. D. Weed & Co., one of the oldest mercantile establishments in the state, founded by Henry D. and N. B. Weed, father and uncle of Joseph D. Weed. Mr. Weed was also president of the Savannah Bank and Trust Company, and of the Augusta & Savannah railroad.
Weigle, John M., city assessor of Augusta, and one of Ihe pro gressive and public-spirited citizens of that place, where the major portion of his life has been passed, and from which he went forth to do valiant service as a soldier in the Confederate lines, is a native of Baltimore, Md., where he was born Feb. 20, 1842. He is a son of George A. and Ellen (Ssenger) Weigle, both of whom were born in Germany, their marriage being solemnized in the city of Baltimore, where they continued to reside until 1847, when they

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

539

removed to Augusta, Ga. The father was a baker by trade and vocation and was long connected with business interests of Au gusta, where he died in 1888 at the age of eighty-one years. His
wife died in 1891 at the age of seventyfive. They are survived by the one son
and three daughters, all of whom reside in Augusta. John M. Weigle attended
the schools of Augusta until he had at
tained the age of thirteen years, when he identified himself with that most valuable
and practical school of education, the printing business, serving a thorough ap
prenticeship at the trade and being con cerned with the same, in various capaci
ties, for a period of forty years. Con cerning his military cereer the follow ing record is taken from the Confederate Military History, Volume VI, published in 1899: "In 1861 he was an employe of the Augusta Chronicle, whose office he left to enter the Confederate service, in Company I (Walker light infantry) of the First regiment of Georgia volunteers. This company, together with the Oglethorpe infantry, had become a part of the ante-bellum Augusta battalion, immediately preceding- the secession of Georgia, and its members, as well as those of the Oglethorpe infantry, felt themselves highly honored when, on March 18, 1861, in response to the first call of Governor Brown, they enrolled their names for service anywhere the government might wish to send them. Never before or since has the city of Augusta witnessed such an outpouring of people as when, on April 1, 1861, the Walker light infantry and Oglethorpe infantry formed at the lower market on Broad street and marched from that point to what was then the Waynesboro depot to take the train for Macon, their march being impeded by a crowd so dense that they could hardly make their way. Mr. Weigle went as a private and served his twelve months' term faithfully and gallantly, participating in the following engagements, under Generals Garnett, Lee, Loring and Stonewall Jackson: B.elington, Laurel Hill, Carrick's Ford, Cheat Mountain, Greenbrier River and Bath, Va., and Hancock, Md. After being mustered out, in Augusta, March 18, 1862, he assisted in recruiting a cavalry com pany, but did not go with it into the field. In 1863 he joined the First Augusta battalion of the Georgia reserves, with which organization he served as orderly sergeant. With this command

540

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

he took part in the following combats: Griffin, East Macon and Griswoldville, Ga.; Honey Hill and Tullafinney Creek, S. C., and served in the outer trenches at Savannah until the evacuation of the city by Hardee. Just before the close of hostilities he was ordered to a place near Augusta called New Savannah, whence the command was soon afterward ordered to Augusta and disbanded." After the close of the war Mr. Weigle continued in the printing business in Augusta, and in 1877 he founded the Augusta Evening News, continuing its publication, in the capacity of business man ager, until 1889, when he disposed of his interests in the enterprise. For many years he conducted a job printing office, finally retir ing entirely from the business in 1896. He is a stalwart in the camp of the Democracy and has earnestly supported its cause. In 1882 he was elected a member of the city council, and served one year; in 1896 he was elected assessor of the city, in which capacity he has since continued to render effective service, having been twice reflected, without opposition. He is adjutant of C. S. A. Camp, No. 435, United Confederate Veterans, and he and hrs wife are prominent and zealous members of St. James church, Methodist Episcopal South, in which he is chairman of both the board of stewards and the board of trustees. Through the efforts of Mr. Weigle was established the present attractive system of parks on Greene street, Augusta, and he raised the fund, by popular subscription, by means of which was erected the beautiful memorial fountain on that street, dedicated to the memory of the late Alfred Martin, Jr., former mayor of Augusta. On Dec. 26, 1866, Mr. Weigle was united in marriage to Miss Emily S. McCafferty, of Augusta, and of their children six are living, namely: James Gardiner, cashier of the Augusta savings bank; Mary Ruth and Marian Eve, at the parental home; Bertha Emma, wife of Peter J. Nix, manager of the Augusta telephone system; Nellie Edwards, and Leonard Gibson.
Weisman, a post-hamlet in the southeast part of Screven county, is about three miles from the Savannah river and ten miles north east of Oliver, which is the nearest railroad station.
Welch, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Towns county, is on a branch of the Notely river, not far from the. North Carolina line. Culberson, N. C., is the nearest railroad station.
Wellborn, Marshall J., was born in Putnam county in the year 1808. He was educated as a lawyer, admitted to the bar and soon won an honorable standing as an attorney. Besides filling several minor offices he was elected judge of the superior court, and in

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

54=1

1848 was elected to the lower house of Congress as a Democrat. He died at Columbus in October, 1874.
Wells, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Murray county, is on a branch of the Coosawattee river, and is about twelve miles east of Tilton, which is the nearest railroad station.
Wells, James T., engaged in the cotton factorage and fertilizer business at Savannah, was. born in that city, Dec. 29, 1859, a son of James T. and Sophia M. (Sweat) Wells, both native of Okatie, Beaufort county, S. C., where the former was born April 15, 1829, and the latter Sept. 11, 1831. The Wells family is of English origin and was early founded in South Carolina. In the maternal line Mr. Wells is descended from English and Swedish ancestry. His maternal great-grandfather, Rev. James Sweat, was in the com mand of Gen. Francis Marion in the war of the Revolution and served under General Pulaski in the battle of Savannah. James T. Wells, Sr., was a soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war. On May 31, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company A, Savannah Volunteer Guards, and in the spring of the following year, when the Tattnall Guards were organized he joined the same, which became Company G, of the First Georgia volunteer infantry. The command served for a time at Fort Wagner, in Charleston harbor, and later joined the army of Tennessee, being with the same from the time of the retreat from Dalton until the close of the war, and surrendering, with Johnston, at Greensboro, N. C., in April, 1865. Mr. Wells took part in the battles of Lost Moun tain, Kenesaw Mountain, New Hope church, Peachtree Creek, Atlanta, Jon.esboro, Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor engagements. He is now deceased but his widow still survives making her home with the subject of this sketch. James T. Wells, whose name heads this article secured his education in the schools of Savannah, which city has been his home throughout life. He held the position of inspector of naval stores for a period of twentythree years, and since 1902 he has been successfully established in business as a cotton factor and dealer in fertilizers. In politics he is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are prominent and zealous members of the First Baptist church, of which he is a deacon. He is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and the Royal Arcanum. On Nov. 26, 1884, he married Miss Mattie Blair Keller, daughter of George A. and Martha J. (Weisenbaker) Keller, of Chatham county, and they have ten children, namely: George Keller, Mattie Ruby, Kate Miriam,

543

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Sophia May, James T., Jr., William Duncan, Effie Clair, Thomas Shipman, Hugh Gordon., and Margaret Virginia.
Wellston, a village in Houston county, with a population of 63, in 1900, is a station on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad. It has telegraph and express offices, some mercantile and shipping interests, and a money order postoffice, which supplies mail to the surrounding country through the medium of free delivery routes.
Wenona, a little village of Crisp county, is a station on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, five miles south of Cordele. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, and some mercantile and shipping interests.
Wereat, John, was born about 1730, and was one of the earliest and most enthusiastic supporters of the colonial cause in the troubles that preceded the Revolution. He was a member of the first Provincial Congress of Georgia; was speaker of that body in 1776; as president of the executive council he discharged the duties of governor from Dec. 29, 1778, to Nov. 4, 1779; was made chief justice in 1781; was a member of the commission to treat with the governor of Florida regarding the boundary question in 1783; was president of the convention that ratified the constitution of the United States; played a prominent part in relieving the want of the people living west of Augusta in 1782, and was generally recognized as one of the most useful men of his day and generation. He died in Bryan county in 1798.
Wesley, Charles, a younger brother and co-worker of John Wesley, was educated at Oxford, came to America -in the early part of the year 1736, and was made chaplain to General Oglethorpe and secretary of Indian affairs.. In December, 1736, he returned to England, where his health failed and although he wanted to come back to Georgia and resume his duties there he was forbidden to do so by his physicians. Whitefield gives Charles Wesley the credit of being the first to propose the orphan house established at Bethesda.
Wesley, John, clergyman and evangelist, was born at Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, June 17, 1703, and was the fifteenth in a family of nineteen children. At the age of eleven years he secured admission to the Charter house in London, through the influence of the Duke of Buckingham, and there received his early education. In 1720 he entered Christ Church college, Oxford, studied for the ministry and was ordained deacon in the Established church in 1725. The following year he won a fellowship at Lincoln college and in 1728 was admitted to priest's orders. In 1735, when only

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thirty-two years old, he was sent to Georgia as a missionary to the Indians, but on the passage he met some Moravians who changed his course and he began preaching at Savannah soon after his arrival. His' religion was of too strict a sort to suit the people there and his unpopularity was increased by an unfortunate affair with a Miss Hopkins. At first Wesley showed her marked atten tion, but upon the advice of the Moravian bishop discontinued her acquaintance. Soon after this she married a man named Williamson and deported herself in such a way that Wesley denied her the sacrament of the communion. For this she had Wesley indicted by a grand jury, but before the case was brought to trial, Wesley, after waiting, returned to England and the matter was dropped. Wesley continued in the ministry for over sixty years. His death occurred on March 4, 1791.
Wesleyan Female College. In this institution Georgia claims to have the first school in the world that was chartered for the ex press purpose of conferring degrees on wdmen. As early as 1825 Duncan G. Campbell introduced a bill in the general assembly "to established a public seat of learning in the state for the education of females." It passed the house but was defeated in the senate. Ten years were then spent by the advocates of the measure in awakening public sentiment in favor of it. Pursuant to the sug gestions advanced by Mr. Campbell's bill, the citizens of Macon started a movement for the establishment of a female seminary there. When the Georgia Methodist conference met at Macon in 1835 the question was presented to that body, which agreed to lend its aid to the undertaking. A site was selected and $9,OOU subscribed toward the erection of buildings for a college. As an outgrowth of this action the legislature on Dec. 10, 1836, passed a bill granting a charter to the "Georgia Female College." The buildings, costing $85,000, were erected by popular subscription, Methodist ministers acting as agents for the collection of the nec essary funds, and on Jan. 7., 1839, the college was formally opened with instructors in all the departments. The first class of eleven was graduated in 1840. Since that time nearly 2,00.0 young women have received degrees from this well known school. In 1850 the name was changed to Wesleyan female college. Within recent years the school has received several large donations, the principal one being that of George I. Seney, of New York, who", at different times, has given $125,000. The college has a large attendance, residents of every Southern state being enrolled among its students.

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Weslosky, Morris, president of the First and the Third'National banks of Albany, Dougherty county, and knqwn as one of the representative citizens of that section of the state, is. a native of Georgia, and has here passed his entire life. He is a son of Charles and Johanna Weslosky, both of whom were born in Prussia, Ger many, while they-took tip their residence in Georgia in the days, before the Civil war, in which the father rendered loyal service as a soldier of the Confederate army. Morris Weslosky was born in Riddleville, Washington county, Ga., Jan. 1, 1860, and his earlier educational training was secured in the cities of Savannah and Albany, supplemented by study in the University of Georgia, at Athens. He has been identified with business interests in Albany since 1885 and has here risen to marked prominence aand influ ence as a financier and as a citizen of sterling worth. He gives much of his time and attention to the executive duties devolving upon him as president of the First National and the Third National banks, both solid and ably conducted institutions, and has other interests of importance here and elsewhere in the state. ' His political faith is evinced in the unqualified support which he ac cords to the Democratic party, but his active career has been given unreservedly to business, so that he has never had aught of ambition for political office. In September, 1882, Mr. Weslosky was united in marriage to Miss Julia Simmons, and they have four daughters, namely: Jeannette, Retta, 'Amy, and Blanche. West, Andrew J., has been prominently identified with the busi ness interests of Atlanta .for two score years and is now one of the leading real-estate dealers of the capital city. He was born in Monroe county, Ga., May 27, 1844, a son of James F. and Anne Elizabeth (Butts) West. His maternal great-grandfather, Samuel Butts, was a soldier in the Continental line in the .war of'the Revolution. Butts county was named in his honor. Capt, Henry Butts, his grandfather, was also a prominent and influential citizen of Georgia. James F. West served in the Indian war of 1836, and later went to Mexico, where he was murdered, his remains being buried in the city of Vera Cruz. Andrew West, grandfather of the subject of this review, was one of the earliest settlers of Mon roe .county, Ga., and thus the lineage on both sides is of one of

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distinction in connection with the annals of this commonwealth. Andrew J. West was afforded the advantages of the country schools in his native county, and supplemented this by study in
private schools in LaGrange. Concern
ing his gallant career as a soldier of the
Confederacy, the following data are
copied from the Confederate Military
History, published in 1899: "When the
South engaged in the great struggle for
separate independence his youthful ardor
carried him to the field before he was
sixteen years of age and caused-him to
volunteer in the Troup County Light
Guards, Company E, Forty-first regi
ment, Georgia infantry. With this
command he served in the Western army of the Confederacy from Shilo to Tupelo, and par ticipated in the battle of Perry ville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, the Hundred Days' battles from Dalton to Atlanta, then under Hood and later under Johnston in the campaign of" the Carolinas, which terminated with the surrender at Durham's Station, near Greensboro, N. C. He was twice wounded, once severely at Perryville. He rose to the rank of captain and was commissioned as such under an act of the Confederate congress. When the war ended he made his home in Atlanta and established a large grocery business, under the firm name of West & Edwards, which collapsed during the panic of 1873. Since that time he has been engaged in an extensive realestate business. He assisted in the organization of the Fulton Blues, of which he was for several, years captain. While General Gordon was governor he appointed Captain West upon his per sonal staff, and under succeeding governors he has served twenty years as quartermaster-general. He has been commander of Camp No. 159, United Confederate -Veterans, adjutant-general of the Georgia division by appointment of General Evans, and since the election at Savannah, in 1899, has been one of the four brigadiergenerals of the Georgia division. He was commissioner from Geor gia to the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in 1893, and to the Mexican Exposition held in the city of Mexico in 1896, and was invited by the citizens of Chicago to the ceremonies attending the unveiling of the Cenfederate monument in Oakwood cemetery of that city in 1894. At the inauguration of President McKinley he,
35 III

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by special invitation, acted as aide on the staff of Gen. Horace Porter. Mr. West also acted as grand marshall on the occasion of the peace jubilee1 held in Atlanta at the close of the Spanish-Ameri can war. He was the first to agitate the matter of establishing a grand national military park in the vicinity of Atlanta, and has taken great interest in every movement tending to promote a better feeling between the North and South." From another publication is taken the following estimate of the life and character of the subject of this, sketch: "Few Georgians are more widely known throughout the state than Gen. Andrew J. West, of Atlanta, and the reputation which he has so justly won at home, for public spirit, patriotism, unselfish devotion to his commonwealth, together with his brilliant talents and lofty character, cannot fail to attract atten tion beyond our borders. Indeed, this is already measurably true. In some of the highest circles at the national capital and in the great centers of the continent General West's name is by no means unfamiliar." The general is a stanch Democrat in his political proclivities, but has never cared to project himself into the arena of so-called practical politics. He is a Knight Templar Mason, a member of the Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and is identified with the Piedmont Driving club, of At lanta. He and his wife are prominent members of the First Meth odist Episcopal church South, in which he is a steward. He has been twice married first to Miss Eugenia Tompkins, who died in 1885. His present wife, whose maiden name was Eva M. Morgan, is a daughter of the late Dr. John H. Morgan, a distinguished physician and surgeon of Knoxville, Tenn. Of the five children of General West three are living, namely: H. F., Eugenia E., and Clifford. The two deceased are Geraldine and Andrew.
West, James, for many years prominently identified with the industrial and political life of Georgia, was born in Lenoir county, N. C, Jan. 18, 1811, of English and Scotch lineage. Some of his ancestors served in the colonial and Indian wars, as well as in the Revolutionary war, and several representatives of the family were in the Confederate service in the war between the states. About the year 1830 James West came to Georgia, and on June 8, 1837, was united in marriage to Miss Mary Ann Hunter, a daughter of Hardy H. Hunter, of Fort Valley. She was born in Screven county, Ga., Aug. 18, 1815. In 1857 Mr. West was elected to the state senate from the district comprising Lowndes and Thomas counties and during his term he introduced and aided in the passage of the bill to create the county of Brooks from the counties

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of Lowndes and Thomas. Through his influence the county, was
named in honor of Preston S. Brooks, who was at that time a distinguished member of Congress from South Carolina, and he
named the county seat Quitman, in honor
of Gen. John A. Quitman, a gallant
soldier in the Mexican war. He was a member of the state militia in the Civil
war and his eldest son, Hardy H., was killed in one of the battles near Rich mond, while fighting in the Confederate
army. James West continued to live in
Brooks county until 1863, when he re moved to Madison county, Fla., and set
tled near the Withlacoochee river, where he passed the remainder of his life. He
was an excellent farmer and adopted many new methods in advance of his time. By his progressive ideas on agriculture and his indomitable energy amassed a fortune as a farmer, but it was swept away by the Civil war. He was noted for his kindness and hospitality, and especially for his humane treatment of his slaves, to whom he gave many holidays not accorded to them by other slaveholders. In all respects he was a true and typical Southern gentleman, a Democrat in his political convictions, an active and appreciative member of the time honored Masonic fraternity, and generous to a fault. Although his opportun ities to acquire an education in his youth were limited, he left an impress for good upon the people in the communities where he lived, as his influence was always exerted for the moral and physi cal uplifting of his fellow-men. His death occurred at his home in Madison county, Fla., Sept. 2, 1880. His wife died on Oct. 39, 1888. Twelve children were born to them, the names and dates of birth being as follows: Sarah E., May 30, 1838; Martha A., Dec. 14, 1839; Mary J., Dec. 4, 1841; Hardy J., Aug. 23, 1843; Laura F., March 11, 1845; Leonora J., July 6, 1847; William S., Aug. 23, 1849; Abram H., April 13, 1851; John W., Feb. 5, 1853; Robert A., Feb. 23, 1855; Eugene E., July 1, 1857; Orena I., Nov. 21, 1861. Of these children six are still living. The four surviving brothers are especially mentioned in the succeeding paragraphs, and the record of.the others is as follows: Sarah E. married Dr. J. P. Y. Higdon on June 17, 1858, and he died on Oct. 1, 1895; Martha A. wasmarried to Col. W. L. Irvine on Dec. 12, 1877, and died on Nov. 1, 1888; Mary J. was married to A. H. Lane on May 1, 1866, and

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is now living in Valdosta; Hardy J. was killed in battle on May 28, 1864, as above mentioned; Laura F. was married to J. T. Peacock on Dec. 18, 1862, and is now living in Valdosta; Leonora J. died in May, 1857; Robert A. died in January, 1858; Orena I. was married to J. P. Coffee on Nov. 23, 1881, and died June 1, 1887. She was the mother of three children, viz.: Mamie Sue, born March 21, 1883; Lizzie Lee, born Jan. 26, 1885, and Mattie Orena, born May 29, 1887. The last named died on Oct. 6, 1887.
West, William Stanley, the oldest sur viving son of James and Mary A. West, is a representative member of the Lowndes cotmty bar, with residence and office in the city of Valdosta, and is president of the Georgia state senate. He was born in Marion county, Ga., Aug. 23, 1849, was educated in Mercer university, where he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, subsequently receiving the degree of Master of Arts from the same institution, completing his educa tion when he was about thirty-three years of age. While a student in the university he was honored with the presidency of the Ciceronian literary society and was anniversarian of that society in 1880, a fact that evinces his standing as a student and his popularity with his class-mates. In the earlier portion of his business life he was engaged in teaching, continuing in this occupation for some time after leaving college. He was then identified with saw-mill and lumbering interests, as well as some other enterprises, after which he graduated in the law department of Mercer university and was admitted to the bar upon completing his course. He located in Valdosta, where he soon demonstrated his capabilities as an attorney and counselor at law, and won a high standing at the bar. Mr. West has always taken a keen interest in public affairs, and has been for years recognized as one of the active Democratic workers in south Georgia. From 1892 to 1897 he served as a member of the lower house of the state legislature, and in 1898-99 was a member of the state senate. In 1900 he declined a return to the lower house, but was elected to that body in 1902 and served until 1904. In 1905-06 he was again returned to the state senate, without opposition, and was honored by being elected president of that body. When he first entered the legislature in 1892 he introduced the bill providing for a uni-

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form system of text-books in the common schools of the state, which he regards as one of the most important measures he ever championed. While he continued to introduce this bill at each successive term of the legislature it w.as opposed with such stub bornness at each session that it did not finally pass both houses until 1903. He also introduced the bill looking to the erection of a new passenger station for the Western & Atlantic railroad in Atlanta. This measure he regarded as important for the preser vation of one of the state's most consequential properties, and while it passed the senate it was defeated in the house after a long and spirited contest. Mr. West thinks the defeat of this measure was an irreparable loss to the state. He took great interest in the bill to establish an agricultural, industrial and nor mal college in south Georgia, which bill passed the senate in 1905 and the house in 1906. Another measure in which he took an active interest was the bill looking to the leasing of the Western & Atlantic railroad for a' term of sixty years, at not less than $60,000 per month, after the expiration of the present lease. This bill passed the senate in 1906, but failed to pass the house. Through its failure he thinks the state will ultimately suffer a great loss in its revenues. Besides the acts referred to directly, he was also active in the support of, and influential in shaping much of the important legislation during his long service of thirteen years in the general assembly. His record as president of the senate is shown by the following extract from a letter written to him by one of his colleagues: "A word of our senate work. No senate has of my life experience done so much with no serious friction, as that over which you presided. I will write what I would hardly say in words to you, that you presided with marked and unexcelled, if ever equaled, ability, dignity and impartiality over a Georgia senate that acted on more important and far-reaching legislation than any senate since 1870-72. You made a record that will be an honor to you, your great boy, your splendid wife, and our family and people. This I say with careful measure of each word. You have nothing to regret. You can rest assured in the full recogni tion of our superb administration by the people of today as well as those of tomorrow." At the close of the session of 1906 Presi dent Wr est was presented with a handsome loving cup by the senate, and in the course of the presentation speech it was stated that he had been fair, impartial, honest, fearless and competent, and that the senate had made no mistake in electing its presiding officer. The cup is twelve inches high and five inches in diameter,

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and bears the inscription: "W. S. West, President of the Senate of Georgia, from the members of the session of 1905-1906." During his college days Mr. West became a member of one of the Greek let ter fraternities; he is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and while connected with the lumber industry joined the Concatenated Order of Hoo Hoos. In all these organ izations he has maintained a popularity based on his sterling qualifications as a man and his general good-fellowship. On Nov. 15, 1888, Mr. West was united in marriage to Miss Ora Lee Cranford, daughter of John L. and Jane (Baird) Cranford, originally of Pike county, Ga. To this union has been born one son, William S., Jr., born on April 7, 1902.
West, Abram Hunter, another son of James and Mary A. West, was born on a plantation in Marion county, Ga., April 13, 1851. He was afforded the advan tages of good schools - in Quitman and Talbotton, Ga., and Lookout Mountain, Term. From his youth to the present time he has been identified with agri cultural pursuits. He now maintains his home in the city of Jacksonville, Fla., though he still holds valuable interests in his native state. Besides his planta tion interests he has been successfully engaged in merchandising, lumbering, the manufacture of turpen tine, and as an extensive dealer in real estate, to which line of enterprise he still gives his attention. In politics he is an un swerving Democrat and has always manifested a keen interest in all questions touching the welfare of the community. He is a Royal Arch Mason, and is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On April 27, 1904, he was united in marriage to Miss Helene Adale Hudnall, daughter of Henry and Rosalie V. (Hartley) Hudnall, of Man darin, Fla.

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551

West, John W., son of James and Mary A. West, was born on Feb. 5, 1853, in that part of Lowndes county, now in cluded in Brooks county. He received a good practical education in the common schools and at an early age engaged in business for himself. By his innate hon esty and his upright dealings with his fellow-men he has amassed a fortune. Mindful of the struggles of his youth he has aided a number of worthy but poor young men to start in business by loan ing them money on the most favorable terms, or by taking them in with him. With his brothers he is largely interested in various enterprises in Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and Texas. He believes in patronizing home indus tries and is ever ready to exert his influence for the upbuilding of southern institutions and industries. In 1893 he married Miss Jeannette B. Kelly, of North Carolina, and they have two children living: Mary N. and James W. and two dead John Walter and Walton Kelly.
West, Eugene E., the youngest surviv ing son of James and Mary A. West, is a well known resident of Jacksonville, Fla. He was born in Brooks county, Ga., July 1, 1857. His education was obtained in the schools of his native state and in early manhood he became associated with his brothers in various business enterprises, the association in many lines still continuing. On Feb. 28, 1889, he was married to Miss Louise Frances Brady, a daughter of John W. and Louisa A. (Lourcey) Brady, who lived near St. Augustine, Fla. To this union have been born the following children, together with the dates of birth: Edgar E., Oct. 16, 1890; Joseph Hunter, Feb. 12, 1892; Ethel Orena, July 12, 1894; Ella Louise, April 2, 1896; Lois Evelyn, June 18, 1903. Ethel Orena died on Sept. 5, 1895, and Ella Louise on Nov. 3, 1902. The other children are still living. Mr. West is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks; the Travelers Protective Association; the Concatenated Order of Hoo Hoos; the Seminole

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

club, of Jacksonville, and the Osceola club, of St. Augustine, Fla. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, but has never sought nor held office. He has been in politics solely for the best interests of his state and county ever since he was eighteen years of age, and has always done his part in securing the election of good men to office.
The sons of James and Mary A. West are fortunate in the .fact that they had a father who taught them that truth and honesty, as well as energy and industry, is the road to success. From their worthy mother the boys learned politeness and kindness, and grew up with an affectionate regard for each other. In boyhood they became known as the "West Brothers," and while they are not always associated in business they have never forgotten the precepts of their honored parents. If trouble assails one of these brothers the others are ready and willing to fly to his relief. In periods of industrial depression, in seasons of financial panics that sometimes prevail, they practically hold their interests in common, although each may be conducting an individual enterprise. Their early lives were passed during the dark days of the Civil war and the troublous times that followed it. Their father's fortune had been engulfed in the great internecine strife and they began the battle of life barehanded. Industry, frugality and honesty con stituted their only capital, but this capital has been amply increased through exemplary lives and correct habits. William S. secured a university education mainly through his own efforts, but the other brothers obtained only a fair education, not having the necessary means to attend college, and preferring to engage in business while young. Solomon wrote: "Seest thou a man diligent in business; he shall stand before kings, he shall not stand before mean men." This aphorism would certainly apply to the gentle men, whose names are included in this article. All are Democrats in their political views and during the reconstruction era that fol lowed the war between the states each one did what he could to rid the South of the obnoxious governments foisted upon the states by the national administration. In the West family may be found an example worthy of the highest emulation. Patriotic and law abiding, they have ever been active in the promotion of men and measures best calculated to subserve the public weal;. intensely loyal to each other, they have been successful through their mutual interest and their readiness to assist one another when .assistance was needed; having learned by experience the struggles incident to poverty, they have always been ready to-

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extend a helping hand to any worthy man who might be flounder ing in the slough of adversity; imbued with the teaching of their mother, they have been generous contributors to meritorious charities, and true to the'memory of their honored father they have kept the name of West free from any stain.
West, John T., of Thomson, is one of the prominent lawyers and honored 'citizens of McDuffie county and a representative of old and distinguished families of Georgia. He was born in what is now McDuffie county, then a portion of Columbia, Feb. 28, 1859, a son of Rev. Thomas B. and Mildred O. West, the former of whom was born in Wilkes and the latter in Polk county, Ga. The founders of the West family in Georgia came from the state of Virginia, in the later years of the eighteenth century. John W. Butler, great-grandfather of Mr. West in the paternal line, took up his residence in Georgia in 1784, as did also his father, Edward Butler, and became a very successful planter, his old homestead being still owned and occupied by his descendants. Rev. John Q. West, grandfather of John T., was one of the pioneer clergymen of the Baptist church in Georgia, being a man of high intellectual gifts and strong personality and gaining recognition as one of the most eloquent and powerful pulpit orators of his day. Rev. Thomas B. West was also a distinguished clergyman of the Baptist church, his life being consecrated to his high calling, and he held the affec tionate regard of all who came within the sphere of his influence. Both he and his wife died in McDuffie county, the former in 1898 and the latter in 1904. John T. West was graduated at Mercer university, Macon, as a member of the class of 1881, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He began the study of law at home, later continued his technical reading under the preceptorship of his uncle, Maj. Joseph A. Blance, of Cedartown, Polk county, and was admitted to the bar in 1884. He forthwith opened an office in Thomson, where he has since been engaged in the general prac tice of his profession and where he retains a large and representa tive clientage. He has never been a seeker of public office, but has given close attention to the work of his profession. He also has large farming and orchard interests, having been the pioneer of commercial peach growing in McDuffie county, the industry now being one of no inconsiderable scope and importance in this sec tion. He has always manifested a loyal and active interest in the public and civic affairs of his county and city, and is a stanch sup porter of the cause of the Democratic party. He was one of the incorporators of the Bank of Thomson, the first to be organized

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in the county, is still one of its directors and its attorney. He is affiliated with the local lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity. In 1884 he was united in marriage to Miss Laura F. Hawes, -daughter of Dr. Ellington C. and Amanda O: (Wilson) Hawes, of McDuffie county. The children of this marriage are John Quinn, Ava Butler and Roger Hawes.
Westbrook's. On Oct. 2, 1864, a detachment ef the Twentieth corps of the Federal army halted near Westbrook's place, not far from Fairburn, and General Ransom, commanding the detachment, sent Potts' brigade down the railroad toward the town. After proceeding a short distance Colonel Potts encountered a force of some 500 Confederate infantry, supported by a battery of artillery, and a sharp skirmish ensued. General Iverson coming to the relief of the Confederates, Potts fell back and reported a strong force of the enemy in front, whereupon the entire Federal detach ment retired to Camp Creek.
Westlake, a post-village in the southwest corner of Twiggs county, is located on the Southern railroad and on the Ocmulgee river, which gives it excellent shipping facilities. The population in 1900 was 64.
Weston, a town in the western part of Webster county, was known in the early days of its existence as "Hard Money." It -was incorporated under its present name, in honor of a prominent -citizen of that section, by act of the legislature on March 6, 1856. It is located on the Albany and Columbus division of the Seaboard Air Line railway system, about six miles south of Richland, and in 1900 had a population of 273. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, and is the principal trading and shipping point for the southwestern portion of the county.
Westmoreland, John Willis, M. D., a prominent and successful physician and surgeon of the city of Atlanta, is a member of a family which was early established in Georgia. Three brothers of the name came from England to America in the colonial era of national history, and the branch of which Doctor Westmore land is sprung was founded in central Georgia by one of these brothers. The doctor was born in Henry county, Ga., May 18, 1855. a son of Mark Wade and Louisa (Whitsel) Westmoreland, both of whom were likewise born and reared in Georgia, which the father honored by his loyal services as a soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war. Doctor Westmoreland was afforded the advantages of the schools of Henry and Cobb counties, and his professional course was taken in the Atlanta medical college, in

