Georgia : comprising sketches of counties, towns, events, institutions, and persons arranged in cyclopedic form : volume I / edited by ex-Governor Allen D. Candler and General Clement A. Evans : a machine-readable transcription

GEORGIA
Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons, Arranged in Cyclopedic Form
IN THREE VOLUMES
EDITED BY
EX-GOVERNOR ALLEN D. CANDLER
AND
GENERAL CLEMENT A. EVANS
VOLUME I
State Historical Association ATLANTA 1906

COPYRIGHT, 1906
BY STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION

FOREWORD
In the preparation of the various articles in the Cyclopedia of Georgia the compilers acknowledge their indebtedness to the fol lowing works:
Official Publications. Legislative Journals of the Georgia Gen eral Assembly, Reports of the State Departments, Proceedings of the State and Constitutional Conventions, Colonial Records of Georgia, Journal of the Georgia Trustees, by the Earl of Egmont, Session Laws and Court Reports of the State of Georgia, American State Papers, Records of the U. S. War Department, U. S. Census Reports, Reports of the U. S. Bureau of Ethnology.
Histories of Georgia by Hugh McCall, William Bacon Stevens, Charles Colcock Jones, Isaac W. Avery, Arthur and Carpenter, Lawton B. Evans, and George White's Historical Collections.
Miscellaneous. White's Statistics of Georgia, Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, Chappell's Miscellanies, Strobel's His tory of the Slazburgers, Sherwood's Gazetteer, Jones' History of Augusta, Wilson's Historical and Picturesque Savannah, Gilmer's First Settlers of Georgia, Alexander H. Stephens' History of the War Between the States, Martin's Atlanta and its Builders, Pioneer History of Atlanta, Sparks' Memories of Fifty Years, Confederate Military History, Smith's Story of Georgia and Georgia People, Phillips' Georgia and State Rights, Gamble's History of the City Government of Savannah, Longstreet's Georgia Scenes, Strahan's Athens and Clarke County, Memoirs of Georgia, Mitchell's Geor gia Land and People, Harris' Stories of Georgia, Derry's Cities, Towns, Scenery and Resources, Jones' Dead Towns of Georgia, Stevens'' Handbook, Maps, Newspaper Files, Pamphlets and Manu scripts in the Georgia Historical Library at Savannah, Jones' Education in Georgia, Burke's Reminiscences of Georgia, Jones' History of Savannah, Smith's Cherokee Land Lottery, Janes' Handbook, Butler's Historical Record of Macon and Central Georgia.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Abba, a post-village of Irwin county, is located six miles north of

Irwinville, on the Davisville & Fitzgerald branch of the Hawkins-

ville & Florida Southern railway.

Abbeville, the county seat of Wilcox county, is pleasantly sit

uated on the western bank of the Ocmulgee river. The Georgia

& Alabama railroad (now a part of the Seaboard Air Line) runs

through the town, and it is connected with the Plant System at

Tifton by the Tifton & Northeastern. Further transportation facil

ities are afforded by the Ocmulgee Line of steamers, plying between

Hawkinsville and southern points. Abbeville has an international

money order postoffice, a bank, and telegraphic communication.

In 1890 the population was 657 and in 1900 it was 1,153, a growth

of nearly forty-five per cent, during the decade.

Abbot, William Wright, the popular

,::f:;iiipt:l01III;;;:::.

cashier of the First National bank of

Louisville, and recognized as one of the

representative business men of Jefferson

county, was born on a plantation in But

ler county, Ala., April 1, 1861, being a

son. of Captain Cato and Euphrasia A.

(Carter) Abbot, both of whom were born

in Wan en county, Ga. Captain Abbot

was a planter by vocation and was among

the first to go forth in defense of the

cause of the Confederacy in the Civil

war, having been captain of his company

and having died in 1863, as the result of wounds received on the

field of battle. His widow died in 1868, when the subject of this

sketch was but seven years of age, and the latter was reared by

his mother's sister, the late Mrs. Amanda Sammons, of Jefferson

county. He was afforded the advantages of the schools of this

2

. 17

18

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

county, including a course in the Louisville academy. He con tinued to attend school until he had attained the age of seventeen years, when he became a clerk in a local mercantile establishment. He finally engaged in the same line of enterprise, in Louisville, having been for five years a member of the firm of Sinquefield, Abbot & Stone, and thereafter, for ten years, a member of the firm of Abbot & Stone. In April, 1902, he became one of the organ izers and incorporators of the First National bank of Louisville, of which he has since been cashier and a member of the board of directors. The bank is fortified by ample capital and able execu tive control and has gained place among the substantial and popular financial institutions of this part of the state. Mr. Abbot is also manager and a director of the Louisville Manufacturing Company. As a citizen and business man he has the uniform confidence and esteem of the community which has represented his home during practically his entire life. In politics he is a staunch Democrat, and he is a prominent member of the local Baptist church, of which he is clerk. April 8, 1890, witnessed the marriage of Mr. Abbot to Miss Julia F. Phillips, daughter of the late Rev. David G. Phil lips, D. D., of Louisville, and they have four children Ruth, Will iam Wright, Jr., Gardner Phillips, and Julia Frances.
Abbott, Benjamin Franklin, of Atlanta,
stands in the front rank of the legal pro fession in Georgia. He was born in Cher-
okee county, Ga., July 3, 1839, a son of
Noah Abbott, who was a native o'f the Spartanburg district, S. C., whence he later removed to the Pickens district in
that state, from which locality he came
to Cherokee county in 1838. The maiden
name of his wife was Nancy Seago, also
born in South Carolina. Mr. Abbott is
descended from staunch old New England stock, being in the fifth generation in direct descent from John Abbott, who removed from Rowley, Mass., to Georgetown, S. C., in 1720. B. F. Abbott was born and reared on a farm, but received a liberal common-school edu cation and afterward attended the high schools of north Georgia. He studied law in Atlanta, under the preceptorship of the late Green B. Haygood, and was admitted to the bar in October, 1860. When the Civil war broke out he enlisted as a volun-

. CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

19

teer in an independent company commanded by Capt. E. M. Seago afterward known as Company F, Twentieth Georgia volunteers. This regiment was at first a part of Gen. James Longstreet's brigade, subsequently commanded by Gen. Robert Toombs and later by Gen. Henry L. Benning. It is recorded of this company that it endured many vicissitudes, both in process of mustering and in its famous march from Atlanta to Dalton, Ga., on its way to the front, and it challenged the admiration of many of the officials of the Confederacy at that time. Mr. Abbott was first sergeant of the company. In 1863 he was commissioned by Pres ident Davis as first lieutenant in the provisional army of the Con federacy and assigned to duty in the Twentieth Georgia regiment, which position he declined. He experienced considerable active service during the war; participated in the siege of Yorktown, in the battles of Frazier's Farm, Malvern Hill, Sharpsburg, Fredericksburg, Thoroughfare Gap and a number of other engagements, and after leaving active service in the field was assigned to duty in the quartermaster's department. Shortly after the return' of peace he resumed the practice of law. At different periods he practiced his profession in partnership with James R. Gray, Alexander W. Smith and Albert H. Cox. After the retirement of the late Judge H. K. McCay from the supreme bench of Georgia, Mr. Abbott formed a partnership with him, and this association continued until Judge McCay was appointed judge of the district court of the United States for the northern district of Georgia. He is at present the senior member of the firm of Abbott & Goree, which represents a large number of corporations and is doing a lucrative business in the city of Atlanta. At no period in his career has Mr. Abbott shown much inclination to politics. He was, however, elected a member of the general assembly of Georgia in 1884, from the county of Fulton. During the two years of his membership he served with distinction and was a member of the most important committees of the house of representatives. To his efforts was largely due the appropriation secured from the state for the build ing of the new capitol in Atlanta. He also served with distinction as a member of the famous new charter committee, in 1874, drafted the bill which secured the new charter for the city of Atlanta and was the author of many of its best provisions. He was also a member of the executive committee of the International Cot ton Exposition, which was held in Atlanta in 1881 and was the legal adviser of that committee. On two-different occasions the bar

20

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Atlanta has tendered him its support and endorsement for the office of judge of the superior court of Fulton county, and in 1893 he declined the commission for that position on account of pressing legal business. Mr. Abbott is a man of rare literary attainments. He possesses all the qualifications of a good lawyer and companion able gentleman. His legal erudition has been demoihstrated on many occasions before the bar and the country. In 1901 he deliv ered an address in the hall of the house of representatives of Georgia on the "Life and Character of John Marshall," on the occasion of the anniversary held under the auspices of the State bar association, and this address was the subject of much favor able comment. It is published in the book entitled "The Life and Character and Judicial Service of John Marshall," by John F. Dillon. In 1904, before the American bar association, in St. Lo'uis, Mr. Abbott delivered one of the most important addresses which the association has ever had, his subject being, "To What Extent Would a Nation Protect Its Citizens in Foreign Countries?" This address has caused world-wide and favorable comment and has placed Mr. Abbott in the front rank of men of thought and among the jurists of the Ataerican republic. He is the vice-president of the Atlanta bar association and holds the confidence and esteem of all the members thereof. He is a man of broad general informa tion ; is well read; has traveled much, and his powers of observation and assimilation have caused him to be recognized as an authority on all subjects of general interest. He is a man of infinite good humor; possesses a genial disposition; can recount a story in an inimitable manner; is popular with the bar of Atlanta, which means that he has measured up to the full standard, as the bar of Atlanta is very discriminating; is a very ready and fluent speaker, and his addresses are always listened to with much profit by his hearers. He is a deacon of the First Baptist church of Atlanta, fo.r many years has served as delegate to the Baptist state convention and the southern Baptist convention, and also a member of the homemission board of the latter body. He has been twice married, first to Miss Isabella Kendrick, of Atlanta, with whom he lived in perfect domestic happiness for more than a quarter of a century, and until her death, in 1893. The surviving children of this union are: Charles A. Abbott, of New York; Belle, wife of Maj. Tracey C. Dickson, of the ordnance department of the United States army, Washington, D. C.; Benjamin F., Jr.; and Lucia, wife of George Perrigo, of Milwaukee, Wis. In 1895 Mr. Abbott was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

21

united in marriage to Mrs. Josephine A. Richards, who presides most graciously over their beautiful home.
Abbott, Joel, was born in Fairfield, Conn., in 1790. Upon reach ing manhood he located at Washington, Ga., where he successfully filled several local offices, and in 1816 was elected representative in Congress as a Democrat on a general ticket. He was reflected for each of the three succeeding terms, serving from Dec. 1, 1816, until March 3, 1824. He died at his home in Washington, Nov. 19, 1825.
Abercorn, one of the early settlements, but now long since dead, was located on a creek about three miles from its confluence with the Savannah river, and some fifteen miles from that city. It was Settled in 1733 by ten families, but never grew up to the expecta tions of its founders. In the Revolution it was a rendezvous for the British troops under Colonel Campbell. The lots of the town finally passed into the hands of two Englishmen, who converted them into a plantation.
Aboriginal Structures. See Antiquities. Abrams Home. See Charitable Institutions. Academy for the Blind. On April 15, 1851, a meeting of citizens was held in the city of Macon, at which the agitation was started for the establishment of an institution to care for the blind. The result was that, on Jan. 2, 1852, the legislature passed an act incor porating the Academy for the Blind. -For the years 1852 and 1853, $5,000 per annum was appropriated to aid in the support of the new institution. In February, 1854, an appropriation of $10,000 was made for the erection of a building. Six years later the appro priations were increased and the main building was completed at a cost of $65,000. From that time until 1876 the annual appropria tions amounted to about $13,000 a year on the average. At the beginning of the twentieth century the annual appropriation was nearly $20,000. Dormitories and workshops had been erected, a colored department was opened in 1882, for which suitable build ings were erected, both white and colored departments being under the same supervision. The first principal was W. S. Fortescue, who was succeeded, in 1858 by Prof. W. D. Williams, the latter continuing in charge of the school until his death in December, 1898. His son, Dudley Williams, was elected to the position, and upon his resignation in 19.01 he was succeeded by T. U. Conner. A recent report of the institution shows the cost of -maintenance to be about $3.80 per month for each inmate, and the clothing allow ance for ten months about $5.00. On August 13, 1904, an act was

22

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

passed by the legislature authorizing the trustees to> sell the loca tion and buildings in the city of Macon for not less than $50,000 and secure more commodious quarters, not less than twenty acres of ground, somewhere near that city.
Acadians. What is now the province of Nova Scotia was settled by the French, and called by them Acadie. After various troubles the country was ceded to England by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. An edict was issued by the English government that all the inhabitants of French extraction, who spoke that language, and who were Papists in their religious views, must take the oath of allegiance to the English crown or leave the country. The Acadians agreed to take the oath, provided they should not be required to take up arms at any time against their French brethren or Indians who might be friendly to them. The governor of the province consented to this proviso, but the court demanded an unconditional oath. Matters remained unsettled until the early autumn of 1755, when the Acadians were notified that their "lands and tenements, cattle of all kinds, and live stock of all sorts, are forfeited to the crown, with all your other effects, saving your money and household goods, and you yourselves to be banished from this province." To prevent their return their habitations were burned. Thus eighteen thousand Acadians became wan derers on the face of the earth. About four hundred of them were sent to Georgia by Lieutenant-Governor Lawrence of Nova Scotia. They bore a letter from Lawrence to Governor Reynolds, stating that they had been sent to him "in consequence of a resolution of the council," and that he doubted not that Reynolds would concur in the plan. Although it was one of the express conditions in the settlement of Georgia that no Papist should be permitted to become a resident, and notwithstanding the fact that the presence of these French people increased the dangers of the colony from the French influence along the frontier, Governor Reynolds maintained the unfortunate Acadians thus thrust upon him until the following spring, when they were sent north, many of them finally finding their way back to France.
Accounts. In Georgia accounts bear seven per cent, interest after they become due. They may be proved by the affidavit of the plaintiff, but if suit is brought and payment denied testimony, oral or by answers to written interrogatories, must be produced to establish their validity. Depositions may also be taken upon notice for witnesses within the county where the suit is pending.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

23

Achord, a post-village in the southeastern part of Dodge county, is near the Telfair county line, and on the Macon & Brunswick line of the Southern railway system.
Acknowledgments. See Deeds. Acworth, a town in the northwestern part of Cobb county, is on the line of the Western & Atlantic railroad, now operated by the Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis company. It is in the midst of a fine agricultural and mineral region, several mineral springs being found in the vicinity. Considerable cotton is shipped from this point. A large flour mill is located here and among the man ufactured products are chairs, mantels, wheelbarrows, woolen goods, leather, etc. The town has a good high school, a. bank, a telegraph and express office, a money order postoffice and several churches. The population in 1900 was 937. The official existence of the town dates from Dec. 1, 1860, when it was incorporated by an act of the legislature. In the spring of 1864 some righting between the Federal and Confederate troops took place in the vicinity of Acworth. The town fell into the hands of Sherman's army on the 4th of June and was held by the Federals until the following autumn. When Hood undertook his campaign into north Georgia, General Loring's division of Stewart's corps was sent against the garrison at Acworth, which capitulated on the morning of Oct. 4, 1864, about 250 prisoners and a considerable quantity of stores being taken. Acorn, a post-village in the wiestern part of Habersham county, is about five miles west from Clarkesville, which is the nearest railway station. Acree, a post-village in the extreme eastern part of Dougherty county, is near the boundary of Worth county. It is on the Bruns wick & Western railroad^ the name .of the railroad station being Davis. A telegraph office is maintained here. In 1900 the popula tion was 159. Actions. There is no dictinction between suits at law and in equity, but all suits must be brought by petition, which must be filed twenty days before the commencement of the term of court to which they are returnable, and to which process is annexed by the clerk bearing test in the name of the court where the suit is brought. In suits on open accounts, where there is personal serv ice, and no defense filed, verdicts may be rendered without proof. Equitable relief can be had in the superior courts. All suits stand for trial at the second term, except in certain courts of special

24

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

jurisdiction, where trials may be had at the first terra. Suits in justices' courts are brought by summons issued fifteen days before each monthly session of the court.
Acton, a postoffice in the southern part of Harris county, is about three miles west of the Central of Georgia line, running from Columbus to Greenville, the nearest station being Fortson in Muscogee county. During the colonial period there was a District of Acton in Christ Church parish. This district was represented in the Provincial Congress of 1775 by David Zubly, Basil Cowper and William Gibbons, and in the General Assembly of 1780 by David Zubly.
Ada, a post-village (railroad name Dakota), is in the south eastern part of Crisp county, on the line of the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad. It has an express office, a money order postoffice, and in 1900 reported a population of 90.
Adabelle, a post-village on the eastern bank of the Cannouchee river, in Bulloch county. The population in 1900 was 85. The nearest railway station is Register, on the line of the Central of Georgia running from Statesboro to Stillmore.
Adair, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Murray county. It is about six or seven miles northwest from Cohutta Springs, the nearest railway station being the town of Cohutta, in Whitfield county, on the Southern railway.
Adairsville, a town in the northern part of Bartow county, is located on the line of the Western & Atlantic railroad, and was incorporated by an act of the legislature-on Feb. 8, 1854. The last United States census showed a population of 616. Adairsville has a bank, a money order postoffice, from which free delivery is sup plied to the surrounding country by means of four rural mail routes, a telegraph office, an express office, one of the largest flour mills in the state, a cotton factory, besides several other important manufac turing establishments, while close to the town are found rich deposits of iron ore. In the campaign against Atlanta, in the spring of 1864, some sharp skirmishing occurred about Adairsville. After the battle of Resaca General Johnston fell back, closely pressed by Thomas, by way of Calhoun and Adairsville, to a position near Cassville. Late in the afternoon of May 17th Wood's division of the Fourth army corps came up with the Confederate forces at Adairsville and a lively skirmish ensued, which lasted until night fall. During the night Johnston retired to a stronger position, some two miles north of the town, where the fighting was resumed

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

25

the next morning. Here the Federals made a furious attack upon

Cheatham's division, which occupied a position in front of Hardee's

corps, but were repulsed with severe loss. Johnston then grad

ually fell back upon Kingston, stubbornly contesting every inch

of the way. See Kingston and Cassville.

Adams, a post-village of Lee county, is located about eight miles

north of Leesburg, on the line of the Central of Georgia railway

that runs from Albany to Americus. The population numbered

but 30 in 1900.

. ,,,.,,

Adams, John Samuel, a representative

member of the bar of Laurens county, is

established in successful practice in Dub

lin, the county seat. He was born in this

county, Jan. 26, 1870, and is a son of Will

iam and Charity (Shepherd) Adams, the

former of whom was born in North Car

olina, in 1830, while the latter was born

in Wilkinson county, Ga., about 1845 r

being the second wife of William Adams.

John S. Adams secured his early educa

tional discipline in the common schools of

Wilkinson county, after which he studied

law under effective preceptorship, being admitted to the bar in

1893. He is a staunch adherent of the Democratic party, and in

1896 he served as county attorney of Laurens county. In 1897-8

he was mayor of Dublin, giving a most satisfactory and progressive

administration. From 1898 to 1904 he was judge of the city court

of Dublin, resigning the office in September of the latter year to-

devote his undivided attention to the practice of his profession.

He was a delegate to the national Democratic convention of 1904,

in St. Louis, Mo., from the Eleventh Congressional district of

Georgia. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Inde

pendent Order of Odd Fellows. On Jan. 20, 1895, Judge Adams

was united in marriage to Miss Gussie Stanley, daughter of Capt.

Rollin A. and Martha R. (Louther) Stanley, of Dublin, and the

two children of this union are Prentice and Frances Caldwell, aged

respectively nine and three vears, in 1905.

Adams Park, a post-hamlet in the western part of Twiggs county,

is also a station on the Macon & Brunswick division of the South

ern railway. It is about a mile from the Ocmulgee river, whichi

forms the western boundary of the county.

26

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Adams, Perry McCrelious, president of the Adams Paint Company of Savannah, was born in that part of Talbot county which is now included in Taylor county, Ga., on April 20,1846, and is a son of Jesse and Rebecca (McGee) Adams. The Adams family is of pure English strain and was founded in America in the colo nial era. It is noted for longevity, Anthony Adams, the grandfather of Perry, having served as a soldier in the Mexican war and died at the age of ninety-five years. One of his daughters, Mrs. Lucy Cox, of Taylor county, is still living (1905) at the age of ninety-five. The McGee family is of Scotch extraction, though the first of the family to come to America came from Ireland, about the close of the eighteenth century, and settled in Burke county, Ga., where Rebecca (McGee) Adams was born in 1809. She lived to be eighty years of age. The children of Jesse and Rebecca Adams now living are Martha J., wife of M. J. Baggett, of Taylor county; Rev. Joseph T., a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church, also a resident of Taylor county; and Perry McC., the subject of this sketch. Those deceased were William Wesley, who died at the age of eighteen as the result of a tree falling on him; Nancy W., who married Charles Alien Lloyd and died at the age of forty-five years; James Anthony, a banker and merchant of Reynolds, Taylor county, died at the age of fiftyfive ; and John Thomas, who died at the age of eighteen. Mrs. Lloyd was the mother of six children: William Franklin, a Meth odist minister of wide reputation and marked ability, now at Bowling Green, Ky.; Alberta, who married C. J. Grace; Augusta and Savannah, twins; Charles Bartow, and Stella, who married O. L. Ramsey. The children of James Anthony Adams were Enoch Stevens; Dora, married William Goodwin, and is now deceased; Jessie, married William Musselwhite; James M., in the lumber business at Birmingham, Ala.; and Judson, an Atlanta druggist. Jesse Adams, the father of the subject, was born in South Carolina in 1807, and when he was eighteen year old accompanied his par ents to Georgia, passing the remainder of his life in this state and becoming an extensive cotton planter in what is now Taylor county, where he died at the age of eighty-four years. Perry McC. Adams

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

27

was reared to maturity on the old homestead plantation, and his education was acquired in the schools of his native county. He was but fifteen years old at the beginning of the Civil war, but before its close it was his privilege to give distinct evidence of his loyalty to the cause of the Confederacy by serving for eighteen months as a member of the Third Georgia reserve corps, whose members were men who had passed the age of military service and youths who were aged not more than seventeen years. After the close of the war Mr. Adams returned home, attending school for a time and assisting in the management of the home plantation. In October, 1869, he engaged in the gen eral merchandise business at Reynolds, Taylor county, where lie continued in this line of trade for many years, meeting with success in his enterprise. In 1884 he removed to the city of Brunswick, Glynn county, where he was engaged in the drug, paint and oil business for a short time. In 1886 he removed to Savannah, where he has since conducted a large paint and oil business, hav ing a well-equipped establishment, in which are also handled sash, doors, blinds and other building materials, making the enterprise one of wide scope and importance as bearing upon the commercial status of the city. In 1898 he organized the Adams Paint Com pany, and in June, 1905, the business was incorporated under this title. He is president and his son, Perry M., is secretary, the head quarters of the company being at 106 Congress street west. In politics Mr. Adams pays unfaltering allegiance to the Democratic party, but he has never been an aspirant for public office. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and he is identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On May 22, 1874, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Adams to Miss Julia A. Morris, of Taylor county, and they have four chil dren : Dr. Joseph Morris Adams, who is engaged in the practice of dentistry in Savannah; Clifford H., who is a traveling salesman for the National Biscuit Company; Perry Marshall, who is secre tary of the Adams Paint Company, as has been stated; and Rosa May, who remains at the parental home.
Adamson, William Charles, was born at Bowdon, Ga., Aug. 15, 1854, and graduated at Bowdon College in 1874, receiving the degree of A. M. He then read law, was admitted to the bar in 1876 and began practicing at Carrollton. He served as city attor ney for several years; was four years judge of the city court; was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 189,2; was elected

28

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

representative in Congress in 1896, and has been reflected to each succeeding Congress.
Adasburg, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is located about twelve miles east of Washington, the county seat, and not far from the line of Lincoln county. Washington is the nearest rail way station.
Adel, a town in Berrien county, is located on the line of the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, about nine miles southwest of the county seat. Its present official existence dates from Dec. 19, 1900, being incorporated on that date by an act of the legisla ture and all former acts repealed. It has a money order postoffice, from which emanate three rural mail routes, making it the postal center of a considerable portion of the county, and telegraph and express facilities are also afforded.
Adelaide, a post-hamlet of Bulloch county, is located about five miles north of Pulaski, on the Central of Georgia railroad, which is the nearest railroad station.
Adgateville, a postoffice in the southern part of Jasper county, is also a station on the line of the Central of Georgia railroad.
Administration of Estates. In the administration of estates let ters issue in line of preference, first to the husband or wife of the decedent; second to the next of kin, relations by blood being given preference over relations by marriage. In cases where there are several next of kin eligible preference is given to the one selected by those most interested in the estate. Application for adminis tration must be published weekly for four weeks; administrators must advertise their appointments; give all debtors and creditors due notice thereof, but no suit can be filed against administrators, as such, for twelve months, to give them' time to collect in the assets of the estate. They are required to make annual returns. The first charge against the estate is for funeral expenses; second, twelve months' support for the family; third, taxes and debts clue the state or the United States; fourth, debts due by the deceased as administrator, guardian or trustee; fifth, judgments, mortgages or other liens created by the deceased prior to his or her death ; sixth, debts due for rent; seventh, all liquidated demands and other obli gations in writing, and eighth, open accounts. Administrators and executors are empowered to compromise doubtful or disputed claims, or to submit them to arbitration. Foreign administrators must give bond in an amount double the value of the estate, but the bondsmen must be residents of Georgia.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

29

Admission as a State, 1870. See Reconstruction. Adolphus, a post-hamlet of Franklin county, is on the Broad river in the western part of the county. The nearest railroad sta tion is Martin, on the line of the Southern railway that runs from Elberton to Toccoa, and is about ten miles distant. Adrian, a town in the extreme western part of Emanuel county, is located at the junction of the Dover & Brewton division of the Central of Georgia and the Wadley & Mt. Vernon railways. It has a money order postoffice, from which rural free delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding country, express and telegraph offices, several mercantile establishments and is the principal ship ping point for a considerable territory. The town has an annual school fund of $600 and in 1900 had a population of 833. Aerial, a post-hamlet in the western part of Habersham county, is near the White county boundary. The nearest railroad station is Clarkesville. Aerolite. White, in his Historical Collections, mentions the fall of a meteoric stone near Forsyth on May 8, 1828. From a black cloud two explosions were heard, followed by the sound of some thing rushing through the air. Two men working in a field about a mile south of Forsyth saw a large stone descend and strike the ground not far from where they were. The stone was found the following day. It weighed thirty-six pounds, gave off a strong sulphurous odor when broken, and appeared to have been subjected to an intense heat. A specimen of the stone was sent to the Frank lin college, now the University of Georgia. Affidavits. Pleas and defenses in the courts of the state, required
to be under oath, may be made before any official of the state or
county where the oath is made, provided such official is authorized by the laws of the state or county to administer such oaths.
Afton, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Dawson county, is about half way between Dawsonville and Burnt Mountain. The nearest railway station is Jasper, some twelve miles west, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Agate, a post-village of Floyd county (railroad name Cunningham), is on that branch of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta junction to Anniston, Ala. It is about nine or ten miles southwest of Rome and in 1900 had a population of 53.
Agnes, a post-hamlet in the central part of Lincoln county, is about three miles south of the county seat. It is remote from rail road connections.

30

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Agnes Scott Institute. This school for young ladies was opened at Decatur in September, 1899. It was projected by the Presby terian church of that town and at first occupied rented quarters. In the spring of 1890 Col. George W. Scott, one of the elders of the church, purchased five and a half acres of ground and gave $40,000 for the purpose of providing a permanent home for the institution. By the time the buildings were completed he had increased his benefaction to $112,500 and then delivered deeds to the entire property to the trustees of the church, who, in recog nition of his generosity, gave the school its name in remembrance of Colonel Scott's mother. It is one of the recognized institutions
of learning in the state. Agricola, a post-village in the western part of Glascock county,
is on the Augusta Southern railway, about six miles west of Gibson. The population in 1900 was but 31. It has a telegraph office, a money order postoffice, and some small business enterprises.
Agricultural Department. Georgia was the first state in the Union to establish a department of agriculture. In response to resolutions passed by the Agricultural society and the State grange the legislature passed an act, which was approved Feb. 28, 1874, authorizing the governor to appoint a commissioner of agriculture, whose duty it should be to provide for a description of the geologic formation, analyze soils, arrange for the importation and distribu tion of seeds, analyze fertilizers and regulate the sale thereof, study insects and the mode of extermination, and various other subjects relating to agriculture, such as dairying, wool culture, fences, irri gation, etc. The commissioner was to issue a handbook, as well as circulars, giving to the people the results of his investigations. An appropriation of $10,000 was made to carry on the work of the department. In September following the passage of the act, the governor appointed Dr. Thomas P. Janes, of Greene county, and in 1876 the first handbook was issued from the department. Doctor Janes was succeeded by John T. Henderson, and he by R. T. Nesbit, who was succeeded by O. B. Stevens, who resigned in the summer of 1905, when the present incumbent, T. G. Hudson, was appointed by the governor. Three years after the department was placed in working order the fees from the analyses of fertilizers paid all the expenses of the department. The information collected and disseminated through this channel has been of great benefit to the farmers of the state, many of the circulars issued by the commissioner having been reproduced in the newspapers, thus:

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

31

giving them a wide circulation. By the act .of Dec. 21, 1897, the department of horticulture and pomology was added and since that time considerable attention has been given to fruit raising. See
Horticulture. Agricultural Society. On Dec. 6, 1810, the legislature, in,
response to a petition of a number of prominent citizens, passed an act incorporating the "Agricultural Society of Georgia." It appears, however, that the movement was somewhat premature, as nothing of record was accomplished by the society created at that time. On August 7, 1846, another society was organized with Thomas Stocks, of Greene county, president; David W. Lewis, of Hancock, secretary; and William DeAntignac, of Richmond, treas urer. It was at first called the "Southern Central Agricultural Society," the object being to include the people of adjoining states,, and it was chartered under that name on Feb. 17, 1847. In Decem ber, 1860, the name was changed to the "Georgia State Agricultural Society," a new charter was-obtained and an appropriation of $2,500 per annum was made to aid in its work. Nothing was done during the war, but in 1868 the society was reorganized and fairs have been held annually ever since, with rare exceptions. The affairs of the organization have been conducted by progressive men and its exhibitions are usually of more than ordinary merit.
Agriculture. Georgia has passed through the experience com mon to other states. While the land was both plentiful and cheap little effort was made to preserve its natural fertility. But the growth in population, constantly increasing the demand upon the soil, has made it necessary in recent years to pay attention to the subject of fertilization. The result has been a marked improve ment in the agricultural conditions. In his "Handbook," published in 1876, Dr. Thomas P. Janes, the first commissioner of agriculture, says: "There is no single state in the Union with such variety of climate and production as Georgia possesses. There is nothing grown in any of the states except Florida which cannot be profit ably grown in Georgia. A few tropical fruits grow in Southern Florida which cannot be raised in Georgia." The principal crops are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rice and sugar-cane, each of which is treated in this work in its appropriate place. Secondary to these are sweet and Irish potatoes, rye, barley, tobacco, peas, beans, pea nuts, cassava, and various grasses, such as clover, alfalfa, Orchard and Bermuda grass. In the production of sweet potatoes Georgia is second only to North Carolina, large crops having been raised

32

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in the middle and southern portions, while the Irish variety fares better in the middle and northwest. Rye and barley are grown chiefly for winter and early spring pasturage. Tobacco has never been made a crop of commercial importance, but a considerable quantity is successfully grown for home consumption. The cowpea is a crop of great consequence all through the cotton belt, where it is raised both for forage and fertilization. Different vari eties of the peanut are grown, a large part of the yield being gath ered by the hogs, for which they are an excellent food. Besides cotton such other textile plants as flax, hemp, jute, etc., are grown, though not in large quantities. Tea has been grown in the south eastern part and succeeds well in some other localities. The Georgia watermelon has become celebrated in nearly -every state east of the Mississippi and is annually becoming a product of more and more importance. No state in the South has made greater progress along agricultural lines since the Civil war than Georgia, and the prospects for the future indicate that it will maintain its position in this regard for years to come. For fruits, etc., see Horticulture.
Ai, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Gilmer county, is not far from the Fannin county line. It is situated in a valley between two mountain ranges, the nearest railway station being Cherrylog, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Aikenton, a post-village in the eastern part of Jasper county, is on the Central of Georgia railroad. The population in 1900 was 136.
Ailey, a town in Montgomery county, is about two and a half miles east of Mount Vernon on the Seaboard Air Line. It was incorporated by the legislature on Dec. 20, 1893, has a money order postoffice, telegraph office, and a population of about 300. Two rural mail routes start from the office at this point.
Aimar, a small post-village in the southwestern part of Liberty county, is located on one of the lines of the Savannah, Florida & Western railroad.
Aimar, William W., is one of the representative citizens of Savannah, where he is engaged in the lumber, wood and ice busi ness, and he maintains his; residence in the attractive little neighbor ing town of Warsaw, of which he is mayor. Mr. Aimar was born in Charleston, S. C., Nov. 7, 1853, and is a son of Thomas and Mary (Baker) Aimar, both of whom were likewise born and reared in Charleston, where they passed practically their entire lives. The

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

33

father was born in 1814, was an accountant by vocation, and his death occurred in 1882. His wife was born in 1820 and her death occurred in 1886. They became the parents of seven children, of whom four are living, the subject of this sketch having been the fifth in order of birth. William W. Aimar was reared and educated in the city of Charleston, where he continued to reside until 1880, when he removed to Savannah, where he has ever since been iden tified with the lumber trade, first as an employe and later as an independent retail dealer. He has been engaged in the business on his own responsibility since 1888, and has well equipped and stocked yards and controls a large trade, also handling wood. In 1905 he also engaged in the manufacturing of ice, and he has erected a fine modern plant, with a daily capacity of fort}' tons, this department of his business enterprise being an important and prosperous one. Mr. Aimar has an attractive residence in War saw, a summer resort town commonly known as Thunderbolt, three miles distant from Savannah, and he is the present mayor of the town, in whose upbuilding and progress he is greatly interested. In politics Mr. Aimar is a stalwart adherent of the Democratic party, and he is identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fel lows and the Savannah Yacht club. In 1894 Mr. Aimar was united in marriage to Miss Barbara Aegar, of Savannah, and they have five children: Thomas M., William W., Jr., Charles, Ruth and Helen.
Airline, a post-village in Hart county, is located on the Hartwell railroad, about half way between Hartwell and Bowersville.
Akridge is a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Thomas county. It has a money order postoffice. The nearest railroad station is Cairo, on the Savannah, Florida & Western.
Alaculsy, a post-hamlet in the extreme northeastern part of Mur ray county, is not far from the Tennessee line. The nearest rail way station is McKay's, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Alamo, a town in Montgomery county, is located on the Sea board Air Line, about ten miles west of Mount Vernon. It has a money order postoffice and in 1900 had a population of 183.
Albany, the county seat of Dougherty county, is situated on the west bank of the Flint river, not far from the Lee county line. The population in 1900 was 4,606, and the suburbs contained as many more, so that the population of the city and the immediate vicinity was over 8,000. It has four banks, an international money order postoifice, both gas and electric lights, a fine artesian water-works

34

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

plant, several fine Catholic and Protestant churches, a Jewish syna gogue, a splendid high school, good public schools and a normal school for negroes. Two rural mail routes emanate from the office here, giving free delivery to a large section of the surrounding country. Among the manufactures are brick, fertilizers, cotton seed oil and canned goods. Over 80,000 bales of cotton find a market in Albany annually, two large compresses handling the product. The first house was built in 1836 by Col. Nelson Tift. Today there are few cities of: its size that can show so many cozy and comfortable residences. Railroads connected with the leading systems of the state diverge in all directions, while the Flint river steamers afford good water transportation.
Aldine, a post-village of Jasper county, is located on the Ocmulgee river, which forms the western boundary of the county. The nearest railway accommodation is the station of Cork, Butts county, on one of the lines of '. the Southern system.
Alexander, a post-village of Burke county, is about ten miles southeast of Waynesboro. The nearest railway station is Thomas, on the Central of Georgia.
Alexander, E. Porter, who rose to the rank of brigadier-general in the Confederate service, was born in Georgia, was appointed to the West Point academy from that state and graduated in 1857. For some time after graduating he was assistant instructor in mili tary engineering there, but in" the spring of 1858 he went on field duty with the Utah expedition. Toward the close of the year he returned to West Point, where he remained as instructor and assistant professor of engineering until 1860, when he was made assistant engineer in the construction of the defenses at Alcatraz island in the harbor of San -Francisco. Early in the spring of 1861 he resigned his commission in the army and on April 3rd entered the Confederate service as captain of engineers. For a time he was on the staff of General Beauregard as engineer and chief of the signal service; was then chief of ordnance in the army of northern Virginia; was made lieutenant-colonel of artillery in December, 1861, and a year later was made colonel. On Feb. 26, 1864, he was commissioned brigadier-general and served from that time until the final surrender :at Appomattox as chief of artillery of Longstreet's corps. After -the war he acquired prominence in railway circles and wrote several historical papers on,the war and a treatise on "Railway Practice."

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA
Alexander, Hugh H., of the well-known firm of Alexander, Johnson & Steiner, representing one of the leading realestate, loan and insurance concerns of the city of Augusta, was born in that city on Dec. 27, 1867, being a son of Maj. James H. and Sarah (Irvia) Alexander, both of whom were born in Washington, Wilkes county, this state. He was edu cated in Richmond academy, in Augusta, and the University of Georgia, at Athens, and in 1887 he engaged in the real-estate business in his native city, where he has ever since has been identified with this important line of enterprise, being now at the head of the firm of Alexander, Johnson & Steiner, in which his associates are Edward S. Johnson and Pinckney A. Steiner. The firm controls a large general real-estate business, handling both city and farm property and also timber and mineral lands, while an adjunct department is devoted to the extending of financial loans and the writing' of fire insurance. The finely appointed offices of the firm are located at No. 127 fackson street. Mr. Alexander is a member of the Commercial and Country clubs, is a member of the directorate of the National Exchange bank, and is a stockholder and officer in many other important industrial and business concerns in Augusta, while he is individually the owner of extensive real-estate interests in his native city and county. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance and both he and his wife are members of the First Presbyterian church. On June 10, 1891, Mr. Alexander was united in marriage to Miss Mamie J. Burton, daughter of the late Thomas J. Burton, of Waynesboro, Ga., and they have two children Louisa Porter Alexander, born June 5, 1393, and Sarah Elizabeth Alexander, born July 25, 1902. Alexander, Irvin, a prominent member of the bar of the city of Augusta, was born in Washington, Wilkes county, Ga., March 10, 1866, being a son of James H. and Sarah (Irvin) Alexander, both Of whom are now deceased, the father having been a merchant by vocation. After clue preliminary discipline Mr. Alexander was matriculated in the University :of Georgia, in which he was gradu ated with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, as a member of the class of 1885. He then took up the study of law in the office of the late Gen. Alexander R. Lawton, of Savannah, and later con-

36

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tinned his technical reading in the office of the law firm of Fos

ter & Lamar, of Augusta. He was admitted to the bar in

1886, since which time he has been

engaged in the practice of his profession

in Augusta, being known as a well-

equipped lawyer and controlling a large

professional business. He served one

year as clerk in the office of the county

ordinary, in the early part of his pro

fessional career, and for three years he

was United States commissioner and

deputy clerk of the United States

courts in Augusta. He is a staunch

supporter of the Democratic party cause,

JAMES H. ALEXANDER

and he served three years as a member of the dty council> representing the

First ward. Mr. Alexander is a member of the Georgia bar asso ciation and the Richmond county bar association, is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, is a director and the attorney of the Planters' Loan & Savings bank, and is one of the interested prin cipals in the Alexander Drug Company, for which he is attorney. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. July 21, 1903, Mr. Alexander was married to Miss Daisy E. Davidson, daughter of William J. Davidson, now deceased. Mr. and Mis. Alexander have one son, James H., born Oct. 19,
1904.
Alexander, James Bishop, a representative cotton factor and prominent citizen of Augusta, was born in this city on April 29, 1866, and is a. son of William W. and Mary A. (Bishop) Alexander, members of old and honored families of the state of Georgia. After a preparatory course in Richmond academy, one of the excellent educational institutions of his native city, Mr. Alexander entered the University of Georgia, where he remained a student for two years. He left the university at the age of eighteen years, after which he was for two years a clerk in the office of the Enterprise Compress Company, of Augusta. He then, in 1886, became a cler ical assistant in the office of the firm of Cranston & Alexander, cotton brokers, the senior member of the firm having been William J. Cranston, and the junior member his brother, Thomas W. Alex ander. In 1893 he purchased the entire interest of Mr. Cranston and since that time the business has been successfullv conducted

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

37

by the two brothers, under title of Alexander & Alexander. He is a staunch adherent of the Democratic party, takes a loyal interest in public affairs, especially those of a public nature, and is identi fied with the Commercial, Country and Lakeside clubs. On Nov. 14, 1894, Mr. Alexander wedded Miss Mary Lois Williams, daughter of William Williams, of Augusta, and they hav one son, Marion Bishop, who was born on Dec. 16, 1900.
Alexander, James Hillhouse, who was one of the representative business men and honored citizens of Augusta, was^born in Wash ington, Wilkes county, Ga., on June 6, 1840, being one of the ten children of Adam L. and Sarah H. (Gilbert) Alexander, the former of whom was born in Sunbury, Liberty county, this state, in 1.803. He removed eventually to Washington, Wilkes county, where his marriage to Sarah H. Gilbert was solemnized on April 29, 1823. All of the children were reared at the old homestead erected by Mrs. Alexander's father and uncle, William and Felix Gilbert, in Wilkes county. James Hillhouse Alexander secured his funda mental education in a private school at Washington, and in 1856-7 was a student in the University of Virginia. His health became impaired and he was unable to complete his collegiate course. He returned to the town of Washington, where he devoted about two years to the study of law, under the preceptorship of Judge William M. Reese, after which he entered the law department of Harvard university, in which he was duly graduated, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He had not yet established himself in practice when the war between the states began, and on June 11, 1861, he left Washington for Richmond, Va., as a private in the Irvin Guards. At Richmond he was detached from his company by Capt. E. P. Alexander, his brother, who later became a general, and by the latter was detailed as a signal officer. In this capacity he was assigned to duty and prepared a circular for use in the signal service. He was in this branch of the Confederate service in Mississippi, at various points on the Atlantic coast and in Vir ginia, and on July 7, 1862, he received his commission as captain, under the act of the Confederate Congress of April 19, 1862, formally recognizing the signal corps and attaching it to the department of engineering or that of the adjutant-general. Captain Alexander served in this department; in 1862-3, and was then promoted to service in the adjutant-general's department, being assigned to the bureau of engineering. He received his commission as major and subsequently was promoted to a colonelcy, but the war closed

38

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

before the latter appointment could be ratified by the Confederate Congress. His service was such that he was in but few active engagements, but the seven days' fight about Richmond was in progress at the time when he was in that city, and as a volunteer on General Lawton's staff he took part in this memorable battle. He was at the head of a Texas company which had lost all its officers,'and he led the command back into the conflict, his horse being killed from under him. In the closing weeks of the war he was attached to the commands of Generals Gilmer and Lawton, and was mustered out in the city of Savannah. While home on a furlough, on June 25, 1863, Major Alexander was united in mar riage to Miss Sarah Irvin, of Washington, a daughter of Isaiah T. and Elizabeth (Joyner) Irvin, the former of whom was speaker of the Georgia house of representatives just before the war, and lost his life in Texas, in 1860. Major and Sarah (Irvin) Alexander became the parents of three children: Irvin, who was born March 10, 1866, is a successful lawyer in Augusta, Ga.; Hugh H., born Dec. 27, 1867, is engaged in the real-estate business in the same city; and Elizabeth, born on July 25, 1869, was married, in 1893, to Llewellyn G. Doughty,, of Augusta. She died on May 12, 1901. At the close of the war Major Alexander returned to his home, in Washington, and there engaged in the practice of his profession, having been for a time solicitor of the county court. The condition of the country at the time and the exigencies attending his family and those dependent upon him were such that he was financially unable to continue in the work of his profession, and he thus turned his attention to mencantile pursuits. In 1869 he accepted a position with the Dickson Fertilizer Company, of Augusta, and in 1871 he removed with his family to this city. In December, 1873, he purchased the well-established drug business of the firm of Plumb & Leitner, and while he had no technical knowledge of the business, he soon established himself as a capable and successful business man, later adding a seed department to the enterprise and building up a most prosperous business, which, in 1888, he incor porated under the title of the Alexander Drug & Seed Company, under which name and the subsequent title of the Alexander Drug company, the enterprise continued under his management until his death. Major Alexander served in the city council of Augusta in the early '80's, and in 1888 he was the secretary and practical head of the Augusta National Exposition. Under his able guidance the great est exposition of the time was held in Augusta. In 1891 he was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

39

nominated for the mayoralty of Augusta, by a reform movement

led by the best citizens, and was elected. He served one term of

three years and gave the city a practical, clean, energetic and busi

ness-like administration, while he inaugurated a system in the

affairs of the city which has greatly facilitated municipal govern ment in Augusta ever since. It was within his incumbency that

the main street was asphalted and the other streets properly

improved, while the nucleus of the fund for the building of the new water-works was laid by. It was through his foresight and judg ment that the present site of the water basin was secured to the

city. Major Alexander died at his home in Augusta, Dec. 4, 1902, and while the proximate cause of his death was an affection of

the liver, the real cause was grief over the death of his sonly daughter and the failing health of his devoted wife. Neither ever

recovered from this great sorrow, and Mrs. Alexander survived

her husband just four months, passing to the life eternal on April

4, 1903.

Alexander, William. Felix. No better

review of the career of this honored resi

dent of Augusta could be evolved than

that which he personally contributed to

a publication issued from Yale university,

at which celebrated institution he was

graduated as a member of the class of

1851, and said autobiography is here

reproduced, with certain pertinent inter

polations: "I was born in Washington,

Wilkes county, Ga., May 7, 1832, my

paternal ancestors coming from Ger

many and Scotland, my maternal ances

tors from Virginia and Connecticut, and for generations back hav

ing been people of education and culture. My father, Adam Leopold

Alexander, who was born in Liberty county, Ga., in 1803, died

in 1888, having been a banker and planter; my mother, whose

maiden name was Sarah H. Gilbert, was born in Washington,

Wilkes county, Ga., in 1805, and died in 1855. The five living chil

dren are: Mary C., wife of George Hull; Harriette V., wife of Wal lace Gumming; William Felix; Gen. Edward P., who was General

Lorigstreet's chief of ordnance in the war between the states and

who is now a resident of Georgetown; and Charles, a resident of

Washington, Ga. My early education was obtained at home, under

40

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the eye of my father, who was graduated in Yale as a member of the class of 1821, and in 1847 I entered the freshman class of the same noble institution. After my graduation, in 1851, I read med icine for eighteen months in the office of our family physician, but in 1852 I abandoned all intention of entering the medical profes sion, accepting the position of cashier in a bank in my native town. In April, 1853, I married Miss Mary Louisa Toombs, daughter of Hon. Robert Toombs, then United States senator from Georgia, the family being our near neighbors. I lived in their family until March, 1855, when my wife died. I then gave up my position in the bank, and, after a short trip to Europe, settled down on a planta tion I had bought in southwest Georgia. For nearly six years most of my time was spent there, studying negro characteristics and analytical chemistry as applied to the production of cotton a quiet, contented life. But when the Confederate government was formed, in 1861, I felt that my country, as my political faith regarded it, was entitled to use me, mind, body and estate, as might be found best. General Toombs, my father-in-law, had been made secretary of state in the cabinet of President Davis, and at his request I accepted a place as chief clerk in the state depart ment. In that capacity I signed the first lettres de marque issued, and sent to General Scott the famous ear of corn, sample of rations we were ready to tight on. No one at first believed there would be any real war. To us the constitutional right of secession seemed too clear to be questioned. But when the battle of Manassas dis sipated that idea I felt that I, an able-bodied, single man, could not remain at home, but must go to the front. I had made arrange ments to join an artillery c6mpany from my old home, when Gen eral Toombs told me he had given up the state department and would take command of a brigade at Manassas and wished to have me on his staff. So I went with him the week after the battle of Bull Run, continuing a member of his staff for nearly two years. War experiences are too common to be worth repeating. My brother-in-law, Gen. A. R. Lawton, had been so severely wounded at Sharpsburg as to unfit him for field service and had been made quartermaster-general of the Confederate States of America. Wish ing some one nearest him in whom he could trust entirely, he had me ordered to report to him as his assistant, and for the last two years of the war my desk was at his right hand. It was a most interesting place, for important movements were always discussed there in advance, and I was thrown intimately with all who were

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

4-1

highest in authority. Located thus in the city of Richmond, I was. there married to Miss Lucy Grattan, one of Virginia's loveliest daughters, her father, P. R. Grattan, being from the family of theIrish barrister, her mother from the Virginia Pocahontidae. With the close of the war our old regime came to an end for all of us. My negroes were free, my land had no cash value, I had a wife and child to support, and one hundred and fifty dollars in gold, saved" by us from the evacuation of Richmond, was our sole visible meansof support. At this juncture I was offered a moderate salary to go to Columbus, Ga., there to buy cotton for a large house establish ing itself over the South. In my extremity I accepted gladly. For two years I served that house, and then, on and for my own account,, continued in the same business, buying cotton for spinners and exporters. I continued in Columbus until 1872, when I removed toAugusta, in order to have a larger market and to be with members of my family who had settled there. Here I have since remained. No brilliant success has crowned my efforts. I have been able tomake life comfortable for those dependent on me and to keep a home where God is honored, mankind loved as brethren and intel lect cultivated and revered." It may be said further that while in the office of the quartermaster-general Mr. Alexander issued the last order ever sent forth by the Confederate government. He retired from the cotton business in 1895, and is now treasurer of the Augusta cotton exchange and board of trade, of which he was formerly president. He is a staunch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party and is a zealous member of the Presbyterian church, as was also his wife. He has been an active member of the board of charities of Richmond county since 1895, and has been its president since 1903, while he is also treasurer of the Augusta orphan asylum. He is an honored and appreciative member of the United Confederate Veterans. The loved and devoted wife of Mr. Alexander was summoned into eternal rest in 1899, and of their four children only one is living Elvira Ferguson, who is the wife of Edgeworth Baxter, a representative member of the Augusta bar.
Alford, Julius C., was a native of Georgia and began to practice law at LaGrange. He was elected to the lower house of Congress in January, 1837, as a State Rights Whig, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of George W. Towns, and served to March of the same year. He was defeated for reflection in 1838, but was successful in 1840 and in 1842.: He was an able debater and called by his friends "the Warhorse of Troup."

42

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Alger is a post-village in the eastern part of Mitchell county. The nearest railway station is Flint, on the line of the Savannah, Florida
& Western. Alibi, a post-hamlet of Chattooga county, is about five miles
northwest of Summerville, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Aliens. Any citizen or subject of a state or government at peace with the United States, and the state of Georgia, is entitled to rights of citizens of other states resident within the state of Georgia, so far as such rights refer to the privilege of purchasing, holding and conveying real-estate.
Aliph, a post-village of Tatnall county, is located in the southern part on the Altamaha river, the nearest railroad station being Baxley, the county seat of Appling county.
Allapaha, a town in Berrien county, is on the Brunswick & West ern railroad, one of the lines of the Plant system. Its population in 1900 was 429. It has a money order postoffice and telegraph office and is the principal market town in the northeastern part of the county.
Allatoona, a small town in the southeastern part of Bartow county, is on the line of the Western & Atlantic railway, about six miles from Cartersville. It has an international money order postoffice, though the population in 1900 was but 158. One of the most sanguinary engagements of the Civil war was fought at Allatoona on Oct. 5, 1864. At that time Sherman had about 1,000,000 rations stored there, guarded by a garrison of some 900 infantry and a battery of six guns, under the command of Col. John E. Tourtelotte, of the Fourth Minnesota. On the 4th, Hood sent General French's division, about 3,000 strong, to reduce the garrison and capture the stores. French made a night march and about three o'clock on the morning of the 5th encountered the Federal pickets. In the meantime Shermari had sent General Corse's brigade to the relief of the garrison. Corse arrived about two hours in advance of French, who knew nothing of the reinforcements. A little before eight o'clock the head of French's column occupied the ridge over looking the enemy's works, which consisted of three redoubts on the west side of a deep railroad cut and a fort on the east side, with outer works in the way of abatis, stockades, etc. French dis posed his forces so as to attack from three directions, and by nine o'clock the troops were in position. Corse refused to surrender and the fight commenced. In a short time the Confederates gained two

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

43

of the redoubts and made a desperate attack on the third. About that time Sherman reached Kenesaw mountain, from which place he could hear the roar of the artillery and see the smoke. Realizing that something must be done he signaled Corse to hold the fort and then sent Gen. J. D. Cox's corps to the west as if to cut off French's connection with the main army. French, learning of this movement, withdrew to save his command. Before beginning his retreat he captured the blockhouse at Allatoona creek and burned the bridge. The Confederate loss in killed, wounded and missing was reported as 798. Corse reported his total loss as being 706. Corse and Tourtelotte were both severely wounded, and Gen. W. H. Young, who, at the head of his Texas brigade, made a gallant assault upon the works, was wounded and captured.
Allatoona Pass. In his advance upon Atlanta, in the spring of 1864, Sherman meneuvered for several days in the latter part of May in the vicinity of this pass, attempting to cross the range by what he called "more devious and difficult natural roads that would admit of more equal terms with the enemy should be attempt to meet us." After several. efforts in this direction he at last con cluded to mass his forces in front of the pass, and accordingly, sent Stoneman's cavalry to secure the east end and Garrard's cavalry to hold the west end of the pass. The movement was executed on the 4th of June. That day it rained very hard and the Confederates took advantage of the extremely dark night, evacuated their posi tion, leaving the way open for the Federal army.
Alien, Henry Dawson, M. D., one of the leading physicians and alienists of Baldwin county, and proprietor of the well appointed sanitarium known as Alien's Invalid Home, two miles west of the city of Milledgeville, was born on a plantation in Hancock county, Ga., March 5, 1856, a son ;of James Troup Alien, born in Washing ton county, in 1830, and Temperance (Moran) Alien, born in Baldwin county, in 1832, The father, whose active career was devoted to agricultural pursuits and who was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the war between the states, died in 1900, and Tem perance (Moran) Alien passed away in 1876. Of the two surviv ing children the subject :of this review is the older, his brother, Judge John T. Alien, a resident of Milledgeville, being individually mentioned in this publication. Doctor Alien secured his early educational discipline in the schools of Hancock county and the city of Milledgeville. In. preparation for the work of his exacting profession was matriculated in the Atlanta medical college, where

44

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

he completed the prescribed course and was graduated as a mem ber of the class of 1879, receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine from this excellent institution. He established himself in a country practice in Baldwin county, having his residence ten miles distant from Milledgeville, and continued thus for twelve years, at the expiration of which time, in 1891, he established his private sani tarium, the Alien Invalid Home, which has since received his entire attention and which has gained notable popularity and high repu tation for excellence of service. The sanitarium has capacity for the accommodation of seventy-five patients, the average number in the home being about fifty; the equipment and accessories are of the best, and no pains are spared in according the most approved medical service, careful and skilled nursing, the result being that the institution has been signally prospered and has done and is doing a beneficent work. Doctor Alien is a member of the Amer ican medico-psychological association of the United States and Can ada, the Medical association of Georgia and the Baldwin county medical society. He is a Democrat in politics, is a Knight Templar Mason and member of the Mystic Shrine, and is also affiliated with the' Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On Sept. 15, 1881, he was united in marriage to Miss Carrie Elizabeth Jordan, of Washington county, who died July 15, 1884, survived by one daughter, May Temperance, now the wife of Charles L. Moore, an able member of the bar of Milledgeville. On May 26, 1886, Doctor Alien married Miss Sallie C. Whitaker, of Baldwin county, and they have six children: Henrietta F., Edwin W., Jessie V., Henry Dawson, Jr., Theophilus Powell, and Sarah C.
Alien, John T., of Milledgeville, is the present able judge of the county court of Baldwin county, a representative member of the bar of this organic division of the state, and an ex-member of both houses of the Georgia legislature. He was born on the old home stead plantation, of which he is now the owner, in Hancock county, Ga., Oct. 24, 1861. His father, James Troop Alien, was born in Washington county, Ga., Oct. 12, 1830, and his mother, Temperance (Moran) Alien, was born in Baldwin county, April 5, 1832. The mother died Dec. 17, 1877, and the father, who was a planter by vocation and served as a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, died Aug. 30, 1900. They are survived by two sons, of whom Judge Alien is the elder. His brother, Dr. Henry Dawson Alien, is proprietor of the Alien Sanitarium, in Baldwin county, and is one of the leading physicians and surgeons of that part of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

45

state. Judge Alien secured the advantages of the Georgia military college at Mjlledgeville, after which he entered the law department of the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a mem ber of the class of 1884, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws and being duly admitted to the bar of his native state. On Jan. 1, 1885, he opened an office at Milledgeville, which city has since been the headquarters of his large and representative practice as an attorney and co'unselor-at-law. He is a member of the Georgia state bar association. In politics Judge Alien is an uncompromis ing adherent of the Democratic party, and his able cooperation has been given unreservedly in the promotion of its cause. In 1888-9 he represented Baldwin county in the lower branch of the state legislature, and in 1900-1901 he represented the district comprising Baldwin, Washington and Hancock counties in the state senate, proving a popular and valuable member of both bodies. In 1903 he was appointed to the bench of the county court of Baldwin count)-, in which office he ha's since continued to serve. He is a member of the board of trustees of the Georgia military college, in which he himself was a student; is president of the Merchants' and Farmers' bank, of Milledgeville; and has plantation interests in both Baldwin and Hancock counties, including the ownership of the old Alien homestead, as before noted, the same having been in the possession of the family for nearly half a century. He has gained the Knights Templar degree in the Masonic fraternity, and is also affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Knights of Pythias. On Nov. 27, 1889, occurred the marriage of Judge Alien to Miss Hattie R. Hendrix, of Milledgeville, and they have four children : Marion, born Dec. 4, 1890 ; Isabel Amelia, born July 30, 1892; Benita, and Hattie, born in September, 1898.
Alien, Joseph Eve, M. D., one of the leading physicians of Augusta, is professor of obstetrics and dean of the faculty of the Medical College of Georgia (medical department of the University of Georgia). Doctor Alien was born in Augusta on Oct. 12, 1857, and is a son of the late Maj. Joseph V. H. and Elizabeth (Eve) Alien, (a memoir of his father appearing in this publication). The doctor secured his preparatory education in Richmond acad emy, in his home city, and in'1874 he entered the medical depart ment of the University of Georgia, in which he completed the prescribed course and was graduated as a member of the class of 18"7. He forthwith began the practice of his profession in

46

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Augusta, where he has ever since continued his work, devoting his attention principally to obstetrics and gynecology. In 1878 he was appointed lecturer on diseases of children in the medical
department of the University of Georgia; in 1880 he was made lecturer on clinical
midwifery, and in 1884-5 adjunct pro fessor of obstetrics in this institution.
He has held his present chair in his alma mater since 1894. He was president of
the Augusta academy of medicine in 1894
and 1896; was for some time a member of the city board of health ; is a member
of the Medical Association of Georgia,
and the Richmond county medical soci ety. He is consulting obstetrician, to
the Augusta city hospital and the Lamar hospital. In addition to his professional interests, Doctor Alien is also prominent in Masonic circles, being a past master of Social Lodge No. 1, Free and Accepted Masons the oldest Masonic lodge in the state; is past eminent commander of Georgia Commandery No. 1, Knights Tem plar, of Augusta, and a Noble of the Mystic Shrine. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men. The doctor has been a frequent contributor to medical and Masonic literature and has several times been connected editorially with medical journals pub lished in this state. Doctor Alien comes of distinguished medical lineage, his maternal grandfather, Dr. Joseph A. Eve, and his great grandfather, Joseph Eve, having been prominent members of the Georgia medical profession for almost two hundred years.
Alien, Joseph V. H., was one of those valiant souls whose life was filled with honor and usefulness and who left a definite im press upon his native state, of one of whose pioneer families he was a representative. He died in the city of Augusta, Feb. 19, 1883. From a previous publication the following memoir is reproduced, with but slight change in phraseology and data: "Maj. Joseph V. H. Alien was born in Augusta, Ga., on May 22, 1830, and was the youngest child of Richard Alien, of that city. Like many of the youth of Augusta in that day his early and only educational training was obtained in the Richmond academy. While he did not enjoy the benefits of a college course, he was a man of fine

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

47

ideas and culture. His purpose in life was to become a business man, and to that end he strove faithfully and successfully. His first employment was as clerk in the establishment of Thomas
Richards, dealer in books and stationery
in Augusta, and later he became book
keeper for Warren, Lewis & Co., com
mission merchants and millers. By his
industry, integrity, courtesy and ability
he soon made marked advancement in
the business world, succeeding to the
business of the concern last mentioned,
as a member of the firm of Lewis & Alien.
The commencement of the war between
: the states found him in possession of a
paying and promising business. Upon
the volunteering in the Confederate service of Company - A, Oglethorpe light infantry, though exempt from military duty he enlisted in the command, with a commission as first-lieutenant. At the expiration of his twelve months' term of enlistment- he returned home and organized an artillery company, which became a part of the Sixtythird Georgia, in which he was promoted to the rank of major. Those who knew him bear testimony to his bravery, his devotion to the cause, and his untiring attention to his command and men. After the war he was elected secretary and treasurer of the National Express & Transportation company, with Gen. Joseph E. Tohnston at its head. Later he organized and was made secretary of the Commercial Insurance Company, whose charter was later amended and under the same the Commercial bank was established. He was the senior member of the firm of J. V. H. Alien & Co., his associate in the same being his son, G. Henry Alien, while the large and important insurance business built up by the firm is now con ducted, under the original title, by his son, Richard E. Alien. As an insurance man Major Alien had wonderful specific information and ability. He was a director of the Commercial bank, the Augusta and Knoxville Railroad Company, and the1 Augusta, Chicago and Elfrerton Railroad Company, and was a trustee of the Augusta free school and the Augusta; orphan asylum. He was a man of fine business qualities, genial nature, marked courtesy and manly bear ing. His executive talents were observed by the people and by them pressed into service. He was many times a member of the

48

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

city council, always giving satisfaction to his constituency and showing an unflagging devotion to the general welfare of his native city. In 1870-71 he served as mayor of Augusta, and his admin istration was distinguished by conservatism, ability and faithful ness. Besides suggesting many reforms in the administration of the municipal government he was conspicuous in having formed and maintained at a high standard of efficiency a police force of admirable personnel. In his inaugural address, in December, 1869, he alluded to the improvement and enlargement of the Augusta canal, the first suggestions put forth on this important subject. In the connection he said: 'The Augusta canal contains the germ of the future prosperity and growth of our community, and by increas ing its capacity to the extent now known to be practicable we have within our reach the only means of adding to our personal wealth and population.' When this scheme was finally executed, and he chanced to think of the past, he seemed happy in the recollection that during his official connection with the city government he had given this great measure his encouragement. He was a member of the Democratic national convention that nominated Samuel J. Tilden for the presidency, of the state convention that nominated Governor Colquitt, and at the time of his death he was chairman of the county Democratic executive committee." He was a member of the Episcopal church. Major Alien was married on Dec. 16, 1856, to Miss Elizabeth Simmons, second daughter of Dr. Joseph A. Eve, of Augusta, Ga. . Of this union ten children were born, of whom five are living: Joseph Eve, Richard E., Celeste, Elizabeth Eve, Lucy R. The mother of these children died in 1888.
Alien, Richard E., mayor of the city of
Augusta and standing at the head of one
:;of the oldest and most important insur
ance agencies in that section of the state,
was born at Augusta, July 21, 1861. He
is a son of Maj. Joseph V. H. and Eliza
beth S. (Eve) Alien, both of whom were
likewise born in the city of which their
son is now the honored chief executive.
A sketch of the father's life appears else
where in this work. Richard E. Alien
graduated from the Richmond academy,
in Augusta, as a member of the class of 1878, and as a youth he was systematically trained for the cotton

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

49

business, with which he was actively identified for a period of four years after leaving school. The death of his father, however, in 1883, caused a change in his plans. His father was founder and proprietor of the local insurance agency conducted under the title of J. V. H. Alien & Co., and when he was called from the scene of life's endeavors his two sons, Richard E. and the late George Henry Alien, assumed charge of the business. George H. died in 1885, and since that time Richard E. has been the sole owner of the agency, which is still conducted under the name of the original agency. The firm was established by his father just after the close of the Civil war, and the present office quarters, No. 73? Broad street, have been continuously occupied by the concern for the past thirty-five years. Mayor Alien gives an unequivocal allegiance to the Democracy. For three years he represented the Second ward in the city council, and in 1903 was elected mayor of Augusta with but nominal oppo sition, assuming his executive duties in January, 1904. His term as mayor expires in January, 1907. His administration, fortified by intimate knowledge of municipal conditions and needs, through his membership in the council, and by his mature judgment and progressive ideas, has stamped him as one of the best mayors the city has had, and his course has met with uniform popular approval and cooperation. A fine new city park, now in course of development, has been named "Alien Park" in his honor, by the unanimous vote of the city council. While yet mayor of the city he was chosen by the people of Richmond county to represent them in the state legislature, for the term of 1907-8. He is recognized as one of the leading citizens of the community in which he resides, and is prom inently identified with a number of its most important business enterprises. Though his private affairs are extensive, he has always heartily responded to every demand which tended toward the devel opment and improvement of his native city and state. He is owner of valuable real-estate in Augusta and elsewhere in Richmond county, and no citizen is more loyal to the general interests of the community. He is president of the league of Georgia Municipal ities (1905-6) ; is a member of the Commercial club and Country club of Augusta; is affiliated with the local lodge, chapter, and commandery of the Masonic:- fraternity, being a past eminent com mander of Georgia Commandery, No. 1, Knights Templar; and is also a member of the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. He and his wife are communicants of St. Paul's church, Protestant
4

50

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Episcopal. On Feb. 25, 1896, Mr. Alien married Miss Lydia C. Wadley, daughter of Moses and Mary J. (Clark) Wadley, of Summerville, a suburb of Augusta, and of this union have been born four children, of whom three are living: Richard E., Jr., Elizabeth E. and Joseph E., Jr. Sarah W. died in infancy.
Alien, Wilber M., is numbered among
the leading wholesale and retail grocers
of Augusta, recognized as one of the prin
cipal jobbing and commercial centers of
the South, and is the senior member of
the firm! of Alien & Baxley, which was
formed in 1896. Mr. Alien was born in
the historic old city of Richmond, Va.,
on July 22, 1861, and is a son of George
W. and Mary C. (Nash) Alien, the former
of whom was born in Essex county and
the latter in Westmoreland county, Va.
George W. Alien was a civit engineer by profession, and during the entire period of the Civil war he was a member of a prominent engineering corps in the service of the Confederate government. He died in the city of Richmond, on August 31, 1868, and his widow passed the closing years of her life in Augusta, Ga., where she died on August 8, 1889. In 1870' she removed with her two; children, Wilber M. and Lola N., to Augusta, where the latter died in 1873, so that the subject of this sketch is now the only surviving member of the immediate family Wilber M. Alien was afforded the advantages of Richmond academy in Augusta, where he also attended the Neely private school. At the age of fourteen years he: entered the employ of a firm of cotton merchants in this city, and in 1884 he became a salesman in a local grocery establishment. Two years later he assumed a position as traveling salesman for a leading wholesale tea concern in New York city, traveling through the South for two years. From 1888to 1896 he was employed as ;:a salesman in the wholesale and retail grocery house of A. B. Saxon & Bro., of Augusta, and in the autumn of the latter year he engaged in the same line of enterprise, forming a partnership with OSf. B. Baxley, under the firm name of Alien & Baxley. They now control an excellent business, both jobbing and retail, having well equipped and commodious head quarters at 625 Broad street. Mr. Alien is also a member of the directorate of the Planters' Loan & Savings bank, of Augusta. He

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

51

is a Master Mason, a Democrat in his political adherency, and is

a member and steward of St. James Methodist Episcopal church

South, of which Mrs. Alien also is a zealous member. He was for

three years a member of a local military organization, the Clark

light infantry, in which he was a non-commissioned officer. June

27, 1889, witnessed the marriage of Mr. Alien to Miss Mollie

Castleberry, of Augusta. They have no children.