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which he was graduated in the Centennial year, 1876, receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine on March 4th. of that year. He was engaged in practice in Douglas, Coffee county, for a few years and then removed to Atlanta, where he has met with marked success in the work of his profession. He is a member of the Georgia State medical association, is identified with the Masonic fraternity, and his political allegiance is given to the Democracy. On Sept. 5, 1880, Doctor Westmoreland was united in marriage to Miss Mattie E. Edge, who died in 1892. In 1895 he married Miss Helen B. Bumpstead, daughter of A. Bumpstead, a resident of Massachusetts, and they have one son, John Willis, Jr.
West Point, a thriving town of Troup county, on the Atlanta & West Point railroad, 87 miles from Atlanta, had in 1900 a popula tion of 1,797 within its corporate limits, and 3,086 in the district. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, a bank, a cotton oil mill, a brick plant, a tannery, an iron foundry, machine shops, three cotton mills, with an aggregate of 1,180 looms and 44,000 spindles, manufacturing duck, sateens, sheetings, drills and osnaburgs. This city owns its water works and electric light plant, and has an excellent public school system, and is well supplied with churches. Not far from the town is a pecan grove of about 1,000 trees. The mercantile establishments do a thriving business and have well stocked, sub stantial stores.
Whaley, a post-village of Hancock county, with a population of 66 in 1900, is five miles northwest of Mayfield, which is the nearest railroad station, and is the chief trading center in that part of the county.
Wheat. The southern boundary of the Georgia wheat belt is approximately marked by a line drawn from Columbus on the west, through Macon and Warrenton, to the Savannah river a short distance above Augusta. In all the counties north of this line wheat is raised to some extent, the largest yield reported being sixty-five bushels to the acre. Before the days of cheap transportation from the great wheat fields of the northwest wheatraising was a profitable occupation in Georgia and the flour mills did a good business. But with the construction of the great trunk lines of railway the Georgia wheat-grower found it difficult to compete with the w;estern producer and turned his attention to other crops that promised better returns. For some time only enough was produced to supply home demands of the farmei. The over-production of cotton in the early 90's, and the consequent

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low prices for that staple, caused the farmers to again turn to wheat as a paying crop. Since then the production of this cereal has been gradually increasing and an analysis of the grain shows that the wheat grown in the valleys of North Georgia is equal in quality to any in the United States. According to reports of the state department of agriculture the crop of 1890 was 1,096,312 bushels, grown on 196,633 acres. In 1900 this had increased to 550,674 acres and 5,011,133 bushels, valued at $4,760,576, over 500,000 bushels being shipped from the counties where they were grown. Some farmers sow wheat as a forage crop in preference to oats or rye for that purpose.
In 1897 a wheat growers' association was formed and at the third annual convention, held at the city of Macon on July 11, 1900, prizes were awarded for the best yields. The first prize was won by W. J. Bridges, of Spalding county, who reported 65 bushels to the acre on a field of four acres, and nearly 45 to the acre on a field of sixteen acres. Other farmers reported yields ranging from 19 to 60 bushels, the average showing about 39 bushels to the acre from five counties in Middle and Northern Georgia. Under the influence of this association the development of the wheat growing industry has made satisfactory progress and a number of mills that had shut down have been rebuilt, or reopened, and are paying good dividends to their owners.
Wheat Growers' Association. See Wheat. Wheeler, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Gordon county, is about twelve miles due east of Resaca, which is the most convenient railroad station. Wheeler's Cavalry Raid. Immediately after the great victories gained by Wheeler's cavalry corps over the Federals under McCook and Stoneman in the early part of August, 1864, Wheeler received instructions to move upon the Federal communications and de stroy them at various points between Marietta and Chattanooga, after which he was to cross the Tennessee river and break the lines of the two railroads running to Nashville. Here he was to leave 1,200 men to operate on those roads, again strike the railroad south of Chattanooga and then rejoin the army. Wheeler started on August 10th with 4,000 troops, tore up the railroad above Marietta, next near Cassville and then near Calhoun, at which last named place Hannon's brigade captured 1,700 beef cattle, a number of prisoners, wagons and horses, and though pursued by a large force of Federal cavalry, returned with his rich spoils in safety to Hood's army. On the 14th Hume's and Kelly's commands attacked and

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captured Dalton with a large amount of stores and government property. South of the town a blockhouse and water tank were destroyed and the railroad track was torn up for a considerable distance. On the following day Wheeler repulsed an attack by Federal infantry and cavalry under General Steedman, Williams' brigade destroyed the railroad at different points between Tunnel Hill and Graysville, and the enemy were kept from making any repairs until the 20th, when Wheeler with his main force pushed on into Tennessee, going above Knoxville and almost to Nash ville, repulsing attacks at various points by the forces under Rous seau, Steedman, Croxton and Granger, capturing depots, burning trains and stores of supplies, destroying bridges and so thoroughly wrecking the Nashville & Decatur railroad that it was not com pletely repaired until after the close of the war. Wheeler's entire loss during the expedition was 150 killed, wounded and missing.
Whiddon, Howard P., the efficient and popular cashier of the Merchants' bank, of McRae, Telfair county, was born on his father's plantation, in Johnson count}', Ga., Sept. 27, 1874. He is a son of Will iam B. and Annie E. Whiddon, the former
of whom was born in Greene count}*, Ga., Sept. 9, 1849, and the latter in John
son county, March 2, 1849. William B. Whiddon enlisted in the Confederate army when the last call for volunteers was issued and continued in service until the close of the war. The subject of this sketch secured his early educational discipline at Eastman, Dodge county, but did not complete his course, as his father met with an accident, being killed in the cyclone that swept Lumber City March 21, 1888, and Howard P. was called home to assist in caring for the farm and business. Two years later he secured employment in a drug store at Eastman, being identified with this business five years and then became bookkeeper in the bank at Eastman. In 1901 he located in McRae, being then elected cashier of the Merchants' bank, and has since remained the incumbent of this responsible office. He is one of the popular business men of the town, is an uncompromising advocate of the principles of the Democratic party and is at the present time a member of the board of aldermen of McRae. He is a member of McRae lodge No. 104, Knights of Pythias, of which he is at present the chan-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

cellor commander, and is also affiliated with Ocmulgee Tribe, No. 9, Improved Order of Red Men. On Dec. 6, 1905, he was united in marriage to Miss Annie Cheatham, daughter of John W. and Leanora Mississippi Cheatham, of Wadley, Ga.
Whigham, a town in Grady county, on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1896. Its population by the census of 1900 was 392. It has a bank, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, stores, schools, churches and some manufactories, chiefly of pine products.
Whip, a post-hamlet of Murray county, is in the valley of the Connesauga river, near the North Carolina line. The nearest rail road station is Redclay.
Whitaker, George A., one of the representative attorneys and counselors at law in the city of Valdosta, was born in Jefferson county, Fla., July 10, 1857. His parents, John Hudson and Eliza beth (Johnson) Whitaker, were both natives of Georgia, the former having been born in Washington county in September, 1823, and the latter in Early county. The Whitaker family came originally from Ireland though several generations have been residents of Georgia. The paternal grandfather was a native of Washington county, and his wife, whose maiden name was Marguerite Young, was a halfsister of Gen. Thomas Pinckney Smith. The maternal grandfather of George A.'Whitaker is buried at Indian Springs church, Leon county, Fla. John Hudson Whitaker was a private in the artillery under Captains Gamble and Dyke,. in the Confederate war, and served for four years. Before his enlistment he was a farmer in Jefferson and Leon counties, Fla. He died in July, 1902. George A. Whitaker was educated in the common schools of Leon county, Fla., and at the age of seventeen years began life for himself as a farm hand. At the age of twenty-one years he came to Georgia and for some time taught school in the rural districts. He then located at Georgetown, Quitman county, where for three years he clerked in a store. At the end of that time he was elected clerk of the superior court and was twice reflected without opposition. While holding this office he read law and toward the close of his -last term was admitted to the bar. He resigned his office as clerk about two months before the expiration of his term to engage in the practice of his profession, but was elected to fill an unexpired term as ordinary of Quitman county, without opposition. Mr. Whitaker is an ardent Democrat in his political views and his elections to the offices mentioned were as a representative of that

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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party. In religious matters he is a Methodist. He is well known in fraternal circles, being a member of St. John the Baptist Lodge, No...184, Free and Accepted Masons, at Valdosta; is also a Royal Arch Mason; a Knight of Honor, and a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He is the present worshipful master of his Masonic Lodge, having passed through the chairs, and is popu lar in all his lodges because of his genial disposition and general good fellowship. Mr. Whitaker is a fine type of a self-made man. He earned the money to educate himself, gained his legal educa tion without taking a course in any law school, yet he has a large and lucrative practice and has won a high standing at the bar because of his earnest and dignified manner toward his professional brethren. Nov. 3, 1881, witnessed the marriage of Mr. Whitaker to Miss Jessie Pittman, daughter of Jesse and Fannie (Dozier) Pittman of Qjuitman county. Her father was killed at the battle of Gettysburg, while serving as a soldier in the Confederate army. Mr. and Mrs. Whitaker have four children living, viz.: Louise, born in September, 1882; William B., born in April, 1890; Eugene H., born in August, -1893, and Jessie Pittman, born in September, 1896. One son died in his fourth year, and one daughter at the
age of fourteen years.
Whitaker, James M., M. D., assistant
superintendent of the Georgia state sani
tarium, at Milledgeville, is one of the
representative members of his profession
in the state, as his position implies. He
was born on a plantation in Baldwin
county, Ga., Oct. 11, 1845, a son of Sam
uel E. and Susan C. (Murph) Whitaker,
the former born in Washington county,
Ga., April 25, 1817, and the latter in
Baldwin county, March 20, 1823. The
father, whose life vocation was that of
farming, died June 29, 1887. He was a son of William and Sarah (Canty) Whitaker, the former born in 1787 and the latter in 1790. The mother of Doctor Whitaker died March 23, 1849, when he was but four years of age; she was a. daughter of George and Mary (Marshall) Murph. Doctor Whita ker attended a preparatory school at Midway, Baldwin county, and in the same place he was a student in Oglethorpe university prior to and during the first of the Civil war. In July, 1863, at the age of seventeen years, he enlisted in the Confederate service, be-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

coming a sergeant in the command known as the Terrell artillery, of which he continued a member until the close of the war. On Dec. 11, 1864, during the siege of Savannah, he was wounded. When the Federal troops entered the city he was in the hospital, where he was captured on the '21st of the same month, and held as a prisoner of war until May; 10, 1865, when he was paroled, at Savannah. After the close of the war he resumed his educational work, as a student in a school at Jonesboro, Ga., conducted by Hon. Alien D. Candler, later governor of the state. He decided to fit himself for the medical profession and finally entered the medical department of the University of Georgia at Augusta, where he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, as a member of the class of 1870. Thereafter he was engaged in the general practice of his profession, in Baldwin, Hancock and Washington counties, until March, 1879, when he became assistant surgeon in the Georgia state sanitarium, of which he has been assistant superintendent for the past twenty years, rendering most effective service professionally and as an executive officer. He is president of the medical society of the Georgia state sanitarium, and is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance, is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and is affiliated with the Masonic frater nity. On Dec. 18, 1873, Doctor Whitaker was united in marriage to Miss Mamie Ella Leonard, near Marianna, Jackson county, Fla. She was born in Russell county, Ala., Dec. 27, 1853, and was a resident of Florida prior to her marriage. She died Jan. 25, 1893, survived by four children: Jessie Davis is now the wife of Rev. James A. Ansley, Jr., a clergyman of the Missionary Baptist church, now residing at Americus, Ga.; Samuel Leonard, is a pharmacist by profession and resides in the city of Atlanta; Susan Victoria is the wjfe of Lieut.-Col. A. H. Marchant, a member of the military staff of Governor Terrell; and Miss Marie Murph Whitaker re mains with her father.
White, a post-hamlet of Bartow county, is near the base of Pine Log mountain, about seven miles northeast of Cass Station on the Western & Atlantic railroad.
White County is located in the northeastern part of the state and is one of the smallest counties of Georgia, having an area of 243 square miles. It was created in 1857, from territory taken from the counties of Lumpkin and Habersham, and is bounded on the north by Towns county, on the east by Habersham, on the south by Hall, on the west by Lumpkin and on the northwest by

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

561

Union. For more than three-quarters of a century White county .has been one of the principal mining districts of Georgia. In the early part of the ninteenth century a tradition became prevalent .among the settlers along the frontier of the Cherokee country that the Indians knew of the existence of gold in that section, that they had sometimes used it for bullets, but that they were forbidden by the laws of their tribe from making its whereabouts known to the whites under penalty of death. In October, 1828, a negro slave found some grains of gold in the sands of Bear Creek, in what is now White county. The amount was so insig nificant, however, that but little attention was paid to the discovery until the same negro found in the sands of the Nacoochee river a nugget worth several hundred dollars. Immediately the excitement spread and numerous gold seekers started for the new El Dorado. The government sent troops to prevent an intrusion upon the lands of the Cherokees, but the number of the adventurers increased so rapidly that all efforts of the military were without avail. Soon after the discovery of the nugget on the Nacoochee, gold was found on the Chestatee river, at a place known as "Leather's Ford." Bands of prospectors also established camps at various other places in that part of the state, and the demand for the gold bearing lands became so great that the United States government was compelled to remove the Indians. In 1833 the lands were divided by lottery among the free white male population, forty acres of mineral, or one hundred and sixty of agricultural land, going to each ticket holder. Many of the mineral allotments prdved to be worthless, while gold was afterward found in paying quantities on some of the farms. A mint was erected at Dahlonega by the United States and for many years Georgia was one of the leading gold producing sections of the country, White county being in the midst of the mining region. The county was named in honor of Col. John "White of Chatham county, who was a distinguished soldier in the American army during the Revolutionary war. Cleveland, the county seat, was named for the Hon. Benjamin Cleveland, who for many years was a prominent figure in the Georgia legislature.
In White county is the beautiful Nacoochee valley, with which is connected an Indian legend, as follows: Nacoochee, or the "Evening Star," was the daughter of a celebrated Cherokee chief. Sautee, a young brave of the Choctaws, wooed and won her in spite of the enmity between the tribes. One dark night the Indian maiden eloped with her lover. The irate father organized a search ing party of a hundred of his bravest warriors and started in pur-
36 III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

suit. After several days the lovers were discovered in their hidingplace on the slope of Mount Yonah; Nacoochee's father com manded his young men to throw Sautee over the precipice, but no sooner was the command executed than Nacoochee voluntarily flung herself after her lover. They were buried in one grave on the banks of the Chattahoochee and a mound raised over them to mark' the spot. Another valley near by bears the name of Sautee.
White, Rev. George, a native of Charleston, S. C., removed to Georgia and for many years made Savannah his home. As princi pal of the Chatham academy, a school that had been established in the old colonial days, and having under him a fine corps of as. sistant teachers, he had the honor of leading in the paths of knowl edge many of the sons and daughters of Georgia's most distin guished families. Of his two hundred and fifty pupils he knew each one personally and manifested in many ways his interest in them all, and they in turn felt honored in having had him for their teacher. Doctor White was the author of a very valuable work, "The Statistics of Georgia," a short time after the publication-of which he compiled the "Historical Collections of Georgia," a most valuable work to the people of that state. After devoting to teach ing a great many of the best years of his life, he determined to give himself exclusively to the ministry. For several years he was rector of the Episcopal church in Marietta, Ga., removing after ward to Memphis, Term., where he spent several years of faithful service as rector of Calvary parish. A man of strong constitution, he passed through two or three epidemics each of Asiatic cholera and yellow fever in Memphis, standing bravely to his post, minis tering to the sick and burying the dead, performing the funeral service himself for his own sons. Through all the trials and joys of his life the wife of his young manhood and old age for more than sixty years walked by his side, and full of years and honors they passed from the stage of earthly existence to the reward that awaits all the faithful.
White, James, has been cashier of the National bank of Athens for more than thirty years and is one of the honored citizens and prominent business men of that thriving little city. He was born in Clarke county, Ga., Aug. 28, 1839, a son of John and Jeanette (Richards) White, both natives of Ireland, where the father was born in the year 1800, his death occurring in 1881. Further data regarding the parents are given in the sketch of the life of their son John R., appearing in this publication. James White has con tinued resident of Clarke county from the time of his birth. His

.CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

563

preparatory educational discipline was secured in the common schools of Athens and this was supplemented by a course in the University of Georgia. In 1858 he became identified with the oper
ation of .a cotton mill owned by his
father and he has ever since been con
nected more or less intimately with the
cotton manufacturing industry. When
the Civil war was ravaging the country
he manifested his loyalty to the cause of
the Confederacy by enlisting in Adams'
battalion of Georgia infantry, of which
he became captain and served with this
command from 1863 until the close of
the war. He then resumed his associa
tion with the cotton factory, to which
he gave his attention until 1872, when he was chosen cashier of the National bank of Athens, of which responsible executive office he has since remained the in cumbent, his able administration having been largely instru mental in building up the large and representative business con trolled by this old and substantial monetary institution. Mr. White has valuable plantation interests in his native county and is still interested in the cotton manufacturing industry, being one of the stockholders of the Georgia Manufacturing Company, whose fine plant is located in Athens. In politics Mr. White is unswerv ing in his support of the cause of the Democratic party, and he has ever taken a public-spirited interest in local affairs. He has never been a seeker of official preferment but has served most efficiently as justice of the peace. Both he and his wife are mem bers of the Presbyterian church. In 1884 Mr. White was united in marriage to Miss Julia D. Ashton, daughter of John D. Ashton, of Waynesboro, Ga., and of the eight children of this union only two are living Rosina and James. The former is now the wife of
William F. Biradshaw, of Kentucky. White, Rev. John E., pastor of the Second Baptist church of
Atlanta, was born near Raleigh, N. C, Dec. 19, 1868. He is the eldest son of the Rev. James M. and Marth (Ellington) White, the former a member of the clergy of the Baptist church, and the latter was a daughter of Rev. John F. Ellington, of the same religious body. Rev. James M. White was a gallant officer of Hampton's Legion in the Confederate service during the Civil war. Rev. John E. White, after due preliminary discipline, en-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tercel Wake Forest college, at Wake Forest, N. C, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1890, with college honors and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He had fitted him
self for the practice of law, but in 1891,
while a teacher in Mars Hill college, in the mountains of western North Carolina,
he gave himself up to the leading of the divine Master, began to preach the gos
pel and was soon called into prominent service. Before his ordination, in 1892,
he succeeded Dr. Henry W. Battle as pastor of the First Baptist church at
Wilson, N. C. From this church he went to the pastorate of the Baptist church at Edenton, that state, in
1893. In 1895 he was unanimously elected state mission secretary by the North Carolina Baptist state convention, at Greensboro, succeeding the distin guished Dr. Columbus Durham. Under his leadership the state mission work more than doubled in the five years of his incum bency. In 1900 he was called to the pastorate of the Second Baptist church of Atlanta, to succeed Dr. Henry McDonald, and he entered upon the work of this pastorate on Jan. 1, 1901. His labors here have been attended with beneficent results in the furthering of both the spiritual and temporal welfare of the church. The Second Baptist church is one of the important ones of the city, having celebrated its semi-centennial in 1894, and its beautiful edifice is one of the finest in the South, having been dedicated in October, 1893, by Rev. John A. Broadus, D. D. In his foreword in a most interesting history of the church issued in the year of the semi-cen tennial thereof the author, M. L. Brittain, speaks as follows: "The Second Baptist church of Atlanta presents a remarkable record of achievement during the fifty years of her life. She may rightfully be called a 'Mother in Israel,' for as a direct result of the zeal and liberality of her members she has founded and fostered eight mis sion stations until they have become self-supporting churches. These eight, with the founder, have a Baptist membership of 5,242, an attendance upon their Sunday schools of 4,43:3, own property valued at $261,500, and last year contributed for religious purposes more than $89,000. In benevolence no less than in missionary zeal the Second church has been a leader. Since the war she has con tributed more than $500,000 to the various causes fostered by the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

565

denomination in the state and south, and in a single year one of her members, Gov. Joseph E. Brown, gave $101,000 to two educa tional institutions. The personnel of her congregations has also been notable. Njot only has she had in constant attendance govern ors, mayors, chief justices and other laymen distinguished in public life, but such ministers as H. H. Tucker, David Shaver, Shaler G. Hillyer, I. T. Tichenor and F. H. Kerfoot have added the charm of their cultured grace to her services." In politics Mr. White is an independent Democrat, sympathizing with peculiar conditions of his native South, but he is also in sympathy with the Southern spirit that is disposed to break away from provincialism and prejudice growing out of the Civil war. He is at the head of the law and order committee of Atlanta Ministers. He married on Oct. 12, 1903, Miss Effie L. Grass of N. C. Three children, two boys and a girl, have been born to this union. He is a member of the Home mission board of the Southern Baptist convention; chairman of the committee in direction of Southern Baptist work among negroes; also of the committee in direction of the educa tional work in the southern mountain region, and has written several valuable tracts on these subjects.
White, John R., president of the Na tional bank of Athens, an honored vet eran of the Confederate service in the Civil war, and known as one of the representative citizens of Clarke county, was born in that county, Jan. 11, 1847. He maintains his home at Whitehall, an attractive village located five miles south of Athens, and is a son of John and Jeanette (Richards) White, both of whom were born and reared in County Antrim, Ireland, representatives of stanch old families of the fair Emerald Isle, where they were married and whence they immigrated to America in 1836. Having had excellent technical experience and training, Mr. White forthwith took charge of the cotton mills of the Geor gia Manufacturing Company, at Whitehall, which were among the oldest in the state, dating their establishment back to 1839. In 1854 he erected a mill of his own, and operated it for a number of years. In 1866 he organized the National bank of Athens, of which he was president for a term of years. He was one of the prominent and honored citizens of that section of the state and was

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

a resident of Whitehall at the time of his death, which occurred in 1881, his widow passing away in 1893, at a venerable age. John R. White, the immediate subject of this sketch, secured his early educational training in private schools in Athens, after which he entered the University of Georgia, from which he withdrew in 1862, at the age of sixteen years, to tender his services in defense of the cause of the Confederacy. He became a private in Company F, Third regiment, Georgia state troops, with which he served several months. Later he was a member of Company A, Adams' battalion and was on duty with that command during Sherman's memorable march through Georgia, serving both in this state and in South Carolina. Since the war he has had a successful career as a- manufacturer and banker. He is president of the Georgia Manufacturing Company, owning and operating the pioneer cotton mills of Whitehall; president of the Whitehall yarn mills and of the Athens foundry and machine works, the Athens Compress Com pany and the National bank of Athens, being also a member of the directorate of the Southern Mutual Insurance Company. Another publication has spoken of Mr. W^hite as follows: "His career is a striking exemplification of the fact that the Confederate boys of 1861-5 are amply qualified to build up a 'new south' of industrial supremacy upon the ruins of the old system that was destroyed by war. He is deeply interested in everything touching the Confed eracy which he served." Mr. W7hite is a Democrat in his political allegiance but has never been an aspirant for office, having de clined nomination for the state senate in 1904. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church. On April 25, 1882, Mr. White was united in marriage to Miss Lillie Paine, daughter of Capt. James G. and Fannie R. Paine, of Newton county, Ga. Her father was a member of the staff of Gen. N. B. Forrest in the Civil war and was a son of the honored Bishop Paine, of Mississippi. Mr. and Mrs. White have four children, namely: John R., Jr., Hugh W., Robert P. and Sallie Fannie.
Whitehead, Amos Grattan, M. D., who died at his home in Waynesboro, March 23, 1904, was one of the distinguished physi cians and surgeons of Georgia, being a man of scholarly attain ments and one who was in. the most significant sense humanity's friend. The graciousness and kindliness of gentle breeding were his, he commanded the unreserved esteem of all who knew him, and he honored his native state through his service as a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war. The progenitors of the Whitehead family in America were Scotch Presbyterians who, on

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

567

account of religious troubles in Scotland, sought refuge in the north of Ireland in the seventeenth century. From Ireland Will iam Whitehead immigrated to America about the year 1700 and settled in Virginia. Three of his grandsons, John, Amos and Caleb, removed to Georgia in 1764 and took up their residence in Burke county, securing, under the provisions of the land system of the time, a tract of land extending fifteen miles along the west line of Brier creek. They thus became siezed of large tracts of land, and naturally became extensive planters, being numbered among the wealthy and influential men of the locality and period. John Whitehead made his home on a finely improved plantation, which according to the custom of the day, he named Spread Oak plantation. In a room of the old mansion on this plantation three generations of the family were born. In the line of direct descent to the subject of this memoir these generations were represented by William, son of John; John P. C., son of William; and the latter's son Amos Grattan, whose name initiates this article. Will iam Whitehead was born Nov. 29, 1773, and he continued to reside on the old plantation until his death, in November,-1816. John P. C. Whitehead was born June 6, 1813, and he likewise held pre cedence as one of the substantial planters of Burke county, passing the closing years of his life on his fine plantation, "Waverly," not far distant from the place of his birth, Amos Grattan Whitehead, sub ject of this tribute, was born Feb. 14, 1841. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary Ann Dent, was likewise of Scotch-Pres byterian ancestry, being a daughter of Dr. John Dent, one of the founders of the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta, and for many years one of the most prominent physician and surgeons of that city. He was born in Maryland, Feb. 15, 1792, and died in Augusta, of yellow fever, in 1839. Dr. Amos G. Whitehead was the only one of the children of John P. C. and Mary Ann (Dent) Whitehead who attained maturity. He passed, his boyhood and youth on the Spread Oak plantation. After due preliminary train ing he entered the University of Georgia in which he was graduated at the age of nineteen years, and. while he had also taken one course of lectures in the Medical College of Georgia, prior to the outbread of the Civil war, he promptly subordinated all personal ambitions of a professional nature to tender his services in defense of the cause of the Confederacy, and enlisted as a member of the Clinch Rifles, which constituted Company A, of the Fifth Georgia regiment. After serving one year he was appointed aide-de-camp on the staff of Gen. Montgomery Gardner and at the close of the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

war he was in command of a battery of artillery, with the rank of captain. He participated in a number of the most important battles of the great conflict and after its close returned to Augusta, when he resumed his long interrupted studies in the Medical Col lege of Georgia, in which he was- graduated, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. In March, 1866, he located in Waynesboro, where he was actively engaged in the practice of his profession until his death and gained precedence as one of the most able physicians and surgeons of this part of the state. He served as president of the Medical Association of Georgia one term, always held the high regard of his professional confreres, and was a type of strong, noble manhood, making his life count for good in all its relations. He was affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Honor, the American Legion of Honor, the Protected Home Circle, the Royal Arcanum and the United Confederate Veterans. He was a stanch supporter of the principles of the Democratic party, and was essentially public-spirited. He con trolled a large and representative practice in Burke county, and also had valuable plantation interests and a beautiful home in Waynesboro, where his widow still resides. Dr. Whitehead was twice married first to Miss Tallulah Neyland, who died, leaving one daughter, Marian Wallace, who became the wife of Clarence Rowland and is now deceased, being survived by one son, Amos Grattan Rowland, named in honor of his maternal grandfather. On Oct. 25, 1887, Dr. Whitehead was united in marriage to Mrs. Florence Byne Routzahn, daughter of Edmund and Charlotte (Young) Byne. The Byne family is of French Huguenot lineage and finds representation as one of the old and honored families of Burke county. Edmund Byne was an extensive planter, an elder in the Presbyterian church and a man of great piety. He passed his entire life in Burke county, where his death occurred on Nov. 16, 1894. His widow is still living, at the age of seventy-eight years. She is a daughter of Maj. Willis Young, a wealthy planter and slave-owner of Screven county, who served as an officer in the war of 1812. He attained the venerable age of ninety years. Mrs. Whitehead has two daughters by her first marriage: Haidee Eloise, wife of Judson S. McElmurray, of Waynesboro; and Madeline, wife of James H. Whitehead (see sketch). Mrs. Whitehead has three grandchildren. No children were born of her marriage toDoctor Whitehead. She is a devoted member of the Presbyterian church and is prominent in the social life of the community.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

569

Whitehead, James H., a leading mer
chant of Waynesboro and one of the extensive planters of Burke county, is a
native of that county, having been born
on the old family plantation, Nov. 19,
1866, a son of John P. C. and Margaret (Harper) Whitehead, the former born at
Spread Oak, this county, June 6, 1813, and the latter in Augusta, Ga., Sept. 13,. 1828. Their marriage was solemnized
Oct. 25, 1855. The father was a represent
ative citizen of Burke county, where he
was a successful planter and he went forth to do loyal service as a soldier in the Confederate ranks during the war between the states. He died on his plantation, "Waverly," Dec. 21, 1884, and his widow passed the closing years of her life in Waynesboro, where she died Jan. 8, 1897. The subject of this sketch is the only surviving son, and there are two daughters living Susan D., now the wife of Dr. Lloyd J. Belt, of Millen, Ga., and Mary Ann, wife of L. D. Hill, of Cough, Burke county. John P. C. AVhitehead was a son of William and Susan (Dowse) Whitehead, the former of whom was born at Spread Oak, Burke county, Ga., Nov. 29, 1773, and the latter in Liberty county, Ga., Jan. 17, 1777. The former died Dec. 1, 1816, his wife having passed away on October 3 of the same year. William Whitehead was a son of John Ball and Mary Louisa (Winn) Whitehead, the former born March 8, 1741, and the latter in 1747. They were married Dec. 13, 1768, and Mr. Whitehead died in 1809, his wife having been summon ed to the life eternal in 1807. From the date here entered it will be seen that the family was early founded in Georgia, with whose annals the name has been intimately and honorably linked from the colonial epoch to the present clay. James H. Whitehead, the immediate subject of this sketch, attended Waynesboro academy and later continued his studies in a military school in Milledgeville. At the age of sixteen years he left school and became a clerk in a mercantile establishment in Waynesboro. He was thus employed for several years and then engaged in the same line of enterprise on his own responsibility. He has built up a large and prosperous general merchandise business and is one of the prominent and in fluential business men of Waynesboro. He also gives a general supervision to his plantation interests, owning not only a portion of the fine old homestead, "Waverly," but also much other valu-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

able real estate in the county, and he is also a. member of the directorate of the Citizens' bank. In politics he gives his allegiance to the Democratic party and for several years was a member of the Burke Light Infantry, in which he served as second lieutenant. On Nov. 17, 1895, Mr. Whitehead was united in marriage to Miss Gallic McElmurray, who died June 18, 1898, leaving no children, and on March 17, 1903, he wedded Miss Madeline Routzahn.
Whitehead, Joseph Brown, late presi
dent of the Atlanta and Western Coca-
Cola Bottling Companies, and otherwise
prominently identified with the business
interests of Georgia's capital city, was
born at Oxford, Lafayette county, Miss.,
Feb. 28, 1864. He was a son of Rev. Richard Hugh and Mary Amanda (Con-
key) Whitehead, the former born in Carroll county, Miss., in 1836, and the latter at Bigbyyille, Maury county, Tenn.,
in 1835. Rev. Richard H. Whitehead was for many years engaged in active minis terial work as a clergyman of the Baptist church. At the outbreak of the Civil war he enlisted in the Confederate service and continued in defense of the southern cause until physical disability com pelled him to retire from the army. Zebina Curtis Conkey, a maternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a soldier in the War of 1812. He was captured by the British and held for a short time in a Canadian prison, after which he was released by exchange. Rev. Joseph Brown, maternal great-grandfather of Mr. Whitehead, was actively concerned in breaking up the Indian raids in the State of Tennessee during the pioneer days and in more than one instance compelled the red men to sue for peace. In recognition of his efforts in this connection he was made a colonel and his name is prominently mentioned in the histories of Tennessee. Col. James Brown, father of Rev. Joseph Brown, was a soldier in the North Carolina line in the Revolutionary war and piloted Gen. Nathaniel Greene in a number of his masterly maneuvers about the Dan and Deep rivers. For his bravery and effective service as a guide he was promoted from the ranks, and a tract of land in Tennessee was granted to him by the government. While making his way to this land in a small boat he was massa cred by Indians near Knoxville, Tenn. He married Jane Gillespie, whose two brothers were officers in the Continental army during