Allentown, a village located on the boundary between Laurens

and Wilkinson counties, is on the line of the Macon, Dublin &

Savannah railroad, has a money order postoffice, from which one

rural mail route emanates, and was incorporated by an act of the

legislature, Dec. 7, 1901.

,

Allgood, Andrew Perry, was one of the

prominent business men and honored cit

izens of Chattooga county, having main

tained his home in Trion for a long term

of-years and for nearly forty years served

on the bench of the inferior court. He

was born in Laurens county, S. C., Nov.

23, 1816, and died at his home in Trion,

Ga.,: Sept. 8, 1882, having lived a life of

signal probity, integrity and usefulness.

His parents were DeForrest and Alice

Lawson (Barry) Allgood, the former of

whom was born in Virginia and the lat

ter in Laurens county, S. C., and he was a lineal descendant from

: Gen. Thomas Moore, of South Carolina, who was an officer in the

colonial line during the war of the Revolution. The educational

! advantages of the subject of this memoir in his youth were lim-

: ited to the country schools of his native county, but he did not fail

in self-discipline in later years and became a man of broad and

exact information along practical lines. At the time of the Civil

war he was exempt from military duty, as he was assigned to fur

nish clothing to the soldiers, half of his product going to the Con

federate government and the-other half to himself. He was reared

to maturity on his father's farm, continued a resident of South

Carolina until he had attained the age of twenty-one years, when

he came to Georgia and located at Lafayette, Walker county, where

he established himself in the general merchandise business in 1840,

continuing there identified with this line of enterprise until 1845,

when he removed to Trion, where be bought a tract of land and

52

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

where he also became associated with his father-in-law, Spencer Marsh, and with Col. W. K. Briers in erecting a cotton mill. Two years later he purchased the interest of Colonel Briers and there after he and his father-in-law continued actively associated in the business until the death of Mr. Marsh, in 1875, after which Mr. Allgood remained sole owner and operator of the mill until he, too, passed away on Sept. 8, 1882, as already noted. He was suc ceeded by his son, DeForrest Allgood, who maintained charge of the factory until his death, in January, 1890, the enterprise having grown to one of importance within the intervening years. In the same year Alfred S. Hamilton, son-in-law of Mr. Allgood, Sr., organized a stock company for the purpose of carrying forward the business, and he is now president and general manager of the concern, which is incorporated as the Trion Manufacturing Com pany, and which represents.one of the leading industrial enterprises of the town and county. Mr. Allgood was a stalwart in the camp of the Democracy and served as judge of the inferior court of Chattooga county from 1846 until his death, in 1882. Fraternally he was a Master Mason. On June 21, 1842, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Marsh, of Lafayette, Walker county, a daughter of Spencer and Ruth (Brantley) Marsh, and of the six children of this union three are living: Mrs. G. B. S. Holmes, of Atlanta; Mrs. J. P. Cooper, and Mrs. John Ashley Jones, both of whom reside in Rome, Ga.
Alma, a post-village in the southern part of Appling county. It is located on the line of the Offerman & Western railway, where it crosses Big Hurricane creek, and about fifteen miles from Baxley, the county seat.
Almon, a post-village of Newton county, is located on the line of the Georgia railroad that runs from Atlanta to Augusta, and about four miles west of Covington.
Almond, Charles Benjamin, M. D., of Winder, is the son of John B. and Savannah A. E. (Alexander) Almond, both natives of Elbert county, Ga., the former born in 1834, the latter in April, 1845. At the outbreak of the Civil war, John B. Almond enlisted as a private in Company F, Thirty-eighth G-eorgia infantry, with which he served faithfully for four years. He was wounded at Fredericksburg, and after his recovery returned to the service as a cavalryman, receiving an honorable discharge at the close of the war. Charles B. Almond was born at Elberton, Ga., Sept. 25, 1870. He received his education in the schools of his native town and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

53

at the Augusta medical college, where he graduated in 1891, begin ning his practice at Winder in April of the same year. In 1903-4= he attended the New York Polytechnic, taking a post-graduate
course. Doctor Almond is a Democrat.
He has never had any aspiration for political honors, preferring to devote his
entire time and attention to his pro
fession, in which he occupies a prominent and well-deserved position. He is a
member of the city board of health, of
the Jackson county medical society, the
Georgia state medical association, and the American medical association. He
takes quite an interest in fraternal soci
eties, and is a Mason, a member of the Knights of Pythias, Benevolent and Pro tective Order of Elks, Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Improved Order of Red Men. In church affiliations he is a Baptist. On Nov. 19, 1891, he was married to Miss Etna Evans, daughter of D. E. and Mary Etta (Durham) Evans, of Gainesville, Ga. They have one son, Charles B., Jr., aged ten years. Alpharetta, the county seat of Milton county, is located near the center of the county, has a money order postoffice, and in 1900 had a population of 310. The nearest railway station is Roswell, the terminus of the Roswell & Chamblee division of the Southern rail
way.
Alphonso, a post-hamlet of Macon county, is located about five miles north of Montezuma, which is the most convenient railroad station, though Peachland, on:the line of the Central of Georgia running from Fort Valley to Americus, is slightly nearer, but on the opposite side of the Flint river.
Alpine is a village in Chattooga county three miles south of Menlo and near the Alabama line. It is mentioned in the official reports of the Chickamauga campaign in connection with the move ments of the opposing armies during the early part of September,
1863.
Alps, a post-hamlet of Meriwether county, is about eight miles northeast of Greenville, which is the nearest railway station.
Altamaha, a post-village of Tatnall county, is located near the Altamaha river, some fourteen miles south of Reidsville, which is the nearest railroad station.

54

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Altamaha River, one of the principal streams of Georgia, is formed by the union of the Oconee and Ocmulgee on the southern boundary of Montgomery county. From there it flows in a south easterly direction for its entire course of about 150 miles, and enters the Atlantic ocean at Altamaha sound, a short distance below the town of Darien. It forms the boundary line .between the counties of Tatnall, Liberty and Mclntosh on the north, and Appling, Wayne and Glynn on the south.
Altmayer, Sam, a representative whole sale merchant of Macon, was born in New York city, on August 18, 1853, and is a son : of Lewis and Johanna Altmayer, both of whom were born in Germany. Mr. Alt
mayer received good educational advan tages and his business career has been one of marked success. He has been a resi dent of Macon since 1876, and has been here engaged in the wholesale liquor trade sinc;e 1881, standing high in business and social circles in the city. He is a staunch Dernocrat in his political allegiance, and was a member of the board:;of aldermen of Macon from 1895 to 1898. He is a member of the local Jewish congregation and is identified with the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, is a life member of the Benevolent an^i Protective Order of Elks, a member of the Royal Arcanum, the National Union, the Knights of Pythias, the Log Cabin club and Progress club, of which latter he has been president for the past six years. He served as a member of the military staff of Governor Candler and holds a similar position on the staff of Governor Terrell.: On Jan. 16, 1881, Mr. Altmayer was united in marriage to Miss Sallie Platan, daughter of Morris and Sophia Platan, of Macon, and they have two sons, Ralph P., aged 22, and Magnus S., aged 19 years. On Jan. 16, 1906, he celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary ;bf his marriage, 250 guests, from all parts of the United States, being present. Alto, a post-village in the northern part of Banks county, is on the Southern railroad, not far; from the Habersham county line. Alton, a post-hamlet in the extreme eastern portion of Milton county, is not far from the line of Forsyth and Gwinett counties. The nearest railroad station is Suwanee, on the Southern railway,
about five miles east.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

55

Aluminium. See Beauxite. Alvin, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Madison county, is not far from the Banks county line. The nearest railroad station is Commerce, on the line of the Southern railway running from Athens to Lula. Amboy, a post-village in the extreme southwestern part of Wilcox county, is on the line of the Hawkinsville & Florida Southern railway. Ambrose is a village in the western part of Coffee county. It has a money order postoffice and is a station on the Waycross Air Line. American Party. See Know-Niothings. Americus, the largest city of southwest Georgia and the county seat of Sumter county, is located on three lines of railroad, viz., the Central of Georgia from Macon to Albany, another branch of the same railroad to Columbus, and the Seaboard Air Line from Savannah to Montgomery, Ala. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1882, and from the first has had a steady growth, which has been considerably accelerated in recent years. The city has gas, water and electric works, a fine system of public schools, a money order postoffice with; rural free delivery, express and tele graph offices, and three banks, with capital aggregating $250,000. The postoffice is three stories high, with marble front. It has a well appointed union passenger depot, a handsome court house, an opera house, two hotels, many elegant private dwellings, various mercantile and manufacturing establishments, among which may be mentioned a guano factory,: cotton oil mill, shops of the Seaboard Air Line railway, variety works, an iron foundry, two wagon and :buggy factories, a sash and blind factory, and a horse collar factory. The churches of the various Christian denominations are well built and commodious. The excellent character of,the schools of Ameri cus has led many people to settle there in order to avail themselves of the superior educational advantages of that city. There are several places of resort near Americus, viz., Magnolia Dell, Myrtle Springs, Pavilion bathing pools, Holley Springs bathing pool, Shute Pavilion and Magnolia Mineral Springs. The sale of spir ituous liquors is prohibited in the city and throughout the county. According to the census of 1900, the population of Americus was :: 7,674, and of the whole Americus district, 10,522. Amicalola, a post-hamlet in:; the northern part of Dawson county, is at the foot of the southern $lope of the Amicalola mountains and

56

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

about fifteen miles northwest of Dawsonville. The most convenient railroad station is Talkingrock or Jasper, on the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Amity, a post-village, with a population of 51 in 1900, is located in the southwestern part of Lincoln county, on a tributary of the Little river, and about fifteen miles east from Washington, which is the nearest railroad station.
Amsterdam, a post-village in the southern part of Decatur county, is only about four miles from the Florida line. It is a compara tively new place and is the terminus of a short branch of the Atlan tic Coast Line.
Amzi, a post-village, with a population of 35 in 1900, is located in the western part of Murray county, not far from the Oostanaula river. The nearest railroad station is Dalton, the county seat of Whitfield county.
Anderson, Charles D., a brigadier-general of the Georgia state troops, was born in DeKalb county, Ga., May 2-2, 1827. He is a descendant of two families Having identically the same name, one Scotch and the other Welsh, who were among the first settlers of South Carolina, their descendants comprising a large part of those who populate the districts of Anderson, Abbeville and Pendleton. These families were staunch patriots during.the Revolu tion, at the close of which many members of them moved to Ohio, Kentucky and Georgia, one of those settling in the latter state being W. R. Anderson. He married Annie Coker and of their twelve children Charles D. Anderson was the youngest. At the age of fifteen he began his business career as a clerk at Fort Valley and a few years later formed a partnership with his brother. By 1861 he had, through. planting and trading, accumulated a consid erable fortune and had held the offices of judge of the inferior court and captain of militia. Among the first to answer the call of Governor Brown, he organized a body of men who, under him as captain, were mustered in as Company C, Sixth regiment, Georgia volunteers, with Alfred H. Colquitt as colonel. Sharing all the campaigns of his gallant regiment, he was wounded at Sharpsburg and captured, but was soon exchanged and at Chancellorsville, while as lieutenant-colonel leading his regiment, received a fearful wound. Returning to the service, he was elected to the Georgia legislature and in 1864 became colonel of the Fifth regiment of state troops and was shortly thereafter commissioned brigadiergeneral of the state forces. With his command he served in the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

57

army of Gen. Jos. E. Johnston, then at Griswoldville, Ga., and assisted in the defeat of General Foster's raid in South Carolina. At the close of hostilities, though penniless, he resumed the duties of civil life and, going into business again, made his residence at
Fort Valley. Anderson, Clifford LeConte, a representative member of the bar
of the city of Atlanta and a scion of distinguished old southern stock, was born in the city of Macon, Bibb county, Ga., July 7, 1862, and is a son of Clifford and Anne (LeConte) Anderson, the former of wlhom was born in Nottaway county, Va., in March, 1833, and the latter, in Liberty county, Ga., Oct. 10, 1835. The paternal grandfather,. Maj. H. Anderson, of Npttaway county, Va., served as an officer in the war of 1812, was a member of Congress from the Old Dominion state and held other positions of high pub lic trust, Mary, eldest sister of Clifford Anderson, became the wife of Robert S. Lanier, of Macon, Ga., and was the mother of Sidney Lanier, the distinguished poet. Clifford Anderson was a member of the Georgia legislature in the ante-bellum days and was also a member of the secession convention which brought the state into the Confederacy, and also represented Georgia in the Confederate Congress. In the Civil war he did further service in behalf of the Confederate cause, going forth as a member of a regiment of Georgia volunteers and being made captain of his company. He served ten years as attorney-general of the state, after the close of the war, and was one of the-honored and distinguished citizens of this great commonwealth. Louis LeConte, the maternal great grandfather of the subject of this review, was a resident of Liberty county, Ga., and attained a national reputation as a naturalist and scientist, while two of his sons, Drs. Joseph and John LeConte, likewise gained wide repute as scientists and authors. Their brother, William, grandfather of him whose name initiates this review, was likewise a man:of fine "attainments and great mental gifts, but he was only twenty-seven years of age at the time of his death, and thus failed to make for himself the distinguished place he would have obtained had his life been prolonged. The maternal grandmother of Mr. Anderson bore the maiden name of Sarah Nisbet, and was a sister of Judge Eugenius A. Nisbet, one of the first three justices of the supreme court of Georgia. Clifford LeConte Anderson was graduated at Mercer university as a mem ber of the class of 1880, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts, while in 1833 he received from the law department of the same

58

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

institution his well-earned degree of Bachelor of Laws, and in 1886 his alma mater conferred upon him the further degree of Master of Arts. He was admitted to the bar of Georgia in May, 1883, and has since devoted his attention to the work of his profes sion, in which he has gained unequivocal success and prestige, hav ing maintained his residence and professional headquarters in Atlanta since March, 1886. He is a member of the Georgia bar association, and is popular in business, professional and social cir cles. The Colonel is a staunch adherent of the Democratic party, and he has served since 1899 as a member of the board of com missioners of roads and revenues of Fulton county, but he has never sought any political office. He and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal church, and he is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity, the adjunct order of the Mystic Shrine, and is identified with the Capital City club and the Piedmont driving club. In 1879 Colonel Anderson first identified himself with the Georgia state troops, becoming a private in the Macon volunteers, in his native city. In 1886 he enlisted in the Gate City Guards, of Atlanta, being commissioned first-lieutenant of the same in the autumn of the same year, while he was made captain a year later. He was lieutenant-colonel on the staff of Gov. W. J. Northen from 1892 to 1894, inclusive, and retired from the militia in 1895. In 1901, however, he resumed service, becoming lieutenant-colonel of the Fifth regiment of infan try, Georgia state troops, being commissioned colonel of this regi ment in 1902 and having since continued to serve in this capacity. On Sept. 10, 1884, was solemnized the marriage of Colonel Ander son to Miss Kittie Van Dyke, daughter of Wilson J. and Jennette (Ballou) Van Dyke, of; Minneapolis, Minn., and the two children of this union are: Anme Adora, born Dec. 10, 1887, and Clifford Van Dyke, born May 11, 1891.
Anderson, Daniel Newton, who wias closely identified with the banking and mercantile interests of Georgia for more than a quar ter of a century, was born at Marietta, Cobb county, Jan. 30, 1858, and passed the greater part of his life in the city of his nativity. His parents, William P. and Catherine (Askew) Anderson, were both born in the State of South Carolina, the former on Feb. 13, 1818, and the latter on May 15, 1824. Daniel N. Anderson received a liberal education and in early life became associated with bank ing and mercantile houses in Marietta, where he continued in those lines of activity for about twenty-five years, being one of the best

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

59

known and most universally respected business men in Cobb

county. In his political convictions Mr. Anderson was an

unswerving Democrat, and he took a commendable interest in

public affairs, particularly those of a local character. Although

r , rr,,,r,,.^

not a seeker for political preferment, he

was frequently called on to serve in

a public capacity. For several years

he was the city treasurer of Mari

etta; was for some time an active and

efficient member of the city council, and

from the organization of the Marietta

public schools in 1894 until his death he

was a member of the board of education.

In all these official positions his duties

were discharged with the same fidelity

and conscientiousness that distinguished

the management of his private affairs.

Mr. Anderson was a member of the Episcopal church and was a

liberal contributor to its good works. In fraternal circles he was

identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having

been a member of the Kennesaw Lodge, No. 13. On Jan. 17, 1888,

Mr. Anderson was united in marriage to Miss Florrie George.

His death occurred on April 26, 1903, and in his demise Cobb

county lost one of her most valued citizens.

Anderson, George T., a native of Georgia, was a man of consid

erable property before the war, but, like many others, lost prac

tically all he had during the conflict. When the Eleventh Georgia

infantry was organized; in 1861 he was elected colonel of the regi

ment and went to Virginia with his command. Having served as

a captain in the Mexican war, he soon distinguished himself by

his skill in military tactics, and in November, 1862, was commis

sioned brigadier-general. On July 2,1863, he was severely wounded

in the struggle for possession of Little Round Top, in the battle

of Gettysburg, and from that time until the following September

was unable to participate in the stirring scenes of war. Upon

his recovery he went to the assistance of General Bragg in north

Georgia, and after the investment of Chattanooga he marched with

his brigade under Longstreet to east Tennessee, participating in

the siege of Knoxville. After the war he served in several impor

tant official positions in Georgia, among them chief of police in the

city of Atlanta. Subsequently he removed to Anniston, Ala.

60

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Anderson, Jefferson Randolph, of
Savannah, is one of the representative
members of the Georgia bar and is dis
tinctively a man of affairs. He was born
in Savannah, Sept. 4, 1861, and has an ancestry honorable and distinguished. In
the paternal line he is a : descendant of Capt. George Anderson, of England, who
was married Feb. 16, 1761, in Trinity chiurch, New York, to Deborah Grant, of
that city, and they settled' in Savannah
in : the year 1763, the family haying ever
since been one of prominence and in fluence in that city. George Wayne Anderson, grandfather- of Jefferson R., was for forty :;years president of the Planters' bank, of Savannah, one of the greatest financial institutions of the South prior to the Civil war. His son, Edward Clifford Anderson, Jr., was a colonel in the Confederate service during the Civil war, suc ceeding to the command of ;the Seventh Georgia cavalry after the bloody cavalry battle at Trevillian's Station, Va., where he was severely wounded. Col. Edward Clifford Anderson married Miss Jane Margaret Randolph, whose family home, "Edgehill," was sit uated near Charlottesville, Va, She was the granddaughter of Col. Thomas Jefferson Randolph,^ Albemarle county, Va., and a greatgreat-granddaughter of Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declara tion of Independence and third president of the United States, from whom Mr. Anderson, born of tfie marriage just noted, is thus the eldest successive lineal descendant in direct line. Mr. Anderson received his early education in the various schools in Savannah, and in Hanover academy, in Handover county, Va., where he spent two consecutive years. In October, 1879, he was matriculated in the academic department of the University of Virginia, where he passed the scholastic years 1879-80 |;and 1880-81. In the summer of 1881 he entered the University of Gottingen, Germany, where he pur sued his studies in civil law, .history and literature from September, 1881, to June, 1883. In the latter year he again entered the Univer sity of Virginia, in which he :was graduated in June, 1885, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws; While in this university he was a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity and of the Eli Bananas, a prominent student social organization. In the session of 1883-4 he was a member of the university crew, and in June, 1884, was

.CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

61

elected "final" president of the Jefferson literary society, which position then, as now, represents perhaps the highest.of all student /"honors" in that historic old university. Mr. Anderson began the practice of law in Savannah in November, 1885, in the office of his relative, Judge Walter S. Chisholm, then general counsel for the Plant system of railways, and. also for the Southern Express Com pany. In May, 1890, he entered the firm of Charlton & Mackall, -tinder the title of Charlton, Mackall & Anderson, and this profes sional alliance continued until July, 1900, when the senior partner retired. This firm became the general counsel for the Georgia & Alabama railway and represented many other large corporate inter ests. ,The firm bf Mackall & Anderson continued until October, 1902, when a dissolution took place and Mr. Anderson has since remained alone in practice. He is the division counsel of the Sea board Air Line railway, having jurisdiction over the lines of its fourth and fifth divisions in; Georgia, comprising more than five hundred miles of railway. 'He is also counsel for the Savannah : Union Station Company, the Savannah Brewing Company and other local corporations. Mr; Anderson is president of the Savan nah & Statesboro Railway Company, whose management and opera tions he actively supervises. He is also the president of the Georgia & Alabama Terminal Company, whose extensive terminal properties in Savannah, containing the longest dock in the world, are leased to and operated by the Seaboard Air Line railway. He is also an executive officer or director jin several local corporations, among others the Chatham Real Estate & Improvement Company, one of :; the soundest financial institutions of Savannah. In October, 1904, Mr. Anderson was elected a;representative of Chatham county in ! the Georgia legislature, the t$rm of office being for two years. He is a member of the Oglethorpe club, of Savannah; the Capital City club, of Atlanta; the Savannah Golf club, the Savannah Yacht club, . and the Sons of the American- Revolution. Mr. Anderson was mar ried on Nov. 27, 1895, to Anne Page Wilder, of Savannah, the only : child of Joseph J. and Georgia Page (King) Wilder. Mr. and Mrs. Anderson have two children:; Page Randolph Anderson, born Aug. 27, 1899, and Joseph Wilder!; Anderson, born April 22, 1905. The family home is in one of the most attractive residence sections of Savannah, with a summer ^residence, "Oakton," at the foot of Kenesaw mountain, near Marietta, Ga.
Anderson, Robert H., wast born in the city of Savannah, Oct. 1, 1835. After attending the schools of his native city he received

62

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

an appointment to West Point and graduated from that institution in 1857 as brevet second-lieutenant of infantry. For about a year he was on duty at Fort Columbus, N. Y., as second-lieutenant of the Ninth infantry, and from 1858 to 1861 was on the frontier at Fort Walla Walla, Wash. When the war became inevitable he returned to Georgia and offered his services to the Confederacy. He was appointed a lieutenant of artillary in March, 1861, and in the succeeding September was promoted to the rank of major. In January, 1863, he was made colonel of the Fifth Georgia cavalry and placed in command of the troops about Fort McAllister, where he won the praise of his superior officers for his spirited defense of the fort against the attack of the Federal monitors in March. Just before the commencement of the Atlanta campaign his regi ment was transferred to the army of Tennessee and assigned to Alien's brigade. Colonel Anderson was soon in command of the brigade, and in July, 1864 was commissioned brigadier-general. Upon the return of peace he again became a resident of Savannah, where from 1867 until his death, Feb. 8, 1888, he was chief of police. In 1879 and again in 1887 he was a member of the board of visitors to the United States military academy.
Andersonville, one of the ^historic towns of Georgia, is located in Sumter county, thirteen miles north of Americus on the line of the Central of Georgia railway that runs from Macon to Albany. The population in 1900 was 345 in the town and 1,386 in the militia district. It has a money prder postoffice, express and telegraph service and good schools and churches. But the chief point of interest is the Federal cemetery, where several thousand Federal soldiers are buried, many of whom died in the military prison at Andersonville during the Civil war.
Andes, a post-village in the northwestern part of Baldwin county, is about ten miles from Milledgeville and three miles from Meriwether on the Central of Georgia railroad, which is the nearest railroad station. The population was 56 in 1900.
Andrew, Benjamin, member of the Continental Congress, was born in South Carolina, about 1730. In 1754 he removed to Georgia and settled in the Medway district, where1 he became a rice planter. Early in the dispute between the American colonists and the Mother country, he took sides with tjie Revolutionists, being associated with such men as Lyman Hall and Button Gwinnett in the first efforts to secure a recognition of the rights of the American people. He served as president of the executive council under Governor Treut-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

63

len's administration, and in 1780 was elected to represent Georgia in the Continental Congress. He died on his plantation in Liberty county after the independence of the United States was established. One of his sons fought through the Revolution in the Colonial army.
Andrew Female College, located at Cuthbert and conducted under auspices of the Methodist church, was founded in 1854 and was named in honor of Bishop Andrew, one of the eminent divines of the church. In 1892 the old buildings were replaced by a handsome edifice, bringing all the departments under one roof. The college occupies a campus of eight acres and is the pride of the citizens of the town regardless of religious affiliations. The course of study includes nine departments, in each of which the instruction is thor oughly abreast, of the most modern and approved methods.
Andrew, James Osgood, Methodist Episcopal bishop, was born near Washington, Wilkes county, Ga., May 3, 1794. His father, a Methodist minister, was one of Marion's men during the Revolution. The son, at the age of eighteen years, decided to enter the min istry and identified himself with the South Carolina conference. In 1816 he was ordained and appointed to preach on circuits in North Carolina and Georgia, later serving as pastor at Savannah, Athens and other points until about 1839. He was then presiding elder for three years, and in 1832 was made bishop by the general confer ence. Bishop Andrew took a prominent part in promoting the interests of Emory college, which was established in 1836 at Oxford, where he then lived. When the general conference met at New York in 1844 the question of his being a slaveholder became a prominent issue. By inheritance he had become possessed of two negroes, and in :1844 he married his second wife, who was the owner of several slaves. A resolution asking him to give up his Episcopal office or get rid of his slaves was adopted by a vote of- 110 to 68, and he decided to resign bis place as bishop. His ;friends persuaded him to not do> so, however, and when the church was divided the following year Bishop Andrew became one of the first bishops of the Methodist Episcopal church South. He wrote freely on religious subjects, published a work on "Family Government," and a volume of "Mis cellanies." In 1855 he went to California and spent some tirne'in church work in that state, ilater returning to Alabama, where he passed the closing years of his life, dying at Mobile, March 1, 1871.

64

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Andrews, Walter Pemberton, a prom
inent member of the bar of the city of
Atlanta, was born near Mount Gilead,
Montgomery county, N. C., June 7, 1865,.
a son of Maj. L. D. and Martha (Pem
berton) Andrews. His father was a loyal
soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil
war, having enlisted in 1861, in Company H, Thirty-eighth North Carolina volunteer
infantry. He took part in the seven days'
fighting around Richmond, was promoted
to the rank of major, and was in com
mand of his regiment. In 1863 he was compelled to retire from the service, by reason of seriously impaired health. Mr. Andrews' great-grandmother in the maternal line was a Miss Marshall, who was closely related to the illustrious Chief Justice John Marshall. His great-great-grandmother in the maternal line was a Miss Harrison, who was of close kinship to President William Henry Harrison. After thorough preparatory work Walter P. Andrews was matriculated in Trinity college, Dur ham, N. C., in which institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 18S71, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. After leav ing college he was engaged in teaching for three years, as one of the principals of Monroe high school, at Monroe, N. C. In the autumn of 1890 he entered the law department of the famous old Washington & Lee university,, Lexington, Via., where he completed the two years' course in one y^ear, receiving, in 1891, the degree of Bachelor of Laws. In the same year he took up his residence in Atlanta and began the practice of law, in which profession he soon achieved unqualified success. In politics Mr. Andrews is a staunch Democrat, firmly believing in :;the cardinal right of the people to govern themselves, but he has: never sought or held political office. He is a member of the Methodist church, though his views toward all denominations are most liberal and cordial. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias, an Elk, a Beaver and a member of the Dramatic Order of the Knights of Khorassan. He is also a member of the Atlanta Athletic club and of tie staff of the governor of the state, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Not only has he been a suc cessful lawyer, but he has also been identified with a number of large and important industrial and business enterprises, and is distinctively a man of affairs. On July 1, 1899, Mr. Andrews was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

65

married to Miss Leontine Chisholm, of Atlanta, a daughter of Willis P. and Martha (Spullock) Chisholm.
Ansley, a post-village, in Tift county, is on the line of the Atlantic & Birmingham railway that runs from Fitzgerald to Thomasville, and about six miles from Tifton.
Antioch, a post-village of Troup county, is located in the north western part of the county, about ten miles from LaGrange and three miles from the Alabama line. The population in 1900 was 58. LaGrange is the nearest railway station. . Antiquities.-- The archseologist and antiquary have found in Georgia abundant reminders of a long extinct race. These relics have been found in all parts of the state, the most conspicuous examples being around Mt. Yonah, the Enchanted mountain, the spurs of the Blue Ridge, and in the form of tumuli along the streams. On the rocky faces of the bluffs in the mountainous por tion are to be seen carved representations of the sun, indicating that at some period in the remote past the country was inhabited by a people who. worshipped the great luminary as their deity. Picture writing, images, etc., are also found, though it is possible that some of the specimens : discovered are the work of Indian tribes of a later date.
The mounds are generally in the form of pyramids or cones, with truncated tops, the ascent in some cases being marked by a spiral path and in others by the ruins of wooden stairways, formed by laying poles across inclined planes prepared for the purpose. Students of archaeology have divided these mounds into four classes, viz., temples for sun: worship; residences of kings, rulers or priests; lookouts or signal stations; burial places. In some localities stone monuments have been found, supposed to mark the scenes of battle. One of the greatest mounds, in point of his toric interest, is on the north bank of the Etowah river, in Bartow county. It stands on a strip of alluvial land and is enclosed in a sort of ellipse, one side of which is formed by a bend in the river and the other by a semicircular ditch, which terminates at either end on the banks of the -stream. This ditch is about twenty feet wide and in some places 'ten feet ideep. The earth taken from it was doubtless used in building the mound, which is more than 1,100 feet in circumference at the itiase and has a perpendicular height of about 75 feet. On the summit is a level area 150 feet across. When first discovered by white men now almost a century ago trees from ten to twelve feet in girth were found growing upon
5

66

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

its slopes and summit, showing that it had then been built for hundreds of years.
On the Savannah river, in Elbert county, about three miles above the mouth of Broad river, is a group of mounds of similar character, standing on a level plain, not far from the river's bank. The largest of these is about 40 or 50 feet high and over 600 feet in circumference at the base. Here the spiral path is well defined, and facing the cardinal points are four niches in the side of the hill believed to have been used for sentry stations. In connection with the mounds are four square terraces, showing some skill in engineering, though their purpose is largely conjectural.
In the vicinity of Macon, on both sides of the Ocmulgee, are several of these tumuli. The large mound, described by White, in his Historical Collections, as standing "half a mile below the bridge," is a truncated cone, the top of which is about 120 feet above the bed of the river. The level area at the top is about a quarter of an acre in extent and was once cultivated as a flower garden. One of the small mounds in the neighborhood is known as "McDougald's Mound," owing to the fact that Capt. Robert McD'ougald, who died while in command at Fort Hawkins, about 1809, was buried there, by his own request. A brother was also buried there some years later. Seven' miles below; M'ac'on is "Brown's Mound," a long ridge of shell-stone, several hundred feet above the river, and has the appearance of the oyster reefs off the coast.
In the northern part of Early county, on Little Colomokee creek, is a group of seven mourfds. The largest, or sacrificial mound, as Pickett calls it, is 600 feet in circumference and 70 feet high. On the summit, when first investigated by archaeologists, were found traces of a rude altar and charred wood, from which the mound took its name. Fifty years ago this mound was covered with trees from four to five hundred:; years old. Near it are two others about 30 feet high. Stones and: charred wood have been found on these also, as if they, too, had been used for sacrifices. Around these three mounds is a wall of: earth, outside of which are four smaller mounds, two on each side of the gateway in the wall. They were originally about 20 feet in height and wfere presumably used for watch towers. An excavation sunk from the summit into the larg est mound some years ago disclosed at a depth of sixty feet a bed of human bones five feet in thickness. An arched passage led from

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

67

the enclosure to the creek, some 200 yards distant, forming a way to get water in case of a siege.
Another mound that has attracted considerable attention is located on Shoulderbone creek in the northern part of Hancock county. It is about 180 feet in diameter at the base and 40 feet high. Three burial mounds stand near, all being enclosed within a walled space of some four or five acres. Just outside the enclos ure is a lookout mound about 20 feet high. Various relics, such as stone idols, clay images, pipes, arrow and spear heads, have been found in abundance in the vicinity. In some places have been found small mounds, called "chieftain mounds," because they con tained but a single skeleton. In other places small shell heaps, containing well-preserved skeletons, have been discovered.
But perhaps the greatest curiosities left by this antique civ ilization, if civilization it can be called, are the stone mounds in Putnam county. One of these, six and a half miles north of Eatonton, represents an-eagle "lying on its back and measures 102 feet from beak to tail and'120 feet from tip to tip across the wings. In the highest part it is only about eight feet above the surrounding surface of the country. The other stone mound, very much the1 same in design, but slightly larger, is near Lawrence's ferry on the Oconee river and is built entirely of white quartz, surrounded by a wall of the same material. Tumuli have also been found in Butts, Forsyth, Greene and Jasper counties, as well as in other parts of the1 state, but they are all similar to those described.
Shortly after the discovery of gold in the state some workmen, while engaged in digging a canal for washing the metal, four miles from the Nacoochee valley, i'n Habersham county, came upon a subterranean village. The houses were built of logs from six to ten inches in diameter and from ten to twelve feet long. The walls were perpendicular, from three to six feet in height, and the village was located about fifty yards from the principal channel of Duke's creek. Twelve years before the discovery of the village a heavy growth of timber had been cleared from the site, showing the houses to have been built at some remote period, and in addition to this the account of the discovery, published soon after it was unearthed, says: "A great many curious specimens of workman ship were found in situations which preclude the possibility of their having been removed for more than a thousand years." Not withstanding these evidences of great antiquity the houses were only partially decayed. The hand of modern industry has destroyed

68

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

many of the monuments of this ancient race, and even the ones that remain have been more or less changed by the same influence. Year by year the number of relics found grows less and in another generation or two, all traces- of these long-gone inhabitants will have disappeared.
Aonia, a post-village of Wilkes county, is about six miles south east of Washington. The nearest railroad station is Little River, on the branch of the Georgia railroad running from Washington to Barnett.
Apalachee, a post-village of Morgan county, with a population of 47 in 1900, is about six miles north of Madison on the line of the Central of Georgia that runs from Macon to Athens.
Appeals. See Courts. Appellate Proceedings. In the formation of the first court the only appeal from the decision of the "bailiffs" was to the trustees in England rather a slow process of obtaining justice. Upon the surrender of the charter, in June, 1752, a new order of affairs was instituted. In 1754 the crown granted the order creating a per manent plan of government .for the colony. A court of record, known as the general court (q. v.), was to meet four times a year for a trial of causes, and:a court of errors, composed of the governor and the colonial council, Was to hear all appeals from the lower tribunal in causes where the judgment exceeded 300. If the judgment exceeded 500 a further appeal could be taken to the king in council. After the establishment of the United States government the general assembly, in 1789, passed the judiciary act which formed the basis of the judicial system of the state to-day. By its provisions two circuits were established and two judgeships created, but: no method was provided for appeal from the decisions of these judges until 1797, when another circuit was made and a third judge added to the court. Then it was arranged that "the judges, attorney-general and solicitor shall meet annually at Louisville, on July 10, for the purpose of forming rules for the government of the superior court, determining on such points of law as may be reserved for the argument, and may require a uni form decision, and for giving their decisions on such constitutional and legal points as may be referred to their consideration by the executive department. Provided always that nothing herein con tained shall extend to or be construed to authorize the judges to enter upon any proceeding which may affect any cause in progress to final decision agreeably to the constitution in the county wherein

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

69

the defendant or defendants reside; nor shall any order or decision of the said judges be promulgated or tend to preclude the admis sion of any new evidence which may arise in the progress of any cause prior to the final decision and entering upon the judgment thereon in such county." This feeble appellate power was all the state had until the establishment of the supreme court in 1845.
Appleby, Alvin C., cashier of the Mer
chants and Farmers' bank, Jefferson,
Jackson county, is one of the well-known
and popular citizens of this county, where
he is serving his eighth year as clerk of
the superior court and also as county
treasurer. He is a native of Georgia, hav
ing been born in the city of Rome, Floyd
: county, June 10, 1852, a son of William
D. and Mary E. Appleby, both of whom
- iwere born and reared in Jackson county.
:Mr. Appleby was educated in Martin in
stitute at Jefferson, and thereafter took up his residence in the little city of Commerce, which was formerly known as Harmony Groye. There he was employed as a salesman in the hardware establishment of the Hardman Hardware Com pany for eighteen months, when he was appointed to the office of postmaster of the town, a position which he retained four years, under the second administration of President Cleveland. He served eight years as county surveyor of Jackson county, and for a. sim ilar period has held both the office of clerk of the superior court and that of county treasurer. He is a staunch supporter of the Democratic party and o:f the principles and measures for which it stands sponsor. His long public service has gained him a wide acquaintanceship in this Section of the state, where his friends are in number as his acquaintances. He is a member of the Baptist church, as is also Mrs. Appleby, and he is affiliated with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity. On May 16, 1878, Mr. Appleby was united in; marriage to Miss Mary A. Williamson, daughter of George and Almeda (Jackson) Williamson, of Jackson county, and the names bf the nine children of this union are as follows: McCarty, Lottie, Evelyn, Meda, George, Alva, Oscar,
Hugh and Mary.
Appleton Orphans' Home. See Charitable Institutions.
Applewhite, Joseph P.:, president of the Bank of Millen, Jenkins

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

county, and secretary and treasurer of the C. Parker Company, the leading mercantile concern of this thriving little city, was born on a farm in Burke county, this state, Nov. 1, 1864, and is a son of John N. and Sarah (Owens) Applewhite, both natives of Burke county, where the former was born on Sept. 13, 1837, and the latter on Nov. 13, 1836. The father, who was a successful planter, passed his entire life in Burke county, where he died on July 13, 1893, having been one of the loyal sons of the Confederacy who did valiant service as a soldier in the Civil war. Sarah (Owens) Applewhite died Nov. 20, 1868. The paternal grandparents of the sub ject of this sketch were John and Caroline (Fullford) Applewhite, the former of whom was born in Wayne county, N. C., and the latter in Jefferson county, Ga. The maternal grandparents, John and Sarah Owens, both passed their entire lives in Burke county. Joseph P. Applewhite secured his earlier educational training in Waynesboro academy and Hephzibah high school, after which he was matriculated in Mercer university, in the city of Macon, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1884, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. For two years thereafter he was clerk and bookkeeper in the mercantile house of Maj. W. A. Wilkins, of Waynesboro, and in 1886 he took up his residence, now the judicial center of the recently organized county of Jenkins, and here he was employed six years as cashier and bookkeeper in the mercan tile house of Daniel Sons & Palmer. On Jan. 1, 1892, he became an interested principal in the mercantile firm of Daniel & Co., this association continuing until 1898, when he purchased an interest in the large mercantile firm of C. Parker & Co., in Millen. Crawford Parker, the head of the firm, died in 1899, and in the following year the business was incorporated by Messrs. Sidney C. Parker and Joseph P. Applewhite, the former being the eldest son of the late Crawford Parker. At that time the present corporate title of the C. Parker Company was adopted, Mr. Parker being president end Mr. Applewhite secretary and treasurer of the company, whose business is extensive and whose establishment is metropolitan in equipment and appointments. In 1892 Mr. Applewhite was one of the organizers of the Bank of Millen, of Aich he has been a director from the start. He was vice-president of the institution six years, and since December, 1905, has held the office of president. He is a director of the operating companies of the Millen mills and the Morton oil mills, and is the owner of extensive plantation prop erty in Jenkins and Burke counties. Mr. Applewhite is aligned as

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

71

a staunch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party, and he served four years as commissioner of Burke county, before the new county of Jenkins was organized, and he also held the office of mayor of Millen one year. He and his wife are members of the local Baptist church, in w.hich he is a trustee, and he is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, of which he is a past chancellor. Mr. Applewhite is recognized as one of the progressive and publicspirited business men of Jenkins county and is one of the repre sentative citizens of Millen. On April 3, 1892, he was united in marriage to Miss Lou Parker, daughter of the late Crawford Parker, of Millen, and of Jeannette (Burke) Parker, who still resides in this city. Mr. and Mrs. Applewhite have four children, namely: Joseph P., Jr., born Feb. 7, 1893; John C., born Feb. 4, 1896; Sidney, born Nov. 10, 1899, and Emerson, born Nov. 1, 1904.
Appling, a little west of the center of Columbia county, of which it is the county seat, is twenty-three miles from Augusta and about twelve miles' by wagon-road from Harlem and the Georgia railroad. It was named in honor of Col. Daniel Appling, a native of the county. The town was incorporated in 1826 and hence is one of the older towns of Georgia, but when the railroad was built from Augusta to Atlanta, leaving Appling several miles off the route, it was left without much opportunity for growth. Being the county seat, however, it was the home' of several aristo cratic families who found their greatest pleasure in each other's society. Two and a half miles from the town stood Carmel acad emy, which in its day was one of the famous schools of the South. Appling has a money order postoffice and a few business houses.
Appling County was created in 1818 and named in honor of Col. Daniel Appling. The following year part of it was added to Telfair, in 1824 a portion of it was added to Ware, and another addi tion made to Telfair in 1825. The present area of the county is 775 square miles. It is located in the southeastern part of the state in the great pine belt, the chief productions being lumber, turpentine and cotton. In 1900 the cotton crop was 4,046 bale's, the greater part of which was of the sea-island variety. A large number of logs are annually rafted down the Altamaha river to Darien. The Little Satilla river and Big Hurricane creek flow through the county in a southeasterly course. Baxley, the county seat, is the most important town. The railroads are the Southern and the Offerman & Western.
Appling, Daniel, was born in Columbia county, Ga., Aug. 35,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

1787. When he was eighteen years of age he entered the army of the United States and served with distinction in the war of 1812, participating in several engagements and winning honorable mention. His death occurred on March 18, 1818, in his thirty-first year.
Arabi, a thriving village; of Crisp county, is located about seven miles south of Cordele, on the line of the Georgia Southern & Flor ida railway that runs from Macon into Florida via Valdosta. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, good schools and churches, and in 1900 had a population of 505.
Aragon, a village in the northeastern part of Polk county, had a population of 206 in 1900. It is on the line of the Southern rail way that runs from Atlanta to Chattanooga, and is about four miles from Rockmart. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery routes emanating from it, and is a trading center for a considerable section of the: county.
Arbitration. All disputes relating to rights of person or prop erty, may, under the law of Georgia, be submitted to arbitration. Three arbitrators must be selected, but their decision must be affirmed by the superior court to be binding on the parties to the controversy. Each of the disputants shall select one arbitrator and the two thus chosen shall select the third. An accurate written statement of the matters in controversy shall be placed in their hands, such statement to be signed by the parties or their agents. The board shall act under oath and shall have the power of a court to summon witnesses and take testimony.
Arcadia, a post-village of Liberty county, is on the division of the Seaboard Air Line railway that runs from Savannah to Jack sonville, Fla. The railroad: station is called Dorchester. It has a money order postoffice and in 1900 had a population of 85.
Arch, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Forsyth county, is about three miles from the Dawson county line and five miles from the Chattahoochee river. The nearest railway station is Flowery Branch, on the line of the Southern that runs from Atlanta to Toccoa.
Archaeology. See Antiquities. Archives. Georgia has established no separate department of Archives and History as have many of the states. By an act of the legislature of 1902, the governor was directed to employ some fit and proper person to gather and compile the Colonial, Revolu tionary and Confederate records of the state, and this work has

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

73

been diligently prosecuted nearly three years. Besides the archives found in the state capitol, complete transcripts of the journals of the trustees, of the common council of the trustees, of both houses of the royal legislatures and the minutes of the proceedings of the royal governors in council up to the beginning of the Revolutionary war have been secured from London. Besides these, all of the records relating to the Revolutionary period are being carefully compiled and edited, and are well advanced towards completion. These records are being published at the rate of about two volumes a year. They will number in all about twenty large volumes and contain a complete documentary history of the state up to the close of the war of the Revolution. The work of compiling the Confederate records is being prosecuted as rapidly as possible. The entire work will be completed by the end of the year 1907.
Arcola, a post-village of Bulloch county, had a population of 50 in 1900. It is about two miles from a station of the same name on the Savannah & Statesboro railroad and twelve miles southeast of Statesboro.
Argo, a post-hamlet in the extreme southern part of Fannin county, is at the foot of the Blue Ridge, and had a population of 42 in 1900. It is about twenty miles east of Ellijay, which is the nearest railway station of any importance.
Argyle, a town in Clinch county, was incorporated by an act of the legislature on Nov. 18, 1901. It is about six miles east of Homerville on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some business enterprises, and in 1900 had a population of 188.
Arkwright, Preston S., is one of the prominent business men of the city of Atlanta and of the State of Georgia, his interests being large and varied, and he is also a member of the bar of the state, though not now engaged in the practice of his profession. Mr. Arkwright is a native of Georgia, having been born in the city of Savannah, Feb. 24, 1871, and is a son of Thomas and Martha (Stanley) Arkwright, the former of whom was born in Preston, Lancashire, England, and the latter in the city of Philadelphia, Pa. Preston S. Arkwright was : afforded the best of educational advan tages, having attended the public schools of Savannah; the convent school of the Sisters of St. Joseph, at Sharon, Ga.; the South Georgia agricultural and mechanical college, at Thomasville; the North Georgia agricultural and mechanical college, at Dahlonega; and the University of Georgia, in whose law department he was graduated

74

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in 1891, in which year, also, he was admitted to the bar of his native state. He continued in the active practice of his profession until 1901, when he retired, to become president of the Georgia Railway & Electric Company, of Atlanta, and to devote his attention to other important interests. He still holds the office noted, and is also first vice-president of the Atlanta, Birmingham & Atlantic Railroad Company; vice-president of the Brunswick Steamship Company; president of the Atlanta Northern railway company, and the Talladega Marble company; vice-president of the Atlanta Gas Light Company, the Atlantic & Birmingham Construction Company, the Tampa Northern Railroad Company, the Title Guarantee & Trust Company, of Atlanta; the Union Pineopolis saw-mills, and the Atlanta Suburban Land Corporation. He is a Democrat in his political proclivities, but has never sought or held public office of any description. He and his wife are members of the Meth odist Episcopal church South, and he is identified with various social clubs of Atlanta. On June 2, 1896, was solemnized the mar riage of Mr. Arkwright to :Miss Dorothy T. Colquitt, daughter of the late1 Hon. Alfred H. Cblquitt and Sarah (Bunn) Colquitt, of Atlanta. Mr. and Mrs. Arkwright have two children Dorothy Colquitt, and Preston Stanley, Jr.
Arlen, a post-village in the southeastern part of Bulloch county, had a population of 91 in 1900. It is located about two and a half miles north of Stilson, on? the Savannah & Statesboro railroad, which is the nearest railway station.
Arlington, the largest town in Calhoun county, is really partly in the county of Early, as 100; of the 755 inhabitants reported by the census of 1900 lived in the latter county. It is located at the junc tion of the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad and a branch of the Central of Georgia, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1881, has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, a guano factory, a cotton-seed oil mill, a turpentine distillery,; saw-mills, a number of good mercan tile establishments, a bottling works, good schools and churches, and a large trade in naval ^stores. The population of the militia district, in which the town is situated, was 1,990 in 1900.
Armstrong, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is near the head waters of Fishing creek and; about five miles north of Washington, which is the nearest railroad station.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

75

Armstrong, George Ferguson, is identi
fied with the office management of
Strachan & Co., of Savannah, and is one of the popular business men of that his
toric old city. He was born at Guyton,
Effingham county, Ga., Sept. 25, 1868, a son of Benjamin Remington and Eliza beth (Ferguson) Armstrong, the former
born in Jamestowin, R. L, and the latter
in Charleston, S. C. Benjamin R. Arm strong was a son of George and Sarah
(Remington) Armstrong, who lived in
Providence, R. I., and later at Jamestown, the father of the former having come' from England to America and settled in Providence about 1750. Elizabeth (Ferguson) Arm strong was a daughter of Hugh and Elizabeth (England) Fergu son, whose home was in Charleston, and the latter of whom was a daughter of Alexander England, a prominent business man of Charleston at the time of the war of 1813. The lineage of the Ferguson family traces back to staunch Scotch origin, and the founder of the American branch here considered located in Charles ton about 1780. The father of the subject of this review located in Savannah in 1836 and was a contracting mason by vocation. Dur ing the Civil war he was conductor on the "Shoo Fly" train run ning between Savannah and Oliver. Prior to the war he was captain of one of the old volunteer fire companies of Savannah and in later years served as city tax assessor. He held the high esteem of all who knew him, and continued a resident of Savannah until his death, in 1901, his widow passing away in 1903. After completing a course of study in Chatham academy, Savannah, George F. Arm strong entered the employ i:of Blodgett, Moore & Co., of that city and Jacksonville, Fla., a branch of the Standard Oil Company. About a year later he identified himself with the Savannah branch of Strachan & Co., with which well-known concern he has since been connected. He is a member of the Savannah cotton exchange, the Oglethorpe club and the Savannah Yacht club. In 1888 Mr. Armstrong enlisted as a private in the Chatham artillery, of the Georgia National Guard, with which he was still identified at the time of the outbreak of the Spanish-American war. He was then commissioned second-lieutenant of his company, which was mus tered into the volunteer service of the United States at Griffin, Ga.,

76.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

as Battery B, First Georgia light artillery. The battery was sent to the reserve camp at Chickamauga, where it remained until the cessation of hostilities, when it returned to Griffin, where it was mustered out of the United States service. Mr. Armstrong is still a member of this popular military organization, and is also iden tified with the Spanish War Veterans' association. On Jan. 4, 1905, he was united in marriage to Miss Lucy Camp, daughter of William N. and Texana (Gray) Camp, who were at that time resi dents of Suffolk, Va., but now reside in Ocala, Fla. Mr. and Mrs. Armstrong have one child, Lucy Camp Armstrong.
Armstrong, William Simpson, M. D.,
was one of Georgia's distinguished phy
sicians and surgeons and at the time of
his death held the chair of anatomy and
clinical surgery in the Atlanta medical
college, of whose faculty he had been a
member for many years. As a surgeon
in the Confederate service in the Civil
war his services were rendered most effectively and work of great responsibil
ity devolved upon him. He was born on his father's plantation in Wilkes county,
Ga., Oct. 9, 1838, and was there reared to the age of seventeen years. He attended the private school con ducted by R. M. Wright, in Washington, and when Professor Wright assumed charge of the academy in Washington, young Armstrong continued his studies in that institution, after which he took up the study of medicine, under the preceptorship of Dr. J". H. Lane, of Washington. In 1857 he was matriculated in the Medical College of Georgia,, at Augusta, where he took a course of lectures, after which he entered the medical department of the University of the City of New York, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1859, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He then returned: to Washington, Ga., and entered upon the active practice of his profession, in which he there continued until the outbreak of the war between the states, in the spring of 1861. He then enlisted in the Irwin guards, which company was organized in Wilkes county. He was mustered into service as a private, his company finally proceeding to Atlanta, where, on June P, 1861, it became a part of the Ninth Georgia infantry, with which it proceeded to the valley of Virginia, where he remained

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

77

until ordered with his command to join General B.eauregard, with whose forces his regiment united at Manassas, on July 21, 1861, the day of the great battle at that place. He remained at that point until March of the following year, when his company, which was still composed of members of the old Irwin guards, was made an artillery company and transferred to General Pendleton's artil lery corps. In the same month the company was sent to Richmond, where it was drilled in artillery maneuvers. Soon after reaching that city, at the earnest solicitation of his friends, Doctor Arm strong went before the board of medical examiners, passed a satis factory examination, was. appointed surgeon and was assigned to the Second Georgia hospital, in Richmond. There he continued in service until the battle of Sharpsburg was fought, when he w'as ordered to Winchester, V>a., where he took charge of the Taylor hospital. Later he was appointed to supervise all the hospitals at that point some six in number. He remained at Winchester until December, 1862, when he again reported at Richmond, where he was assigned to duty in examining conscripts at Montgomery, Ala. There he remained about two months, at the expiration of which he was transferred to Mobile, that state, where he was assigned to hospital duty and continued in service until the evacuation of the city, in March, 1865, ; when he placed his patients on board a vessel and carried them to Columbus, Miss., where he surrendered them somewhat later. He then returned to his home, in Wilkes county, Ga., where he remained until Nov. 28, 1865, when he removed to Atlanta, where he continued in the practice of his pro fession until his death. In 1866 Doctor Armstrong was elected demonstrator of anatomy in the Atlanta medical college, and a year later he went to Europe, studying in London and Paris and widening his field of general and technical observation, in the mean time coming in contact with the greatest physicians of England and France. Upon his return he was elected professor of anatomy in the Atlanta medical college, which position he thereafter retained except for an interval of :a few years, during which he was retired from the chair by resignation. In 1890 clinical surgery was added to his chair and thenceforward he held the augmented professor ship. He was a member of the Medical Association of Georgia and of the Atlanta medic-al society, as well as the American med ical association, and was ;: also surgeon of the Grady hospital. He was well-known in the medical world, having contributed numer ous articles to the leading:medical periodicals, especially the Atlanta

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Medical and Surgical Journal. While a resident of Mobile, Ala., he affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, but he was not thereafter in active membership. He was a member of the Second Baptist church, as is also his widow. In 1869 Doctor Armstrong was united in marriage to Miss Myra Grant, daughter of Col. Lemuel P. and Laura A. (Williams) Grant. Her father died in Atlanta in 1893, having been the owner of what is now known as Grant Park, of Atlanta, a beautiful spot which, with princely munificence, he donated to the city. Doctor and Mrs. Armstrong had two chil dren Laura L. and William B. He served fourteen years as pres ident of the Atlanta board of health, resigning the office in January, 1893. He was a son of Francis Cavaisieur Armstrong, who was born in Savannah, Ga., in 1800 and whose parents removed to Wilkes county in 1812, leaving Savannah at the time of the British invasion. Francis C. Armstrong was a planter and was a man of prominence and influence at the time of his death, which occurred in 1876. His wife, whose maiden name was Frances Amanda Simpson, was a native of Georgia, where her entire life was passed. They became the parents of four children William S. is the subject of this memoir; Victoria is the wife of Frank Slater, and they reside in Wilkes county, on the plantation occupied by her mother's ancestors, who immigrated hither from Maryland prior to the war of the Revolution; Alice is unmarried; and James resides on the old homestead in Wilkes county. The paternal grandfather of Doctor Armstrong was James;: Armstrong, who was born in Hempstead, Wilkes county, Ga., and who was a son of James Armstrong, Sr., born in Hempstead, N. Y., where he married, becoming the father of two children. After;: the death of his wife he -removed to Savannah, Ga. He subsequently located in Wilkes county, where he passed the remainder of h,is life, his death occurring in 1836. He became a successful planter and was one of the pioneer clergy men of the Baptist church iij Georgia. His father, with twenty others, wias killed by Indians.Hn New York state, the victims of a massacre, having been at the time in attendance at divine worship in a small church. Rev. James Armstrong was born after this sad event and was reared at Hempstead, N. Y., by a Presbyterian clergyman, Rev. Joseph Barbour. Doctor Armstrong was held in unequivocal confidence and esteem in both professional and social circles, and well merited the;; high regard in which he was held in the community in which he: lived and labored to so goodly ends. He was summoned to the life eternal Feb. 11, 1896.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

79

Arnold, Lowry, a member of the well-
known law firm of Arnold & Arnold, and
l>. the present incumbent of the office of
solicitor of the criminal court of Atlanta,
was born in that city, April 12, 1870, a
son of Reuben and Virginia (Lowry)
Arnold, both natives of Greenville, Tenn.,
where the former was born in 1833 and
the latter in 1842. Reuben Arnold's
father was Gen. Thomas D. Arnold, one
of the most distinguished members of the
Tennessee bar, and served several years
as a member of Congress from that state. The notable political contests in which he took part are recalled to this day by residents of Tennessee. He was an intimate friend and a patron of Andrew Johnson and was one of those prominently instrumental in inducing the; future president'to enter the arena of politics. Col. Reuben Arnold was colonel of a Tennessee regiment in the Confederate service in the Civil war and after the close of the conflict the conditions marking the so-called reconstruction period were so odious in Tennessee that it was practically impos sible for ex-Confederate ofnders to retain their homes there, espe cially in the eastern part of the state. This fact led Colonel Arnold to seek hospice and a new field of endeavor in Atlanta, Ga. a choice which he has never had reason to regret. He was for years one of the foremost members of the Atlanta bar, but retired from active practice about a decade ago and now resides on his fine plantation at Hopeville. Col. William Lowry, maternal grandfather of Lowry Arnold, likewise came from Greenville, Tenn., about 1860, and was the founder of the banking house of William & R. J. Lowry, pre decessors of the present Lowry National bank, of Atlanta. Lowry Arnold completed the curriculum of that well-equipped institution, the Boys' high school, of Atlanta, after which he took up the study of law under the most effective preceptorship, and was admitted to the bar, in Atlanta, in 1891. Soon afterward he became a mem ber of the firm of Arnold & Arnold, whose members are Reuben, Reuben R. and Lowry Arnold, which has a large and important practice all over the state and has been concerned in a large amount of prominent litigation. Lowry Arnold has proven his power as an able trial lawyer and has gained special prestige in his present office, that of solicitor of the criminal court of Atlanta. In politics

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

he is found staunchly arrayed as a supporter of the principles and

policies of the Democratic party, and he is identified with the

Capital City club, the Piedmont Driving club, the Atlanta Athletic

club, the Piedmont Golf club, the Masonic fraternity, Knights of

Pythias, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Benevolent and Pro

tective Order of Elks, and the Fraternal Order of Eagles. In

November, 1900, Mr. Arnold was united in marriage to Miss Joan

Clarke, daughter of Thomas M. and Joan (Thompson) Clarke, of

Atlanta, and they are prominent in the social life of the beautiful

capital city.

,,,....:-:.:,,,,.

Arnold, Reuben R., of Atlanta, is one

of the most able lawyers of the state and

is a prominent and honored member of

the Georgia bar. Mr. Arnold was born

in Atlanta, on March 23, 1868, and is a

ison of Reuben and Virginia (Lowry)

: Arnold, both of whom were born in

::Greenville, Tenn. His grandfather, Gen.

Thomas D. Arnold, was a distinguished

;lawyer of Tennessee; was an officer in

ihe war of 1812, and represented the first

district of Tennessee in Congress, hav

ing been the predecessor of Andrew John

son as representative of that district. Reuben Arnold was colonel

of the Twenty-ninth Tennessee volunteer infantry in the Confed

erate service during the war between the states. He is an able

and successful lawyer and has been a resident of Atlanta since

1865, having now practically retired from the active work of the

profession which he honored and dignified by his services. Reuben

R. Arnold was graduated :in the Boys' high school of Atlanta, and

in the meanwhile he hadi; taken up the study of law in the office

of his father. He was matriculated in the law department of the

University, of Georgia in :1885, and was graduated with the class

of 1886, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. Upon his return to

Atlanta in 1886 he was admitted to the bar and entered into part

nership with his father, under the firm name of Arnold & Arnold,

which title still obtains. ;iFrom a sketch of Mr. Arnold's career,

published in the Atlanta News of March 4, 1905, and written by

Edwin Johnson, the following extracts are made: "Mr. Arnold is

a bachelor. He is quiet in taste and disposition and cares nothing

for society. He loves his ifriends and will go his length for them;

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

81

but his spare hours are spent in study. It has been the habit of

the man his life long. He never went at a case without knowing

it. He is the best man in the state of Georgia at striking a jury.