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the Revolution, and were prominent in the colonial and early state history of North Carolina. Jane Gillespie was a descendant of that Gillespie family of Scotland, of which several members were noted in the religious and educational history of that country. Joshua Conkey, another great-great-grandfather of Mr. Whitehead, was an ensign in the American army during the Revolution, and his father James Conkey, likewise served with the Continental forces in the struggle for independence. James and Joshua Conkey are buried in an ancient cemetery at Canton, N. Y. Joseph B. Whitehead was educated at the University of Mississippi, where he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws in the class of 1888. Soon after receiving his degree he went to Chattanooga, Tenn., where he was admitted to the bar and began the practice of his profession. He rose rapidly as an attorney, and while a resident of Chattanooga he held several important public positions. In 1901 he removed to Atlanta and became associated with the CocaCola Bottling Company. In a short time he demonstrated his capability as a business man and rose rapidly until he occupied the important position of secretary and treasurer of the company. In addition to .this he became president of the Atlanta and Western Bottling Company; was president at the time of his death of the Bowden Lithia Springs Company, and treasurer of the Ponce de Leon Park Company. He was a stanch adherent of the Demo cratic party; was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon college fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, the Capital City and Atlanta Athletic clubs, and belonged to the Ponce de Leon Baptist church. Mr. Whitehead's death occurred on Monday morning, Aug. 27, 1906, at Thaxton, Va., after an illness of little more than a week, pneumonia being the cause of his demise. The Atlanta Journal, in commenting on the sad event, pays this tribute to him as a man and a citizen: "He was recognized as one of the most cap able and reliable business men of Atlanta, and his death has deprived the city of one of its stanchest and most valuable citizens. He was a man who took a deep interest in all religious affairs, and was one of the chief supporters and best known members of the Pbnce de Leon Avenue Baptist church." On Nov. 8, 1894, Mr. Whitehead was united in marriage to Miss Lettie Pate, daughter of Maj. Cornelius and Elizabeth (Stagg) Pate, of Bedford, Va., and it was while on a vacation to his wife's home that he was summoned from his labors on earth to his eternal rest. Mrs. Whitehead and two sons, Joseph Brown and Conkey Whitehead, survive

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the beloved husband and father, and in their bereavement received the sympathy of a large circle of friends.
White House. There were two places known by this name in Revolutionary days. One was McKay's trading house, a -half mile west of the town of Augusta, and the other stood near Ogeechee Ferry in Liberty county. At the latter a skirmish occurred on June 28, 1779, between Major Baker and 30 men, who were on their way to Sunbury, and a company of Georgia Royalists under Captain Goldsmith, in which several of the Tories were killed and wounded. Among the former was Lieutenant Gray, whose head was almost completely severed from his body by a single blow from the sword of Robert Sallette.
In the fall of 1781 the British had a garrison there commanded by Captain Johnston. Colonel Jackson was ordered to reduce the post. Taking Stallings' dragoons, Carr's volunteers and McKay's riflemen he made a descent upon the place on November 18th,. captured the pickets and summoned Johnston to surrender. The demand was promptly complied with, but just as Johnston was in the act of handing his sword to Jackson, Captain Goldsmith, who had been defeated at the same place the year before, and who had long terrorized that part of the country, was killed by Patrick Carr. Thinking a massacre was imminent, Johnston rushed into the house, ordered his men to resume their arms, and in the end Tackson was compelled to retire.
White Plains, an incorporated town in Greene county, is about twelve miles southeast of Greensboro, and is the terminus of a branch of the Georgia railroad. The population in 1900 was 290. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, a few manu factories, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, good educational and religious advantages, an express office, etc.
White Sulphur Springs, a village in the southwestern part of Meriwether county, is known to railroad men as Brandywine Sta tion. The town derives its name from the mineral springs near, and is a popular health resort. The population in 1900 was 125. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, some mercantile interests, and good educational and religious advantages.
Whitefield, George, evangelist, was born on Dec. 16, 1714, at Gloucester, England, where his mother was hostess of the Bull inn. His boyhood was spent in assisting his mother and in attending the grammar school in his native town. When he was about eighteen years old he was admitted to Pembroke college, Oxford, as a servitor that is, one who receives part of his support from

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the college funds. He graduated in 1736, and on June 20, of that year, was ordained deacon in Gloucester cathedral, on which occasion he preached his first sermon. From that time until he was twenty-three years of age he preached in the small towns and then went to London. While in college he had formed the acquaint ance of John and Charles Wesley, and had become a member of the young men's club they had organized, the members of which were derisively termed "Methodists." Shortly after his visit to London he began to disregard the liturgy of the church and was denied admission to the houses of worship. He then took to preaching in the open air, his audiences frequently numbering into thousands. His work became so great that he sent for John Wes ley to come and help him. The two worked together until in 1738, when Whitefield decided to visit America. He arrived at Savannah in May, of that year, but soon returned to England to raise funds to aid the colony. The next summer he again returned to America and shortly after founded the orphan house at Bethesda. He made several other voyages to England and finally died at Newburyport, Mass., Sept. 30, 1770.
Whitehall, a town in the southern part of Clarke county, on the Central of Georgia railway, was incorporated by act of the legis lature in 1891. It had in 1900 a population of 660. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, stores, churches and schools, and two cotton mills with 13,000 and 2,500 spindles, respectively.
Whitely, Richard H., lawyer and politician, was born in County Down, Ireland, Dec. 22, 1830, but came to Georgia with his parents when he was only six years old. He educated himself and began life as a manufacturer. Subsequently he studied law and in 1860 was admitted to the bar. He was opposed to secession, but after the passage of the ordinance enlisted in the Confederate army and rose to the rank of major. In 1868 he was a delegate to the con stitutional convention; contested the election to Congress the same year with Nelson Tift and was seated on Feb. 9, 18,71. He was reflected in 1870, 1872 and 1874, but was defeated in the two follow ing elections. He died at Boulder, Col., Sept. 26, 1890.
Whitemarsh Island, on the Georgia coast, is about twelve miles in a direct line southeast of Savannah, though the distance by water is much more. During the war between the States there were several small affairs on this island. On two successive nights, March 30-31, 1862, scouting expeditions to Whitemarsh and Wilmington islands under the command of Capt. J. T. Crawford, of

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the Thirteenth Georgia, captured a barge with a six-pounder can non, killed one of the enemy and captured 18, two of whom sub sequently died from their wounds. Captain Crawford had one man severely wounded. On April 16, 1862, a reconnoisance of Whitemarsh Island was made by seven companies from the Eighth Michi gan infantry, (Col. W. M. Fenton), escorting the topographical en gineer, Lieutenant Wilson. This force encountered part of the Thirteenth Georgia regiment and a spirited skirmish followed. Captains Crawford and McCalley made a vigorous attack upon a detachment of the Federals, but the main body of the Michigan men came up in time to save the day and in turn gave the Geor gians a lively chase. Colonel Douglas arrived on the scene with Confederate reinforcements and drove the Federals back. The Thirteenth Georgia lost in this affair 4 killed and 15 wounded out of something less than 100 engaged. Colonel Fenton reported his loss at 10 killed and 35 wounded and his total strength at 300. On Feb. 22, 1864, just after the battle of Olustee, Fla., a considerable Federal force made a demonstration on Whitemarsh Island, but were driven off by a detachment of the Fifty-seventh Georgia under Captains Tucker and Turner and a section of Maxwell's battery under Lieutenant Richardson.
Whiteoak, a village of Camden" county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railroad, about five miles north of the Satilla river, and in 1900 had a population of 67. It has some mercantile and shipping interests, express and telegraph offices, and a money order postoffice.
Whitepath, a.post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is a station on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railroad, about six miles northeast of Ellijay.
Whitesburg, an incorporated town in the southeastern part of Carrol county, is on the Central of Georgia railroad, and is not far from the Chattahoochee river. It reported a population of 296 in 1900, has important shipping interests, several mercantile concerns, a money order postoffice, with several free delivery routes radiating from it, express and telegraph offices, etc. Besides the public schools the Hutcheson collegiate institute, a preparatory, coeduca tional school conducted under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church, is located here.
Whitesville, a town in the northern part of Harris county, with a population of 126 in 1900, is about six miles northwest of Hamil ton. It is the chief trading center for that part of the county, has a money order postoffice and good school and church privileges.

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Whitewater, a post-village of Crawford county, is fifteen miles east of Knoxville, and not far from the Houston county line. Byron is the nearest railroad station.
Whitfield Cotmty was created in 1867 and was named for George Whitefield, the celebrated preacher and founder of the Bethesda Orphan Home near Savannah. It lies in the northwestern part of the state and is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, on the east by Murray county, on the south by Gordon and on the west by Catoosa and Walker. The county is well watered by numerous small streams and two great railways provide for both travel and shipping. The principal productions are cotton, pota toes, peas and the cereals. Market gardening is carried on to some extent and many acres are planted to apple, plum, pear, peach, quince and cherry orchards. The forests are made up of pine, pop lar, maple, cherry and oak trees and some lumber is exported each year. Whitfield county is rich in minerals. Iron, bauxite, man ganese, silica, marble, sandstone, limestone and clay are found. Dalton, the county seat, is extensively engaged in manufacturing. Tilton, Tunnel Hill, and Cohutta are other towns. The population in 1900 was 14,509, a gain of 1,593 since 1890.
Whitley, a post-town of Irwin county, is on the Seaboard Air Line railroad, about half-way between Fitzgerald and O'cilla, and in 1900 had a population of 100. It has some stores with a good local
trade and does some shipping. Whitney, Ely, inventor, was born at Westborough, Mass., Dec.
8, 1765. His parents being in humble circumstances he learned the trade of nail-maker, and in this way saved enough to attend Yale college, where he graduated in 1792. Soon after this he went to Georgia to take a position as private tutor, but upon his arrival found the place had been filled. At the invitation of General Greene's widow he made his home for a time at Mulberry Grove. At that time the question of separating the seed from the fiber was engaging the attention of the cotton planters and at Mrs. Greene's suggestion Whitney undertook to invent a machine to do the work. He knew but little about the cotton plant, but he shut himself in his room, with some of the uncleaned fiber, made his own tools and during the winter completed his machine which he called a cottongin. When he exhibited his invention to some planters in the spring of 1793 they were highly pleased, for they saw that it solved the problem of cleaning cotton. One night the building where the machine was kept was broken open and it was carried away. Before he could burld another, upon which to secure a patent, a

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number of gins had been constructed and were in use. Several of the Southern states paid him bonuses or royalties on the invention, but all the money he received in this way was swallowed up in litigation growing out of the infringement-of his patent. Instead
of reaping the reward of his genius he was compelled to seek other lines of business in order to obtain a livelihood. The introduction
of the cotton-gin increased the exports from 190,000 pounds in 1791 to 41,000,000 in 1803. Whitney died at New Haven, Conn., on Jan. 8, 1825. He was not a Georgian, but the invention that revolu tionized the cotton industry was invented on Georgia soil and is
,a part of her history. Wier, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is fifteen miles north
east of Jasper, which is the nearest railroad station.
Wiggins' Hill. About the middle of April, 1781, Colonel Brown, of the British army, sent Captain Wylly to reconnoiter the Ameri can positions. He ascertained that Colonel Harden, with a con.siderable force, was marching to attack Brown and reported to that officer. Brown camped in a field at Wiggins' Hill and during the night was attacked by Harden, who had in the meantime been reinforced by Johnston and McKay. After a sharp fight of half an hour, in which no decided advantage was gained by either side, the Americans withdrew, having suffered a slight loss.
Wight, Edwin Leigh, proprietor of the Belmont stock farm, near Marietta, and identified with other important business enterprises, was born at Sofkee, Decatur county, Ga., Oct. 4, 1846. He is a son of Samuel B. and Clara S. Wight, and is a descendant of one of the oldest families in America. In 1636 Thomas Wight left the Isle of Wight, on the southern coast of England, and came to America. He settled at Dedham, near Boston, Mass., and he and his son became prominent in the affairs of the town and colony, assisting materially in raising funds to build the "Old Brick College" at Cambridge, an institution which afterward acquired a world-wide fame as Harvard university. The house built and occupied by Thomas Wight remained standing until 1830, when it was torn down, after having sheltered several successive generations of the family. The place is still owned by one of the descendants of Thomas Wight. Many of the family served in the Continental army during the Revolutionary war. In 1839 Henry Wight, grand father of the subject of this sketch, came with his family from Bristol, R. I., and located in Decatur county, Ga. At that time Samuel B. Wight was but eight years of age, having been born at ^Bristol in 1821. Henry Wight continued to live in Decatur county

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until his death, which occurred in 1885. When the Civil war broke out Samuel B. Wight enlisted in the Sixteenth Georgia regiment, and was made quartermaster with the rank of captain. He was captured in 1864 and remained a prisoner at Johnson's island in Lake Erie until the close of the war. He died at Albany, Ga., Dec. 15, 1888. Edwin L. Wight left Decatur county with his father in 1850 and lived in Newton, Baker county, until 1858, when the family removed to Albany. In 1861 he went to Lawrenceville, Gwinnett county, and shortly afterward entered the University of Georgia as a student. He was too young to enlist at the beginning of the war, but in 1863 he left the university to become a soldier in the Confederate ranks. In May, 1864, he enlisted in Company K, Thirteenth Georgia cavalry, commanded by Col. Samuel J. Winn, of Lawrenceville, and remained in active service until the end of the conflict. In July, 1865, he became associated with his father in the wholesale drygoods business in Atlanta, under the firm name of S. B. Wight & Son: The following year be returned to Newton, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and also held large interests as a planter. In 1873 he removed to Albany and entered the firm of Welch & Bacon, cotton factors, with which he continued until 1881, when he engaged in the same line of business at Albany on his own account. In 1887 he formed a partnership with Morris Weslosky, under the firm name of Wight & Weslosky, for the pur pose of handling groceries on a wholesale basis. The firm con trolled a large trade in this line at Albany and later at Cordele until its dissolution in 1900, when Colonel Wight retired. About that time he purchased a farm fifteen miles north of Atlanta on the line of the Western & Atlantic railroad, and began work on what has since become noted as the "Belmont stock farm," devoted to raising thoroughbred stock and fine poultry. The products of this farm have been shipped to all parts of Canada on the north; to Brazil, South America, on the south, and to the Sandwich Islands on the west. It is beyond question one of the leading stock farms in the United States, and as an object lesson to the farmers of the South it has accomplished a great work. In 1876 Colonel Wight began the fire and marine insurance business at Albany, under the firm name of E. L. Wight & Co. In this line he soon built up a successful patronage and has ever since con tinued to hold his interest in the business, his office now being in Atlanta. In the course of his career he has been identified with other prominent business concerns. He was president of the bank
37 III

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of the Wight & Weslosky Company at Cordele; president of the Exchange and Albany Savings and Trust banks, both of which he was influential in organizing; was president of the Albany Steam boat and Navigation Company; the Albany and Newton Telephone Company; manager of the Albany Edison Electric Light Company; for four years was president of the Albany Chautauqua; was for fifteen years a member of the Fire Company, of Albany, and was for two years chief of. the fire department of that city. In addition to the concerns specifically mentioned he has been a stockholder or active participant in the management of numerous others. Colonel Wight has been intimately connected with the militaryaffairs of his native state. Besides his two years' service in the Confederate army he has been one of the most active and inter ested citizens in the upbuilding of the Georgia militia. On Jan. 31, 1876, he was made second lieutenant of the Albany Guards, and on March 27, 1877, became captain of the company. On Feb. 1, 1883, he was appointed aide-de-camp to Gov. Alexander H. Ste phens, and on April 12, 1884, was commissioned captain of the Jackson Light Artillery. He again became captain of the Albany Guards on Feb. 1, 1888, and held this position until March 19, 1890, when he organized the Seventh battalion of infantry and was elected lieutenant-colonel. The Fourth Georgia regiment was formed soon after this, and he became colonel of that organization on Sept. 15, 1891, holding the position until 1893, when he was retired at his own request, with the rank of Colonel. He held a commission under every governor since the war, up to the time of his retirement, with the exception of Governor Bullock. In fraternal circles Colonel Wight is well known, as he is a Knight Templar Mason, a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and several other fraternal societies. On Nov. 24, 1874, occurred the marriage of Colonel Wight and Miss Mary M. Billingsley, daughter of Col. Francis Billingsley, a leading citizen of Albany. To this marriage have been born two children: Edwin L., Jr., and Ruby. The son is a graduate of the Georgia School of Technology and the daughter of Lucy Cobb institute. Both grad uated the same year and both carried off first honors of their classes.
Wilborn, a post-hamlet of Franklin county, is a station on the Elberton & Tbccoa division of the Southern railroad, about four miles northwest of Lavonia.
Wilcox, a post-town in Coffee county, is in the valley of Little

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Hurricane creek, fifteen miles northeast of Douglas. The popula tion in 1900 was 132. It is the chief trading point in the eastern part of the county. Nicholls is the most convenient railroad
station.
Wilcox County was created on Dec. 22, 1857, from Dooly, Irwin, and Pulaski, and was named for Gen. Mark Wilcox, of Telfair county, who for many years represented his district in the Georgia legislature. In August, 1905, a portion was set off to form the county of Turner. Prior to this time it was bounded on the north by P'ulaski, on the east by Dodge and Telfair, on the south by Irwin and on the west by Dooly. The Ocmulgee river runs along the eastern border, the Allapaha on the southwest, and these rivers with their tributaries water the land. All the streams have an abundance of fish and the Ocmulgee gives water transportation. Two divisions of the Seaboard Air Line, the Hawkinsville & Flor ida Southern, the Atlantic & Birmingham, and the Fitzgerald, Ocmulgee & Red Bluff railroads amply provide for transportation. The surface is level and the soil, especially in the bottoms and along the streams, produces good crops of cotton, potatoes, sugarcane, field and ground peas and the cereals. The county is one of the finest peach and grape sections of the state and the inhab itants are taking hold of this industry with great zeal. There is much timber land in this part of the country and the preparation of lumber and naval stores for the market furnishes occupation for many people. Abbeville is the county seat. Seville and Rochelle are other towns which are growing rapidly. The population of the county in 1900 was 11,097, an increase of 3,117 in ten years.
Wilcox, George Ansley, M. D., one of the distinguished representatives of the medical profession in the state, is en gaged in the practice of his profession in Augusta, where he is a member of the faculty of the medical department of the University of Georgia, occupying the chair of medical and surgical diseases of women. He was born in the city which is now his home, May 29, 1849, a son of Jonathan S. and Sarah J. (Ansley) Wil cox, the former born in Madison, New Haven county, Conn., in 183.3, and the latter in Augusta, Ga., in 1834, being a daughter of Jesse and Catherine (Urquhart) Ansley. The paternal ancestors of Doctor

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Wilcox were numbered among the first Puritan settlers of New England, whither they came from Maidstone, County Kent, Eng land, in 1635. The great-great-grandfather, Capt. Daniel Hand, of the Connecticut colony, was commissioned captain of Company 6, Seventh regiment of militia in the Connecticut colony and as such entered the Revolutionary army, serving under Washington in the first Long Island campaign and later in various parts of the state of New York. His name is inscribed on the soldiers' monu ment in Madison, Conn., with his army record, under date of 1775-83. Doctor Wilcox secured his early educational instruction in Summerville academy at Augusta, and the Hopkins grammar school, New Haven, Conn. His classical education was received in the University of Virginia, and in 1871 he was graduated in the medical department of the University of New York, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. Immediately after he entered, by appointment as interne, upon a regular hospital course, later taking special post-graduate courses in the larger hospitals ot New York city. By competitive examination he was made surgeon of the New York state naval school ship, "Mercury," for a cruise of nine months to the islands of the north and south Atlantic ocean and to Africa and South America and the West Indies. A noteworthy feature of this cruise was the scientific daily deep-sea soundings and charting of the ocean bed made along the equator
from the African coast to South America. In 1885 Doctor Wilcox was appointed demonstrator of anatomy and lecturer on nervous diseases in the medical department of the University of Georgia, and had conferred upon him the honorary degree of this insti tution. In the years following he has held successfully, as pro fessor, the chairs of obstetrics, materia medica, therapeutics and gynecology; and medical and surgical diseases of women in the same institution, being still incumbent of the chair last designated and being one of the valued members of the faculty of this well conducted branch of the state university. H.e was also given the honorary degree of the University of Georgia. He is gynecologist to the Augusta city and Lamar hospitals; is a member of the board of trustees of the medical department of the University of Georgia and is identified with the American medical association, the Georgia medical association and the Richmond county medical society. He is a Master Mason and a member of Upsilon Chapter, Delta Psi fraternity, University of Virginia. In politics he is a conservative Democrat and is a ruling elder in the First Presbyterian church of Augusta. On Nov. 5, 1872, was sol-

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emnized the marriage of Doctor Wilcox to Miss Ida C. Van Epps, daughter of Amos C. and Caroline L. (Howard) Van Epps, of Atlanta, Ga., and of this union five children have been born: How ard Van Epps Wilcox married Miss Ella Russell Wright, of Augusta; George Hand Wilcox married Miss Frances Isham, of Cincinnati, Ohio; Catherine is deceased; and Irma and Everard are the younger children. Doctor Wilcox has two living sisters Mrs. Graham C. Dunlop, of Montreal, Canada, and Miss Sarah J. Wilcox, of Augusta; Mrs. Wilcox had two brothers Judge How ard Van Epps, who resides in the city of Atlanta, and- George C., who is deceased.
Wild, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is about three miles northeast of Dahlonega. Lula is the nearest railroad station.
Wilde, Richard Henry, was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1789. He came to Georgia when he was quite young, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Augusta in 1809. He served as attorneygeneral of the state and was elected representative in Congress in 1814, 1822, 1826 and 1832. In 1843 he removed to New Orleans, where he became professor of law in the University of Louisiana. He is well and favorably known by his poems, the most popular of which is "My Life is Like the Summer Rose." He died in New Orleans Sept. 10, 1847.
Wilder, Joseph John, for many years a prominent figure in the commercial and political life of Savannah, Ga., was born in that city, Jan. 5, 1844, and died at Oakton, Marietta, Ga., Sept. 10, 1900. Joseph John Wilder's first ancestor in America was Thomas Wilder of Sulham House, Berks, England, who emigrated to Massachu setts prior to 1640, and whose son, Capt. Thomas Wilder, served in King William's war (1689-1697), and in Queen Anne's war (1701-1713). Among his ancestors was Capt. David Wilder who served in the French and Indian wars prior to the Revolution, and who was captain in the twenty-third regiment of foot in the Continental army. His powder-horn, with the inscription that he was serving in camps near Ticonderoga in the year 1760, is still in the possession of the family. Joseph John Wilder was a son of John Randolph and Anne Drucilla (Lewis) Wilder. The father was born at Providence, R. I., March 18, 1816, and the mother in Liberty county, Ga., in 1818. Both parents died in Oakton, Mari etta, the father, on Nov. 1, 1879, and the mother on May 22, 1877. After attending the home school, Mr. Wilder spent some time in Europe where he went to an English school in Darmstadt, and afterwards to the Universities of Bonn and Heidelberg in Germanv,

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and in Paris, France. Mr. Wilder was a merchant of marked ability and strict integrity, honored and respected. He engaged in business in Savannah, succeeding his father, John Randolph Wilder, of the firm of Wilder & Co., which for many years, and up to the time of his death, was regarded as one of the leading shipping and cotton exporting houses in Savannah. In 1887 he served as a member of the board of aldermen of that city, and was for a time chairman of the board. In 1879 he succeeded his father as consul of the Russian government in Savannah and held that position until his death. He was a member of the Protestant Episcopal church and in politics was a Democrat/ He was married on June 9, 1870, to Georgia Page (King) Smith, daughter of Hon. Thomas Butler King and Anna Matilda Page of Retreat, St. Simons island. Anne Page, the only child of Joseph John Wilder and Georgia Page King, his wife, was born on April 15, 1873, and was married to Hon. Jefferson Randolph Anderson of Savannah, Ga., on Nov. 27, 1895.
Wildwood, a post-village of Dade county, is a station on the Alabama Great Southern railroad, not far from the Tennessee line.
Wiley, (sometimes spelled Wylie) is a postoffice and railroad station on the Tallulah Falls railway, about six miles south of Clarkesville, in Rabun county.
Wiley, Charles M., ordinary of Bibb county, is one of the best known and most highly esteemed citizens of the city of Macon, an honored veteran of the Civil war and is the present major-general commanding the United Confederate Veterans of Georgia, this being the high est office of the organization in each of the southern states. Colonel Wiley, as he is familiarly known, was born in Macon, July 30, 1841, a son of Dr. John B. and Ann (Clopton) Wiley, the former born in Hancock and the latter in Putnam county, Ga. The maiden name of John B. Wiley's mother was Ann Jack and she was a member of a family which found numerous representatives in the Continental line during the war of the Revolution. One of the number, Captain Jack, carried the original Declaration of Independence, commonly known as the Mecklenburg declaration, from Mecklenburg county, N. C., to Philadelphia, the same having been' of the same tenor as the final

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declaration which was made and signed in that city. Dr. John B. Wiley was graduated in Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, and also in a medical college in the city of New York, thereafter being engaged in active practice in Macon for many years. He became one of the leading physicians and surgeons of that part of the state and continued to reside in Macon until his death, June 10, 1861, at the age of fifty-eight years. His widow long survived him, her death occurring, in the same city, in 1894. Col. Charles M. Wiley secured his early educational training in the schools of Bibb county, after which he was a student in the Georgia military institute for a period of three years. Immediately upon leaving school he enlisted in the Confederate army, and after serving for ten months with Company B, Second Georgia battalion, he was promoted to the adjutancy of the Forty-fourth Georgia, with which regiment he served for two and one-half years. He took part in numerous engagements in the Valley of Virginia, was at Seven Pines, in both battles of Fredericksburg, all the fighting around Richmond, and many other hard fought engagements. For some time he was in command of a company of scouts and sharpshooters, continuing in service until the close of the war, although he was severely wounded in the right thigh and has never recovered from the effects of the injury. He was promoted to captain, but never received his commission as such. After the war he became identi fied with agricultural pursuits in Houston, Bibb and Putnam counties and conducted his large plantation interests under his ownership and personal supervision until 1882, when he .became chief of police of Macon and retained this office until 1889, giving a most able and satisfactory administration. He was then elected judge of the court of ordinary of Bibb County, in which office he lias since continued to serve, with marked discrimination and gen eral efficiency. In his political views Colonel Wiley has never faltered in his allegiance to the Democracy. He and his wife, are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and he is one of the most popular members of the United Confederate Veterans of Georgia, being major-general in command of the state organiza tion, as before noted, and a member of the board of trustees of the Confederate soldiers' home of Georgia, having been reappointed to this office in January, 1906, for a term of five years. He is also a prominent member of the.Masonic fraternity, in which he served as grand commander of the grand commandery of Knights Tem plars of Georgia, and takes a deep interest in the other bodies of the time-honored fraternity. He has also held high official posi-

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tion in the Knights of Pythias. On Dec. 15, 1863, Colonel Wiley was united in marriage to Miss Sarah J. Reid, daughter of Col. Sidney A. and Louisa (Jordan) Reid, of Eatonton, Putnam county, Ga., and of the six children of this union four died in infancy. Mamie A. is the wife of Lawson Brown, president of the Brown Wagon Company of Macon, Ga.; they have one son, Lawson Brown, Jr. Sidney Reid Wiley, the only son, enlisted in the Macon. volunteers at the outbreak of the Spanish-American war, his com pany later becoming Company F of the First Georgia volunteer infantry. He served a short time as private and was then com missioned first lieutenant and later captain of Company A, Third United States volunteers, commanded by Col. Patrick H. Ray of the United States army, with which he served eight months in Cuba. When he returned he was broken down in health, having con tracted tuberculosis. He was mustered out in May, 1899, at Macon, and his death occurred on Sept. 13, 1902, as the direct result of the exposures and other hardships endured by him while serving as a soldier in Cuba. He is survived by his wife, whose maiden name was Judith Gamble, a duaghter of Dr. J. B. Gamble, a Baptist minister.
Wiley, Robert Carries, M. D., of Sparta, is a leading physician and surgeon of that part of the state and is a native of Hancock county, where he was born on Feb. 14, 1854, a son of Samuel Harris and Sarah E. (Carnes) Wiley, both of whom were likewise born in Hancock county, of which Sparta is the county seat. Doctor Wiley attended the Rockby School, in Hancock county, under the tuition of Col. R. M. Johnston, and later was a student in Mount Zion seminary, under Rev. C. B. Beman. His technical training for the profession in which he has been so earnest and successful a worker, was secured in the Medical College of Georgia in Augusta, this being the medical department of the University of Georgia. He was there graduated as a member of the class of 1877, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine, and initiated the prac tice of his profession in his native county. In 1889 he located in Sparta, where he has since been engaged in successful practice, and has a large and representative support. He is a member of the Georgia State medical association and keeps abreast of the advances made in his profession, both as a physician and surgeon. In poli tics he is a Democrat and he and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church, in which he is a ruling elder. On Jan. 8, 1890, Doctor Wiley was united in marriage to Miss Margaret W. Davidson, a native of Lexington, Va.

CYCLOPEDIA Ol< GEORGIA

585

Wilkes County was created in 1777, from, land, acquired from the Indians in 1773, and was named for John Wilkes, a great champion of American liberty in the British house of commons. In 1790 a part of it was set off to Elbert, part to Warren in 1793, part 'to Lincoln in 1796, part to Greene in 1802 and still other parts to Taliaferro in 1825 and 1828. At the convention which met at Au gusta in 1788 to ratify the United States constitution, Wilkes county was represented by George Mathews, Florence Sullivan and John King. It is situated in the eastern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Elbert county, on the east by Lincoln, on the south by McDuffie, Warren and Taliaferro, on the southwest by Taliaferro and on the west and northwest by Oglethorpe. Broad and Little rivers with several creeks drain the land and provide ample water-power for the factories of the county. The surface is rolling, and the climate is subject to great changes. The soil is light, and while it is fertile, is not lasting. Cotton, sweet and Irish potatoes, sugar-cane, sorghum, wheat, corn, and peas are the prin cipal productions. Apples, peaches, and cherries are cultivated extensively. There is still much timber in the county and many saw-mills are busy getting out lumber for the market. In July, 1901, gold was discovered in the northern part of the county. From one thousand pounds of dirt, submitted to the stamping mills, $1,500 worth of gold was obtained. Other minerals of the county are iron, soapstone, granite and quartz. Washington, the county seat, is noted for its beauty. There is little opportunity for travel or the shipping of freight, the railroads being confined to a short line, connecting Washington with the main line of the Georgia, at Barnett. The population in 1900 was 20,866, an increase of 2,785 in ten years. Being one of the oldest counties in the state, Wilkes is indissolubly connected with the names of many of Georgia's most noted citizens. Gen. Elijah Clarke, Col. John Dooly, Col. John Graves, Col. Nicholas Long, Peter Early, Matthew Talbot, Benja min Taliaferro, Stephen Heard, Duncan and John A. Campbell, the Rev. Jesse Mercer and Robert Toombs were all residents of the county. The wife of Elijah Clarke, one of the most noted Revolu tionary heroines, died in Wilkes county in 1827, at the advanced age of ninety years. Washington is known as the home of the remarkable woman, Mrs. Hillhouse, who, when left a widow and without means, assumed charge of a newspaper, wrote editorials, set type and did the state printing, so that she was able to educate her three children, and at her death, leave each of them a legacy of
$10,000.

586

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Wilkins, Willis Jackson, D. D. S., is
engaged in the practice of his profession in Eastman and is recognized as one of the representative dental surgeons of Dodge county. - He was born in Suf
folk, Nansemond county, Va., May 26, 1869, a son of Josiah and Georgiana (Skinner) Wilkins, both of whom were likewise native of the Old Dominion state, where they passed their entire lives, the father's death occurring in
March, 1901, and the mother having passed away May 4, 1894; they rest side by side in the cemetery of Cypress Chapel, Nansemond county. Josiah Wilkins served as a valiant soldier of the Confederacy during practically the entire period of the Civil war as a member of a company of sharpshooters from Virginia. He had three brothers and two sisters and all are now deceased except one of the sisters, Lucy, who is the wife of Abraham Griffin, of Nansemond county. After duly availing himself of the advantages of the com mon schools of his native state Doctor Wilkins continued his studies for two years in the Suffolk military academy, after which he was identified with mercantile pursuits for several years. He then came to Georgia and entered the Atlanta dental college, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1902, receiving his degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. He established himself in the practice of his profession at Jesup, Wayne county, where he met with excellent success, and remained there until March, 1906, when he took up his residence in the thriving little city of Eastman, where his ability has gained for him prompt recognition, insuring him a large and prosperous professional business. In politics the doctor gives an unswerving support to the Democratic party and fraternally he is identified with the Knights of Pythias. On April 9, 1902, was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Wilkins to Miss Lillian Jarrell, of Butler, Taylor county, Ga., and she was summoned to the life eternal Sept. 22, 1905, survived by two children Willis Jarrell, born Sept. 6, 1903, and Luther Hill, born June 16, 1905. In conclusion it may be stated that Doctor Wilkins is one of a family of nine children, all of whom are living except one: William Thomas, Theodore Scott, Eoline, Joseph Henry, Annie Lou, Geor gia Ophelia, Willis Jackson, Mattie Gertrude and Abram L. Eoline is the wife of S. A. Baker, of Jesup, Ga.; Annie Lou is deceased;

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

587

Georgia O. is the wife of M. E. Gay, of Suffolk, Va.; Mattie G. is the wife of D. L. Harrell, of Cypress Chapel, Va.; and Abram L. is a successful physician and surgeon of Eastman, Ga.
Wilkinson County was laid out by the lottery act of 1803, and organized in 1805. A part of it was added to Baldwin in 1807 and a part set off to Twiggs in 1809. The first superior court in the county was held in 1808, Judge Peter Early presiding. It was named for Gen. James Wilkinson, a soldier of the Revolution and the war of 1812. It lies in the central part of the state and is bounded on the north by Baldwin, on the northeast by Baldwin, Washington and Johnson, on the southeast by Laurens, on the southwest by Twiggs and on the northwest by Jones. The Oconee river flows along the northeastern boundary and several tributaries of this stream cross the surface. In the northeastern part there is also a pond or lake of considerable size. All the streams abound in fish, and numerous mills and factories are distributed along the banks. The main line of the Central of Georgia railway and a branch of the same sys tem traverse the county, providing excellent facilities for transpor tation. There is a diversity of soil, but the average crops are wheat, corn, potatoes, field and ground peas, cotton and sugar-cane. Veg etables, berries, melons and fruits are raised, but very few are marketed. Forests of long leaf pine grow on the gray land, oak and hickory on the red lands, along the streams is an abundance of swamp timber and the annual output of lumber is considerable. Wilkinson county has little mineral wealth. There is an abundant supply of rotten limestone, some of which becomes very hard when exposed to the air and which is much used .in the construction of chimneys. Gordon is the largest town, and Irwinton is the county seat. The population in 1900 was 11,440, a gain of 659 since 1890.
Wilkinson, John Robert, ordinary and judge of the court of ordi nary of Fulton county, is a well known and honored citizen of Atlanta and one of the most prominent representatives of the Ma sonic fraternity in the South. He was born at Newnan, Coweta county, Ga., June 20, 1856, a son of Maj. Urial Baylis Wilkinson and Amelia T. (Spratlin) Wilkinson, whose marriage was solem nized, in Greenville, Ga., Jan. 23, 1845. Major Wilkinson was born in Wilkes county, Ga., May 13, 1819, and died at Newnan, Coweta county, Dec. 21, 1897. His wife was born in Wilkes county, April 17, 1829, and died at College Park, Fulton county, in May, 1894. Maj. Urial B. Wilkinson was a son of Thomas B. and Lucy (Crosby) Wilkinson, the latter a daughter of Urial Crosby. His paternal grandfather, Thomas Wilkinson, was a resident of York,

588

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Va., and the direct line of descent is traced back from the latter

through Lawrence Wilkinson, a son of William Wilkinson, who

married a daughter of Sir John Conyers and settled in Providence,

R. I., in the early colonial era. Amelia T.

AVilkinson was a daughter of Henry and

Mary (Johnson) Spratlin, and a grand

daughter of James and Martha (Calla-

way) Spratlin, the maternal line of Calla-

way being traced back to Caleb Callaway,

1660, and through the Hills, of Washing

ton, Wilkes county, to Abraham Hill,

who was born in Northumberland county,

Va., in 1698, a son of Henry Hill, who

was born in 1650. Both branches of Judge

Wilkinson's family trace to English ori

JOHN E. WILKINSON.

gin. Maj. Urial Wilkinson was promine ntly identified with public and political

affairs in both Heard and Coweta counties from the time of attain

ing his legal majority. He was cool, far-seeing, clear-headed, a safe

adviser and a good organizer. Few men had more influence in

giving direction to and controlling elections in the counties in which

he lived. He never sought public office, yet he was frequently

called upon by his fellow citizens to fill

positions of honor and trust. In his early

manhood he was chosen justice of the

peace; he also served as judge of the in

ferior court in Heard county; as clerk of

the court of ordinary of said county in

1849 ; and later in life was judge of the

court of ordinary in Coweta county. At

the inception of the Civil war he enlisted

in the Confederate service, but soon after

ward Gov. Joseph E. Brown appointed

him commissioner of the Confederate

States, under impressment act of the Con

federate Congress. He was also depositary of the Confederate government, having

MAJ. URIAL B. WILKINSON.

been appointed to his office by the secretary of the treasury

of the Confederacy. In 1880 he was elected to represent Coweta

county" in the state legislature, polling the largest vote ever given

in said county up to that time. He was untiring in his labors while

in the legislature, and during a session of one hundred and sixteen

days was not once absent from his seat, while he drafted and pre-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

589

sented many of the most important bills presented in the house during his term. Major Wilkinson was a consistent and zealous member of the Baptist church, with which he identified himself in 1838. In 1851 he was ordained a deacon, and for nearly forty years he served as clerk of the Western Baptist association of Georgia. He built the military school at Manchester, Fulton county, but died before the institution had been formally established. Judge John R. Wilkinson, immediate subject of this sketch, secured his early education in the schools of Newnan, Coweta county. In the autumn of 1874 he matriculated in Mercer university, as a sophomore and continued his studies in that institution through about one-half of the junior year, when he was compelled to abandon his college work by reason of the weak condition of his eyes. In 1876 he was elected cashier of the People's bank at Newnan and retained this position eight years, at the expiration of which, in 1884, he removed to Atlanta, having been previously engaged for a short time in the mercantile business in Newnan. After taking up his residence in Atlanta he became identified with the wholesale paper and paperproducts business, disposing of his interests in this line of enter prise in 1887. Judge Wilkinson has been a stanch and zealous worker in the cause of the Democratic party. In 1890-91 he served as deputy clerk of the city council of Atlanta, and in 1900 he was elected ordinary of Fulton county and judge of the court of ordin ary, being chosen as his own successor in 1904, for a second term of four years. He and his wife are valued members of the First Baptist church, with which denomination he has been identified since 1868, when he joined the church at Newnan. In 1904 he was ordained a deacon of the First Baptist church of Atlanta. Judge Wilkinson has attained the maximum degree in the Masonic frater nity and has held distinguished preferment in the various bodies ,of the order. He is past master of Gate City Lodge, No. 2, Free and Accepted Masons; past high priest of Mount Zion Chapter, No. 16, Royal Arch Masons; past thrice .illustrious master of Jason Burr Council, No. 13, Royal and Select Masters; past eminent com mander of Atlanta Commandery, No. 9, Knights Templar; is chief rabban of Yaarab Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine; and secretary of the board of the Masonic Tem ple Company, all of Atlanta. In October, 1901, he received the thirty-third or highest degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, in Washington, D. C., and was made special deputy of the Rite for Atlanta. In the national capital, in 1901, he was also elected chancellor of the body of Knights Commander of the Court

590

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Honor, was reflected in 1903 and is now the incumbent of the office. In 1903 the Royal Order of Scotland was conferred upon him. In 1905 he was elected grand royal-arch captain of the Georgia grand chapter of Royal Arch Masons, and in the same year he was chosen grand conductor of the grand council of the state. He is grand representative of Quebec near the grand chap ter of Georgia; grand representative of Mississippi near the grand council of Georgia; and grand representative of Maryland near the grand commander of Knights Templar of Georgia. On Nov. 26, 1878, Judge Wilkinson was united in marriage to Miss Annie Wade Wood, daughter of Capt.Winston B. and Maria L. (Dent) Wood, of Newnan. Of this union have been born four children, of whom two are living William Barrett, born in 1881, and Harry Eugene, born in 1891. Grady Wade and John R., Jr., died in infancy.
Willacooch.ee, a town in Coffee county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway between Waycross and Tifton. It was incorporated" by act of the legislature in 1889. The population in 1900 was 471, and of the entire Willacoochee district 3,754. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, stores, schools, churches, saw mills, and a heavy trade in all
pine products.
Willard, a post-village of Putnam county, is a station on the Covington branch of the Central of Georgia railroad, about ten miles northwest of Eatonton. It has a few stores, with good local trade, and does some shipping, both by freight and express.
Willcox, Charles Henry, a representa tive citizen and business man of Savan
nah, was born in Bristol, R. I., July 1,
1836, a son of Charles and Alary C. (Bourne) Willcox, both of whom were
born in Sandwich, Mass., the former in 1797 and the latter in 1806. The re spective families were early founded in
New England and representatives of each
were found enrolled as patriot soldiers
in the war of the Revolution, including both grandfathers of him whose name initiates this sketch. Charles Henry Willcox was reared and educated in the state of Massachusetts and he became a resident of South Carolina in 1856. When the Civil war was precipitated he was among the first to offer his services in defense of the cause of the Confederacy. In January, 1861, he

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

591

enlisted as a private in the Beaufort artillery, with which he took part in the engagement at Port Royal, where he was wounded, but he continued with his command and participated in the various other engagements along the coast until he was promoted to the office of quartermaster, in 1862, thereafter serving in this capacity until the close of the war, receiving his parole at Greensboro, N. C. Mr. Willcox took up his residence in Savannah, Ga., in the year 1881, and in addition to having valuable plantation interests in South Carolina, he has been president of the Savannah Guano Company for the past quarter of a century. He is senior partner in the firm of Willcox, Ives &r Co., which was organized in 1881 and which has a finely equipped plant in Savannah, affording em ployment to a corps of from 150 to 300 persons. He is also a mem ber of the Willcox-Ives Oil Company and was formerly one of the chief stockholders and general manager of the Standard Fuel Sup ply Company, which was organized in 1900. Mr. Willcox is a stanch supporter of the principles of the Democratic party, but for many years past he has not been an active factor in political affairs. He has been tendered nomination for various offices of public trust but has not responded favorably to such overtures, preferring to devote his undivided attention to his various business interests. On Feb. 2, 1873, Mr. Willcox was united in marriage to Miss Ella F. Miles, daughter of the late Louis Miles, of Edgefield, S..C., and they have five children Charles L., Mary E., Myra A., Arthur Lyman, and Albert Miles. Mary E. is the wife of W. T. Beckham and Myra A. is the wife of D. Y. Beckham.
Willett, a post-village of Muscogee county, with a population of 84 in 1900, is about three miles southeast of Columbus, which is the most convenient railroad station.'
Williams, George W., senior member of the law firm of Williams & Blackshear, of Dublin, and representative of Laurens county in the State legislature, was born in Excelsior, Bulloch county, Ga., Aug. 1, 1866, a son of Rev. Robert J. and Margaret B. Williams, both born in Bulloch county. The paternal grandfather of each was a patriot soldier in the war of the Revolution, and Rev. Robert J. Williams and all of his brothers, three in number, served as valiant soldiers of the Confederacy in the Civil war. Rev. Robert J. Williams was a member of the Forty-seventh Georgia volunteer infantry, in which he served as first lieutenant, taking part in a number of important engagements, including the seven days' fight in front of Richmond, and also the battle of Chickamauga. He is a clergyman of the Baptist church and he and his

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA
wife now live at Soperton, Ga. George W. Williams completed the curriculum of the high school in his native town and thereafter took a partial course in Mercer university, after which he studied
law under excellent preceptorship, and was admitted to the bar in 1892. He has been engaged in the practice of his pro fession in Dublin since 1901, and the firm of which he is a member controls one of the largest and most profitable law practices in middle Georgia. Mr. Will iams accbrds an uncompromising alleg iance to the Democratic party. Governor Atkinson appointed him solicitor of the county court of Bulloch county in 1894, and he served in this office for four years. In April, 1904, he was nominated for rep resentative of Laurens county in the State legislature, and in the ensuing election he defeated, by a large majority, a strong opponent. He is a member of the Georgia bar association, and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and the Knights of Pythias. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church in Dublin. On Feb. 11, 1890, he was united in marriage to Miss Josephine H. Roach, daughter of Dr. Tom S. and Josephine (Brady) Roach, of Black, Bulloch county, and four children were born of this union: Barnett W., George W., Jr., Tom Roach, and Joe Lester. Tom Roach Williams died on April 1, 1905, aged six years, and in his memory his parents have installed a large collection of books .for children in the Carnegie library in Dublin.
Williams, Jesse Parker, of Savannah, Ga., stands in the front rank of those sons of the South who by strong men tality, indomitable industry, sterling in tegrity and sagacious foresight have accumulated large fortunes and lead in the development of this section of the country. His work has been that of an up-builder, an organizer of industry, a planner of new business movements. His efforts have been exerted along carefully considered lines, with definite objects in view, and have been unceasing until suc cess has crowned them. Knowing no discouragement, confident of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

593

the ultimate fruition of his hopes, Mr. Williams has pressed for ward undaunted where other men, with less confidence and deter mination, would have fallen back and abandoned their projects. As with other leaders who, in this generation, have been instru mental in organizing anew the great vital forces of the South, Mr. Williams stands as an example to the young men of Georgia, as an evidence of the rich rewards awaiting intelligence and energy when properly applied. He has thoroughly demonstrated the truth of the old adage that opportunities lie at every man's door, and that success is merely the harvest that comes from the skilful use of them. The foundations of Mr. Williams' fortune were laid without the aid of influential friends. He began his business career facing the adverse conditions created by the Civil war, with no capital beyond his brains, his industry, and a reputation for strict integrity in all things that entitled him to the confidence of the commercial world. On this safe basis he builded, slowly at first, then more rapidly as the arena of his operations broadened, until to-day he .stands the peer of any business man in the South, a recognized exponent of all that is best in the commercial activities of his state and section. There is nothing in Mr. Williams' success that is to lie attributed to "chance." He has never played the part of a mere speculator, has never sought to build up his prosperity at the ex pense of others. The trend of his business life has been toward helping others while promoting his own interests, to keep before him the public weal as well as his private aims. Every man who has assisted in the carrying out of his plans has profited in pro portion to the efforts he has put forth. To-day scores of men in the South who are prosperous in business acknowledge their debt of gratitude to Mr. Williams. This is probably the most satis factory feature of his entire career. In a day when the finger of condemnation is pointed at so many fortunes acquired by immoral, even if not unlawful, means, it is a satisfaction to dwell on the fact that Mr. Williams' entire life stands as an open book for the scru tiny of the world. He has not profited by the ruin or injury of
others, or by schemes that were doubtful in character, but has
walked steadfastly along the safe old lines of business probity and
straight dealing with his fellowmen. Mr. Williams' life exempli
fies those sterling traits of character which so strongly marked the
original stock of the "Old Dominion" and the "Old North State." For generations back his ancestors were among the sturdy sons of Virginia and North Carolina. Disciplined in the rugged life of the pioneer, honoring that which is pure and true, full of vigor and
38 III

.594

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

strength and courage, stanch in their adherence to principle, they bred a race of men well calculated to withstand the stress, of war and of evil days'of which the South was to enter. Mr. Williams was born in Wayne county, N. C., sixty-four years ago. His father, Mack Williams, a native of that state, was the son of Charles Wil liams, a captain of North Carolina cavalry in the war of 1812. His great-grandfather, George Williams, was a Virginia soldier of the Revolution. On the maternal side also Mr. Williams is descended from an old and distinguished Virginia family, the Parkers, a family whose name often appears in the annals of the state, in war as well as in peace. His grandmother, Elizabeth Parker, was born in Nansemond county, Va., removing to North Carolina after her marriage. From both sides Mr. Williams doubtless inherited the love of military life which displayed itself in the struggle between the states. As with so many thousands of the youth of the South, Mr. Williams' higher education was broken into by that sanguinary conflict. He had finished a two years' course (1858-59) at the Franklin military institute, and become a student at the University of Virginia, when the news of the attack on Fort Sumter swept a whirlwind of enthusiasm over North Carolina and her sister states. Books were cast aside at once. Returning home immediately he enlisted as a private in the Twentieth North Carolina infantry and served in that capacity for a year. While at home on a furlough Private Williams organized a company and tendered it to the gov ernor of North Carolina. Its services were at once accepted and he was commissioned its captain. This company then became part of the Fifty-fifth North Carolina infantry. After serving the Con federacy in this position for a year Captain Williams resigned his command, about March 1, 1863, and returned home. After a short rest he was appointed adjutant of Nethercott's battalion of Part isan Rangers. After a few months' service this office was resigned and Captain Williams organized another company at Kenston, N. C., received his commission as its commanding officer, and served with it until the close of hostilities. This company was made a part of Nethercott's battalion, which was afterwards consolidated with Wright's battalion and formed the Sixty-sixth regiment of North Carolina infantry. During his four years' service in the Confederate army, which terminated with the surrender of Johnston's army, Captain Williams was engaged in numerous skirmishes and battles in North Carolina and Virginia. He enjoyed the con fidence of his superior officers and of the men under his command. At Washington, Walthall Junction, the second Cold Harbor, Peters-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

595

burg, Fort Harrison, Wilmington, Wise's Fork and Bentonville his company fought valiantly. Its losses were heavy and at the surrender there was but a fragment of its original strength to lay down arms and return to the paths of peace. At Petersburg, from June 15 to September 6, his company lay in the trenches within 136 yards of the Federals in Fort Stedman, probably being the nearest to the enemy along the whole Confederate line of entrench ments. At other battle points Captain Williams and his men were similarly honored with positions of great danger and never failed to reflect credit upon themselves and North Carolina by the un flinching performance of their duty in the face of great odds. In the period of military service, as in the forty years of business struggles that were to follow, Captain Williams displayed the same traits of character cool determination, sagacious planning, un daunted courage, and a high moral sense of personal responsibility. The years of warfare were a fitting preparation for the four decades of progressive business life on which he at once entered when the sword was laid down at Greensboro. There was no time for idle ness for Captain Williams after hostilities ceased. He accepted a position as bookkeeper for a firm at Conway, S. C., and remained there for two years. In 1868 he engaged in the lumber business at Port Haralson, S. C., and two years later in the mercantile line at the same place. Inside of ten years Captain Williams, as he is still generally known to his friends, had secured a firm financial footing, had established a credit that was never impaired, and had reached that point in his career where he could safely enter broader fields and undertake business on a larger scale than heretofore. To that end he removed to Savannah, Ga., in 1879, and on December 10 entered the naval stores commission business there, later combin ing the handling of cotton with that of naval stores. For twentysix years he has continued in this line, the firm now being the oldest naval stores commission house in the South. At first the firm was Williams & Watson. Two years later, in 1882, the late C. L. Chessnutt succeeded to Mr. Watson's interest, the firm name becoming J. P. Williams & Co. Soon after this Mr. J. A. G. Carson succeeded Mr. Chessnutt. The firm name remained unchanged until 1897 when the concern was incorporated as The J. P. Williams Company. At the advent of Mr. Carson a wholesale grocery business was added, this house being the first naval stores firm to add that im portant branch to its business, an example the others soon followed. The development of the business was steady, every year seeing a decided increase in the volume of naval stores and cotton handled.

596

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

For the past twenty years the house has been recognized as fore most in its line. Even in the face of the strongest competition, such as has marked recent years, there has been a constant expan sion of its business and a strengthening of its commanding trade position. The firm name stands as a synonym for fair dealings and for strict adherence to rigid probity in every transaction. The absolute confidence felt in it by the producing trade is the strong est testimonial that could be desired as to the principles espoused by Mr. Williams and his business associates. As a far seeing business man Mr. Williams appreciated the fact that the rapid destruction of the pine timber of the South must soon result in an enormous appreciation of timber land values. He accordingly be came a large investor in such properties. To that end he organized the Williams Investment Company and The J. P. Williams Land Company. These two companies have handled in all over 700,000 acres of pine lands. The former has been liquidated, the latter continues in active business, controlling large and increasingly valuable tracts. Enormous profits have resulted from Mr. Williams' keen appreciation of the future results of the naval stores and lum ber inroads on the pine forests. Through the instrumentality of these land companies his house has also been in position to protect the interests of its customers among naval stores producers, pro viding them with timber lands when their farms were exhausted. The opportunity to buy timber lands cheap was open to all, but it was the sagacious foresight, the penetrating intelligence of men like Mr. Williams that led them to seize the possibilities and utilize them to their own and others benefit. The control of large areas of timber lands in the natural course of events led Mr. Williams into the railroad sphere. He was one of the chief promoters of the Middle Georgia & Atlantic railroad, which became merged into the Central of Georgia railway. The successful completion of this road was largely due to Mr. Williams' efforts. His experience in this enterprise was of value to him later. About eight years ago he began the construction of what is now known as the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad, but which for several years was operated as the Georgia Pine. Originally constructed from Bainbridge to Arlington, this road has been extended by degrees until it is now 170 miles in length, from Carrabelle, Fla., to Cuthbert, Ga., with a steamship line from Carrabelle to Apalachicola, and a branch rail line to Quincy, Fla. Plans have been completed for further extensions of this railroad enterprise, which will give it a better outlet and assist materially in the development of the virgin

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597

territory through which it now runs. The expansion of the busi ness of the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad has been little short of phenomenal. Striking boldly out into an entirely new section, confident that he had correctly estimated the possibilities it offered as a naval stores, lumber and agricultural district, Mr. Williams has had his predictions abundantly justified by actual results. The railroad, of which he is president, the main owner and the dominating spirit, has enjoyed a growing and profitable business almost from its opening. The country through which it runs is rapidly filling up with settlers, a liberal policy marking Mr. Williams' management of its destinies, and the entire territory it has opened up gives promise of becoming one of the garden spots of the south. At Carrabelle Mr. Williams' enterprise is developing one of the most promising harbors of the south, pos sessing wonderful natural advantages, and the commerce of which is growing with rapid strides. While much of Mr. Williams' time in late years has been occupied in the promotion of this railroad he has not allowed it to entirely absorb his business life. In Savannah he has held positions of honor and responsibility. One term he served as an alderman of the city. When a tank company was organized for the protection .of the producers of naval stores Mr. Williams was elected its president. In the Savannah cotton exchange he has rendered valuable service as director, vice-presi dent and president. One of the organizers of the Savannah board of trade, he served it as a director for some years, then as vicepresident, declining the presidency because of the pressure of busi ness. In the advancement of Savannah's interests he assisted in the organization of the Tybee Hotel Company and the Tybee Island Beach Company. In the banking life of the city he has also shown his public spirit. Assisting in the organization of the National bank of Savannah and of the Oglethorpe Savings and Trust Company, he served the former as director for a number of years, and is still a director of the latter institution. He is also a director of the Savannah Trust Company and of the Central Trust and Banking Corporation of Atlanta. Despite the continued claims on his time by the numerous business engagements of so active a commercial career, Mr. Williams has not failed in his duty toward the moral and spiritual side of life. An active mem ber of the Methodist Episcopal church he has liberally assisted its various benevolences. In its educational work he has taken a prominent part in connection with Emory college at Oxford, Ga., serving as chairman of the trustees of that institution for some

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years, and has given unstintedly of his time and means to its ad vancement. Three of the finest and most modern buildings at Emory are largely the result of his personal efforts and financial aid. In Savannah he has been chairman of the Trustees of the Young Men's Christian Association and to him is mainly due the credit for the initiation of the building project which is now giving to the association one of the finest homes for work of this character in the South. He is also president of the North Carolina society of Savannah and a Mason of many years' standing. Mr. Williams has been twice married, his first wife being Miss Olivia Rowena Outland, of South Carolina, and his second wife, who still lives, Miss Cora B. Taylor, also of that state. He has a beautiful home in Savannah and is erecting a commodious mansion at Statesboro, Ga., for occasional use. Although in his sixty-fourth year Mr. Williams to-day is as alert as in his younger manhood, has the same keen interest in the manifold activities of his life, and finds the sphere of his usefulness to his fellow 'men broadening with each year. Appreciating that wealth judiciously used for the development of the country is wealth well applied, he is devoting large sums to the promotion of his railroad, pursuing a broad, generous policy toward all of the interests with which he comes in contact. His remaining years promise.to be full of usefulness and to add to the well earned reputation that nearly a half century of honorable business achievements have won for him.
Williams, Mrs. Mary A. See Memorial Day. Williams, Robert J., of Swainsboro, is one of the leading mem bers of the Emanuel county bar and an ex-member of the state senate. He was born on the home plantation of his parents, in Emanuel county, Sept. 11, 1855, a son of Stephen M. and Carrie E. (Pughsley) Williams, both natives of Georgia, the former born in Telfair county in December, 1826, and the latter in Jefferson county in December, 1836. The father was a prosperous planter and honored citizen of Emanuel county, where his death occurred m November, 1891. His widow now makes her home in Dublin, Laurens county. Stephen M. Williams was a son of James Williams, who came to Georgia from North Carolina, and his widow is a daughter of Robert J. and Mary (Welch) Pughsley, the former a son of Dr. John Pughsley, an . able physician and surgeon, who came to America from France. Robert J. Williams se cured his early educational training in the country schools of Eman uel county and continued his studies in the Swainsboro high school until he had reached the age of nineteen years. For several years

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he was a successful and popular teacher in the schools of his native county, and in the meantime he took up the study of law under the late Col. Joseph Camp, of Swainsboro. He was admitted to the bar in 1880, has since maintained his professional headquarters in Swainsboro, and has built up an excellent practice in the courts of Emanuel and adjoining counties. He is counsel for the Stillmore Air Line railroad and has other important professional rela tions. In politics Mr. Williams has ever accorded an uncompro mising allegiance to the Democratic party; represented his district in the state senate in 1903-4; was president of the board of education of Swainsboro for several years; and during the earlier part of his professional career he held the office of solicitor of the county courts. He is a Royal Arch Mason and he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. He is the owner of a valuable plantation in Emanuel county, the same being widely known by reason of having within its limits Coleman lake, which is celebrated for its fine fishing. On Nov. 15, 1885, Mr. Williams was united in marriage to Mrs.~Mollie E. Moring, widow of Preston B. Moring and a daughter of the late Col. Joseph Camp, previously mentioned as the preceptor of Mr. Williams, and this union has been blessed by five children: Ida Belle, Robbie Jewel, Mary Leigh, Felix Carleton and Carrie E.
Williams, Robert Timothy, clerk of the
city council of Hazlehurst, Jeff Davis
county, is also incumbent of the offices
of justice of the peace and notary public,
and is one of the well known and popular
citizens of the new county, which was
organized in 1905. Mr. Williams was
born in Telfair county, Ga., Sept. 24,
1852, a son of Robert Timothy and
Amanda (Quinn) Williams, both of
whom were likewise natives of Telfair
county, where the former was born Sept.
20, 1834, and the latter July 4, 1835. Her father served as a soldier in the Seminole Indian war in 1835, as captain of his company and continued resident of Telfair county until his death, in 1865. In 1855 Robert T. Williams, Sr., re moved to Arkansas and he enlisted in the Confederate service at the outset of the Civil war, as first lieutenant in the company known as the Washita Grays, in the regiment commanded by Colonel Hawthorne. In the battle of Little Rock he received a

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wound in the thigh and was sent home on furlough. After his recovery he rejoined his regiment and was soon afterward trans ferred to Company K, Fourth Georgia cavalry. He was first lieutenant of his company and was with his regiment in the en gagement at Ocean Pond and in various other conflicts along the Florida coast. The regiment was then ordered to the northern part of Georgia to assist in General Hood's campaign, but later returned to the eastern coast and was stationed for some time at Fancy Bluff, where it was engaged in constructing barriers to stop navigation, afterward being detailed to apprehend stragglers who were leaving the army. The command was in the vicinity of the city of Savannah at the time of Lee's surrender and Lieutenant Williams then took up his residence in what is now Jeff Davis county, Ga., where he became identified with the lumber industry and also engaged in agricultural pursuits. He passed away July 6, 1888, at Hazlehurst, his death resulting from a stroke of paralysis which came to him as he was delivering a political speech in support of the cause of the Democratic party, the campaign of that year hav ing been one of the most strenuous in the history of the state. The Populists made an attempt to break the strength of the Democratic party. Mr. Williams' predictions as to the outcome have all proven true and his words are often recalled in local political circles when issues of importance are brought forth. His widow now resides with her only son, the subject of this sketch. The only daughter is Mrs. Ann G. McGinty, of Hazlehurst. Robert T. Williams, Jr., to whom this review is dedicated, secured his early educational training in the common schools and was thereafter a student for three years in an academy at Spring Hill, Montgomery county, conducted by R. F. Ratchford. At the age of twenty-two years he engaged in the saw-mill business for two years, after which he devoted his attention to farming during the summer seasons and in getting out timber during the winters, thus continuing for twenty-four years. He then located in Hazlehurst, where he was engaged in the hotel business one year, after which he passed two years on his farm. At the expiration of this period he again located in Hazlehurst, where he was appointed to his present offices notary public, justice of the peace and clerk of the city council of which he has since remained continuously the incumbent. In politics Mr. Williams is a Democrat of the old-school type and he and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church. He is affiliated with Hazlehurst Lodge, No. 283, Free and Accepted Masons; Hazle hurst Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; and Hazlehurst Lodge, No.