He gets his evidence and he is a forceful and powerful speaker.

He uses the simplest language, interspersed with colloquialisms,

and makes as plain as the noonday sun what was originally an

intricate problem. In his varied experience, extending over nine

teen years of active practice, Mr. Arnold has come in contact with

the biggest and best of them. He never asked any odds. He was

always found prepared. Mr. Arnold is national committeeman

from Georgia to the American bar association, and is a leading

member of the Georgia bar association. His fame as a lawyer has

spread abroad, so that to-day he is kept going to all parts of the

state and in adjoining states. He has a practice second to none

in the south. His friends are numbered by the thousands. He

has worked for what he got. He hustled night and day, studied

and prepared himself, and knew what he was up against. He has

no frills or furbelows. He;is a plain, hard-working, common-sense

lawyer, with tenacity and confidence in himself, which means he is

successful." Since the foregoing was written Mr. Arnold has

ceased to be a bachelor. On Oct. 31, 1905, he married Miss Frances

Walter, of Atlanta. Mr. Arnold is an adherent of the Democratic

party and is identified with a large number of clubs and fraternal

societies.

Arnoldsville, a little village in Oglethorpe county, is located

about five miles in a northwesterly direction from Lexington, on

the line of the Georgia railroad that runs from Athens to Union

Point. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery,

and some business houses.;!

Arp, a post-village on the Hudson river in the southern part of

Banks county, had a population of 100 in 1900. The nearest rail

road station is Maysville, on that branch of the Southern running

from Athens to Lula. The postoffice was named for "Bill Arp,"

the pseudonym adopted by Charles H. Smith, one of Georgia's

literary men.

:

Arp, Bill (pseudonym). See Smith, Charles H.

Arrieville, a post-hamlet: in the southern part of Johnson county,

is located about six miles west of Wrightsville, which is the nearest

railroad station.

Arrington, a post-hamlet of Worth county, is about twelve miles

southeast of Isabella, the county seat. The population in 1900

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

was 31. Sumner and Tyty, on the Albany & Waycross division of the Atlantic Coast Line, are the nearest railway stations.
Arsenal. The United States arsenal at Augusta was established early in the nineteenth century. On Dec. 9, 1816, George Pearson and wife deeded to James Madison, then president of the United States, a tract of 40.6 acres, which was the first step toward locat ing the arsenal. Another rtract of 8.5 acres was deeded to the gov ernment on April 12, 1822, by Lucy M. Yarnold, formerly Mrs. Pearson, and on Nov. 9- 1826, Freeman Walker transferred 70 acres to the government, making a total of a little over 119 acres. By an act of the legislature, approved Dec. 26, 1826, Georgia ceded jurisdiction to the Federal authorities and the arsenal buildings were erected._ It is located in Summerville, about three miles from the city of Augusta, and at the beginning of the Civil war was garrisoned by 80 men under the command of Capt. Arnold Elzey. On Jan. 22, 1861, Governor Brown, accompanied by Col. (afterward Gen.) Henry R. Jackson, went to Augusta and the next day Jack son addressed a communication to Captain Elzey, asking that the arsenal be turned over to the state authorities. Elzey telegraphed the war department and was instructed to hold on until it became absolutely necessary to surrender in order to save life or property. Meantime Colonel Jackson had issued a call for the state troops to assemble and on the morning of the 24th about 800 men were in Augusta ready to enforce compliance with the demands of the state. Seeing that resistance was useless, Elzey surrendered, the arsenal passed into the hands of the governor, Elzey and his men being sent to New York by water. After the war the arsenal reverted to the Federal "government and since then extensive improvements have been made, placing it on an equality with the best institutions of its kind in the country.
Artesian Wells. For many years the question of a water supply in the Coastal Plain region^presented a grave problem for the towns dotted over that portion of the state. The rotten limestone water from the shallow wells was not considered wholesome and was often unpalatable. Some "years ago the experiment was tried of boring deep wells and in nearly every instance a superior quality of water was found. The result has been that sections formerly considered unhealthy have; been greatly benefited. This is notably true of the southern and southwestern portion of the state, Baker,. Dougherty, Calhoun and? Clay counties being especially wellsupplied with artesian wells. The Burke well at Wavnesboro-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

83

furnishes a large quantity of water for drinking and domestic pur

poses ; Eastman, the county seat of Dodge county, is entirely

supplied from wells of this character, the water being distributed

through mains and pipes directly to the houses; Albany has an

artesian water-works plant, and the greater part of Savannah's

water supply is derived from a similar source. Brunswick is well-

supplied and the truck farmers of Glynn county employ artesian

water for irrigating their crops. At various other points through

out the Coastal Plain artesian wells have been bored and the num

ber is constantly increasing. Considerable attention was given to

the subject of artesian wells' by the state geological department,

and in summing up S. W. McCallie says: "While there is much

vet to be learned about; the underground water system of the

coastal plain, there is, nevertheless, sufficient known already to

warrant the statement that almost this entire portion of the state

is underlaid by pervious beds, which will furnish large quantities

of pure, wholesome water when pierced by the drill. It is not to

be inferred by this statement, however, that these water-bearing

beds will furnish flowing wells. On the contrary, the flowing wells

will be found to be limited to certain areas not yet fully defined."

The average depth of the artesian wells in Georgia is about 450

feet. As the various strata through which they must be bored con

sist chiefly of clays, sand and soft limestone, the expense of

drilling them is comparatively small. The supply of water seems

to be inexhaustible, as wells that were bored some years ago are

still flowing with unabated vigor, and the advantages that have

resulted through a bountiful supply of pure water are almost incal

culable.

;:

Arthur, a post-hamlet in the extreme southern part of Laurens

county, had a population of 35 according to the census of 1900.

The nearest railroad station is Helena, which is about ten miles

distant, almost due south;

Artley, Abrarn Anson,: one of the successful contractors and

builders of Savannah, claims the old Keystone State as the place

of his nativity, having been born near Williamsport, Lycoming

county, Pa., Aug. 30, 1851. He is a son of Benjamin and Anna

(Williamson) Artley, both of whom were born in Lycoming

county and passed their ;ientire lives in Pennsylvania, where the

latter died in 1857. The; father, who was a blacksmith by trade

?nd vocation, died in 1875. Abram A. Artley secured his educa

tional discipline in the public schools of his native county, and at

84

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the age of eighteen years entered upon an apprenticeship at the carpenter's trade, becoming a skilled artisan, and he has ever since been identified with the work of his trade the major portion of the time in the capacity of contractor and builder. He continued a resident of Pennsylvania until 1898, when he located in Savannah, where he has been successful and prominent in his chosen voca tion, and where he is held in high regard as a citizen and business man. He is a member of the Savannah chamber of commerce; president of the Real Estate ;: Owners association; a director of the Savannah Bible society; a member of the board of trustees of the Florence Crittenden home, and a director of the local Woman's Christian Temperance Union, He and his wife are devoted mem bers of the Christian church; in which he is a deacon. On Sept. 22, 1874, Mr. Artley married: Miss Alfaretta D. Harman, daughter of Amos and Mary (Hayes) Harman, of Muncy, Lycoming county, Pa., and of the ten children: of this union seven are living, viz.: Anna Aletta, wife of Dr. John W. Luther, of Philadelphia, Pa., where he "is a successful physician and surgeon; John D., William H., Mary K., Fannie Lois, AJlan Troth, and Ruth M., all of whom are residents of Savannah. The three deceased children are Mack Herbert, Meredith and Harry F.
Asbestos, a post-hamlet in >the eastern part of White county, is located at the foot of Mount : Yonah, and about ten miles from Clarkesville, which is the most convenient railway station.
Asbestos. This is a fibrous mineral substance, a species of horn blende, and is used for many ^purposes in the arts. It is especially valuable in the manufacture of fireproof utensils, paints, steampipe coverings, safe linings, etc. ; Georgia and California are the only two states where it is found;;in paying quantities, and in the last few years the principal supply has come from Georgia. The extent and commercial value of the deposits are not yet fully determined. It is found in Carroll, Clayton| Crawford, Cherokee, DeKalb, Doug las, Fulton, Habersham, Hall, Heard, Meriwether, Rabun, Troup, Walton and White counties, ;;where mines are in operation. The asbestos mined at the top of Sal mountain, in Habersham county, is of a very superior quality. ; After being ground into a pulp and freed from impurities it is put into a compress and a very high grade of fire-brick, etc., is matte from it.
Asbury, a village of Troup county, is about five miles west of Hogansville, which is the nearest railroad station. The popula-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

85

tion in 1900 was 53. It has a postoffice and some small business

enterprises.

Ascalon is a quiet little post-hamlet nestled away in the moun

tains of Walker county. ,

Ashburn, the county seat of the new county of Turner, organ

ized by act of the legislature in 1905, is one of the new towns of

Georgia, built up by the coming into that section of the Georgia

Southern & Florida railway and chartered by act of the legislature

in 1891. Its population, which in 1890 was 403, had grown by the

census of 1900 to 1,301 in the corporate limits, while the district

including the town and contiguous territory embraced 3,025 inhab

itants. There are at Ashbtirn planing and saw-mills of large

capacity, turning out daily thousands of shingles and a large quan

tity of rough and dressed lumber. Near by there are large tur

pentine stills and in the town are several successful mercantile

establishments, two banks, a money order postoffice, with rural

free delivery routes, telegraph and express offices. The usual

Christian denominations are represented and there are good schools.

Ashburn, W. W., a prominent capital-

.,::;::s:;|||;|;;:g|ls::::,

ist :and industrial promoter of Colquitt

county, and an honored veteran of the

Confederate: service in the great Civil war,

was born on the old family plantation in

Surry county, N. C, Nov. 26, 1838. His

opportunities to acquire an education

were somewhat limited, but he improved

them, obtaining a fair business training,

and was sufficiently well equipped to hold

a responsible clerical position with a large

mercantile concern at the time the Civil

war broke out. He enlisted!in the Twenty-:

first North Carolina regiment, with which he served for about two:

3'ears, when he was promoted to courier and scout on General

Early's staff, in which capacity he served until the close of the con

flict. He participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellors-

ville, Winchester, Cedartown, Gettysburg, Plymouth, N. C., and

was in a number of skirmishes during the raids of Jackson and

Early in the Valley of Virginia. At Plymouth he was wounded

and was near the immortal! Lee on the day of the surrender at

Appomattox. About. the middle of April, 1865, Mr. Ashburn

returned to his old home, to!; begin, like many another Southerner,

86

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the restoration of his fortunes. On May 16, 1865, he married Miss Anna P. Atkinson, daughter of Johnson Atkinson, of Caswell county, N. C., the young couple having been engaged for the last two or three years of the war. The only resources with which Mr. Ashburn and his bride began the battle of life were a small tract of unimproved land and a determination to succeed, but with this meager start he laid the foundations of a prosperous business career. In 1868 he engaged in buying and selling tobacco and stock in South Carolina and Georgia, and while in this business he dis covered the vast possibilities of the "piney woods," or, as he has often been heard to express it, the "garden spot" of Georgia. In 1871 he removed his family to Eastman, Ga., where he engaged in the mercantile business, continuing in this line and in buying tim bered lands during the next ten or twelve years. About 1882 he became interested in the: production of naval stores and lumber, in which he was quite successful for a period of about eight years, during which time he became the owner of several large tracts of land, which he determined to hold for farming purposes, selling the timber, as well as his manufacturing interests. About this time the Georgia Northern railroad was constructed to Moultrie, and this town and its institutions Mr. Ashburn took an active part in upbuilding. Of this period of his career the Moultrie Observer says: "One of the first men to get a vision of Colquitt county's future was Mr. W. W. Ashburn, a wealthy turpentine operator and merchant of Eastmati. As far back as 1886 he was attracted by the vast timber resources of the county and purchased nearly 30,000 acres of valuable lands that were well timbered. * * * When the Georgia Northern road was constructed to:Moultrie and a boom was felt in the town and county, Mr. Ashburn came here and took an active part In the booming and building of Moultrie and also an active interest in the county's development. He organ ized the Moultrie Banking Company at a time when money was a scarce product and that institution has been linked with every step of development in the coiinty." In this line of commercial enter prise his previous experience came into play, as he' had been the organizer and for some years president of the Citizens Banking Company of Eastman. The Moultrie Banking Company was organ ized with a capital of $25:,000, with Mr. Ashburn as president and his son-in-law, Z. H. Clairk, as cashier, and the concern has been one of the most successful banks in all south Georgia. Mr. Ash burn obtained a charter for the Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf railroad,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

87

now a part of the Atlantic & Birmingham system, in the construc tion of which he made a considerable financial sacrifice by selling his timber to the railroad promoters for smaller price than he had been offered for it by other parties. The building of this road has been of inestimable value to Moultrie and Colquitt county, by open ing an outlet to the seacoast and to the west at the same time. For some time after Mr. Ashburn first went to Moultrie his family continued to reside in Atlanta. In 1899 he removed the members of his household to Moultrie in order that he might give his undi vided attention to his large interests in that portion of the state. He is now interested in a number of enterprises in south Georgia and elsewhere, among them being railroads, cotton mills, lumber mills, manufacturing concerns and the manufacture and sale of naval stores, as well as large agricultural undertakings. He was honored by the people of Dodge county, Ga., where he lived for a number of years before moving to Atlanta, by an election to the office of county treasurer and also represented the county in the legislature, serving on important committees, where his business training gave him a grasp of public questions that was fully appre ciated by his fellow legislators. His real estate operations have extended into Wilcox, Dooly, Worth and Colquitt counties, Ga., and into the State of Florida. Mr. Ashburn is a Democrat in his political convictions, is a member of the Masonic fraternity, in which he has attained to; the Royal Arch degree, and is a member of the Baptist church. ;He has four daughters and a son. Ella May is now Mrs. Lee B. Jones; Ida Belle is Mrs. Park Harper; Lizzie is Mrs. Z. H. Clark; and Willie Warren is Mrs. F. R. Pidcock. All the sons-in-law are business men of fine qualifications, known and respected all: over the state, and the son, Howard Ash burn, is a bright and intelligent young business man, having inher ited much of his father's; natural ability.
Ashford, William T.,: president of the Kenesaw Company of Atlanta, which was organized in 1890 for the purpose of manu facturing and selling fertilizers, was born in Clark county, Ga., in 1845. He was educated at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, graduating in 1868, and was shortly afterward engaged by the wholesale dry goods firm of Moore & Marsh, in Atlanta. In this, his first business connection, he spent twenty-eight years of his life. Starting at the bottom, by industry and attention to his duties, he became in a short time a member of the firm. For many years he was the active managing partner in the firm of Moore,

88

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Marsh & Co. merchandising,

This firm was notable in the history not alone because it was the first great

of southern firm in that

line, but because of the volume of its business, its long and uniform

success, and the high character which it

always maintained. The fertilizer- busi

ness, under Mr. Ashford's management,

has likewise had a career of which he is

justly proud. Mr. Ashford served dur

ing the last eighteen months of the war

between the states as a private in the

Troupe artillery, one of the most distin

guished Georgia commands in the Con

federate army of Northern-Virginia, with

which he shared in the continuous fight

ing in the siege of Petersburg, which

lasted from June 15, 1864, to April 2, 1865.

He is a Atlanta,

member and any

of the efforts

First Methodist Episcopal church South, of looking to the upbuilding of his own church

or other tion and

branches aid. Mr.

of Christian Ashford has

enterprise, are sure of his coopera never taken any further interest in

politics than to vote in elections, and hence has held no office in the

gift of any political organization, his serving to fully satisfy his ambition.

various business Mr. Ashford was

enterprises married in

1872 to Miss Jennie child living, Mrs. H.

Kirkpatrick, C. Caldwell.

of Chillicothe, Ohio, and has one He has lived in Atlanta continu

ously for thirty-eight years, where he of Peachtree street and Ponce de Leon tiful country home ten miles out on

has a residence at the corner avenue. He also has a beau the Peachtree road. To the

beautifying ment of the

of this, his place of large landed estate

rest and leisure, and surrounding it, he is

the now

improve devoting

much of his spare time.

Ashland, southwest Maysville

a of is

post-hamlet,of Franklin county, is about six miles Carnesville and not far from the Banks county line. the nearest railway station. It has a money order

postoffice and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it

is located.

Ashmore, Otis, the able;:superintendent of the public schools of

the city county,

of Savananh and county Ga., March 6,1853.: His

of Chatham, was born in father, Jeremiah Ashmore,

Lincoln and his

grandfather, Peter Ashmare, lived and died homestead, about two miles east of Lincolnton.

on the old family The maiden name

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

89

of his mother was Malinda J. Wright, and the family has occupied an honorable position in Lincoln county for more than a century. Both the Ashmores and Wrights took an active part in the Revolu tion, and soon after its close came to Georgia from Virginia and
North Carolina, along with that stream
of sturdy settlers whose splendid stock
has done so much to develop the re sources of the state. The early life of Otis Ashmore was spent upon the farm, amid the characteristic scenes of the old
slavery days. At the age of eight years
he was sent to the village school, where he remained as a pupil, at irregular inter
vals, until the close of the Civil war. For several years after the war the press
ing necessities of the home and farm
were such that he found but little oppor tunity to attend school, but his father possessed a fair library of miscellaneous books, which the son read and re-read with great profit. At the age of sixteen he attended a special school of trig onometry and surveying, taught by his uncle, Thomas P. Ashmore, a distinguished mathematician and astronomer, who for nearly half a century made the astronomical calculations for Grier's Almanac. Here Otis Ashmore developed a great taste for higher mathematics, which has always been; one of his favorite studies. Before he was seventeen years of age jhe became a practical and skillful surveyor, and for several years he discharged the duties of county surveyor by appointment, as he jwas too young to be elected to that office. In 1873 he taught a small school at Lincolnton, and with the money thus earned he entered Gainesville college, then presided over by that distinguished educator, George C. Looney. The instruction and inspiration received during his seventeen months' attendance in this school had a marked effect upon the future course and pos sibilities of his life. Having invested every dollar of his savings in education, Mr. Ashmore returned to his home in the summer of 1875 and again secured a school at Lincolnton, In 1876 he established a. new school in Wilkes county, teaching the same most successfully for two years, after which he again had charge of the school at Lincolnton for two years. In 1880 he was elected prin cipal of the Harlem high school, where he taught nearly five years. In the summer of 1884 he was elected president of the Middle

90

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Georgia college, at Jonesboro, where he remained two years, and in January, 1887, he was elected teacher of natural science in the city high school of Savannah. This position he filled until 1896, when he was elected superintendent of the public schools of this city, of Savannah and county of Chatham, which office he still holds. In the field: of science Mr. Ashmore has made a special study of astronomy, and since 1882 he has made the astronomical calculations for Grier's Almanac, a publi cation which has been held in high esteem throughout the South for three-fourths of a century; In 1900 he was on the staff of the United States naval observatory for observing the total eclipse of the sun, in May of that year, ^and his report and drawings on that occasion are valuable contributions to the science of astronomy. He is the author of a manual iof pronunciation and of several valu able articles in school text-books. He has delivered many popular lectures on astronomy and has contributed many articles to the press upon scientific subjects.^ In the general educational work of the state he has always taken an active interest, and he has been prominently connected with summer schools and teachers' insti tutes for many years. Mr. Ashmore is corresponding secretary of the Georgia Historical Society, a .member of the board of managers of the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, in Savannah, is one of the commissioners of the : Georgia state industrial college for colored youths, and a member of the board of managers of the Savannah Public Library. Mr.' Ashmore has been a life-long and earnest student of educational; affairs, and he has visited many of the leading cities of the Union for the purpose of observing and investigating the various educational systems employed in them. The knowledge thus gained is-turned to much practical account in the management of the public schools of Savannah, where, as superintendent and individual, he enjoys the confidence and esteem of all who know him,. In 1884 Mr. Ashmore married Miss Editha G. Collins, of Harlem, Ga., her parents having come to this state from Detroit, Mich. They became the parents of one child, Fred C., who died in 1892, at the age of seven years.
Ashton, a village of Irwin county, is on the Atlantic & Birming ham railroad, about five miles east of Fitzgerald. It has a postoffice and some minor business interests.
Ashwood, a post-village of Berrien county, is about five miles southwest of Allapaha and a similar distance from Heartsease, sta-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

91

tions on the Albany & Waycross division of the Atlantic Coast
Line. Aska, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is situated near the east
ern base of Big Bald mountain and about eight miles southeast of the town of Blueridge, which is the nearest railroad station.
Assignments. Insolvent debtors may make assignments for the benefit of their creditors, and may prefer one creditor to another, for which purpose conveyances may be executed by deed or liens established by mortgage, or property may be sold in payment of the debt, but a corporation making an assignment is denied the right to make any preference of creditors. Assignments must be executed in writing and recorded the same as deeds. They must include a description of all the property assigned, real and personal, and verified by the affidavit of the assigner. Assignees must give bond upon the request of three creditors. Creditors must be noti fied within thirty days of making the assignment. No property in the state shall pass by assignment of foreign corporations, unless such assignment shall comply with the requirements of the Georgia statutes, and no assignment can be set aside, except by direct appli cation for that purpose, and to which proceeding both assigner and assignee are necessary parties.
Astoria is a post-hamlet of Ware county. No population is given by the census of 1900. ;
Atkinson, a village in the southern part of Wayne county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, about five miles east of the junc tion of two lines of this system at Nahunta. It has a money order postoffice, some business houses, schools and churches, and in 1900 had a population of 110.
Atkinson, William. Yates, governor of Georgia from 1894 to 1898, was born Nov. 10, 1854, in Meriwether county, where his parents, John P. and Theodora P. ;:(Ellis) Atkinson, had settled but a few months before, having come from Brunswick county, Va. At the age of seventeen William:; entered an academy at Greenville and subsequently graduated from the law school of the state university at Athens. He then took up the practice of law and located at Newnan. In 1886 he was; elected to the legislature from Coweta county and was three times reflected, being honored with the speakership during his last term. From! 1890 to 1894 he was chairman of the Democratic State executive committee and it was while in this position that he demonstrated his capacity as a political organ izer. In 1894 he was nominated by his party for governor and

92

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

was elected by a majority of 24,161 over Judge Hines, the Populist

candidate. At the time of his nomination he was president of the

board of trustees of the Georgia Normal and Industrial college.

During his firm term he endeared himself to the people of the state

by his wise and sagacious statesmanship and in 1896 was reflected,

in 1880 Governor Atkinson married Miss Susie Cobb Milton, whose

great-grandfather, John Milton, was Georgia's first secretary of

state.

:

Atlanta. In 1837 the Western & Atlantic railroad commissioned

Stephen H. Long, a civil engineer, to locate the southeastern ter

minus of that road at some point on the west bank of the Chatta-

hoochee river, from which branch roads to Athens, Madison, Mill-

edgeville, Forsyth and Columbus could be easily constructed. Mr.

Long examined the bank of the river for some distance, but finding

the topography unfavorable for a terminus, he finally decided on a

location seven miles east of the river, where Hardy Ivy had com

menced a "clearing." In 1839 John Thrasher settled there, and

foreseeing that a town was probable, he built a house with a store

room attached, laid in a few staple goods and waited for customers.

The place became the common terminus of the Western & Atlantic,

the Georgia, and the Macon &: Western, now the Central of Georgia,

roads, and the name of "Terminus" was conferred on the straggling

little village that grew up about the junction. On Dec. 23, 1843,

the general assembly incorporated the town under the name of

Marthasville, in honor of the daughter of Governor Lumpkin.

About four years later some ::of the citizens petitioned the legisla

ture to change it to Atlanta.: A bill to that effect was passed on

Dec. 29, 1847. The first city election was held on Jan. 29, 1848,

just a month after the act of incorporation was: passed. Moses

W. Formwalt was elected thfe first mayor, and J. S. Smith, B. F.

Bomar, R. W. Bullard, J. A. Coffins, A. W. Walton and L. C. Simpson

were chosen members of the fifst council. At that time the population

was about 500, but when the census of 1850 was taken it was shown

to be 2,572, which will give some idea of its rapid growth. When

it was first incorporated it was in DeKalb county, but when the

county of Fulton was created, in 1853, Atlanta was designated as

the county seat. The population was then estimated at 4,500.

This almost phenomenal growth continued until the year I860,

when the census showed 9,554 inhabitants. Then came the Civil

war, and during the conflict:;few cities in the South suffered as

much as Atlanta. In November, 1864, her people had been driven

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

93

from their homes and of : more than 2,000 houses only about 300 remained, so that the Atlanta of the present day has grown up in the forty years succeeding the war. The municipal seal bears a figure of the fabled phoenix rising from the flames, with the dates 1847-1865 and the motto "Resurgens," all suggestive of the city's misfortunes and typical of her enterprise.
Not only is Atlanta the couaty seat of Fulton county, but it is also the metropolis and capital of the state. (See Capital) and is one of the chief railroad ^centers of the South. Five lines of the Southern system radiate ih different directions, connecting the city with Fort Valley, Brunswick, Birmingham, Ala., Kndxville, Tenn., and Washington, D. C. Two divisions of the Seaboard Air Line con nect it with Birmingham, Ala., and Portsmouth, Va.; the Western & Atlantic gives communication to Chattanooga; the Central of Georgia to Macon and Savannah; the Qeorgia railroad to Augusta; the Atlanta & West Point to Montgomery, Ala., and the Louisville & Nashville to Knoxville.- The connections of these various roads at their respective terminals place Atlanta in direct and ready com munication with all parts of the country and make it a desirable distributing point. The; excellent transportation facilities have aided in promoting manufacturing enterprises and in 1900 there w'ere 395 establishments, ^employing over 9,000 people. An esti mate made by the Chamber of Commerce in 1904 shows an increase of over 50 per cent, in the number of employes and 62 per cent, in the value of the product, while the bank clearings had risen from $96,000,000 to $145,000,000.
The public buildings of the city were valued at $8,000,000 in 1900 and the number and;;elegance of the tall office buildings, com monly called "sky-scrapers," have given to Atlanta the sobriquet of "The New York of the South." The streets are well paved, a modern police system and fire department afford protection to person and property, a good street railway system provides easy and rapid access to all parts of the eleven square miles included within the corporate limits, and the waterworks is one of the best in the country. In;- 1904 there were sixteen white and six colored grammar schools, a boys' high school, a girls' high school and a night school embraced by the public school system. The city is also the site of several higher insti tutions of learning, among which are the Georgia School of Technology, the Atlanta University, Clark University, Morris Brown College, :a dental college, two medical colleges,

94

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and two business colleges. About fifty newspapers and per

iodicals are published in Atlanta, representing the daily, weekly

and monthly press, and covering' all the fields of journalism, from

the political organ to the professional and religious publications of

high class. Hotels and theaters furnish material comfort and

relaxation to the visitor, as well as to the denizens of the city.

Parks and pleasure resorts are numerous and easy of access, show

ing that the people have a regard for their social as well as phys

ical welfare. Located as it is, nearly 1,100 feet above the level of

the sea, Atlanta enjoys a climate free from the fear of epidemics of

such diseases as yellow fever, which have been the scourge of so

many Southern cities. The surface is rolling, affording easy drain

age, and the death rate shows the advantages the city has in the

matter of healthfulness. In vie-yv of the marvelous progress of the

past, it is safe to predict that the future will witness still greater

strides and that Atlanta will soon become one of the greatest inland

cities of the country.

;;

About the middle of July, 1864, the Federal army crossed the

Chattahoochee river and on the 17th began the advance on Atlanta.

The next day McPherson, with :a strong force, struck the Georgia

railroad, some distance east of:Decatur, and tore up about four

miles of the track. On the 19th he took possession of Decatur,

Schofield marching from that place toward the city. About the

same time Howard's corps reached Buckhead bridge, on Peach-

tree creek, which was guarded on the south by an infantry work.

After some stubborn fighting Stanley's division crossed above the

bridge and Wood's below and marched eastward to form a junc

tion with Schofield. Newton, Hooker and Palmer continued the

fighting at the bridge and the last two finally effected a crossing,

but with considerable loss.

;

On the 20th Thomas, with the greater part of Hooker's and

Palmer's corps and Newton's division, occupied a comparatively

isolated position on Peachtree creek, and General Hood, who had

succeeded Gen. J. E. Johnston:: in command of the Confederate

forces, planned an attack on Thojnas, which was to be made imme

diately after noon by Hardee andiStewart. For unavoidable reasons

the attack was not commenced until four o'clock. The delay

proved, advantageous to the Federals and although the Confed

erates fought with skill and valor they were compelled to retire

at nightfall. This affair is known as the battle of Peachtree creek.

In the meantime McPherson was steadily approaching the city,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

95

stubbornly resisted by Wheeler, and Hood saw that unless some thing could be done to check this advance he would be compelled to abandon Atlanta. He, therefore, determined to follow the sug gestion of Johnston to sally out and attack the Federal flank at some point. On the 20th Cleburne was sent to Wheeler's assist ance, but the Federals succeeded in entrenching a position on Bald Hill on the night of the 21st, occupied by two divisions of Blair's corps. The plan of the Federal advance had rendered the defen sive works practically useless, and during the night of the 21st Cheatham's and Stewart's men were engaged in constructing new defenses, while Hardee was directed to move out on the McDonough road and turn McPherson's right. Wheeler, with his cavalry, was to support Hardee's right and both were to attack as early as possible on the morning of the 22nd. Following this attack Cheatham was to engage the enemy and force him to the left, down Peachtree creek, where Stewart was to continue in like manner. The plan was well conceived, and failed mainly because when Hardee began his attack he found himself confronted by a force not considered in Hood's plan. Only a small gap existed in the Federal lines to his advantage and this was quickly filled by rein forcements from Logan and Dodge. By fierce assaults he suc ceeded in capturing part :of the Federal works, while Cheatham vigorously assailed the enemy's line about Bald Hill, forcing it back and bending it at right angles to its original position. The center held firm, however,;: and it was finally decided that to push the attack farther would j involve a needless loss of men. Gen. W. H. T. Walker, of the Confederates, was killed while leading his men into action, and ;General McPherson also fell during the engagement. The sortie had been a partial success; thirteen can non and eighteen stand of|: colors had been captured by Hardee and Cheatham; the advance of McPherson's army was checked, a;nd Atlanta w.as saved for the time being.
Logan then destroyed the railroad to Decatur and intrenched a line to the north of it, but on the night of the 26th abandoned his position and took up another to the northwest of Atlanta. On the 28th Gen. J. C. Brown was ordered to attack Logan and drive him back beyond Ezra church; In the attempt to carry out this order he carried Logan's line at several points, but was twice repulsed. The three brigades of Qayton's division were also repulsed in attacks upon the Federal line at places that seemed to be the weak points. After Brown and Clayton failed Walthall marched oat

96

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

about two o'clock in the afternoon and engaged Logan. The fight lasted until dark, when Hood withdrew all his forces within the lines about Atlanta. During the month following this battle of Ezra church, the Federals, from 'an intrenched line, extending from the Georgia railroad on the east around the north to the Lickskillet road on the west, poured an incessant fire into the Confederate works.
About the first of August Schofield and Palmer took a position below Utoy creek, prolonging the line nearly to East Point, the junction of the Atlanta & West Point and the Macon & Western railroads. To meet this movement Hood was compelled to stretch out his line to a length of fifteen miles. Both armies were intrenched and there was almost continuous skirmishing. On the 6th Schofield made a fierce assault on Bate's position on the Sandtown road below Utoy creek, but it was repulsed with heavy loss. This is known as the battle of Utoy creek. Sherman now extended his line beyond the power of Hood's strength to meet it, brought down from Chattanooga a number of rifled cannon and began anew the bombardment of the city, continuing it until August 26th. Mean while the adjacent country was raided by detachments and skir mishes occurred at Fairburn, Jonesboro and other points. Hardee was sent against the Federal position at Jonesboro on the night of the 30th, for the purpose of forcing the enemy back across the Flint river. The failure of the undertaking caused Hood to aban don Atlanta and Sherman took possession of the city on Septem ber 2nd. Sherman held Atlanta until he had completed his arrange ments for his famous march to the sea. On November 14th all the buildings except dwelling houses and churches were destroyed and the next day the greater part of the army took up its< march toward Savannah. On the 16th the entire force left the city, which was then occupied by some Confederate cavalry, while some of the enterprising citizens began at once the work of rebuilding their homes and fortunes.
Atlanta Baptist College. A noble work is being capably and zealously done^in uplifting the masses of the negro race by the cultured and pure minds sent forth by the Atlanta Baptist college. All of its 160 living graduates are engaged in honorable vocations, and 6f this number 100 are .either pastors, missionaries, teachers or practicing physicians. Originally an institution for teaching colored ministers rudimentary English, the literary feature has been signally developed and expanded within recent years, and the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

97

institution exercises full collegiate functions of high order. There are two distinct departments the college course, leading up to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and the theological course, culminating in the degree of Bachelor of Divinity. English and the natural sciences have prominent places in every one of the eight years of preparatory and collegiate work. The enrollment of students for the year 1905 was 180. The institution is operated by the Amer ican Baptist Home Missionary Society, of New York. It was organ ized in 1867,, in Augusta, Ga., as the-Augusta institute. In 1879 it was removed to Atlanta and incorporated under the title of Atlanta Baptist seminary. In 1890 the school was removed to the present location, and in 1897 it was chartered with full collegiate powers, the present title being then adopted. The site comprises thirteen acres on one of the highest elevations in the city and three large brick buildings of modern construction and appointments are occu pied. The facilities and curriculum are modern and effective in every particular. The property is situated at the junction of West Fair and Chestnut streets, readily accessible by electric cars and within a half hour's walk from the center of the city. The pres ident of the college is Rev. George Sale, A. M., a brief sketch of whose life appears in this publication, and the faculty includes thirteen able instructors in addition to the president.
Atlanta Medical College was organized in 1854, and is said to be the oldest educational institution in the capital city. According to the Southern Medical and Surgical Tournal there were 78 students in attendance at the first term. In 1857 the legislature made an appropriation of $15,000 for the institution and provided that one student from each Congressional district should be instructed free, the student to be selected by the Congressman. The exercises were suspended during the Civil war, after which it was reorganized and is now one of the prosperous medical colleges'of the South.
Atlanta University. This institution, for the education of the colored people, was founded by the Freedmen's Bureau soon after the war. The board of trustees was organized in October, 1867, the corner-stone of the first building was laid in June, 1869, and the school was opened -the following autumn. On March 3, 1874, the legislature passed an act appropriating $8,000 annually to the support of the university, but, owing to the fact that white students were admitted, this appropriation was withdrawn by the resolution of Sept. 23, 1887. (See Glenn Bill.) The university has about sixty acres of land in the western part of the city, upon which a
7

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

number of good buildings have been erected. The only endowment is one for the upbuilding of the library, the institution deriving its support from tuition, the donations of the American Missionary Association and the Peabody fund. It has normal, high school, college and industrial departments and confers the degree of Bach elor of Arts. The attendance in 1904 was 280. Most of the grad uates of the school are from the normal department and many of them are engaged in teaching.
Att, a post-hamlet in the western part of Worth county, is about twelve miles northwest of Isabella. The nearest railroad station is Oakfield on the Albany & Northern, which is about five of six miles to the northwest.
Attachments. Summary process of attachment may be brought: 1st, When the debtor resides outside of the state; 2nd, Where he is about to remove outside of the; county; 3rd, Where he absconds; 4th, When he resists legal arrest; 5th, Where an attempt is being made to remove the property from the state; 6th, In case of con cealment or fraudulent transfer: of property liable for the debt. Bond and security in double the amount sworn to must accompany all affidavits for attachment proceedings. Affidavits may be filed by plaintiff, his agent or attorney, and attachments can be issued by judges of the courts of record, justices of the peace and notaries public who are ex-officio justices of the peace. Property attached may be replevied or garnishments dissolved by giving bond to produce the property or pay the debt when a final decision shall be reached.
Attainder, Acts of. For some:time prior to the adoption of the constitution of 1777 two separate governments had been main tained in Georgia. Governor Wright presided as the royal gov ernor and opposed to him was.the council of safety, under the presidency of William Ewen, and the provincial council, presided over by Bulloch and Gwinnett. After the capture and escape of Wright he went to England, leaving the friends of liberty in full possession of colonial affairs. They were not slow to take advan tage of the situation thus presented and as soon as the constitution went into effect the assembly passed an act of attainder, declaring all supporers of the loyalist cause guilty of high treason. They were ordered to be banished from the colony and their property confiscated. Wright returned in July, 1779, organized a loyalist assembly, which retaliated by passing an act of attainder against 151 persons known or suspected: of having aided and abetted the

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99

patriot cause. The act was passed on July 6, 1780. Among those

disqualified "from holding or exercising any office of trust, honour,

or profit in the Province of Georgia," were John A. Treutlen, John

Houstoun, Edward Telfair, Lachlan Mclntosh, George Walton,

Noble W. Jones, Samuel Elbert, and a number of others whose

names have become household words in the state. In fact, the

entire list of 151 has been handed down in the history of Georgia

as a "Roll of Honor," though it developed that some of the attainted

ones were inclined to Toryism.

Attapulgus, a village in Decatur county, is twelve miles south

east of Bainbridge and only a short distance from the Florida line.

Its population in 1900 was 364. It has a money order postoffice,

express and telegraph service, good schools and churches, and is

an important shipping point, on the Columbus & Tallahassee divi

sion of the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad.

Atwater, a post-village in the northern part of Upson county,

was incorporated by act of. the legislature on Dec. 17, 1902. It is

about seven miles northwest of Thomaston, which is the most

convenient railroad station.

:

Auburn, a post-town of Gwinnett county, is on the Seaboard Air

Line railway about ten miles east of Lawrenceville, and in 1900

reported a population of 16:1. It is the principal trading center

and shipping point in that part of the county, and has good educa

tional and religious advantages. Some skirmishing occurred here

on July 18, 1864, as the Federal cavalry, which had raided Roswell,

was moving toward Decatur;

Audubon, a post-hamlet of Gordon county, is about seven miles

due east of Resaca, which is the nearest railway station, and not

fa'r from the Murray county: line.

Augusta, the third city of-the state in population, is the county

seat of Richmond county. : In 1735 General Oglethorpe, being

desirous of establishing a military post on the river at some distance

from Savannah, sent out art; expedition to select a location. The

foot of the falls was chosen and a town laid out, which was named

Augusta, in honor of one of :the royal princesses. Roger de Lacy,

an Indian agent, was the first settler. In the spring of 1736 a gar

rison was detailed for the defense of the place, King's fort was;

erected, warehouses built and stocked with goods for the. Indian

trade, and a road cut through the swamps to Savannah. The town

flourished from the start and; soon became the leading trading post

in the Savannah valley. A fair was held every spring by the trad-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ers and on these occasions several hundred Indians would gather there from the interior. Early in November, 1763, a joint confer ence was held at Augusta by order of the king. The governors of Virginia, the two Carolinas and Georgia represented the white people, and about 700 Indians were in attendance. After five days of negotiation a treaty of perpetual peace and friendship was con cluded and signed by all the parties. During the Revolution there was a great deal of fighting about Augusta. The town fell into the hands of the British under Colonel Campbell early in January, 1779, but was abandoned on the last day of February. After the fall of Savannah in the following December the seat of govern ment was removed to Augusta and the general assembly met there on Jan. 4, 1780. In May the place again passed into the possession of the British under the command of Col. Thomas Browne, who built Fort Cornwallis near the center of the town and Fort Grierson in the west end. In September, 1780, Col. Elijah Clarke, with a force of Americans, besieged the two forts for several days, when Browne was relieved by reinforcements under Colonel Cruger, and Clarke retired. About the middle of May, 1781, General Pickens, Colonel Clarke and "Lighthorse Harry" Lee united their forces against Browne. Before the attack was fairly commenced Colonel Grierson, who commanded the garrison in the fort of that name, abandoned his position and endeavored to join Browne in Fort Cornwallis. The Americans were expecting this move and poured such a deadly fire upon the retreating soldiers that very few escaped, Grierson himself being among the killed. The Amer icans then turned their attention to Fort Cornwallis, but the ground was too level to use artillery to an advan tage and too open to admit of the place being taken by storm. A Mayham tower was erected, on the top of which cannon were placed and fire opened-on the fort. On June 5th Browne surrendered, with all his arms and ammunition, and Augusta remained in possession of the; Americans from that time.
In 1791 President Washington visited Augusta, which was then the capital of the state. He arrived in the city on May 18th. Five miles out he was met by the Richmond county regiment of militia and escorted to the -state-house, where he was welcomed by Gov ernor Telfp.ir. That night a ball was given in honor of the pres ident's visit, at which he was present.
At the beginning of the Civil war the United States arsenal was surrendered to Governor Brown and taken possession of by the

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101

state troops. A Confederate powder mill was maintained here while the war was in progress and when the canal was enlarged in 1872 all the mill was removed except the huge smoke stack, which was permitted to remain standing at the request of the Confederate Survivors' Association. A stone tablet has been framed in the sides of this stack reciting its history, and it yet remains, a silent memento of the Confederacy.
The Augusta of today is one of the handsomest and most pro gressive cities of the South. The population in 1900 was 39,441. Six lines of ralroad center here and the competition afforded by the Savannah river steamers has a tendency to keep freight rates down to a minimum, thus making the city a desirable shipping point. It is the largest inland cotton market in the South Atlantic States, and the largest cotton milling center in the entire South, having nearly 10,000 looms and over 300,000 spindles. This fact has given Augusta the appellation of "The Lowell of the South." It has two national and "six state banks and a trust company, fine public buildings, a United States arsenal, a good street railway service, a modern union railway passenger station, water works, electric lights, fine hotels, broad, well-kept streets, churches of all the leading denominations, eight newspapers and periodicals, an excellent public school system, the oldest medical college in the South, and the Richmond Academy is the oldest educational insti tution in the country, except William and Mary, Princeton and Harvard universities. The climate is healthful and the city is a great resort for winter tourists.
Augusta Orphans' Home.--See Charitable Institutions. Auraria, a post-village of Lumpkin county, is about five miles from Dahlonega, in a southwesterly direction, and in 1900 had a population of 174. As its name indicates it is in the center of a gold mining district. The nearest railroad station of any impor tance is Gainesville, the county seat of Hall county. Austell, a town in the: southwestern part of Cobb county, is located at the junction of: two branches of the Southern railway, one running northward into Tennessee and the other running west ward into Alabama. It w>as incorporated by act of the legislature in 1885. The population :in 1900 was 648 in the corporation and 1,017 in the entire militia^ district. It has telegraph and express offices, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several prosperous mercantile establishments, a bank, a good school sys tem and neat churches.

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Austin, a post-village in the western part of Morgan county, had a population of 77 in 1900. The nearest railway stations are Rutledge, on the Atlanta & Augusta division of the Southern, and Broughton, on the Covington & Milledgeville division of the Cen tral of Georgia, each of which is about four miles distant.
Austin, Edward Rockwell, is engaged in the practice of law in the city of At lanta and is also president of the Electric Manufacturing & Equipment Company. He- was born in Atlanta on July 11, 1874, and is a son of Bloomer H. and Henrietta E. (Rockwell) Austin, the former of whom was born in Tallahassee, Fla., and the latter in Boston, Mass. One of the paternal ancestors, Stephen F. Austin, was one of the pioneer settlers of Texas,
with whose history his name is prom inently identified. Charles H. Austin, grandfather of the subject of: this review, served with distinction in the Seminole Indian war, and was a prominent and influential citizen of Florida, having served for nearly twenty years as state treasurer. In the maternal line Mr. Austin is a descendant of the old and honored Rockwell family of New England, with whose annals the name has been identified from the colonial epoch of our national history. Bloomer H. Austin was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy in the war between the states. In the latter part of the year 1861 he enlisted as a private in Company A, Thirteenth Georgia battalion, and was later transferred to the Fifth Florida battalion of cavalry, Col. George W. Scott commanding, while still later he was transferred to the Milton light artillery, Dunham's battery, Maj. J. L. Dunham being in command. He took part in the engagements at Olustee, Natural Bridge, Brandy Branch, Waldo, Cedar Creek, Gainesville and Baldwin, and was in other minor engagements incidental'to the Florida campaign, continuing in active service until the close of the war. Edward R. Austin com pleted the curriculum of the .Atlanta high school, after which he became a student in the Atlanta law school, in which he was grad uated as a member of the class of 1895, being admitted to the bar the same year. He now controls a lucrative practice in his native city and is known as an able representative of his profession. He has been president and general counsel of the Electric Manufactur-

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103

ing & Equipment Company since 1904, this concern being the suc cessor of the Wotton Electric & Manufacturing Company, manu facturers of telephones and electric appliances. Mr. Austin is a stanch advocate of the principles of the Democratic party, but has never sought or held public office; is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church, a member of the Masonic fraternity, the Georgia bar association, the Piedmont Driving club, the Pied mont Golf club, and the Capital City club, of which last mentioned he has been secretary and treasurer since 1900.
Authors. In the fields of literature and journalism Georgia has produced a number of writers whose productions entitle them to conspicuous places in the galaxy of American literati. The novels of Augusta Evans Wilson, William H. Peck and Harry S. Edwards; the character studies of Augustus B. Longstreet; the prose and poetic writings of Mirabeau B. Lamar; the philosophy of Joseph LeConte; the Uncle Remus stories of Joel Chandler Harris; the humor of Charles H. Smith, better known as "Bill Arp," and the historical writings of Alexander H. Stephens occupy permanent places in the literature of the land. The names of Paul H. and William H. Hayne, father and son, are familiar to every lover of poetry, as are also the names of Richard H. Wilde, Father Abram J. Ryan, Henry R. Jackson, Sidney Lanier, Henry L. Flash and Frank L. Stanton. Other Georgia writers, whose fame has extended beyond the boundaries of their state, are Henry W. Grady, Ben jamin H. Hill, Mary E. Bryan, Henry C. Fairman, Atticus G. Haygood, Charles H. Hubnerj James R. Randall, Absalom H. Chappell, Thomas R. R. Cobb, Hugh McCall, Charles C. Jones, Andrew A. Lipscomb, George White, Richard Malcolm Johnston, George G. Smith, William B. Stevens, Ulrich B. Phillips, Lawton B. Evans, Joseph T. Derry, Octavia Walton LeVert and Isaac W. Avery. In addition to these there are a number of writers of lesser note, while the editorial pages of some of the newspapers evince the fact that they are in charge of men who have a ready ability and a com prehensive grasp of current topics. Biographical sketches of most of Georgia's literary men and women are embraced in this work.
Autney, a post-village in the southern part of McDuffie county, is about eight miles southeast of Thomson, the county seat. The nearest railway station is Dearing, on the Atlanta & Augusta division of the Southern. The population in 1900 was 53.
Autreyville, a village with a population of 136 in 1900, is located in the southern part of Colquitt county, on the Moultrie & Pidcock

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

division of the Georgia Northern railway. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, and is a trading center for the surrounding country.
Avalon, a village of Franklin county, is on the line of the South ern railway that runs from Elberton to Toccoa. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an express office, some mercantile interests, and in 1900 had a population of 52.
Avant, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Pierce county, is about ten miles due east of Blackshear. The nearest railway station is Giles, on the Cordele & Brunswick division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad.
Avera, a village in the northwestern part of Jefferson county, is not far from the Glascock county line. It is a station on the Augusta Southern railway, has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, some business enter prises, and in 1900 had a population of 199. It was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 18, 1900.
Avery, Isaac W., lawyer, journalist and historian, was born at St. Augustine, Fla., in the year 1837. The first of the name to come to America came over in 1631, married a granddaughter of Governor Winthrop of Massachusetts, and from this marriage the subject of this sketch is a lineal descendant. One of his ancestors was a signer of the Mecklenburg declaration of independence. Mr. Avery received a good education and in 1860 began the practice of law. Upon the breaking out of the war he cast his lot with the Confederacy and after taking part in the capture of Fort Pulaski he entered the army as a private, subsequently rising through various promotions to the rank of colonel. After the war he prac ticed law for a few years, when he gave up the profession to become managing editor of the Atlanta Constitution. Later he was a partner of Henry W. Grady on the Herald, and was for six years secretary of the state executive department under various gover nors. In 1881 his history of Georgia from 1850 to 1881 was pub lished, and although it covers only a comparatively short period of the state's history, it is regarded as one of the most valuable contributions to the historical literature of the state.
Ayersville, a village of Habersham county, is on the line of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta into South Carolina, and about five miles west of Toccoa. It has a postoffice, some minor business enterprises, and in 1900 had a population of 79.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

105

B

Babcock, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Miller county, is

about three miles from Nicholasville, on the Georgia, Florida &

Alabama railway, which is the nearest station. It was incorpor

ated by act of the legislature on Dec. 14, 1901.

Bacon, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Monroe county,

reported a population of 37 in 1900. The nearest railway station

is Milner, on the main line of the Central of Georgia.

Bacon, Augustus O., lawyer and United States senator, was born

in Bryan county, Ga., Oct. 20, 1839. About the time he attained

his majority he was graduated in the law department of the state

university and began practice at Atlanta. In May, 1861, he en

tered the Confederate service and rose to the rank of adjutant in

the Ninth Georgia infantry. In 1866 he located at Macon and

resumed the practice of his profession. In 1868 he was a. presi

dential elector on the Democratic ticket; was elected to the Geor

gia legislature in 1870; .chosen speaker of the house in that body

in 1873 and held the office for several years; was prominently sup

ported as a candidate for governor of the state in 1886, and in 1894

was elected to the United States senate. At the close of his first

term he was unanimously reflected. He still resides in Macon.

Baconton, a village in the northern part of Mitchell county, is

on the Albany & Thomasville division of the Atlantic Coast Line

railway and in 1900 had a population of 208. It has a money

order postoffice, which supplies the neighboring district by means

of rural routes, express and telegraph service, schools, churches,

and some business enterprises.

:::::;::

Bagley, Henry Clay. The largest busi

ness controlled by any agency of the

Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company,

of Philadelphia, is that represented by

the general agency for Georgia. The

headquarters of this agency are in the

;city of Atlanta and the management of

the magnificent business is entrusted to

;the firm of Bagley & Willet, of which

the subject of this sketch is the senior

member. Mr. Bagley is a native son of

Georgia and is now numbered among

the prominent business men of its capi

tal city. He was born ;near Americus, Sumter county, Nov. 9,

1860, a son of Daniel Slade Bagley, born in Putnam county, Ga.,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Jan. 31, 1829, and of Sarah (Mann) Bagley, who was born in Sum ter county, in 1832. The father's death occurred March 13, 1879, his wife having passed away Nov. 8, 1868. Daniel S. Bagley was a prosperous planter of Sumter county and was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the war between the states. Representatives of the family were soldiers of the Continental line in the war of the Revolution, as were also members of the Mann and allied families. Daniel S. and Sarah (Mann) Bagley are survived by two sons, of whom the subject of this review is the younger, and by one daughter. Daniel W., the elder son, resides in Americus, as does also the daughter, Ella E., who is the wife of William E. Clark. Henry C. Bagley secured his preparatory educational training in the schools of Sumter county and at the early age of fourteen years was matriculated in Mercer university, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1878, being seventeen years of age at the time and receiving the degree of Bachelor of Science. He was reared on the homestead plantation, and is now one of the largest and most successful cotton growers in the state, his planting interests being located near Americus. At the age of twenty-one years he was elected cashier of the Peoples Na tional bank, of Americus, and served in that capacity until he was twenty-seven years of age, when he was made president of the Americus Investment Company, a corporation capitalized for $1,000,000 and organized for the purpose of constructing the Sa vannah, Americus & Montgomery railroad, extending from Savan nah to Montgomery, Ala. In 1887 Mr. Bagley founded the town of Cordele, Dooly county, now a thriving city of 10,000 population, and in the following year he founded the towns of Richland, Lyons and Helena, Ga., the last mentioned having been named in honor of his younger daughter, Helen. The railway enterprise noted was brought to completion in 1892, and in January of the following year Mr. Bagley accepted the position of cashier of the MaddoxRucker Banking Company, of Atlanta. He retained this incum bency two years and was then appointed general agent for Georgia of the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company, to whose interests he has since given his attention. He has made a brilliant record in the field of life insurance, as is evident when cognizance is taken of the fact that this general agency now has an annual new busi ness aggregating more than $5,000,000 and is recorded on the books of the company as its largest producing agency. Since 1902 Mr. Bagley has had as his coadjutor in business Hugh M. Willet, and the agency is conducted under the firm name of Bagley &

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

107

Willet, as has already been stated in this article. In 1903 Mr. Bagley formed a partnership with Judge George F. Gaber in the peachgrowing industry, under the corporate title of the Bagley-Gaber Orchard Company, and they now have one of the largest peach orchards in Georgia, the same comprising more than 1,000 acres and being located at Bagley, near Americus. In his political al legiance Mr. Bagley is a stanch Democrat and in 1905 he served as representative of the eighth ward of Atlanta in the city council, having the rare distinction of being elected without opposition. He has taken a deep interest in the state militia, and from 1888 to 1890 served as captain of the Americus Light Infantry. He is a member of the First Baptist church and for the past six years has served as assistant superintendent of its Sunday school. He is now an influential member of the building committee of the church, this committee having charge of the erection of the handsome new church edifice, to be completed within the summer of 1906. He is affiliated with the ,lodge, chapter and commandery bodies of the Masonic fraternity and also with the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. On Sept. 19, 1883, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Bagley to Miss Ella Henry Walker, who was bo_rri Aug. 5, 1864, a daughter of the late Henry I. Walker, who was a prominent planter of Sumter county. Mrs. Bagley was summoned into eternal rest on March 22, 1906, and is survived by four children, whose names, with respective dates of birth, are as follows: Sallie May, Oct. 19, 1884; Helen Walker, Feb. 28, 1887; Hugh Miller, July 25, 1891; and Henry Walker, Aug. 5, 1900.
Bailey, David J., was a native of Butts county, where he was reared and educated. In 1850 he was elected to represent his district in the lower house of Congress as a State Rights Whig, and at the close of his first term was reelected. At the commence ment of the Civil war he entered the Confederate army and became colonel of the Thirtieth Georgia regiment. He died at an ad
vanced age. Bailey's Mills, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Cam-
den county, is on the Satilla river and about eight miles from Seals, on the Savannah & Jacksonville division of the Seabord Air Line, which is the nearest railway station.
Bailiffs. One of the first acts of the colonial trustees was to ar range for the establishment of a court for the trial of civil and criminal causes. The judges of this court were called "bailiffs." The official title has been criticized and some writers have ques tioned the justice and expediency of conferring upon this court

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

such large powers. The jurisdiction of the bailiffs was absolute and their power included not only all property rights, but also those of life and death. (See Courts).
Baillou's Causeway. In May, 1782, General Clarke, who was in command of the British forces at Savannah, was practically held to the line of fortifications about the city by the Americans under Wayne, Pickens, Clarke and Anderson. In this emergency he sent messengers to the Creeks and Cherokees for assistance and was encouraged by the information that a reinforcement of Indians would soon come from the south. To prevent Wayne from inter cepting the Indians Clarke sent Captains Ingram and Corker, with 100 men, to meet them and conduct them to Savannah. After crossing the Ogeechee on the morning of the 20th and not meet ing the Indians, the men were set to collecting all the cattle in the neighborhood, for the purpose of driving to Savannah. They had just recrossed the river when the advance was attacked by the Americans under Colonel Jackson and driven back upon the main body. Jackson then retreated about three miles, to Struthers' plantation, where he stationed his men in a swamp on either side of the road, and as the dragoons approached gave them another volley. In the meantime Colonel Brown, with about 250 men, was sent to the assistance of Ingram and Corker, and Wayne was moving with all possible despatch to prevent Brown from carry ing out his purpose. Captain Parker was ordered to hurry for ward with his company of 60 men and take possession of Baillou's causeway. It was dark when he reached the end of the causeway and soon afterward he saw a small body of cavalry approaching. Unable to distinguish whether they were friends or foes, Parker demanded the countersign. The British officer, from some cause, advanced in the attitude of friendship until it was too late to re treat and he and eighteen of his dragoons were captured. One escaped and carried the information to Colonel Brown, who was just entering upon the opposite end of the causeway. Not know ing just what force he had to encounter Brown hesitated and just at that juncture Lieutenant Bowyer charged with his company of cavalry in such a furious manner that the entire British command was thrown into confusion and beat a hasty retreat with a loss of five killed and several wounded. Wayne secured all the ave nues to Savannah, as he thought, and fully expected to capture Brown's entire force early the next morning. But that wily offi cer managed to elude the vigilance of the American pickets and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

109

after an all night march through the surrounding swamps entered the city early on the 21st.
Bainbridge, the capital of Decatur county, was named in honor of Commodore Bainbridge of New Jersey. It is located on the Flint River and at the junction of the Savannah, Florida & West ern and the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railways. Incorporated by act of the legislature in 1829 Bainbridge has had a slow but steady growth and by the census of 1900 had a population of 2,641 in the corporate limits and 3,669 in the entire Bainbridge district. The city has a money order post office with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices and two banks. The prevailing tim bers of the county, pine and cypress supply, the saw and planing mills of the city and vicinity with abundance of material for manu facture. The merchants of Bainbridge enjoy fine transportation facilities, being able to ship their goods by either water or rail. Schools and churches afford the people good educational and relig ious advantages, and the press is represented by the Democrat,
a weekly newspaper.
Baird, James Madison, M. D. The
resentative of the retail grocery business
in the city of Augusta, his establishment
being eligibly located at the corner of
Twelfth and Dugas streets. He was
born in the city of Macon, Ga., on Sept.
13, 1863, and is a son of Charles H. and
Ellen Josephine (Harris) Baird, the for
mer of whom died in 1882, in Macon,
where he had been engaged in the cloth
ing business for many years. His widow
now resides in Unadilla, Dooly county.
Of the children four sons and one daugh ter are living, three of the sons being residents of Augusta. The subject of this sketch attended the schools of his native city until
he had attained the age of seventeen years, when he took a cler ical position in a book "store in Macon. In 1883 he removed to Brunswick, Ga., where; he worked at the carpenter's trade one year, later following this vocation for a time in Macon, after which he again became salesman in the book store in which he had previously been employed. In 1888 he removed to Augusta, and in 1890 he here engaged in the retail grocery business at his present location, where he now has a flourishing trade. Both Mr. Baird. and his wife are members of Asbury Methodist Episco-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

pal church South, in which he is a steward and trustee, as well as organist. On May 31, 1892, Mr. Baird was united in marriage to Miss Josie Read, who was born in Grovetown, Richmond county, Ga., on April 29, 1875, being a daughter of Silas C. and Eliza (Lockwood) Read, who are now residents of Washington, Ga. Mr. and Mrs. Baird have two children, Lucia Leone, born June 18, 1893, and Charles Winslow, born Jan. 18, 1897.
Baird, James Madison, M. D. The city of Columbus has as one of its able and successful representatives of the medical profession Dr. Baird, who has
been established here in general practice since 1898. He was born on a farm in
Daviess county, Ky., Sept. 6, 1869, and is a son of James and Lucinda (Murphey)
Baird, both of whom passed their entire lives in that county, where the father was
a prosperous farmer, his death there oc curring in 1879, at the age of forty-four years. His wife long survived him, and was summoned to the life eternal in 1900, aged fifty-five years. Doctor Baird secured his earlier educational training in the schools of his native county and supplemented this by a course in the Northern Indiana normal school at Valparaiso, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1890. (Taking the degree of Bachelor of Science). In 1892 he was graduated in the Ken tucky school of medicine at Louisville, and in the following year he was graduated in the Eclectic medical institute, of Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1898 he was graduated in the Homoeopathic medical college, of St. Louis, Mo., so that it may be seen that his fortifica tion for the work of his profession is especially excellent, through the diversity and completeness of his technical training. In the meanwhile he had been engaged in the practice of his profession in his native county, for a period of four years. In 1896, he lo cated in Eureka, Ind., where he followed the work of his profes sion until the autumn of 1898, when he moved to Columbus, Ga., where he succeeded to the practice of the late Dr. E. B. Schley. His success was pronounced from the start and today he controls a large and representative practice, being recognized as one of the leading physicians and surgeons of this city. He is a member of the American medical association, Georgia state medical associa tion and the Muscogee county medical society. He is affiliated

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with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity, as well as the Mystic Shrine, and is a member also of the Independ ent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. He and his wife are valued members of the First Baptist church, in which he is a deacon, and in politics he gives his allegiance to the Demo cratic party. On Nov. 22, 1899, Dr. Baird was united in marriage to Miss Ellen Mason, of Rockport, Ind., and they have one son, James Mason Baird, who was born March 31, 1903.
Bairdstown, a village in the southern part of Oglethorpe county, not far from the Greene county line, is on the Georgia railroad that runs from Athens to Union Point. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and in 1900 had a population of 86.
Bait, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Miller county, reported a population of 27 in 1900. It is about seven miles southeast from Coloquitt, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Baker, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Paulding county, is about five miles northwest from Douglasville, which is the near est railway station.
Baker, Alfred, for more than three score years an honored citizen of the city of Augusta and a man noted for his broad benevolence and philanthropy, was born in Warren county, Ga., Feb. 8,1811, and died at Summerville, the beautiful suburb of Augusta, on June 16, 1896. He was a son of Edwin and Nancy (Darden) Baker, and a grandson of John and Pattie (Harris) Baker, of Virginia. John Baker and his two brothers served with distinction in the American army during the Revolutionary war, and Edwin Baker was for many years a member of the Georgia legislature from War ren county. Alfred Baker located in Augusta in 1829, when he took a position in the large mercantile house of Bridges & Gibson. Here he soon gave evidence of the fine business qualifications and in domitable energy which characterized his subsequent life and made him one of the wisest, most careful and reliable financiers of his time. Not alone were his :wisdom and foresight applied to the achievement of personal success, but he was deeply interested in the improvement of the cityiof his adoption. As to his benefactions he was so reserved and reticent that few, even of his most intimate friends and associates ever knew all of his many acts of generosity,

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for he gave as the "Lord had prospered him," not permitting the right hand to know what the left hand had given. In one work of a philanthropic nature he was perhaps more deeply interested than in any other, and that was the education of worthy young men and women. Quite a number of boys and girls owe their schooling to the generosity of Mr. Baker, and still a larger number received as sistance from him in this connection. He seemed to realize that the welfare of the state depends on the intelligence and education of its citizens, and in assisting young people to acquire an educa tion he was actuated purely by patriotic and unselfish motives. After some years in Augusta Mr. Baker became associated with W. P. Rathbone in the wholesale grocery business. Concerning this era in his business career Charles C. Jones says in his History of Augusta: "They did a large and successful business for many years, but finally retired in 1860. In the meantime Mr. Baker en gaged in the manufacture of flour, and was proprietor of the Para gon Mills until they were destroyed by fire in 1863. During this period he was also a leading director in the Mechanics bank." Ow ing to his age and a delicate constitution, Mr. Baker was denied the privilege of taking an active part in the Civil war, but his sym pathies were with the South and he evinced his loyalty to the cause of the Confederacy by organizing and equipping a company of young soldiers, who entered the army as the "Baker Volunteers." Of this action on the part of Mr. Baker the Confederate Military History says: "He furnished the uniforms and equipments, except arms, in full, and while the company was organizing and drilling, a period of time extending over several months, he fed the men, and after they went into active service he watched over them with great interest, often sending them supplies of food and clothing. To the families of these soldiers during their absence he gave at stated intervals flour from the mills which he owned in the city." The company acquitted itself nobly during its long and ardous service, and when the end came with the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston at Goldsboro, 1ST, C., April 26, 1865, there were few of the original members of the company left, many having been killed, wounded and captured. The last captain of the company, Rev. Dr. T. R. Kendall, of Owensboro* Ky., wrote that Mr. Baker's memory was greatly revered by the officers and men of the company. Re ferring again to Jones' History of Augusta, this mention is made of Mr. Baker's career after the war: "In 1870 he organized the National Exchange bank of Augusta, of which he has since been president. This financial institution has a paid up-capital of $250,-

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113

000, and is recognized as one of the most substantial and solid banking houses in this part of the country. In 1875 he established the Augusta Savings bank for the benefit of small depositors, to encourage saving, of which he has also been president since its or ganization. This savings bank has enjoyed a remarkable career of prosperity. Besides his interest and connection with the cor porations named, Mr. Baker is a director and large stockholder in the Georgia Chemical Works. In all of his business ventures Mr. Baker has achieved well deserved success. He possesses excellent business judgment, is careful and judicious in the management of his affairs, and is prompt and straightforward in all things. He en joys the full confidence of the business community, both as to bus iness ability and integrity of character. Few of the business men of Augusta have been longer in business life, and throughout his long career he has maintained an unblemished record." This encomium by one who knew him well is no doubt a true index of his character and shows the esteem in which he was held by those with whom he was associated the most intimately. Mr. Baker continued as president of the two banks that he founded, as well as the Bon Air Hotel Company, until the day of his death. His aggressive energy, his pertinacity, and his: versatile abilities made him a leading spirit in every enterprise in which he became interested, while his abso lute honesty and love of fair play led his associates to fully trust him in the management of large undertakings and won for him the respect of his competitors. In religious matters he was a practical Christian one who carried the precepts of the Golden Rule and the Ten Commandments into his daily life. For many years he was active in promoting the work and influence of the First Presby terian church of Augusta. The character of his work in connection with this congregation is shown by the following extracts from the "Memorial of the Centennial Anniversary of the First Presbyterian Church," published in; 1904. Speaking of conditions in the year 1872, the Memorial says: "From this time on Mr. Baker was a prominent figure in church affairs, and one of the present office bearers has written this of him, 'Mr. Baker, as a deacon and trustee of the church, was for many years one of our most valued members. He was an:; active and prime mover in the purchase of the magnificent pipe organ that now adorns the church.' The year 1887 was marked by a financial crisis in our church. For several years there had been a shrinkage in the receipts from pew rents. Repairs had been necessary in the church and parsonage, and the result was that from a floating debt of $1,000 the church's liability

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

had increased to $11,000. There seemed to be no alternative but to execute a mortgage and bond the church; indeed such was the advice of many of the best business men in town. The necessary papers were drawn up and would have gone into effect in a week's time, when a protest against the action (of the pew holders) was made by Mr. Alfred Baker. He, with one or two other gentlemen, went before the Ladies' Sewing Society in the Telfair Building, entreating those present to assist him in influencing the members of the church to pay the debt, and not allow the property to be mortgaged. Mr. Baker then offered to head a subscription for this purpose with a donation of $1,000. This sum he afterward in creased to $1,250." The ladies at once took the matter up and many gentlemen followed, some of whom were not even regular attend ants of the church. The debt was liquidated and the property saved from mortgage. But it was not altogether in such matters as providing pipe organs and paying off the indebtedness of the church that Mr. Baker's Christianity was made manifest. For every dollar he gave in this way the probabilities are he spent a much larger sum in the education of some worthy young man or woman, or in bringing comfort to the homes of the deserving poor. One of the few of Mr. Baker's contemporaries still left untouched by the Grim Reaper bears this personal testimony to his worth: "For sixty years I knew him intimately, and a truer, better friend never lived to those who knew him well." In many respects he was a remarkable man. Although he passed the eighty-fifth mile stone on Life's highway he never seemed willing to shake off the burdens of responsibility. His bodily strength was impaired in the last years of his life, but his mind was clear and forceful to the last. Like ripened grain he was ready for the reaper, and when the summons came to join the "silent majority" he sank to rest at his post of duty.
Baker County was created from Early in 1825 and was named for Col. John Baker, a Revolutionary soldier. It lies in the south western part of the state and is bounded on the north by Calhoun and Dougherty counties, on the east and southeast by Mitchell, on the south by Decatur and Miller and on the west by Miller and Early. The first superior court of the county was held in January. 1827. A grand jury was sworn and at the conclusion of its labors submitted the following report: "The Grand Jury for the County of Baker having had nothing laid before them for consideration, and from the peaceable and^ orderly condition of their county, know of no grievance of sufficient magnitude for presentment'

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115

The Flint river with its tributaries drains the land and supplies

an abundance of fish. The steamers that constantly travel up and

down its course between Newton and Albany on the north and

Bainbridge on the south provide the only means of transportation,

as the county has no railroad. The surface is level, much of it be

ing covered with forests containing oak and hickory and in some lo

calities long leaf pine. In the pine regions saw-mills and turpen

tine distilleries are in operation and large quantities of lumber and

naval stores are manufactured. The soil is fertile and good crops

of rice, corn, sugar-cane, sorghum, potatoes and the cereals are

raised. There are large orchards of apple, pear, peach and quince

trees in the county and melons are extensively cultivated. Newton,

on the Flint river, is the county seat, and the only town of im

portance. Milford, Mimsville and Hoggard are other towns. The

population of the county in 1900 was 6,704, a gain of 560 in ten

years.