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601

315, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, as w.ell as with the local organization of the Knights of Honor. He served two terms as a member of the board of aldermen and was mayor of the city one term. In 1886-7 his father represented Appling county, of which Jeff Davis county was then a part, in the state legislature. He was one of the foremost lawyers of the Brunswick circuit, hav ing been admitted to the bar in 1876. He was also a physician, having been graduated in a medical college at Lexington, Ky., in 1854, and engaged in the practice of medicine prior to and after the Civil war. Later he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar, as noted. He was judge of the inferior court of Appling county and in 1864 was elected to the state senate, but was not permitted to take his seat, as he had not then been continuously resident of the state for a year. On May 4, 1876, the subject of this sketch was united in marriage to Miss Lucretia Hall, daughter of Jehu and Catherine (Johnson) Hall, of Graham, Ga., and of the eleven children of this union five are living: Roger resides in Jeff Davis county, is married and has one daughter, Fleta; May is the wife of J. R. Williams, of Hazlehurst; Lola is the wife of W. H. Brown, of Bulloch county, and they have one child, Arthur; and Ruth and Edna remain at the parental home. Mr. and Mrs. Wil liams also have as a member of their home circle their little grand daughter Ida, daughter of their deceased daughter, Mrs. Kate Wil
liams. Williamsburg, a town in the southern part of Calhoun county,
was incorporated by act of the legislature on Aug. 4, 1887. It is on the Central of Georgia railroad, about half-way between Arling ton and Leary, has an express office, mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 reported a population of 42.
Williamson, a village in Pike county, is at the junction of two divisions of the Southern railway system, about five miles north west of Zebulon. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 had a population of 167.
Williamson, Andrew, a native of South Carolina, sometimes called the "Benedict Arnold of the South," was, in the early days of the Revolution, a brigadier-general in the American army. While in command of some 300 men at Augusta he pretended to be in favor of uniting his forces with those under Gen. Elijah Clarke for the suppression of the Tories in Georgia and the Upper Carolinas. At the same time he held the king's protection in his pocket. He was an illiterate man, could not read or write, and left the details of his

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correspondence, etc., to his aide-de-camp, Malcolm Brown, who was also a Tory at heart. When the British forces, under Campbell and Brown, approached Augusta, Williamson disbanded his men, advising them to seek the royal protection. For this he was re warded by a colonel's commission in the British army.
Williamson, William Wayne, senior member of the firm of Williamson & Rauers, shipping, freighting and com mission agents, Savannah, was born in that city, Sept. 1, 1854, his ancestors, as represented in the Williamson, Wayne, Gordon and McQueen families, having been prominently identified with the early history of Savannah. In early manhood, when about eighteen years of age, Mr. Williamson joined the Savannah Volun teer Guards, and after filling every minor grade he finally, in 1901, became the major and active commanding officer of this time-honored organ ization. During his military career of thirty-two years he has been actively concerned in many military affairs. For four years he was captain of the celebrated Georgia state team of marksmen in the contests at Sea Girt, N. J. He is well known in business circles and the firm of which he is a member controls a large and important business, being Savannah agents for the Hansa line of steamers to Bremen and Hamburg and the North German Lloyd line to Bremen. He has twice served as president of the Savannah cotton exchange and is at the present time president of the Savan nah chamber of commerce, a director of the Savannah National bank, one of the commissioners of pilotage and the incumbent of other positions of executive trust. In 1904 Mr. Williamson mar ried Miss Corinne Heyward, of South Carolina. They have no children. Willingham, a town in Worth county, is about six miles south west of Isabella, and is a station on the Atlantic Coast Line rail way. The population in 1900 was 233. It has some mercantile interests, a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, and does considerable shipping. Willingham, Benjamin K., one of the successful commission merchants of Augusta, was born in Thomson, McDuffie county, Ga., Jan. 8, 1880, a son of Benjamin H. and Susie (Hundley) Will ingham, the former born in McDuffie county, in 1856, and the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

603

latter in Warren county, in 1861. They now reside in Thomson, where the father is engaged in the cotton and fertilizer business. Both Benjamin A. Willingham and William B. Hundley, paternal and maternal grandfathers of the subject of this sketch, were soldiers in the Confederate service during the Civil war, the former having been a first lieutenant and the latter a major. Many other relatives of Mr. Willingham, in direct and collateral lines, were likewise loyal defenders of the cause of the Confederacy. His great-grandfather, Dr. William Jones, was a surgeon in the service. Mr. Willingham was graduated in the high school at Thomson at the age of fifteen years, and thereafter was for two and one-half years a student in the Georgia school of technology, at Atlanta. Upon leaving this institution he entered the office of F. J. Cooledge & Bro., wholesale plate-glass dealers and paint manufacturers,
Atlanta, and from 1902 to 1905 he was in the employ of the Amer ican Cotton Oil Company in Augusta, being cashier for two and one-half years. On Aug. 30, 1905, he resigned his office and en gaged in the wholesale produce business at 585 Broad street and also does a general commission business, the enterprise showing a very satisfactory and continuous growth since its establishment. Mr. Willingham is a Democrat in politics and is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On Feb. 23, 1904, he was united in marriage to Miss Katrina Shields, of Thomson, and they have a daughter, Linda Bragg, who was born on April
21, 1905.
Willingham, Benjamin Lawton, pres
ident of the Piedmont Cotton Company, and the Willingham-Tift Lumber Com
pany, of Atlanta, is one of the progressive
business men and loyal citizens of the
capital city, and a scion of stanch South
ern stock. He was born in Allendale,
Barnwell District, S. C, Nov. 24, 1856, that state also being the birthplace of
his parents, Thomas H. and Cecilia (Baynard) Willingham. Both families
were early founded in South Carolina, whither the original progenitors in America came from England in the colonial epoch of our national history. Thomas H. Willingham was a successful planter in Barnwell district and during the war between the states he loyally supported the Confederacy. After the close of the war, he came

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to Georgia and located at Albany, Dougherty county, where he became a very extensive planter. He passed the closing years of his life in Atlanta, where he died in 1891, his widow now making her home with her son, Benjamin L., the subject of this sketch. Thomas H. and Cecilia Willingham were the parents of seventeen children, and of the number, twelve are living, namely: Mrs. E. H. Bacon, Mrs. T. ,O. B. Wood, Mrs. W. W. Bacon, Mrs. C. J. Daniel, Benjamin L., William B., Mrs. H. H. Tift, Mrs. W. Y. Pickard, Winborn J., Baynard, Mrs. William Lawrence^ and Mrs. I. W. Myers. Benjamin L. Willingham was reared on the homestead plantation, and was afforded good educational advantages. He completed a thorough course in Mercer university at Macon, Ga., graduating as a member of the class of 1878, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Immediately after his graduation, he took up his residence in Atlanta, where for two years he was employed in the1 retail carpet establishment of Lathrop & Fain, after which he was for several years employed as warehouseman by the Maddox-Rucker Banking Company, of that city. In 1887, he was admitted to membership in this firm, and is still a director and stockholder therein. In January, 1905, Mr. Willingham organ ized the Willingham-Tift Lumber Company, of which he is presi dent, the company having large and well equipped yards on Mur phy avenue, at McCalls Crossing. In 1901, he was elected presi dent of the Piedmont Cotton Company, which is capitalized for $100,000, and which has fine modern mills, giving a large annual output. Mr. Willingham exercises his franchise in support of the principles and policies of the Democratic party. He and his wife are members of the First Baptist church, of which he has been a member for the past twenty-five years; he is also a member of the Masonic fraternity. On June 20, 1887, he was united in marriage to Miss Margaret S. Wood, daughter of Dr. J. B. Wood, of Rich mond, Va., and they have four children, Carolyne, Emmie, Judson and Henry.
Willis, a post-hamlet of Twiggs county, is located a short dis tance south of Gallemore, which is the nearest railroad station.
Willis, Edward, was born in Georgia and sent to West Point as a cadet from that state. He had not yet completed his course when Georgia seceded, but he at once hurried home and offered his serv ices to the state. In July, 1861, he was appointed adjutant of the Twelfth Georgia regiment and ordered to West Virginia. After the battle of Fredericksburg in December, 1862, in which Colonel Scott was killed, he was advanced to the rank of colonel. He fell

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G05

while leading a brigade at North Anna river, in May, 1864. The day after his death a commission arrived making him a brigadiergeneral.
Willis, Francis, was a native of Frederick county, Va. At the close of the Revolution he settled in Georgia and was elected to Congress from that state in 1790. He subsequently removed to Maury county, Tenn., where he died in 1829.
Willow, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is not far from the White county line. Lula is the nearest railroad station.
Wills. All persons of mature age and sound mind may devise and dispose of property by will. Wills must be in writing (except verbal or nuncupative wills) and must be executed in the presence of three witnesses, called for that purpose by the testator. These witnesses must sign, and certify that they signed, in the presence of the testator and of each other. Wills of citizens of other states, disposing of property in Georgia, when executed according to the laws of the state where the testator lived at the time the will was made and probated in that state, may be admitted to probate in Georgia. In order to admit a will of this character to probate an authenticated copy of it must be presented, and must be accompanied by the certificate of the governor of the state where it was executed, under the seal of state, and setting forth that the will was pro bated in a court where the judicial officer had original jurisdiction of the subject-matter. Wills made by citizens of Georgia in other states must be executed and probated according to the laws of Georgia. Wills are probated in the court of ordinary in the county where the testator resided at the time of his death.
Wilmer, Rev. Gary Breckinridge, D. D., rector of St. Luke's Episcopal church in the city of Atlanta, and president of the standing committee of the Diocese of Georgia, is a scion of distinguished Vir ginia stock, and is himself a native of the Old Dominion, having been born in Williamsburg, June 2, 1859. The family name has been prominent for many years in connection with the history of the Prot estant Episcopal church. His father, Rev. George Thornton Wilmer, D. D., was rector, at different times, of various churches in the South, including the historic old Bruton parish, Williamsburg, Va., and was professor of logic and belles-lettres at

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

William and Mary college, and afterward at the University of the South. His father, also a clergyman, Rev. William Holland Wilmer, D. D., began in 1819 the publication, in Washington, D. C, of the "Washington Theological Repertory"; was rector of Saint Paul's church, Alexandria; rector of St. John's church, Washing ton, D. C.; one of the originators of the "Education Society of the District of Columbia"; founded the theological seminary at Alex andria, in which he was professor of systematic theology, ecclesias tical history and church polity; was author of the Episcopal Manual and various tracts; president of the house of clerical and lay depu ties of the general convention, and died in 1827 while president of William and Mary college, and rector of Bruton parish. An uncle of Dr. William H. Wilmer, the Rev. James J. Wilmer, was secre tary of the first meeting of the clergy of the Church of England in the United States (1783), and it was on his motion that the "Church of England in the Colonies" adopted the name, since so much dis cussed, of "Protestant Episcopal church." Two other members of the same family were the Rt. Rev. Joseph Pere Bell Wilmer, D. D., Bishop of Louisiana from 1866 to 1878, and Rt. Rev. Richard Hooker Wilmer, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of Alabama from 1862 to 1900. On the maternal side, Doctor Wilmer is descended from Robert Saunders, president of William college and professor of mathematics, and from John Page, who rendered various services to his country in Congress and in the field, and succeeded James Monroe as gov ernor of Virginia. Another of Doctor Wilmer's forbears was Maj. Richard Cox, of the American army during the Revolution, and member of the Society of the Cincinnati. Cary Breckinridge Wil mer, the subject of this sketch, was graduated from William and Mary college in 1875, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. After teaching school for several years, hE began the work of pre paring himself for the high calling with which the family name has been so long and eminently linked. Spending one year in the theolog ical department of Kenyon college, he was ordered deacon in 1884 by Bishop Young of Florida, and priest by Bishop Whipple in 1886. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from the University of the South in 1905. Doctor Wilmer held parochial charges in Florida, Ohio and Virginia before coming to Atlanta in 1900; has been president of the standing committee since 1905; is a member of the Symposium, Unity and Heptagon clubs of Atlanta; chap lain of the Fifth regiment of Georgia state troops; secretary of the Georgia child labor committee, and member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. On Jan. 23, 1905, was

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607

solemnized the marriage of Doctor Wilmer to Mrs. Kate Phillips
Ammons, daughter of Dr. N. D. and Kate Jordan Phillips, of Gaines-
ville, Fla.
Wilmington Island, an island off the Georgia coast, is divided from Whitemarsh island by a narrow, but deep inlet. On March 30, 1862, a Confederate scouting party became engaged in a skir mish with a body of Federal troops on this and Whitemarsh
island (q. v.). Wilmot, a post-village in Catoosa county, with a population of
98 in 1900, is located about four miles west of Tunnel Hill, which is the nearest railroad station.
Wilscot, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is in the valley of the Toccoa river, about five miles southeast of Blueridge, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Wilson, Augusta Evans, novelist, was a native of Georgia, having been born at Columbus in 1835. She spent her childhood in Texas and at Mobile, Ala., where her parents settled in 1841. She was educated at home, under her mother's supervision, and began her literary life when only fifteen years of age. Her first book, "Inez," met with a cordial reception, and was soon followed by "Beulah." Her third volume, "Macaria," was written by the bedside of Con federate soldiers, in the private hospital which she had established for them at Camp Beulah, near Mobile. Her later works are "Infelis," "Vashti," "St. Elmo," and "At the Mercy of Tiberius."
Wilson, Claudius Charles, one of Geor
gia's distinguished sons, was a man of sig nal nobility of character and left his
impress upon the annals of the state. It was his destiny to sacrifice his life in the cause of the Confederacy during the Civil
war, in which he ros? to the rank of brig
adier-general. He had been one of the most prominent and honored members of the bar of the city of Savannah prior to entering the Confederate service. He was born in Effingham county, Ga., Oct. 1, 1831, a son of Dr. Josiah Stewart Wilson, who was born in Liberty county, as was also the latter's father, Maj. Josiah T. Wilson, who served in the war of 1812. Gen. Claudius C. Wilson was a great-grandson of Gen. Daniel Stewart, of Liberty county, Ga., who served in the war of the Revolution, was a member of the Committee of Safety for St. John's parish, and

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was a valiant soldier in the war of 1812, in which he served with the rank of brigadier-general. In the summer of 1848 General Wilson entered the sophomore class of Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and in this institution he was graduated in 1851, with the highest honors of his class. In the following winter he read law under Col. James M. Smith, and was admitted to the bar at Savannah in 1852. Possessing a mind naturally analytical and rarely cultivated, and having exceptional powers of eloquence, he soon rose to a posi tion of eminence in his profession. In 1860 he was elected solicitorgeneral of the eastern circuit of Georgia, but resigned this office after a short period to resume the practice of his profession in Savannah as a member of the firm of Wilson, Norwood & Lester, with which he continued to be identified until the Civil war was precipitated on a divided nation. In August, 1861, he entered the military service of the Confederate States, and was elected colonel of the Twenty-fifth regiment of Georgia volunteers, which had been raised through his personal efforts, and in the spring of 1862, upon the reorganization of the regiment under the conscript law, he was reflected its colonel. The regiment was stationed at Tybee island until its evacuation by the Confederates, after which the command did service on the coast of North and South Carolina and around Savannah during the remainder of 1862 and the early part of 1863, Colonel Wilson acting as brigadier commander during the greater part of this time. In May, 1863, he was ordered to Mississippi with his regiment, which there became a part of Gen. W. H. T. Walker's brigade. On the promotion of General Walker to the rank of major-general, Colonel Wilson assumed command of the brigade, comprising the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Georgia regiments. In this position he served with distinction in the move ments for the relief of Vicksburg and in the battles around Jackson, Miss., as well as during the retreat of Johnston's army. In August, 1863, General Walker was ordered to join General Bragg's forces with his command in the Chattanooga campaign, and it was on the sanguinary field of Chickamauga that Colonel Wilson, in command of his brigade, won for himself imperishable honor. John Alien Wyeth, in his "Life of General Forrest," thus speaks of Wilson's command in the battle of Chickamauga: "It was Col. Claudius C. Wilson's brigade which came to the rescue, and at Forrest's request the Georgians swung into line immediately on his left and never waited a moment. They were not going to yield the palm to For rest's and Peg-ram's horsemen. These veterans of other bloody fields moved forward rapidly and with directness to close range before

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609

they delivered their well aimed volleys into the Union line, which yielded under pressure and was pursued by all." Forrest was elated at the conduct of Wilson's men, and in his general report spoke as follows: "They advanced in gallant style, driving back the enemy, capturing a battery of artillery, my dismounted cavalry advancing with them, and I must say that the fighting and gallant charges of the two brigades (Wilson's and Ector's) excited my astonishment. They broke the enemy's lines and could not be halted nor withdrawn until nearly surrounded." Maj. Gen. W. H. T. Walker says in his official report of this battle: "I may be permitted in my own division, which was commanded on Sunday by General Gist, to state that Colonel Wilson, who 'commanded a brigade on both Saturday and Sunday and who is the'oldest colonel from Georgia, is entitled, from long service with the brigade and from gallant conduct, to the com mand of the Georgia brigade he now commands, in the capacity of brigadier-general." The gallant conduct of Colonel Wilson in this battle caused his promotion to the rank of brigadier-general, but he was not long permitted to enjoy the distinction. His commission as such was signed by President Davis on Nov. 16, 1863, just ten days before the death of Colonel Wilson, reaching the headquarters of General Walker after the recipient of the honor had passed to the eternal life. This commission, as well as his commission as colonel of the Twenty-fifth Georgia, is in the Georgia room of the Confederate museum in Richmond, Va. Immediately after the bat tle of Chickamauga, General Wilson succumbed to camp fever, and while he was being removed to a place of greater safety he died, near Ringgold, Ga., Nov. 26, 1863, leaving to his state the precious legacy of a noble record of valor and devotion to duty. On Sept. 14, 1852, he married Miss Katharine McDuffie Morrison, daughter of John Morrison, of Augusta, Ga. Her death occurred in May, 1904. Of the four children, two are living, both being residents of Savannah John M. and Anna Belle, the latter being the wife of Maj. Edward Karow.
Wilson, Frank Cheatham, D. D. S., one of the leading represent atives of the dental profession in Savannah, was born near Egypt, Effingham county, Ga., Dec. 19, 1864, and is a son of Stephen Alfred Wilson and Tabitha Ann Wilson, of whom individual mention is made in this compilation, together with ample genealogical data, so that recapitulation is not necessary in the present connection. Doctor Wilson passed his boyhood days on the old homestead plantation and after a due preliminary training, entered the North Georgia Agricultural College in 1881, from which he was graduated
39 III

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

as a member of the class of 1885. Later, in properly fortifying him self for his chosen profession, he was matriculated in the Baltimore Dental College, in Baltimore, Md., from which he was graduated in
1891, with first honor. Since that time he
has been successfully established in prac tice in Savannah, where his clientele is of representative character. He was in the Spanish-American war, first lieutenant
of Company C (Savannah Volunteer Guards), Second Georgia Volunteer In fantry. The command was mustered into service at Griffin, Georgia, in May, 1898,
and was stationed in turn at Tampa, Flor
ida, and Huntsville, Alabama, not be ing called into active service. He resigned from the command September 10, 1898, after the close of the war. He is a Democrat in politics and is identified with numerous professional, fraternal, sportsmen's and social organizations, notably the following: Sigma Alpha Epsilon, a college fraternity; Landrum Lodge, No. 48, Free and Accepted Masons; Georgia State Dental Association; National Dental Asso ciation ; southern branch of the National Dental Association; Carteret Gun Club, of New York; Riverton Gun Club, of Philadelphia ; Forest City Gun Club, of Savannah; Savannah Rifle Association, Savannah Volunteer Guards' Club, Savannah Yacht Club, Georgia Hussars' Club and the Oglethorpe Club. He was a member of every team that represented the state of Georgia in the national military matches for ten years and won first place in contest for places on the team each year but one. His standing as a marks man, with both rifle and shotgun, has given him national celebrity in both military and sporting circles. At Sea Girt, New Jersey, in 1894-5-6-7, he won the Trenton Inter-State Fair Trophies and gold medals each year, his scores being 64, 67, 68, 70, out of a possible 70, respectively; seven shots at 200 yards and seven shots 300 yards each year. He won the match known as the "All Comers' Match" three years in succession, and in 1899 he won the "Presi dent's Match" and medal, with the incidental title of "Championship of America." In 1899, he also won the great "Wimbleton Cup," thirty shots at one thousand yards, on a score of one hundred and forty out of a possible one hundred and fifty, his being the greatest "scratch" score ever made1 in this celebrated match. He made twenty "fives" and ten "fours." This cup was given in 1875 to the

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National Rifle Association of America by the National Rifle Asso ciation of Great Britain, to be, contested for annually, at one thousand yards. He has made many perfect scores of fifty in ten shots, off-shoulder, 'at two hundred yards. In the "All Comers' " match, in Savannah, in 1897, he made twenty-one "bulls" in twentytwo shots, off-shoulder, the world's record for this style of shooting with the Springfield rifle. At Sea Girt, New Jersey, 1896, he made in forty shots, on the "skirmish," one hundred and eighty-nine out of<a possible two hundred, the record for this style of shooting. He is the only person who is known to have made any marked suc cess with both rifle and shotgun. In 1902, at Garden City, Long Island, he won the championship of the United States with the shot gun, killing ninety-six selected live pigeons released from a set of five traps, his victory bringing him a fine trophy, a loving cup, cost ing three hundred dollars. Prior to this he had killed one hundred and seven pigeons under like conditions, without a miss, any bird, able to fly out of a thirty yards boundary, after released and being shot at, being scored a miss. This is also the record for "consecu tive kills," as the previous record was eighty-eight. On the 30th of June, 1903, he was united in marriage to Mrs. Sofie Brice Dunham, daughter of William A. and Sarah Brice (Keener) Dunnington, of Baltimore, Maryland. They have no children.
Wilson, Stephen Alfred, who was a prominent and influential citizen of Effingham county, and a scion of honored pioneer families of Georgia, was born in that county on Sept. 3, 1829, and died May 3, 1897. He was the son of Elihu and Catherine (Tullis) AVilson, both natives of Effingham county. James Wilson who was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, came to America shortly before the Revolution, served in the Continental army as captain in the Tenth North Carolina -regiment, and later as captain-lieutenant jn the Fourth South Carolina artillery. He was taken prisoner at Charleston in May, 1780. For his services he received grants of land in several counties in Georgia, whither he removed and settled in Effingham county, where he passed the remainder of his days. .The name of his first wife is not known, but she left three sons, John, James and Jesse. Anne Gordon, who had been twice widowed, was the maiden name of his second wife, to whom he was married before he came to Georgia. Elihu Wilson was also an extensive planter, and served at Fort Jackson during the war of 1812. When the Civil war began, Stephen A. Wilson enlisted as a lieutenant in Company I, Forty-seventh Georgia volunteers, and was promoted to captain. He was with his command in various engagements, and

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

wa.s enroute to the relief of Vicksburg when that city capitulated. He was a participant in the battles of Lookout Mountain, Mission ary Ridge and Chickamauga, and received a wound in the head at the battle of Lost Mountain. After his recovery he rejoined his command at John's island, taking part in the engagement there and also at James' island and Honey Hill. Returning home for the purpose of removing his family to a place of safety, he was cut off from his command, and under these conditions joined the troops of Gen. Frank Cheatham, with whom he remained to the close of the war. He was remarkably successful in recuperating his prostrate fortunes, and was a recognized leader in his community, being a man of much force, dignity of character, fine judgment and unimpeach able integrity. His first two wives left no children beyond infancy, but his third wife, Miss T'abitha A. Edwards, who is still living in Effingham county, is the mother of Dr. Walter Scott Wilson, Horace E. Wilson and Dr. Frank Cheatham Wilson, all of Savan nah, and Frances Katharine, the widow of Louis Marshall Ryals, of Savannah, formerly of Virginia, and Mary Murchison Lafitte. Mrs. Wilson is the daughter of the late Rev. Joseph C. and Frances (Cone) Edwards, and great-granddaughter of Capt. William Cone, and Capt John Pitts, both of whom commanded companies in the Revolutionary war.
Wilsonville, a village in the southeast part of Coffee county, is in the Seventeen Mile creek valley. It is about six or seven miles south of Nicholls, which is the nearest railroad station, and is the chief trading point in that part of the county. The population in 1900 was 100. It has a money order postoffice and good educational and religious advantages.
Winburn, William Alfred, of Savannah, second vice-president of the Central of
Georgia Railway Company, has been identified with railroad affairs from his early youth and has risen through the various grades of promotion by reason of
the effective service he has rendered. He was born in Gainesville, Hall county, Ga., Oct. 19, 1863, 'a son of James B. M. and Mary Prince (Montgomery) Winburn,
the former born, in Jefferson, Jackson
county, Ga., Oct. 9, 1835, and the latter at Anderson, county seat of Anderson county, S. C. Mr. Winburn secured his early educational training

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in the common schools of his native town and in 1880, at the age of seventeen years, he there identified himself with the railway service, in a clerical capacity in the local depot. From 1881 to 1883 he was a clerk in the division freight office of the A. & C. Air Line railroad, in the city of Atlanta; thereafter served until 1886 as clerk in the division freight and passenger office of the Western North Carolina railroad, at Salisbury, N. C.; in 1887 held a similar office at Asheville, that state; from 1887 to 1891 was division freight and passenger agent of the Richmond & Danville railroad, at Asheville; in 1892 was clerk in the general manager's office of the Columbus Southern railway, at Columbus, Ga.; and later in the office of the traffic manager of the Central of Georgia, in Savannah; from 1892 to 1901 was general freight agent of the Central of Georgia, in Savannah, where he has since main tained his headquarters ; in 1901-2 he was traffic manager of the same system, and since that time has been second vice-president of the company, in charge of its traffic, and being one of the well known and popular railway officials of his native state. Mr. Winburn is a Democrat in his political allegiance, is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church and is identified with various social and fraternal organizations. On July 11, 1888, was solemnized his marriage to Miss Anne Cole Smith, daughter of Pressley N. and Sue (Cole) Smith, of Salisbury, N. C., and they have three children William Alfred, Jr., Sue Cole and James Randall.
Winchester, a post-village of Macon county, is a station on the Central of Georgia railroad, ten miles northeast of Montezuma, and is the principal trading and shipping point for that part of the county,
Winder, a town in Jackson county, and extending into Gwinnett and Walton counties, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1893. It is located at the junction of the Gainesville, Jefferson Si Southern and the Seaboard Air Line railways and in 1900 had a population of 1,145. It has an international money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, three banks, an oil mill, a cotton mill with 5,000 spindles and some other factor ies, and is well supplied with schools and churches. During the war it was known as Jug Tavern and a skirmish occurred here on August 3, 1864, when the Fourteenth Illinois cavalry was attacked about daylight and almost annihilated by a force of Confederate
cavalry. Winfield, a post-hamlet in the northwest corner of Columbia

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county, is about twelve miles north of Thomson, which is the near est railroad station.
Wingfield, Nisbet, city engineer and commissioner of public works of the city of Augusta, and known as one of the representative civil engineers of the state, was born on the old homestead planta tion, in Dade county, Ga., Sept. 23, 1861, a son of Marcellus Alfred Wingfield, born in Madison, Morgan county, Ga., in 1820, and Julia (Lea) Wingfield, born in Knoxville, Tenn., in 1835. The father was engaged in mercantile pursuits during the majorportionof his active business career, and died in 1871, his wife having passed away in 1863. He was a son of John and Francis (Cunningham) Wingfield, both natives of Georgia and representative of stanch pioneer families of the state, and his wife's parents were Prior and Anna T. (Heard) Lea, of Tennessee. Nisbet Wingfield was educated in the University of Tennessee at Knoxville, when he graduated as a member of the class of 1881 in a special course, having taken a thorough training in civil engineering as a portion of his college work. After leaving the university he was em ployed until 1897 as a constructing engineer in various southern states and within that period he built many public works, the total cost of such improvements made under his direction aggregating more than $8,000,000. In 1887, at Chattanooga, Tenn., he built the second large mechanical filtering plant ever constructed in the United States, the same being a municipal plant. He also accom plished the feat of supplying the residents on the summit of Look out mountain with water from a spring at the base of the historic mountain, the water being pumped to an elevation of 2,000 feet. This notable work was completed in 1890. In 1897 Mr. Wingfield was employed by the city of Augusta to construct its present admirable water-works system, the work being completed in 1901. Since 1898 he has held the position of city engineer and commis sioner of public works of Augusta, the office having been specially created for him, while his labors in the connection have so re dounded to the benefit of the city and its people that none can doubt the wisdom of the course taken in creating this new muni cipal office. Mr. Wingfield exercises his franchise in support of the principles of the Democratic party, but he has never had any

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desire to enter the domain of "practical politics." He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church, and he is identified with the American public works association, the American water works .association, the American society of civil engineers, the Benevo lent and Protective Order of Elks, the Royal Arcanum, and the Commercial and Country clubs of Augusta. On Nov. 18, 1884, Mr. \Vingfield was married to Miss Susan L. Wallace, daughter of Charles B. Wallace and granddaughter of the late Campbell Wr allace, formerly railroad commissioner of Georgia. Mr. and Mrs. Wingfield have two children Robert, born Feb. 9, 1886, and Wallace, born May 26, 1888.
Wingfield, Samuel Barnett, the able and honored judge of the court of ordinary of Clarke county, is a representative of one of the well known families of Georgia, with whose annals the name has been identified from an early period in the his tory of the commonwealth, the founder of the line in this state having been the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch. The original American progen itors came from Suffolk, England, in the colonial era and settled in Virginia, from which state came the Georgia branch. The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Samuel Wingfield, a successful planter of Wilkes county, Ga., at the time of his death. Judge Samuel B. Wingfield, who has maintained his home in the city of Athens for many years, was born in Washington, Wilkes county, Ga., Feb. 26, 1838, a son of Archibald Simpson and Jane Ann (Barnett) Wingfield, both natives of Georgia, where they passed their entire lives. The mother passed away in the year which marked the birth of Samuel B. and the father died in 1861, having been for many years teller in a bank at Washington. His father-in-law, Samuel Barnett, was president of the bank and was one of the prominent citizens and influential capitalists of Wilkes county. Archibald S. Wingfield was the owner of exten sive plantation interests and held many slaves, in Wilkes county, before the Civil war. Judge Wingfield attended the schools of Washington until he had attained to the age of fifteen years, when he was compelled to abandon his studies on account of impaired health. Prior to the outbreak of the Civil war he devoted him self to the management of a farm which had been given him by

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his father, in Wilkes county. He, earnestly desired to go forth in defense of the cause of the Confederacy, but his health was such that he was unable to pass the required physical examination. In 1864, however, he enlisted in the regiment of Georgia infantry commanded by Gen. Robert Toombs, took part in several skir mishes but no heavy engagements and was present at the surren der of both Atlanta and Savannah. After the war closed Judge Wingneld took up his residence at Athens, where he entered the employ of the Georgia Railroad Company, later holding responsi ble positions in turn with the Southern and the Macon & Northern railroads. He thereafter was employed as book-keeper and ac countant by various firms in this city until 1901, when he was elected ordinary of the county, giving a most acceptable admin istration and being chosen as his own successor in 1904. His term expires in 190S. He served as meat inspector of the city of Athens several years ago. He is a stalwart adherent of the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are zealous members of the Baptist church. On June 24, 1858, Judge Wingfield was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth D. Callaway, daughter of William R. Callaway, who died in Wilkes county many years ago. Concerning the chil dren of this marriage the following brief record is entered: Rosalie R. became the wife of W. S. Short and is now deceased; Beatrice is the wife of E. P. Short, of Edgewood, DeKalb county; Archibald S. resides in Athens; Annie is the widow of James O. Farrell and resides at the parental home; Kate Bell is the wife of John N. Williamson^ of Athens; William and Samuel B., Jr., are also residents of this city; Ida is the wife of Warren J. Smith, of Athens; Lila became the wife of Dr. Charles Finley and both are deceased; Robert Screven and George Terry both reside in Athens; and two children died in infancy. It is worthy of note that Judge and Mrs. Wingfield have had to date, six sons and seven daughters, twenty-six grandsons and fifteen granddaughters.
Wingfield, Thomas T., head of the Wingfield Hardware Com pany, of Augusta, is one of the pioneer merchants of the city, where he is the oldest representative of the hardware trade now living, and has long been identified with the best business and civic interests of Augusta, where he has ever commanded the most unqualified con fidence and regard. He was born in Washington, Wilkes 'county, Ga., Aug. 16, 1827, a son of James and Susan (Gordon) Wingfield, the former a native of Hanover county, Va., and the latter of Wilkes county, Ga. James Wingfield was a small boy at the time of his parents' removal from the Old Dominion state to'

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617

Wilkes county, where he was reared and educated and passed the remainder of his long and useful life, having been a farmer by vocation and sixty-four years of age at the time of his death. His
wife died in Washington, that county, at the age of seventy-seven years and of their eleven children the subject of this sketch is now the only survivor. Thomas T. Wingfield was a student in Washing ton academy, in his native town, until he had attained to the age of sixteen years, when he took a position as clerk in a local grocery and retained this position for five years. In 1849 he removed to Augusta, where he was employed in a dry-goods store the first year, then became book keeper in a grocery establishment, retain ing this incumbency three years, at the expiration of which, in 1854, he engaged in the retail grocery business on his own responsi bility. In 1857 he removed to Washington county, Miss., where for two years he attempted to raise cotton, in the Mississippi valley. Each year his crops were submerged and destroyed by the overflow of the river, and he was thus forced to abandon his efforts. Wash ington county at the present day is known as one of the finest cotton-producing sections of Mississippi. In 1859 Mr. Wingfield returned to Augusta, where he became bookkeeper in the hardware establishment owned by John and Thomas A. Bones and held that position twenty consecutive years, within which three or more changes were made in the personel of the firm; as well as in the title of the concern. In 1879 he resigned this office and engaged in the hard ware business on his own account, having thus been engaged in this line of enterprise in this city for more than a quarter of a century. His large and well stocked establishment is located at 1043 Broad street, and two of his sons, James G. and Edward B., are now asso ciated with him in the business, which is conducted under the title of the Wingfield Hardware Company, being both wholesale and re tail in its ramifications and controlling a large and representative trade. Mr. Wingfield is a stalwart adherent of the Democratic party, and is a prominent member of the Greene street Presbyterian church, in which he is an elder. He is a Royal Arch Mason and the only living charter member of Webb Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, of Augusta. On May 17, 1854, was solmnized the marriage of Mr. Wingfield to Miss Mary M. Bones, who was born in the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

north of Ireland, and was a resident of Augusta at the time of her marriage. She died in 1877, and six children survive her: Eleanor Bryson, Mary J., Susan Lee, James G., Edward B. and William C. Susan L. is now the wife of Henry C. Tennent, of Augusta.
Winn, Thomas Elisha, was born in Clarke county in 1839, at tended school at Emory college and at Henry college in Virginia, where he studied law. He entered the Confederate army in 1861 and served until the close of the war, attaining the rank of lieu tenant-colonel. After the war he engaged in farming. He was made county commissioner of schools of Gwinnett county in 1876, and served until 1890, when he was elected to a seat in the lower house of the Fifty-second Congress.
Winn, William J., the able city engi neer of Savannah, is one of the repre sentative civil engineers of the state, and a veteran of the Civil war, in which he rose to the rank of colonel in the Con federate service. Colonel Winn was born in Walthourville, Liberty county, G'a., Feb. 9, 1888, a son of James Wilson and Elizabeth Rebecca (Norman) Winn, both natives of Liberty county, where the former was born Aug. 1, 1807, and the latter Aug. 23, 1819. The progenitor of the Winn family in Georgia was John Winn, Sr., who, with his immediate family, was numbered among the original settlers of St. John's parish, now known as Liberty county, having taken up his residence there in 1755. He was a mem ber of the Council of Safety which met in the old Tondee Tavern, in Savannah, as a delegate from his parish, and by reason of his activity in the cause of independence in the troublous days of the Revolution he was named in the "disqualifying act" as being ineli gible for any office of honor or profit under the British govern ment. He entered the Continental line at the outset of the Revolu tion, having previously been made second lieutenant in the first company of the Second regiment of foot militia of Georgia. His company had as its captain Thomas Carter,'and the regiment was commanded by Col. Kenneth Baillie. His commission as second lieutenant was dated Feb. 21, 1766. His service in the patriot army during the war is certified by Col. John Baker, the record being still extant. His son Peter was likewise in the Colonial service in the great struggle for independence, as certified by Col.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

619

E. Clark. In 1767 he had been made ensign of the Fifth Company, John Mann, captain, of the Second Georgia regiment, Augusta division, commanded by Col. James Jackson. John Winn, son of Peter Winn, was major during the war of 1812. Col. William J. Winn, the immediate subject of this sketch, was afforded the ad vantages of the common schools of his day and supplemented this discipline by a course in the Georgia military academy. After leaving school, his father having died in the meanwhile, he assumed charge of the home plantation, to which he gave his supervision until there came the call of higher duty, with the precipitation of the war between the states. He was among the first to go forth in defense of the cause of the Confederacy. He enlisted as second lieutenant of Company H, Liberty Volunteers, an organization formed in his home county, and this was mustered into the Con federate service early in 1861, as a member of the Fourteenth Georgia regiment, which later became the Twenty-fifth Georgia infantry. On the formation of the regiment Lieutenant Winn was chosen its major. The regiment was mustered in at Oglethorpe Barracks, Savannah, and remained in this locality, on coast duty, until 1863, when it was ordered to Jackson, Miss., to form a part of General Johnston's army. The command participated in the engagements around Jackson and then went to Tennessee, becom ing a part of the Army of Tennessee, under General Bragg, and participated in the battle of Chickamauga. In this memorable fight Major Winn was severely wounded and sent home on a fur lough. After recuperating he rejoined his regiment, at Dalton, Ga., and on the promotion of Colonel Wilson to brigadier-general, Lieutenant-Colonel Williams having been mortally wounded in the battle of Chickamauga, Major Winn was promoted to the colonelcy of his regiment. He was in command of the regiment from Dalton to Atlanta, taking part in the innumerable engagements which marked the progress of the command, and in one of the conflicts in the vicinity he was so seriously wounded as to incapacitate him for further field service, thus being accorded an honorable dis charge. In the Georgia military academy he had prepared himself for the profession of civil engineering, and after the close of the war he was engaged in teaching in the common schools one year, at the expiration of which he turned his attention to the profession noted. His first work in this connection was in the capacity of assistant engineer in the construction of the Montgomery & Eufaula railroad in Alabama, and he was made chief engineer before the completion of the work. He then became chief engineer of the

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North & South railroad, a narrow-gauge line, which was being built in Georgia, and he continued to be identified with railway construction and civil-engineering in Georgia, Florida and other southern states for many years, doing a large, varied and impor tant work. He made a survey of the Florida ship canal for the United States government in 1878. In 1888 he took up his resi dence in Savannah and was appointed city engineer in May of that year. He has since remained the incumbent of this office where his efforts have greatly conserved the well being of the city, his zeal and efficiency being of the highest type and his administration of the important affairs of his office admirable in all respects, gain ing to him official and popular commendation. Colonel Winn is a stalwart Democrat in his political adherency, and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and the United Confederate Veterans. On Feb. 16, 1859, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary E. Fleming, daughter of John S. and Jane A. (Quarterman) Fleming, of Liberty county, and they have three children: Fleming W., who is associ ated with the Savannah Cotton Oil Company, married Miss Mary Montgomery, of Liberty county, and they have two children Fleming W., Jr., and Lillian S. Mary Luella, is the wife of Edmond W. Brown, of Savannah; and William H. also resides in Savannah, his wife, Beulah, having been born in Houston county, Ga.
Winokur, a village in the northeastern part of Charlton county, is a station on the Atlantic Coast Line railway. It has a money order postoffice and some mercantile and shipping interests.
Winslow (railroad name Grangerville), a post-hamlet of Wayne county, is on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railway system, ten miles southeast of Jesup.
Winston, a village in the northwestern part of Douglas county, is a station on the division of the Southern railroad that runs west from Austell. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some mercantile and shipping interests, and in 1900 reported a population of 100.
Winterville, a town in Oglethorpe county, is on the Athens branch of the Georgia railroad, and in 1900. had a population of 320. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several successful business houses, some of which deal extensively in fertilizers, and good schools and churches.
Wiregrass, a post-hamlet of Clinch county, is on the ridge be tween Jones and Suwanoochee creeks, about six miles northeast of Calhoun, which is the nearest railroad station.

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Wise, James Walter, of Fayetteville, a
leading member of the Fayette county
bar, and a representative of that county
in the state legislature, was born in
Henry county, Ga., March 3, 1868, a son
of George E. and Rachel (Foster) Wise,
the former born in Morgan county and
the latter in Henry county, Ga. The ancestry in the paternal line traces to
Scotch-Irish stock. The family was early founded in Virginia, whence representa
tives came to Georgia in the early '30's
and located in Henry county. George E. Wise was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy and served during the entire period of the Civil war, as a lieutenant in the Twentyseventh Georgia volunteer infantry. In 1877 he represented Henry county in the state legislature. James W. Wise was afforded the advantages of the excellent schools of his native county and was reared on the homestead plantation. He took up the study of law in the office of the well known firm of Hall & Hammond, of Atlanta, later having as a preceptor Judge Ragan, of that city, and finally continued his technical studies in the law department of Emory college at Oxford, Ga. In 1892 he was admitted to the bar in- McDonough, Henry county, and in the following year located at Fayetteville, where he has since been established in the suc cessful practice of his profession. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and has been an active worker in its cause. He served several terms as mayor of Fayetteville, and in 1902 was elected to represent Fayette county in the lower house of the state legislature. He was reflected in 1904 and is now chairman of the ways and means committee. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Methodist Episcopal church South.
Withers, a post-town of Clinch county, is on the branch of the Atlantic Coast Line railway that runs south from Dupont Junc tion, and is near the Echols county line. The population in 1900
was 120.
Wofford, William T., was a soldier of two wars, having served during the entire Mexican war as an apprenticeship for his experi ence in the Civil war. During the interim he practiced law and served as a member of the legislature. He was a delegate to the Southern convention in 1858 and to the secession convention in 1861. In the latter he voted against the ordinance until the last,

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but like many others of similar belief he offered his services to the state and was commissioned colonel of the Eighteenth regiment. On the death of Gen. T. R. R. Cobb he was advanced to the rank of brigadier-general. At the beginning of 1865 he was placed in command of the department of North Georgia, where the suffering was intense, and where he did much to alleviate the distress. After the war he was elected to Congress, though he was not allowed to serve. He was able, however, to procure help for his district from the government. He was a Democratic presidential elector in 1872 and again in 1876, and was a member of the con stitutional convention of 1877. His last years were spent near
Cassville.
Wolf, John, a -prominent florist and successful young business' man of Savan
nah, has demonstrated in his career what is possible of accomplishment on the part
of the youth who comes to America from foreign shores and sets forth to win inde
pendence through his own efforts. He was born in Hungary, Austria, May 1,
1871, and is a son of Sandier and Anna (Weiland) Wolf, who passed their entire lives in Austro-Hungary. The father
was a musician by profession and died
when John was but four years old, while he was only twelve years of age when his mother also passed away. He was left a homeless orphan, ragged and barefoot, a veritable waif of the streets. What he has accomplished is best shown in the fact that, though he is but thirty-four years of age, he is now the owner of the largest wholesale and retail system of greenhouses in Georgia and one of the most extensive in the entire South. After the death of his mother he entered the employ of a florist in his native country, remaining thus engaged for three years. In 1888, at the age of seventeen, he immigrated to America, landing at Castle Garden. From New -York he made his way to West Virginia, where he could find no profitable employment, so he returned to the state of New York, walking the entire distance, as he was without money. He consumed three weeks in making the trip and finally found employment in a brickyard at Haverstraw, N. Y., receiving one dollar and seventy-five cents a day. Less than a month later he gave up this work and made his way to Georgia, where he took charge of a crew of his countrymen in

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

623

connection with the construction of a railroad bridge. Sickness broke out among the men, who, of course, gave up the work, necessitating his retirement from his position shortly after he assumed the same. He then came to Savannah, where his first em ployment was in the brewery of Herman Winter, but one week's experience proved ample. He then found a position in the employ of August C. Oelschig", the well known florist, receiving ten dollars a month and being thus engaged for the ensuing nine months. For the following three years he was employed by another florist, Gustave Keisling, receiving twenty-five dollars a month. With $500, which he had saved from his wages, he engaged in business for himself as a florist in 1893. He began operations on too large a scale to be justified by his limited capital and failure attended the venture, from which he retired with only a mule and wagon, which he sold for $125. He then went to the city of Philadelphia, where he soon exhausted his diminutive capital and was compelled to borrow from a Savannah friend a sufficient sum to defray the expense of his return trip. Upon coming again to Savannah he secured employment in caring for various flower gardens about the city, being thus engaged about one year. In 1895 he again started in business for himself, his capital at this time being but sixty dollars. His previous experience had taught its lesson, however, and he began on a modest scale and enlarged the scope of his enterprise as the growing business justified. Within ten years he has built up a magnificent business, creditable alike to the city and to himself. In 1903 he purchased a tract of eight acres, at the intersection of Anderson and Ott streets, and upon this property he has since expended $16,000 in improvements, in the construction of greenhouses, office and general equipment. His conservatories, seventeen in number, have 140,000 square feet of glass and are modern in every respect. Mr. Wolf makes a specialty of cut flowers, supplying both the wholesale and retail trade. The valuation of his property, exclusive of stock, is fully $30,000. The significance of this statement is pronounced, when reversion is made to the financial status of Mr. Wolf upon his arrival in America. He is held in high esteem in business and social circles, and is much of a linguist, speaking the German, Hungarian, Bohe mian and English languages. He is a member of the Savannah chamber of commerce, the Young Men's Christian Association and the Knights of Pythias. He was reared in the faith of the Catholic church, but is now a member of the Presbyterian church. On Jan. 1, 1900, Mr. Wolf was united in marriage to Miss Amelia B.

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Staib, who was born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 13, 1873, and they have two children: John, Jr., born Nov. 17, 1901, and Anna, born Oct. 27, 1903. Mrs. Wolf is a member of the Lutheran church..
Wolffork, a post-hamlet of Rabun county, is in a picturesque dis trict, about seven miles northwest of Clayton, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Womack, a post-town in the extreme southwest corner of Clay county, reported a population of 263 in 1900. It is the most impor tant trading point in that section, has good church and school privileges, etc. Fort Gaines, eight miles northwest, is the nearest railroad town.
Wood, Joseph, member of the Continental Congress, was a native of Pennsylvania. In 1774 he came to Georgia and settled at Sunbury. He was one of that radical element that elected Lyman Hall a delegate to the Continental Congress from St. John's parish, at a time when the rest of the state was unwilling to array itself against the British government. Soon after this event-he returned to Pennsylvania and entered the army, where he rose.rapidly to the rank of colonel. Late in the year 1776 he came again to his plantation on the Newport river and in January,-1777, was himself elected a delegate to the Continental Congress. He died on his plantation in Liberty county in 1791.
Woodbine, a village of Camden county, is a station on the Sea board Air Line railroad, at the point where it crosses the Satilla river. The population in' 1900 was 87. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, and does considerable ship ping, both by rail and water.
Woodbury, a town in the southeastern part of Meriwether county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1872. The Macon & Birmingham railroad crosses the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern at this point. Its population by the census of 1900 was 566. It has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, several mercantile establishments doing a good business, a large oil mill and excellent school and church privileges.
Woodcliff, a village in Screven county, with a population of 103 in 1900, is on the Sylvania Central railroad, about half-way be tween Rockyford and Sylvania. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, and impor tant mercantile and shipping interests.
Wood Station, a village in Catoosa county, with a population of

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625

89 in 1900, is about five miles east of Rockspring, which is the
nearest railroad town. Woodstock, a town in the southern part of Cherokee county, is
on the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railroad, and not far from the Cobb county line. It was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 8, 1897, and in 1900 reported a population of 276. From its money order postoffice a number of free delivery routes supply mail to the adjacent rural districts, its stores do a good business, it has express and telegraph offices, good school and church privileges, and does considerable shipping.
Woodville, a town in the northern part of Greene county, is on the Athens branch of the Georgia railway. It has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several stores, schools and churches, and in 1900 reported a popu
lation of 300.
Woodward, James G., mayor of the
city of Atlanta, has not only shown
marked power and discrimination in the
administration of the municipal govern
ment of the beautiful capital of Georgia
but has also manifested the elements of popular strength and gained in a signifi
cant degree the esteem and confidence
of the public. He was born in Marietta,
Cobb county, Ga., Jan. 14, 1845, a son
of Nelson and Nancy (Hutchins) Wood
ward, the former born in Fayette county, Pa., and the latter in Georgia, Jan. 26, 1810, her parents having been early settlers of the state, if, indeed, they were not natives of the same. The family records are some what obscure in these regards and exact data are not available. Nelson Woodward went forth with a company of Georgia volun teers to serve in the Mexican war, taking part in various engage ments and sacrificing his life in the cause, as he died while still in the service, in the latter part of the war. James G. Woodward received the advantages of the common schools of Marietta, and it was his privilege to secure that further training which has con sistently been pronounced equivalent to a liberal education, by serving an apprenticeship at the printer's trade. He began in January, 1858, and perfected himself in the mysteries and details of the "art preservative of all arts." His apprenticeship was served in the office of the Marietta Advocate, owned by the late
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Rev. W. H. Hunt, and he continued to follow the printing busi ness for more than forty years, within which time he was employed in many of the leading cities of the country. He returned to and took up his permanent residence in Atlanta Sept. 1, 1877, and here he was identified with the Constitution and the Journal for many years, continuing in the work of his trade until the summer of 1899, when he was first elected mayor of the city. He has long been an ardent and uncompromising supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party and has for many years been retained in public service in Atlanta. He served as a member of the city council in 1888-9; was for nine years a valued, member of the board of aldermen, 1890-92, 1896-8, and 1902-4. In 1899, as already intimated, he was elected mayor, served two years, and in 1905 was again called to the chief executive office of the city government, a position of which he is the incumbent at the time of this writing. His administration has been essentially sane and businesslike, progressive, direct and certain in policy, and his rec ord as mayor is one which redounds to his credit and to the honor and benefit of the city, as the many tablets on large public im provements throughout the city thoroughly demonstrates. Mayor Woodward was formerly identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men, and he is now affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Royal Arcanum. He has been a member of the Atlanta Typographical Union for more than thirty-five years. He has the confidence and respect of all classes of citizens, and no one is more intrinsically loyal to the fair capital city. On Dec. 24, 1877, Mr. Woodward was united in marriage to Miss Emma L. Millican, of Atlanta, daughter of John and Lucy (Matthews) Millican, both of whom were reared at or near Athens, Ga., where they remained until directly after the close of the Civil war, when they removed to Atlanta, where they passed the re mainder of their lives. Mayor and Mrs. Woodward have only one child, Miss Nannie A. Woodward, born Nov. 3, 1878.
Woodward, Leland W., whose name is a synonym for integrity and energetic business action, is president of the Woodward Lum ber Company of Augusta, a concern which has done much to add to the prestige Georgia has gained in the commercial world through the development of her great lumbering industry. Mr. Woodward is a native of the Old Palmetto State, having been born at Barnwell', Barnwell county, S. C, July 6, 1862. He is a. son of Willis W. and Sophronia R. (Tarrant) Woodward, both natives of that county,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

627

their respective families having been founded in South Carolina at an early date. Willis W. Woodward learned the carpenter's trade in early life and in later years became a successful contractor and
builder. When the Civil war broke upon the country he enlisted as a soldier in a South Carolina regiment and served in the cause of the Confederacy, having partic ipated in a number of important engage ments and was once severely wounded. he is now living practically retired in the city of Augusta. His devoted wife was summoned to her home beyond a few years ago at the age of sixty-eight years. The boyhood of Leland W. Wood ward was passed during the troublous period that followed the war, so that his opportunities to acquire an education were somewhat limited. He managed to secure a good common school training, however, and to this he has added by self effort and by association with well informed men. In 1872, when he was but ten years of age, his parents took up their resi dence in Augusta, Ga., but about a year later removed to the north ern part of the state, where they lived until 1878, when they re turned to Augusta. Mr. Woodward learned the carpenter's trade with his father and for several years did a good business as a con tractor. Subsequently he was employed as a stationary engineer, and for one year was bridge supervisor for the Charleston & West ern Carolina railway. He was then for four years manager of a large lumber and manufacturing concern in Augusta and while in this position mastered many of the details of the business, thus gaining a technical knowledge that has been of inestimable bene fit to him and his associates in his present enterprise. In 1899 he resigned his place as manager to organize the Woodward Lumber Company, of which he has been president from the beginning. This company now ranks as one of the foremost in its line in north eastern Georgia. It owns large tracts of timber land, operates its own saw-mills, and has a well equipped sash, door and blind fac tory at Augusta. Its manufactured products are kept up to the highest possible standard, the inflexible rule being that no inferior material or workmanship must leave the factory. Such a concern must naturally prosper, and the success of the company has been due in a great measure to the technical skill and executive ability

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of its president, whose course has always been fully endorsed by the members of the company, all of whom are reliable and substan tial business men. The company is represented in the membership of the Southern Manufacturers' association and occupies a high position as one of Georgia's manufacturing establishments. Mr. Woodward is a Democrat in his political convictions, but has never been an aspirant for public office, preferring the more certain emoluments of a well conducted business enterprise. He is a mem
ber of the Royal Arcanum and with his wife belongs to the Baptist church. On Nov. 30, 1888, he was married to Miss Jennie E. Hair, of Aiken county, S. C., and they have two children: Tarrant, born
in 1889 and Wynona, born in 1891.
Woodward, Park, general manager of the city water works of Atlanta, is one of the sterling citizens whose name is familiar to practically all residents of the beautiful capital city, where he has served in various official capacities. He has also been prominently identified with newspaper work here and with mili tary affairs in the state, being now re tired with the rank of colonel. He was
a gallant soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war and in all the relations of life has so borne himself as to merit and retain the confidence and good will of his fellow men. Colonel Woodward was born in Bluffton, Beaufort county, S. C., May 4, 1847, a son of Rev. Alsop Park and Elizabeth Catherine (Pope) Woodward, the former born in Orange county, N. Y., in 1804, and the latter on St. Helena island, S. C., March 2, 1818. His father, who was a clergyman of the Episcopal church, was fifty-four years of age at the time of his death, which occurred on Daufuskie Isl and, S. C., in November, 1858. The mother of the subject of this review died 011 May 29, 1904, and was laid to rest in Oakland ceme tery, Atlanta. In the paternal line Colonel Woodward is descended from Richard Woodward, of Ipswich, England, who came to America in 1634, and settled at Watertown, Mass., whence certain of his descendants later removed to Orange county, N. Y. Through this ancestor, by intermarriages, Colonel Woodward is descended from such well known families as the Danas, Alsops, Vails, Stillwells and that of Park. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Vail, was a Revolutionary soldier, having been a captain in the New

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

$29

York regiment commanded by Coonel Hathron, and :was killed in the engagement at Minnisink, on the Delaware river, while; gal lantly leading his company, July 22, 1779. Through his ^mothierK Colonel Woodward traces his lineage to many distinguistec!:: sources. He is descended from Col. Nathaniel Pope, of England, who came to America in 1635, settling in where records still extant indicate that he was one of the twentyfour framers of the "Grand Inquest," and he removed, with his nine menials, to Westmoreland county, Va., where he was com missioned lieutenant-colonel of the colony, April 4, 1655. In the family line also were Capt. William Pope, who served under Gen. Francis Marion in the war of the Revolution; Hon. William Pope, of South Carolina, who was state senator for many years, and Col. John Ashe, gentleman, of Callison, S. C., who came from Devon shire, England, and took up his residence in Carolina in 1683. He was a member of the assembly of the provinces in 1701-3, and was sent by the people as agent to lay their grievances before the lords proprietors, sailing for England in 1703 and dying, in Lon don, in August of that year. He was succeeded by his son John in the assembly of 1704. Col. Park Woodward was a student of Oglethorpe university and the South Carolina military institute. In June, 1863, at the age of sixteen years, he tendered his services to the Confederate government, becoming a private in the Terrell Artillery, of Columbus, Ga., which became known as Brook's bat tery. He joined the command at White's Bluff, near Savannah, and the battery was thence sent to Fort McAllister, where it re mained until the time of Sherman's attack on Savannah. Colonel Woodward was present at the siege of Savannah, took part in the battle at Bentonville, N. C., and in other engagements of minor importance, in that state, his battery having been attached to Hardee's corps in North Carolina after the fall of Savannah. He continued in service until the close of the war, and was paroled, at Greensboro, N. C., May 5, 1865. His military career since the war may be summed up briefly in his service record, as follows: First lieutenant and adjutant of the Fourth battery, Georgia state troops; lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth Georgia infantry, and later colonel of the same regiment, from which he was retired with that rank. Colonel Woodward was business manager of the Atlanta Daily Herald from 1874, until February, 1876, when it suspended publication. He was thereafter one of the proprietors of the At lanta Daily Courier for a brief period, disposing of his interest in the same to accept the position of bookkeeper in the office of the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Atlanta Constitution, which position he held until 1879, when he was appointed chief deputy United States marshal of Georgia. This office he held until 1883, when he was appointed deputy clerk of the superior court of Fulton county, serving until 1884, after which he was assistant postmaster of Atlanta until 1889, when he was chosen city clerk and remained in tenure of this office until 1896, since which time he has served continuously and most ef ficiently as general superintendent of the Atlanta water works. He is an uncompromising Democrat, is identified with the United Confederate Veterans; is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, in which he is specially prominent in the chivalric body, having had the distinction of serving as grand commander of the Georgia grand commandery of Knights Templars, and is also a member of Yaarab Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He also holds membership in the Capital City club, the Atlanta Athletic club, and Piedmont Driving club, as well as the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He was formerly a commu nicant of the Protestant Episcopal church but now holds member ship in the Christian church. On Feb. 1, 1876, Colonel Woodward was united in marriage to Miss Kate Schley Howell, daughter of Hon. Clark Howell and Mary Davis (Hook) Howell, of Atlanta, and the children of this union are as follows: Clark Howell, Mary Davis, Elizabeth Pope, Martha Kate, Daniel Hook, and Harry
Stockdell.
Woolley, Basil M., M. D., of Atlanta,
is one of those strong, earnest and noble
men who may be looked upon as a bene
factor of the human race, and through his effective treatment of persons ad
dicted to the opium and liquor habits, or
diseases, he has attained to international
reputation and accomplished a wonder
ful work. He was born in Perry county,
Ala., Sept. 28, 1834, a son of Robert A.
and Mary (White) Woolley, the former
of whom was born in northern Alabama
and the latter in Anson county, N. C. They were substantial, sturdy old time farmers. Doctor Woolley is one of eleven children. He was afforded the advantages of a country academy and later continued his studies under the direc tion of professors of Howard College, at Marion, Ala., being em ployed in the meanwhile and reciting his lessons at night, in or-