Baker, Dennis J., secretary of the G. O.

Williams Lumber Company, of Atlanta,

was born in that part of Dekalb county

which is now included in Fulton county,

Ga., on Dec. 18, 1852. He was reared on

the homestead plantation and was afford

ed the advantages of the local schools.

He continued to be identified with agri

cultural pursuits until he attained the

age of thirty-two years, when, in 1884, he

located in Atlanta and opened a small

grocery, eventually building up a pros

perous business and continuing identified

with this enterprise until 1892, when he disposed of the business,

on account of impaired ;health. Thereafter he was unable to enter

any active vocation for several years. In 1898 he assumed the

position of which he is now incumbent, the concern with which he

is identified being one of the representative lumber companies of

the capital city. Mr. Baker is a man of sterling character and

holds the confidence and regard of all who know him. He is a

Royal Arch Mason, and both he and his wife are zealous members

of the Walker street Methodist Episcopal church South, in which

he has served as steward for many years. In 1882 Mr. Baker was

united in marriage to Miss Lucy A. Williams, daughter of Benja

min Williams, of Atlanta. Their children are Maud E., wife of

Eugene D. Thomas, Clifford A., and Pauline H.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA.

Baker, John, an active soldier in the war of the Revolution, was a man of undaunted courage and high character, but he seemed to have been shadowed by some fatality that prevented his suc cess. His defeat in the attempt against Wright's Fort (q, v.) was an instance of what is generally termed "hard luck." He partici pated in several engagements during the war and after the inde pendence of the United States was established passed the re mainder of his life at Sunbury. Baker county was named for him and one of his grandsons served in the Georgia legislature.
Baker, Marcus Stephen, .receiver of tax returns for Chatham county, is one of the honored citizens of Savannah, and a representative of a family whose name has been identified with the history of Georgia since the middle of the eigh teenth century. Mr. Baker was born in Hinesville, Liberty county, Ga., Sept. 16, 1849, being a son of Richard Fuller arid Elizabeth G. (Dawsey) Baker, the former of whom was born in Liberty county, Jan. 13, 1786, and the latter in Charleston, S. C., Jan. 3, 1812. Richard Fuller Baker was a son of Stephen Fuller Baker, who was a successful planter in Liberty county, as was also the former. Stephen Fuller Baker was a son of John Baker, a member of a colony which came from South Carolina in 1752, locating in Liberty county and founding what was known as the Medway Settlement. Concerning John Baker, who died in 1792, the following data is offered: Member of the committee appointed by convention at Savannah, July 20, 1774, to prepare resolutions expressive of the sentiments and deter mination of the people of the province in regard to the Boston port bill; member of Provincial Congress of Georgia, 1775-7; member of Georgia Council of Safety, 1776; colonel commanding a regiment of militia in Liberty county, 1775-83; wounded in skirmish in Bulltown Swamp, Nov. 19, 1778; defeated Captain Goldsmith at White House, June 28, 1779; participated in capture of Augusta, MayJune, 1781. The father of the subject of this sketch died in No vember, 1852, and in the autumn of 1854 his widow, who never re married and who died in 1882, removed with her children to Savan nah, eventually returning to Liberty county, where her death oc curred. Marcus S. Baker secured his educational training in the schools of Liberty and Chatham counties and in the Bradwell in-

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117

stitute, in Hinesville, his final discipline being received in the Sa vannah schools. He left school in 1866 and found employment in a wholesale grocery establishment, while later he was for many years engaged in the real-estate and collection business in Savan nah. In 1900 he was elected receiver of tax returns for Chatham county, in which office he is now serving his third consecutive term, having been reelected in 1902 and 1904. He is an adherent of the Democratic party and takes much interest in local affairs of a pub lic nature. He is a member of Trinity Methodist Episcopal church . South, has been a member of its board of stewards for a quarter of a century and of its board of trustees for fifteen years. He is a member of the board of trustees and is secretary and treasurer of the Georgia infirmary. He is a Knight Templar Mason, a mem ber of the Knights of Pythias and is identified with the Sons of the Revolution and the Society of the Colonial Wars. On Jan. 4, 1874, Mr. Baker married Miss Fanny A. Krenson, daughter of Frederick and Sarah E. (Dean)- Krenson, of Savannah, and they have three children: Louise Elizabeth, wife of Henry Blun, Jr., postmaster of Savannah; Laura Spencer, wife of Irvin S. Cobb, of New York city; and Marcus S., Jr., of Savannah.
Baker, Thomas Hudson, M. D., is en
gaged in the practice of his profession at
Cartersville and may be deemed the dean
of the same in the town, for he has here
followed his humane vocation for more
than forty years, being one of the well
known and honored citizens of Bartow
county. He was born in what is known
as the Pine Log district of Cass (now
Bartow) county, Ga., April 28, 1842, a
son of Jesse and Parthenia (Moss) Bak
er, the former born in old Pendleton dis
trict, S. C, in 1800 and the latter in Habersham county, Ga., in 1809. The paternal grandfather, Charles Baker, was a colonial : soldier in the war of the Revolution, and was wounded both at ithe battle of Cowpens and that of King's Mountain. Doctor Baker secured a good academic education in well ordered schools in his native state, later attended Wash ington .university,' and secured his degree of Doctor of Med icine from Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia, Pa. He was pursuing his medical; studies at the time of the inception of the Civil war. In: the summer of 1861 he entered the Con-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

federate service and was made lieutenant in Company K, Eigh teenth Georgia infantry, with which he took part in the en gagements incidental to the retreat from Yorktown, in the battle of Chickahominy swamps, the beginning of the Seven Days' battle around Richmond, the second battle of M'anassas and the battle of Fredericksburg, having been much of the time in the hospital corps. He was finally ordered before the medical board and re ceived appointment as field surgeon, in which capacity he served until the close of the war as acting surgeon of the Third batallion of sharpshooters. When mustered out at Kingston, Ga., May 12, 1865, he was senior surgeon of Wofford's command. His interest in his old comrades is indicated by his membership in the United Confederate Veterans. After the war Doctor Baker took up his residence in Cartersville, where he has since continued in the active work of his profession, and where his success has been marked and his ministrations endless, so that he is held in affectionate re gard by the entire community. He is an uncompromising adherent of the Democratic party, and he represented his county in the state legislature in 1873-74 being then chosen as his own successor and serving a second term of two years. In 1880 he was elected to rep resent the forty-second district in the state senate, and a decade later, this honor was again conferred upon him by the voters of the district. He was chairman of the committee on lunatic asylums at the time the reform movement in this branch of the state service was inaugurated, and he also served on various other important committees in senate. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia and is a Royal Arch Mason. He is a bachelor.
Bald Hill. (See Atlanta for engagements July 21-22, 1864). Baldwin, a village in the southern part of Habersham county, and almost on the Banks county line, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 17, 1896. It is on the Southern railway about three miles west of Cornelia, has a postoffice, express office, a few stores, and in 1900 reported a population of 130. Baldwin, Abraham, who was prominent in the earlier affairs of Georgia, was born at Guilford, Conn., Nov. 6, 1754. He was grad uated at Yale college and soon after the Revolution settled at Sa vannah, where he engaged in the practice of law. In 1785 he was elected to the legislature; was one of the founders of the state uni versity ; a delegate to the United States constitutional convention; served as a representative in the first four Congresses; was one of the commissioners on the part of the state to agree upon the terms of the cession of Georgia's western territory to the United" States

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

119

in 1802; was elected to the United States senate in 1799 and served

in that body until his death, which occurred at Washington, D. C.,

March 4, 1807.

Baldwin County was laid off by the lottery act of 1803. It was

enlarged by the addition of parts of Washington, Wilkinson and

Hancock in 1807, and parts of Washington in 1812 and 1826. It

was organized in 1805 and named for Abraham Baldwin, United

States senator and one of the founders of the state university. It- is

bounded on the north by Putnarn county, on the east and northeast

by Hancock, on the east by Washington, on the south by Wilkin

son and on the west by Jones. The Oconee river runs through the

county and furnishes immense water-power, much of which is still

unused. The lands, while they are fertile, are easily exhausted by

careless treatment. The staple productions are cotton, corn, wheat

and potatoes. Vegetables and fruits are cultivated, both for home

consumption and the market. In the northern part of the county

there is an extensive- hard-wood growth, but the revenue derived

from timber products is insignificant. Baldwin county has exten

sive beds of potter's clay of beautiful color and texture, which is

utilized by the works at Stephens' Pottery. Milledgeville, the

county seat, was until 1868, the capital of the state. Since that time

it has taken rank among the educational centers of the country.

Other towns of the county are Midway and Scottsborough. The

Central Georgia railway crosses the county from north to south

and the Georgia from east to west, intersecting at Milledgeville,

and the facilities which they offer for transportation are of the very

best. The population of the county in 1900 was 17,768, a gain of

3,160 in ten years. _.

Baldwin, Joseph Alexander, assistant

superintendent of the Wrestern Si Atlan

tic railroad, with offices in Atlanta, was

born near Jacksonville, Fla., Feb. 13,

1855. The family removed to Columbia,

S. C, where he attended school for a few

years, and in early youth began the study

of telegraphy, soon being employed by

the Greenville & Columbia railroad in

its Columbia office. Six months later he

went to Macon in the employ of the

Southern & Atlantic Telegraph Com

pany, and thence to Montgomery, Ala.

Going to Atlanta in 1874 he entered the employ of the Atlanta &

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Charlotte Air Line railroad and for four years was located at Char lotte, N. C., as ticket agent and operator; then by the same road was located in Atlanta as chief train dispatcher until 1882, when he removed to Knoxville, Tenn., where he was for three years in the service of the East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia railroad. He was afterward with the Georgia Pacific railway as chief train dis patcher, then with the Western Union Telegraph Company, as traf fic chief, next occupied position as train master on the Atlanta & Florida railway, was train dispatcher with the Nashville, Chatta nooga & St. Louis railway, and on August 1, 1903, was appointed to his present position. Mr. Baldwin belongs to Georgia Lodge No. 96, Free and Accepted Masons, and the Southern Railroad
S. E. club. Baldwinville, a post-hamlet of Talbot county, is about five miles
southeast of Talbotton and the same distance north of Paschal, these places being the nearest railway stations.
Ball, Emmett V., M. D. a successful
medical practitioner of Ocilla, Irwin
county, was born in Camilla, Mitchell
county, Ga., on May 8, 1870, and is a son
of John A. and Sophronia Ball, the former of whom was born in North
Carolina and the latter in Meriwether
county, Ga. John A. Ball came to Geor
gia in 1840, and became a successful stock dealer and manufacturer of turpen-
tine. He died in 1904, at the patriarchal age of ninety-seven years, and his wife
passed away in 1900. He was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war, serving under General Gordon, and continuing in the ranks until the close of the great fratricidal conflict. Dr. Emmett V. Ball secured a due pre liminary education and then entered Mercer university, in the city of Macon, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1890, receiving the degree of Master of Arts, while in the same year he was graduated in the Macon commercial college. He then took up the study of medicine, entering the Georgia college of Eclectic Medicine, under Dr. John H. Hammond, of Macon, completing a thorough course in medicine and surgery and being graduated with first honors in the class of 1894. His first year of practice work in his profession was passed in the village of Enigma, Berrien county, after which he located in Ocilla, where he now has a large and lu-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

121

crative practice and where he is held in high regard as a physician and as a citizen. He is a member of the Georgia state medical as sociation and is medical examiner for the Knights of Pythias, of which organization he is an appreciative member. The Doctor is an uncompromising advocate of the principles of the Democratic party but has never had aught of ambition for public office, and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Oct. 14, 1894, Doctor Ball was united in marriage to Miss Emma L. Perkins, of Banks county, Ga., and they have one daughter, Iris Versacolor.
Ball Ground, a small town in the northern part of Cherokee county, takes its name from the fact that the spot was a favorite resort of the Cherokees for their ball games. It is on the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway, has a money order postoffice, from which one rural free delivery route emanates, and a telegraph office. A branch railroad owned by one of the marble companies, runs from the town to the quarries, a distance of some eight or ten miles. The population in 1900 was 302.
Balloon, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Clinch county, reported a population of 79 in 1900. The nearest railroad station is Pearson, on the Albany & Waycross division of the Atlantic Coast Line.
Ball's Ferry is a point on the Oconee where Howard's wing of Sherman's army crossed the river in the latter part of November, 1864, on the "March to the Sea," the movement being attended by slight skirmishing.
Bamboo, a post-village of Wayne county, is on the Cordele & Brunswick division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railway, and about six miles north of Waynesville.
Banking. In the early part of the nineteenth century the legis lature passed measures to encourage the establishment of banking institutions. On Dec. 6, 1810, the Bank of Augusta was incorpora ted with a capital of $300,000, which might be increased to $600,000. Of the original stock $50,000 was taken by the state on Jan. 1, 1812. The Planters' Bank was incorporated on Dec. 19, 1810, a capital stock of $1,000,000 being authorized. In December, 1812, a resolution was adopted by the legislature to the effect that the state should subscribe for $100,000 of the stock, which was accord ingly done on Jan. 1, 1813. On Dec. 16, 1815, the Bank of the State of Georgia was chartered with a capital of $1,500,000, the state taking $600,000 of the stock at the time of incorporation. The Bank of Darien was chartered by the act of Dec. 15, 1818, with a capital stock of $1,000,000, of which the state took one half two days later.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

In December, 1826, the main bank was ordered removed to Milledgeville, the bank at Darien being continued at a branch. Other early banks were the Central of Georgia, the Bank of Columbus and the Bank of Brunswick, all of which received encouragement from the state in the way of liberal legislation. During the sec ond quarter of the century comparatively few banking houses were founded, but the legislature of 1856 passed acts authorizing the es tablishment of the Bank of Middle Georgia at Macon; Macon Sav ings Bank; Exchange and Savings Banks of Griffin; Northwestern Bank of Georgia at Ringgold; Bank of Fulton at Atlanta; Bank of the Empire State at Rome; Southern Bank of Georgia at Bainbridge; Augusta Savings Bank; Commercial Bank of Brunswick; Mechanics & Traders and Timber Cutters' Banks of Savannah; and the banks of Athens, Morgan, Hamilton, Greensboro, Madison, Sparta and Columbus. At the same time the directors of the Bank of the State of Georgia were authorized to establish a branch at Rome. The scarcity of specie in the years just prior to the Con federate war led to the passage of acts in 1857 and 1860 granting the banks relief from specie payment. On Nov. 30, 1861, the legis lature passed an act providing that the notes of private banks might be redeemed in the notes of the State of Georgia, or of the Confed erate States, in sums of $100, or multiples thereof, and withholding the relief provided by the previous acts from such banks as refused to thus redeem their outstanding currency. During the war many of the banks of the state were compelled to suspend, and in the years of depression immediately following, the banking facilities were very meager. Capital is always conservative and those with money to invest preferred other channels than banking, when the future of capital was uncertain because of the disordered political situation. But with the return of prosperity, and under the influ ence of wise and judicious legislation, the banks of Georgia soon came to compare favorably with those of other states. The Bankers' Directory for 1904 gives a list of 313 banking houses, of which 53 were national banks with a capital stock of approxi mately $6,000,000 and deposits of over $20,000,000. The reports from 260 state banks made to the bank examiner as required by the act of Dec. 18, 1894, showed, at the close of 1904, resources of nearly $57,000,000 and deposits of over $32,000,000. In addition to these state and national banks there are 46 private banking houses.
Banking Laws. Three or more persons may form a corporation for conducting a banking business, by filing with the secretary of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

123

state a written declaration, signed by each of them, stating the name and residence of each of the incorporators; the name of the proposed corporation; the place of business and amount of capital stock; the number of shares into which such stock is divided, and such other particulars as they may desire to include in the state ment. Affidavit must be made that not less than $15,000 of the cap ital subscribed has been actually paid in, and that the same is to be held solely for the use of said corporation. A copy of this declara tion is given by the secretary to each one of the incorporators and it must be published once a week for four weeks in the county where it is proposed to establish the bank. After such publication the secretary of state shall issue to the incorporators a certificate of incorporation, giving them and their successors the right to con duct such business for a period of thirty years, with right of re newal ; to have and use a common seal; to elect officers and appoint agents; to hold, purchase and convey real estate; to discount bills and notes; to receive.and pay out deposits; to lend money on per sonal security, on bonds or stocks, or upon personal property or real estate secured by mortgage. No bank shall be chartered with out a capital stock of at least $25,000, and the bank shall be liable to its creditors to the extent of its capital and assets, and each in dividual stockholder shall be liable for all debts of the corpora tion to the extent of his unpaid shares of stock, and shall be further liable to depositors for all moneys deposited in the bank, in an amount equal to the face value of his respective shares. No bank shall loan money to its officers without good collateral, nor shall it reduce its cash in hand, including amounts due from other banks and the value of all stocks and bonds actually owned by the corpo ration, below twenty-five per cent of the demand deposits. If any insolvent bank or banker, with knowledge of such insolvency, shall receive money or general deposit, and fail to pay the depositor within three days after demand, such banker or officer in charge of the bank receiving the deposit shall be punished, in accordance with the provisions of the penal code. All corporations doing a banking business in the state shall make sworn statements to the bank examiner of the state showing the resources and liabilities of the corporation at the close of business on any day specified by the examiner. Suits may be brought against any bank for the acts of its agents m any county where the bank may have, or may here after establish an agency.
Sayings banks are subject to the same rights, privileges and im munities as other banks, and are subject to the same restrictions

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and penalties. They may receive deposits, not subject to check, and pay interest thereon; loan money at legal rates of interest, but may add principal and interest for a term of years without being held as violators of the usury laws.
Banks County was formed from Habersham and Franklin on Dec. 11,1858. (In August, 1905, a part was taken to form the county of Stephens.) It lies in the northeastern part of the state and prior to the formation of Stephens county was bounded on the north by Habersham county, on the east by Franklin, on the south by Madison and on the west by Hall and Jackson. It was named for Dr. Richard Banks, of Gainesville. The climate is delightful. Two. branches of the Broad river, the Hudson .and the Middle fork, drain the land and furnish water-power, which is utilized by a num ber of mills and factories. The surface is undulating and the soil along the streams is fertile, producing good crops of upland cotton, corn, wheat, oats and vegetables. Dairy farming and cattle raising are important occupations. The timber consists of ash, poplar, hickory, pine, maple, walnut and the different varieties of oaks and a large amount of lumber is shipped every year. The forests abound in quail and rabbits, of which large numbers are killed an nually and shipped to Atlanta. The Athens & Lula division of the Southern railway system runs along the western border, and the main line of the same along the northern boundary. A curve southward in this line touches Alto, the only station in the county. Homer, the county seat, is five miles from the railroad. The pop ulation in 1900 was 10,545, a gain of 1,983 during the decade.
Banksville, a post-village in the eastern part of Banks county, is not far from the Franklin county line and about eight miles northeast of Commerce, which is the nearest railway station. The population numbered 67 in 1900.
Banner, a post-hamlet in the western part of Liberty county, is about three miles from Coe, on the Register & Glenville railroad, which is the nearest railway station.
Banning, a village of Carroll county, is located in the southeast ern part of the county on the line of the Central of Georgia railway that runs from Rome to Griffin. It has a money order postoffice, with rural ffee delivery routes, several business establishments, school and churches, and in 1900 had a population of 375.
Baptist Orphans' Home. (See Charitable Institutions). Barber, a post-village of Colquitt county, is located about six miles northeast of Moultrie, on the Fitzgerald & Thomasville divis ion of the Atlantic & Birmingham railway.

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125

Barber, William H., a manufacturer
and banker of Moultrie, Colquitt county,
was born near Catharine Lake, Onslow
county, N. C, April 8, 1862. His parents,
Thomas R. and Alavana (Groves) Bar
ber, were both born in North Carolina,
the former near Catharine Lake, Feb. 15,
1826, and the latter at Hamilton, Martin
county, Feb. 15, 1833. They are still liv
ing at the old home near Catharine Lake,
where the father has been engaged in
farming all his life. Mr. Barber's great
grandfathers, Joseph Barber and Hillary Brinson, were soldiers in the American army during the Revolu tionary war. The Barbers are of Irish extraction, the Brinsons of Scotch, and the Groves family is of English descent, so that the subject of this sketch has a mixed ancestry. Thomas R. Barber enlisted in March, 1863, as a private in Company H, Third North Carolina cavalry and participated in the engagements at Hanover Court House, Rona Mills, Munk's Neck, Drewry's Bluff and Frank lin, Va., and in the military operations about Richmond, remaining in the Confederate service until the close of the conflict, his regi ment being a part of W. H. Lee's division of Stuart's cavalry corps. The marriage of Thomas R. Barber and Alavana, daughter of Wil liam E. and Matilda (Kiell) Groves, occurred on Feb. 8, 1857. They became the parents of nine children, five sons and four daugh ters. William H. Barber's boyhood was passed during the troub lous years following the Civil war, so that his opportunities to ac quire an education were rather limited. He remained on his father's farm until August, 1879, when he went to Bertie county, N. C., where he clerked in a country store for about two years. He then went to Kinston and : worked in a store for one year, at the end of which time he returned to the old home near Catharine Lake and attended school for five months. For the next six years he was in the employ of a merchant named M. T. Home at Chinquapin, N. C., and in January, 1889, came to Worth county, Ga., where he worked on Mr. Home's turpentine farm for one year, at the end of which time he formed a copartnership with K. W. Home for the manufacture of naval stores in Colquitt county, in which line of in dustry he is still interested. In 1899 the Citizens bank at Moultrie was organized with the late Mitchell Brice as president and Mr. Barber as vice-president. Upon the death of Mr. Brice about three

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years later Mr. Barber became president, which position he still holds. He was one of the original promoters of the Moultrie tele phone exchange; was one of the organizers of the Moultrie Ice and Cold Storage Company; the Moultrie cotton mills; the Colquitt County Cooperage Company, and is a stockholder in several naval stores companies in Georgia and Florida, as well as in the Yellow Pine Land Company, of Pensacola, Fla. Mr. Barber's business career has been characterized by square dealing, the exercise of a sound judgment and a keen foresight into the possibilities of any promised enterprise. He was married on March 16, 1892, to Miss Florence F., daughter of W. W. and Rosaline (Juhan) Fairish, of Berrien county, Ga., and to this union were born six children, five of whom are yet living. Mr. and Mrs. Barber are members of the Missionary Baptist church and takes a commendable interest in promoting its good works. In politics he is a Democrat, but has never sought or held office, preferring the certain returns of a well conducted business to the precarious emoluments of a political career.
Barge, a post-hamlet with a population of 40 in 1900, is located
in the northwestern part of Carroll county, about eight miles from
Waco, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Barnes, Emmett L., one of the representative retail grocers of the city of Milledgeville, was born on the family homestead, in Baldwin county, Ga., Oct. 15, 1868, a son of Francis Marion Barnes, likewise a native of the same county, and of Sarah (Hawkins) Barnes, who passed her entire life in Georgia, having died when the subject of this sketch was about ten years of age. Francis M. Barnes was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war and the entire course of his life was passed in Baldwin county, where he followed agricultural pursuits until his death, at the age of about sixty-five years. Emmett L. Barnes received his educational disci pline in the schools of his native county, including a course of study in the Georgia military college, in Milledgeville. At the age of six teen years he became a clerk in the grocery store of William H. Roberts of Milledgeville, with whom he remained four years, and whose daughter he subsequently married. At the expiration of theperiod noted he engaged in the same line of enterprise on his own account, associating himself with William A. Walker, in 1891, under the firm name of Walker & Barnes, which obtained until 1903, when he bought the interest of his partner, and has since con ducted the business under his own name. He has a well equipped establishment, eligibly located, caters to a representative and disj-

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127

criminating trade, and is held in high esteem as a reliable business man and loyal and public-spirited citizen. In politics he is found arrayed as a zealous supporter of the cause of the Democracy, but he has never been an aspirant for public office. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and he is af filiated with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On March 6, 1890, Mr. Barnes was united in marriage to Miss Willie Florence Roberts, daughter of William H. and Martha Roberts, of Milledgeville, and they have six children: Julius Henry, Eugene Claire, Emmett L., Jr., Louise, Marguerite, and Sarah Frances.
Barnes, George T., was born in Richmond county in 1833, attend ed the Richmond academy, graduated from the state university in 1853, and began his professional career at Athens. He was a mem ber of the legislature from 1860 to 1865; delegate to the Democratic national conventions from 1876 to 1884; elected representative in Congress on the Democratic ticket in 1884 and again in 1886.
Barnes, J. Lee, proprietor of the Aragon Hotel in Atlanta, was born at Decatur, Ala., in 1873 and while yet a child
lost both his parents. He was educated in the schools of his native town and as
early as 1891 became engaged in hotel business. Removing to .Atlanta in 1895,
he entered upon the same business and from 1899 to 1902 was proprietor of the
hotel Majestic. In 1903 he took charge of the Aragon and is now its proprietor and manager. Mr. Barnes was married in 1893 to Miss Couch, daughter of Jas per N. Couch, of Decatur, Ala., and they have one son, Paul. Mr Barnes belongs to the Masonic fraternity, being a Mystic Shriner and Knight Templar; a member of the Piedmont Driving club, and the Atlanta chamber of commerce; served as director of state fair association for the year 1905; and was elected vice-presi dent of the same for the year 1906. He and family belong to the First Methodist church of Atlanta. Barnesville, a progressive little city in the southeast corner of Pike county, incorporated in 1853, is located at the junction of the main line of the Central of Georgia railway and a branch of that road running to Thomastoh. With a population of 3,036 in the corporate limits, or of 4,917 including its whole district, and sur-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

rounded by a good farming country it is steadily growing in every thing that constitutes a prosperous community. The city has. ex press and telegraph offices and electric lights, water works, two banks, a money order post office with rural free delivery, a good hotel, many successful mercantile establishments, three firms man ufacturing wagons and buggies, their trade extending as far west as Arizona and New Mexico, sash and blind factories, a shoe fac tory, a medicine company and knitting mills that make cotton and silk underwear of fine quality. Barnesville is the site of the Gor don Institute, one of the best known schools in the south.
Barnett, a town in the northwestern part of Warren county, al most on the Taliaferro county line, is on the main line of the Geor gia railroad, and is the terminus of a branch of the same system running to Washington. It is one of the principal shipping points of the county, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, several mercantile establishments, good schools and churches and in 1900 reported a population of 381.
Barnett, Daniel Webster, one of the well known and popular business men of Floyd county, being engaged in the gen eral merchandise business in the thriv ing city of Lindale, is a member of one of the old and honored families of that sec tion, the first of the name having settled there nearly one hundred years ago. His father, Larkin Barnett, was twice mar ried, the first time in 1828, and of the nine children born to this union two are still living. After the death of his first wife he married Emeline Knowles, and the subject of this sketch is the second of eight children born to this second marriage. Larkin Barnett was a participant in the Indian war and was an officer in the army at the time the Cherokees were removed from Georgia to their reservation west of the Mississippi river in the summer of 1835. He was an extensive planter and slaveholder, owning about sixty negroes at the breaking out of the Civil war. One of his sons, William Henry Harrison Barnett, en listed in the spring of 1861 as a member of the First Georgia cav alry. Here he was joined later by his brother Benjamin Franklin. After the former was discharged he again enlisted, this time in the Cherokee artillery,, to which his younger brother was transferred. Benjamin F. was captured in 1864 and taken as a prisoner of war

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139

to Camp Morton, Indianapolis, Ind., where he died of small-pox. The other brother remained with the battery until it was captured at Salisbury, N. C., a short time before the surrender of General Lee. These two sons of Larkin Barnett were half-brothers of Dan iel W., who was too young to take part in the movements of the Confederate armies. Daniel W. Barnett was born near Lindale, March 16, 1851. His education was acquired under adverse conditions, owing to the fact that the great Civil war broke upon the country when he was about ten years of age, which greatly interferred with the successful conduct of the schools during the period when he was at the right age to attend. He was reared on the home plantation and continued to be identified with agricultural pursuits until he was about twentythree years of age. In 1874 he went to Texas and engaged in the cotton business, in which he continued for seven years, when he turned his attention to cattle raising in Tom Green county of that state. In this- line of enterprise he met with success and accumulated a valuable property. In 1890 he sold his Texas ranch and returned to Floyd county, where for the next five years he devoted his attention to the management of his father's old plantation. In 1895 he sold this farm to the Massachusetts mills in Georgia, which is the largest cotton factory in the state, the town of Lindale being located on a part of the Barnett homestead. Mr. Barnett then engaged in the retail merchandise business in Lin dale, where he has built up a large and prosperous trade. Since 1895 he has been the postmaster of the town, is recognized as one of the enterprising and public-spirited men of Lindale, and is one of the highly respected citizens of Floyd county. Politically he is a stanch Democrat, and in religious matters he is a member of the Presbyterian church. He is a member and the present worshipful master of Lindale Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, and is also affiliated with the Knights of Pythias. On April 3, 1893, Mr. Bar nett was united in marriage to Miss Roxie Landers, of Llano, Tex., a daughter of James B. Landers, of Rome, Ga. Three children were born to this marriage, two of whom are now living: Mary E., aged twelve years, (1906) and Daniel Webster, Jr., aged nine. Another son, James Larkin, died in infancy. Mrs. Barnett was called to the life eternal on July 31, 1903.
Barnett, Nathan Crawford, for many years a prominent figure in Georgia affairs, was born in Columbia county, June 28, 1801. His grandfather, William Barnett, came from Virginia and set tled in Columbia county, where he died about the year 1800. His
9

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

son William, the father of Nathan, was born in Virginia, came with the family to Georgia, served during the Revolutionary war in a campaign against the Seminole Indians along the boundary between Georgia and Florida, and married Anna Crawford, u daughter of Joel and sister of William H. Grawford. (q. v.) He died about the year 1804 and his widow removed to Oglethorpe .county, where Nathan received his education in the Mason academy at Lexington. After leaving school he went with his mother to Walton county, residing alternately in the town of Monroe and on a farm. In 1832 he was elected by the citizens of Clarke county to assist in the survey of the Cherokee purchase. By the same county he was elec ted major of a batallion, and subsequently was made colonel of the county regiment of militia. In 1836 he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature, where he served two terms, voting for the construction of the Western & Atlantic railroad. He was first elected secretary of state in 1843 and served in that office under eleven governors. When, during the reconstruction period, Gover nor Jenkins was deposed and Gen. Thomas H. Ruger, of the United States army, was appointed to act in his place, that officer requested Colonel Barnett to remain as secretary of state, to which he as sented, with the proviso that he was not to be required to affix his official signature to any document, nor to attach the impression of the great seal of state. Notwithstanding this proviso Ruger short ly afterward ordered him to stamp a certain document with the seal. This Barnett refused to do and, though compelled to resign, he turned over the great seal to his wife for safe-keeping. (See Seal of State). Colonel Barnett was twice married. His first wife was Margaret Judith Morton, only daughter of Josiah Mbrton, of Clarke county. Of the seven children born to this marriage none are living. The first wife died about 1839 and in 1841 he mar ried Mary Augusta, daughter of David Cooper, of Hamilton, Harris county. Eight children were born to this union, of whom three are still living two sons and a daughter. Colonel Barnett was a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Methodist Episcopal church South. He was one of the most highly honored and best beloved men in the state. His death occurred on Feb. 2, 1890, while holding his almost life-long post of honor as secretary of state.
Barnett, William, was born in Virginia, but settled in Georgia, where he was elected to Congress as a State Rights Democrat in 1810, reelected in 1812 and in 1815 was appointed commissioner to establish the boundaries of the Indian Reservation.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

131

Barney, a town in the northern part of Brooks county, was in^corporated by an act of the legislature on August 6, 1903. It is on the main line of the South Georgia & West Coast railroad, and is the terminus of a branch of the same system that runs to Tallokas. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some good stores, school, churches, and in 1900 had a population of 300.
Barrett, Thomas G., of Augusta, where he is now living prac tically retired, was for many years one of the prominent business men of that city, while to his honor also stands a record of faithful service in the Confederate cause during the war between the states. Captain Barrett was born in Augusta, on July 5, 1838, and is a sou of Thomas and Mary Savannah (Glascock) Barrett, the former of: whom was born in Augusta, April 2, 1808, while the same city,, which was then a small village, also figures as the native place of his wife, who was born in 1814. Thomas Barrett, Sr., passed! his entire life in Augusta, having been a prominent business man and leading banker, and a loyal and influential citizen, honored by all who knew him. He was a son of Thomas and Nancy (Strong) Barrett, the latter of whom was born in Oxford, Eng land. The maternal grandparents of Captain Barrett were Thomas and Harriet Hatchie (Hayes) Glascock, both of whom were born in Augusta, so that it may be seen that the respective families were early established in Georgia. Thomas Barrett, father of the subject of this Teview, died in 1865, and his wife passed away in 1880. Of their five children four are living. Captain Barrett se cured his preparatory education in Richmond academy, Augusta, and then entered a military academy at Marietta, Ga., being gradu ated in that institution as a member of the class of 1858. He had just attained his legal majority at the time when the Civil war was precipitated and he was one of the first of the loyal youth of Geor gia to tender his aid in fighting for the cause of the Confederacy. On May 7, 1861, he enlisted in Company C, Irish volunteers, of Augusta, being made first lieutenant of his company, which be came a part of the Fifth Georgia volunteer infantry. He contin-r ued in active service until history recorded for the valiant southerners the loss of their cause. He was with the command of Gen. Joseph E. Johnson at the time of the final surrender, being at the time chief ordnance officer in General Hardee's corps. He was commissioned captain shortly after the battle of Shiloh, in which he took part, as did he also in the battles of Chickamauga, Murfreesboro and many others. After the close of the war he

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

returned to his home in Augusta, and here for many years he was a member of the firm of Barrett & Caswell, dealers in grain, produce, etc., while he was also a successful dealer in railroad securities, acquiring a competency through his well directed ef forts. He is a stalwart advocate of the principles of the Demo cratic party, and while he has never sought official preferment, his interest in his home city was such that he felt constrained to not deny his services as a member of the city council, of whose finance committee he was chairman for eight years. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, as was also his wife, and is identified* with the United Confederate Veterans. On Feb. 12, 1861, he was united in marriage to Miss Grace Arrington Ware, daughter of Dr. Edwin R. Ware, who was a prominent physician and surgeon of Athens. Mrs. Barrett was summoned into eternal rest on Jan. 12, 1892, and is survived by five children, namely: Thomas, Jr., individually mentioned in this compilation; Edward W., editor of the Birmingham Age-Herald, at Birmingham, Ala.; Harry G. a resident of Augusta; Margaret E., widow of Lewis Dugas and a resident of Augusta, and Savannah G., wife of Edward H. Butt, of Liverpool, England.
Barrettsville, a village in the southern part of Dawson county, not far from the Forsyth county line, had a population of 219 in 1900. It is about thirteen miles east of Nelson, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railroad, which is the nearest railway sta tion.
Barrimacke. When Oglethorpe located Fort St. Andrew, at the north end of Cumberland island, a settlement grew up around the post, as is usual in such cases. By 1740 twenty-four families were established around the fort and in that year the vil lage of Barrimacke was founded. When the troops were recalled from the fort the settlers went with them and Barrimacke lives only in the traditions of the island.
Barrington, a post-hamlet in the western part of Mclntosh county, is located on the left bank of the Altamaha river, near the site of old Fort Barrington. (q. v.) It is on the Savannah & Jacksonville division of the Seaboard Air Line and about fifteen miles from Darien.
Barrow, Pope, a prominent lawyer of Savannah, was born in Oglethorpe county in 1839. He graduated from the state uni versity in 1859, from the law department of the same institution the following year, and-was admitted at once to the bar. In 1861 he entered the Confederate army as second lieutenant of artillery,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

133

served on Gen. Howell Cobb's staff, with the rank of captain, arid after the surrender resumed his practice at Athens. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1877; was elected to the Georgia legislature in 1880; on Nov. 15, 1882, was elected United States senator, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Benjamin H. Hill, and served until March, 1883, when he located in Savannah. In 1900 he was appointed judge of the superior court of the eastern circuit and continued on the bench until his death in 1904.
Barrows Bluff, a post-village in the northwestern part of Cof fee county, is on the Ocmulgee river and is the terminus of one section of the Wadley & Mount Vernon railroad.
Bartlett, Charles Lafayette, was born at Monticello, Jasper county, Jan. 31, 1853. He graduated at the state university in 1870 and in the law department of the University of Virginia in 1872. He was admitted at once to the Georgia bar; was ap pointed solicitor-general of the Macon circuit in 1877; elected a member of the legislature in 1882, 1884 and again in 1888; from January, 1893, to May, 1894, he was judge of the superior court of the Macon circuit; was elected representative in Congress in 1894 and has been re-elected to each succeeding Congress.
Barton, John E., vice-president of the Thomas & Barton Com pany, of Augusta, one of the largest and most important furniture concerns in this section of the South, was born on the home plan tation, in Bartow (then Cass) county, Ga., on Jan. 8, 1849, and is a son of Bloomer B. and Fannie (Casey) Barton, the former of whom was born in Piekens district, S. C., and the latter in Fulton county, Ga., her death occurring at the time of the birth of the subject of this sketch. Bloomer B. Barton was a val iant soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, and he died in 1902, in Texas, to which state he had removed but a short time previously. He is survived by two sons and two daughters. Martha E. is the wife of James B. Peacock, of Hood county, Texas; Harriet is the wife of Andrew J. Head, and they likewise reside in Hood county, Texas; and Bailey Anderson Barton is one of the representative citizens and influential business men of that county, so that the subject of this sketch is now the only repre sentative of the immediate family in Georgia. John E. Barton secured his early educational discipline in private schools, in his native county, and supplemented this by a course in Moore's com mercial college, of Atlanta, being graduated in that institution as a member of the class of 1868. He remained in Atlanta two

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and one-half years after his graduation, first being employed as clerk in a grocery and later as bookkeeper in the office of D. L. Hill, state agent of the Howe Sewing Machine Company. In 1871 Mr. Hill sent young Barton to Augusta to take charge of the local agency of the Howe sewing machines, and he has ever since continued his residence in this city, where he has risen to promi nence and influence in business affairs, being one of the represen tative citizens of this section of the state. On May 15, 1885, Mr. Barton entered into partnership with Arthur A. Thomas, in the furniture business, under the firm name of Thomas & Barton. In 1899, to facilitate the business, which had grown to very large proportions, the same was incorporated under the title of the Thomas & Barton Company. Mr. Barton became secretary and treasurer, retaining this dual office until July 1, 1905, when he assumed his present office, that of vice-president. The company does both a wholesale and retail business, carrying a stock ap proximating $100,000 in value, including the best imported and domestic furniture, pianos, organs, sewing machines, etc. The house is well known through Georgia and South Carolina and is one of the largest concerns of the sort in the South, fortified by having as interested principals business men of the best caliber and most progressive ideas. Mr. Barton is affiliated with the In dependent Order of Odd Fellows, the Royal Arcanum and the Knights of Honor. He gives his support to the Democratic party, and both he and his wife hold membership in St. James Methodist Episcopal church South, in which he has been a trustee and stew ard for many years. On May 16, 1873, Mr. Barton was united in marriage to Miss Emma C. Wilder, of Augusta, and they have two children Lillian May, who is the wife of Charles T. Ganse, of Augusta; and John E., Jr., who is a resident of Mobile, Ala.
Bartow, a town of Jefferson county, was incorporated by an act of the legislature on Sept. 20, 1887. In 1900 the population was 286. It is located on the main line of the Central of Georgia rail way, about five miles west of Wadley, has a money order postoffice, from which four rural routes supply mail to a large terri tory, express and telegraph service, school, churches, and several mercantile establishments.
Bartow County was created .in 1832 from part of Cherokee. Two years later it was enlarged by taking part of Murray. At the time it was laid out it was named Cass county, in honor of Gen. Lewis Cass, of Michigan. On Dec. 6, 1861, the legislature passed a res olution setting forth that "Lewis Cass having shown himself in-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

135

imical to the South by voluntary donations of his private property to sustain a wicked war upon her people, and by ftie utterance of sentiments such as the South must be subjugated, the Union must be preserved," etc., and changed the name to Bartow county, in honor of Col. Francis S. Bartow, of Chatham county, who fell in the battle of Manassas, July 21, 1861, at the head of his brigade composed of the Seventh and Eighth Georgia regiments. The county is located in the northwestern part of .the state and is bounded on the north by Gordon, on the east by Cherokee, on the south by Cobb, Paulding and Polk, and on the west by Floyd. The principal products are wheat, corn, potatoes, sorghum, cotton and fruits. In 1900 there were over 100,000 bearing peachtrees in the county. Gold, iron, limestone, manganese, ocher, graphite and sandstone are all mined to some extent. The transportation facilities are excellent, the Western & Atlantic, Rome & Kingston and a branch of the East & West railroads traversing the county in all directions. The chief towns are Cartersville, the county seat, Adairsville, Emerson and Cassville. Many fine mineral springs are found in the county, those known as the "Rowland Springs" having once been popular as a health resort.
Bartow, Francis S., lawyer/statesman and soldier, was a leader in the American Party movement in Georgia, and a candidate for Congress on that ticket in the First district in 1856. At the break ing out of the war he was a leader of the Georgia legislature and was a member of the provisional Congress of the Confederate States which met at Montgomery in 1861. At its second session he was made chairman of the military coVnmittee. At this time he was captain of the Oglethorpe Infantry, a volunteer company composed of the descendants of the historic families of Savannah. When the act authorizing troops was passed, this company promptly offered its services to the president and became a part of the Eighth Georgia regiment, of which Bartow was made colonel, and which took part in many of the early battles of the war. He was killed at the first battle of Manassas.
Barwick, a post-village of Brooks county, was incorporated by act of the general assembly on August 17, 1902. It is located in the extreme western part of the county, almost on the Thomas county line, and on the line of the Georgia Northern railway that runs from Albany to Pidcock.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Baskin, Charles L., M. D. Carroll
county has its full quota of skilled and
successful physicians and surgeons and
among the number is Dr. Charles L.
Baskin, who is a representative of old
and honored families of that section of
the state and who enjoys unqualified
popularity in his native county. He was
born in Carroll county, Jan. 27, 1869, a
son of Thomas W. and Hattie (Chand
ler) Baskin, both natives of that county,
where the respective families were early
established. Thomas W. Baskin was
born at Hickory Level, Feb. 19, 1845, a son of Rev. James Baskin, a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church who came from South Carolina to Georgia in 1826, settled at Hickory Level and became one of the extensive land-owners of Carroll county. Thomas W. Baskin was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war, as a member of the Nineteenth Georgia infantry. His vocation in life was that of farming and he was one of the honored and influential citizens of Carroll county, where he died in 1879. His wife was born in Carrollton, where she still main tains her home, was a daughter of Thomas Chandler, who was one of the first settlers of that place, having located there about 1825. He was an able lawyer and practiced his profession with marked success. He effected a treaty between a number of white settlers and the Indians and for this service was given a consider able body of land, where Carrollton now stands. He was a man of prominence and influence, active in public affairs, frequently served as a delegate to the state conventions of his political party and stood high in the esteem of all who knew him. Dr. Charles L. Baskin secured his early educational training in the public schools of Carrollton, and was then matriculated in the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons, in which excellent institution he was graduated in April, 1895, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He forthwith opened an office in Temple, where he has since been engaged in active practice and where he has met with unequivocal success in his chosen profession. He is identified with the Medi cal Association of Georgia and with the Carroll county medical
society; is local surgeon for the Southern railway; is president of the Temple board of health and also president of the board of education of the town. In politics he is a stanch Democrat; his

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137

religious faith is that of the Baptist church, of which his wife also is a member; and is affiliated with the local lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity. On Dec. 18, 1890, Doctor Baskin was united in marriage to Miss Martha Connell, daughter of Thomas and Martha (Arnold) Connell, of Carroll county. She was sum moned to the life eternal on Dec. 2, 1903, and is survived by three children, Todd, Edwin and Hattie. On Jan. 14, 1906, Doctor Baskin married Miss Kate Connell, a sister of his first wife.
Bass, Edward E., is recognized as one of the leading merchants and represen tative citizens of the city of Milledge-
ville, and has done much to further the upbuilding and progress of the city, where he has varied and important in terests. He was born on a farm in De-
Kalb county, Tenn., March 2, 1869, and in that county were also born his par ents, John A. and Sarah (Robinson) Bass, who there passed their entire lives, the father having been a successful farmer and stock-grower and a promi nent dealer in live stock. When the subject of this sketch was a lad of eight years his mother died, and when he was twenty years old his father also passed away. Edward E. Bass attended school in DeKalb and Wilson counties, Tenn., until he had attained to the age of eighteen years. In 1888 he came to Georgia and' located in Griffin, Spalding county, where he entered the employ of his un cles, J. L. and H. H. Bass, who conducted one of the most exten sive general merchandise concerns in that section, under the title of Bass Bros. He remained with his uncles in various capacities until 1896, when he removed to Milledgeville and engaged in the mercantile business, the firm being composed of himself and younger brother, -C. L. Bass, who died in 1900. His success has been of the most positive and gratifying order and he is today one of the most prominent business men of the former capital city, owning and conducting two of the largest and best equipped mer cantile establishments in Milledgeville, one devoted to dry goods and the other to dry goods and clothing. He also owns a one half interest in still another retail mercantile concern in the city. He is one of the large holders of improved real estate in Milledgeville, where he has personally erected about twelve substantial buildings, including his own fine modern residence and one of the best busi-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ness blocks in the town. He is also possessed of valuable farm property in Baldwin county, and is recognized as a reliable, pro gressive and able business man, and vas a loyal and public spirited citizen. Mr. Bass is a free thinker in political matters, is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and is a member of the Baptist church. On Jan. 4, 1899, he was united in marriage to Miss Bessie Bass, of Hancock county, who bore the same name, but who is of an en tirely different family line, and they have two children Sarah lone, born Feb. 22, 1900, and Wesley Elward, born Aug. 1, 1902.
Bates, Robert J., a representative retail grocer of Augusta, was born on the homestead farm of his parents, in Burke county, Ga., on August 2, 1872, being a son of John F. and Eugenia (Herrington) Bates, who were likewise born in that county, the former on April 7, 1840, and the latter on August 3, 1850, her death occurring on July 12, 1904. The father is one of the prosperous farmers and honored citizens in that portion of Burke county which is now in cluded in Jenkins county, and he has passed his entire life in that section. He was a soldier of the Confederacy, having served as a member of Third Georgia volunteer infantry. Of fourteen children ten are living, namely: Mack W., Robert J., Sidney B., Lizzie, Minnie, Mina, George P., Grady, John and Lucille. Lizzie is the wife of G. G. Brinson, of Milan; Minnie is the wife of Rev. R. E. Bailey; and Mina is the wife of Heyward Cox, of Greens Cut. Rob ert J. Bates was educated in the academy at Telfairville and the high school at Acworth, and was reared under the sturdy discipline of the home plantation. He left school in 1890 at the age of eighteen years and took up his residence in Augusta, where he se cured a clerkship in a dry-goods establishment, later becoming a clerk in a grocery, and finally a city salesman for a local wholesale grocery concern, his experience in these capacities covering a pe riod of ten years. In 1900 he engaged in the retail grocery business at 1132 Broad street, where he has since continued operations with marked success. During the first six months he was associated in the enterprise with T. P. Beale, under the firm name of Beale & Bates, and he then purchased the interest of his partner, since which time the business has been conducted under the name of R. J. Bates & Co. Mr. Bates is a Democrat in his political faith, is affiliated with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity, and he and his wife hold membership in the Broadway Methodist Episcopal church South. For three years he was a member of the German Guards, a local military organization. On Nov. 15,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

139

1900, he was united in marriage to Miss Eva C. Harter, daughtei of the late Wiley J. Harter, of Augusta. They have no children.
Batesville, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Cherokee county, is nine miles southeast of Canton. The nearest railway station is Holly Springs on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Bath, a village in the southwestern part of Richmond county, is about sixteen miles from the city of Augusta and two and a half from Blythe, which is the nearest railway station, on the Augusta Southern. The population in 1900 was 100. It has a money or der postoffice and some mercantile establishments.
Battey, Robert, M. D., one of Amer ica's distinguished physicians and sur
geons and one of Georgia's prominent and honored citizens, died at his home at Rome, Floyd county, in 1895. He was born in the city of Augusta, Ga.,
Nov. 26, 1828, a son of Cephas and Mary (Magruder) Battey, the former born in the state of New York and the latter in Augusta, Ga. Doctor Battey was af forded good educational advantages of an academic nature and in 1847 located in Rome, where two years later he ini tiated his career as a druggist. In 1855 he entered the analytical chemical laboratory of Prof. James C. Booth, of Philadelphia, Pa., and in the following year was graduated in the Philadelphia col lege of pharmacy. In 1857 he was graduated in Jefferson medical college in the same city, receiving his degree of Doctor of Medi cine. His rapid advancement in technical education indicated those rare powers of concentration, assimilation and close applica tion which so significantly marked his splendid professional career. In 1857 he was also graduated in the obstetrical institute of Phila delphia. In 1859 he performed a new and important surgical oper ation in the city hospital of Dublin, Ireland, the result being that he thus early established an international reputation as a surgeon. He was elected an honorary member of the obstetrical society of Edinburgh, Scotland, at this time, having passed the years 1859-60 in the schools and hospitals of Europe, while principally in the city of Paris did he exemplify his original methods of surgical opera tion. In July, 1861, insistently loyal to the cause of the Confeder ate States of America, he became a- member of the Nineteenth regiment of Georgia volunteer infantry and was made senior sur-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

geon of Hampton's brigade; for a time he held a similar position in Archer's brigade and later was surgeon in charge of the Fair ground hospital, at Atlanta, and the Polk hospital, at Rome. He also did efficient service in a similar capacity at Vineville, Ga., and Lauderdale, Miss., and at the close of the war he was in charge of the hospitals at Macon, Ga. In 1866 he performed a wonderful surgical operation, by means of which he cured a false anchylosis of the hip. In 1873 he became corresponding editor of the Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal, and soon afterward was made its chief editor. For two years he filled the chair of obste trics in Atlanta medical college. At Rome, in 1872, he first.per formed an original operation known as Battey's operation for pro ducing the artificial change of life to remedy an otherwise incur able disease in the domain of gynecology. He also introduced a new remedy, "Iodized Phenol." In 1883 he established at Rome an infirmary that soon obtained widespread fame and attracted pa tients from all sections. Doctor Battey remained connected with this institution until his death, and his renown is that of one of the greatest of American surgeons. In his life work he was assisted at all times and in all operations by his wife, whose devotion to her husband's profession and to her family of which latter she assumed full charge, in order to afford him greater time and oppor tunity to devote to his great and humane mission is recognized by all who know her. She still resides in Rome, surrounded by de voted and appreciative friends, besides members of her immediate family. In December, 1849, Doctor Battey was united in marriage to Miss Martha Baldwin Smith, daughter of Hon. William and Elizabeth (Mayo) Smith. Her father was born in Hall county, Ga., in 1808, a son of Robert Smith, a son of Charles Smith, who was a member of a Virginia regiment in the war of the Revolution, after the close of which he came to Georgia and located near Gainesville. William Smith was one of the pioneer residents of Rome, Ga., hav ing located in Floyd county in 1828. He represented this county in the state legislature and it was mainly due to his efforts that Rome was afforded railway connections. He was a chivalrous, up right man and useful citizen, commanding the unequivocal confi dence and esteem of all who came within the sphere of his influence. Mrs. Battey was his only child. Concerning the chil dren of Dr. and Mrs. Battey the following is a brief record: Mrs. Grace Bayard is a widow and resides in the city of Atlanta; W. C. is engaged in the real-estate business at Myers, Fla.; George M. is a resident of Atlanta; Mary A. King is a widow and resides in

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

141

Rome; Dr. Henry H., of Rome, is the leading physician and sur geon of northern Georgia and is well upholding the professional prestige of the honored name which he bears; he was graduated at Harvard university and passed three years in professional study in Vienna, Paris and London; Bessie is the wife of Rev. M. L. Troutman, of Atlanta, a cleryman of the Methodist Episcopal church South; and Mrs. E. G. Creighton is a resident of Atlanta. Mrs. Battey, widow of the honored subject of this memoir, has twentyone grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.
Battle Hill, a village of Fulton county, with a population of 223 in 1900, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 16, 1895. The town has no postoffice, being supplied by rural free delivery from Atlanta.
Battles. In the various wars with the Indians, the Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Confederate war several hundred battles and skirmishes were fought on Georgia soil. Following is a list of these engagements, and, so far as reliable information could be obtained concerning them, each is treated in detail in this work under the appropriate head, though many of them were slight af fairs, of which no official reports were ever made.
The principal engagements with the Indians were at Burnt Vil lage, Chickasawhacb.ee, Etowah River, Ichawaynochaway Swamp, Jack's Creek, Mitchell's Plantation, Roanoke, Shepherd's Planta tion and Warrior Creek.
During the Revolution fights occurred' at Augusta, Baillou's Causeway, Beard's Bluff, Beard's Creek, Belfast, Brewton's Hill, Brier Creek, Broad River, Brownsborough, Buckhead Creek, Bull Town Swamp, Burke :County Jail, Carr's Fort, Cherokee Ford, Cockspur Island, Ebenezer, Etowah River, Fishing Creek, Forts Charlotte, Cornwallis, Heard, Mclntosh, Morris and Tybee, Fulsom's Fort, Gibbons' Plantation, Hawk's Creek, Herbert's Place, Hickory Hill, Kettle Creek, Lockhart's, Matthews' Bluff, Medway Church, Ogeechee Ferry, Paris' Mill, Riceboro, Savannah, Sharon, Sunbury, Tybee Island, White House, Wiggins' Hill, Wright's Fort, Yamacraw Bluff and Yamasee Bluff.
In the War of 1812 but two slight skirmishes occurred in Geor gia: one at Point Petre and the other at Clarke's Mills. There was considerable trouble with the Indians, however, during that period.
The battles of the ; Civil war were at Ac worth, Adairsville, Adamsville, Alabama Road, Allatoona, Allatoona Pass, Alpine, Armuchee Creek, Atlanta, Atlanta Works, Auburn, Bald Hill,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Ball's Ferry, Barnesville, Bear Creek Station, Bell's Ferry Road, Big Shanty, Black Creek, Black Warrior Creek, Blue Bird Gap, Brown's Cross Roads, Brunswick, Bryan Court House, Buck Creek, Buckhead, Buckhead Church, Buckhead Creek, Buckhead Road, Buckhead Station, Buffalo Creek, Burned Church, Burnt Hickory, Buzzard Roost, Buzzard Roost Gap, Calhoun, Campbellton, Camp Creek, Cane Creek, Cannonade, Canton Road, Carter's, Cartersville, Cass Station, Cassville, Catlett's Gap, Catoosa Springs, Chattahoochee, Chattooga River, Chewa Station, Chickamauga, Chickamauga Creek, Clear Creek, Cleveland Road, Clinton, Co lumbus, Coosaville, Cotton River Bridge, Crow Valley, Cuyler's Plantation, Cypress Swamp, Dallas, Dalton, Darien, Davisboro, Davis' Cross Roads, Davis' House, Decatur, Decatur Road, Dirt Town, Doboy River, Ducktown Road, Dug Gap, East Macon, East Point, Eatonton, Ebenezer Creek, Eden Station, Etowah River, Ezra Church, Fairburn, Flat Creek, Flat Rock, Flat Rock Bridge, Flatshoals, Flint River, Flint River Bridge, Floyd's Springs, Fort Gaines, Forts Beaulieu, McAllister, Pulaski, Rosedew and Tyler, Gilgal Church, Golgotha, Gordon, Gravestein's, Graysville, Green Meadows, Griswoldville, Hillsboro, Hinesville, Holly Creek, Huntsville, Ida, (Confederate Steamer) Irwinsville, Isham's Ford, Jacksboro, Jenks' Bridge, .Johnson's Crook, Jonesboro, Jug Tav ern, Kennesaw Mountain, Kennesaw Water Tank, Kingston, Kingston Road, Kolb's Farm, Lafayette, Lafayette Road, Lawrenceville, Lee & Gordon's Mills, Lee's Cross Roads, Leet's Mills, Leet's Tanyard, Lithonia, Little Ogeechee River, Lookout Moun tain, Lost Mountain, Louisville, Lovejoy's Station, Lumpkin County, Lumpkin Station, McAfee's Cross Roads, McDonough Road, McLean's Hill, McLemore's Cove, Macon, Maddox Gap, Marietta, Marietta Road, Marshy Creek, Mill Creek, Mill Creek Gap, Millen, Monteith Swamp, Montgomery, Moon's Station, Mud Creek, Mulberry Creek, Myrack's Mill, Narrows, Neal Dow Sta tion, New Hope Church, Newnan, Nickajack Creek, Nickajack Gap, Nickajack Trace, Noonday Creek, Nose's Creek, Oconee River, Ogeechee Canal, Ogeechee River, Olley's Creek, Oostanaula, Open Field, Owens' Ford, Pace's Ferry, Pace's Ferry Road, Parker's Cross Roads, Peachtree Creek, Pea Vine Creek, Pea Vine Ridge, Pickett's Mill, Pine Knob, Pine Hill, Pine Log Creek, Pleas ant Hill, Powder Springs, Pumpkin Vine Creek, Red Clay, Red Oak, Resaca, Reynolds' Place, Rice's Farm, Ridge, Ringgold, Ringgold Bridge, Ringgold Gap, Ringgold Pass, Ringgold Road, Rocky Creek Church, Rocky Face Ridge, Rome, Rome Cross Roads,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

143

Rossville, Roswell, Roswell Road, Rottenwood Creek, Rousseau's Raid, Rough and Ready, Ruffs' Mill, Ruff's Station, Run's Greek, Sandersville, Sand Mountain, Sandtown, Salt Springs, Savannah, Shady Grove, Ship's Gap, Snake Creek Gap, Snapfinger Creek, South Newport, South River, Spaulding's, Springfield, Springplace, Springplace Road, Statesboro, Station No. 5, (now Halcyondale) Stevens' Gap, Stilesboro, Stone Church, Streight's Raid, Subligna, Sugar Valley, Summerville, Sumraerville Road, Swampy Creek, Sweetwater Creek, Sylvan Grove, Tanner's Bridge, Taylor's Ridge, Ten Islands, Thomas' Station, Tilton, Tobesofkee Creek, Towaliga Bridge, Trenton, Trion Factory, Tunnel Hill, Turner's and Howell's Ferries, Ulcofaw, Utoy Creek, Van Wert, Varnell Road, Varnell's Station, Venus Point, Walnut Creek, Watkins' Ferry, Waynesboro, Westbrook's, Whitehead's, Whitemarsh Is
land, Wilmington Island.
(Note. The number of names in the above list is not indicative of the number of battles, as it frequently happens that a number of engagements occurred at the same place at different dates, though the name is only given once in the list. Notable instances of this are Buzzard Roost, Dalton, Lafayette, Taylor's Ridge and Tunnel Hill, the six places embracing twenty-four engagements.)
Baugh, Robert Lee, of Savannah, pur
chasing agent for the Central of Geor
gia railroad, has gained this distinctive
preferment through faithful and efficient
service. He was born on a plantation
in Russell county, Ala., Aug. 29, 185S,
and is a son of Thornton M. and An
nie E. (McLemore) Baugh, the former
of whom was born .in Virginia, in 1822,
and the latter in Jonesboro, Ga., in 1828.
The maternal grandfather of Mr. Baugh
was Col. Charles Lemore, who was
born in Jasper county, Ga., and who was educated for the medical profession. He removed from Georgia to Chambers county, Ala., where he became a successful merchant and influential citizen. : Between the years 1836 and 1844 he was six times elected to the lower house of the Alabama legislature, after which he served two years in the state senate, being again a member of that body from 1849 to 1855 and serving as president of the senate during the session of 1851. He was an officer in the Indian war and assisted!in transporting the Indians to the reserva-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tion in the Indian Territory. He had but two sons, the elder of whom, Col. James J. McLemore, represented Chambers county in the legislature of Alabama in 1863. The younger son, Owen K., was educated in the United States military academy, at West Point, N. Y., and immediately after his graduation became a sec ond lieutenant in the regular army, being assigned to duty in San Francisco, Cal. When Alabama seceded from the Union he re signed his position in the United States army and returned to his home, where he recruited soldiers for the Fourteenth Alabama regiment, of which he was afterward made major. He proceeded to the front with his command, did gallant service in the cause of the Confederacy, and sacrificed his life in the same. He died at Winchester, Va., Sept. 30, 1862, as the result of a wound received in the battle of Sharpsburg. Robert Lee Baugh, the immediate subject of this sketch, was afforded the advantages of a good com mon-school education and when but fifteen years of age began learning the art of telegraphy. Subsequently he was employed as operator and agent at various small stations, and was then pro moted chief clerk to the superintendent of the Central of Georgia railroad, with headquarters in Augusta, Ga. Later he was ap pointed freight agent for the same company, in Augusta, but re signed this office after about one year, on account of ill health. He was transferred to Lafayette, Ala., where he remained as sta tion agent about eight years, within which time he recuperated his physical energies. He then, returned to Augusta, where he be came chief clerk in the office of the general superintendent of the Charleston & Western Carolina railroad, retaining this position about two years, at the expiration of which he was tendered and accepted the chief clerkship in the office of the general superin tendent of the Central of Georgia railway, and about eighteen months later, May 1, 1901, was appointed purchasing agent for the same company, with headquarters in Savannah, the office of which he is in tenure at the present time. In politics he is a stanch ad herent of the Democratic party and both he and his wife are mem bers of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Jan. 21, 1886, Mr. Baugh was united in marriage to Miss Susie E. McLemore, daughter of James J. and Sophronia (Driver) McLemore, of La fayette. She was summoned to the life eternal on Feb. 22, 1898, and is survived by one son, Robert Lee Baugh, Jr., born Jan. 6, 1894. On Dec. 12, 1899, Mr. Baugh married Miss Carleigh L. McLemore, a sister of his first wife, but no children have been
born to this union.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

145

Baughville, a post-hamlet of Talbot county, is located some six miles west of Talbotton, and about the same distance from Waverly Hall, in Harris county, on the Southern railway, these two towns being the nearest railway stations.
Bauxite. This mineral takes its name from Beaux or Baux, near Aries, France, where it was first discovered in sufficient quan tities to be of commercial value. In color it ra'nges from light gray to ocher yellow, sometimes having a tinge of red or brown. It is composed mainly of alumina and the sesquioxide of iron, and is the basis of the aluminium of commerce. It was first discovered in the United States near Rome, Ga., in 1887, and was first mined in this country at Hermitage, in Floyd county, in 1889. There are extensive deposits in the Coosa valley, the largest being in Floyd and Bartow counties, though it is also found in Walker, Polk and Chattooga. It generally occurs in pockets or well de fined beds, and is mined with pick and shovel without the use of explosives. Since the discovery of bauxite in Georgia it has been found in Alabama, Arkansas and New Mexico, but the largest known deposits in this country are in Georgia, where the annual production is about 10,000 tons, the value of which is not far from $45,000. The greater part of this is shipped to Philadelphia, where it is used in the manufacture of alum. In the Georgia ex hibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were a number of utensils, etc., made of aluminium, which was the product of her own mines.
Baxley, the county seat of Appling county, was incorporated by an act of the legislature in 1875. It is located on the line of the Southern railway that connects Macon and Brunswick. Be ing in the center of the pine belt its principal industries are lum ber and naval stores. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, a bank, and several mercantile concerns. One of the important enterprises of this town is a syrup refinery owned by the citizens. The climate is healthy and the soil is suf ficiently productive to afford good gardens and orchards. Accord ing to the census of 1900 the population was 448.
Baxley, Napoleon B., junior member of the representative firm of Alien & Baxley, wholesale and retail grocers, of Augusta, was born on the home plantation, in Aiken county, S. C., on March 20, 1869, and is a son of William : M. and Caroline S. (Bush) Baxley, both natives of South Carolina, the former born in Barnwell, and the latter in Aiken county. William M. Baxley was engaged in agricul tural pursuits during the major portion of his active business career
10

}46

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, as-

color bearer of his company in a South Carolina regiment, and

having been wounded in the battle of the Wilderness while serving

, ,,,,,,..

in this capacity. He died on -Sept. 30,.

,:Slllllllillx::

1894, and his widow now resides in North Augusta, S. C., just across the Savannah

river from Augusta, Ga., where the

family took up their residence when the

subject of this sketch was a child, having

previously been residents of the city of

Augusta for a brief interval. Napoleon

B. Baxley was a student in Houghton

institute, Augusta, and after leaving this

institution he completed a course in the

Osborn business college, of the same

city. At the age of seventeen yearshe left school and became bookkeeper in the well known whole

sale and retail grocery house of Murphey & Company, of Augusta, retaining this position somewhat more than ten years and becoming familiar with the details of the business, so that he was well fortified for the responsibilities of an executive and tech nical sort when, in September, 1896, he entered into partnership with Wilber M. Alien, in the same line of enterprise. The firm of

Alien & Baxley has built up a most flourishing business, based upon correct methods, reliability, good judgment and progressive ideas, the establishment of the concern being at 625 Broad street.

Mr. Baxley is a member of the Commercial club, is a stanch Demo crat, a member of the Baptist church, and is a Master Mason. On Oct. 10, 1900, he was united in marriage to Miss Josie Dell Bignon, of Augusta, and they have three children, whose names, with respective dates of birth, are as follows: Willard Alien, Dec.

19, 1901; Marion Eugene, August 15, 1903; and Laura, August 10,

1905.

Baxter, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Union county, is located on the upper waters of the Toccoa river, about twenty miles southeast of Blueridge, which is the most convenient rail

road station.

Baxter, Richard Boiling, of Sparta, is one of the prominent far

mers of Hancock county, where he has maintained his home for nearly forty years, while he was one of the loyal sons of Georgia who went forth in defense of the Confederate cause in the Civil

war. He was born at Athens, Clarke county, Ga., on Nov. 27,.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

147

1840, and is a son of Thomas W. and Mary (Wiley) Baxter, the former of whom was born in Hancock, and the latter in Baldwin county, Ga. Richard B. Baxter received a common-school education
and graduated at the University of Geor
gia in August, 1860, having just com
pleted his education at the breaking out
of the Civil war. In May, 1861, in response
to the first call for volunteers to support
the Confederate States on the field of
battle, Mr. Baxter enlisted as a private
in Company K. Third Georgia infantry,
with which he participated in the engage
ments at Chicamicomico, South Mills,
Seven Pines, Chancellorsville, Gettys
burg, Sharpsburg and Manassas Gap, as
well as others of minor importance. He was wounded at.. Sharpsburg, and in 1864 was captured while with General Longstreet's command in East Tennessee, be ing taken to Rock Island, 111., where he was held a prisoner until the close of the war, when he was paroled. After the war he en gaged in farming in Madison county, where he remained until 1867, when he.removed to Hancock county, where he has since been identified with the same line of enterprise and where he has so directed his efforts as to attain marked success, while he retains the uniform respect of the community in which he has so long main tained his home. He is vice-president of the First National bank of Sparta; has uniformly utilized his influence and franchise in support of the principles and policies of the Democratic party; in 1892 he was chairman of the Democratic county committee, and in 1894 he was chairman of the executive committee of the same body. His religious faith is that of the Presbyterian church and he is identified with the United Confederate Veterans. On Aug ust 9, 1865, Mr. Baxter was united in marriage to Miss Kate Rucker, of Athens, Ga., and she died in October, 1882, being sur vived by six children, viz.: John S., Edgeworth B., Bessie, now Mrs. ]. Lane Mullally, Georgia F., now Mrs. J. R. Roylston, Rich ard B., Jr., and Thomas W. In 1897 Mr. Baxter was married to Mrs. Lula Hurt Mabbitt, widow of Dr. Harry Mabbitt and daugh
ter of John W. Hurt. Bayard, a post-hamlet in the western part of Harris county, is
about six miles southwest of Hamilton, the county seat. Kings-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

bury and Cataula, on the line of the Central of Georgia that runs from Columbus to Greenville, are the nearest railroad stations.

Bayonet, a post-hamlet in the extreme southern part of Monroe county, is near the point where the three counties of Monroe, Bibb

and Crawford come together, and about two miles from Moran, on the Macon & Birmingham railroad, which is the. nearest station.

,::::,

Bazin, Louis Dennis Xavier, the hon

ored pastor of the Church of the Im

maculate Conception, in the city of

Atlanta, is a representative member of

the clergy of the Catholic church in

Georgia and is held in affectionate re

gard by the people of his parish. Father

Bazin was born in the historic old city

of Lyons, France, Nov. 15, 1843, and he

is a son of Louis and Louise (Gonin)

Bazin, the former born in St. Pierre

d'Albigny, France, in 1808, and the lat

ter in Belley, France, in 1822. Father

Bazin was ordained to the priesthood at the apostolic hands of Rt. Rev. Bishop Whelan, bishop of Wheeling, W. Va., in the city of Baltimore, Md., June 30, 1867, and he has ever since been zealously

devoted to the work of his high calling. He has been the incum

bent of his present pastorate since July 15, 1896.

Beach, a post-village in the northern part of Ware county, re ported a population of 350 in 1900. It is located on the Nicholls & Waycross division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railway, and is a

shipping point for the adjacent territory.

Beach, Jefferson O., is engaged in the jobbing and retail grocery

trade at 534 Broad street, Augusta, and has built up a very suc cessful enterprise. He was born on a farm in Barnwell county,

S. C, on Oct. 12, 1850, and is a son of John R. and Sarah (Owens) Beach, both of whom were born in that county, the latter dying when the subject of this sketch was an infant. In 1870 the father

removed from his native state to Richmond county, Ga., where he

passed the remainder of his life, his death occurring on August 27,

1902. He was a soldier in the Confederate service during three

years of the Civil war. Jefferson O. Beach was reared and edu cated in Barnwell county, S. C., and remained there until 1869,

when, at the age of nineteen years, he took up his residence in Augusta, which city has since been his home. Here he was em

ployed as a salesman in grocery establishments for some time, after

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

149

which he served for years as a member of the city police force. He then again identified himself with the grocery trade, and has been individually engaged in the business, in his present location, since 1889. He is a Democrat in his political adherency and he and his wife are members of the First Baptist church. On Nov. 9, 1887, Mr. Beach was united in marriage to Miss Cynthia Elizabeth Foy, daughter of Christian and Cynthia Elizabeth (Brinson) Foy, of Effingham county, Ga. They have two children, Foy O'Neal, born August 28, 1888, and Laura Belle, born July 5, 1892.
Beall Springs, a post-hamlet of Glascock county, is about three miles west of Gibson on the Augusta Southern railway. The name of the railroad station is Belle Springs.
Bear Creek Station, (skirmish Nov. 16, 1864, see Hampton). Beard's Bluff is a high ground on the Altamaha river, not far from the mouth of Beard's creek, on the border of Liberty county. In January, 1777, Col. Lachlan Mclntosh, then in command of the Continental troops in Geocgia, sent Lieutenant Bugg, with a small detachment, to establish a garrison on the bluff. While passing through the Beard's creek swamps the party fell into an Indian ambush and after a sharp skirmish were defeated, three of the number being killed. Capt. Chesley Bostwick was then sent with his company on the same mission arid succeeded in planting a small stockade fort on bluff. This fort performed a valuable service in protecting the settlers against the attacks of the Indians, and in holding in check the violence of the Tories along the frontier. Beard's Creek, a small stream, which rises in Tattnall county, flows south, forming for a few miles the boundary between Tatt nall and Liberty counties, and empties into the Altamaha river. A body of American troops was ambushed on this creek by the Indians in 1777. (See Beard's Bluff.) There is now a village called Beard's Creek near the mouth of this stream, in Liberty county. It has a postoffice,a few stores, etc., and in 1900 had a population of 118. Beatrice, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Stewart county, is six miles from Lumpkin, which is the nearest railway station. Beatum, a post-village in the northeastern part of Chattooga county, is located on East;Armuchee creek and near the foot of John mountain. Trion Factory is the nearest railway station. The population in 1900 was 60. Beaufort Convention. In 1785 South Carolina brought suit against Georgia before Congress, under the ninth article of the Confederation, the object of the suit being the settlement of a dis-

150

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

pute of several years standing over the boundary line between the

states. The case was adjourned from time to time until Sept. 4,

1786, when both states appeared by their agents. The issues were

then made up and a court appointed to try the case. This court

was to sit in New York on June 4,1787, but before that time a com

promise was effected between the states. The body that carried

the compromise into effect is known in history as the Beaufort

Convention. Charles C. Pinckney, Andrew Pickens and Pierce

Butler represented the State of South Carolina, and John Haber-

sham, Lachlan Mclntosh and John Houstoun were the commis

sioners for the State of Georgia. The convention concluded, its

labors on April 28, 1787, and reported an agreement upon the fol

lowing boundaries between the states: 1. The northern bound

ary of Georgia to be a line running due west from the point where

the Tugaloo river intersects the South Carolina boundary, or from

the source of that stream if the same was found to be south of the

South Carolina line. 2.--The Savannah river to constitute the

remainder of the boundary line between the states. 3. East of

Cockspur and north of Hutchinson's island, thence to the conflu

ence of the Tugaloo and Keowee rivers, the navigation of the Sa

vannah river to be forever, free to both states, but all the rest of

the river to be the exclusive right of the State of Georgia. 4.

South Carolina was not to claim any lands to the southward or

westward of the line thus established, and Georgia was not to

claim any lands to the northward or northeastward of the same.

This agreement was signed by all the commissioners, except John

Houstoun who made a dissenting report, and was ratified by the

Georgia legislature on Feb. 1, 1788.

Beaverdale, a post-village in the northern part of Whitfield

county, had a population of 60 in 1900. It is on the Oostanaula

river about seven miles from Red Clay, which is the nearest rail

way station.

Beck, Eramus W., was born at McDonough, Ga., in 1833, gradu

ated at Mercer university, studied law and was admitted to prac

tice at Griffin in 1866. He:was elected to the lower house of Con

gress in 1870 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Thomas J.

Speer.

.

Beck, Marcus W., was born in Harris county, Ga., April 28, 1860,

his father being James W. and his mother Margaret (Wells) Beck.

His father has been a Baptist minister and teacher for the last

fifty years, with the exception of four years spent in the army of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

151

the Confederacy, during which time he arose from the ranks to the

lieutenant-colonelcy of the Forty-fourth Georgia regiment. The

subject of this sketch attended the University of Georgia where

he graduated in the academical department in the class of 1881,

and in the law department in 1883. He served as state senator

from the Twenty-sixth senatorial district, in the legislature of

1890-91. In 1892 he was elected solicitor-general of the Flint cir

cuit, but resigned in 1894 upon his election as judge of the same

circuit. He served as major in the Third Georgia volunteer

infantry for ten months in 1898-99, during the Spanish-American

war and when mustered out of this service resumed the practice of

law at Griffin, Ga., in which he continued until appointed on Sept.

14, 1905, by Governor Terrell, associate justice of the supreme

court of Georgia. Judge Beck has a family consisting of a wife

and three children and is a member of the Baptist church.

Bede, a post-hamlet of Wilcox county, (Railroad name Brown

ing), is about five miles south of Abbeville, on the railroad between

that place and Fitzgerald.

Beech Hill, a post-village in the eastern part of Wilkinson

county, is near the Oconee river and on the Central of Georgia

railroad.

Belair, a post-village in the western part of Richmond county,

is about eight miles from the city of Augusta, on the line of the

'Georgia railroad running to Atlanta. The population in 1900

was 67.

Belfast. Not far from Sunbury, on the Medway river, there was

in the days of the Revolution a little settlement known as Belfast.

An affair occurred here on the night of June 4, 1779, in which Col

onel Cruger, of the British army, and some of his officers, were

captured by Captain Spencer, commander of an American priva

teer then lying in the Medway. Learning that the officers were

that evening dining with a certain Tory, named Thomas Young,

at Belfast, Captain Spencer ascended the river in small boats,

landed about eight o'clock with twelve of his men, surrounded the

house and captured all present at the dinner. The prisoners were

paroled the next morning and Colonel Cruger was soon afterward

exchanged for Colonel Mclntosh, who had been captured at Brier

Creek. There is now a post-village of the same name on the site

of the old town.

;

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA
Bell, Edward Everett, who is engaged in the retail dry-goods trade in the city
of Milledgeville, is one of the represen tative citizens and business men of Bald
win county, and is well entitled to con sideration in this work. He was born
on a farm in Forsyth county, Ga., on Dec. 9, 1858, and is a son of Matthew R. and Josephine (Scudder) Bell, both of whom were likewise natives of that
county, where the latter died in 1865. In 1869 Matthew R. Bell was appointed steward and treasurer of the Georgia state sanitarium, at Milledgeville, and he retained this office four years, after which he continued his residence in Milledgeville, hav ing served sixteen years as judge of the court of ordinary of Bald win county and having been a citizen of prominence and influence, commanding unqualified esteem in the community; he was also a loyal soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war. He died in 1899, at the age of seventy-one years. After the removal of his father to Milledgeville the subject of this sketch became a student in the schools there until he had attained the age of sixteen years, when he became a clerk in a dry-goods store, beginning at the foot of the ladder and learning the business in all its details. He has ever since been actively identified with this special line of enter prise, and has conducted independent operations since 1884, when he became a member of the firm of T. L. McComb & Co., with which he was thus associated for many years. In 1901 he estab lished an individual business, and he is to-day the sole owner of one of the best equipped and most popular dry-goods establish ments in Milledgeville, his reliable methods and unfailing courtesy, as combined with wide and favorable acquaintanceship, thorough knowledge of .his business, and careful selection of stock, making his store one of the most prosperous of similar mercantile enter prises in this section of the state. Though always taking a loyal interest in all that concerns the well being of the community, and being a stalwart supporter of the principles of the Democracy, Mr. Bell has never desired the honors or emoluments of public office. He is affiliated with the local lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity, being the present eminent commander of Plantagenet Commandery, No. 12, Knights Templars, as well as junior warden of his lodge and king of his chapter. He is also af-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

153

filiated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. He and his wife are zealous members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in Milledgeville, and he is a steward in the same, as well as treasurer of the society. On July 9, 1884, Mr. Bell was united in marriage to Miss Mary Annie Wright, daughter of the late Thomas D. Wright, of Milledgeville. They have no children.
Bell, George L., one of the representa tive members of the Atlanta bar, was born in Gumming, Forsyth county, Ga., March 10, 1857, a son of Hiram P. and Virginia (Lester) Bell, the former born in Jackson county, Ga., in 1827, and the latter in Lawrenceville, Gwinnett county, in 1833. A sketch of the father's life appears elsewhere in this work. George L. Bell completed his literary ' education at Emory college; afterwards he took up the study of law and was ad mitted to the bar in 1877. He was thereafter engaged in the practice of his profession at Gumming, Ga., until 1893, when he accepted the position of assistant United States district attorney for the Northern district of Georgia under President Cleveland. He resided in Gainsville, Ga., from 1893 un til 1897 and now lives in Inman Park in the city of Atlanta. While in office Mr. Bell conducted the prosecution of many important felony cases for the government, possibly the most notable of which were the famous Murray county "Whitecap" cases, as they were called. The technical charge against these defendants was conspiracy and-their trials were watched with great interest by the public. They were convicted without a single exception. On Dec. 9, 1905, Mr. Bell resigned his position as United States dis trict attorney to enter the, general practice of law with C. L. Pettigrew and his son Clarence Bell, the firm name being Bell, Pettigrew & Bell. In 1888-89 he represented Forsyth county in the lower house of the state legislature and was assigned to the im portant committees on judiciary, corporations and ways and means. He is an ardent advocate of the principles of the Democratic party and is identified with the Atlanta Athletic club and the Kappa Al pha college fraternity. By his fearlessness, honesty, and unquali fied loyalty and devotion to his friends Mr. Bell has endeared him self to a large acquaintance and especially is he esteemed by the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

bar of the state who recognize him as an able lawyer and an elo quent advocate. Both Mr. and Mrs. Bell hold membership in the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Nov. 22, 1881, Mr. Bell was united in marriage to Miss Helena Jones, daughter of Thomas H. and Susan (Hoyle) Jones, of Norcrosse, Ga. They have four children: Louise; Clarence; Jennie Sue and George L., Jr.
Bell, Green, M. D., has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Swainsboro, Emanuel county, for more than thirty-five years, and is one of its .leading representatives in that section of the state, as well as one of the prominent capitalists of his county. He was born on a plantation in Jefferson county, Ga., June 28, 1847, a son of Dr. John S. and Katie (Folks) Bell, both natives of that county, where the former was born in 1813 and the latter in 1818. The father was graduated in the Medical College of Georgia and was successfully engaged in the practice of his ex acting profession, in Jefferson and Emanuel counties, for nearly half a century. He died in 1903. His wife died at the age of fifty years. Dr. Green Bell secured his early education in the schools of Jefferson county, and after due preliminary training was matric ulated in the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1861, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He has since taken effective post-graduate work in the New York polyclinic. The doctor served his profes sional novitiate in Jefferson county, where he was in practice until 1870, when he took up his residence in Swainsboro, which attractive little city has since remained his professional headquarters and place of residence. He has been unequivocally successful as a prac titioner, has attained a very high reputation in his profession, and is held in uniform esteem by his confreres and the community at large. He is an appreciative and valued member of the Medical Associa tion of Georgia. Doctor Bell is president of the Emanuel bank at Swainsboro, and is the owner of twenty well improved farms, all of which are in Emanuel county with the exception of one, which is in Johnson county. He is also the owner of business and residence properties of valuable order in Swainsboro. In politics he accords allegiance to the Democratic party, and is one of the prominent members of the local organization of the Methodist Episcopal

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

155

church South, in which he is a trustee. In 1870 he was united in marriage to Miss Sallie Sumner, who died in 1886, leaving four children, namely: Ada, wife of Edward Meders, of Swainsboro; George H., engaged in the mercantile business in that place; Nan nie, wife of Arthur Thompson, of Swainsboro; and John Leon, a medical student. In 1887 Dr. Bell married Miss Lela Lee, and they have two children, Rosalie and Lillian.
Bell, Hiram P., lawyer, soldier and legislator, was born in Jack son county, Ga., in 1827. After completing an academic education he taught school, studying law in the meantime, and was admitted to the bar at Gumming in 1849. As a member of the convention of 1861 he was opposed to the passage of the secession ordinance, but remained loyal to his state and was sent as a commissioner to Tennessee to secure the cooperation of that state in the formation of the Southern Confederacy. He was elected a member of the state senate in 1861, but resigned his seat in that body to enter the Con federate army soon after the outbreak of the war. He went out as captain of his company, was severely wounded in the battle of Chickasaw Bayou, after which he was promoted to the colonelcy of the Forty-third Georgia regiment. He resigned his commission in the army in the spring of 1863, because of wounds received in the service, and was elected a member of the Second Confederate Congress. In 1868 he was one of Georgia's presidential electors; was a member of the Democratic state executive committee from 1868 to 1871; elected representative in the Congress of the United States in 1872; delegate to the Democratic national convention which nominated Tilden and Hendricks at St. Louis, in 1876; and was again elected to Congress in that year to fill a vacancy caused by the election of Benjamin H. Hill to the United States senate. He is now a member of the board of trustees of Emory college, and also of the Wesleyan female college.
Bell, J. F., has precedence as one of the leading retail merchants of Milledgeville, in which he conducts a fancy grocery of most metropolitan order, catering to a representative and discriminating patronage. He was born in the city which is now his home, July 20, 1871, and is a son of Matthew R. and Susan (Edwards) Bell. His father was born in Forsyth county, Ga., and after the close of the Civil war, in which he had rendered yeoman service to the Confederacy as a soldier in a Georgia regiment, he removed to Milledgeville, having been appointed, in 1869, steward and treasurer of the state sanitarium, or hospital for the insane, an office of which he remained incumbent: four years, after which he held the office

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of ordinary of Baldwin county for the long term of sixteen years: He remained a resident of Milledgeville, one of its well known and honored citizens, until his death, in 1899, at the age of seventy-one years. Susan Edwards Bell died in September, 1878. J. F. Bell attended the Georgia military college, in Milledgeville, until he reached the age of sixteen years, when he secured a position as clerk in a local dry-goods establishment. In 1892 he engaged, in the re tail grocery business, associating himself with H. W. Compton, under the firm name of Compton & Bell, in the same quarters now occupied by Mr. Bell, at No. 33 Hancock street. The partnership continued until 1901, when Mr. Bell purchased the interest of Mr. Compton and he has since conducted the business individually and under his own name alone. His establishment has gained a high reputation for the choice and select lines of goods handled and it has a large share of the best trade of the discriminating order in the city, while personally he enjoys uniform popularity in the com munity which has represented his home from the time of his birth to the present. Mr. Bell is one of the ardent and influential adher ents of the Democratic party in this section of the state, being the present chairman of the party's executive committee in his home city, an incumbency which he has held for six years. For the past eight years he has served as oil inspector in Milledgeville, and has been a jury commissioner four years. He has been an active work er in the cause of the Democracy and has been a delegate to four of its state conventions, inchiding those in which Governor Candler was nominated for his first and second term and having been one of the most loyal supporters of this popular chief executive. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity in Milledgeville, as well as with the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is worshipful master of the blue lodge at the present time and is a past high priest of his chapter of Royal Arch Masons. On June 20, 1894, Mr. Bell was united in mar riage to Miss Frances Hammond Hollinshead, of Milledgeville, and they have five children, J. F., Jr., George H., Frances S., John H. and Edward E., Jr. The youngest son is named in honor of Mr. Bell's half-brother, a well known business man of Milledge ville.
Bell, Maj. Madison, a distinguished lawyer and patriotic citizen of Georgia, which commonwealth he honored by his life and services, having been a valiant soldier in the Confederate ranks and having served as comptroller-general of the state after the close of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

157

war, left a deep impress on the history of the state and is eminently entitled to a tribute in this compilation. Major Bell died at his home in the city of Atlanta, on August 9, 1896. His grandfather was Thomas Bell, who was born in Pennsylvania, having been a son of James Bell. Thomas removed from the old Keystone state to Virginia, and there Maj. John Bell, father of Madison, was born. While a young man John Bell removed to South Carolina, where he engaged in business and where he married Miss Narcissa Lockhard, who was born and reared in Chester district, that state. Five children were born of this union while the parents still re mained residents of South Carolina, and when the youngest was an infant the family removed to Georgia and settled in what is now Banks county, in the section then included in Hall county. Here five more .children were added to the family circle, Madison, sub ject of this memoir, having been born on June 25, 1836. While he was still a small boy the parents removed to a point twelve miles north of Gainesville, in Hall county, where the father gave his atten tion to farming and gold mining, the place being still known as the Glade gold mines. When Madison was about fourteen years of age his worthy father succumbed to an attack of paralysis, being fiftyseven years of age. His widow survived him by a number of years, passing away on May 4, 1861, her husband's death having occurred on March 2, 1850. After the death of his father young Madison Bell was reared to the sturdy discipline of the farm, in the mean while gaining the rudiments of an education in the common schools of the locality and period. By application to study at night and at other of his limited leisure hours, he made marked advancement, and he finally began teaching in the neighborhood of his home, his pupils being mainly young children. When about eighteen years of age he found employment in a store in Gainesville, secur ing seven dollars a month for his services. Here he formed the determination to take up the study of law, and he accordingly entered the office of Gray & Banks, of Gainesville, about one year after taking up his residence in the town, which was then a mere hamlet. He continued his technical reading under the direction of the firm noted, making satisfactory progress and after a few months he entered the newly organized law department of the University of Georgia, where he completed the prescribed course and was graduated with distinction. He soon afterward began the practice of his profession in Homer, the county seat of Banks county. He did a large share of the legal business of the county until the outbreak of the Civil war. He was intensely opposed to

15.8

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the secession policy, but after his native state had adopted the ordinance of secession and the war resulted, he loyally entered the service of the Confederacy, volunteering as a private in Captain Delaney's cavalry company, which was assigned to duty in the famous Cobb's Legion. He remained in active service in Virginiafor two years, at the expiration of which his -health had become so impaired through illness and exposure that he was sent home on a furlough. After he had partially recuperated his powers he re ceived authority to raise a cavalry company for the Confederate service, and he succeeded in raising one of the largest companies ever recruited in northern Georgia. He was elected captain of the organization, which was assigned to the Eleventh Georgia cav alry, Captain Bell being soon promoted to the rank of major and serving a portion of the time under General Wheeler and a portion under Gen. Howell Cobb, in Georgia, but during the latter part of the war he was in the command of Gen. P. M. B. Young, being thus placed at the time of General Lee's surrender. Concerning his military career the following has been written by N. D. Lockhart, biographer: "Major Bell enlisted early in the cause of the south and remained true to that cause up to the last hour of final defeat. He was in several battles and many skirmishes but, fortunately, he was never captured by the enemy or wounded in any way. As a military officer he was particularly noted for his kindness and the zeal and energy he manifested in endeavoring to add to the comfort and welfare of his men. He never considered any duty too hard for him; he was an honest-hearted, brave and faithful soldier, bat tling for the south and its cause, and as such, to know and do his duty was the inspiration that led him to face danger and endure privation and affliction without a murmur." After the close of the war he returned to his home in the little village of Homer, with shattered health and almost penniless. He forthwith resumed the practice of the law, and was finally elected solicitor-general of the county court of Banks county, retaining this office until the county court system was abolished by law. He was chosen a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1867-8, becoming a very active and influential member of the convention and favoring the recon struction measures, as proposed by congress at that time, as likely to afford the quickest relief to the stricken people of the south. In May, 1868, he was chosen a delegate from Georgia to the na tional Republican convention, in Chicago, in which he gave his support to Grant and Colfax for president and vice-president re spectively. In many ways Major Bell rendered unselfish and able

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

159'

service in rebuilding the prostrated South, in the matter of rail way construction, reestablishing of mail service, etc. In the sum mer of 1868 the first legislature chosen under the new constitution assembled in Atlanta, and 'by that body Major Bell was elected tO' the important and peculiarly exacting office of comptroller-general of the state, in which capacity he served four years and six months. The admirable manner in which he discharged the duties of this office, ever striving to protect and conserve the best interests of the people, has passed into the history of the state, and needs no further detail of commendation in this brief sketch. After retiring from this office he was appointed to a position in the treasury de partment, in the city of Washington, but impaired health soon com pelled him to resign, and thenceforward until his death he took little part in public affairs, maintaining his home in Atlanta and giving his attention, so far as health permitted, to his profession. On May 13, 1869, Major Bell was united in marriage to Miss Mary C. Cox, of Banks county. She was born on July 20, 1847, being a daughter of Matthew and Rebecca (White) Cox, both of whom were born in Georgia, the former in 1809 and the latter in 1812. Mrs. Bell still survives her honored husband, as do also their five children, namely: Mary, Nellie, Cora, Madison, and Ulysses S. Major Bell was a man of exalted character, and his name merits an enduring place in Georgia's history.
Bell, Madison, one of the representa tive younger members of the bar of the state, is engaged in the practice of his profession in the city of Atlanta, and is a representative of Fulton county in the state legislature. He was born in At lanta, on August 1, 1879, and is a son of the late Maj. Madison Bell, concerning whom a memoir appears in this publica tion, so that a repetition of the personal and family data is not demanded in the present connection. Madison Bell, Jr., subject of this sketch, completed his lit erary education in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., where he was grad uated as a member of the class of 1901, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy, and the same year he was graduated in the law department of that institution, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, which degree was also conferred upon him by the law school

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-CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of the University of Georgia. He was admitted to the bar, in At lanta, in 1902, and he has since been engaged in the active practice of the law in this city, where he has built up a fine professional business. Mr. Bell is an able and enthusiastic advocate of the prin ciples and policies for which the Democratic party stands sponsor, and in September, 1903, he was elected president of the Young Men's Democratic League, of Fulton county. He has done effec tive work in Georgia in state and national campaigns, and on April 20, 1904, he was nominated for representative of Fulton county in the state legislature, being elected in the following October, when but twenty-four years of age. He and Clark Howell are the young est members who ever represented Fulton county in the general assembly. He has taken an active part in the deliberations and work of the legislative body, and introduced the Bell child-labor bill, an important measure. When twenty years of age Mr. Bell attracted considerable attention through his efforts to secure a proper representation of Georgia in statuary hall in the national capitol. Upon a visit to Washington he was moved by the dis covery that his native state had not found representation in the hall set apart for the placing of statues of representative sons of the various states, and he wrote a number of strong articles calling attention to the remissness of Georgia in this regard, said articles being published in leading papers of the state. He was thus in strumental in causing Governor Candler to take cognizance of the matter by the appointing of a committee of fifteen of the state's most prominent citizens to take the subject under practical con sideration, Mr. Bell being made secretary of the committee, by which he was selected to appear before the appropriation com mittee of the house of representatives in the state legislature to ask for an appropriation by the state for the furtherance of the erecting of the desired. statues. The committee recommended an appropriation of $15,000 for this purpose, but the bill has not yet passed the two houses of the legislative body. On Feb. 12, 1905, on the occasion of the anniversary of Georgia's admission to the Union, Mr. Bell was the orator of the celebration held in Atlanta under the auspices of the Daughters of the Revolution. He was for two years president of the Georgia Kappa Alpha association, and is identified with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pyth ias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Capital City club, Piedmont Driving club and Atlanta Athletic club.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

161

Bell, Simeon, ex-mayor of Waynes-
boro and recognized as a representative
merchant and planter of Burke county,
is a progressive business man and pub
lic-spirited and loyal citizen, well merit
ing consideration in this publication. He
was born on the homestead plantation
of his parents, in Burke county, May 29, 1853, and is a son of Simeon and Eliza
beth (Herrington) Bell, both of whom
were likewise born and reared in this
county, where they passed their entire
lives, the father having been a successful planter. He died in 1869, at the age of seventy-two years, and his wife survived him by only thirty days, being sixty-nine years of age at the time of her demise. Simon Bell, the subject of this sketch, secured his fundamental educational training in the schools of his native county, after which he took a course in Moore's bus iness college in Atlanta. He continued to attend school until he had attained the age of eighteen years, and for the two ensuing years remained on the homestead farm. At the age of twenty-one years he became bookkeeper in the mercantile house of W. McCathern, of Waynesboro, and two years later was promoted to the position of general manager of the store. After the lapse of two more years his employer admitted him to partnership in the business, and the firm name of W. McCathern & Co. was then adopted. In 1890 this partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Bell then engaged in the same line of enterprise in an individual way, in the quarters at present occupied. He has a well equipped gen eral or department store and has built up a large and representa tive trade, placing him in the front rank of the successful and popu lar merchants of Waynesborb. His financial advancement through his careful management of his mercantile business has been such that he has been enabled to; acquire large landed interests in the county, and he now controls a large business as a planter and general agriculturalist. In politics Mr. Bell is found stanchly ar rayed as a supporter of the principles and policies of the Dem ocratic party; served seven years as a member of the board of
aldermen of Waynesboro; held the office of mayor for eight years, giving a most thorough, businesslike administration and doing much to advance the interests of the city; and for fifteen years he was secretary of the board of education. He and his wife are

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. Mr. Bell was for several years a non-commissioned officer in the Wilkins cavalry, and later was for a number of years first lieutenant in the Burke Troop of cavalry, having been identified with the state militia for a period of twenty years. He is affiliated with the blue lodge, chapter and commandry of the Masonic fraternity, and also with its adjunct, the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is past master of his lodge and past high priest of the chapter. In the Knights of Pythias he has served for many years as master of the exchequer, and for the past twenty years he has been treasurer of the local council of the Royal Arcanum. On Feb. 28, 1881, he was united in marriage to Miss Emma L., daughter of William Chandler, of Burke county. They have three children: Annie W., Simeon, Jr., and Winnie Davis. The elder daughter is a graduate of Brenau college and its conservatory of music, at Gainesville, and the younger daughter graduated in June, 1906, at the Lucy Cobb institute, at Athens. The son attended school at Waynesboro and spent some time at the University of Georgia, at Athens, becoming while there a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. Upon leaving the university he took charge of his father's books and remained:;in that position for two years. In January, 1906, he was elected;assistant cashier of the First National bank of Waynesboro. He is one of the representative young men of the city, having the respect and good will of all who know him.
Bell, Thomas Montgomery, representative in Congress from the Ninth district, was born in the Nacoochee valley in White county, March 17, 1861. He was educated in the common schools and at the Southern business college, at Atlanta, and for several years after leaving school was connected with the wholesale houses of Atlanta and Baltimore, Md. ;In 1898 he was elected clerk of the superior court of Hall county, was reflected in 1900 and again in 1902, both reflections being ;without opposition. In 1904 he de feated Parish C. Tate for the Democratic nomination for Congress and was elected over J. M. Ashby, Republican, by a majority of 6,916. His home is at Gainesville.
Bellingrath, Albert F., who is at the head of the Bellingrath Plumbing Company, of Atlanta, and secretary of the master plumb ers' association of the city, was born in Atlanta, April 22, 1867. He is a son of Albert and Mary G. (McMillan) Bellingrath, the former born in Lennep, Rhenish Prussia, and the latter in Quincy, Fla. The father was born in the year 1838, and came to America in 1852, locating in Fayetteville, N. C., where he worked at the trade of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

163

coppersmith. In 1856 he removed to Atlanta, which was then but

a small city, and entered the employ of the Georgia Railroad Com

pany, with whose operation he remained identified until 1866, save

for a period during the Civil war, when

he was detailed for service in the manu

facture of alcohol and spirits of nitre for

the Confederate government. In 1866 he

became associated with his brother Leon

ard and Calvin W. Hunnicutt in the

steam-heating and plumbing business

under the firm name of Hunnicutt &

Bellingrath, and they built up a large

and prosperous business, which they con

tinued until 1902. Albert Bellingrath died

on Jan. 7, 1903, honored by all who knew

A. F.. BKLL1NGRATH.

him and justly entitled to recognition as one of the pioneer business men of the

"Gate City." His widow still resides in Atlanta, and of their eight

children six are living. Albert F. Bellingrath, subject of this sketch,

was afforded the advantages of the public schools of his native city, having been graduated in the Boys' high school, as a member of

the class of 1884, and later was a student in the University of

Tennessee. In June, 1884, he became

associated with the plumbing business

established by his father and thus con

tinued for one year. From June, 1887,

until June, 1888, he was employed in the

office of the city engineer of Atlanta,

after which he returned to: his father's

establishment for the purpose of fin

ishing his practical apprenticeship at

the plumbing trade,, with all details of

which he thoroughly familiarized him

self and became a skilled artisan. There

after he was employed at the city water

A. BELLINGRATH.

works for one year, having charge of the tapping and repair ing work, taking this position in order to gain further exper

ience. He then became superintendent for the firm of which

his father was a member and retained this position seven years.

In 1897 he formed a partnership with John F. Clemmons, with

whom he was associated in the general plumbing business until

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

1900. In September of that year he established the Bellingrath Plumbing Company, of which he is president and general manager, and under his effective administration the concern has built up in this line a business which is one of the best in the city. Mr. Belling rath has been particularly active in the upbuilding of the master plumbers' association and in 1904 was elected secretary of the same, a position of which he remains in tenure at the time of this writing. He is also state vice-president for Georgia of the Na tional Association of master plumbers, and was a delegate to its convention in San Francisco, in 1903. Incidentally he found a large delegation from Missouri who urged upon the association the pro priety of holding the next convention in the city of St. Louis, but though Mr. Bellingrath was the only delegate from Georgia, so effectively did he present the claims and attractions of Atlanta that he gained to this city the convention of the association in June, 1905, the newspaper press stating that this noteworthy work was accomplished largely through his effective oratory on the convention floor. In political matters Mr. Bellingrath accords an unswerving support to the Democracy, and both he and his wife are members of the Georgia Avenue Presbyterian church, in which he is an elder. Fraternally he is identified with Barnes Lodge, No. 55, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and Chippewa Tribe, No. 50, Improved Order of Red Men. From 1889 to 1894 he was a member of the Atlanta Artillery, in which he held the office of cor poral. On June 10, 1896, Mr. Bellingrath was united in marriage to Miss Lillian Council, daughter of George W. and Callie (Barwick) Council, of Americus, Ga., and the children of this union are George C., Mary Alberta, and Albert F, Jr.
Bellmont, a post-village in the southern part of Hall county, re ported a population of 90 in 1900. It is about four miles east of Flowery Branch, which is the nearest railway station.
Bellton, a town of Hall county, is located on the line of the Southern railway that runs .from Atlanta into South Carolina. The population in 1900 was 257. It has a money order postoffice, ex press and telegraph service, several small business enterprises, school and churches, and is shipping point for the adjacent ter ritory.
Bellville, a town in the eastern part of Tattnall county, with a population of 300 in 1900, is about nine miles east of Collins, on the Seaboard Air Line railroad. It has a money order postoffice, ex press and telegraph service,: some good stores, and is a shipping point of some importance.

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165

Beloit, a village on the Albany & Northern railway, in the South eastern part of Lee county, was incorporated by act of the legis lature on August 4, 1903. No report of population was made in 1900.
Belt, Lloyd Carleton, M. D., was one of the distinguished phy sicians and surgeons of Bulloch county, and was one of those loyal sons of Georgia who sacrificed their lives in defense of the cause of the Confederacy during the Civil war. He was born at Oakland plantation, near Louisville, Jefferson county, Ga., Dec. 17, 1821, his parents being Dr. Lloyd and Julia (Berrien) Belt, the former of whom was born in Montgomery county, Md., and the latter in Jefferson county, Ga. The father was a son of Carleton Belt, of Montgomery county, Md., the family being one of distinction in that state, where it was founded in the early colonial era. It was of English origin and possessed a coat of arms. Carleton Belt was a direct descendent of Humphrey Belt, who came from England to America, in 1663, locating An Montgomery county, Md., where he became the owner of a fine landed estate. Dr. Lloyd Belt, the founder of the Georgia branch of the family, came from Maryland in 1818 and took up his residence at Louisville, Jefferson county, where he passed the remainder of his life, following the practice of medicine. The immediate subject of this memoir was afforded excellent educational advantages, both in a literary and profession al way, and was one of the representative physicians and surgeons of Bulloch county at the time of the inception of the Civil war. His loyalty to the Confederacy was of the most unequivocal order, and he organized and equipped a company at the outbreak of the war, being made captain of the same, which became the color com pany of the Ninth Georgia volunteer infantry. He was offered the office of colonel of his regiment, but refused the distinction, preferring to remain in command of his own company. He pro ceeded with his command to Virginia, and in an engagement at Dam No. 1, on the Potomac river, he was mortally wounded and taken to the city of Richmond, where he died shortly afterward at the Spottswood Hotel on May 14, 1862. On May 26, 1846, Dr. Belt was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Talbot Jones, and she is still living, having eVer remained constant to the memory of her gallant husband who fell in battle. She was born in Wilkes county, Ga., Nov. 10, 1828, and now resides in Millen, Jenkins county, with her only child, Dr. Lloyd J. Belt. (See sketch). Mrs. Belt is the only child of Col. William Jones and Elizabeth Creswell (Talbot) Jones, the latter having been a daughter of Capt.

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Thomas Talbot, who raised a company for service in the war of the Revolution, and who commanded the same in the battle of Ket tle Creek, in Wilkes county, being at the time but eighteen years of age. He was a son of Hon. John Talbot, of Virginia, who served for twenty-five sessions as a member of the house of burgesses of the "Old Dominion;" was one of the thirteen men who drew up the first declaration of independence, at the old Raleigh tavern in Williamsburg, Va., June 4, 1774, and was one of the nine men who ratified the constitution for the state. In the maternal line Mrs. Belt traces her ancestry back to the royal blood of England and she is closely related to the Creswell family of South Caro lina, Maryland and England and to the Conway family of Virginia. Through these connections she traces kinship with two presidents of the United States, Washington and Madison. Five coats of arms were held by the. various ancestral families with which she is identified.
Belt, Lloyd Jones, M. D., of Millen, is one of the representative physicians and surgeons of the new county of Jenkins, having a large practice and being held in unqualified confidence and esteem in the community. He was born on Woodstock plantation, Jefferson county, Ga., March 15, 1856, and is a son of the late Dr. Lloyd Carleton Belt, a sketch of whose life precedes this. The literary education of Doctor Belt was secured in Georgetown university, in the District of Columbia, and his professional educa tion was secured in the medical department of the University of the City of New York, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1885, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Med icine and coming forth well fortified for the active work of his chosen profession. On July 4th of the same year he opened an office in Herndon, Burke county, and he there built up an excel lent practice, continuing his residence there until 1897, when he removed to Millen, where he has farther added to his professional precedence and prestige, being one of the leading physicians and surgeons of this county. He is a member of the American med ical association, the Medical Association of Georgia, and is a local surgeon for the Central of Georgia railway. On August 31, 1904, he was appointed, by Governor Terrell, a member of the Georgia

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167

branch of the American Anti-Tuberculosis League, of which.po sition he is still incumbent. He is identified with the Masonic fraternity, is past chancellor of the local lodge of the Knights of Pythias and is treasurer of the Millen lodge of the Independent Order .of Odd Fellows. In political affairs he is found arrayed as a stanch supporter of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands exponent, and he served as mayor of Millen in 1904, giving an able and progressive administration. He was for several years a member of the Burke Troop of cavalry, in which he held the office of surgeon. On Oct. 18, 1900, Dr. Belt was united in marriage to Miss Susan Whitehead, daughter of the late John P. C. Whitehead, of Waynesboro, Burke county.
Bender, a post-village in the northwestern part of Laurens county, is on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad.
Benedict, Samuel Caldwell, M. D., of Athens, is one of the distinguished rep resentatives of his profession in the state, and an ex-president of the Medical Association of Georgia. He was born in Hartford, Conn., Sept. 20, 1855, being a son of Rev. Samuel and Julia Bush (Hicks) Benedict, and a grandson of Andrew Benedict, his father having been a distinguished member of the clergy of the Episcopal church. His early school days were passed in Savan nah and Marietta, Ga., and in 1876 he received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from the University of Georgia. He taught school and raised the funds necessary for his collegiate and medical education; he also spent three years at hard work on a farm, thus gaining him a sturdy physique and developing stamina and self-reliance. He attended one year's lectures in the Medical College of Georgia, at Augusta, and three courses at the Miami medical college, Cincinnati, Ohio, receiving from the latter the degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1879. In 1880-81 he was acting surgeon in the United States army, chiefly in the field and in charge of the field hospital at Fort Cummings, New M., in the war against the Apaches under Victorio. He was resident physician of the Cincinnati hospital in 1879-80, and in 1882 first settled in civil practice at Athens, Ga., where he has since remained. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, of which he served as president in 1900, and in 1904, under

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reorganization of the association, he was made chairman of its board of councillors, representing the eighth Congressional dis trict of the state, there being a member from each of the eleven Congressional districts. He is a member of the American medical association; National association of railway surgeons, of which he was vice-president in 1892; the Central of Georgia railway surgeons' association, of which he was president in 1903; in 1893 he was appointed by the governor of Georgia a delegate to the Pan-American medical congress, being made honorary chairman of the section on surgery in the same; in 1901 he was a representa tive of Georgia in the American tuberculosis congress, in New York city; is a member of the state board of health; professor in the college of pharmacy of the University of Georgia; was dean of the faculty of this college in 1903; and has been professor of medical jurisprudence in the law department of the university since 1883. He is surgeon of the Clark Rifles, a local military organization; in 1893 was a member of the committee on medical legislation for Georgia; delegate from this state, under appoint ment by the governor, Gen. John B. Gordon, to the quarantine con ference, Montgomery, Ala., in 1889; chairman of the board of censors of the Medical Association of Georgia, in 1898; a member of the Association of acting assistant surgeons, United States Army; chancellor commander, Knights Pythias, and deputy grand chancellor of the order in Georgia; surgeon for several railroad cor porations, and examiner for about thirty life-insurance companies. Among Dr. Benedict's most important papers are: "Aseptic versus Antiseptic Surgery," (Transactions Medical association of the State of Georgia, 1886,) ; "The Value of Blood Clot for Dead Spaces," (Transactions National Association of Railway Surgeons, 1892) ; "Pathology and Pathological Anatomy of Injuries to Spinal Cord Without Fracture of Vertebrae," (idem, 1893). His most important surgical operation was reported in the Medical Record, March 5, 1892, "An Enormous Congenital Umbilical Hernia With out Cutaneous Covering; Operation and Recovery." This was the first successful operation of the kind on record, and the child is now living. This operation excited much interest among the profession. Dr. Benedict is specially interested in surgery and in the diseases of children. He:is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks. On July 27, 1882, he married Miss Annie Rodgers Bloomfield, of Athens, Ga., and they have three children, Ravaud, Nancy and Julia.
Benefit, a post-village in the southern part of White county, re-

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169

ported a population of 53 in 1900. It is about four miles southeast of Cleveland and twelve miles from Baldwin, on the Southern railway, which is the nearest station.
Benevolence, a post-village in the northern part of Randolph county, with a population of 61 in 1900, is on the Georgia, Florida & Southern railroad, about nine miles north of Cuthbert.
Bennett, Jesse Columbus, M. D., is a representative physician and surgeon of Jackson county, being engaged in practice in the city of Jefferson, where he is also a member of the drug firm of Bennett & Dickson. He was born on his father's plantation, four miles east of Jefferson, Jackson county, Jan. 7, 18G9, his parents being Capt. Alva T, and Sarah L. (Morgan) Bennett, both na.tives of that county, where the father
was born on Oct. 20, 1828. Captain Bennett, who was a successful planter in Jackson county, went to California as one of the argonauts of 1849 and remained until 1853, when he returned to Georgia and re sumed his farming operations. In 1860 he was elected deputy sher iff of Jackson county, and at the outbreak of the Civil war he re signed this position to go forth in defense of the cause of the Con federacy. He was elected captain of Company E, Thirty-fourth Georgia volunteer infantry, serving in that capacity until 1864, when he received an honorable discharge, on account of physical disability. Shortly after his return home he was elected judge of the inferior court of Jackson county, and in 1868 he was elected a mem ber of the state legislature, serving two years. In 1876 he was again elected to represent his county in the legislature, of which he re mained a member until 1881. For several years he was senior captain and commander of Jackson county camp of Confederate A7 eterans, and he died on his old homestead, Sept. 30, 1904, having been one of the well known and highly honored citizens of the county. His first wife died July 19, 1874, having borne eight children, of whom five are living. His second marriage was with Miss Clementine Tolbert, and of this union three children were born, all of them surviving the mother. In 1885 Captain Bennett married Hannah Crump, ;who is still living, as are also five of their seven. children. Three brothers of Doctor Bennett were graduated in the University of Georgia, William T., in 1881; T.

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Jackson, in 1893; and Joseph J., in 1895. William T., who is now deceased, was county surveyor of Jackson county from 1881 to 1885, inclusive, and was county clerk and treasurer from 1885 until his death, which occurred in October, 1890. T. Jackson Bennett was for several years engaged in the mercantile business at Commerce, this county, and is at the present time civil engi neer for the county and bookkeeper for the Jefferson cotton mills. Rev. Joseph J. Bennett was president of Hearn institute at Cave Spring, Ga., in 1895-6, and is now pastor of the First Baptist church at Griffin, Spalding county. Hosea A. Bennett, another brother of the Doctor, was a prominent merchant of San Angelo, Tex., where he died in 1897. George D., one of the representative planters of Jackson county, is at the present time president of the Jackson county Cotton Growers' Association, and served two terms as a member of the state legislature, 1894-7. Dora, the only living daughter of Captain Bennett by his first marriage, is now the wife of J. Morgan Nix, mayor pro tern, of Commerce. Etta, who was born in 1857, died in 1863, having been the eldest of the eight children; William T. was born in 1859, and died in 1890; Hosea A. was born in 1861, and died in 1897; George D. was born in 1864; Dora was next in order of birth, and the subject of this sketch was the next younger; T. Jackson was born in 1870, and Joseph J. in 1872. Following is a brief record concerning the. children of Captain Bennett's second marriage: Sallie A., born in 1875, is the widow of D. L. Merk; Josephine, born in 1877, is the wife of Capt. Charles H. Scott, of Alabama, who is a mem ber of the Republican national committee, and Mary, born in 1879, is the wife of Dr. Laetus Sanders, of Commerce. Of the children of the third marriage two died in infancy. Alva, born in 1886, is a student in Brenau college, at Gainesville; and Samuel, Memory, Hoyt and Morgan remain with their widowed mother. Doctor Bennett secured his early educational discipline in the schools of Jackson county, including a course in Martin institute, at Jef ferson, and later entered the Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1890, standing fourth in his class, which included fifty members. In 1901 he took a post-graduate course in the New York Polyclinic. He has been engaged In the practice of his profession in Jefferson from 1890 to 1892, and from 1901 to the present, and is recognized as one of the leading physicians and surgeons of this section. In 1902 he here became associated with W. W. Dickson in the drug business, under the firm name of Bennett & Dickson.

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171

They have a finely equipped establishment and control a repre sentative trade. In politics the doctor is a stanch Democrat, and in 1887 he was chosen assistant clerk of the superior court of Jackson county, retaining this position three years and in the meanwhile prosecuting his study of medicine. In 1893 he was elected clerk of the superior court and ex officio county treasurer, having been appointed to this office in 1890, to fill an unex'pired term, and he continued in tenure of the position four years and three months. From 1898 to 1900 he served as mayor of Jeffer son, giving a most discriminating and progressive administration. He is a member of the Medi'Cal Association of Georgia and pres ident of the Jackson county medical society; is a member of the American anti-tuberculosis league, is vice-president of the Jef ferson chamber of commerce and is a trustee of Martin institute. He is a past master of Unity Lodge, No. 36, Free and Accepted Masons; has served since 1891 as secretary of Jefferson Chapter, No. 43, Royal Arch Masons; is a past grand of Jefferson Lodge, No. 200, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and a past chancellor commander of Jefferson Lodge, No. 138, Knights of Pythias. He and his wife are prominent members of the Baptist church in Jefferson, in which he holds the office of deacon. On Oct. 1, 1891, Doctor Bennett was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Dickson,, daughter of Jeptha and Mary E. (Vaughters) Dickson, of Jeffer son, and of their five children three are living. Jessie Marie died at the age of two years and Joseph Brenan at the age of four weeks. The living children are Miriam, Jesse C., Jr., and Eliza beth. Mrs. Bennett is a lady possessed of intellectual attainments, and refined manners, having been educated at Brenau college, Gainesville, and Wesleyan: female college, of Macon, at which in stitution she was graduated with the class of 1890.
Bennett, W. W., is one :;of the able representatives of the legal profession in his native county, and is established in successful practice at Baxley, the attractive judicial center of Appling county. He was born on the old homestead plantation, in that county, Feb. 13, 1869, and is a son of;:Henry A. and Mary Isabel (Leggett) Bennett, both natives of Appling county, wihere the former was born in 1839 and the latter in 1842. In 1890-91 Henry A. Bennett represented the third district in the state senate, and he also held other offices of more local border, being one of the honored and in fluential men of his section of the state. At the time of the Givil war he tendered his service in defense of the Confederate cause by enlisting as a private in the Fifty-fourth Georgia volunteer infan-

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try, in a company commanded by Capt. Richard Bennett. He con

tinued in the ranks until the close of the war, save for the period

during which he was incapacitated as the

.^lilllHlitli*,

result of wounds received in battle. He

was promoted t.o lieutenant in his com

pany, and in the fight at Jonesboro was

severly wounded by a minie ball, which

struck him in the forehead, breaking his

skull. He was left on the field for dead,

but when the fight ended and the men

returned to look after the dead and

wounded he managed to get to the rear,

whence he was taken to the field hospital,

and: given required emergency treatment.

He was granted a furlough of sixty days,

at the expiration of which, having partially recuperated, he rejoined

his command, with which he remained until the war ended. He

then returned to his home plantation, in Appling county, where

both he and his wife still reside. His only brother, John M., was

likewise a Confederate soldier and died in the hospital at Macon

while the war was in progress, and his remains were laid to rest in

the soldiers' cemetery in that; city. Their father, William Bennett,

was born in 1811, and died, in : Appling county, Oct. 13, 1891. W. W.

Bennett, the immediate subject of this sketch, completed the cur

riculum of the common schools of Appling county and then en

tered Mercer university in which he was graduated in June, 1893,

in the law department. He: was forthwith admitted to the bar

and has since been actively "engaged in the practice of his pro

fession in Baxely, where his success has been unequivocal and

where he is held in high regard both as an attorney and as a loyal

and progressive citizen. In politics he maintains an independent

attitude. He has never held any political office, except that he

served one term as representative of his ward in the city council.

He and his wife are zealous members of the Congregational

church. On Christmas day of the year 1887 was solemnized the

marriage of Mr. Bennett to Miss Julia Thomas, daughter of Ban

ner and Mary (Walker) Thomas, and they have one child, Pauline r

who was born Aug. 31, 1895. :

Banning, Henry Lewis, wa$ born in Columbia county, Ga., April

2, 1814. He graduated from;; the university of Georgia with the

highest honors in 1834 and was admitted to the Columbus bar the

following year. In 1837 he Was appointed solicitor-general to fill

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173

a vacancy, and in 1838 was elected for a. full term of four years. He was a delegate to the Southern convention at Nashville in 1850; was elected one of the justices of the state supreme court before he was forty years old; was a member of the Georgia secession convention in Dec. 1860 and a commissioner to the Virginia con vention in 1861. The following August he became colonel of the Seventeenth Georgia regiment and served with distinction until Lee's surrender. One of the last documents signed by John C. Breckenridge as secretary of war was a commission promoting Colonel Benning to the rank of major-general. After the war he returned to his law practice in Columbus, where he died July 10,
1875.
Benson, Charles Frank, M. D., is one of the prominent and representative
members of his profession in the city of
Atlanta and is now president of the
board of health of the capital city. Dr.
Benson was born at Aiken, S. C., July 28, 1861, and is a son of Charles Fast-
bender and Elizabeth Fitzsimmons
.(Trotti) Benson, the former of whom
was born in Charleston, S. C., March
13, 1839, and the latter of whom was born in Aiken, that state, Feb. 28, 1843.
The father of the doctor tendered his services in support of the cause of the Confederacy at the inception of the war between the states, enlisted in November, 1861, as sec ond lieutenant, Company :E, known as Pickens Rangers, Martin's regiment of South Carolina coast guards, and continued in service until the close of the war. He took part in the battle of Port Royal and in the latter part of the war served under Gen. Joe Wheeler, having been a member,of his staff at the battle of Aiken. Doctor Benson was afforded the advantages of the public schools of Atlanta, where he also -became a student in Means' high school. He studied medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. William S. Armstrong, of this city,; and then entered the Atlanta medical college, in which he was: graduated as a member of the class of 1882, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He has since been engaged in active practice in the capital city, where he has gained distinctive recognition as a skilled physician and sur geon and as a close student of his profession. For three years after his graduation he was demonstrator of anatomy in his alma

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

mater, the Atlanta medical college. In 1897 he was elected a mem

ber of the Atlanta board of health, of which he served as secretary

for three years of which he is now president. As a member of

this important body he has rendered specially efficient, discrimi

nating and valuable service. He is a member of the American

medical association, the Georgia medical association and the Ful

ton county medical society. He is affiliated with the Masonic

fraternity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and both

he and his wife hold membership in the Trinity Methodist church.

On Oct. 11, 1893, was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Benson

to Miss Stella Clare, daughter of Elias Reuben and Jane Florida

(Redding) Carr, of Atlanta, and they have two children, Ruth

Carr, born Sept. 21, 1899, and Charles Frederick, born June 21,

1903.

Benson, James Ambrose, is one of the

: ..:.:.:;.:.;.;;;:.;-;.:;::;;-,;.; ;;;,: ; .

leading merchants and influential citi

zens of Washington, Wilkes county,

where he has maintained his residence

for many years. Success is the preroga

tive of valiant souls, and this fact has

been clearly demonstrated in the career

of ;Mr. Benson, whose courage, ambition

and self-reliance have enabled him to

overcome obstacles and to gain for him

self prestige as a man of affairs and as

one worthy of unqualified confidence

and esteem. He was born in the town

of Ballysadare, county Sligo, Ireland, Jan. 29, 1845, and was reared

to maturity in his native land, which he was finally compelled to

leave by reason of his participation in a patriotic movement to

which the English government took definite exceptions. His par

ents, George and Delia Benson, passed their entire lives in the

Emerald Isle, where the former was born in 1819 and the latter

in 1821. James A. Benson came to America without financial re

sources and has won his own way to success. He resided for some

time in Augusta, Ga., whence he came to Washington, which has

been the scene of those vigorous and successful efforts, that have

resulted in his gaining independence and marked prosperity, his

mercantile establishment being one of the principal concerns of the

sort in the county, where he also has other- capitalistic interests.