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631

der to make as much progress as possible. At the age of eighteen years he was made assistant circuit clerk at Marion, later was em ployed as a dry-good salesman and bookkeeper, and finally en gaged in the book business on his own account. He made a suc cess of the enterprise and continued in it until the outbreak of the Civil war, when he enlisted in the Confederate service, as a mem ber of the Fifty-first Alabama cavalry, with which he served dur ing the four years of the great conflict between the states. Con cerning his career it is found expedient to quote, with slight elimin ation and paraphrase, from an article published in the Atlanta Journal: "He went from the circuit clerk's office into one of the largest dry-goods houses of the town of Marion, and so great were his business talents and so implicit the confidence of his employer that in a short time he was the leading and confidential clerk of the establishment. By strict economy he saved the greater part of his salary, and having the confidence of all who knew him, he engaged in the business of a bookseller, with a handsome and costly stock of books and stationery. This afforded him an excel lent opportunity for reading and for storing his mind with useful knowledge, and being naturally studious he made the best of his opportunities. He made the business successful and thus it con tinued until the outbreak of the Civil war. After the war he en gaged in the mercantile and cotton commission business at Selma, Ala., where he accumulated quite a fortune, all of which was lost in the national financial panic of 1873. He was at that time one of the most prominent business men of that section of the state, and an influential member of the board of trade of his city. He practically announced his financial condition a year before the panic came. This was done at a meeting of business men in the board of trade rooms while talking over the situation in consequence of the flood of 1872. By means best known to himself he had become forcibly impressed with the great in crease in the number of persons who were addicted to the use of opium in the various forms and to the overuse of whisky and other intoxicants. Though eminently free from the use of either, being not only strictly temperate himself, but also of a very temperate family, he realized the ruinous effects of such hibits. His mind being directed to the subject, he sought information thereon from every available source, until finally convinced that a treatment for these evils would not only prove a boon to mankind but also a livelyhood to the discoverer. He delved deeply into the con stitution of man, studied closely the effects of opiates and alcohol,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and the substances best adapted to overcoming their results and eliminating their poisons from the human system. No successful treatment had been found up to this time, and assured that he had found the great secret and that he had a reliable and safe treat ment for the opium and alcohol habits, he proclaimed it through the press and was soon gratified with wonderful results. For twenty-five years he has devoted himself to the splendid work and he has cured thousands, while there has not been a single instance of death from the use of his remedies, which is unusual in the treatment of disorders of so serious a character. Each and every patient is examined and given a prescription as his or her case may demand, and the treatment is in no sense a patent medicine. For many years Doctor Woolley has been a close and constant student of medicine. When, he commenced the practice of his spe cialty he met with opposition from the medical fraternity, but this was modified by the unanswerable proofs of his wonderful suc cess and by his manly bearing toward this honored profession. He was graduated in the Atlanta medical college, one of the oldest regular schools in the state, was subjected to a rigid examination and found worthy and well qualified. The world is indebted to Dr. B. M. Woolley for one of the most useful and beneficial dis coveries of the century, and his fame will go down the ages as the friend and benefactor of mankind." It may further be said that more than 15,000 persons, in all sections of the country, have been successfully treated by Doctor Woolley, and that he has had the unequivocal endorsement of the press, the pulpit and the gen eral public. He has maintained his home and business headquar ters in the city of Atlanta since 1873. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance, is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and is a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in the Sunday school of which he served as superintendent for a number of years. In May, 1859, Doctor Woolley was united in marriage to Miss Hattie Leake, daughter of Doctor Leake, who was a resi dent of Laurens, S. C. She is survived by two children, Vassar Woolley, who was born in 1863, and now resides in Atlanta, and Eliza, born in 1873, and now the wife of E. W. Alien, of Atlanta. On Feb. 22, 1893, Doctor Woolley was married to Miss Dora V. Abbey, daughter of E. M. and Elizabeth Abbey, of Mississippi, and the two children of this union are Basil M., Jr., and Marion.
Woolsey, a town in the southern part of Fayette county, was in corporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 15, 1893. In 1900 the population was 53. It has a money order postoffice, with rural

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

633

free delivery, express and telegraph offices, and being located on
a division of the Southern railway system has good shipping facil ities.
Wooster, a post-hamlet of Meriwether county, is ten miles northeast of Greenville, which is the nearest railway station.
Worth, a town of Turner county, is four miles northwest of Ashburn, at the junction of the Central of Georgia and the Hawkinsville & Florida Southern railways. The population in 1900 was 216. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, ex press and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, and good educational and religious advantages.
Worth County was laid out from Irwin and Dooly in 1856 and was named for Gen. William Worth, a distinguished soldier of the Mexican war. In August, 1905, a part was set off to Turner and Tift counties. Before this time the boundaries were as follows: Dooly county on the north, Irwin and Berrien on the east, Colquitt on the south, Mitchell, Dougherty and Lee on the west and Lee on the northwest. The surface is level and is watered by the Flint and the Little rivers and their branches. Along these streams the soil is fertile and cotton, rice, field and ground peas, chufas, po tatoes and the cereals are raised in abundance. Vegetables, ber ries and melons are raised, but few are shipped. The chief fruits are peaches, apples, pears, plums, cherries and grapes. There is a remnant of the original forest still standing, containing cypress, pine, gum and hickory timber, and considerable lumber is sawed. The Atlantic Coast Line railroad crosses the county from east to west, the Albany & Northern runs across the northwest corner, the Georgia Northern across the southwest corner and a short line known as the Flint River & Gulf touches the northeastern por tion. Worth county has but few minerals. Clay, limestone and sandstone are found, but the deposits are not worked. There are a number of factories in the county, chiefly along the streams, which provide fine water-power. Sylvester is the county seat. Isabella, formerly the county seat, Willingham and Poulan are important towns. The population in 1900 was 18,664, an increase of 8,616 since 1890.
Wormsloe. (See Isle of Hope.) Wray, a. village of Irwin county, is a station on the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad, not far from the Coffee county line. It has a money order postoffice, a few stores, and does some shipping. Wrayswood, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Greene

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

county, is about seven miles east of Apalachee, which is the near est railroad town.
Wrens, a town in the northeastern part of Jefferson county, was incorporated by act of the general assembly on Dec. 17, 1901. It is on the Augusta Southern railroad and in 1900 had a population of 218. It has important mercantile and shipping interests, ex press and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, and is one of the thriving towns in that section of the state.
Wright, a village of Wilcox county, is at the terminus of a short branch of the Fitzgerald, Ocmulgee & Red Bluff railroad, and in 1900 had a population of 50. It has a money order postoffice, some mercantile concerns, and does a good shipping business, especially in lumber and naval stores.
Wright, Ambrose Ramsom, was born at Louisville, Jefferson county, in April, 1826. At the beginning of the war he was prac ticing law in his native county. When Georgia decided to with draw from the Union he was sent as a commissioner to Maryland to induce the people of that state to join the Confederacy. He entered the service of the state as a private in the Third Georgia regiment, but was elected its colonel, and in June, 1862, was com missioned brigadier-general. He served during the entire war, dis tinguished himself at Malvern Hill, Gettysburg, and Sharpsburg he being wounded and his horse killed under him in the last named battle and in 1864 was commissioned major-general. After the war he settled in Augusta, where, as editor of the Chronicle and Sentinel he was a power for his party. He was elected a member of Congress in 1872, but died on December 21st of the same year, before taking his seat.
Wright, Augustus R., was born at Wrightsboro, McDuffie county, in 1813. He was educated as a lawyer and established himself in practice at Rome. From 1843 to 1849 he served as judge of the Cherokee circuit; was elected representative in Congress as a Democrat in 1856, and was a member of the Confederate Con gress during the war.
Wright, Boykin, former attorney-general of the State of Georgia and present representative of Richmond county in the state legisla ture, is one of the most prominent and influential members of the bar of the city of Augusta, where he controls a large and important practice. He was born on the homestead plantation in Newton county, Ga., May 20, 1852, a son of Franklin and Salina Frances (Robinson) Wright, the former born in Putnam county, Ga., Dec. 12, 1821, and the latter in Jasper county, June 16, 1831. The father

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

635

was a planter during his active career and for a number of years : gast has lived retired in Savannah and Atlanta, having passedfhe: :age: sf four score years. His cherished and devoted wife was summoned;
into eternal rest on: Feb. 20,1905. Of their children four are living: Robert F., assist ant commissioner of agriculture of the State of Georgia; Boykin; Adelaide, wife of James B. Chestnut of Savannah; and Jeanne, wife of Frank Welden,, of Atlanta. Franklin Wright is a son of Robert Wright, who was five years of age at the time of his parents' removal from Orange county, Va., to Greene county, Ga., the latter having been a son and namesake of Robert Wright, who was a valiant soldier in the continental line dur ing the war of the Revolution, after the close of which he removed to Georgia, as above implied. Cornelius Rob inson, maternal grandfather of Boykin Wright, was likewise a soldier in the Revolution. Boykin Wright passed his boyhood days on . the home plantation, and in 1868 was matriculated in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., where he remained until the close cf his junior year. Later he entered the law department of the University of Georgia, and was graduated as a member of the class of 1875, which has furnished many prominent and distin guished men of affairs to the state. Mr. Wright at once opened an office in Augusta, where his professional novitiate was of com paratively brief duration, as is evident when the fact is recalled that his prestige was such that after three years of practice, or as soon as he was constitutionally eligible, he was elected solicitorgeneral of the Augusta judicial circuit, of which office he remained the incumbent twelve years, at the expiration of which, in 1892, he resumed his law practice, which soon assumed large proportions. In 1902 he was appointed attorney-general of the state, by Gover nor Alien D. Candler, and he rendered most able service in this important office, of which he remained in tenure until the expiratioti of Governor Candler's administration, since which time he has given his attention to the work of his profession, retaining a very large and representative clientage. In 1904 he was elected to represent the county in the state legislature, in which he natur ally has assumed a position of leadership. He is a member of the Georgia bar association; a prominent factor in the councils of the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Democratic party in the state; a member of the board of trustees of each, the Augusta orphan asylum, the medical college of the University of Georgia and the academy of Richmond county; and is a stockholder and director in many manufacturing and indus trial concerns in Augusta and elsewhere in the state. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Feb. 17, 1885, Mr. Wright was married to Miss Margaret Constance Cabell, daughter of Dr. Robert G. Cabell, of Richmond, Va., and grand daughter of William H. Cabell, who was at one time governor of Virginia and later president of the Virginia court of appeals. Mr. and Mrs. Wright have three children: Marguerite Cabell, Boykin, Jr., and Constance Cabell. The following sketch of Mr. Wright as a lawyer is furnished by the Hon. Henry C. Hammond, judge of the superior court of the Augusta circuit, than whom no one in Georgia is better qualified to speak on this subject: "Here we shall speak of Mr. Wright only as we know him in the law of fice and the court room. Not to speak of him as a factor in the social, political and business life of this community leaves very much untold, and a true appreciation of the manner of man he is could be conveyed only by the skilled analyst of character. The writer's opportunities for forming an opinion of Mr. Wright as a lawyer have been unusually good. The view-point has been va ried. First, as a law student, next as an untried, unfledged prac titioner, then as associate or opposing counsel before court and jury, and now as judge. In all the years to come, will the law stu dent ever cease to remember with gratitude the kindly treatment of one of the leading members of the bar he who could pause to make friendly inquiry about studies and prospects, he who would take time to answer, with painstaking patience, some elementary question, he who stood ever ready to encourage and to help? His welcoming hand was held out to the young attorney just come to the bar. Here was no desire to belittle or ignore, but, on the con trary, the shedding of a light so warm and genial as to bring into flower aught of good there might be. The first case of any im portance, that felony case, that real test of the young attorney's power to walk alone Mr. Wright was the solicitor-general then, and, as always, he discharged his full duty to the state, but, Oh! those words of praise only partly deserved, uttered in open court before judge, jury and spectators, that frank admission to the jury that a strong defense had been set up, and that even his own con fidence in the guilt of the accused had been shaken the inevitable verdict of not guilty that marked a turning point in the young at-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

637

torney's career. It has been said by lawyers who tasted from both spoons that Mr. Wright was the best to fight with, and the worst man to fight against at the Georgia bar. Certainly he is an ideal associate. No carping word, no dissatisfaction, no distrust only aidful sympathy and support in all things. When it comes to a division of fee and glory, he is all too liberal to the associate, and when to a division of work and responsibility all too liberal to himself. As an opponent, he is courteous, fair, honorable, but withal so resourceful, so undaunted, so unconquerable as to make him foeman worthy of any steel. He does not discount his enemy, or his enemy's case, but mining deep, prepares to overthrow it. To the court, and to its officials, he is invariably considerate. His deep research, his mature thought, his clear speech, illumine the path of the Judge. When sought he never withholds from the court his invaluable aid and counsel. Mr. Wright's relations with his fellow members of the bar are the happiest. Friendly, cordial, sympathetic, constantly doing things with his right hand that his left knows not. His comradeship, his good humor, his charming company are sought by his brethren of the bar and by him freely bestowed. Though an always busy man, the greeting is a glad hand-shake, a winning smile, a cheering word. His wonderful suc cess as a trial lawyer has brought no envy, no jealousy. Like valiant knight, he joins battle with his antagonist, who, though overthrown, feels not bitterness but only just esteem for the brave heart and masterful hand that has wrought his defeat. Fortunate is the client who has this strong generous man for counselor and advocate. In and out of the court house, his client's interest, rep utation, feelings are in his tender and sheltering care. Were the cause not his client's, but his own, he could not pour into it more freely the work of head and hand. An eminent Federal jurist upon hearing from the bench his presentation of a client's case, said he liad never seen a lawyer into whose keeping he would more will ingly commit his most vital interests. Writing of his work and "his method of work, one can deal only in generalities, but their use shall be guarded and within bounds. This man of genius and in spiration, this debater and orator, is withal a plodder. He takes naught for granted, but on and on to the bottom and end of every thing that concerns the matter in hand. His files grow into vol umes of fact and law. He is not at himself in the preparation of a case until he is literally waist deep in law books. While mind ful of responsiblity, he does not avoid it. Reference cannot be made to this thrilling murder trial or that intricate civil case. Suf-

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fice it to say that in all he is to duty as faithful as a saint. Though the litigation may- live on through years, it never stales with him. In the court room, alas! no word of mine can give adequate de scription of this cautious, bold, this suave, unflinching, this humor ous, earnest practitioner. He never says die, or let up, or give back, it's now, now and all the time with him. He starts by stat ing his case so clearly that judge and jury, though wayfaring men, need not err. With him no drifting, but straight ahead to a wellmarked goal. The witnesses he handles with, and without, gloves. With rare tact, and relentless penetration, he seeks out and brings to light the much or little they know. Mr. Wright is a strong be liever in trial by jury and he always attributes to jurors, intelli gence and fairness. He accepts frequent victory and infrequent defeat with the same outward calmness. It would take a pen far better trained than the writer's to set forth fairly the varied traits of character manifasted in this truly remarkable man. Behind all these, too, is a physique scarcely less interesting. Of course, it will be left to the artist to portray his handsome countenance, and his graceful form. But any one of us may be permitted to say how he impresses us as we look upon him in the forenoon or meet him on the highway. Mr. Wright is the tallest man in Georgia for his height. He stands erect in self-respect and comes near adding a cubit to his stature, though time has not been able to turn one hair white an eye to threaten and command, yet grace is seated on his brow. It shows in his every movement. His frame, thought slight, would seem a thing not made of flesh and blood a marvelous au tomaton with a scorn for work and weariness. Day after'day he sits at his desk doing the work-horse task, in the court room, he goes the terrorizing gait of the thoroughbred. He is looked upon as a delicate man and so he is, but we who know him know he is one of iron nerve and unquenchable vitality. The health, strength and longevity of his parents warrant the ardent hope cherished by all that this tireless toiler may still for years to come keep his shoulder to the wheel. Here is a good man and a great lawyer whose life and work makes only for the good of his time and people."
Wright, Germyn. (See Wright's Fort). Wright, Jefferson D., M. D., is one of the leading physicians and surgeons of Jefferson county, being established in the practice of his profession in the thriving little city of Louisville, where he also owns and conducts a drug store. He was born on a planta tion in that county, Aug. 13, 1860, a son of Col. Henry G. and Susan Emily (Jenkins) Wright, both natives of Jefferson county, where

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the former was born July 9, 1830, and the latter in the year 1832. Colonel Wright was one of the successful planters of Washington county, whither he removed from Jefferson county when the sub ject of this review was a child. He was colonel of a Georgia regi ment of volunteers in the Confederate service during the Civil war and in this connection made a gallant record. -He met an acci dental death, in 1904, by the running away of a horse which he was driving. His widow still resides with her children. Dr. J. D. Wright passed his boyhood days on the homestead plantation, in Washington county, where he secured his earlier educational training, after which he passed two years as student in the Geor gia military academy at Marietta, a short interval in Emory col lege at Oxford, and Mercer university, at Macon. Still later he was for eighteen months a student in the Hunter school for boys in the city of Macon, and then entered the medical department of the University of Maryland at Baltimore, where he completed the prescribed course and was graduated as a member of the class of 1882, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine, coming forth admirably equipped for the active work of both departments of his chosen profession. He at once opened an office in Louis ville, and his success stands as voucher for his ability and his de votion to the exacting duties of his humane vocation. He is the owner of one of the two drug stores of the town, having a well equipped establishment and securing a representative patronage, as does he also in his direct professional work. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia and is a close and appre ciative student of his profession, keeping abreast of all advances made in the same. He has valuable plantation interests in the county, is a member of the directorate of the First National bank of Louisville and is a stockholder in the Louisville Manufacturing Company. He is found aligned as a stanch supporter of the prin ciples and policies of the Democratic party, and takes a loyal in terest in all that tends to advance the welfare of his home town and county. On Jan. 27, 1886, Doctor Wright was united in mar riage to Miss Lulie L. Powell, daughter of the late Dr. Isaac R. Powell, who was for many years engaged in the practice of medi cine in Jefferson county. To this marriage have been born two children Louisa Mary and Emily Jenkins, aged respectively fif teen and ten years, in 1906.
Wright, Sir James, governor of Georgia from 1761 to 1776 and 1779 to 1782, was born in Charleston, S. C., about 1714. It is sup posed that he was educated in England, but he studied law in this

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country and was attorney-general of South Carolina for twentyone years. In 1760 he became lieutenant-governor of Georgia and the following year was appointed Royal governor. His administra tion was wise and beneficial and he was popular until the passage of the Stamp Act, in trying to enforce which, he became into con flict with the people. The repeal of the act brought temporary re lief. But in 1768 Governor Wright dissolved the assembly, charg ing them with entertaining Revolutionary ideas. On February 10, 1770, he again dissolved that body for electing Dr. Noble W. Jones as speaker. The following year he spent in England, where he was made a baronet, and returned in 1773. He objected to the meeting at Tondee's tavern in 1774, and tried in vain to prevent it. In January, 1776, he was captured by Joseph Habersham, as he sat in his own house, but escaped. Governor Wright returned to Sa vannah on February llth and sailed for England. During the Brit ish occupation of the town in 1779, he returned to Savannah and resumed his duties as governor, but left for South Carolina at the evacuation and never returned. The British government allowed him about 33,000 for lost property and 1,000 a year for salary. He died in London, Nov. 20, 1785.
Wright, Robert Franklin, was born in Newton county, Ga., March 17, 1850. His father, Franklin Wright, was born near Monticello, in Jasper county, Ga., Dec. 12, 1821, and his grandfather, Rob ert Wright, was a native of Orange county, Va., who removed to Georgia, lived for a while in Greene county, then in Jasper, but spent the greater part of his life in Newton county. This grand father was a captain in the war of 1812, and Mr. Wright's great-grandfather, Robert, was an officer in the Sixth Vir ginia regiment during the war for American independence. Frank lin Wright, the father of the subject of this sketch, was, during the war between the states, first a corporal in Company K, Second regiment of state troops, and later was in the commissary depart ment. Mr. Wright's mother was Miss Salina Robinson, daughter of Cornelius Robinson, who came from Dublin, Ireland, to Ameiica and was a direct descendant of the "Robinsons of Roheby". When Mr. Wright was fifteen years old, the family removed from the paternal home in Newton county to the town of Oxford, the

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seat of that great institution of Southern Methodism, Emory col lege, at which he was graduated in 1872. He was then made prin cipal of the high school at Lawrenceville, taught a short time at the academy of Richmond county in Augusta, and was next prin cipal in succession of the Boys' high school at Covington, and the Male academy at Elberton. He was for eight years school commis sioner of Elbert county, which position he resigned in 1890 to ac cept that of assistant keeper of the penitentiary, tendered him by Gov. W. J. Northen. Through his influence reforms were inaugu rated in the Georgia prison system and during Governor Atkinson's administration, in accordance with a report made by Mr. Wright after a personal inspection of the convicts, a law was en acted giving the state supervision of all misdemeanor convicts. In 1898 Mr. Wright earnestly supported Hon. O. B. Stevens in his race against Hon. R. T. Nesbitt for the position of commissioner of agriculture and upon the election of Mr. Stevens and his acces sion to that office, was appointed assistant commissioner. This post he filled during the administration of Mr. Stevens, and was retained in it upon the appointment of Hon. T. G. Hudson, when Mr. Stevens resigned to accept a position as railroad commissioner. Mr. Wright has made a faithful, diligent and zealous assistant commissioner of agriculture, and in addition to his official duties, with Prof. Jos, T. Derry prepared the "Georgia, Historical and Industrial", a useful work issued in 1901 by the authority of Hon. O. B. Stevens, and again in 1904, he and Professor Derry prepared for the department of agriculture "Georgia's Resources and Ad vantages". In all these years, both when teaching and when in the service of the state, Mr. Wright has found time to devote to agriculture, and as a practical farmer, has taken high stand in El bert county. He has also been engaged in commercial affairs in Elberton and has assisted materially in the upbuilding of that progressive Georgia city. Mr. Wright was married in November, 1878, to Miss Janie Tate, at Elberton, and they have seven chil dren, three sons and four daughters: F. T., O. T., Robert, Willena, Madge, Norma and Thelma. Willena died at the age of two years and Madge when nearly twelve years old. Mr. Wright is a mem ber of the Methodist Episcopal church South and of the order of
Free Masons. Wright, William H., superintendent of the Atlantic Coast Line
railroad for the Savannah district and chairman of the board of control of the Savannah union station, was born in the city of Savannah, Aug. 24, 1866. He is a son of W. A. and Dora (Pat-
41 in

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terson) Wright, the former born in Springfield, Effingham county, Ga., in 1837, and the latter in Key West, Ga., in 1840. In the paternal line Mr. Wright is a descendant of Jacob Casper Wald-
hauer, who was among the Salzburger
refugees who landed in Savannah about
1734. He was a member of the Provin cial Congress which elected a delegate from Georgia to the Philadelphia conven
tion of 1775; was proscribed by the Brit ish government and a price placed on his
head. On the maternal side Mr. Wright is descended from Asa Patterson, a sol
dier in a Massachusetts regiment during
the war of 1812, and he is a col lateral descendant from Gov. Horatio Sey mour, of New York. Mr. Wright was af forded the advantages of the Savannah public schools, and in 1879 secured employment as messenger boy at the Savannah river wharf of the A. & G. railroad. The following year he was made flagman, and in 1883 he was promoted to the position of freight conductor. Two years later he became a passenger conductor, in which capacity he remained in service until 1894, when he was made general yard master in Savannah. He retained this position until 1896, when he became train master of the line between Sa vannah, Ga., and Jacksonville, Fla. In 1900 he was promoted from this office to that of superintendent of the Charleston & Savannah railway, and in September, 1902, was transferred to the Savannah district of the Atlantic Coast Line, being now superintendent in charge of the lines from Savannah to Jacksonville, and from Bruns wick to Albany. In May, 1902, he was elected chairman of the board of control of the Savannah union station, of which position he has since continued in tenure. Mr. Wright is a member of Citi zens' club, a semi-political organization, and served two terms as a members of the board of aldermen of Savannah, having been chairman of the committee on accounts and a member of other important committees. He is a member of the Order of Railway Conductors, and is affiliated with Savannah Lodge, No. 183, Be nevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Wrightsboro. About twenty years after Georgia was first set tled at Savannah Edmund Grey, with a number of associates, came from Virginia and founded the town of Brandon on a small trib utary of the Little river, in the northern part of McDuffie county.

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Although Grey pretended to be a Quaker he and his followers were dissolute characters and during Governor Reynolds' term of of fice they were driven from the colony. Grey subsequently formed a settlement on the neutral lands lying between the Altamaha and St. John's rivers. To this settlement flocked criminals of all classes to escape the demands of justice. The settlement at Brandon was revived by a company of Quakers, headed by Joseph Mattock, who obtained a grant of 40,000 acres of land in that locality. The name was changed to Wrightsboro in honor of Gov. James Wright, who had succeeded Governor Reynolds, and who favored the grant of land to the Quakers. The Wrightsboro of the present day is a quiet little village, with a population of less than fifty people in 1900. Though a place of importance prior to the War of the Rev olution, it has never figured prominently in the annals of the state since. Here lived prior to and during the Revolutionary war four of the most prominent military leaders of Richmond County, towit: Col. William Candler, Cols. Benjamin and William Few and their younger brother, Major Ignatius Few.
Wright's Fort. In the early days of the Revolution Gerrnyn Wright, a brother of Governor Wright, erected a fort on the Flor ida side of the St. Mary's river, which became a resort and refuge for the Tories of Georgia, and from which they made numerous forays against the southern settlements of that province. In the summer of 1776 Capt. John Baker, with 70 mounted men, marched against the fort. His plan was to wait until nightfall, surprise the fort by a sudden assault and then make a rapid retreat. His move ments were conducted with great secrecy, but unfortunately his approach was discovered by a negro, who alarmed the fort. Three cannon were fired from the fort and were answered by a schooner lying in the river a short distance below. Baker, surmising that this was a signal asking for reinforcements from the schooner, placed his men in ambush along the banks and fired on the boats as they came up the stream. Several of the British were killed, wounded or captured, and from one of the prisoners Baker learned that a large body of Indians were encamped near the fort. He therefore retreated eight or nine miles before going into camp for the night. During the darkness two of his men, Daniel and James McGirth, stole nearly all the horses belonging to the company and deserted to the enemy. For this act of treachery Daniel McGirth was made a lieutenant-colonel in the Florida Rangers, (q. v.) The loss of the horses caused the failure of the expedition and Baker returned north.

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Wrightsville, the county seat of Johnson county, is located near the center of the county on the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad, and was incorporated by the legislature in 1866. It has a court house valued at $20,000, a postoffice with rural delivery, two banks, express and telegraph service, some prosperous business houses, a good public school system and several churches. The Nannie Lou Warthen institute is located here and is somewhat noted as an educational institution. About 5,000 bales of cotton are handled annually and the town has a good trade in lumber and naval stores. Artesian wells supply a fine quality of water. The population in 1900 was 1,127 within the corporate limits of the town and 3,614 in the militia district.

Yahoola, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is about five miles north of Dahlonega. Hula*" is the nearest railroad station.
Yamacraw Bluff. The high ground about the city of Savannah took the name of Yamacraw Bluff from the tribe of Indians that lived there. This bluff was the scene of some stirring events at the beginning of the Revolution. The Continental Congress in 1775 passed a resolution forbidding all commercial relations be tween the colonies and Great Britain or any of her dominions, and the strict observance of this had prevented the crews of the armed vessels along the coast from obtaining a sufficient supply of pro visions. Driven to desperation they determined to force a trade into the Savannah river and the ports along the coast. In this they were aided by a number of Tory planters who had a large amount of rice which they were desirous of getting to market. On March 1, 1776, eleven ships, loaded with rice, were at Savannah, waiting for an opportunity to put to sea, but they were so closely watched by the patriots that the opportunity was slow in present ing itself. On the 2nd Captain Barclay, of the British navy, came up the river with the Scarborough and the Hinchinbrooke, menof-war, and two sloops, his design being to capture the rice ships to get provisions. The vessels stationed themselves between Cockspur island and the Five Fathom Hole, a short distance below the town, waiting for a chance to seize the rice. The Hinchinbrooke ran aground and while in this predicament her crew was fired on by a company of riflemen commanded by the intrepid Maj. Joseph Habersham. During the night two ships sailed up Back river and about 200 men from the Hinchinbrooke landed and marched across Hutchinson's island. This force, under the command of Maitland

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and Grant, was to cooperate with those on board the vessels, and Sunday morning, March 3d, found the British ready to make a dash for the ships of rice. Seeing that their efforts were about to be crowned with success the Americans determined to burn the ships, rather than see them fall into the hands of the enemy. Cap tain Rice was detailed for the work of dismantling the shipping, but was detained on board one of the ships. Colonel Mclntosh threw up hasty works on the bluff opposite, gathered a force of 300 men, with three four-pounders, and sent messengers to demand the release of Rice and his men. The messengers were also detained, whereupon the Council of Safety ordered the arrest of all the royal council. This had the effect of securing the release of the Amer icans. Captain Bowen was then ordered to fire the Inverness, the rice ship lying farthest up the stream, and allow it to drift down upon the others. The first attempt was unsuccessful, owing to the fact that the tide was too far spent, but about four o'clock in the afternoon another effort was made, and this one was more fortunate. The ship was set on fire, the cable slipped, and while enveloped in flames she was allowed to drift against those below. Many of the British soldiers jumped overboard and swam to shore. Three of the vessels were burned, six dismantled, and in the excitement of the moment the other two got away to sea. In the meantime about 150 volunteers came from the South Carolina side of the river and 350 of the country militia, under Colonel Bull, had reached the scene, and these aided materially in driving the British from the vicinity of the town. Several of the British were killed as they fled from the burning ships. This affair, sometimes called the battle of Yamacraw Bluff, occured more than a month before the battle of Lexington, and it is therefore an open question whether the Revolution was not really commenced on Georgia soil.
Yamasee Bluff. On the night of March 20, 1779, General Lin coln, who was then encamped at Purysburgh, ordered Captains Campbell and Milligan to endeavor to surprise two British galleys, the Comet and the Hornet, then lying at anchor at Yamasee bluff some distance down the river. Campbell and Milligan took their two galleys, the Congress and the Lee, and started for the bluff. At the same time a company of forty militia was sent by land to take possession of a house opposite to where the British vessels were at anchor. This force got possession of the house but the two American galleys got aground, which prevented the attack from being the surprise intended. At nine o'clock Campbell and Milli gan gained their places and the firing was commenced. The Thun-

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derer, another British galley lying further down the river advanced to the assistance of the other two, and compelled the militia to re treat from the house. She then turned her attention to the two gal leys and the engagement became a naval battle, with two ships against three. After a brisk fire of about an hour the British began to man their boats, with an intention to board. Knowing that the enemy was superior in numbers Campbell and Milligan abandoned their galleys, taking as many of their crews as could be accommo dated in the boats and letting the others shift for themselves. In this engagement the Americans lost 3 killed, 6 wounded and 10 pris oners, besides the two vessels. The British loss was one killed and one wounded.
Yancey, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Floyd county, is a station on the Southern railroad.
Yarbrough, a post-hamlet in the extreme southern part of Gordon county, is about ten miles northeast of Adairsville, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Yatesville, a town in the eastern part of Upson county, is almost on the Monroe county line. It was incorporated by act of the legis lature on Dec. 17, 1896, and in 1900 reported a population of 283. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, does a good shipping and mercantile business, etc.
Yazoo Land Companies. Not long after the close of the Revolu tionary war land speculators began to look with covetous eyes upon the vast domain lying between the frontier settlements of Georgia and the Mississippi river, and in 1789 three companies were organized to purchase and settle the territory. They were the South Carolina Yazoo Company, the Virginia Yazoo Company and the Tennessee Company. The first was made up of Alexander Moultrie, -Isaac Huger, William C. Snipes, Thomas Washington and others, a Captain Sullivan being the principal promoter. Wash ington, whose real name was Walsh, was hung at Charleston in 1792 for forgery. The Virginia company was headed by Patrick Henry, with whom were associated David Ross, William Cowan, John B. Scott, Francis Watkins and others, and the Tennessee company was composed of Zechariah Cox, Thomas Gilbert, John Strother and their associates.
On November 20th petitions, showing the great benefits the state would derive from the sale and settlement of the lands, were pre sented to the legislature and on December 21st Governor Telfair approved "An act for disposing of certain lands or territory within this State." By the provisions of the act all the land bounded on

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the north by the 33d parallel, on the east by the Tombigbee river, on the south by Cole's creek and a line from its source to the. Tom bigbee and on the west by the Mississippi should be reserved as a preemption for the South Carolina company for two years from the pasage of the act; and if the company within that time paid into the state treasury the sum of $66,964, then the governor was authorized to convey to them and their successors the lands as de scribed. The Virginia company was to receive a tract lying north of the 33d parallel, extending from the Tennessee river, the Tom bigbee and Bear creek on the east to the Mississippi, and north to the northern boundary of the state, under the same conditions, for $93,741. The Tennessee company was granted the lands lying east of Bear creek, south of the Tennessee river, bounded on the south by the 34th parallel and extending east from the Tombigbee for 120 miles, on the same terms as the other companies, for $46,875. A fourth company, known as the Georgia Company, entered the contest too late to receive consideration, though its propositions were more favorable to the state than any of those to whom the grants were made.
The whole transaction seems to have been a piece of "high finance." Without the actual payment of a single dollar the com panies took possession of the lands and tried to realize enough from their sale to meet the conditions imposed by the act. But, owing to the hostile attitude of the Indians, settlers were slow to invest in lands to which the Indian title had not been fairly extinguished and where they would be in constant peril in their attempts to establish a home. Consequently the two years passed, payment was not made and the sales failed of consummation. The com panies entered suits in equity in the supreme court of the United States, but before a decision was reached the amendment to the Federal constitution, providing that "The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit of law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state," became effective and put a stop to the proceedings. Thus matters stood until after the cession of 1802, by which Georgia .relinquished the terriory to the United States, when the Virginia and South Carolina companies set up a claim for indemnity, alleging a violation of contract on the part of the state. The .question was referred to commissioners, who reported the following year that they had no equitable claim either for the land or for compensation. The claim was then carried be fore Congress, where a committee of the house, in January, 1804,

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made a report sustaining the commissioners and the affair was
ended. No sooner were those first companies disposed of than others
were formed to take their places. The potentiality for great for tunes was still there and the speculators, who had lost considerable money in the first venture,, were anxious to recoup themselves. The legislature of 1793 was beseeched to renew the grants, but, ac cording to Chappell, that body, under the influence of "Washing ton's stern course and true teaching in 1789, proved itself staunch and altogether impregnable." About this time the speculators were informed through James Gunn, then United States senator from Georgia, that Spain was about to relinquish her claims in the West, covering the territory it was sought to exploit. This in formation, which was given to the schemers a year or more before the treaty with Spain was concluded, impelled them to work as siduously in the perfection of their plans; in enlisting the aid of influential men far and wide; in raising funds to secure the election to the legislature of men who would be favorable to their nefa rious purpose. Among those deeply interested in the transaction was Senator Gunn, who moved cautiously, however, as he was a candidate for reflection. Yet, it was understood that if he was re turned by the legislature it was to be regarded as evidence that the assembly was composed of men favorable to the sale of the western lands. In fact, it is said, that when the news of Gunn's reflection reached New York some one remarked publicly in a coffee house there: "Then the Western territory of Georgia is sold."
The general assembly convened at Augusta early in November, 1794. At first no move was made on the part of the speculators; no petition for the sale of the lands was presented; no lobby showed itself until the reflection of Gunn. Then the mask was thrown off and on November 12th John Wereat appeared as the agent for Albert Gallatin, Alexander J. Dallas and Jared Ingersoll, and sub mitted a proposition to purchase all the territory originally includ ed in the grant to the South Carolina Yazoo Company for some thing over $66,000. Three other companies quickly entered the field. The four made a combination among themselves for the sat isfactory division of practically all the land west of the Alabama and Coosa rivers. The new companies were styled the "Georgia," the "Georgia-Mississippi," the "Tennessee," and the "VirginiaYazoo," but as the name "Yazoo," as applied to land companies, had become a hiss and a by-word throughout the country, the title of the last named was changed to that of the "Upper Mississippi."'