He is a loyal and public-spirited citizen of his adopted country

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175

and state, and is to be noted as one of the representative business men of Wilkes county.
Benson, Marion Trotti, M. D., is one of the representative young physicians and surgeons of the city of Atlanta, having his office headquarters in suite 501-3 Century building. He was born in Atlanta, Feb. 29, 1877, a son of Char les F. and Elizabeth F. (Trotti) Benson, the former born in Charleston, S. C, March 10, 1839, and the latter in Aiken, S. C., Nov. 8, 1841. The father was a valiant soldier in the Confederate service during the Civil war. He en listed in 1861, became second lieutenant in Pickens' Rangers, of the First South Carolina mounted infan try and continued in active service until the close of the war. He took part in some of the important engagements which marked the progress of the great conflict between the states. The mother was a daughter of Dr. Lawrence J. and Ann Elizabeth (Collins) Trotti. Doctor Benson completed a course in the high school at Lake Weir, Fla., after which he became a student in the Georgia military college, at Atlanta, and later attended the Uni versity of Florida, at Lake City. In 1900 he was graduated in the Atlanta college of Physicians and Surgeons, receiving his well earned degree of Doctor of Medicine. In April of the same year he entered upon the active practice of his profession in the capital city, where he has met with gratif3^ing success. He is a member of the medical staff of the King's Daughters' hospital; is con sulting physician of the Georgia Baptist orphans' home; and is identified with the Medical Association of Georgia and the Fulton county medical society. In a fraternal way he is affiliated with Fulton Lodge, No. 32, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Connesaugo Tribe, No. 23, Improved Order of Red Men; and Great Atlanta Tent, No. 10, Knights of the Maccabees. In politics he gives his allegiance to the Democracy and his religious faith is that of the Baptist church. Bermuda, a post hamlet in the southwestern part of Gwinnett county, is not far from the Dekalb county line and four and a half miles from the town of Stone Mountain, which is the nearest railway station. Berner, a little village in the northeastern part of Monroe county,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

is on the Ocmulgee river and the Atlanta, Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railway. It has a money order postoffice, from which rural routes supply mail to the surrounding district, and is a shipping point for the neighborhood in which it is located.
Berrien County was created Feb. 25, 1856, and was named for John MacPherson Berrien, who for many years represented Geor gia in the United States senate. In August, 1905, a part of the county was set off to help the formation of Tift. Prior to this time, it was bounded on the north by Irwin, on the east by Coffee and Clinch, on the south by Lowndes, and on the west by Colquitt and Worth. The Allapaha, Withlacoochee and Little rivers drain the land. The surface is generally level and the soil fertile. The principal production are corn, oats, sweet and Irish potatoes and cotton of both the upland and sea-island varieties. In the north western portion of the county are several large vineyards, whose grapes are unsurpassed in flavor. Peach orchards are very profit able, as the fruit is singularly exempt from injury by frost. Vast forests of long leaf pine still cover much of the land and im mense quantities of lumber and naval stores are annually shipped to the various ports. Berrien county has especially fine transpor tation facilities. The Atlantic Coast Line railroad crosses the county from west to east, the Georgia Southern & Florida crosses the southwestern part and a short road called the Nashville & Sparks connects this line with Nashville, the county, seat. From Milltown, in the southeast corner, another short road called the Milltown Air Line runs south into Florida. Allapaha, Lenox, , Sparks, Adel and Cecil are the principal towns. The manufac ture of brick gives occupation to many people in the county. The population in 1900 was 19,440, a gain of 8,746 in ten years.
Berrien, John MacPherson, was born in New Jersey, Aug. 23, 1781. His father was Maj. John Berrien, a Revolutionary soldier. In 1796 the son graduated at Princeton and after studying law set tled in Georgia, where he was admitted to the bar before he reached his majority. At the age of twenty-nine he was made judge of the eastern district of the state and held the position for two years. In 1822 he was elected state senator, and after serving in this capacity for one term was sent to the United States senate, where he served for four years, when he was ap pointed attorney-general of the United States by President Jack son. The troubles long brewing in the cabinet culminated in the resignation of the whole body and Mr. Berrien returned to Georgia. He was elected to the senate again in 1840 and served for twelve

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

177

years. He was a Clay delegate to the Baltimore convention in 1844. He died at Savannah Jan. 1, 1856.
Berrien, Richard Noble, Jr., cashier of the Citizens bank of Waynesboro, was born at Bath, Richmond county, Ga., Oct. 5, 1874. He is a son of Thomas M. and Elizabeth (Palmer) Berrien, the former a native of Floyd county and the latter of Burke county, Ga. His father was a lawyer by profession, practicing at Waynesboro. He served as a lieu tenant in the Confederate navy during the Civil war, was for a time judge of the county court of Burke county, and a member of the legislature. He died in December, 1901. The mother died in the early eighties. Rich ard N. is the only son living. He has two sisters, Laura M., of Waynesboro, and Margaret M., of New York City. The former is a teacher in Waynesboro public schools. The latter is a singer of high order and has adopted a stage career. Richard N. Berrien, Jr., was educated in the Waynesboro public schools and entered Em ory college. He left school when thirteen years of age to become cashier for a mercantile concern at Waynesboro. Next he was employed as bookkeeper by his uncle, Richard N., Sr., at Millen, and at the age of sixteen was made teller of the Bank of Waynes boro. He remained in this position until the organization of the Citizens bank in 1898, when he was chosen cashier of the new institution, in which he is also a stockholder and one of the direc tors. He is a member and one of the stewards of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and was for a time a member of the Burke light infantry. On Jan. 2, 1901, he married Miss Florence P., daughter of W. H. M. Austin, of Conyers, Ga., and they have one daughter, Mary Elizabeth, born Feb. 1, 1902. Berry, a post-village with a population of 46 in 1900, is in the western part of Polk county, about half way between Cedartown and the Alabama line, and on the Seaboard Air Line. (Formerly the East & West railway.) Berry, Edward J v clerk of the superior court of Ware county, is one of the well known and popular citizens of Waycross, the at tractive judicial center of the county. He was born in Lexingtoti, S. C, Dec. 16, 1869, a son of Francis C. and Sarah C. (Higgs) Berry, the former born in Charleston, and the latter in Brunson, S. C. The 12

178

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

father followed the vocation of school teaching throughout his active career and was a successful and well known educator. He was engaged in pedagogic work in South Carolina until 1881, when
he removed to Georgia, and died at
Waresboro, July 13, 1905. The mother's
death occurred Jan. 21, 1903, at Wares
boro. Francis C. Berry enlisted in the
Confederate army at the time of the Civil
war, served under Beauregard, in and
about Charleston, S. C., and later as clerk
in the quarter-master's department in
that : city. Edward J. Berry was edu
cated in the public schools of Georgia,
and was employed as a bookkeeper until
1899, when he was elected county school
commissioner of Ware county, in which office he rendered most effective service, remaining the incumbent of the same until 1901. He has served as clerk of the superior court
of Ware county since May, 1901, having been twice elected as his own successor. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance and both he and his wife are members of Trinity church, Methodist Episcopal South, in Waycross. He is affiliated with Waycross Lodge, No. 305, Free and Accepted Masons; Blackshear Chapter, No. 9, Royal Arch Masons and St. Augustin Commandery, Knights Templars; Wakefield Lodge, No. 27, Knights of Pythias; Waycross Lodge, No. 97, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, both of Waycross. On Dec. 11, 1894, Mr. Berry was united in marriage to Miss Nettie M. Cason, daughter of J. Alfred and Nacy J. (Mizell) Cason, of Ware county, and they have three children, namely: Era J., born June IS,, 1897; Ruby I., born Dec. 23, 1898;
and Edwin J., born Dec. 25, 19,01. Berry, Miss Martha, is to be mentioned as the founder and head
of one of the most unique and-one of the most noble educational institutions of the state, and her effort has had all of consecration to a worthy object, while her administrative and executive powers have proven noteworthy. Concerning her labors and accomplish ment no more consistent data can be had than the following ex tracts from an issue of the Atlanta Constitution in April, 1905: "Two miles distant from Rome, Ga., out among the pines, is an aggregation of buildings of varied and picturesque architecture, comprising one of the most original and practical industrial schools

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

179

in the south. It is, moreover, the work of a woman, who, aroused to the need of educating jointly the hands and the brains of the poor farmer boys of Georgia, is devoting her life unselfishly to this great and necessary work. Three years ago Miss Martha Berry, of Rome, held the first session, five pupils attending and the school room being the confines of a small log cabin. To-day the institution is incorporated, has a student body of seventy-five members and a devoted faculty of five teachers. Its last report shows that it owns land valued at $5,000, buildings to the value of $6,825, live stock, farm machinery and tools, and a waterworks system worth approximately $1,775. Miss Berry has for some years been a close observer and student of the condition of the poorer class of farm children of north Georgia. She knew that year by year hundreds of almost helpless young boys were ap proaching maturity with only the most superficial education of the mind and hand, and that as long as this condition continued they would make little progress over the status of their parents. The crying requirement was an equipment which would enable them to perform in the most scientific fashion the manual, every day labor of the farm and at the same time fit them mentally to cope with other problems: incidental to evolution and self-help. Miss Berry has carried her ideas into execution with wonderful success. She found the class with whom she sympathized hun gry for technical tuition and self-improvement. But she could do nothing without funds. It became necessary to interest friends in the immediate vicinity and those throughout the state in her benevolent venture. \ She has done this to a marvelous ex tent, although she has had to combat many discouragements and overcome many obstacles. The neat and efficient plant of to-day is a tribute to her indomitable will and her sacrifice of time and ease to the fulfillment of which she conceived an assigned duty. Recently the school has been incorporated, with such men as J. Paul Cooper, of Boston; John J. Eagan, of Atlanta; and John H. Reynolds, Thomas Berry ;!and Moses Wright, of Rome, as the board of trustees. It has ^already accomplished such marked re sults in fitting the poor poys of north Georgia for useful and honorable careers, that th$ demands on its facilities necessitated the turning away of fifty pupils last year. Plans are now on foot for the enlargement of the school." Supplemental to these quoted statements it may be said that the real nucleus of this most worthy institution was formed in 1897, when, in an old log cabin on her home farm, "Oak Hill," Miss Berry opened a small school, in-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tended for the children of tenants on the estate, and from this

modest inception has grown up the present school, whose field

of usefulness will be still further expanded if Miss Berry receives

the support which is so eminently her due. A synopsis of her

labors in the connection was given in the July, 1905, number of

the magazine, "World's Work." Miss Berry was born at Rome,

Floyd county, Ga., and is a daughter of Capt. Thomas and Frances

(Rhea) Berry, the former of whom was born in the vicinity of

Rockbridge, Va., and the latter in northern Alabama. Captain

Berry served as a member of a Georgia regiment in the Mexican

war, having been promoted from first lieutenant to captain of his

company. At the inception ;of the Civil war he manifested his in

trinsic loyalty to the cause of the Confederacy by -raising a com

pany in north Georgia, and he served as captain of this company,

in a regiment of Georgia volunteer infantry, throughout the en

tire period of the great fratricidal conflict. He was a planter and

wholesale cotton merchant of Rome and was a man of prominence

and influence in that section of the state. He died in January,

1889, at the age of sixty-five years. He was a son of James Enfield

Berry, of Virginia, and the latter was a son of Capt. Thomas Berry,

who was an officer in the Continental forces in the war of the

Revolution. Miss Berry's ;maternal grandfather, Louis Rhea,

served in the Indian war in Alabama. Miss Berry was educated

principally by private tutors in her own home, and was for a time

a student in Europe. She is a devoted communicant of the Pro

testant Episcopal church, but the school which she founded and

which demands so great a portion of her time and attention, is en

tirely undenominational.

Bert, a post-hamlet of Habersham county, is located about three

miles west of Clarkesville, which is the nearest railway station.

Berzelia, a village in the southern part of Columbia county, is on

the line of the Georgia railroad that runs from Augusta to Atlanta.

It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service,

and in 1900 reported a population of 84.

Bessie, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is located about nine

miles northwest of Washington, which is the nearest railway sta

tion.

;

Bethesda. Jones, in his history of Georgia, says: "Among the

charitable schemes devised for the support and the education of

the penniless and bereaved children of the province, none acquired

a more permanent reputatiorj or served a more valuable purpose

than the "Bethesda Orphan :House." The project was first pro-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

181

posed by Rev. Charles Wesley, though it remained for Rev. George Whitefield and James Habersham to found the institution. The trustees granted five hundred acres of land; Whitefield, after so liciting aid for the undertaking in England, arrived in Georgia in January, 1740. Prior to his coming Habersham had located the grant, about ten miles from Savannah, and had commenced clear ing the ground and preparing it for occupancy. He had also col lected a number of orphans, who were being cared for and in structed in rented quarters. On March 25, 1740, the first brick was laid and the name of Bethesda "the house of mercy" was bestowed on the institution. The building at that time erected was 40 by 60 feet, two stories high with basement, and was sur rounded by wide porches. The institution was supported by voluntary contributions, most of which were raised through Whitefield's powerful eloquence and magnetic personality. In 1764 a scheme was evolved for turning the orphan house into a college. An additional grant of 2,000 acres of land was asked for, and Whitefield went to England to secure the aid and sanction of the crown. In a memorial to the Privy Council he proposed to give Bethesda, with all its appurtenances, to the province of Geor gia as a free gift. The plan failed, however, owing to the refusal of the council to grant the petition, and the orphan house was continued until Whitefield's death in September, 1770, and the destruction of the building by fire soon afterward. Subsequently it was partially rebuilt, but a few years later again suffered by storm and fire and finally the work was abandoned. In 1854 the board of managers of th.6 Union Society purchased a portion of the original Bethesda tract, and erected, upon the site occupied by the orphan house, buildings for the accommodation of boys committed to their care. ; It is still conducted under the auspices of that society and during its existence has cared for and educated a large number of unfortunate children, some of whom afterward exercised a potent influence upon the affairs of the state.
Bethlehem, a village in; the northern part of Walton county, is on the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern railway. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, some mercantile inter ests, and in 1900 reportedja population of 178.
Bethune, Marion, was; elected representative in Congress in 1870, but was not admitted to his seat until Jan. 16, 1871, and served until March 3, of the same year. He started the first seces sion paper in Georgia, the Corner-Stone, published at Columbus.
Betts, John Samuel, has served as mayor of Ashburn, Worth

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

county, from the time of its incorporation, in 1891, to the present, and it is needless to say that he is one of the most public-spirited citizens and prominent and influential business men of this section of the state, where his capitalistic and industrial interests are varied and important. Mr. Betts was born in Clayton county, Ga., July 29, 1848, a son of William O. and Jane (Lee) Betts, the former born in Jackson county, and the latter in Gwinnett county, Ga. Mr. Betts was reared in his native county, secured a commonschool education and early began to depend upon his own re sources. His success, emanating from small beginnings, has been of pronounced type and represents the results of his own efforts. In 1872 he began operating a small, portable saw mill in Pulaski county, and from this modest enterprise he has gradually built up one of the extensive saw-milling and lumber industries of the state, while he also conducts operations in the same line in the State of Florida. In 1889'he located in Ashburn, which was then a small hamlet, and from the beginning he has shown a most loyal and helpful interest in the upbuilding, the civic prosperity and the progress of both town and county. He has large farming and banking interests and is also identified with mercantile enterprises. Mr. Betts was a prominent factor in securing the incorporation of Ashburn, in 1891, became its first mayor and has since served continuously as such. He has not only given an able and popular official administration, but through private means and resources has done much to advance the material welfare of the town and its people. He is kindly and considerate in his association with his fellow men, has a deep appreciation of the dignity and value of honest toil and endeavor, and is entirely free from ostentation. He is a prominent member of the local Methodist Episcopal church South, and is chairman of; its board of stewards. In the year 1878 was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Betts to Miss Josephine Bohannon, daughter of James Bohannon, of Pulaski county, and they have one son, George, who is associated with his father in various business enterprises.
Beverly, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Elbert county, is on Beaverdam creek and "about four miles east of Middleton, on the Seaboard Air Line, which is the nearest railroad station.
Bibb County was created from Huston in 1822, and was named for Dr. William W. Bibb! It was enlarged by the addition of a part of Twiggs in 1833 and a part of Jones in 1834. It is in the central part of the state arid is bounded on the'north and northeast by Jones and Monroe counties, on the east by Twiggs and Jones,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

183

on the south by Houston and on the west and southwest by Craw-

ford. It is drained by the Ocmulgee river, which is navigable as

far as Macon, and which furnishes immense waterpower that is

utilized by numerous factories throughout the county. The sur

face is usually level and the land, especially along the Ocmulgee,

is productive. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sugar cane and sweet, and

Irish potatoes are the staple productions. There are large or

chards of peaches, pears, apples and plums, and the nearness of a

market makes their production very profitable. The timbers are

oak, hickory, cherry, walnut and some pine, but the output of

lumber is small. Two granite quarries are in operation in the

county and potter's clay, ochre and limestone are found. Bibb

county has transportation facilities that are unsurpassed. The

Georgia, Georgia Southern & Florida, Southern, Macon, Dublin &

Savannah, and the Central of Georgia center at Macon, the county

seat, and connect the county with all points of the country. Rut

land and Walden are other towns of the county. The population

in 1900 was 50,473, a gain of 8,103 in ten years. The schools, both

public and private, are iii good condition and place the county high

in the educational ranks,

Bibb, William Wyatt, was born in Virginia in 1780, studied med

icine in his native state, after which he came to Georgia, settling

first in Elbert and later in Wilkes county. At the age of twenty-

five he was elected to Congress and lacked but a few votes of be

ing chosen speaker of the house. He was elected to the United

States senate and served through the Thirteenth and Fourteenth

Congresses. In 1816 he was appointed the first territorial gover

nor of Alabama and after the state was admitted was the first

governor elected by the; people. In 1824 he fell from his horse

and died from the effects of the injuries received. Bibb county in

Georgia and Bibb county, Ala., are named in his honor.

Bickley, a post-village in the northwestern part of Ware county,

reported a population of 100 in 1900. It is five miles from Beach,

on the Nicholls & Waycross division of the Atlantic & Birming

ham railroad, which is the nearest station.

:

Bidwell, Charlton B., of Atlanta, is resident manager of that im

portant corporation known as the American Audit Company, a

concern that exercises a; most valuable function, having its head

quarters in New York city and also maintaining offices in Chicago,

Boston, Atlanta, Washington, D. C., Philadelphia, New Orleans,

San Francisco, Baltimore and London, England. The Atlanta of

fice is located in the Fourth National bank building and under the

184

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

able executive management of Mr. Bidwell it controls a large busi

ness. Mr. Bidwell was born in Lansingburg, a suburb of the city

of Troy, Rensselaer county, N. Y., in the year 1863, being a son

of Rev. Ira Glazier Bidwell, a clergyman of the Methodist Episco^

pal church. He received his educational discipline in the public

schools of the various towns and cities to which his father was

called in his pastoral labors, completing his studies in the high

school in the city of Buffalo, N. Y., in 1879. He then took a posi

tion as messenger boy in a banking institution in that city, remain

ing identified with the banking business in Buffalo for eighteen

years, and was chief clerk in the Peoples bank at the time .of sever

ing his connection with the institution, in 1897, when he became

identified with the American Audit Company. With this com

pany he was employed in the home office, in New York city, until

August, 1901, when he was assigned to his present responsible

position, his promotion having come as the result of his ability

and effective service. He is an expert accountant and able ad

ministrative officer and has -gained a secure place in the esteem

of the business circles of Atlanta. He is a member of the Chris-,

tian Schience church and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity.

Bigbrier, a post-hamlet in the .extreme northern part of Jefferson

county, is on the creek of the. same name and about seven miles

northwest of Wrens, on the ;Augusta Southern railroad, which is

the nearest station.

::

Bigby, John S., was born in Coweta county in 1832, was edu

cated in the public schools and at Emory college and after com

pleting a law course was admitted to the bar at Newnan. He was

a member of the state constitutional convention of 1867, solicitor-

general of the Talapoosa circuit, judge of the superior court, and

in 1870 was elected to Congress from his district as a Republican.

Bigcreek, a post-village in the southern part of Forsyth county,

is eight miles due south of Camming. It has a money order post-

office and in 1900 reported a 'population of 168. The nearest rail

way station is Suwanee, which is about five miles distant.

Biggers, a post-hamlet in; the southeastern part of Haralson

county, is on the Southern railway, about halfway between Tem

ple and Bremen. The population in 1900 was reported as being 24.

Big Shanty, (now known as Kennesaw) was the scene of heavy

skirmishing during the first four days of June,,1864, in which the

Federal troops were driven back by Wheeler's cavalry. On the

9th Gen. W. H. Jackson of Wheeler's cavalry corps, aided by the

line of intrenchments between Lost Mountain and Gilgal Church,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

185

held.Stoneman's Federal cavalry in check and Wheeler in person

with another part of his command engaged in daily combats with

Garrard's Federal troopers. On Oct. 4, 1864, as Hood was on his

march into Tennessee, General Stewart's corps struck the railroad

at Acworth and Big Shanty, capturing 400 prisoners and some

military stores. A historic incident connected with Big Shanty

occurred in the spring of 1862 and is known as the Andrews,raid.

Twenty-four men, detailed from Ohio regiments, under the leader

ship of James J. Andrews, dressed in citizens clothes and worked

their way through the Confederate lines, the object being to steal

an engine and burn the bridges on the Western & Atlantic rail

road in order to destroy communication with Chattanooga so that

Buell could capture that : city. They reached Marietta in small

groups and there boarded: the north-bound mail train early in the

morning. When it stopped for breakfast at Big Shanty they de

tached the engine and three empty box cars from the rest of the

train and pulled out before any one suspected what was going

on. Pursuit was at once .commenced and after an exciting chase

all of them were captured. Andrews and seven others were exe

cuted as spies, a few escaped and the rest were exchanged. The

"General," the engine stolen on that occasion, is now carefully

preserved in the union station at Chattanooga, where it is viewed

by hundreds of people every year.

Billarp, a post-hamlet in the central part of Douglas county, is

about four miles south of Winston, on the Southern railway,

"which is the nearest station.

Bills of Exchange. (See Notes.)

Bingen, a post-village in the southern part of Decatur county,

not far from the Florida line, reported a population of 100 in 1900.

The nearest railway station is Attapulgus, on the Georgia, Flor

ida & Alabama railroad. :

Bingham, a post-village :|in the western part of Jeff Davis county,

is on the Ocmulgee river and has the advantage of steamboat

transportation to all points above and below within the limits of

navigation. The population in 1900 was 84. The nearest rail

road station is Lumber City, eight miles below, where the South

ern railway crosses the Ocmulgee.

:

Birdford, a post-hamlet of Tatnall county, is within a short

distance of the. Liberty county line on the Register & Glennville

railroad.

:

;;

Birdie, .a post-hamlet ;jn the northwestern part of Spalding

county, is about seven miles from Griffin and five miles west;of

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Pomona, on the Central of Georgia, which is the nearest railroad

station.

Birmingham, a village in the extreme northern part of Milton

county, is near the Cherokee county line. It has a money order

postoffice and in 1900 reported a population of 110. The nearest

railroad station is Holly Springs, about nine miles west, on the

Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.

Bishop, a town of Oconee county, was incorporated by act of the

legislature on Dec. 26, 1890. It has a money order postoffice and

in 1900 had a population of 125. It is on the Atlanta & Macon

division of the Central of Georgia railroad and about three miles

south of Watkinsville.

.....,.,: ...

Bishop, Thomas L., has gained pres

tige as one of the able and successful

members of the bar of the capital city

of the state and has been identified with

much important litigation in the Federal

; and state courts. He was born in New-

: ton county, Ga., Nov. 17, 1861, and is a

: son :'of Charles and Martha (Spray-

berry) Bishop, both natives of Georgia,

the former born in Jasper and the lat

ter in Putnam county. His father en

tered the Confederate service at the out

break of the Civil war, having enlisted,

in May, 1861, as a private in Company B, Fifty-third Georgia in

fantry, and having remained in service until the close of the war.

The subject of this sketch was afforded the advantages of the ex

cellent public schools of the city of Atlanta. After leaving school

he took up the study of law^ under the preceptorship of Hon.

Julius L. Brown, of this city, and he was admitted to the bar June

19, 1885, in the Fulton county ^superior court. On April 30, 1890,

he was admitted to prectice before the supreme court of Georgia,

and on the 10th of the following December was admitted to prac

tice in the United States circuit and district courts. He has been

continuously engaged in the practice of his profession in Atlanta

and has been concerned in some of the most important litigations

in Fulton county, being knowri as an able trial lawyer and a well

fortified counselor. He served: as agent for the Atlanta property

of ex-Governor Joseph E. Bro-yvn from 1881 to 1894, in which lat

ter year the Governor's death occurred. He accords a stanch al

legiance to the Democratic party but has held no public office

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

187

save that of member of the board of education of Atlanta, in

which capacity he served in 1888-9. He is a Knight Templar

Mason and is also affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, the Im

proved Order of Red Men, and the Knights of the Golden Eagle,

which latter he represented as grand chief of the state organization

and also as supreme representative. On Jan. 13, 1886, Mr. Bishop

was married to Miss Stella Thomas, daughter of William M. and

Elizabeth (Sanford) Thomas, of Alabama, and they have three

children, Julius B., George T. and Nina.

Black, a post-village, with a population of 44 in 1900, is located

in the eastern part of Bulloch county. The nearest railroad sta

tion is Brooklet, about five miles to the southwest, on the Savan

nah & Statesboro road.

Black, Edward J., was born in Beaufort, S. C., in 1806. He was

educated in the public schools, read law under Judge Reid at Au

gusta and began to practice in that city in 1827. Five years later

he removed to Screven county, where he was elected a member of

the legislature, and in 1838 was elected representative in Con

gress as a State Rights Whig. He was defeated in the race for

Congress in 1842, but was elected in 1844 as a Democrat to fill a

vacancy. He died in Barnwell district, S. C., in 1846.

Black, George R., was born in Screven county in 1835, attended

the University of Georgia and the South Carolina college, leaving

the latter institution in his senior year at the time of the students'

rebellion in 1856. He then studied law and in 1857 was admitted

to the bar at Savannah. He served in the Confederate army dur

ing the war; was chosen a delegate to the constitutional conven

tion of 1865; was a delegate to the Democratic national conven

tion at Baltimore in 1872; elected state senator in 1874 and again

in 1878, and in 1880 was elected representative in Congress on the

Democratic ticket. He died in July, 1883.

Black, James C. C., was born in Scott county, Ky., in 1842. He

served through the war as a private in the Confederate army.

After peace was declared he read law at Augusta and was admitted

to practice in that city in April, 186C. In 1892 he was elected rep

resentative in Congress on the Democratic ticket and was reflected

in 1894.

;:

Blackburn, Robert B., of Atlanta, is a member of the Fulton

county delegation in the present general assembly. He is one of

the younger members of the house and is serving for the third

time in official capacity. It is a simple statement of fact, recog

nized by all the older and;more experienced members, that he is

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

one of the most efficient in committee work, and one of the best equipped and most eloquent in the forum of debate. He was first elected to the legislature, in 1902, solely on his merits and personal
popularity, winning over a large field of strong aspirants. Mr. Blackburn is now chairman of the special judiciary com mittee, one of the most important com mittees of the house, and a member of the ways and means and the general judi ciary committees.. During the session of the legislature in 1905, he attracted wide newspaper notice and general popular favor by a bill known on the calendar as the Blackburn patrol bill, a measure seek ing to correct horrible crime in Georgia by providing for the appointment, through the several grand; juries, of a patrol of seven men from each militia district in th;e counties, who are to operate, each under a captain, and arrest all vagrants and criminals, receiv ing pay from fines imposed. This bill is now pending, and may become a law during the next session. Mr. Blackburn is a representative member of i the legal profession in Atlanta, hav ing been admitted to practice in Kentucky, by special legislative act, before he attained his majority. He was born in Barnesville, Pike county, Ga., July 15, 18(55, being a son of Dr. J. C. C. and Frances (Holmes) Blackburn, his father having been a distin guished physician and writer. He is a brother, also, of the well known editor and writer, Benjamin H. Blackburn, than whom no man in the South wields a, more vigorous or gifted pen. Robert B. Blackburn is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands sponsor, and he has been a loyal worker in the cause. He is a member of several secret or ders, being a past-officer in most of them. On Nov. 19, 1895, Mr. Blackburn was married to Miss Mamie E. Johnson, of Atlanta. Blackmar, John, is one of the representative business men of the city of Columbus, Ga., which has been his home during practically his entire life. He was born in Columbus, Jan. 2, 1853, and is a son of Alfred O. and Mary Ann:;(Blood) Blackmar, the former of whom was born in Scituate, R. I;., in 1831, and the latter in Charlton, Mass., in 1832. Their marriage was solemnized in Columbus, Ga., in 1851, and here thev still maintain their home. Alfred O. Black-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

189

mar was formerly cashier of the Merchants' and Mechanics' bank, of Columbus, having held the office many years, and he is now living practically retired, one of the city's venerable and honored citizens. John Blackmar, the subject of this sketch, secured his earlier education in the schools of Columbus and supplemented this
by a course in Washington & Lee univer sity, at Lexington, Va., having there been a student at the time when the gallant and loved Gen. Robert E. Lee was presi dent of the institution, and remaining until after the death of General Lee. In 1871 Mr. Blackmar went to St. Louis, Mo., where he remained until 1873, when he returned to Columbus, and since 1874 he has been engaged in the business to which he now gives his attention. He has mature judgment and accurate knowledge concerning all details of the enterprise and has built up a large and prosperous business, re taining a representative clientage, and is one of the substantial and popular business men and loyal citizens of Columbus. On Jan. 16, 1884, Mr. Blackmar was united in marriage to Miss Susie Wellborn, of Atlanta, Ga., and they have five children, Alfred O., Jr., Ray Wellborn, John B., Susie and Francis B. Blackshear, the county seat of Pierce county, incorporated by act of the legislature in 1859, is located on the Alabah, the middle branch of the Satilla river, and on that branch of the Savannah, Florida & Western railway (a part of the great Plant system) which runs in an air line:; from Savannah to Waycross. The Blackshear district had in 1900 a population of 2,802, of whom 876 lived in the corporate limits. The town has a money order postoffice, bank, several flourishing commercial establishments, express and telegraph offices, a cotton ginnery claimed to be the most complete in the state, an extensive fertilizer factory and a large cotton seed oil mill. Owing to the: superior shipping facilities large quanti ties of vegetables, etc., are raised on truck farms in the vicinity of the town, two and three crops being gathered in a single year. The schools belong to the public school system of Georgia. Meth odists and Baptists are the leading religious denominations. Blackshear, David, for many years prominent in the early his tory of the state of Georgia, was born on Chinquapin creek, near

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Trenton, N. C, Jan. 31, 1764. When he was but twelve years old he went with his two brothers to Wilmington, where the three joined the American forces. He was at the battle of Moore's creek, Feb. 27, 1776, was at Buford's bridge, and during the rest of the war was with a company of scouts. Young as .he was he was thoroughly imbued with: the spirit of liberty and he assisted in breaking up many a Tory camp. After the war he began sur veying, and spending his evenings in study. His work as surveyor took him to Georgia, and being favorably impressed with the coun try he induced a number of his relatives to remove to that state. They settled in Washington county in 1790 and in 1796 David was appointed justice of the peace by Gov. Jared Irwin. In 1799 he was reappointed by Governor Jackson and the same year he was commissioned brigadier-general of militia. He was strenuously opposed to the Yazoo land grants, was a prominent figure in se curing cessions of lands from the Indians,, and was active in sup pressing Indian hostilities along the frontier. He served in the War of 1812 and from 1816 to 1825 was a state senator from Laurens county. He was three times honored by being placed on the ticket as a presidential elector in 1800, 1828 and 1832. He died on July 4, 1837.
Black Swamp is a lowland ilying near the Savannah river. Dur ing the Revolution a body of American troops numbering about 700 men was rendezvoused here under General Rutherford, just before the battle of Brier Creek, q. v.
Blackwells, a village in the northern part of Cobb county, is on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway. It has a money order postoffice, from which rural free delivery routes supply the sur rounding districts, and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located.
Bladen, a post-village with a. population of 47 in 1900, is located in the southwestern part of Glynn county, on the Savannah & Jacksonville division of the Seaboard Air Line railroad.
Blain, Arthur Clay, M. D., is engaged in the practice of his pro fession in Brunswick, Glynn;.county, and is known as one of the able and distinguished representatives of his profession in this section of the state. He was born in the city which is now his home, Sept. 10, 1866, and is a;;son of Dr. James Simeon Blain, who was born in Augusta, Ga., :July 23, 1838, and of Annie Eliza (Scranton) Blain, who was born in Brunswick, Ga., Dec. 28, 1845. Nathaniel Durkee, maternal ^grandfather of Dr. James S. Blain, was major of a Maryland regiment in the Continental line during

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191

the war of the Revolution. James Thomas Blain, grandfather of the subject of this review, was repeatedly elected mayor of Bruns wick, having served seven years in this office with no salary or emolument save for one year. He was a man of influence in thecommunity and was honored by all who knew him. Dr. James S. Blain was one of the leading physicians and surgeons of Glynn county, where he remained in active practice until a short time before his death. At the outbreak of the Civil war he became captain of the Brunswick Rifles, which company was mustered into the Confederate service in June, 1861, as Company A, Twentysixth Georgia volunteer infantry. He proceeded with his regi ment to the front and took part in many of the most important battles marking the progress of the great conflict between the states, including the second Manassas, Ox Hill, Fredericksburg,. Spottsylvania, Sharpsburg, Hagerstown, Harper's Ferry, Win chester, Gettysburg and many others. He continued in active service until he received a wound of such severity as to render him ineligible for farthef duty. He was granted an honorable discharge, on account of physical disability, returned to his home and resumed the practice: of his profession. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel of his regiment and made a gallant record as an able and loyal son of the Confederacy. Dr. Arthur C. Blain,. the immediate subject of;this sketch, was graduated in the Uni versity of Georgia as a member of the class of 1884, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Science. He then read medicine one year under the able preceptorship of his father, and at the ex piration of this period he:was matriculated in the College of Phy sicians & Surgeons, of New York city, the medical department of Columbia university, completing the prescribed course in this cele brated institution and being graduated in 1888, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Since that time he has been actively and successfully engaged in the practice of his profession in his native city. He is ex-president: of the Brunswick medical society, expresident of the Macon medical society, a member of the Medical Association of Georgia and of the American medical association. He is also acting assistant surgeon in the public-health and ma rine-hospital service and was formerly health officer of Brunswick. He is identified with the local lodge of the Benevolent and Protec tive Order of Elks and with the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity. Doctor Blain is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party and takes a loyal interest in its cause and in local affairs of a public nature. He and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Epis-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

copal church. On Dec. 4, 1889, was solemnized the marriage of

Doctor Blain and Miss Zeph Love, daughter of John R. and Susan

C. (Laidler) Love, of Houston county, Ga., and she is survived

by two children, Arthur C., Jr., and Annie Catharine. On June

14, 1905, Doctor Blain contracted a second marriage, being then

united to Miss Emma C. Lundin, of Richmond, Virginia.

Blaine, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Pickens

county, is about eight miles from Jasper, the county seat, and three

miles from Talkingrock, which is the nearest railroad station.

Blairsville, the county seat of LTnion county, was named in

honor of James Blair, who for many years represented Habersham

county in the state legislature. , It is located near the center of the

county in the valley of the Notely river. It has a court-house

built a few years ago at a cost of $14,000, a money order postoffice,

some mercantile interests, and in 1900 reported a population of

141. The nearest railroad station is Culberson, N. C., about fifteen

miles to the northwest on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.

Blakely, the capital of Early county, located on the Central of

Georgia railway, does a thriving business. It was incorporated in

1870, has two banks, and handles the larger part of the cotton re

ceived in and shipped from the county. It has express and tele

graph offices and a money ;;order postoffice with rural free

delivery. The planing mills make sash, doors and blinds from

the abundant supply of yellow pine lumber and in the vicinity are

some mills, that turn out cypress shingles of the best quality. The

town has excellent educational and religious advantages. The

Blakely institute run in connection with the public schools, enjoys

a fine reputation in that section iof the state.

Blalock, a post-hamlet of Rabun county, is located in the west

ern part not far from the Tallulah river. The nearest railroad

station is Clayton, about six miles to the east on the Tallulah Falls

railway.

;

Blanton, a post-village of Lowndes county, is not far from the

Echols county line, on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad

running from Valdosta to Jacksonville. The population in 1900

was 88.

i

Blanton, James C., occupies the exacting and important office of

station master of the Savannah; Union Station and is one of the

prominent and popular railroad men of the state, having risen

through various grades of promotion to his present office, his ad

vancement indicating the estimate placed upon his services. He

was born in Columbia, S. C., Aug. 19, 1873, and is a son of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

193

late Capt. Stephen T. Blanton, who served twenty years as road-

master of the Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta railroad and who

died in 1897. He was born in North Carolina and was a member

of a regiment there raised for service in the Confederate ranks dur

ing the Civil war, in which he made a gallant record, having risen

to the rank of captain. His wife, whose maiden name was Ag

nes E. Jamison, is a daughter of Dr. C. H. Jamison, who was born

in Scotland, and who passed the closing years of his life in Fair-

field county, S. C. Mrs. Blanton survives her husband and now

resides in Kershaw, S. C. Elijah Blanton, father of Capt. Stephen

T., was likewise born in North Carolina, whither his grandfather

immigrated from Wales, in the early colonial era. James C.

Blanton, the subject of this sketch, was reared in his native town,

and secured his education in the local schools, in the meanwhile

assisting in providing for the expenses of his school work. At the

age of seventeen years he entered upon an apprenticeship at the

machinist's trade, in Columbia, S. C., his aim being to become a

locomotive engineer. He served three years, when he met with

an accident which compelled him to abandon his course. He was

a member of the Columbia flying artillery at the time of the death

of Jefferson Davis, the honored ex-president of the Confederacy,

and when his company was firing a requiem salute in memory of

the leader of the "lost cause," Mr. Blanton received a slight in

jury in his left hand, through the premature discharge of a can

non. This injury rendered him ineligible for service as a locomo

tive engineer, but he did not give up his idea of becoming a

practical railroad man. For several years he was general yard

master for the Southern railroad at Columbia, and rose by suc

cessive steps, the best evidence of the appreciation of his ability

and fidelity coming when he was called to his present position,

without personal knowledge or solicitation, on Sept. 1, 1903. He

has complete charge of the Savannah Union Station and terminal

property, and is an official: who commands the respect of those

who serve under his direction, as well as those of superior official

grade, together with the general public, who find him ever cour

teous and obliging. He was a member of the board of aldermen

of Columbia, S. C., for two iyears, resigning this office at the time

of entering upon the duties of his present position. He is a

stanch Democrat in his political proclivities and is affiliated with

the Masonic fraternity and:the Benevolent and Protective Order

of Elks, Upon leaving Columbia the employes who had served

under him presented him with a handsome gold watch and chain,

13

;

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

as a token of their esteem and appreciation. On Dec. 20, 1898,

Mr. Blanton was united in marriage to Miss Elma Jane Osborne,

of Anderson, S. C., and they have four children, namely: Sarahr

Louise, Elma Osborne, Julian Friday, and Paul Welles.

Blarney, a post-village -in the northern part of Appling county,

is about eight miles north of Baxley and four miles from the Alta-

maha river. The population in 1900 was 1-12. Pine Grove, on

the Macon & Brunswick division of the Sputhern, is the nearest

railroad station.

Bleckley, Logan E., jurist, was born in Rabun county, Ga., July

3, 1827. He attended school until he was twelve years of age,

when he became a clerk in the office of his father, who was at

that time clerk of the county courts. While in this office he con

ceived a liking for the law and decided to become an attorney. At

the age of sixteen he borrowed a copy of Blackstone and com

menced his studies, going at intervals to the next county to be

examined by Judge Underwood. Before he was nineteen years

of age he was admitted to the bar, and it is said his total fees dur

ing the first two years of his practice amounted to but one hun

dred dollars. This led him to give up the law for a time and he

became a bookkeeper in Atlanta at a salary of forty dollars a

month. Subsequently he. became secretary for Governor Towns

and in 1852 resumed the practice of law at Atlanta. The next year

he was elected solicitor-general for a term of four years. He en

listed as a private in the Confederate army, but after a few months

service was discharged because of ill health. In 1864 he was ap

pointed reporter of the supreme court, but resigned in 1867 and

in 1875 was appointed associate justice of the supreme court.

Four years later he resigned on account of overwork, and in 1887

was appointed chief justice. In 1894 he again resigned for the

same reason as before, and since then has devoted himself to his

private practice. He is still living in Atlanta, where he is held

in high esteem as a jurist iand a public-spirited citizen.

Bliss, a post-hamlet on Sculls creek, in the northwestern part

of Bulloch county, is about twenty miles from Statesboro, the

county seat. The nearest railroad station is Portal, the terminus

of the Foy railroad.

:

Blitch, a little village in the northern part of Bulloch county,

had a population of 51 at the last national census. It has a

money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and is located

about six miles west of Dover, which is the nearest railway sta

tion.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

195

Blitchton, a post-village in the northeastern part of Bryan county, is on the Savannah & Statesboro railroad and not far from the Ogeechee river. The population in 1900 was 64.
Blockade of 1861. One of the first acts of the federal authori ties at the commencement of the Civil war was to place the ports of the South in a state of blockade. By the end of the year the effects of this were severely felt in Georgia. The commonest com forts of life became rare luxuries. But with a courage and forti tude seldom excelled the women of the state carded, spun and wove the wool and cotton of home production, made the fabric thus produced into clothing, and "homespun" clothes were the prevailing style. The farmer supplied plenty of "hog and hom iny," substitutes were found for tea and coffee, salt was extracted from the waters of the ocean, or from the earthen floors of long used smoke-houses, and in the darkest hour the people adapted themselves to conditions, never losing faith in their resources.
Blodgett, Edwin F. The city of Atlanta has reason to congratu late itself on the able administration given to the business of its postoffice by the subject of this brief sketch, who has recently entered upon his second term as postmaster, said term to expire in 1910. Mr. Blodgett is known as a liberal, loyal and public-spir ited citizen, and his cooperation is ever assured in the promotion of all measures and enterprises tending to advance the interests of his home city and state. He was born in Augusta, Ga., July 10, 1849, and Georgia has ever since been his home. For some years he has been a resident of Atlanta and has been almost con tinuously identified with the postoffice service of the city in an official capacity since 1889, when he was made superintendent and served in this capacity:1 until 1893. He was assistant postmaster from 1898 to 1902, in which latter year he was appointed post master, his first term expiring in March, 1906, and his reappointment having been made by President Roosevelt. This was but a proper recognition of efficient service and the local public heartily endorse the reappointment. In 1895 Mr. Blodgett was assistant secretary of the Cotton States and International Exposition, held in Atlanta; in 1897 he served as chief of the department of installa tion in the Tennessee Centennial Exposition at Nashville, and in 1898 Governor Atkinson appointed him a member 'of the state commission of the ,Omaha exposition.
Bloody Marsh. (See Spanish Invasion.) Bloomingdale, a post-village, with a population of 105 in 1900, is in the extreme northwestern part *of Chatham county, not far

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

from the Effingham county line, and on the main line of the Cen

tral of Georgia railroad.

Blount, a post-village in the northern part of Monroe county, is

ten miles from Forsyth. The population in 1900 was 57. The

nearest railway station is Indian Springs, on the Atlanta & Macon

division of the Southern.

Blount, James H., was born in Georgia in 1837, was elected a

representative in Congress as a Democrat in 1872, and served in

that capacity without interruption until 1892, when he was ap

pointed commissioner-paramount to the Hawaiian Islands by

President Cleveland. He retired from this position in 1893, and

died in Macon in 1903.

:

Blue Bird Gap is one of the three passes of Pidgeon Mountain

near LaFayettte. Here Cleburne's division was posted on Sept.

11, 1863, at which time some slight skirmishing occurred with

some of the detached portions of the Federal army.

Blueridge, one of the new towns of Georgia, is the county seat

of Fannin county, and is located on the Atlanta, Knoxville &

Northern railroad in a picturesque region. Incorporated by act

of the legislature in 1887, it had by 1890, a population of 264, and

by the census of 1900 there were in the corporate limits 1,148 in

habitants, while in the whole Blueridge district there were 2,048.

It has good schools, and churches, express and telegraph offices,

a money order postoffice, several well stocked stores, two banks,

and a number of handsome dwellings. It is well located for busi

ness and has a promising future.

Bluespring, (Railroad name Miller) a post-village with a popula

tion of 112 in 1900, is located in the northwestern part of Gordon

county in the Oostanaula valley and on the line of the Southern

railway that runs from Rome to Cleveland and Chattanooga, Tenn.

Bluffton, one of the principal towns of Clay county, is about

twelve miles southeast of Fort Gaines and not far from the Early

county line. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free de

livery routes emanating from it, some good stores, a school,

churches, etc., but being some distance from a railroad has no

manufactories of importance. It was incorporated by act of the

legislature on Oct. 24, 1887, and in 1900 had a population of 312.

At the same time the population of the district in which it is lo

cated had a population of 2,232. The nearest railroad station is

Turman, on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

197

Blun, Henry, has .been identified with
the business interests of Savannah for
half a century and is one of the city's
honored citizens and representative
men, being at the present time president
of the Germania bank, one of the solid
financial institutions of the state. He
was born in the historic old city of
Worms, Germany, May 20, 1833, com
ing of old-time and stanch German
stock. He was afforded the advantages
of the excellent schools of the father
land, including the gymnasium, which is equivalent to the American high school. When of proper age to take up his military training, in accordance with the custom of his country, he met disappointment, in that he was rejected on ac^ count of imperfect eyesight. , In 1853, at the age of twenty years, he immigrated to the United States, passing the first year in New York city, where he was employed as junior bookkeeper in an of fice. In the autumn of 1854 he conceived the idea that men were needed in Savannah, Ga., where an epidemic of yellow fever had decimated the working classes. In December of that year he ar rived in that city, in which he was destined to achieve so note worthy success and prestige, though at that time his fortification for the battle of life was principally represented in self-reliance, honesty of purpose and a determination to make the best of his opportunities. In view of his standing to-day none can doubt that his equipment was altogether ; adequate. He soon found a chance to enter business, and for a brief interval he was associated with Thomas J. Walsh in the auction and commission business. In 1857 he formed a partnership with M. H. Meyer in the same line of enterprise, and by close application and honorable methods suc cess of no indefinite order soon crowned his efforts. At the in ception of the war between the states he gave his allegiance unreservedly to the cause of the Confederacy, and his services in behalf of the same were of valuable order. He was a member of the German volunteers in service at Fort Pulaski, Tybee and Wilmington islands, afterward being identified with the Savannah ar tillery under Capt. George L. Cope, stationed at Fort Jackson, now known as Fort Oglethorpe. This fort was then garrisoned by the Savannah Blues and the Savannah artillery, and at that time it was inspected by Gen. Robert E. Lee, who was in command of

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the coast defenses of Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. The coast service had a very debilitating effect, and in 1864 Captain Blun was granted a furlough of six months, with the understand ing that he might take his sloop, "Maggie Blun," loaded with cot ton for the State of Georgia, to Nassau, New Providence. The trip was an eventful one, two of the men being lost on the third day out, one of whom was Capt. Peter Doyle, of Savannah. It thus devolved on Captain Blun to continue the battle with the waves and bring the little vessel into port if possible. After the passing of a week he safely reached Nassau, in company with one companion. From that point he went to Europe, having been entrusted with important dispatches for the representatives of the Confederacy in London and Paris, Messrs. Mason and Slidell. This voyage and a visit to the parental home restored him to health, and in October, 1864, he came on the blockade-running steamer, "Banshee," to Wilmington, N. C. The trip from Ber muda to the mouth of the Cape Fear river was uneventful until the vessel was near the entrance of the river, when the Union fleet began sending messages in the shape of shot and shells. For tunately no damage was wrought, and at three o'clock in the morning the "Banshee" reached a point behind Fort Fisher, whose commander, General Whitney, made a visit to the vessel. Those on board were detained on the boat two weeks, in the lower bay, by reason of having come from an infected port, and when finally permitted to land Captain Blun returned to his home in Savannah, where he .soon afterward secured a commission from Governor Brown to take charge of a company of Home Guards, with rank of captain. While with his command guarding arsenals and storehouses of the government Captain Blun was taken prisoner, but as he was at the same time in charge of the affairs of the Ger man Fire Company in Savannah, he was granted a parole, which he observed until the final surrender of General Lee and the dis solution of the Confederate government, when he, with many others, took the oath of allegiance to the Union. He then re sumed his business alliance with Mr. Meyer, with whom he con tinued to be associated until 1870, when he associated himself with the late George W. Wyley and R. M. Demere in the private bank ing business, under the firm name of George W. Wyley & Co. This firm was dissolved in 1873, and was succeeded by that of Blun & Devere, who continued the business until 1878. Captain Blun then withdrew and established a private banking business which was succeeded, in 1890, by the present Germania bank, of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

199

which he has been president from the start. The bank was in corporated with a capital stock of $50,000, which has gradually increased to $300,000. The institution has paid dividends from the start and it to-day owns the fine bank and office building in which its headquarters are maintained, at the corner of Bull and Congress streets, the building having been erected at a cost of $260,000. The Germania Bank and its handsome building stand to-day as a monument to the business acumen and far-sightedness of one of Savannah's citizens who has never failed to do all in his power to advance the interests of the city. Captain Blun is identified with several local clubs of business and social nature and is a life member of the Savannah board of education. Since 1867 he has advocated the protective policy, and he is aligned with the Republican party so far as national issues are involved, having been a Georgia representative of this party on the Blaine and the Roosevelt electoral tickets. He and his family are communicants of the Catholic church. _ On April 1, 1861, he-was united in mar riage to Miss Catherine Savage, daughter of Michael and Cather ine (Stafford) Savage, of Savannah, and the children of this union are as follows: Augusta, wife of Dr. Matthew F. Dunn, of Savan nah ; Mary, wife of H. Clay Miner, of New York city; Henry, Jr., present postmaster of Savannah; and William Stafford, Katharine E. and Walter Savage, the last named of whom is a student in the University of Virginia.
Blundale, a post-hamlet of Emanuel county, is a station on the Stillmore Air Line railway, about seven miles north of Swainsboro.
Blythe, a village of Richmond county, is located on the Augusta Southern railway, not far from the Burke county line. In 1900 it had a population of 128. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and is a trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located.
Boards of Health. In the matter of public health laws, etc., Georgia is probably in advance of all the Southern States. Soon after the war the Medical Society started the agitation in favor of a state board of health, but it was not until February, 1875, that the legislature passed an act creating such a body. By the pro visions of that act the governor was authorized to appoint nine physicians "of skill and experience" from the several Congres sional districts of the state, who with the comptroller-general, at torney-general and state geologist, should constitute the board. Dr. J. G. Thomas, of Savannah, who had been active and persist-

200

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ent in securing the passage of the law, was elected the first presi dent of the board and Dr. H. V. Taliaferro, of Atlanta, secretary. The board was authorized to make inquiry as to the cause of dis eases ; obtain, collect and preserve information relating to the pub lic health; secure reports from all public hospitals, dispensaries, schools, prisons and asylums as to their sanitary condition; to have supervision over the state system of vital statistics, and to sug gest remedies by which the general sanitary conditions of the state could be improved. An appropriation of $1,500 was made for carrying on the first year's work.
Local boards of health had been established in a number of. counties and cities prior to the creation of the state board and the latter worked in conjunction with these local bodies in ed ucating the people of the state upon questions of public sanitation. In 1876 the act creating the state board was amended so as to provide for the organization of a board of health in each county, to cooperate with the state board. Progress was somewhat slow, however, owing chiefly to the fact that the state board had no power to enforce its regulations and recommendations, its powers being only advisory. The work went on notwithstanding, until 1903, by which time public sentiment had been sufficiently awak ened to see the importance of a thorough system of public health supervision.
On August 17, 1903, the general assembly passed an act recog nizing the state board and enlarging its powers. Under the new law the board is to consist of twelve members, a majority of whom shall be physicians; eleven members to be appointed by the gov ernor, the secretary to be a member by virtue of his office. The new board was given supervision over all matters relating to the preservation of the lives and health of the people of the state; supreme authority in matters of quarantine, which they were to declare and enforce when necessary; power to make and enforce reasonable regulations for preventing the spread of contagious or infectious diseases; to make careful inquiry as to the cause of diseases, especially infectious, endemic or epidemic varieties; to take prompt action to suppress the same; to make reports upon the water supply, disposal of sewage, etc., when called upon to do so by local boards or municipal authorities; to cooperate with the local boards, and to report annually to the governor. By the same act the local boards were required to report promptly to the state board any case of certain specified infectious and contagious dis eases ; to make regulations, with the approval of the state board,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

201

for the control of such diseases; to appoint medical or sanitary officers to enforce such regulations. Penalties were provided for infraction of the orders of the boards of health, the same as for violation of a statutory law of the' state. Under the operation of the new law, although but little over two years have passed since its enactment, the state has made great progress in matters of public sanitation and for the suppression of infectious diseases.
Boaz, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Jeff Davis county, is on the Altamaha river, about nine miles north of Baxley, which is the most convenient railway station.
Bobo, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Gordon county, is not far from the Pickens county line. The nearest railway station is Talkingrock, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Bogart, a village in Oconee county, is about six or seven miles west of Athens on the Seaboard Air Line railway. It has a money order postomce, with rural free delivery, some mercantile interests, and in 1900 had a population of 166.
Boggs, William Robertson, was born in Georgia in 1829, grad uated at the West Point military academy in 1853, as brevet second lieutenant, and served in the topographical and ordinance de partments of the army until the commencement of the Civil war. He then resigned his commission and was appointed captain of the engineer corps in the Confederate service. In December 1861 he resigned this commission and entered the service of the state as brigadier-general. After the war he followed his profession of architect and engineer until 1875, when he became professor of mechanics and drawing at the Virginia agricultural and mechan ical college, at Blacksburg, Va. Later he settled at Winston, N. C, where he resumed work at his profession of architect and engi neer.
Bohler, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Columbia county, is not far from the Little, river. The nearest railway station is Grovetown, some sixteen miles south, on the main line of the Georgia railroad.
Bolen, a post-village of. Ware county, is located in the north ern part of the county, on the Nicholls & Waycross division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railway.
Boling, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Cherokee county, is located on the -Etowah river. It is about three miles southeast of Ballground, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway, which is the nearest station.
Bolingbroke, a village in the southeastern part of Monroe county,

202

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railway. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and in 1900 re ported a population of 157. It also has express and telegraph service and is an important shipping point for a considerable sec tion of the county.
Bolton, a town of Fulton county, is on the AVestern & Atlantic railroad where it crosses the Chattahoochee river. It was incorpoated by act of the legislature in December, 1893, and in 1900 had a population of 124. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, a school, and some mercantile establishments.
Bolway, (Railroad name Brice Station) a post-village in the southern part of Floyd county, is on the line of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Tenn., and not far from the Polk county line.
Bolzius, Rev. John M., (See Salzburghers).
Bonaire, a village in the eastern part of Houston county, is on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, nine miles northeast of Perry, the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and is a shipping point for that portion of the county.
Bonded Debt. (See Finances of the State). Boneville, a post-village of McDuffie county, is on the main line of the Georgia railroad, four miles southeast of Thomson. Bonview, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Taylor county, is about nine miles due south of Butler, which place is the nearest railroad station. Boone, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Gordon county, is on a tributary of the Coosawattee river, ten miles from Calhoun, which is the most convenient railroad station. Bosomworth, Thomas. (See Musgrove, Mary). Bostick, Robert Lee, is a representative of an old and honored family of Georgia, is established in a successful general-merchan dise business in the thriving little city of Louiville and also has valuable plantation interests in Jefferson county. Though his parents' permanent home was at the time in Louisville, he was born in Riddleville, Washington county, Ga., March 8, 1872, being a son of Prof. Leroy and Elizabeth (Holcomb) Bostick, the former a native of Jefferson county, Ga., and the latter of the State of South Carolina. Both passed the closing years of their lives in Louisville, the father having been prominent in educational circles for many years. Robert L. Bostick completed his educational dis-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

203

cipline of a technical order in the Louisville academy, and his

entire life has been passed in the town which is now his home.

After leaving school he was employed as salesman in various

mercantile establishments until 1899, when he engaged in the gen-

,,

eral merchandise business on his own

_ ::5:::::::::::;::i:|:i:::::i::Ss:;:;i;:>..

responsibility, now having a large and

well equipped store and being one of the

leading merchants of his home city and

county. His plantation interests in the

county are large, as is evident when

mention is made of the fact that he has

produced as high as three hundred and

thirty-five bales of cotton in a single

year. He is a stalwart in the local camp

of the Democratic party, and while es

sentially public-spirited he has never

been a seeker of office, though he served

three years as a member of the village council. He is affiliated

-with the Knights of Pythias and Independent Order of Odd

Fellows, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist

Episcopal church South. On Oct. 23, 1895, was solemnized the

marriage of Mr. Bostick to Miss Annie Mae Farmer, daughter of

James and Savannah (Beale) Farmer, of Louisville, arid they have

two children, Nattie Holcomb, who was born Jan. 12, 1901, and

Annie Mae, who was born Sept. 9, 1903.

Boston, a town in Thomas county, is located on the Savannah,

Florida & Western railway and is in the midst of a fine agricultural

region. As in other towns of Thomas county, its merchants handle

considerable cotton and have a good trade in cane syrup, lumber

and turpentine. It was incorporated by an act of the legislature in

1870 and its charter was amended in 1893. It has a bank, a money

order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph

offices, and good schools and churches. Excellent roads lead to

the surrounding country, giving to the farmers easy access to

the railroad and a good local market. The Boston district in 1900

had a population of 3,663, of whom 722 lived in the town.

Boston Letter. On Feb. 11, 1768, the Massachusetts house of

representatives addressed a letter, through their speaker, to the

various provincial assemblies, asking them to unite in a petition

to the king and the two houses of parliament for a redress of

their grievances. When the letter reached Savannah the assembly

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

had adjourned. Alexander Wylly, the speaker, replied to it, in his private capacity as a citizen, and promised to lay the matter before the assembly at the next meeting. When they again met, on Nov. 17, 1768, Governor Wright used all his influence to prevent any action from being taken, and even went so far as to threaten to bring the sitting to an end if any disposition was shown to countenance the letter. Matters proceeded along quietly until the day before Christmas, when the bills of the session were all pre pared for the governor's approval, prior to the final adjournment. Then Mr. Wylly laid the letter before the house, and also a letter from Peyton Randolph, speaker of the house in Virginia. Both the letters were ordered spread upon the Journals and in a very short time a resolution was adopted approving the plan intro duced by the "Boston Letter." Governor Wright hurried to the council chamber and tried to undo the mischief, but it was too late. He then, "by virtue of his Majesty's authority and in his name," dissolved the assembly. Thus was Georgia early placed on record in favor of the liberty of the people to rule themselves, the agi tation of which idea culminated in the Revolution a few years later.
Bostwick, a post-village in the northern part of Morgan county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 15, 1902. The population two years before was 60. The nearest railroad station is Apalachee, on the Athens & Macon division of the Central of Georgia.
Boundaries. The territory embraced within the Original charter limits of Georgia was described as "all those lands, counties and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of a certain other great water or river called the : Altamaha, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South Seas." By the treaty of Paris in 1763 Spain ceded East Florida to England, and on October 10, of that year, George III issued a proc lamation extending the southern boundary of Georgia to the St. Mary's river and a straight line to be drawn from the source of that stream to the head of the Appalachicola. Early in the following year a new commission was issued to Governor Wright, giving him jurisdiction over the additional territory. This commission, in which the boundaries were definitely described, afterward be came an important factor in adjusting the boundaries of the United

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

205

States. The treaty of Sept. 3, 1783, between the United States and Great Britain, recognized the same boundary on the south, but fixed the western limits at the Mississippi river. The first dis pute over the boundaries as thus established, came between Geor gia and South Carolina, and was settled by the Beaufort conven tion in 1787. (q. v.)
The state constitution of 1798 described the boundaries as the Savannah and Tugaloo rivers on the east; west from the head waters of the Tugaloo, or where it intersects the South Caro line line, to the Mississippi river; down the middle of that stream to the 31st parallel of north latitude; thence east to the middle of the Appalachicola or Chattahoochee river; thence along the same to its junction with the Flint river; thence in a straight line to the head of St. Mary's and down the middle of that river to the Atlantic ocean. When Georgia ceded her western lands to the United States (See Cession of 1802) the western boundary was established as a line "beginning on the west bank of the Chat tahoochee, where it crosses the boundary line between the United States and Spain; thence up said river and along its west bank, to the great bend thereof, next above the place where a certain creek or river called the Uchee (being the first considerable stream on the west side above the Cusseta and Coweta towns) empties into the said Chattahoochee river; thence in a direct line to Nickajack on the Tennessee river." This line was not definitely settled until 1833 by agreement between the States of Georgia and Ala bama.
On March 30, 1823, the president approved an act of Congress, establishing a territorial government in Florida, and the new territory soon became involved in a dispute with Georgia over the boundary line. The termini of this line had been located by Ellicott some years before. Georgia contended that the south fork of the St. Mary's river was the main stream, and that the line should be run to the source of that stream, instead of the head of the north fork, at the point/where it emerges from the Okefinokee swamp. In 1818 a commission, consisting of Generals Floyd, Thompson and Blacksheari was appointed to ascertain the true source of the river and they decided on the north fork. This was not satisfactory to Georgia and the following year the state en gaged a surveyor named Watson to make a survey and mark the boundary line. In 1825 the United States surveyor of Florida caused another survey to be made by D. F. McNeil, which was some distance north of Watson's line. Georgia then requested

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Congress to establish the true boundary. A commission was ap pointed in pursuance of an act of Congress, Thomas M. Ran dolph, of Virginia, acting for the United States, Thomas Spalding, for the State of Georgia, and John McBride as surveyor. Be fore the line was completed the work was interrupted, owing to a misunderstanding, and for the next twenty years the United States continued to sell lands northward to McNeil's line, while the State of Georgia granted lands southward to Watson's, caus ing an overlapping of titles that led to considerable litigatioa In 1845 the two states appointed commissioners to adjust the mat ter, but they failed to reach an understanding and in 1850 Florida began proceedings in the United States supreme court to obtain. a settlement of the controversy. Before a hearing was reached the governors of Georgia and Florida tried to reach an amicable adjustment by correspondence, the court suspending its operations until a conclusion was reached. In the meantime the legislature, on Jan. 22, 1852, authorized the governor to defend the state against Florida's claims and appropriated $3,000 for that purpose. The supreme court issued an interlocutory decree relative to the establishment of lines and in pursuance thereof the state appointed a commissioner and surveyor to run and mark the line. Again a misunderstanding put a stop to the proceedings and it was not until the winter of 1859-60 that Benjamin F. Whitner, for Florida, and Gustavus J. Orr, for Georgia, run and marked the line as con templated in the surveys of Ellicott and Minor sixty years before. The survey was promptly accepted by Florida, but was not finally agreed to by Georgia until 1866, which put an end to a dispute of long standing. On this line Georgia based her claim on the boun dary as fixed by the treaty of 1763, and there is little doubt that a strict interpretation of that treaty would have supported her in her claim.
Several times within the last century the boundary between Georgia and Tennessee has been called into question. In 1818 Governor Rabun appointed commissioners to meet others from the State of Tennessee and run the line between the states. The commissioners met at Nickajack creek and after several weeks run and marked the line to the satisfaction of both state legisla tures. It was afterward ascertained that the surveyors made a mistake in the location of the line and on Dec. 21, 1897, the gen eral assembly of Georgia passed a resolution authorizing W. A. Wimbish, special attorney for the Western & Atlantic railroad, "to investigate all sources of information and report to the gov-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

207

ernor, together with his opinion, as to Georgia's rights," etc. The resolution also cited the fact that Tennessee and North Carolina had both recognized that-"grave doubt exists as to the true boun dary." Concerning this dispute Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia for 1898 says: "Georgia and Tennessee have a boundary dispute which involves possession of the city of Chattanooga. The pres ent boundary line places the city in Tennessee, but several expert geographers have recently found information which goes to show that the boundary line is not properly located. The boundary line between the states is the thirty-fifth parallel of north latitude, and this was located by a survey in 1818 at a point one mile south of the Tennessee river. Georgia will claim that a correct survey will place the thirty-fifth parallel north of Lookout Mountain, and that more than 100,000 citizens of Tennessee will have to become citizens of Georgia."
A number of minor controversies concerning the boundaries have occurred at diffejent times, but they were mostly local in character and have been settled by the mutual agreement of the state authorities. Between 1803 and 1818 several of these dis putes arose between Georgia and North Carolina. In the fall of 1881 the Georgia legislature appropriated $250 to pay her share of determining the line between Dade county and the counties of Marion and Hamilton in Tennessee. In 1889 a similar appro priation was made to establish and mark the line between Polk county and Cherokee county, Ala.
The boundaries of the state, as fixed by the code commission of 1858, based on the action of the Beaufort convention, the con stitution of 1798, the cession of 1802 and the action of the gen eral assembly on Dec. 8, 1826, are as follows: "From the sea,, or the mouth of the river Savannah, along the stream thereof to triefork or confluence made by the rivers Kiowee and Tugaloo, and thence along said river Tugaloo until the fork or confluence made by said Tugaloo and the river Chattooga, and up and along thesame to the point where it touches the northern boundary line of South Carolina and the southern boundary line of North Car olina, which is at a point on the 35th parallel of north latitude, re serving all islands in said rivers (Savannah, Tugaloo and Chat tooga), to Georgia; thence on said line of said 35th parallel from said point of intersection, and on and along said line west, to a. point where it merges; into and becomes the northern boundary line of Alabama, it being the point fixed by the survey of the State of Georgia, and known as Nickajack; thence in a direct line

208

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

to the great bend of the Chattahoochee river called Miller's Bend, it being the line run and marked by said survey; thence along and down the western bank of said Chattahoochee, along the line or limit of highwater mark, to its junction with Flint river; thence along a certain line of survey made by Gustavus J. Orr, surveyor on the part of Georgia, and B. F. Whitner, a surveyor on the part of Florida, beginning at a fore and aft tree, about four chains below the present junction; thence along this line east to a point designated thirty-seven links north of Ellicott's mound on the St. Mary's river; thence along the middle of said river to the Atlantic ocean, and thence to the mouth or inlet of said Savan nah river to the place of beginning; including all lands, waters, islands, and jurisdictional rights within said limits, and also all the islands within twenty marine leagues of the sea coast." Bourbon County. On Feb. 7, 1785, the legislature of Georgia passed an act creating the county of Bourbon, with the following boundaries: "Beginning at the mouth of the river Yazous where it empties into the Mississippi river; thence by a line to be drawn along the middle of said river until it shall intersect the northern most part of the 31 of north latitude; thence by a line to be drawn due east from the determination of the line last mentioned in the latitude of 31 north of the equator as far as the lands reach which in that district have, at any time, been relinquished by the Indians; thence along the line of said relinquishment to the said
river Yazous; thence down said river to the beginning; and the
said county shall comprehend all the lands and waters within
the said description."
This was intended to embrace the British district of Natchez, then under the government of a Spanish commandant reporting to the governor of Louisiana. The act also provided that when a land office should be opened preference should be given to such occupants of the district as should be citizens of the United States, or subjects of any power friendly to the United States during the Revolution, provided such claimants were actual settlers and culti vators of their claims. The justices were authorized to administer the oath of allegiance to the State of Georgia to any person not proscribed by that state or some other of the United States. As a large part of the inhabitants of the Natchez district were loy alists this provision shows the feeling of the victorious Revolution ists toward that class of persons. Justices were appointed and a county government established, but in the winter of 1787-88 it was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

209

seen that any attempt on the part of Georgia to maintain the county and carry into execution the full provisions of the act would be likely to increase the difficulties of the United States in the diplomatic strife with Spain, touching the territory in dis
pute between the two nations, and on Feb. 1, 1788, the act of establishment was repealed.
Bowdon, a town in Carroll county, was incorporated by an act of the legislature on Dec. 13, 1859. It is located in the western part of the county, on the ridge between Big Indian creek and the Little Tallapoosa river, some twelve miles from Carrollton and about the same distance from Hopewell, Ala., these towns being the nearest railway stations. It is the seat of Bowdon college, has good public schools and churches, a weekly newspaper called the Intelligence, and a, money order postoffice, from which three rural free delivery routes distribute mail to the surrounding coun try. The population in 1900 was 307 in the town proper and 1,547 in the entire district.
Bowdon College. In 1856 C. A. McDaniel and J. M. Richardson opened a school at Bowdon, Carroll county. The venture prom ising to prove successful, they obtained a charter from the legis lature the following year under the name of the "Bowdon Coir legiate Institute." In 1871 it was reorganized and since that time has been operated under its present name. It is a non-sectarian school and was one of the first in the state to advocate and adopt the system of coeducation. At the time of the reorganization it was decided by the management to admit young women on the same footing as young men and in 1872 a number of young ladies enrolled as students. Besides the regular collegiate course of study there are scientific: and engineering courses, the degrees conferred being A. B., B. S., and C. E.
Bowdre, (Railroad name White Sulphur Station) a post-village in the eastern part of Hall county, is on the line of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta into South Carolina. The popula tion in 1900 was 45.
Bowe, Robert James, was born July 22, 1822 at Digby, N. S. His father, William Bowe, was married in: 1818 to Florence Urquhart, born at Digby in 1797, daughter of William Urquhart, whose father, James, married Anne MsKenzie of Glasgow, and lived in Inverness, Scotland, emigrating to Pictou, N. S., moving thence to Digby. In early life R. J. Bowe removed to Boston, Mass., where he became an expert brick-mason. In 1850 he moved
14

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

to Augusta, Ga. He was married on Aug. 28, 1852 in Cambridgeport, Mass., by the Rev. William Howe, to Jane Ann, daughter of John and Mary Webb Hussey of Lincoln county, Me., and brought his bride to Augusta, where they resided until their death. He soon established a large business as a contractor. At the begin
ning of the war between the states he
was opposed to secession, but obeyed the call of his state, and espoused the cause
of the South with all the ardor of his
nature. He was selected by the Con
federate government to construct the
powder works and other important build
ings at Augusta. He was a member ot
the Home Guards and participated in the
operations in front of Sherman on his
march through the state. At the close
of the war his fortune was obliterated,
and he was confronted with ante bellum debt's in the North; he assumed the payment of those debts, applied himself with great energy to the task of rehabilitating his business, and with all his energy assisted in the preservation of white supremacy in the days of the reconstruction. He was always forward in everything for the betterment of his country; fearless and outspoken in the cause of right; sympathetic with the unfortunate, and always ready to deprive himself for their needs. He left a character among all the people, distinguished for kindness, honesty and bravery, and his children rejoice in this heritage. Of five children, only two grew to full age, William Fairbanks of Augusta, and Augusta Georgia, Mrs. Wm. C. Wright, Columbia, S. C. He died Aug. 12, 1894 at Augusta, and is buried
there. Bowe, William F., is one of the leading contractors of Augusta
and is here identified with enterprises of an important order. He was born in the city which is now his home, Aug. 9, 1855, a .son of Robert J. and Jane A. (Hussey) Bowe, (See sketch). He attended private schools in Augusta until he was fourteen years of age, when he began an apprenticeship at the trade of brick-mason and plast erer under the supervision of his father, and becoming a skilled workman as was his father before him. At the age of twent)^-one years he became a general brick contractor on his own responsi bility executing large and important works, and in later years he

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

211

combined his business of municipal work contractor with the

business of his father-in-law, Theo. Markwalter, so well known for

his skill in general stone work as well as for his uprightness and

integrity coupled with a most amiable disposition. He has built

up a most successful business and is thoroughly known as a con

scientious and reliable contractor throughout a large territory

.....

adjacent to Augusta. He always assisted

in every thing for the upbuilding and

progress of his city. He "was private in

the famous Company B, Oglethorpe in

fantry, Georgia militia, and participated

with them in their triumphant drills.

Afterwards when that organization was

merged into the Clarke light infantry, he

was lieutenant and continued his active

interest until his temporary change of

residence severed the connection. He was

for many years an active member of

Mechanic Fire Company, independent

volunteer fire department, one of the crack organizations of the

state, and bore a prominent place in the annual contests of skill.

His office, stone and marble works are located at N.o. 541 Broad

street. Mr. Bowe is also secretary, treasurer and general manager

of the Georgia Rough and Cut Stone Company and the Lithonia

Crushed Stone Company, both of Augusta. Recently he had the

contract for the execution of the stone and marble work in the

magnificent building of the Georgia railroad bank, whose board of

directors voluntarily passed a resolution of thanks for the pains

taking care with which the work was executed. He has executed

by contract almost all of the municipal work in his home city for

the past fifteen years and the different administrations have never

had any contention with: him, but have universally recommended

his work. He is a past master of his lodge, member and past high

priest of the Grand Chapter, Royal Arch Masons of Georgia, an offi

cer of the Grand Commahdery of Knights Templars of Georgia : a

noble of the Mystic Shrine; corresponding secretary for Georgia

of Quatuor Coronati Lodge, No. 2076, London, England, and a

member of the board of trustees of Masonic hall, Augusta. He is also a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elkr;.

On Nov. 23, 1882 he was united in marriage to Miss Dorothea A.

Markwalter, daughter of the late Theodore Markwalter of Au-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

gusta, and they have three children, Robert F., William F., Jr.,
and Augusta Erdman. Bowens Mill, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Wilcox county,
is on the Abbeville & Fitzgerald division of the Seaboard Air Line
railway. Bowersville, an incorporated town in the western part of Hart
county, not far from the Franklin county line, is on the Elberton & Toccoa division of the Southern railway and the terminus of a short line running to Hartwell. The population in 1900 was 294. It has a money order postoffice, with several rural free delivery routes emanating from it, express and telegraph service, a high school and common schools under the public school system, several churches, some mercantile interests and small manufactories, and is a shipping point of considerable importance.
Bowles, Joseph L., president of the J. L. Bowles Furniture Company, of Au gusta, was born on a farm in St. Charles county, Mo., Nov. 1, 1842, and is a son of James W. and Susan (Luckett) Bowles, both natives of Kentucky. The father died when the subject of this sketch was but two years of age, and he was only twelve when his mother like wise departed this life. Thereafter he made his home with his brother-in-law, William Malone, for two or three years, residing on a farm in St. Charles county, He then accompanied the family on their removal to the city of St. Louis, having in the meanwhile attended the district schools and gained a fair basic education. In St. Louis he initiated his bus iness career by securing a position as clerk in a shoe store, being fifteen years of age at the time. Later he became a member of the city dispatch service, the functions of which were the delivery and collection of mail in the; city, this being before the govern ment had established its present carrier system even in the largest cities. After passing about four years in St. Louis Mr. Bowles returned to St. Charles county, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits. At the age of twenty-one years he took up his residence in Uniontown, Union county, Ky., where he remained several 3'ears, engaged principally in the managing of a wharf boat on the Ohio river. In 1866 he came to Augusta, Ga., where he took the position of assistant assessor of internal revenue, under his

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

213

brother, Col. John Bowles, who was at the time the assessor for this district. Mr. Bowles retained this incumbency three years, being stationed at Milledgeville, whence he removed to Savannah, where he served several years as money-order clerk in the postoffice. He resigned this office in 1872 and engaged in the timber business, later becoming bookkeeper and cashier in a furniture establishment in Savannah. He thus remained three years, with the firm of Alien & Lindsay, and in 1880 he -was admitted to part nership in the business, the firm opening a branch store in Au gusta and placing him in charge of the same. The business was here conducted under the title of J. L. Bowles & Co., thus contin uing for four years, at the expiration of which, in 1884, Mr. Bowles associated himself with James L. Fleming, under the firm name of Fleming & Bowles, and purchased the interest of Messrs. Alien and Lindsay in the Augusta establishment, which was thereafter conducted under the firm name noted until 1902, when the business was incorporated under the title of the J. L. Bowles Furniture Company, Mr. Bowles having been president of the company from the start. The finely equipped establishment of the concern is located at 904 Broad street. Mr. Bowles is known as a reliable and progressive business man and public-spirited citizen. He is affiliated with the Royal Arcanum and has been an elder in the Presbyterian church for nearly a score of years. In 1879 Mr. Bowles was united in marriage to Miss Julia Stubbs, of Griffin, Ga. She died in 1886, leaving one child, Joseph L., Jr., and in 1888 he was married to Miss May Boozer, of Newberry, S. C., and they have three children, Marguerite, Marion B. and Samuel P. Joseph L. Bowles, Jr., is private secretary to the general superintendent of the Southern railway, in Washington, D. C.
Bowls, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Gordon county, is about equally distant from Calhoun and Adairsville, on the Western & Atlantic railroad, these towns being the most con venient railway stations.
Bowman, a town in the northwestern part of Elbert county, is on that branch of the Southern railway which connects Eiberton and Toccoa. The population in 1900 was 367. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, a bank, several stores doing a good country business, and is supplied with churches and schools.
Boxspring, a post-village in the extreme southwestern corner of Talbot county, is on the Macon & Columbus division of the Central of Georgia railway, and in 1900 had a population of 115.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, good school, some mercantile interests, and is a shipping point for a large section of the adjacent territory.
Boyd, a post-hamlet of Screven county, is about twelve miles southeast of Sylvania and six miles from the Savannah river. The nearest railway station is Oliver, on the Central of Georgia, near the Bulloch county line.
Boyettville, a post-hamlet of Stewart county, is about eighteen miles west of Bainbridge and four miles from the Chattahoochee river. The nearest railway station is Iron City, on the Atlantic Coast Line.
Boykin, a post-village of Miller county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on August 4, 1903. It is located on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad, about five miles south of Colquitt.
Boynton, James Stoddard, thirty-third governor of Georgia, was born in Henry county, May 7, 1833. His early life was passed on a farm, and in acquiring such an education as the schools of that day afforded. He read law and at the age of nineteen was ad mitted to the bar in his native county. At the beginning of the war he enlisted as a private, but rose rapidly until he became colonel of the Thirtieth Georgia infantry. After the war he en gaged in law practice at Griffin, was made judge of the county court in 1866, mayor of Griffin in 1869, state senator and presi dent of the senate in 1880, and on the death of Governor Stephens in 1883, he became acting governor by virtue of his office. He served until the election of Governor McDaniel. Subsequently he served several years as judge of the superior court. He died in 1902.
Braden, a post-hamlet in the western part of Gwinnett county, is a station on the line of the Seaboard Air Line railway that runs from Atlanta to Athens. The population in 1900 was but 26.
Bradley, a post-village of Jones county, reported a population of 50 at the last national census. It is located on the Athens & Macon division of the Central of Georgia railway, about six miles north of Clinton.
Bradley, John H., M. D., a successful physician and surgeon of Macon, was born at Monticello, Jasper county, Ga., Nov. 25, 1875, a son of John W. and Mary L. Bradley, the former born at what is now known as Bradley, Jones county, Ga., April 3, 1855, and the latter at Monticello, Aug. 36, 1855. John Bradley, Sr., grandfather of the doctor, was born in 1832 and died May, 1900. He was frequently put forth as the man to defeat factions and keep

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

215

in harmony the Democratic party, and to assist in bringing out some eligible candidate to represent the county in the legislature, as he never cared to personally accept nomination for such office. He served his county as sheriff for ten years, and also did effective
work as a county reporter to the depart
ment of agriculture, having been a suc cessful farmer and a man of influence in his community. He married Miss Ann
G. Franks, daughter of Wiley Franks, and was one of the few Unionists in Georgia
at the time of the Civil war. John W. Bradley, Jr., in whose honor the station
and postoffice of Bradley, Jones county,
were named, is a prominent farmer and merchant of that place, being held in
high esteem as a successful business man and public-spirited, progressive citizen. He married Miss Mary L. Greer, daughter of John R. Greer. She died on April 3, 1888, and was buried in Bradley cemetery. John R. Greer, maternal grandfather of Dr. Bradley, was known for his energy, integrity and influence. He was one of the prominent Democrats of Jasper county and worked hard to futher the interests of his party and to secure to his county the best men for the various official positions. He was a great friend to the poor and distressed and was one of the few who knew how to appreciate a friend. He married Miss Mary McMichael, of Jasper county, where they con tinued to reside until their death. Dr. Bradley was one of a family of six children, and of the number only three are living. Daisey Anna, was born March 24, 1878, and died Nov. 4, 1880. Rev. Wil liam J., born April 2, 1883, received the degree of Bachelor of Arts from Mercer university, and in the University of Chicago he has taken the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy, having been awarded a scholarship in that university without request on his part. He is ordained as a clergyman of the Baptist church and has been preaching the gospel since his seven teenth year. He is a model ybung man and one of fine intellectual attainments. The other brother, Otis B., was born May 9, 1885, is a student in the Georgia military college, at Milledgeville, holding the rank of captain, and it is his intention to enter West Point to continue his military education. Two children died in infancy. Dr. J. H. Bradley secured excellent educational advantages in a

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

preliminary way and then became a student in Mercer university, where he remained two years, after which he was associated with his father in mercantile and agricultural enterprises until 1893, when he took up the study of medicine, finally being matriculated in the Louisville medical college, Louisville, Ky., in which he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Medicine, March 30, 1897, having been elected treasurer of his class and doubling his op ponent in number of votes. He practiced his profession one year at Bradley, his home town, and then removed to Dublin, Laurens county, where he remained in practice for six years, being most successful in his work. He was a member of the board of health of the county and also of the Laurens county medical society. On Oct., 1903, he removed to Macon, where he has built up an excel lent professional business, limiting the same to chronic diseases and office work. He has the best modern X-ray apparatus and other electrical devices, also the electrical bath equipment, super heated air baths and facilities for the most effective skiagraphic work, .so that he is well prepared for the treatment of the special diseases to which he devotes particular attention. In addition to his suite of offices he has about twelve well appointed rooms for sanatorium purposes, and has been granted the satisfaction of in dubitable success from the start. He is the sole owner of his san atorium and general office outfit and maintains the direct super vision and management of all departments of his work and bus iness. Such time as is not demanded by the direct work of his profession is devoted to his sanatorium. Arrangements are under way for the enlargement of its facilities, utilizing a site which is one of the highest points about the city, one of the healthiest places in Georgia and, in fact, in the entire South. The new san atorium is to be supplied with the most modern and approved facilities and accessories, massage, electrical, bath, gymnastic, medical, etc., and is to be operated on a large scale. Ample op portunities will be afforded for effective outdoor exercise and for securing pure, fresh air, elements of insistent value in the main tenance or improvement of health of body and mind. He is a member of the American medical association, the American elec tro-therapeutic association, the Medical Association of Georgia and the Macon medical society, and is medical examiner for several life-insurance companies. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the: Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Beavers. Like all other members of his family, he holds to the faith of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On

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217

Oct. 18, 1899, Doctor Bradley was united in marriage to Miss Floy Lucile Hilton, of Sylvania, Ga., a daughter of James and Mary Hilton, and of this union were born two sons John Huron, born in Dublin, Nov. 19, 1900, and Archibald Jennings, born in Macon, March 19, 1903, and died May 5, 1903. He is buried in Macon, Ga. Dr. Bradley visits the larger cities each year in pursuance of his study and electrical work, and his special labor in 1905 in this line was a post-graduate course in the Chicago school of electro-therapeutics. Sept. 19-21, 1905, he attended the convention of the American electro-therapeutic association, at the Academy of Medicine in New York city.
Brag, a post-village, with a population of 100 in 1900, is about seven miles southeast of Statesboro, Bulloch county. Statesboro is the nearest railway station.
Braganza, a post-village in the southeastern part of Ware coun ty, is on the Waycross & Jacksonville division of the Atlantic Coast line railroad, and about seven miles from Waycross. The population in 1900 was 86. It is a characteristic village and is a shipping point of some importance.
Branch, Lee Whiting, of Quitman, Brooks county, is successfully engaged in the practice of law and is a represen tative of the county in the state legis lature. He was born in the city of Macon, Bibb county, Ga., April 12, 1871, a son of Rev. J. O. and Caroline Theresa (Hentz) Branch, the former of whom was born in Abbeville, S. C, June 20, 1838, and the latter in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 28, 1833. Rev. Dr. J. O. Branch was a distinguished clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and was for many years prominent in the South Georgia conference. The Branch family has had many distin guished representatives in America. John Branch, born in Hali fax, N. C., in 1782, was elected to the United States senate in 1823; was secretary of the navy from 1829 to 1831, and was appointed governor of Florida in 1843. His son, Lawrence O'Brien Branch, likewise served as a member of Congress, was general of a reg iment in the Confederate service during the Civil war, and was killed in the battle of Antietarn. The mother of Caroline T. (Hentz) Branch, was Caroline Lee (Whiting) Hentz, born in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Lancaster, Mass., about 1804, a daughter of Gen. John Whiting, who was an officer in the Revolution. In 1823 she married Prof. N. M. Hentz. She died in 1856, and her remains were interred at Columbus, Ga. She was the author of a number of tales and novelettes which had wide circulation, and was also the author of a tragedy entitled "De Lara, or the Moorish Bride." The Whiting family has been represented in either the army or navy from the time of the Revolution to the present. Gen. Henry Whit ing participated in the Indian wars and the war of 1812. Commodor William Whiting, a cousin of Mrs. Caroline T. Branch, died in New York, a few years ago, and his son is now a captain in the navy. Lee Whiting Branch was afforded excellent educational advantages, having been graduated in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and soon after was admitted to the bar of his native state. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession in Quitman ; is at the present time chairman of the board of education of the public schools of his home city, and is representing the county in the state legislature. He is a stalwart adherent of the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. He is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias. At the outbreak of the late Spanish-American war Mr. Branch enlisted as a private in Company F, First Georgia volunteer infantry, but was later transferred to the Third Georgia volunteer infantry, in which he was promoted through the various grades to the position of first lieutenant. He was stationed with his regiment at Las Minas, Cuba, for three months, and was mustered out, as first lieutenant, at Augusta, Ga., April 20, 1899, having enlisted in May, 1898. On Sept. 27, 1899, Mr. Branch was united in marriage to Miss Jamie Snow, daughter of Dr. J. S. N. and Scotia (Livingston) Snow, of Quitman. They have no chil dren.
Brandon, Town of. (See Wrightsboro). Brandon, Morris, one of the able and popular members of the bar of Georgia's capital city, has been engaged in the practice of his profession there since 1884. He was born on the homestead plantation, near Dover, Stewart county, Tenn., April 13, 1863, a son of Col. Nathan and Minerva E. (Morris) Brandon, the former born at Tobaccoport, that county, Jan. 18, 1820, and the latter at Bumpus Mills, in the same county, Feb. 10, 1828. Colonel Brandon, was a gallant officer in the Confederate service during the Civil war, having enlisted May 18, 1861, in Company E, Fourteenth Ten nessee infantry, being made captain of his company when it was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

219

organized, became major when the organization of the regiment

was effected, arid later was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He

took part in the battles of Cheat Mountain, W. Va., and Fort Don-

elson, Tenn., besides a number of minor engagements. In the bat

tle of Fort Donelson, Feb. 15, 1862, he was so seriously wounded

as to incapacitate him for further active service in the field. Both

he and his wife continued to reside in Tennessee until the close

of their lives. Morris Brandon was afforded the advantages of the

different schools in his native county. After proper preliminary

training through this medium was matriculated in Vanderbilt

university, Nashville, Tenn., in which he was graduated, and then

he entered the law school of Yale university, where he graduated

as a member of the class of 1884, receiving his degree of Bachelor

of Laws. He has been very successful in the various departments

of his professional work and stands high in the esteem of his con

freres of the Georgia bar. He has been an active worker in the

cause of the Democratic, party and in 1898 was a representative

of Fulton county in the state legislature. He is a member of the

Georgia bar association, the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity,

the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,

the Knights of Pythias and the Improved Order of Red Men. On

June 1, 1892, Mr. Brandon was united in marriage to Miss Har

riet Frances Inman, daughter of Walker P. and Harriet Cordelia

(Dick) Inman, of Atlanta, and they have two children Morris

Brandon, Jr., and Walker P. Inman Brandon.

Branham, Harris Miller, M. D., a

,: ; ; ;l3i;liillll&..

skilled and popular physician and sur

geon of Glynn county, is established in

a representative practice in the city of

Brunswick, the judicial center of the

county. He was born at Fort Valley,

Houston county, Ga., March 30, 1862,

a son of Isham H. and Mary Helen

(Matthews) Branham, both natives of

Georgia, the father having been born at

Eatonton, Putnam county, Jan. 27, 1828,

and the mother on Sept. 12, 1840. Isham

H. Branham was one of the loyal sons

of the southland who tendered his aid in support of the cause

of the Confederacy. He : enlisted in 1862, as a lieutenant in the

Fifty-seventh Georgia volunteer infantry, which became a part

of the Western Army, and remained with his command during the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

rest of the war, taking part in the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Atlanta and Baker's Creek and in other important campaigns and engagements in which the Western Army was involved. He was promoted to captain of his company and remained the in cumbent of this office until the war ended. Doctor Branham is in debted to the schools of his native town for his preliminary edu cational discipline, and in 1883 he was graduated in Peabody col lege for teachers at Nashville, Tenn. For the ensuing three years he was successfully engaged in teaching in the schools of Screven county, Ga. At the expiration of this period, in 1886, he was matriculated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, Md., where he completed the prescribed course a,nd graduated in 1888 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He had the further distinction of securing first honors in a class of ninety-five individ uals, and by reason of this fact he was appointed assistant resi dent surgeon of the Baltimore city hospital, where he remained fourteen months, gaining valuable clinical experience. He then, in 1889, located in Brunswick, where he has since been engaged in the general practice of his profession, has a large business in both medicine and surgery, and has gained much relative prestige. He has been health officer of the city for five years; is now presi dent of the board of health; holds membership in the Medical Association of Georgia, and is a close and appreciative student of his profession. His political allegiance is given to the Democracy and he has served several terms as a member of the board of alder men of Brunswick. He is a prominent member of the local or ganization of the Methodist Episcopaal church South, in which he is a steward. Mrs. Branham is a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church. The doctor is affiliated with Ocean Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, .and Brunswick Lodge, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On Feb. 27, 1892, he was united in marriage to Miss Daisy C. Tison, daughter of John M. and Ann Greenleaf (Mitchell) Tison, well known residents of Glynn coun ty. Doctor and Mrs. Branham have two children Helen Tison and Harris M., Jr.
Brantley, William Gordon, of Brunswick, Glynn county, is the representative of the eleventh.district of Georgia in Congress and is a prominent member of the: bar of the state which has honored him by so notable preferment Mr. Brantley was born in Blackshear, Pierce county, Ga., Sept. 18, 1860, and is a scion of old and honored families of the Empire state of the South. He is a son of Benjamin Daniel Brantley, born in Laurens county, Ga., and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

221

Janet Baker (McRae) Brantley, born in Montgomery county, this state. After a course of study in Blackshear academy Mr. Brantley entered the University of Georgia, where he was a stud ent for two years. He was admitted to the bar of his native state in October, 1881, and was engaged in practice in Blackshear until 1889, when he removed to Brunswick, which city has since been his place of residence and the center of his large professional activities. He was a member of the state legislature in 1884-5, representing Pierce county; in 1886-7 was a member of the state senate, from the third district; was solicitor-general of the Bruns wick judicial circuit, 1888-96; and has represented the eleventh district in Congress since 1897. He is a stanch supporter of the principles of the Democratic party and has made in Congress a record which is creditable to himself and to the great state which he represents. Mr. Brantley is a member of the Presbyterian church and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Benev olent and Protective Order of Elks. In 1883 he was united in marriage to Miss Jessie Kate Westbrook, who died in 1895, sur vived by three children William Gordon, Jr., Jessie Kate, and Marguerite W. In 1901 Mr. Brantley married Miss Mary George Linn.
Braswell, a town in the western part of Paulding county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec, 13, 1895. It had a population of 100 in 1900. It is on the Southern railway, about halfway between Dallas and Rockmart, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, and the usual institutions in the way of schools, churches, stores, etc., incident to villages of its size.
Bremen, a town of Haralson county, is near the southern boun dary, at the junction of the Southern and Central of Georgia rail roads. It has a money order postoffice, from which several rural free delivery routes radiate, a bank, express and telegraph offices, several good mercantile .establishments, schools, churches, etc., and in 1900 had a population of 291.
Brenau Female College, located at Gainesville, was foundedin the year 1878 by Dr. W. C. Wilkes, who gave it the name of the "Georgia. Baptist Seminary for Young Ladies." In 1893 the name was changed to the "Georgia Female Seminary and Con servatory of Music," and the present name was adopted in 1900.
Brentwood, a post-village in the northwestern part of Wayne county, is on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

railway, and about fifteen miles from Jesup. The population was 93 in 1900.
Brewer, William G., vice-president and general manager of the Kalola Company, manufacturers of crystalized mineral water, is one of the well known and highly esteemed citizens of Savan nah, in which city he has made his home for many years. Prior to 1904 he was continuously in the employ of the Cen tral of Georgia railroad for more than a quarter of a century. Mr. Brewer was born on the old homestead planta tion, in Effingham county, Ga., July 14, 1860, and is a son of Judge George W. and Penelope (Elkins) Brewer, both native of Effingham county, the former having been born on the same homestead as was the subject of this review. Judge Brewer was a prosperous planter, timber and saw-mill owner, and also served as judge of the probate court of Effingham county, being one of the best known and most influential citizens of that section and commanding the affectionate regard of all who knew him. The homestead plantation mentioned was once the property of John Goldwire, the grandfather of Mrs. William G. Brewer, this honored pioneer having received the land by direct grant from King George. It is an interesting coincidence that the lands thus granted to the grandfather of Mrs. Brewer should later have become the property of the grandfather of Mr. Brewer and later of his father, and Mr. and Mrs. Brewer now own jointly a portion of the old homestead so intimately associated with the family history of each, retaining the ancestral property chiefly by reason of the gracious sentiments connected with the same in an ancestral way. William G. Brewer secured his edu cation in private schools taught by Prof. T. B. Cooper and Dr. W. A. Jenkins, and he entered the railroad service when a youth. From 1878 until 1890 he was railroad agent, Southern Express agent and Western Union Telegraph operator at Halcyondale, Screven county, Ga. In 1890 he located in Savannah, where for the ensuing twelve years he was city ticket and passenger agent for the Central of Georgia, during the last six of which he also held the position of city ticket and passenger agent for the Ocean Steamship Company. He was retained on the pay roll of the Central of Georgia for twenty-six consecutive years, without the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

22o

loss of a day, and resigned his position in April, 1904, to be

come one of the organizers and incorporators of the Kalola Com

pany, of which he has been vice-president and general manager

since May 1, 1904. The company manufactures Kalela, a crys-

talized mineral water, as well as fruit flavoring extracts, soda-

fountain and bottled beverages, etc., a specialty being made of

their American Club ginger ale. The business has had a phenom

enal growth, and their trade already extends into nearly every

state in the Union. In politics Mr. Brewer is a stanch Democrat,

and he and his wife are members of the Savannah Baptist church.

He is identified with the Savannah chamber of commerce, and is

affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of

Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Fraternal Union

of America. He is past master of the Landrum Lodge, No. 48,

Free and Accepted Masons; past chancellor of Excelsior Lodge,

No. 8, Knights of Pythias; and past fraternal master of the local

organization of the Fraternal Union of America, being treasurer

of the same at the present time. On Nov. 16, 1886, Mr. Brewer

was united in marriage to Miss Effie Boyd, daughter of Jefferson

J. and Agnes (Goldwire) Boyd, of Screven county, and they have

three daughters, Agnes Nell, born Dec. 3, 1887; Effie: Boyd,.

born Feb. 16, 1897; and Walton George, born March 26, 1900.

Brewery. The first brewery in Georgia was established on

Jekyl island by General: Oglethorpe, soon after the colony was

founded. His object was to prevent the use of more ardent spirits

by the people, especially of those engaged in military service. Mc-

Call mentions that during the trouble with the Spaniards this

"large brewery furnished beer for all his troops in great abun

dance.''

:

..,.,: :xw:,:::::

: Brewster, Patrick H., a prominent

member of the Atlanta bar, a veteran of

the Civil war and an ex-member of the

state senate, was born in Campbell coun

ty, Ga., Sept. 9, 1846, being a son of

James and Jeanette (Furgerson) Brew

ster. In his early childhood he accom

panied his parents on their removal to

Coweta county, where he was reared to

maturity and where he continued to

make his home until his removal to At

lanta, in 1900. His father was born in

South Carolina, but came to Georgia

as a young man, here passing the remainder of his life, which was

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

devoted principally to planting. He died in 1893 and his wife passed away in 1862. Six of their sons served as soldiers of the Confederacy during the Civil war. William was with various commands and served during the entire period of the war; Daniel F. also was in active service until the final surrender; James P. was major of the Fifty-sixth Georgia regiment, losing a leg in the bat tle of Kennesaw Mountain; Blake D. served throughout the war; and Angus P. was in service during the latter portion of the great fratricidal conflict; while the sixth of the sons to go forth in defense of the cause was he whose name initiates this sketch. Patrick H. Brewster received his early educational discipline in the schools of the village of Newnan, supplementing this by pri vate study and reading and thus gaining a good foundation upon which to upbuild the superstructure of technical knowledge which has conserved his success in the practice of his chosen profession. At the initiation of the Civil war he was too young for military duty, but in the autumn of 1863, at the age of seventeen years, he enlisted as a private in Company A, Fifty-sixth Georgia volunteer infantry, with which he served until the close of the war, being in the command of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, in North Carolina, at the time of the final surrender. He took part in the engagement at Dalton, and the battles of Resaca and Kennesaw Mountain in which last he received a severe wound in his right arm. He was also a participant in the battles around Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and Jonesboro, and in all the conflicts in which his command was engaged on the way back to Nashville. After this he took part in engagements at Columbia and Franklin, Tenn.; a two days' en gagement at Nashville and a stubborn fight along the road to Pulaski. After the surrender he returned to Newnan, where he continued his studies for a time and then engaged in teaching school. He followed the pedagogic profession about two years, and then entered the law department of the University of Geor gia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1871, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. Immediately after his graduation he opened an office in Newnan, and rose to a position of prominence and influence at the bar of Coweta county, build ing up an excellent professional business. In 1876 he was elected to represent the thirty-sixth district in the state senate, but when the constitutional convention of 1877 was called, framing the pres ent constitution of the state, he did not become a candidate for reelection to the senate. He later served one term as mayor of. Newnan, giving a most satisfactory administration. In 1890 he

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

22S

removed to Atlanta, becoming a member of the firm of Dorsey, Brewster & Howell, and in this city he has upheld the high pres tige previously gained as an able and successful representative of the legal profession. Though always an active worker in sup port of the cause of the Democratic party he has never been an office-seeker., and the honors which have come to him have simply marked the appreciative estimate placed upon him by his fellowcitizens. He is a member of the United Confederate Veterans, and a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in whose faith he was reared, and to which his wife also belonged. In 1874, Mr. Brewster was united in marriage to Miss Laura Leigh, a daughter of Anselm Leigh, of Newnan. Mrs. Brewster died in February, 1905, leaving the following children: P. H., an attorney, of Atlanta; Maggie, now Mrs. Branham; H. L., W. E., Annie L., B. E., E. F., Manelle, and Howell.
Brewton, a town in the northeastern part of Laurens county, is located on the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad and is the ter minus of a branch of the Central of Georgia that connects with the main line at Dover. It was incorporated as "Bruton" by the act of August 20, 1889, the present form of name being authorized by act of the general assembly on Dec. 16, 1895. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, handles consider able shipping, and in 1900 reported a population of 292.
Brewton's Hill. This is an elevation about two miles from the city of Savannah and overlooking the river. On the morning of Dec. 29, 1778, when it became evident that the British intended an immediate attack upon the city, some of the American officers recognized the hill as a strategic point and Colonel Elbert offered to defend it with his regiment. Gen. Robert Howe, who was in command of the American forces, rejected the proposition and formed his troops for battle about a half a mile southeast of the town, with his center opposite the head of the causeway connect ing Brewton's Hill with ithe city. He then sent Capt. John C. Smith, with about forty ; South Carolina infantry to occupy the hill. As the troops were taking position Col. George Walton pointed out to General Howe a private way through the swamp, by which the enemy could gain his right flank if the road should be discovered by the British, and suggested the advisability of defending it against a possible approach. This offer was also re jected by the commanding officer until it was too late. The Brit ish, under Col, Archibald Campbell, and outnumbering Howe's forces more than three to one, landed and formed on Brewton's
15

226

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Hill. Captain Smith engaged them in a slight skirmish, in which two of the British were killed and -five wounded, but finding his strength inadequate to check the progress of the enemy he suc ceeded in withdrawing his men without loss. Campbell then moved forward and took a position about eight hundred yards from the American line, where he executed maneuvers to make Howe believe that he intended to attack on the center and left of the American position. At the same time a body of infantry, un der Maj. James Baird, guided by a negro named Quamino Dolly, utilized the private road that- had been pointed out by Colonel Walton, and commenced a vigorous onslaught on Howe's right. Simultaneously Campbell moved up and kept the Americans en gaged on the left and center. Attacked on both sides the Colonial troops became panic stricken and all attempts to rally them were vain. Col. Dan Roberts, who had been placed so as to cover a retreat, if one became necessary, succeeded in saving the center, by enabling it to reach the causeway; the right, under Colonel Huger, in the effort to get back to the city were mercilessly slaughtered, many being bayoneted, while the left, under Colonel Elbert, tried to escape through the rice fields and cross the creek to the Augusta road. But when they reached the stream it was high tide and only those who could swim succeeded in effecting a crossing, and they were compelled to throw away their arms and accoutrements. The others were captured or drowned .in the ef fort to cross the stream. Colonel Walton, with about one hun dred Georgia militia, was stationed in the rear of the American line. This force was attacked by Major Baird and fought valiantly until Colonel Walton was severely wounded, when every man was either killed, wounded or captured. The defeat of the Amer icans on this occasion left the city without protection and it fell an easy prey to the British. (See Savannah.)
Bridge, a post-hamlet of Emanuel county, is about ten miles southwest of Stillmore and not far from Pendleton's creek, which forms the boundary between Emanuel and Montgomery coun ties. The nearest railway station is Stillmore.
Bridgetown, a post-village in the western part of Coffee county, is on the Satilla river and about four miles east of Lax, the ter minus of the Ocilla, Pinebloo.m & Valdosta railroad, which is the nearest station. The population in 1900 was 100.
Brier Creek. A stream of considerable size, which rises in Jef ferson county and flows in a southeasterly direction until it emp ties into the Savannah river about the middle of the eastern

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

227

boundary of Screven county. A battle was fought near the mouth of this creek on March 3, 1779, between the American and British forces. Early in January Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, who was then in command of the southern department, decided to make a heroic effort to recover Georgia. On the first of March he had 3,000 men in his own command at Purysburgh; General Rutherford was at Black Swamp with 700; General Williamson, with 1,200 men was at Augusta, and Gen. John Ashe, with 1,700 men, was en camped near the mouth of Brier creek, whither he had pursued Colonel Campbell from Augusta. Lincoln's object was to con centrate these several detachments and begin active operations against the enemy. A council was held at General Rutherford's headquarters on March 1st, at which General Ashe expressed con fidence in his ability to hold his position. At that very moment Colonel Campbell was maturing his plans for Ashe's overthrow. Advancing with a small body of troops to Buck creek, about three mjles south of Brier creek bridge, he engaged the attention of the Americans while Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost was sent by a circuitous route to gain Ashe's rear and surprise him in his camp. Prevost, after considerable dela}', reached the desired position at three o'clock on the afternoon 'of the 3d and shortly afterward commenced the attack. Ashe had reduced his strength by send ing out reconnoitering parties, so that at the time he had but 1,200 men, his cavalry being on the opposite side of the Savannah river. Notwithstanding the superior force against him he formed his line, with his left resting on Brier creek and his right extend ing to within half a mile of the river swamp. The center, which was slightly in advance, began to retreat soon after the engage ment was commenced. Colonel Young, who commanded the right wing, seeing the enemy about to turn his flank, endeavored to extend his line to prevent the success of the movement but his order was misunderstood and his men broke in confusion at the first volley. General Elbert, with the left wing, gallantly held his ground until surrounded by the British, when he ordered his men to ground arms and surrender. Nearly all of his command were killed or captured. The American loss in this engagement was 150 killed, or drowned while trying to escape, and 189 captured, while the British lost but one killed and fifteen wounded. The most disastrous effect,was the discouragement of the American troops, which led General: Lincoln to change his plans, leaving Georgia in possession of the British.

228

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Brigham, Walter B., senior member of the popular wholesale grocery firm of W. B. Brigham & Son, of Augusta, and also presi dent of the Southern Transportation Company, of that city, was born on the homestead plantation of his father, in Burke county, Ga., Jan. 25, 1863, being a son of William and Caroline M. T. (White) Brigham, the former a successful planter and merchant and having served as a member of a Georgia regiment of volun teer infantry in the Confederate army during the Civil war. Wal ter B. Brigham secured his early educational training in .the schools of his native county, after which he attended Richmond academy, Augusta, and later continued his educational discipline in a practical field as a student in Moore's business college, At lanta, and Osborn's business college, Augusta. He initiated his business career as a salesman in the wholesale and retail grocery establishment of his brother, William H. Brigham, of Augusta, and in 1885 he engaged in the same line of enterprise on his own responsibility, opening a store on Broad street, this city. He has since been continuously identified with this commercial line, hav ing been for a time associated in business with his brothers, Will iam H. and Charles, while for several years past he has conducted an exclusively wholesale business, with headquarters at 932-4 Wralker street. On April 1, 1905, he admitted to partnership his eldest son, and the present fir: m name was then adopted, W. B. Brigham & Son. He is also president of the Southern Transpor tation Company, an important; Augusta corporation. While never an aspirant for office, he is a loyal supporter of the cause of the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of St. James church, Methodist Episcopal, South. He is a Knight Tem plar Mason. In 1884 Mr. Brigham was united in marriage to Miss Lillie A. Tabb, of Beech Island, S. C., and they have eight chil dren, Walter B., Eugene Foster, Tulia L., Lillie A., John C., Dorothea, William Roscoe, and Charles Belk. Four children died in early, childhood.
Bright, a post-village of Dawson county, reported a population of 390 in 1900. It is about seven miles southeast of Dawsonville and is the trading center of the neighborhood. The most con venient railway station is Gainesville, the county seat of Hall county.
Brighton, a post-village, formerly in Irwin, but now in Tift county, is about five miles northeast of Tifton, on the Atlantic & Birmingham railway.
Brinson, a town in Decatur county, to the northwest of Bain-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

829

bridge, is located on the Savannah, Florida & Western railway, a part of the Atlantic coast line system. It has a population of 500 and enjoys a good trade with the surrounding country, having sev eral stores and a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, while the churches and schools afford educational and religious advantages.
Brinson, Edward L., ex-judge of the superior court of the Au gusta circuit, is engaged in the practice of law in the city of Waynesboro and is one of the leading representatives of his pro fession in this section of the state. He was born on a plantation in Burke county, Ga., April 10, 1854, and is a son of Simeon and Martha A. Brinson, both native of Burke county, where the for mer was born in 1823 and the latter in 1829, both passing their entire lives in this county, where the father died in 1883 and the mother in 1885. Simeon Brinson was twice married, and is sur vived by two children of the first union, Mrs. G. J. Sorrier, of Statesboro, Bulloch county, and James P., of Jenkins county. Judge Brinson is the only surviving child of the second marriage. Simeon Brirtson was a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, and he was a planter by vocation during his entire active career. Judge Brinson took a preparatory course in the high school at Hephzibah, Richmond county, and was then matriculated in the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1874, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He soon afterward entered the law department of Cumberland uni versity, Lebanon, Tenn., and was there graduated in 1877, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He forthwith established an of fice in Waynesboro, where he has since been engaged in active practice and where he has built up a very large and important pro fessional business, being one of the best known members of the bar in the eastern part of the state and now senior member of the law firm of Brinson & Davis. In politics Judge Brinson is aligned as a stalwart advocate of the principles and policies of the Democratic party. He served eight years as judge of the court of ordinary of Burke county, and in 1896-7 he represented the seventeenth district, composed of the counties of Burke, Bullock and Screven, in the state senate. In 1898 he was elected judge of the superior court of the Augusta circuit, serving one term, of four years, and adding still further to his prestige as a jurist. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and is a trustee of the local church of this denomination. The Judge is a Royal Arch Mason and is a past master of Waynesboro Lodge, No. 274,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Free and Accepted Masons. On Dec. 14, 1887, Judge Brinson was united in marriage to Miss Annie L. Hearn, of Franklin, Tenn.
They have no children.
Brinson, Frank L., well merits a me
morial tribute in this cyclopedia of Georgia history, for he was one of the
.prominent and successful planters and business men of Burke county and was
a citizen to whom was accorded the most unqualified popular confidence and iesteem. He served in various offices of
public trust, including that of member
of the legislature from Burke county,
and he passed the closing years of his
life in the city of Waynesboro, where he died on Dec. 31, 1904. Mr. Brinson was born on the homestead plantation of his parents, near Millen, Screven county, Ga., March 28, 1853, being a son of James Baker Brinson, who was born in Burke county, and Mary Ann (Wallace) Brinson, who was born in Screven county, both being now de ceased. Frank L. secured his early education in the Hephzibah high school, in Richmond ; county, and during his entire active ca reer he was intimately concerned with plantation interests, his landed estate at the time Of his death comprising more than 7,000 acres, in Burke county, the property being still in the possession of his widow and children. He established the first steam cotton gin in Burke county and :also planted the first peach orchard in the county, this section now having one of the finest orchards in the county. He had marked initiation and administrative ability, and his progressive ideas were shown in many ways, redounding to his personal success and to the promotion of the general wel fare of the county. He had large planting, ginning and mercantile interests and resided on -his plantation, fifteen miles south of Waynesboro, until 1897, when he placed the property in charge of good tenants and removed to Waynesboro, having purchased the beautiful home, in Liberty street, in which his widow now re sides. While still residing on his plantation Mr. Brinson secured the establishment on the place of the postoffice of Girth, which was for many years quartered in his commissary store, while he personally served as first postmaster. In politics he gave an un swerving support to the; principles of which the Democratic party stands exponent; served eight years as county surveyor;

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

231

eight years as tax receiver; four years as representative of Burke county in the state legislature, discharging his official duties with the same loyalty, ability and fidelity which marked his life in all its relations, having been a leader in the councils of his party in Burke county. He was affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and was a member of the Baptist church, as is also Mrs. Brinson. On Feb. 3, 1873, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Brinson to Miss Martha E. Herrington, daughter of Robert M. and Nancy (Pol lock) Herrington, of Burke county. The Herrington family is one of the oldest and most numerously represented in eastern Georgia, where it was established long prior to the war of the Revolution, many generations having been resident in Burke and Screven counties. The lineage is traced back to Scotch-Irish extraction and the original representatives in Georgia came hither from North Carolina, as dids also the founders of the Pollock family. Mr. Brin son is survived by five children: George F., who resides in Waynesboro; Eva I (Brinson) Stone, of Waynesboro; Ora V., who is the wife of George: Lee Byron, of Waynesboro; and James H. and Frank L., who remain with their mother.
Brinson, Ransom A., the able and popular postmaster of Millen, Jenkins county, was born;in Burke county, Ga., August 26, 1844, and in the same county also were born his parents, James and Mary Ann (Wallace) Brinson, who passed their entire lives in that county, where the former died in 1896 and the latter in 1901. The father was a member of Joe Brown's militia in the Confeder ate service during the Civil war, and he continued to be actively identified with agricultural pursuits until his death. Of the eight children now living the subject of this sketch is the eldest, the others being: William M,, James J., Harry J., Oscar H., Walter W., Katurah and Florence. Katurah is now the wife of H. C. Perkins, of Augusta, and Florence, who resides' in Washington county, is the widow of Aaron Aldred. Ransom A. Brinson se cured his educational training in the schools of Burke and Screven counties, and he has been identified with plantation enterprises from his youth to the present. His loyalty to the Confederacy was of the most insistent ^character, as is evident when cognizance is had of the fact that in 1861 he enlisted as a. private in Com pany F, Second regiment:; of Georgia state troops, with which he served six months, and during the last three years of the war he served as a member of Company F, Fifth Georgia cavalry, in the command of Gen. Joseph Wheeler. He was never wounded or captured, having been but: eighteen years of age at the time of en-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tering the Confederate service. Since the war Mr. Brinson has given his attention to the supervision of his plantation, now in cluded in the new county of Jenkins. In 1900 he turned the land over to tenants and removed to Millen, though he still maintains the management of his farms. In 1883-4 he represented Screven county in the state legislature, and in 1901 President McKinley appointed him postmaster at Millen, in which office he has since served, having been reappointed by President Roosevelt. He has administered the affairs of the office with marked ability and to the entire satisfaction of the public. He and his wife are mem bers of the Baptist church, and he is identified with the United Confederate Veterans. On Sept. 19, 1864, Mr. Brinson was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Ann Wallace, and they have four chil dren: George P., Robert A., Annie L. and Mary. Annie L. is now the wife of Henry W. Benson, of Glennville, Tattnall county.
Brinson, Simeon, a well-known farmer
and real estate dealer of Brinson, Deca-
H|:;, tur county, was born at Albany, Dough-
erty county, Ga., March 14, 1847. His
parents, Adam and Catherine (Hodges)
Brinson, were both natives of Georgia,
the former having been born in Burke
county in August, 1812, and- the latter in
Bulloch county. Thus it will be seen that
the family has been identified with the fortunes of the "Empire State of the
South" for almost a century. Adam
Brinson was a soldier in the war with the Seminole Indians. In early manhood he removed from Burke county and settled near the present city of Albany, where he died in the year 1859. Owing to the scourge of the Civil war Simeon Birinson was deprived of the opportunities to acquire an education in his youth. He attended the home schools until he was about sixteen years of age, when he took up arms in defense of the Con federacy. In November, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company E, Fifth Georgia cavalry, and-shared the fortunes of that com mand until the close of hostilities. He was with the gallant and dashing Gen. Joe Wheeler in all the engagements of that officer's cavalry from Kennesaw Mountain to the surrender of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, near Greensboro, N. C., in April, 1865. Mr. Brinson's regiment was with Wheeler at the time of the surrender, though

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

233

he was cut off from his command and was not present. At the age of eighteen years he began the battle of life under somewhat adverse circumstances. The war left the1 South in a devastated, but not an absolutely hopeless condition, and young Brinson, like others of his comrades-in-arms, turned his attention to the rebuild ing of his shattered fortunes. How well these men succeeded their present condition shows. The traveler through Georgia at" the present time sees no traces of the great internecine conflict of forty years ago, but on every hand beholds evidences of energy and prosperity, due solely to the unconquerable spirit of the South ern people. After the war came the dark era of reconstruction, which in many respects was as bad as actual war. During this period Mr. Brinson stood firmly for the people's rights and inter ests, and aided to a great extent in freeing his county and state from the baleful influences of negro rule, that had been inaugu rated by the "carpet-bag government." In his political affiliations he has always been an unswerving advocate of Democratic prin ciples, with a firm belief that local self-government is the keystone of our institutions. He has full confidence in the ability of the American people to control their local affairs, and that this con fidence has been returned may be seen in the fact that Mr. Brinson has been repeatedly called on to discharge the duties of .public positions of trust and responsibility. For several terms he filled acceptably the office of tax receiver for Decatur county; he has served on the board of education and as jury commissioner, and in all these positions has won the plaudits of his fellow-citizens by his competent and conscientious administration of the affairs entrusted to his charge. In his private business he has been suc cessful through the exercise of a sound judgment and his indom itable industry. He is a member of the time-honored Masonic fraternity, and since nineteen years of age has been a supporter of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in which denomination he has held the office of steward for thirty-six years. Mr. Brinson has been married three times. His first wife, to whom he was united on Nov. 13, 1866, was Miss Sarah E. Smith, daughter of Jackson and Sarah (Burton) Smith, of Schley county, Ga. To this union was born one son, Jason H. Brinson. The second marriage occurred on April 18, 1875, when Miss Hattie E., daughter of W. W. and Rachel (Chambliss) Russell, became Mrs. Brinson. This union was blessed by two sons and two daughters, viz. : Simeon R. Brinson, now editor of the Bainbridge Search-Light;:

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Dr. H. H. Brinson, a practicing physician at Brinson; Mrs. R. L. Z. Bridges, and Miss Bertha Brinson. On March 11, 1885, Mr. Brinson married Miss Margaret Herring, daughter of Hanson and Amy (Anders) Herring, of Decatur county, but originally from North Carolina.
Bristan, a post-hamlet of Coffee county, is about ten miles southwest of Douglas, which is the nearest railway station.
Bristol, a post-village in the northern part of Pierce county, is six miles west of Offerman on the line of the Atlantic & Birming ham railroad that runs from Cordele to Brunswick.
Brittain, Marion Luther, of Atlanta,
is one of the prominent educators of the state, being at the present time su perintendent of the public schools of Bulton county and professor of peda gogy in Cox college. He was born in ; Qglethorpe county, Ga., Nov., 1865, and is a son of Dr. J. M. and Ida (Callaway) Brittain, the former of whom was born in Lexington, Oglethorpe county, May 1, 1842, and the latter in Washington, Wilkes county, Nov. 5, 1845. He is descended in the maternal line from Col. John S. Callaway, who was granted a tract of land in Wilkes county, for services rendered as a soldier and officer of the Continental line during the war of the Revolution. Henry Brittain, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, served as or dinary of Oglethorpe county for thirty years. Dr. J. M. Brittain was an officer in a Georgia ^regiment in the Confederate service in the Civil war and was afterward chaplain of his regiment. He was a clergyman of the Baptist church and one of its prominent representatives in Georgia. \ Professor Brittain was for four years a student in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and later attended the University of Chicago. He began teaching in Atlanta as princi pal of the Crew street school, was later head of the department of languages of the Boys' high school, and in 19.00 became county superintendent of schools, in which capacity he has since rendered most efficient and discriminating service. In politics he gives un equivocal allegiance to the Democracy, and he is a prominent and zealous member of the Second Baptist church. Professor Brittain is president of the Georgia! Teachers' Association and a member of the board of directors of the Atlanta Young Men's Christian

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

235

Association. For several years he has been one of the Sunday-

school writers of the Southern Baptist church. He is the author

of "Methods of Sunday School Work," published by the Sunday

School Board of the Southern Baptist convention, and of the "In troduction to Caesar," published by the American Book Company, while he is also editor of the "Semi-Centennial History of the Sec ond Baptist church of Atlanta." On Dec. 20, 1889, he was united in marriage to Miss Letlie McDonald, daughter of Dr. Henry and Mattie L. (Harding) McDonald, of Atlanta, and they have three children, McDonald, Marion L., Jr., and Ida Louise.

Broad, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Wilkes county,

is eighteen miles from Washington and about two and a half south of Broad river. The most convenient railway station is El-

berton.

Broadhurst, a post-hamlet of Wayne county, is about halfway

between Jesup and Hortense on the Savannah & Jacksonville divi sion of the Atlantic Coast Line railroad.

Broad River, one of the principal streams of northeastern Geor

gia, is formed by the union of three branches. The North fork

rises in the southeastern; part of Habersham, and the Middle fork

in the northern part of Banks county. They unite near the south

ern border of Franklin icounty. The South fork, which has its source in the western part of Madison county, enters the stream some twenty-five miles ; below the confluence of the other two. The .general direction of Broad river is southeast, until it empties into the Savannah on the border line between Lincoln and Elbert counties. It affords fine water power at various places along its

course. Bronco, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Walker

county, is on the Chattanooga Southern railway and surrounded

by a mountainous district. It is five miles from Lafayette, the

county seat.

:

Bronwood, a town in the northeastern part of Terrell county, is

located on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway, connecting

Smithville and Dawson.: It was incorporated by act of the legis

lature in 1883, and receives and ships a considerable amount of the produce of its immediate vicinity. By the census of 1900

Bronwood had a population of 359. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery routes, telegraph and express offices,

several stores, a bank, schools and churches, and the Georgia Cot ton Produce Company dpes a good business in the town and vicin

ity.

:

236

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Brooke, George W., a leading grain
dealer of the city of Atlanta and a rep
resentative business man of the capital,
with headquarters at 700 Austell build
ing, was born in Woodstock, Cherokee
county, Ga., April 6, 1862, and is a son
of George W. and Mary (Dial) Brooke,
the former of whom was born in Hall
county, this state, May 8, 1829, and the
latter in Cherokee county, Dec. 1, 1837.
The paternal grandfather, John Prescott
Brooke, was born on the Atlantic ocean
in 1795, his parents at the time being passengers on a sailing vessel which was transporting them from Ireland to America. They landed in Charleston, S. C., where he was reared and educated. He eventually .removed to Hall county, Ga., where he became a prominent and influential citizen, having served as county sheriff and later having represented Hall county in the state legislature, for a period of five years. In 1830 he re moved to Cherokee county, where he was sheriff two years, while he represented the county in the legislature for two years, at the time of the administration of Gov. George W. Crawford. George Washington Brooke, father of the subject of this sketch, was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy in the war between the states, having enlisted May 14, 1862, as a private in Company F, Third Georgia cavalry, with which he participated in the battles of Perryville, Ky., Chattanooga and Resaca, in the last mentioned of which he was captured, being taken to Johnson's island, in Lake Erie, where he was held a prisoner until the close of the war. He then returned to his plantation, near Woodstock, Ga., where he lived the greater portion of his active life. In 1885 he and his wife removed to the city of Canton, Cherokee county, where they have since maintained their home, both being members of the Bap tist church, while the father has ever been a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, having held various local offices, including that of justice of the peace, of which he was incumbent twelve years. George W. Brooke, Jr., to whom this sketch is dedicated, secured his educational discipline in the grammar school at Can ton, and in Yale business college. He has been engaged in the grain business since 1892, having his office headquarters in the capital city-of the state, though he is interested in the Etowah mills, at Cartersville, Bartow county; in the Steel Elevator &

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

237

Storage Company, of Nashville, Term., and in the Choctaw Ele vator Company, Memphis, Tenn., his business operations being of wide scope and importance. He is a member of the Atlanta Grain Dealers' association, is also identified with the following named local organizations: Capital City club, Piedmont Driving club, Athletic club, and is likewise a member of the Athletic club of Nashville, Tenn. In politics he is a loyal supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party. He and his wife are regular attendants of the Baptist church. On April 29, 1903, Mr. Brooke was united in marriage to Miss Foster Sue Jones, daughter of Robert T. and Susie (Walker) Jones, of Canton. They have no children.
Brookfield, a village formerly in Berrien county, but now in Tift, is located about eight miles east of Tifton on the Atlantic Coast Line railway. The population in 1900 was 78. It has a money order postoffice, some mercantile establishments and is a shipping point of some importance.
Brooklet, a post-village of Bulloch county, with a population of 180 in 1900, is located on the Savannah & Statesboro railroad, about nine miles southeast of Statesboro. It is a typical Georgia village and a considerable portion of the products of the surround ing country are shipped from this point.
Brooklyn, a post-village in the northeastern part of Stewart county, is on the Columbus & Albany division of the Seaboard Air Line railway and about fifteen mile's from Lumpkin, the county seat.
Brookman, a post-hamlet of Glynn county, is about nine miles from Brunswick and five miles from Braden, on the Savannah & Jacksonville division of the Seaboard Air Line, the latter being the nearest railway station.
Brooks County was created Dec. 11, 1858, from parts of Thomas and Lowndes and was named for Preston S. Brooks, of South Carolina. It lies in the extreme southern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Colquitt county, on the east by Lowndes, on the south by the state of Florida, and on the west by Thomas county. The Withlacoochee river separates it from Lowndes on the east and with its tributaries waters the land. All the streams supply an abundance of fish. Brooks county is noted for its de lightful climate and during the winter months many people gather here from the north, attracted by the balmy air and the aromatic breath of the pine woods. The Atlantic Coast Line railway runs across the county from east to west and the South Georgia &

238

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

West Coast line from north to south, giving facilities for trans portation and travel. The surface of the country is level and the soil is sandy, with a red clay foundation. The staple productions are cotton of both the long and short staple varieties, rice, corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, sugar-cane, oranges, melons and figs. There are many acres of pine forests and lumber and naval stores are exported in great quantities. The fine grazing afforded make the raising of cattle, hogs and sheep very profitable. Quitman is the county seat, and principal town. The population in 1900 was 18,606, an increase of 4,627 since 1890.
Brooks Station, a town in the extreme southern part of Fayette county, is on the line of the Central of Georgia railway that runs from Rome to Griffin, and in 1900 reported a population of 210. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery to the surrounding territory, express and telegraph service, and is a trad ing point for a considerable portion of the county lying between Line creek and the Flint river.
Broomtown Valley. (See Chattooga County.) Brown, Benjamin F., a well known
and honored citizen of Augusta, where he has held a responsible position with
the Sibley Manufacturing Company for nearly a score of years, was born in Branchville, Orangeburg county, S. C., Oct. 3, 1843, and is a son of William H. and Matilda (Raybourn) Brown, both of whom were born in the parish of
Saint Stephen of the old Palmetto State. The father was identified with railroad
interests at the time of his death, in 1853, and his widow did not long sur vive him, passing away in 1858. Benjamin F. Brown was edu cated in the schools of Charleston, S. C., whither he removed with his widowed mother when a mere lad. In 1869, after faithful and gallant service as a soldier of the Confederacy, he removed from Charleston to Aiken, S. C., and he has been a resident of Augusta, Ga., since 1873. From an appreciative article written by Capt. Walter A. Clark and published in the memorial edition of the Augusta Chronicle of Oct. 11, 1905, the following extracts are made, as touching the military service of Mr. Brown: "Some weeks ago, in the closing hours of a May afternoon, I chanced to meet a friend whom I have known only in later years and yet one

. CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

239

whom I have learned to warmly honor and esteem. My day's work had ended, and, lingering to talk with him for a time, our conversation, through the errand that had caused our meeting, drifted back to the old days when we were boys, boys who wore the gray. Modestly, and with no effort to magnify the record, he told me of his services as a soldier and of the 'battles, sieges, for tunes he had passed' while on the tented field. As we parted he told me that he had preserved some relics of these old days that he would some day show me if I should care to see them, a promise that he afterward fulfilled. Strolling homeward under the star light there came into my mind the thought that, if opportunity should serve me, I would some day write him up or down, as the case might be, as a typical Confederate soldier; and this is what I have written: When Lee's tattered and hungry line of gray was marshalled for the last time, at Appomattox, there stood within its ranks a boy soldier who, from the day of his enlistment, in 1861, to the hour when he stacked arms under an April sun, in 1865, had never been absent from his command for even a day, save for the brief interval of a single furlough granted him in January, 1864. With the exception named he had borne the weariness of every march, had slept under the starlight at every bivouac, and had faced the music of the minies in every engage ment of the Army of Northern Virginia, from Cold Harbor to Ap pomattox ; through summer's heat and winter's cold, through hardship, weariness and hunger he had never been 'absent sick' for a single day. Through : the Seven Days' Battles, from Games' Mill to Malvern Hill; through second Manassas, where his conn pany lost thirty-one per cent, of its number in killed, besides the wounded; through Sharpsbyrg and Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville; through the horrors of Gettysburg and the long-drawn agony of the Bloody Angle at Spottsylvania; through Second Cold Harbor and the weary months of constant fighting at Petersburg he had passed unscathed, save for the impact of two spent balls that fortunately failed to wound. Of his unremitting faithfulness to duty through all these trying scenes and of his constant cour age on the firing line his modesty made him silent, but to these his officers and comrades bear willing and ample testimony. * * * When the end had come he stacked for the last time .the rifle that had been his constant companion for all these years, and, buttoning up his long parole in his faded jacket, he began his longtramp homeward. Reaching Orangeburg, S. C, he endeavored to secure railway transportation to the home he had left in the sum-

240

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

mer days of 1861. The Federal official in charge denied him the privilege unless he would agree to take the oath of allegiance to the government. 'I have a parole from General Grant,' said the returning soldier, 'and I don't propose to take any oaths. I have walked from Virginia to this place and I guess I can foot it the "balance of the way.' And so he resumed his tramp, foot-sore and weary and yet wearing in his brave young heart the consciousness that whatever the future might have in store for him there were four years of his life when in supreme self-sacrifice and in honest and earnest devotion to duty, he had risen above the common plane of men. And now, as the reader has been scarcely able to guess of whom I have written, it may be unjust to him and to the soldier himself to allow that identity to remain undiscovered. Among the souvenirs my friend has shown me there is a sheet of paper, pocketworn and yellow with age. From that old-time paper I have taken the privilege of copying the following endorse ment: 'Camp near Orange Court House, Virginia, Jan. 1, 1864. Corporal B. F. Brown desires a furlough to visit his family, on ac count of the long period he has been absent from home. He en listed August 27, 1861, and since that time he has never been absent from his company from any cause whatever. He has been a good and faithful soldier; on every occasion of battle he has be haved gallantly, while in camp his conduct has been most soldier like. (Signed) AVilliam Aiken Kelly, Captain Company L, First South Carolina Volunteers.'-" It may farther be-stated that Mr. Brown was promoted to the office of sergeant before the close of the war, and declined a lieutenancy of his company sooner than oppose a friend for the office. He is third lieutenant commander of Camp No. 435, United Confederate Veterans, is a stanch Demo crat in politics, is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is president of the Champion Cream Sizing Company, of Augusta, representing a prosperous manufacturing concern established in 1891. He and his wife are members of the First Presbyterian church, in which he is an elder. On Dec. 15, 1875, Mr. Brown wedded Miss Emily N. Raworth, daughter of Henry G. and Har riet E. (Jenkins) Raworth, of Charleston, South Carolina. They have no children.
Brown, Edward Thomas, is one of the representative members of the bar of Atlanta and he has been a prominent factor in the councils of the Democratic : party in Georgia, having served as chairman of the Democratic state committee from 1900 to 1904,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

241

inclusive. He was born in Hall county, .Ga., near Gainesville, Jan. 7, 1859, and is a son of Warren A. and Louisa C. (Hoyt) Brown,
the former of whom was born in South Carolina, August 23, 1825, and the lat
ter of whom was born in Washington,
Ga., Jan. 20, 1829. Air. Brown is a lineal
descendant from Major William Brown, who was commissioned captain and later
major in the Second regiment of South
Carolina riflemen, in the war of the Rev
olution. Edward Thomas Brown secured his academic education in Davidson col
lege, at Davidson, N. C., after which he
/ead law in the office of Judge H. K. McKay, of Atlanta, thoroughly fortify ing himself in the science of jurisprudence and being admitted to the bar in 1878, at the age of nineteen years. He entered upon his practice in Athens, Ga., where he made his home until the year 1899. On July 12, 1887, Mr. Brown was united in marriage to Miss Mary Celestine Mitchell, daughter of Henry S. and Delila (Yale) Mitchell, of Norwalk, Ohio, and has three children: Ed ward Mitchell Brown, Marjorie Brown and Henry Warren Brown. From 1899 to the present he has maintained his resi dence and professional headquarters in Atlanta, and his practice lias been extencted and important, involving his appearance in many prominent cases ; litigated in the state and Federal courts. No more stalwart and Enthusiastic an adherent and supporter of the Democracy can be : found than Mr. Brown, and his work in the cause has been timely and effective. He was chairman of the Democratic state committee from 1900 to 1904, as already stated, and maneuvered his forces with marked skill and success. From 1885 to 1889 he served: as solicitor-general of the western judicial circuit; was mayor of the city of Atlanta in 1890-92, and was state attorney for the Western & Atlantic railroad from 1899 to 1903. He is identified with the American bar association and the Geor gia bar association, is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of: Odd Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men; holds membership in the Capital City club and the Piedmont Driving club, and is a member of the Presbyterian
church.