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A bill granting the demands of the companies was passed, but was vetoed by Governor Matthews on December 28th. Another bill was immediately introduced and railroaded through. It contained substantially the same provisions as the former, but was worded in a way to meet the technical objections of the executive. This bill was approved by the governor on Jan. 7, 1795. Concerning the passage of the two measures Chappell says: "Over the proposals and efforts of the combined speculators to buy this almost imperial expanse the State's unworthy representatives higgled and hesi tated for some time, not, as the upshot showed, in order to obtain a better price for the State, but with a view only to bigger bribes for themselves. At length, paid to their own full satisfaction for their votes, they sold the whole coveted region at one 'fell swoop' of legislation for the sum of $500,000 to the four leagued companies, the purchase money being apportioned among them as were also the lands, according to their own wishes and dictation."
It afterward developed that every member who voted for the bill, with the exception of one, was interested in, and parties to, the purchase. By the provisions of the bill a part of the purchase price was to be paid before the passage thereof, and the remainder by Nov. 1, 1795, when a grant should be executed conveying the title in fee simple to the persons constituting the companies. The Georgia company received the lion's share of the domain, its grant being bounded on the north by the 34th parallel; on the east by the Coosa and Alabama rivers to the mouth of the Tombigbee; thence up the Tombigbee to the line of the 32 40'; west on that line to the Mississippi river, and up the Mississippi to the 34th par allel. For this tract the company was to pay $250,000, of which $50,000 was to be paid down and the remainder by the time speci fied in the act. The Mississippi company received a tract bounded on the north by the line of 32 40'; on the east by the Tombigbee; on the south by the line of 31 18', and on the west by the Missis sippi. This company was to pay $155,000. No cash payment was made, but a mortgage was given covering the entire grant. The Upper Mississippi company was allotted a strip twenty-five miles wide, south of and along what is now the northern boundary of Mississippi and extending from Bear creek and the Tennessee river on the east to the Mississippi on the west. The purchase price was fixed at $35,000 and a deposit of $5,000 was made by the company upon the passage of the act. The Tennessee company received the same lands that had been granted by the act of 1789 to the company

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of the same name, for which $60,000 was to be paid by the first of November.
The total amount of land in these grants was given by the com panies in their petition to the legislature as 21,750,000 acres, 1,000,000 of which were to be reserved to the state for the citizens of Georgia, but as soon as the bill was passed- it was announced by the same authority that nearly 40,000,000 acres were to be offered for sale, a slight discrepancy of about 18,000,000 acres. This time the companies made their payments promptly, the lands were divided into smaller tracts by metes and bounds and sold to various parties, some of it as low as ten cents an acre. After the agitation was commenced for the repeal of the act the lands remaining unsold were surrendered to the state. That agitation was started by President Washington, who called the attention of Congress to the subject. A committee reported that the acts of the companies contemplated an infringement on the law of the land and advised the president to permit no individuals or states to make treaties with the Indians for the extinguishment of their title. By this re port the companies were thrown into consternation and a campaign was started in Georgia for the election of a legislature that would repeal the "Yazoo Fraud," as the act was now commonly called. Gen. James Jackson resigned his seat in the United States senate to accept an election to the legislature, where he secured the enact ment of a law, on Feb. 13, 1796, declaring the Yazoo act null and void. It was also ordered that all mention of the proceedings, records of deeds, etc., should be expunged from the official records, the money paid for the land should be-returned, that.no papers in evidence should be recorded in future, and "that the enrolled law or usurped act shall then be publicly burned in order that no trace of so unconstitutional, vile and fraudulent a transaction, other than the infamy attached to it by this law, shall remain in the public offices."
Two days later the documents in the case were collected for in cineration. Materials for a bonfire were collected in front of the state-house at Louisville, the legislature marched out in solemn procession and, with the assembled spectators, stood with uncov ered heads while General Jackson with a lens focused the rays of the bright February sun upon the pile, thus "calling down fire from heaven" for the consumption of the pernicious documents. The act, bearing the Great Seal of State, and all its correlative records were placed in the hands of a chosen messenger who consigned them to the fury of the flames, exclaiming as he did so: "God save the

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state and long preserve her rights, and may every attempt to injure them perish as these corrupt acts now do."
Although shorne of their legal backing by this crushing blow the companies did not disband. They waited until after the cession of the territory to the the United States in 1802, when the matter was brought to the attention of Congress. In one form and anoth er it continued before that body until the last day of March, 1814, when an appropriation of $5,000,000 was made to quiet the Yazoo claims and all title to the territory was relinquished by the claim ants.
Yellow Creek, a post-village of Dawson county, with a popula tion in 1900 of 148, is about seven miles southwest of Dawsonville. The nearest railroad station is Nelson, ten miles west.
Yellow Fever. Pathologists describe this disease as a malig nant fever, marked by yellowness of the skin, from which it takes its name, and, in the advanced stage, by the vomiting of a dark colored matter, whence the disease is sometimes called the black vomit. Its approach is usually foreshadowed by lassitude, loss of appetite and mental depression. The attack generally begins in the night, the first stage being marked by a chilly sensation. This is soon suceeded by the hot stage, the temperature of the body often rising to 107 accompanied by acute headache, pains in the limbs and stomach, nausea, which culminates in the black vomit. The fever continues from three to nine days, though in a majority of cases there is a remission at the end of the second or on the third day. In favorable cases convalescence follows, in others the pulse becomes feeble, followed by coma and finally death.
The disease is endemic in low districts lying near the sea, but. under certain conditions, is sporadic in other localities. It seldom appears north of 38 north latitude or south of the corresponding degree of south latitude, and never in a lower temperature than 72 nor at a greater altitude than 2,000 feet above the level of the sea. Various theories have been advanced by pathologists as to its origin. Some say it is carried in the air; some insist that it is communicated by the clothing or bedding worn or used by infected patients; others contend that the disease is not contagious, but that it may be contracted by persons who enter the infected district. In 1881 Dr. Carlos Finlay advanced the theory that the germ of yellow fever was disseminated by a species of mosquito, now known as the Stegomyia Fasciatus. In 1900 Dr. George M. Sternberg, surgeon-general of the United States army, appointed Maj.

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Walter Reed and contract surgeon Agramonte, Carroll and Lazear to investigate the merits of the theory proposed by Dr. Finlay. An experiment station was established near Quemado, Cuba, where exhaustive researches were made, and the result has been that the most progressive physicians of the day accept the mosquito theory as being responsible for the spread of the malady in infected districts.
In common with other countries having a semi-tropical climate, Georgia has been visited at times by yellow fever. In 1808 an epidemic occurred at St. Mary's in Camden county, in which the total mortality was 84, and a few cases appeared in Savannah the same season. The epidemics of the fever were in 1820, when the city of Savannah was the only place seriously affected; 1839, at Savannah and Augusta; 1854, when the same two cities and also Macon and Darien felt the blighting hand of the disease; and in 1876, when the fever included Savannah, Brunswick, Macon and the Isle of Hope, where the citizens of Savannah had taken refuge. Quasi epidemics occurred at Savannah in 1817 and each of the two following years, and again in 1827 and 1828 there were some cases in the city, but not enough to create alarm. Doboy island and Darien suffered from the ravages of the disease in 1877, and several deaths occurred at Brunswick in 1893. Aside from these instances the state has never been subjected to the yellow fever to any extent, and with a better knowledge of its cause, better sanitary regulations, etc. it is probable the worst is passed. The mosquito, which is now regarded as be^ng the chief distributer of the infection, is essentially a house insect, is found most abun dantly in cities, and bites by day as well as at night. Its larvae can be readily killed by a thin film of kerosene on the surface of the water where they are found, and if to this be added the drain age of stagnant pools and marshes in sections where the mosquito is found, there is no reason why yellow fever should not ultimately yield to such a process.
Yellow Pine, (See Lumber). Yellow River, a post-hamlet of Gwinnett county, is about two miles south of Gloster, which is the nearest railroad station. Yeomans, a post-village in Terrell county, is a station on the Seaboard Air Line railroad, about five miles northwest of Dawson. Yeomans, Manning Jasper, is one of the leading members of the Terrell county bar, being established in practice in Dawson and at the present time is the solicitor of the city court. He was born

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653

at ManassaSj Tattnall county, Ga., March Yf, 1866, and in the same county also were born his parents, Andrew ]. and Mary A. Yeomans. His father was1 a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war and his life was largely devoted to agricultural pursuits. After completing his curriculum of the common schools Mr. Yeomans engaged in teaching school, utilizing this means of defraying the expense of his collegiate work. He finally entered the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1891, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then took post graduate work in Vanderbilt university, Nashville, Tenn., which in stitution conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts in 1893. He began teaching school in 1883 and continued in pedagogic work at intervals until 1896. He was superintendent of the city schools of Dawson from 1893 to 1896. . In the meantime he had taken up the study of law and in the year last mentioned he was admitted to the bar, forthwith instituting the practice of his profession in Dawson, where his sucess has been most distinctive and gratifying. In 1898 he was appointed solicitor of the city court, was reappointed in 1902 and again in 1906. Mr. Yeomans has been a zeal ous worker in the cause of the Democratic party and is a promi nent factor in its councils in the state. In 1902 he was elected vicechairman of the Democratic state executive committee and in 1904 was elected chairman of the committee, showing much skill and finesse in maneuvering the forces at his command in the campaign of that year. He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, Knights of Pythias, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Sigma Nu college fraternity, and both he and his wife hold membership in the Methodist Epis copal church South. On June 6, 1895, Mr. Yeomans was united in marriage to Miss Julia Olivia Stevens, daughter of Hon. Oliver B. and Julia A. (Lofton) Stevens, of Dawson, and they have four children Mary Julia, Mildred Kessler, Manning Stevens, and Terrell Lamar.
Yonah, a post-hamlet of Banks county, is not far from the Hall county line, and is a short distance from the Southern railway, though the nearest station Bellton, three miles southwest.
Youley, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Burke county, is ten miles east of Munnerlyn, which is the nearest railroad sta tion.

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Youmans, John E., of Swainsboro, the efficient and popular judge of the court of ordinary of Emanuel county,
has passed his entire life in this county, where he has been identified with plan tation interests from his youth to the present. He was born on the plantation
which he still owns, ten miles west of Swainsboro, May 21, 1850, a son of Sol omon and Eliza (Barwick) Youmans,
both of whom were likewise native of Emanuel county, where the former was
born June 27, 1827, and the latter Sept. 9, 1827. Solomon Youmans passed his entire life in this county, being a planter by vocation, and died at the age of sixty-three years; his widow still resides in this county. Solomon Youmans was a son of John and Sallie (Herrington) Youmans, and the for mer was a son of Solomon Youmans, who was a valiant soldier in the Continental line in the war of the Revolution, and who was the founder of the family in Georgia. Eliza (Barwick) Youmans is a daughter of Nathan and Elizabeth (Whidden) Barwick, and this family also was early founded in Georgia. Of the children of Solo mon and Eliza Youmans the subject of this sketch was the first born. Two sons and two daughters are deceased, and seven sons are living, namely: John E., Nathan R., Sewell H., Thomas N., Ebenezer S., George F., Lott W. and Lawson, all being resident of Emanuel county. Judge Youmans was reared on the homestead plantation and was afforded the advantages of the schools of his native county. He continued to devote his attention to the person al supervision of his plantation until 1900, when he was elected judge of the court of ordinary, gave a most satisfactory administra tion and was reflected, without opposition, in 1904. Prior to his election to his present office he served eight years as a member of the board of road and revenue commissioners of his county, and for six years was a justice of the peace. He still owns and directs the management of his plantation, as already stated. Judge Youmans is a stalwart in the local camp of the Democracy and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity. On March 2, 1879, he was united in marriage to Miss Agnes Elizabeth Youngblood, and they have one child, Ruth Cleveland, who was born in 1892.
Young Cane, a post-town in the western part of Union county, is a trading center of some importance. The population in 1900

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655

was 285. Mineral Bluff, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, is the nearest railroad station.
Young Female College. This institution owes its existence to Maj. E. R. Young, a wealthy planter of Thomas county, who died in 1860, leaving a legacy of $30,000 for the establishment of a school at Thomasville, to be known as the "Young Female Col lege." In his will he named seven trustees to carry out his wishes, but before they could do so the will was contested in the courts and a final decision was not reached until 1868. The board then purchased what is known as the Kirksey residence, with fifteen acres of land, and in February, 1868, the school was opened. It has done much toward building up the town in which it is located and is a fitting monument to its public spirited founder.
Young Harris, a town in the northwestern part of Towns county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1895. In 1900 it re ported a population of 342. It was named in honor of Young L. G. Harris, of Athens, who founded the school there which also bears his name. The town has a money order postoffice, with rural free .delivery, and several stores. Murphy, N. C, is the nearest
railroad station.
Young Harris College, located in the town of the same name in Towns county, was founded in 1885 by Young L. G. Harris, after whom both the town and the institution were named. Subsequent ly he presented the property to the Methodist Episcopal church, under whose auspices it is conducted as a coeducational school and is regarded as one of the leading educational institutions in that section of the state.
Young, John Remer. Success in any
line of occupation or in any avenue of
business is not a matter of spontaneity
but is the legitimate offspring of sub
jective effort in the proper utilization of
the means at hand, the improvement of
opportunity and the exercise of the high
est functions made possible by personal
ability. The subject of this memoir de
serves classification among the distin
guished business men not only of the city
of Savannah but also of the state of
Georgia, for he wrested from the hands of fate a large measure of success and left the record of an hon orable and useful life. His administrative and initiative powers

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

were superb, and he was identified with enterprises and undertak ings of wide scope and importance. Mr. Young was born on his father's plantation in Thomas county, Ga., April 7, 1856, a son of Remer Young, who later became one of the most extensive and successful planters of Lowndes county, whither he removed in 1859 and where the boyhood and youth of the subject of this tri bute were passed. John R. Young was prepared for college in Valdosta institute and then entered the University of Georgia, where he completed his educational discipline. After leaving the university he passed a few years on his father's plantation and in the management of the plantation of J. W. Lathrop & Company, in Lowndes county. He then engaged in the manufacture of naval stores, in which he continued successfully' until 1883, when he dis posed of his interests in this line to accept a position as traveling representative of the extensive naval stores firm of Peacock, Hunt & Co., of Savannah, in which city he at that time took up his resi dence. After two years with this firm its junior partners, Messrs. Ellis and Holt, withdrew and formed a partnership under the title of Ellis, Holt & Co., Mr. Young being tendered and having accepted an interest in the business. After the death of Mr. Holt, C. B. Parker was admitted to the firm, which became known as Ellis, Young & Co., and in 1897 the business was incorporated under the title of the Ellis-Young Company. In 1904 the name was changed to John R. Young Company, and the enterprise has since been con tinued under the corporate title. This company stands as one of the largest and most successful naval-stores concerns in the entire south, and the magnificent business which has been built up has come largely through the discriminating efforts and wise and conservative administration of Mr. Young. During his residence in Savannah he stamped the impress of his sterling business abil ities upon many projects and undertakings which made for the ad vancement of the city commercially and industrially, and in a civic sense he was so thoroughly identified with every line of public enterprise that he became widely known and honored throughout his native commonwealth. He was the organizer of the Georgia Pine Investment Company, of which he was president; organized the old Macon & Atlanta Railway Company, which was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1892-3, together with the Georgia South ern & Florida and the Macon & Birmingham railroads. In 1893 he was elected president of the Atlantic Short Line Railway Com pany, and upon the failure to sell the property and franchise, owing to the objection of some of the stockholders, he was appointed

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

657

receiver of the company, by Judge Speer, of the United States court. He was also made receiver of the Savannah Electric Railway Com pany in the same year, by appointment of the same judge. He was president of the National Tank and Export Company, with whose organization he was prominently concerned, in 1901. He was also president of the Tattnall Investment Company, of Savannah; of the Gulf Coast Transportation Company; the Young Investment Company, of Valdosta; and the Suwanee River Transportation Company. He was a member of the directorate of each, the Citi zens' bank, of Savannah; the Georgia State Building and Loan Association; the Consolidated Naval Stores Company; the Naval Stores Export Company; and the Georgia Federation of Commer cial Bodies. Mr. Young's splendid abilities as a financier and practical business man, so attracted attention in Savannah busi ness circles that four years after taking up his residence here he was elected vice-president of the board of trade. At the next election he was made president, retaining the position for several years, and later was again called to the presidency of the body, having been its executive head at the time of his death, which oc curred on Nov. 19, 1905. His activity and able service as a member and official of the board of trade attracted to him the attention throughout commercial circles in the south and of capitalists in other sections of the Union, the result being of much benefit to the city of his home. He was a member of Landrum Lodge, Free and Acepted Masons; Palestine Commandery, Knights Templars; Alee Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine; Savannah Lodge, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and of drew's society, of which he served as president at one time, and the Savannah Benevolent association. He was an associate mem ber of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, the Georgia Hussars and the Chatham Artillery. He also held membership in the St. An drew's society, of which he served as president at one time, and also of the Oglethorpe club and the Savannah Yacht club. He was an attendant and supporter of the Independent Presbyterian church. Mr. Young remained a bachelor until his death, and is survived by the following named brothers and sisters: Henry M., of Lowndes county; James K., of Brunswick, Ga.; Mrs. J. B. Jones, Mrs. Henry Y. Peeples, Mrs. John T. Roberts, Mrs. Brocius Fender and Miss Mec Young, of Lowndes county; and Mrs. William Peridleton, of Bryn Anthyn, Pa.
Young, Pierce, M. B., soldier and member of Congress, was born at Spartanburg, S. C., Nov. 15, 1839. At the age of thirteen years
42-in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

he entered the Georgia military institute, at Marietta, and in 1857

was appointed a cadet to West Point, where he remained four

years, leaving the institution a short time before he would have

graduated to enter the Confederate service. He was offered a com

mission as first lieutenant in the First Georgia regulars by Gover

nor Brown, but declined to accept an appointment as second lieu

tenant in the artillery service. He served as an engineer on Gen

eral Bragg's staff at Pensacola; was an aide on the staff of Gen.

W. H. T. Walker; adjutant of Cobb's Georgia legion; lieutenant-

colonel of the Seventeenth Georgia infantry; brigadier-general of

cavalry in 1863, and major-general in 1864. After the war he set

tled on his plantation in Bartow county. In 1866 he was elected

to Congress and was three times reflected; was a delegate to the

Democratic national conventions of 1868, 1876 and 1880; delegate

to the state conventions of 1876 and 1880, his name being men

tioned in the latter as a candidate for governor; was commissioner

to the Paris exposition of 1878; appointed consul-general to St.

Petersburg by President Cleveland in 1885; resigned in 1887 and

in 1893 was appointed minister to Guatemala and Honduras. While

holding this position he was taken sick and started home, but died

at New York city on July 6, 1896.

.. ,,.

Young, William B., one of the hon

ored and influential citizens and promi

nent men of Augusta, where he has made

his home for the past sixty years, is a

native of Georgia and represented the

same as an officer in the Confederate

service during the climacteric period of

the war between the states. He was

born on his father's plantation, in Colum

bia county, Ga., May 14, 1838, a son of

Alien C. and Elizabeth (Dye) Young,

the former a native of Columbia county

and a representative of one of the ster

ling pioneer families of that section, and the latter of Burke county.

During his earlier business career Alien C. Young was a planter,

by vocation, but he later became a carpenter and builder and

took up his residence in Augusta in 1846 where he died in

1896, at. a venerable age, his wife having passed away in 1884.

Capt. William B. Young was eight years of age at the time of his

parents' removal to Augusta, where he secured his early education.

As a youth he learned the carpenter's trade under the direction

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

659

of his father; later he became clerk and bookkeeper for a local mercantile concern; and just prior to the outbreak of the Civil war he established himself individually in the mercantile business: la;. Augusta. Upon the call of the Confederacy for volunteers he was: among the first to respond, subordinating all personal interests to the one object, of defending the rights and institutions under; whose influence he had been reared. Early in 1861 he enlisted in Company A, Cobb's Legion of Georgia cavalry, in which he was forthwith made corporal and proceeded to the front with his com mand, which was assigned to the Army of Northern Virginia. He took part in the battle of Seven Pines, first battle of Cold Harbor, the memorable engagements of Malvern Hill, second Manassas, Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg, first and second Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, Mine Run, Brandy Station and numerous other fights and skirmishes in which the cavalry was concerned. He was captured in February, 1864, and held as a prisoner until the close of the war, when he was released on formal parole. Early in 1863 he was promoted first lieutenant of Company I, Cobb Legion, and just after the battle of Malvern Hill he was made captain of that company, receiving his commission as such and remaining in command of the company until the time of his capture, with others of his comrades. After the close of the war he returned to his home in Augusta, where he again established himself in the general mercantile business, in which he was active ly concerned until 1886, when he became cashier of the Augusta Savings bank, of which he was made president in 1895, in which year he was also chosen president of the National Exchange bank of Augusta, having since remained at the executive head of these two important financial institutions. He is vice-president of the Clark Milling Company; president of the Augusta Real Estate and Improvement Company; president of the Richards & Shaver Printing Company; president of the board of trustees of the Med ical College of Georgia, in Augusta, the medical department of the state university; is a director of the Bon Air Hotel Company, and has other important capitalistic interests/indicating his progressive spirit and liberality in supporting enterprises which have marked value and importance in fostering the advancement and material prosperity of his home city and state. Captain Young has ever been a stanch advocate of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands sponsor; served seventeen years as a member of the city council of Augusta; was mayor of the city, in 1895, 1896 and 1897, proving one of the best chief executives the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

municipal government has ever claimed. He is a member of the Commercial club and the Country club, and in a fraternal way is affiliated with the United Confederate Veterans and the Masonic fraternity, in which latter he is past grand commander of the Georgia grand commandry of Knights Templars. He is also a past high priest of his chapter of Royal Arch Masons, in his home city. On Nov. 11, 1871, he was united in marriage to Miss Ella W. Key, daughter of Rev. Caleb W. Key, a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church South. Mrs. Young died on June 21, 1899, and is survived by two sons William K., who is engaged in business in Augusta, and C. Bruce, one of the sucessful younger members of the Richmond county bar.
Youngs, a post-hamlet of Polk county, is a station on the Central of Georgia railway, five miles south of Cedartown.
Younker, a village in the northeastern part of Dodge county, is a station on the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad. It has a few stores with a local trade, a money order postoffice, and does some shipping.
Ypsilanti, a post-hamlet of Talbot county, is ten miles northeast of Talbotton, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Yukon, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is four miles east of Talona, which is the nearest railroad station.

Zachry, Julian J., one of the leading lawyers of the younger generation in the city of Augusta, is a native Georgian and a member of old and honored families of this commonwealth. He was born on the homestead plantation, in Colum bia county, April 29, 1878, a son of Wil liam N. and Harriet W. (Griffin) Zachry, the former born in Columbia county, and the latter in the city of Augusta. They now reside at Harlem, Columbia county, the father having retired from active bus iness, after many years of successful operations as a planter. Julian J. Zachry was reared on the home plantation and secured his educational discipline of a preliminary sort in the public schools of his native county, where he remained until he had attained the age of nineteen years, when he located in Augusta and took up the study of law in the office of Judge

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

661

Henry C. Roney, thoroughly fortifying himself in the minutae of the law and was admitted to the bar on May 24, 1897. Since that time he has been engaged in the general practice of his profession in Augusta, giving his undivided attention to the same and has built up an excellent business. He is a close and appreciative student, never enters into a cause without the fullest preparation and is known as a good trial lawyer and safe counselor. He has finely equipped offices in the Dyer building, where he has a law library of an exceptionally comprehensive and valuable sort. He is a stalwart in the camp of the Democratic party but has never sought official preferment; is a member of the Richmond county bar association and counsel for the Mutual Fire Indemnity Asso ciation, of Augusta. Mr. Zachry is a member of St. John's church, Methodist Episcopal South.
Zana, a postofHce of Irwin county, is about four miles northwest of Fitzgeral'd. The nearest railroad station is Abba, on the Atlan tic & Birmingham.
Zebulon, the county seat of Pike county, located on a division of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta to Fort Valley, was incorporated about 1822 and named in honor of Gen. Zebulon M. Pike, of New Jersey, a gallant soldier of the war of 1812, whose surname the county bears. Zebulon had in 1900 a population of 361. It has a court house, a money order postoffice wtih rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, a bank, several prosperous commercial houses, and a good system of public schools, at the head of which is a well conducted high school. There is abun dance of good freestone water and the climate is delightful.
Zeigler, a post-village of Screven county, with a population of 87 in 1900, is a station on the Sylvania Central railroad. It has some stores, which do a good local business, and handles consider able freight.
Zeke, a post-hamlet of Cherokee county, is four miles northwest of Keithsburg, which is the nearest railroad town.
Zellner, a post-hamlet in the central part of Monroe county, is about five miles north of Collier, which is the nearest railroad sta tion.
Zenith, a post-hamlet of Crawford county, is a station on the Atlanta & Fort Valley division of the Southern railway system, and is twelve miles south of Knoxville.
Zetella, a village in the southwestern part of Spalding county, is a station on the Southern railroad. The population in 1900 was

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

65. It.has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, is the principal trading point in that section of the county.
Zoar, a village of Bulloch county, with a population of 100 in 1900, is located on a little tributary of the Ogeechee river, about four miles northeast of Clito, which is the nearest railroad -station. It has a postoffice, some stores with a good local trade, and enjoys good educational and religious advantages.
Zoepffel-Quellenstein, Dr. Erich, the able and popular consul of the German empire in the city of Atlanta, was born in Quellenstein, Russia, on the family estate, March 3, 1865. He is a son of Albert and Olga (Geoschnikoff) Zoepffel, the former of whom was born in Prussia, in 1818, and the latter in the city of St. Peters burg, Russia, in 1833. The subject of this brief review was afforded the best of scholastic advantages, both academic and technical. He attended excellent educational institutions in Russia, Germany and France, including colleges in St. Petersburg, Berlin and Paris and the celebrated University of Tubingen. As a young man he served as an officer in the Prussian Guards and in 1894 he entered the foreign office in the city of Berlin, whence he was sent to Russia, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria, the United States, then again to Russia, to Belgium and finally again to the United States, being now the consul of Germany in Atlanta, where he has a wide circle of friends in the leading social and business connections of the Georgia cap ital.
Zubly, John J., Presbyterian minister, was born at St. Gall, Switzerland, August 27, 1724. About the middle of the century he came to America, first stopping at Charleston, S. C, and in the spring of 1758 came to Savannah as minister to a Presbyterian congregation there. He was a delegate to the Provincial Congress that met in July, 1775, and at the opening of that body delivered an address on "The Law of Liberty," copies of which are still pre served among the collections of the Georgia Historical Society. He was chosen by the Provincial Congress as,a delegate .to the Continental Congress, but would not accept until he obtained the consent of his congregation. A committee was appointed to wait on the church and get this consent, after which Mr. Zubly went with Archibald Bulloch and John Houston to Philadelphia. When the matter of declaring the colonies independent- came up he was opposed to the scheme and wrote to Governor Wright, advising him of the probable action of Congress. It seems that he was suspected, as one of his letters was intercepted, and he was charged with being a traitor to the cause of liberty. He vacated his seat

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

663

in Congress, returned to Georgia and took sides with the royalists. He was ordered to be banished and one half his property confis cated. Accordingly he went to South Carolina, but subsequently returned to Savannah, where he preached until his death on July 23, 1781.