16

24:2

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Brown, Dr. George, was born in Belton, Anthony county, S. C., July 16, 1863, a son of Dr. William Carroll Brown, a physician who practiced in this town for twenty-five years. Dr. Carroll Brown was a member: of the Wallace house of representatives in 1876, and was a man of affairs in his state. Dr. George Brown's mother was Hannah Louisa Dean, a daughter of Rev. Charles Pickney Dean, and Anna Louisa Horton, of Alexander county, S. C. Rev. Mr. Dean was a Baptist minister for many years, and was well known throughout the Piedmont section of Carolina. Dr. George Brown's grandfather, Charles Mackay Brown, was a native of Rabun county, Ga., and was the father of United States senator Joseph E. Brown, Judge James R. Brown, Dr. Aaron P. Brown, Mrs. John H. Boston, Mrs. Mary Watkins and Mrs.; Berryman Turner, of Georgia. He was a soldier of the War of 1812, served in General Carroll's brigade of Tennessee troops at the battle of New Orleans, and of the seven men killed in the battle;. on the American side two were in his company. Dr. Brown's great grandfather, Joseph Brown, was a soldier of the Revolution, and fought under Morgan at King's Mountain, Camden, Cowpens and Cheraw. In early life Dr. George Brown, after attending the high schools at his home, at tended the North Georgia agricultural college at Dahlonega. After the death of his father he went west, and was engaged in the railroad service, assisting in the construction of the Mexican National railroad, and other lines in Mexico for five years. Re turning to the United States he graduated in 1892 at the Southern medical college, Atlanta, :,Ga., as valedictorian of his class. He accepted a position in the: office of Dr. Thomas R. Powell, presi dent of the Southern medical college, where he remained for over a 3^ear. Pie then attended the post graduate and polyclinic medi cal schools in New York "for eighteen months, and returning to Atlanta, entered the office of Dr. Arthur G. Hobbs, the well known throat specialist, with whom he remained for several years. Soon after his return he was elected surgeon of the Gate City Guards, the most prominent military organization of the south at that time. Since that time Dr. Brown has practiced medicine in Atlanta as a specialist on diseases of the throat. He has been

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

343

successively secretary and vice-president of the American con gress on tuberculosis; secretary and president of the American anti-tuberculosis league. In his administration as president of this league the largest meeting ever held in North America was held at Atlanta, Ga., April .19-20-21, 1905. It was attended by the most prominent physicians from different parts of the globe, and resulted in much good for humanity. Gov. J. M. Terrell kindly tendered to Dr. Brown the use of the state capitol for the purpose of holding this meeting, the first time such a compliment had ever been paid to a medical body in the Southern states. In 1902 Dr. Brown was appointed one of the American delegates to the British Congress on tuberculosis, held that year in London. He was the recipient of many attentions while in that city; was presented to the king; attended receptions at the lord mayor's, the Earl of Derby's, the Duchess of Northumberland's, Sir James Whittaker's and Lady Ellis'. Doctor Brown is a member of the American medical association, American public health association, the TriState medical society, the Georgia state medical association, the Association of military surgeons of the United States, and the, Fulton county medical society. In 1902 he was appointed lieu tenant-colonel and aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. Alien D. Candler, and served in that capacity until the expiration of Gov ernor Candler's term, at which time he was transferred to the line department of the troops and appointed lieutenant-colonel and assistant surgeon-general by Gov. J. M. Terrell. In that capacity he served until December, 1905, when he was appointed to the position of colonel and surgeon-general of the National Guard of Georgia, which position he holds at the present time. In 1905 Doctor Brown was appointed a member of the executive commit tee of the International medical society to aid in the suppression of war, organized in Paris, France, under the presidency of Dr. J. A. Riviere, chevalier of the Legion of Honor, and editor of the Annales of Physicotherapie. At present Doctor Brown is organ izing an American association of this society, which association he will head at the next congress of the association to be held in Paris in 1907. Doctor Brown is a member of the Washington Continental Guard of:;New York, one of the oldest military asso ciations in the United States, having originally been formed as a body guard to Gen. George Washington during the Revolution ary war, and its members comprise only those who can trace their descent directly ifrom the Revolutionary soldiers. He is, and has been for many years, a member of the Army and Navy club

24:4

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of New York city. In 1904 he was the author of the bill which was passed by the Georgia legislature appointing a state commis sion on tuberculosis to inquire into the best means for preventing the spread of consumption in the state of Georgia. For personal reasons he declined to accept an appointment on this body, Gov ernor Terrell insisting that he name fifteen of the members com posing it. This commission has been engaged since its appoint ment in the fight against tuberculosis in this state. At the break ing out of the Spanish-American war Doctor Brown was one of the first to offer his services, but the question of rank having arisen, he declined the appointment offered him by Governor At-
kinson and saw no active service.
Brown, George Marion, president of the Georgia Savings Bank & Trust
Company, of Atlanta, was born in the executive mansion at Milledgeville, then the capital of Georgia, on Oct. 5, 1865, and is the youngest son of Hon. Joseph E. and Elizabeth (Grisham) Brown, the former of whom was born in Pickens district, S. G., April 15, 1821, and the latter in Pendleton, S. C., July 13, 1826. His great-grandfather, Joseph Brown, was a patriot soldier in the war of the Revolution, and took part in the battle of King's- Mountain. Mackey Brown, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, served in the war of 1812, taking part in the battle of New Orleans and other minor engagements with the British forces. Hon. Joseph E. Brown was one of the most distinguished and honored citizens of Georgia and was specially prominent in the public affairs of the commonwealth, serving his state as gov ernor for eight years and as United States senator for eleven years. George Marion Brown completed the curriculum of the public schools of Atlanta, and later was graduated in Moore's business college, in that city. On July 1, 1883, at the age of seventeen years, he accepted a position with the Western & Atlantic Rail road Company, serving as southeastern agent for the same, in charge of its business in Southern Georgia, South Carolina and Florida, until April, 1887, when he was made chief clerk of the traffic department of said system, retaining this incumbency until Jan. 1, 1893, when he resigned the position. He was thereafter engaged in the fire-insurance business in Atlanta until Sept. 1,

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1899, when he organized the Georgia Savings Bank & Trust Com pany, of which he was made president, having since continued to serve in this chief executive office and devoting the major part of his time to its duties. In October, 1891, he was elected secretary and treasurer of the Brown Investment Company, of Atlanta, and he still retains this office. In September, 1904, he gave further evidence of his initiative ability and progressive ideas by organiz ing the Miller Union Stock Yards, at Atlanta, the same being the third largest mule market in the world, and he was unanimously elected president of the same. A stanch Democrat in his political proclivities, Mr. Brown manifests a loyal interest in public affairs, and in the welfare of his home city. In April, 1902, by a unani mous vote of the city council, he was selected one of the members of the bond sinking fund commission of Atlanta, to fill an unexpired term, and in March, 1905, he was elected to this office for a full term of ten years; by virtue of this election he now has the longest term of office of : all officials connected with the municipal government. Mr. Brown is a zealous and valued member of the Baptist church, in whose faith he was reared. He served several years as deacon of the First Baptist church of Atlanta and was a charter member of the Ponce de Leon Avenue Baptist church, which church was organized at his residence in Atlanta in Octo ber, 1904. He was selected as one of its six deacons and made chairman of its building committee. At the Baptist state con vention of 1901 Mr. Brown was chosen one of the trustees of the Georgia Baptist orphans' home association. At the Southern Bap tist convention in 1900 he was elected a member of the HomeMission Board, which has charge of the mission work of the Bap tist denomination in all of the Southern States, as well as in Cuba and Panama. He still fills both of these offices, through unani mous reflections. He is a member of the Chi Phi fraternity; the Capital City club; an honorary member of the association of American railway accounting officers, of the United States, Can ada, and Mexico; and ian honorary member of the Governor's Horse Guard, of Atlanta. It is pertinent that more detailed men tion be made of one enterprise which Mr. Brown has done so much to promote and which is of great importance in Atlanta. In 1890 the John A. Miller feed-and sales stables, of Atlanta were estab lished, the business of the corporation being that of conducting stock yards. Mr. Brown was made a director of the company, as well as its secretary, thus serving until June, 1903, when he was unanimously elected president, to succeed John A. Miller, de-

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ceased. The plant of the Brady Union Stock Yards was pur chased in July, 1904, and the Miller Union Stock Yards was then organized and incorporated, purchasing the plant mentioned, as well as that of the John A. Miller feed and sales stables. Within the last fifteen years the live stock market of Atlanta has been built up to such a degree that it now figures as the third largest mule market in the world, being surpassed only by St. Louis and Kansas City. The Miller Union Stock Yards do an annual busi ness aggregating more than $0,000,000 and handle about 50,000 head of mules and horses each year, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Florida being supplied from this market. On Feb. 10, 1887, Mr. Brown was united in marriage to Miss Carrie Hoyt, daughter of Judge Samuel B. and Elizabeth (Russell) Hoyt, of Atlanta, and they have three children: Carrie Hoyt,
Mary Brown, and George Marion, Jr. Brown, James E., of the firm of Brown & Parrott, editors and
publishers of the Herald and Advertiser, at Newnan, Coweta county, was born in Marion county, Ga., Feb. 6, 1854, being a son of Benjamin H. Brown, who removed from that county to Dawson, Terrell county, where his boyhood days were passed, and where he secured his early education. From 1871 to 1877 he was a resident of the city of Macon. He then located in Henry county and engaged in newspaper work, becoming editor and publisher of the Henry County Weekly, at McDonough. In 1884-5 he repre sented the thirty-fourth district in the state senate, and in 1886 he removed to Newnan, where he assumed the management of the Herald and Advertiser, with the conduct of which he has since been identified. From 1893 to 1897 he was postmaster at Newnan. In 1897 Governor Atkinson appointed Mr. Brown state li brarian, and he served in this office four years, then resuming his active association with his newspaper business in Newnan. Mr. Brown is a stanch supporter of the Democratic party, and his paper exercises a strong influence in its field of circulation. In 1883 Mr. Brown was united in marriage to Miss Kate E. Milner, of Newnan, daughter of Jonathan Milner, and they have one child, Evans Brown.
Brown, Joseph Emerson, governor of Georgia during the Civil war, was born in South Carolina, April 15, 1821. When he was about nineteen years of age his family removed to Georgia, set tling in Union county. To aid in the support of the family he drove an ox team to Dahlonega, selling wood, vegetables, etc. His father finally made him a present of the oxen, to pay his board

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

47

while attending school at the Calhoun academy in South Caro lina. Equipped with this team and a suit of homespun clothes he walked the greater part of the way to the school. He left the in stitution in debt, having borrowed money to pay his tuition and sundry expenses, and returned to Georgia, where for two years he followed the vocation of a teacher, reading law as opportunity offered, and in 1845 was admitted to the bar. Later he attended the Yale law school, graduating there in 1846. He then estab lished himself at Canton and soon won a high standing as an at torney. Entering politics he shortly became a prominent figure in the affairs of the state. He was elected state senator in 1849; was one of the Pierce electors in 1853; judge of the superior court in 1855; elected governor in 1857, and reflected in 1859. Before the close of his second term the great Civil war broke out, when his prompt and vigorous administration of affairs won the favor of the people, so that in spite of all established precedents he was elected for a third term in 1861 and for a fourth in 1863, being the only man to ever hold this exalted position for four successive terms. After the war he was appointed chief justice of the su preme court, but resigned in 1870 to become president of the com pany which leased the Western & Atlantic railroad. When Gen. John B. Gordon resigned his seat in the United States senate the governor appointed Governor Brown to fill the vacancy, to which he was afterward elected: by the general assembly. In 1884 he was elected for a full term of six years, at the expiration of which he retired from public life and died at Atlanta.on Nov. 30, 1894.
Brown, Julius L., of Atlanta, is not only one of the leading members of the bar of the state and a representative of one of the distinguished and honored families of Georgia, but is also a man of affairs, having been concerned in large and important matters touching the ad vancement of the state, and is a promiinent member of the Masonic fraternity, toeing past grand commander of the Grand Commandery of Knights Tem plars of Georgia. In this review of his :career recourse is had to a sketch of his life published in the Masonic periodical known as "Gems From the Quarry," but liberty is taken in paraphrasing the context to har monize with the plan of the present publication: Julius L. Brown

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was born in Canton, Cherokee county, Ga., May 31, 1848. He is a son of the "war governor," Hon. Joseph E. Brown (1821-1892), who served four terms as governor of Georgia, and a sketch of whose life is given in this compilation. Julius L. Brown, a de scendant of the Cavaliers, disdaining the proffered education in Europe, when the war broke out between the states, cast his lot definitely with the South by entering the Georgia military insti tute, at Marietta, and when sixteen years of age he gallantly took the field with the Georgia cadets and performed his full share of duty, from Atlanta to Savannah, in front of Sherman, until the close of the conflict. He ; had previously attended school in Milledgeville, then the capital of the state, during his father's incum bency of the gubernatorial chair, and after the close of the war he took a preparatory course of study under the late Richard Mal colm Johnston, of Sparta, eminent as a scholar and author. In 1866 he entered the junior class of the University of Georgia, graduating with high distinction in 1868, and having been selected as class orator in both his junior and senior years. Immediately after leaving the university he began the study of law in his father's office, and was admitted to the bar in the autumn of 1869. He then entered the law school of Harvard university, where he was graduated in June, 1870, with second honors. Commencing practice in Atlanta, his ability and strength gained him early rec ognition, and he was assistant United States district attorney until 1872; from 1871 to 1891 he was the sole general counsel for the Western & Atlantic Railroad Company. As the company's gen eral counsel for Georgia he drew up and, against strong rival op position, secured a legislative charter for the Cincinnati & Georgia (now the Southern) railroad line through the state, parallelling the state's own property, the Western & Atlantic railroad. He was personal counsel for that distinguished railroad and ship owner, William P. Clyde, when that gentleman and his associates had control of the Richmond & West Point Terminal Company, which then controlled the Atlantic & Charlotte Air Line, now the chief stem of the Southern railway system. He was also the coun sel for the Cincinnati Southern railway. He resigned all these positions in the desire to ;conserve his health and look after his own heavy interests. In the practice of his profession he ac quired a high place, and his judgment has become the law of the state on various matters, particularly in relation to the taxation of the state's railroad property; also that any railroad may build telegraph lines in Georgia, and that a common carrier may sep-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

049,

aparate passengers on color lines, etc. His argument on telegraph lines was declared by Judge Warner, then chief justice of the su preme court of the state, to have been the finest presentation of any subject ever made before that tribunal. His report as chair man of the committee of jurisprudence and law reform to the Georgia bar association led to two constitutional amendments; his articles opposing prohibition of the liquor traffic have been used in all succeeding campaigns; in support of the assertion that he is richly endowed with the true judicial erudition and requirements is cited the fact that the ablest men of the state and of the Federal bench urged him for appointment as United States district judge, but he would not allow his name to be used in the connection at that time. He has been for years master in chancery of the United States circuit court of the northern district of Georgia. He has carefully avoided political preferments, having declined nomination for the state senate and for the mayoralty of Atlanta,, but he has devoted much attention to the development of the interests and industries .of this city and state. He chartered the Metropolitan Street Railway Company and built two street rail roads under said charter; he was one of the organizers and for many years president of an immense mining and iron-manufactur ing company; he was one of the guiding spirits of the North Georgia Stock & Fair Association, which led to the subsequent great exposition in Atlanta. He was president of the YoungMen's library association of Atlanta, and during his term was erected the first building owned by that association, now incor porated into the new Carnegie library of Atlanta; and in numerous other directions he has demonstrated an unselfish intention and an ability to make an impress upon the history of the state. Always an ardent student, he has widened his horizon by extensive travels throughout North and South America, Europe and the islands of the seas, and has gathered into his beautiful home in Atlanta the finest antiquarian collection in the entire southland, besides innu merable objects of art :and the best of literature. Mr. Brown is one of the most appreciative and prominent members of the Ma sonic fraternity in the south, having completed the circle of both the York and Scottish Rite bodies and having held many offices of high distinction in the same, including the Grand Council, of which he was elected most illustrious grand master in 1902, and of the Grand Commandefy of the state, of which he was elected grand commander in 1899, serving one term and refusing the reelection proposed by practically the entire delegation. He has

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA
received the thirty-second degree of the Scottish Rite, and is also identified with the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. On Nov. 3, 1871, Mr. Brown was united in mar riage to Miss Fannie G. Fort, daughter of Dr. Tomlinson Fort, a distinguished physician, medical author and former member of Congress; his father, Arthur Fort, was a member of the Council of Safety for Georgia during the war of the Revolution, and his wife, Mrs. Martha L. Fort, was one of the original incorporators of Wesleyan female college, at Macon, Ga. Mr. and Mrs. Brown became the parents of two daughters, the younger of whom, Eliza beth, died in infancy. Miss Martha Fort Brown, the surviving daughter, is prominent in the social life of her home city and is at the head of the Dolly Madison Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, in Atlanta. In 18G6 Mr. Brown joined the Baptist church at Athens, that being the faith of his honored par ents.
Brown, Samuel B., one of the most prominent business men and influential citizens of Albany, Dougherty county, was born in the city of Atlanta, Ga., Feb. 1, 1855, and is a son of Bernard and Dora (Newman) Brown, both of whom were born in the historic old city of Posen, Prussia, though both passed the closing years of their lives in Georgia. Samuel B. Brown was afforded the lim ited advantages of the schools of At lanta during the war, after which he attended school for two years at Albany and one year in New York. He was eleven years of age at the time of the family removal to Albany, and in 1869 he here initiated his business career at the age of fourteen years, by taking a clerk ship in a mercantile establishment. In 1877 he entered into part nership with David Greenfield, under the firm name of Greenfield & Brown, and they were engaged in the general merchandise business in Albany for ten years. Mr. Brown then purchased his partner's interest and has since continued the enterprise individ ually, controlling a large and representative trade and having a metropolitan establishment. He is president of the Exchange bank of Albany, organized under the laws of the state in 1893, and is also president of the Albany National bank, having held this office from the time of its incorporation, in 1900. Aside from

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251

these important capitalistic associations he has been prominently identified with many other enterprises which have conserved the advancement and material prosperity of his home city and county. He is president of the Planters' Oil Company, the Albany Phos phate Company, and the Albany Brick Company, and is one of the most extensive farmers and planters of this section of the state, while he is also an interested principal in numerous other industrial enterprises. Mr. Brown accords allegiance to the Dem ocratic party but has never been a seeker of official preferment, although he served the city of Albany as mayor in 1900-01 and also several terms as alderman. In 1877 he was united in marriage to Mjss Ernestina Plonsky, daughter of Charles and Pauline (Weslosky) Plonsky, both native of Prussia, and they have five chil dren, namely: Paul J., Edwartl D., Leroy, Marie E. and Etta R.
Brown, Theodore O., one of the leading contractors and builders of Augusta, where he has been engaged in this line of enterprise for nearly forty years, waa born in that city on Feb. 27, 1834, and is a son of Theodore Jefferson Brown, who was born in Barnwell county, S. C., in 1801, but early removed to the state of Georgia, and here was solemnized his marriage to Miss Charlotte Fleming, a native of Lincoln county. Theodore J. Brown was engaged in mercantile pursuits for many years; was a lieutenant in the Seminole Indian war in Georgia, and his death resulted from the ex posures and hardships endured while in this service. He died in 1837 at the age of thirty-six years, and his wife long survived him, passing away in the early '70s. Theodore O. Brown was educated in that old and popular institution of Augusta, the Richmond acade my, leaving school at the age of seventeen years and thereafter be ing employed for two years on a boat which plied the Savannah river between Augusta and Savannah. He then entered upon an apprenticeship at the trade of brick-mason, serving four years and becoming a particularly skillful workman. In 18GS he engaged in business for himself as a contractor and builder and has ever since continued operations along this line, having had to do with many large and important contracts in the intervening years. His only son is now associated with him in business, under the firm name of T. O. Brown & Son. During the earlier part of the Civil war, by reason of his mechanical ability, Mr. Brown was detailed for mechanical duties in the service of the Confederacy, and later he served about six months as a volunteer in a Georgia regiment. In politics he has ever given his support to the Democracy, and for the past twelve years has been a member of the board of education

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Richmond county. He is a member of St. James' church, Meth odist Episcopal South, in which he is a steward, and he is a member of the board of trustees of The Paine college, a school maintained under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in Augusta. He is a director in the National Exchange bank and has other capitalistic investments in the city which has been his home throughout life. In October, 1860, Mr. Brown married Miss Fan nie Avret, daughter of Joseph Avret, who was a well known res ident of Jefferson county. Mrs. Brown died in 1866, leaving no children. In 1869 Mr. Brown was united in marriage to Miss Matilda Slack, of Augusta, and they have two children, Sarah Charlotte and Charles E., the latter being associated with his father
in business, as already noted. Browne,Rhodes, can be properly des
ignated as one of the most prominent and
influential business men of Columbus,
his interests being large and important.
He is ably maintaining the prestige of
the honored name which he bears, as his
father was one of the representative cit
izens of Muscogee count}-, having been
president of the Georgia Home Insur
ance Company, of Columbus, one of the
oldest and most popular institutions of
the sort in the state, and otherwise fore
most as a citizen and business man. The subject of this sketch succeeded his father as president of the company mentioned, and still retains the office. Rhodes Browne was born in the city which is now his home Sept. 15, 1865. His father, Col. John Rhodes Browne, was born in Taunton, Mass., in 1819, and died in Columbus in 1900, honored by all who knew him, and leaving the record of a useful and exemplary life. He was not only president of the Georgia Home Insurance Company, but also of the National bank of Columbus, retaining both of these positions until the time of his demise. His widow, Roberta Hanson Harrison (Yonge) Browne, was born at Savannah, Ga., in 1841, and still maintains her home in Columbus. Rhodes Browne secured his early educational discipline in his native city, having as instructors such well known educators as J. Harris Chappell and Gustavus R. Glenn, and he finally entered the University of Georgia, where he remained as a student until his junior year. He left the university when nineteen years of age and forthwith

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

253

entered the office of the Georgia Home Insurance Company, of Co lumbus. He advanced through the various departments and be came vice-president of the company, of which position he was the incumbent at the time of the death of his father, when he suc ceeded to the presidency, and has since remained the chief execu tive officer, having been continuously identified with the affairs of this old and substantial corporation from the time of leaving col lege. He is also a director in the following well and widely known institutions of Columbus: the National bank of Columbus, the Home Savings bank, the Hamburger cotton mills, the Columbus Manufacturing Company, the Columbus Automatic Telephone Company, the Muscogee Manufacturing Company, the Columbus Ice and Cold Storage Company and the Empire flour mills; is also vice-president and director of the Swift Manufacturing Com pany, operating one of the largest cotton mills in Columbus, and a director in the South Atlantic Insurance Company, of Richmond, Va. In a fraternal way Mr. Browne is a member of Mount Hermon Lodge No. 301, Free and Accepted Masons; Darley Chapter No. 7, Royal Arch Masons; past eminent commander of St. Aldemar Commandery No. 3, Knights Templars ; the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine; the Benevolent and Pro tective Order of Elks; the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; the Knights of Pythias, and the Improved Order of Red Men. In addition to all these he holds membership in the Georgia society of New York city and the Muscogee club of Columbus. Mr. Browne is a member of the board of water commissioners of the city of Columbus, and accords to the Democratic party a stalwart allegiance in all matters pertaining to its welfare. For several years, in his early manhood, Mr. Browne was a member of the Columbus Guards, in wHich he rose to the rank of lieutenant. He is a regular member of Trinity (Episcopal) church, in which he holds the office of junior warden, and is a director of the Young Men's Christian Association. On Oct. 31, 1890, Mr. Browne was married to Miss Nina Young of Lexington, Ky., and they have one daughter, Miss Marjorie, now a student in the Columbus high school. Mr. Browne is 'well known throughout his section of the state, and is prominent in business and social circles.
Browne, William M. r was born in England. After coming to America he edited a paper in Washington for a time and during the war served on President Davis' staff, with the rank of colonel of cavalry. In December, 1864, he was commissioned brigadiergeneral and sent to Savannah where he did excellent service. After

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

peace was restored he became a planter near Athens and also published a paper called Farm and Home. He was a member of the Democratic state conventions of 1867 and 1870. Soon after this he was called to the chair of history and political economy in the University of Georgia and held the position until his death in 1884.
Brownsborough. At the time of the Revolution there was a little village by this name in Richmond county. Immediately after the victory of the American arms at Kettle creek the patriot army was divided into small detachments and stationed at different points, the better to guard the country against invasion, and to keep a lookout for Tories and British sympathizers. One of these parties, under the command of Col. Leonard Marbury, was quar tered at Brownsborough. Learning through his spies that a scout ing party of twenty of the king's rangers, commanded by a captain Whitley, was in the neighborhood, Marbury determined upon its capture or annihilation. Accordingly he sent Captain Cooper, with twelve dragoons to cut off Whitley's retreat, and after giving Cooper time to reach his position marched out to attack the Brit ish front. Cooper gained the rear of the party sooner than was expected, came upon Whitley and his men while they were at dinner and, deeming the opportunity too good to be lost, attacked at once without waiting for the arrival of Marbury. The surprise was complete and the British surrendered without resistance.
Brown's Crossing, sometimes called Brown's Station, is a postvillage in the western part of Baldwin county, on the Macon & Camak division of the Georgia railway. The population in 1900 was 79.
Brown's Crossroads, in Burke county, was the scene of a skir mish while the fighting at Waynesboro was in progress Nov. 27, 1864, {see Waynesboro).
Brownson, Nathan, one of the early governors of Georgia, was born about the year 1740. In 1761 he graduated from Yale, and after taking a medical course began practicing in Lincoln county, Ga. He was an earnest patriot and became -surgeon of the Georgia brigade in the Continental army. He served with distinction in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778, was a member of the legislature and speaker of the house in 1781, and the following year was chosen governor. From 1789 to 1791 he was president of the senate, and was a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1789. He died in Liberty county, Nov. 6, 1796.
Brownsville, a post-village in the southeast corner of Paulding

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

255

county, reported a population of 54 in 19/)0. The nearest railway

station is Douglasville, the county seat of Douglas county, which

is about four miles south on the Southern railroad.

Broxton, a small town of Coffee county, is located on the Wadley

& Mount Vernon railroad which connects it with Douglas, the

county seat. In 1900 the population was 300. It has telegraph

and express offices, several good stores, a money order postoffice

with rural free delivery, and a branch of the Banking Company

of Douglas. The people also have the advantages supplied by

schools and churches.

,:.:.,.--. ;,

Bruce, Alexander Campbell, holds

precedence as one of the skilled, success

ful and prominent architects of Atlanta,

and has had to do with professional

work of wide scope and importance. He

is native of the Old Dominion, having

been born at Fredericksburg, Va., March

16, 1833, and, as the name clearly indi

cates, he is a scion of stanch Scottish

stock of distinguished order. His father

was Robert C. Bruce a direct descendant

of Bruce, earl of Elgin. His mother,

Mary, was a daughter of James Young,

of England. Alexander C. Bruce was afforded the advantages

of the common schools in his youth, and was twelve years of age

at the time of the family removal from Virginia to Nashville,

Tenn., where he received an academic training. Under the able

direction of his father he also gained thorough experience in con

nection with the trade of carpenter and builder, at the same time

taking up the study of architecture, under the direction of H.

M. Ackeroyd, a prominent English architect who was then em

ployed in connection with the construction of the most important

buildings in Nashville. This initial instruction in the art and

science of architecture Mr. Bruce received more especially in the

direction of designing and construction of public buildings, and he

has ever continued to make a specialty of this important feature

and branch of his profession. At the close of the Civil war he

located in Knoxville, -Tenn. He designed and superintended the

erection of a number of court houses and other public buildings

in that section, among; them being the court house at Chatta

nooga. In the spring of 1879 he removed to Atlanta, where he be

came a member of the firm of Bruce & Morgan, which immediately

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

assumed a leading position in connection with the architectural profession in Georgia, designing some of the most important pub lic and private buildings not only in this state but in those ad joining. Mr. Bruce has gained recognition as one of the foremost architects of the entire south and has a professional reputation coextensive with that section of the national domain. His firm has planned and erected over twenty court houses in the states of Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida and North Carolina. In addition to this have been designed and erected Federal buildings, city halls, churches, hotels, jails, business blocks, nearly 400 res idences, fifteen bank buildings, thirty college buildings and schools, four public libraries, passenger stations and other structures, all of which remain as monuments of the technical ability and high character of the firm of which Mr. Bruce is a member. A number of the finest buildings in Atlanta were designed by Mr. Bruce, in cluding the Georgia school of technology, the county court house, the high school and the Kiser law school. He utilizes to a large extent the Italian renaissance style of architecture, seeks stately proportions and simple, graceful lines rather than over-ornamen tation, using projecting porticos, flat roofs, rather than steep ef fects, with much mill work, inconsequential towers, etc., thus ad mirably consulting the needs of the south and observing utmost consistency in all his work, giving special thought to sanitary con ditions, effective lighting, vehtilation, etc. During the last de cade, as senior partner of his firm, he has had to do with the designing of a number of Atlanta's "skyscrapers," notably the Prudential, Empire, and Century buildings, and he feels that his labors in the past years entitle him to retire from the more active work of his profession in the near future, by reason of which animus he has recently caused his name to be placed on the re tired list of the American institute of architects, of which he was long an active member, being; now on the roster as an honorary member, having reached the ! required age limit. He is also a member of the American social science association. In politics he accords a stalwart allegiance to the Democratic party, and has represented the fourth ward in the city council for the past two years, having been elected without opposition. He and his wife hold membership in the First Christian church of Atlanta, in which he is an elder. On Nov. 2, 1865, Mr. Bruce was united in mar riage to Miss Jane H. Hagen, daughter of William H. and Jerusha (Bland) Hagen, of Nashville, Tenn., and in conclusion is entered brief record concerning their three children: William H., born

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

257

Dec. 28, 1866, is a resident of Louisville, Ky.; Robert C., born Nov. 16, 1868, resides in Atlanta; Mary L., born Sept. 1, 1871, is the wife of Benjamin F. Cobb, of Atlanta, and they have two children Mary Bruce Cobb, born in May, 1895, and Bruce Cobb, born inJuly, 1899.
Brumby, Thomas M., president of the Brumby Chair Company, of Marietta, Ga., the largest chair manufacturing concern in the state, has been prominently identified with the business interests of the city for the past thirty years, holding prestige among the leading manufacturers of the "Empire State of the South." Mr. Brumby was born in Holmes county, Miss., Nov. 16, 1852, and is a son of John and Catherine (Remley) Brumby, the former of whom was born in South Carolina, in 1807, and the latter at White Sul phur Springs, Va., in 1808.: The subject of this sketch was named in honor of his paternal grandfather, Thomas M. Brumby, who was born and reared in England whence he came to America about 1762, first settling in South Carolina where he became a successful planter. He espoused tLe cause of the colonies in the great strugfor independence and was a private in the colonial line in the war of the Revolution. The parents of Mr. Brumby removed to Mississippi in the late '40s and lived there until 1862 when they went as refugees to Marietta, Ga., the father having been a planter by vocation. Thomas M.: Brumby was afforded the advantages of the schools of his native state and at the age of eighteen years started out for himself. He came to Marietta, in 1878 and became one of the interested principals in the firm of Brumby & Bro., his associate being his brother, James R. Brumby. Continuing in the same line of enterprise, that of manufacturing chairs, in 1884 the business was incorporated under the style of the Brumby Chair Company, which Has since been retained. The original capital stock was $40,000 and on this operations were based until 1904, when the charter was surrendered and a new one secured, the capitalization being raised to $100,000 and T. M. Brumby pur chasing the interests of all other stockholders. The industry was one of modest order at the time of its inception but it has now advanced to the position ;of being the largest of the sort in the state and one of the largest in the entire South, throughout which section its trade extends, |as well as into some of the middle and western states. The fine iplant of the company is modern in the matter of buildings and equipment, and employment is given to about four hundred and twenty-five operatives during the entire year. Mr. Brumby is a man of fine business and administrative
17

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

talent and it is in large measure due to his efforts that this mag

nificent enterprise has been built up. He was one of the organizers

of the Marietta Trust & Banking Company, and is a member of its:

directorate at the present time. In 1874 he was united in marriage

to Miss Mariah L. Bates, who was born in Mississippi, and they

became the parents of eight children, namely; John, who is de

ceased; Thomas M., who resides in Marietta; .Marie Louise, who

is the wife of George Sessions; Robert E., who is a law student

in the city of New Orleans; James R., who is attending a technical

school in Atlanta; and Otis, Joseph B., and William M., who re

main at the parental home.

Brunswick, the county seat of Glynn county, is the second sea

port of Georgia and is located on the east bank of the Turtle

river on a bluff of white sand from eight to twelve feet above high

water. It was incorporated in 1813 and its charter was amended

in 1872 and 1889. It extends up and down the river for a distance

of more than two miles and: has fifty miles of salt water streams

running to its wharves. It is the terminus of the Atlantic & Birm

ingham railway, and also of the line of the Southern railway that

leads northwesterly to Macon. The Mallory line of freight and

passenger steamers runs from Brunswick to New York and the

Clyde line to Boston. There are steamboat lines to St. Simon's

Island, Darien, Cumberland Island, and to Fernandina, Fla. Bruns

wick has water works, gas and electric lights, all under control of

one company, an ice factory, extensive saw and planing mills,

variety works, and the railroad repair shops of both the great

systems employ many people. Two large barrel factories employ

200 hands and turn out annually 125,000 barrels, which are used

for rosin and spirits of turpentine. The saw mills can turn out

100,000 feet a day from cypress logs and 60,000 feet a day from

yellow pine. Most of the lumber of Glynn county is sawed at

Brunswick. The city has a money order postofHce, from which

rural routes supply the surrounding country. The principal ex

ports are lumber and cotton,:-the trade amounting to over $40,000,-

000 a year. Artesian wells Supply pure water to the city. Mer

chants and shippers have good banking facilities furnished by two

banks with a" combined capital of $200,000. The public buildings

are in good condition but are; not especially fine. All the Christian

denominations have good church edifices and large memberships,

and the Jews have a synagogue. There is an excellent system

of public schools.

}

On June 8, 1863, two United States gunboats and one transport

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

259

towing two large boats loaded with troops'Started from St. Simon's Island in the direction of Brunswick, but being stoutly resisted by the pickets under Sergts. J. W. Taylor and Andrew Burney they withdrew. Capt. W. W. Hazzard of Company G, Fourth Georgia cavalry, seeing the boats ascend the river, and fearing for the safety of the salt works some seven miles above sent Lieuten ant Grant, with detachments from such men as could be spared, with instructions to resist every attempt at landing, and then hastened to defend the salt works. These movements thwarted the designs of the Federals and a detachment guided by Julien Burnett, who had that day volunteerd his services, inflicted consid erable loss upon the crew of a Federal barge that had fired the railroad bridge. Captain Hazzard and Lieutenant Grant and their command were praised in official dispatches.
Bruton. (See Brewton). Bryan County was organized in 1793 and named for Jonathan Bryan, a Revolutionary jitero of Georgia. It lies in the south eastern part of the state and is bounded on the northeast by Bulloch county, on the east and southeast by the Atlantic ocean, on the south and southwest by Liberty and Tattnall counties, and on the west by Tattnall. The Ogeechee river flows along the north western border and with: its tributaries drains the land. Fish is plentiful and Bryan county is a favorite resort for hunters and fishermen. The lands along the rivers are especially adapted to the production of rice. Cotton, corn and the cereals are also raised. The facilities for transportation are excellent. The main lines of the Seaboard Air Line, and the Atlantic Coast Line traverse the county, and bring it into; touch with Savannah, where many of the products of the county :are marketed. There are no large towns in the county. Clyde is the county seat. The population was 6,123 in 1900, a gain of 602 since 1890. Bryan Court House, in: Bryan county, was the scene of skir mishing in December, 1864, as the Federal army was gathering in front of Savannah for an attack upon that city, then held by a Confederate force under General Hardee. Bryan, Goode, a native of Georgia, graduated at West Point in 1834 and entered the a^rmy as brevet second lieutenant of the Fifth infantry. For a year he did garrison duty at Augusta, re signing to become civil engineer for the Augusta & Athens rail road. In 1839 he settled ion a plantation in Alabama and in 1843 was elected a member of the legislature of that state. During the Mexican war he served as major of the First Alabama volunteers

260

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

until the regiment was disbanded in 1847, and then continued on

General Worth's staff until the following September. In 1849

he moved back to Georgia and at the time the state seceded was

living in Richmond county. He at once enlisted as a captain in the

Sixteenth -(Georgia infantry and became colonel of the regiment

the following February. After the battle of Gettysburg he was

commissioned brigadier-general and continued in the service until

Sept. 20, 1804, when ill health forced him to resign. He passed

the remainder of his life at Augusta.

Bryan, Jonathan, was prominent in the affairs of the colony and

took an active part in the stirring events just preceding and dur-

ing the Revolution. On Sept.-16, 1769, he attended a meeting of

merchants and traders, at which resolutions were adopted de-

claring that "any person or persons importing any of the articles

subject to parliamentary duties, after having it in their power

to prevent it, ought not only to be treated with contempt, but

also as enemies of their country." Three days later he presided

over a similar meeting and was, by order of the king, dismissed

from the governor's council, of which he had for some time been

a member. Thus he was the first object of the royal vengeance

in Georgia. When the British captured Savannah on Dec. 29, 1778,

he was among the prisoners, and, notwithstanding his age of nearly

four score years, he was confined on one of the British prison

ships. General Prevost, in a; letter to Lord Germain referring

to his capture, calls him "a notorious ringleader of rebellion."

He died March 12, 1788.

;

Bryan, Joseph, was elected representative to the Eighth Con

gress and reflected to the Ninth, serving from Oct. 17, 1803, until

1806, when he resigned.

:

Bryan, Mary Edwards, author, was born in Jefferson county,

Fla., in 1844; began her literary career at the age of nineteen

as a writer on The Temperance Crusader; editorial writer on

various papers after the war; editor of the Fashion Bazar and The

Fireside Companion, of New York, for seven years; author of sev

eral popular novels, the most noted of which are Manche and Wild

Work. After giving up the editorship of the New York .publi

cations she returned to Georgia,; took up her residence at Clarkston,

about a half hour's ride from' Atlanta, on the Georgia railroad,

and was for some time the editor of the Old Homestead Magazine.

Bryant, a post-village of Early county, with a population of 41

in 1900, is located on the Central of Georgia railroad, about half

way between Blakely and Arlington.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

261

Buchanan, a town of Haralson county, located on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway, near the headwaters of the Tallapoosa river was incorporated in 1857. It is the county seat and was named in honor of James Buchanan, president of the United States from 1856 to 1860. The population numbered 359 according to the census of 1900. Buchanan has good schools, a number of churches, good business houses, express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery routes emanating from it and supplying mail to a large district.
Buchanan, Hugh, lawyer and politician, was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, Sept. 15, 1823. In early life he came to America, where he received an academic education and in 1845 was admitted to the bar. i He established himself in practice at Newnan, Ga., and soon became a prominent figure in the politics of the state. In 1855 and again in 1857 he was elected to the state senate; was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1856; was an elector on the Breckenridge. and Lane ticket in 1860; enlisted in the Confederate army in June, 1861; was elected to the Thirtyninth Congress in 1865, but was not permitted to take his seat; was a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1868, and in 1872 was elected judge of the superior court. While serving as judge he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1877. In 1880 he resigned his place on the bench to run for Congress, was elected and in 1882 was reflected. He died on June 20, 1890.
Buck Creek, a post-village: of Screven county, is located about six miles east of Sylvania, which is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1900 was: 90. It has several stores and is a trading center for that part of the county. In the Federal advance upon Savannah a portion of the army camped at Buck creek on the night of Dec. 6, 1864. : As they broke camp on the morning of the 7th the rear guard was vigorously attacked by a body of Confederate cavalry. After a sharp skirmish, in which reinforce ments were sent to the rear guard, the attack was repulsed.
Buckhead Church. ^In the Federal advance upon Savannah a portion of the army left Waynesboro on the morning of Nov. 28, 1864, and marched out on the road toward Louisville, Wheeler's cavalry persistently harassing the rear and flanks of the invaders. Near Buckhead church the pear guard, consisting of the Eighth Indiana cavalry, was cut off from the main body and a sharp skirmish followed until the Federals were reinforced in such num-

262

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEOR'GIA

bers that the Confederates were compelled to withdraw, which was done in good order with slight loss.
Buckhead Creek. A stream which rises in the northwestern part of Burke county and flows in a general southeast direction until it empties into the Ogeechee river not far from the town of Millen.
The banks of this stream have been the scene of battle, both in the Revolution and the Confederate war. In the early part of August, 1779, Col. John Twiggs learned that the notorious Daniel McGirth, with a small body of loyalists, was engaged in pillaging what was then known as the western settlements. Hurriedly gathering a force of 150 mounted militia he started in pursuit and came up with McGirth at Isaac Lockhart's place, a few miles above the mouth of Buckhead creek. After a skirmish of about fifteen minutes, in which nothing was accomplished, Twiggs ordered a charge, which was made with such impetuousness that the enemy scattered in all directions. In the disorderly retreat nine of McGirth's men were killed, nine wounded and four cap tured. Among the prisoners was Lieutenant Morris, the second officer in command. McGirth was wounded in the thigh but man aged, by the fleetness of his horse and his thorough knowledge of the surrounding country, to escape into a neighboring swamp. Twiggs lost one killed and one wounded.
On Nov. 38, 1864, while the Federal army was advancing upon Savannah, the cavalry forces under Kilpatrick and Wheeler kept up almost a continual fight in the vicinity of Buckhead creek. Gen eral Kilpatrick was nearly captured twice, the last time escaping bareheaded and saved himself by the superiority of the horse upon which he was mounted. General Wheeler, in a letter to Bragg, written the following day, reported his loss at seventy in killed and wounded, General Robertson being one of the latter. On Dec. 2d, four days later, the advance guard of Sherman's main army reached the creek about noon to find the bridge destroyed and a detachment of Confederate troops on the east bank to dis pute the passage. General Geary, who commanded the advance, ordered Maj. Myron T. Wright to take his regiment, the Twentyninth Ohio, and drive the enemy from his position, or at least hold him at bay, until a bridge could be constructed. The order was successfully executed, Major Wright crossing the stream and deploying his men so as to command the roads leading to the bridge. After a few desultory shots from each side the Confed erates, finding themselves vastly outnumbered, withdrew from the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

263

contest. There is also a small stream called Buckhead creek in Macon county.
Buckhead Station is on the Georgia railroad near Madison. Here on May 19, 1864, Geary's division, after desultory skirmish ing with small Confederate bands, destroyed the fine railroad bridge over the Oconee and the mill and ferryboats near the sta tion.
Buena Vista, named for one of the famous battles of the Mexican war and located on a branch, of the Central of Georgia railway, is the county seat of Marion county. The population numbers 1,161 in the corporate limits and in the entire Buena Vista district 2,725. It has express and telegraph offices, a bank, several good mercantile establishments and a money order postoffice, from which seven rural delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding country. About 10,000 bales of cotton are shipped from Buena Vista every season. The town is well supplied with schools and churches. There is in the neighborhood a white kind of chalk of considerable commercial value. Buena Vista was incorporated in 1850 and a new charter was granted in 1889.
Buff, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Gordon county, is lo cated in the valley of the Coosawattee river, about nine miles east of Resaca, which is the nearest railway station.
Buffalo Creek. General Wheeler attacked the Federal cavalry at this point on Nov. 25, 1864, and drove them from the Augusta road. Pushing on after Kilpatrick, he struck the enemy several times during the morning of the 36th, forcing Kilpatrick to turn off by way of Waynesboro.
Buffington, a post-hamlet of Cherokee county, is located about five miles northeast of Canton. The nearest railroad station is Keithsburg, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Buford, a growing town in the northwestern part of Gwinnett county, was incorporated in 1872 and is located on the Southern railway, in the center of a:prosperous region. It is in the Sugar Hill district, which contains 3,226 inhabitants, of whom 1,353 live in the town of Buford and 211 in West Buford. This busy little town has express and:telegraph offices, several good mercan tile establishments, a money order postoffice .with rural free de livery, a bank, four tanneries, four harness factories employing 575 hands and turning out more than 200 dozen horse collars a day. Good schools and churches add to the advantages.
Bullard, Adrian E., who is engaged in the production of naval stores at Nashville, Berrien county, was born at Elrod, N. C, July

264

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

20, 18G4, a son of Elias and Maria (Davis) Bullarcl, the former

born at Elfod on Dec. 25, 1813, and the latter a native of Elizabeth-

town, N. C. Both are buried at Elrod, where the subject of this

sketch received his education in the common schools and continued

to reside until 1889. He then went to Waycross, Ga., where he

remained about two years, after which he went to Sparks for about

a year, and in 1893 located at Nashville, where he engaged in

the mercantile business. In 1905 he became interested in the pro

duction of turpentine and rosin, locating a still eleven miles south

of Nashville. The output for the year 1905 was 720 barrels of

spirits of turpentine and 3,500 barrels of rosin. That for the year

1906 is estimated about the same. In connection with his naval

stores business Mr. Bullard runs a commissary and employs about

one hundred men in gathering gum, etc. Mr. Bullard has been

the architect of his own fortunes in a marked degree. Like every

man he has met with drawbacks and disappointments, but he has

the satisfaction of knowing that whatever measure of success

he has attained has been through his own energy and the exercise

of sound business judgment. In political matters he is a con

sistent supporter of Democratic men and measures, though he

has never been an aspirant for political honors or the emoluments

of public office. He belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church,

is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons and of the Knights

of Pythias, and in the community is recognized as one. of the

sterling citizens. On Dec. 6, 1890, Mr. Bullard was united in mar

riage to Miss Mattie Tygart, daughter of Silas and Carrie (Byrd)

Tygart, of Nashville. The three children of this marriage died

in infancy.

Bullard, Malachi, of Buchanan, is the

. :::;::g:L:s:^:::;.:::::x:::

able and popular clerk of the superior

court of Haralson county and is a mem

ber of one of the old and well known

families of Georgia. He was born at

Powder Springs, Cobb county, Ga.,

July 3, 1868, and is a son of James M.

and Samantha E. (Meadows) Bullard,

the former of whom was born at Pow

der Springs, April 12, 1840, and the lat

ter of whom was likewise born in Cobb

county, Feb. 9, 1843. James M. Bullard

was a son of Robert S. Bullard, who was

a soldier in the war of 1812 and who settled in Cobb county in

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

265

1837, there passing the remainder of his life; his death occurred May 15, 1S45. James M. Bullard devoted his entire active career to agricultural pursuits, having owned a fine plantation adjoin ing the village of Powder Springs, where his death occurred Jan. 4, 1904. His widow now resides in the home of the subject of this sketch. James M. Bullard was a loyal soldier of the Con federacy in the Civil war, having enlisted in the Nineteenth Geor gia infantry, with which he served until August 9, 1802, when, in the battle of Cedar Run, he received a wound which necessitated the amputation of his left leg and thus incapacitated him for fur ther service. Malachi Bullard completed the curriculum of the high school at Lost Mountain, Cobb county, and remained at the parental home until he had attained to the age of nineteen years, when he engaged in teaching school until 1899, in Cobb, Pauld ing and Haralson counties. He was engaged in farming for the following three years and was then appointed deputy clerk of the court of Haralson county, continuing to serve in that capacity until Nov. 18, 1904, when he was appointed clerk of the court, to fill out the unexpired, term of Wilson P. Howell, who had died. On December 21, of the same year he was elected clerk for the full term, and he has since served most acceptably and ably in this office. He still owns a valuable farm in Haralson county. In politics Mr. Bullard is a stanch Democrat, and while living on his plantation he served as justice of the peace for one term. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church. He is affiliated with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity, being pres ent senior warden of his lodge; is identified with the lodge and the encampment of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a past sachem in the Improved Order of Red Men. On June 14, 1894, Mr. Bullard was united in marriage to Miss Mary A. Smith, daughter of George W. and Miranda E. (Golden) Smith, of Haral son county, and they have two children, Sudie M., and Eula L.
Bullards, a village in the western part of Twiggs county, is on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railroad, and not far from the Ocmulgee river. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express accommodations and in 1900 had a popula tion of 53.
Bulloch, Archibald, governor of Georgia during the years 177677, born at Charleston,: S. C., about 1730. When he was about twenty-five years of age he was admitted to the bar and soon after settled in Savannah. He was elected a member of the gen eral assembly in 1772 but that body was dissolved by Governor

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Habersham. In 1775, and again the succeeding year, Mr. Bulloch was president of the Provincial Congress, and was elected one of the delegates to the Continental Congress. Upon the flight of Gov ernor Wright, May 1, 1776, he became governor by virtue of his office as president of the Provincial Congress, and this fact kept him from being one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde pendence, (q. v.) As governor he received a copy of the Dec laration by special messenger. Later he led an expedition against Tybee island and destroyed I'the buildings there. A county in Georgia bears his name and he was looked upon as one of the most prominent men of his day. He died Feb. 22, 1777, while still holding the office of governor.
Bulloch County was created in 1796 and was named for Archi bald Bulloch, governor of the state from January, 1776, to Feb ruary, 1777. The first superior court of the county was held at the house of Stephen Mills, May 16, 1797, Judge William Stephens presiding. In August, 1905, a part of the county was set off to Jenkins. Prior to this time the boundaries were as follows: Screven on the northeast, Screven and Effingham on the east, Bryan on the southeast, Tattnall on the southwest and west, and Emanuel on the west and northwest. The Ogeechee and Cannouchee rivers with their tributaries drain the land. Near the former is a large lake. All these waters are well supplied with fish. The surface is level and the soil varies greatly in different portions of the county. The hummock land is especially adapted to the production of corn, wheat, oatg, rye, sugar-cane, rice and potatoes. Peaches, pears, plums, grapes; berries and melons are cultivated extensively and bring good profits. The timbers are mainly pine and cypress, and lumber and inaval stores are exported in great quantities. The.Dover & Brewton division of the Central of Geor gia, the Glennville & Register, the Savannah & Statesboro and the Foy railroads traverse the county providing ample facilities for travel and transportation. Statesboro, the county seat, is the trade center of the county. The population in 1900 was 31,377, a gain of 7,665 in ten years.
Bulloch, William, was the son of Archibald Bulloch and was born in Georgia in 1776. After receiving a liberal education he studied law and began to practice at Savannah in 1797. He was mayor of Savannah and collector at that port in 1809; served during the war of 1812 in the;Savannah heavy artillery; was apponited United States senator: from Georgia in 1813, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of William H. Crawford, and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

267

served until the election of Mr. Crawford's successor in December of that year; was one of the founders of the state bank and its president from 1816 until 1843. He died at Savannah May 6, 1852.
Bullochville, a village in the southern part of Meriwether coun ty, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 20, 1893. The population in 1900 was 175. It has a money order postoffice, some good stores, and is located on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern railway.
Bullock, Osborn Cordy, has been prominently identified with the business and civic affairs of the city of Columbus for a quarter of a century and his capitalistic interests there are varied and important, while his standing as a citizen and business man is unassailable. He was born in Buena Vista, Marion county, Ga., June 7, 1852, a son of Cordy and Jane Richardson (Coombs) Bul lock, both of whom were born in Wilkes county, Ga., and both of whom are now deceased. The father was a planter by voca tion, rendered yeoman service as a soldier of the Confederacy during the climacteric epoch of the Civil war, and died in Marion county, Ga., in 1865. Osbprn C. Bullock was afforded the advan tages of the schools of Marion county, where he was reared to maturity. As a young man he there identified himself with the livestock business, dealing more specially in horses and mules, and with this important line of enterprise he was concerned for many years. In 1880 he removed from his native county to Colum bus, where he has since maintained his home. For twenty-five years he was here engaged in the handling of horses and mules upon an extensive scale. During the greater portion of this period he was a member of the -firm of Fletcher & Bullock, which for many years conducted the:: largest horse and mule market in this section of the state, often handling as many as 1,500 head a year. Mr. Bullock retired from this business in 1903 and in December of the same year became ipresident of the William Beach Hard ware Company, which position he still retains. This company, which controls a large wholesale and retail trade, is capitalized for $25,000.. He is a director of the Home Mixture Guano Com pany, and the Columbus Manufacturing Company; is vice-presi dent of the Merchants' and Mechanics' bank; is an interested prin cipal in the firm of J. B. Key & Co., wholesale and retail grocers, and is also one of the largest planters in this section, owning extensive and well improved plantations in both Chattahoochee and Marion counties, He is essentially a business man and while

268

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

he takes a loyal and public-spirited interest in all that concerns the progress and well-being of his home city and state he has never aspired to political office, though he accords to the Democracy the weight of his influence and direct support. He is a steward of St. Luke's church, Methodist Episcopal South, of which his wife also is a devoted member. On Dec. 11, 1877, Mr. Bullock was united in marriage to Miss Minnie Drane, daughter of William M. and Margaret (Bryant) Drane, of Marion county, where she secured her early educational discipline, which was supplemented by a course in the Wesleyan female college at Macon, in which in stitution she was graduated. Mr. and Mrs. Bullock have four chil dren : Floyd D., Drane, Edgar M., and Margaret. Floyd D., the eldest son, is secretary of the Columbus Manufacturing Com pany.
Bullock, Rufus Brown, governor of Georgia from 1868 to 1871, was born at Bethlehem, Albany county, N. Y., March 28, 1834. Graduating at the Albion academy at the age of sixteen, he took up the study of telegraphy and soon became an expert operator. Some years before the outbreak of the war he went South in the interests of the Adams Express Company, and established his headquarters at Augusta, Ga. He was an active opponent of secession, but later entered the Confederate arm}'-, becoming an acting assistant quartermaster, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. After the war he returned to Augusta, where he organized the First National bank, and was later, elected president of the Macon and Augusta railroad. As an:advocate of the Congressional plan of reconstruction he was elected governor of the state in 1868 by the Republicans, but sent in his resignation on Oct. 23, 1871, and was absent from the state until 1876. In that year he took up his residence in Atlanta, where he was- afterward one of the trustees of the Atlanta university, vice-president of the Piedmont Exposi tion, president of a cotton manufacturing company and the cham ber of commerce, and a director in the Union Pacific railroad.
Bull Town Swamp. In November, 1778, two British expeditions were sent out from St. Augustine for the invasion of Georgia one by sea under the command:of Lieutenant-Colonel Fuse, and the other, consisting of 100 British regulars, under Lieut.-Col. Mark Prevost, was despatched by land. At Fort Howe Prevost was joined by the notorious McGifth, with 300 Indians and refugees, and the whole force commenced the work of devastation. Every man they found was taken prisoner and homes were pillaged of every article of value that could be conveniently carried away.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

269

Col. John Baker collected all the mounted militia he could and took a position at Bull Town swamp, on the Savannah arid Darien road, to dispute the advance of the invaders. A short but sharp skirmish ensued on November 24th, in which Colonel Baker and two men were wounded. Finding themselves outnumbered the Americans fell back to Riceborough bridge, where they again made a stand, but were again driven from their position. They then joined Colonel White at Medway Church, (q.v.)
Burch, John E., one of the represen tative members of the bar of Laurens comity, is established in the successful practice of his profession in Dublin, the county seat. He was born in the south
ern part of this county, Feb. IT, 1872, and is a son of John and Missouri
(Clements) Burch, the former of whom , was born near Scotland, Montgomery county, Ga., Feb. 4, 1846, and the latter of whom was born in Spring Hill, Mont
gomery county, July 10, 1848. They now reside at Arthur, Laurens county. Of their seven children the following brief data is given: Clayton, who was born March 28, 1870, resides in Arthur; John E., of this sketch, was the second in order of birth; Jennie, who was born Feb. 6, 1876, is the wife^of Virgil Taylor and they reside near Chauncey, Dodge county; James A., born Sept. 10, 1878; resides in Arthur, as do also the younger children, Lola, who was born Dec. 25, 1880; Anna, who was ;born in January, 1884; and Smith, who was born August 1, 1890. ;: The father was one of the loyal sons of the Confederacy who went forth in defense of its cause in the Civil war. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty-ninth Georgia infantry, with which he served eight months, when he was so severely wounded that he was confined to hospital for more than a year, after which he was detailed to buy live stock for the use of the Confederate government, serving in this capacity until the close of the war. John E. Burch, subject of this sketch, now serving as judge of the city court of Dublin, secured his early education in the common schools of Eastman, Dodge county, and then took up the study of law under the preceptorship of Judge D. M. Roberts, of \that place, being there admitted to the bar in 1896. Since 1899 :he has been established in the practice of his profession in Dublin, and he has been judge of the city court

270

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

since 1904, having proven a most discriminating judicial officer, eminently qualified for the duties devolving upon him. He is a stalwart supporter of the cause of the Democracy and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fel lows and the Knights of Pythias. On Nov. 29, 1904, Judge Burch was united in marriage to Miss Pauline Daley, daughter of Judge A. F. and Willie (Howard) Daley, of Wrightsville, Ga., and they enjoy unqualified popularity in the social circles of their home city.
Burckmyer, Lawrence Adams, local freight agent of the Central of Georgia railway at Augusta, was born at Blackville, Barnwell county, S. C., July 5, 1871. His father, John Adams Bu-rckmyer, was born in Charleston, S. C., in August, 1835, and was there reared and educated, continuing his residence in that city until after the war between the states, when he removed to Blackville, where he passed the remainder of his life, having been engaged in mercantile pursuits during the greater portion of his active business career. He died on Feb. 4, 1886. His widow, whose maiden .name was Annie Haygood, and who was born in Black ville, July 4, 1850, now resides in Hendersonville, N. C. She has five sons and three daughters, viz: Benjamin Pressley, Henry Griggs, Claude, John Adams, Lawrence Adams, Carrie Haygood, Julia Pressley and Ruth. Two daughters of a former marriage of the father are living, Mamie Davant and Elizabeth the latter being now the wife of Frank E. Curtis, of Hendersonville. Law rence A. Burckmyer was educated in private and public schools in his native town, leaving school at the age of fifteen years to take a clerical position in the offices of the old South Carolina railroad at Summerville, S. C , and he has ever since been identified with railroad affairs. In the years intervening since 1886 he has been employed in various capacities and by different railroad com panies, remaining in South Carolina until 1896, when he located in Augusta, where he has since maintained his home. On August 13, 1904, he was promoted to his present responsible position, having been local cashier in the freight office of the same road from 1897 to 1901, and thereafter chief clerk until his present ap pointment was accorded. Mr. Burckmyer is a member of the American association of local freight agents, being vice-president of the Augusta branch of the same, and his political support is given to the Democratic party. On Dec. 2, 1900, he was united in marriage to Miss Harriet Lula Hook, daughter of John N. and Susan (McPherson) Hook, of Sandy Run, South Carolina, and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

271

they have one child, Lawrence Adams Burckmyer, Jr., who was-
born on Sept. 7, 1901. Burdett, Albert Reese, the present
mayor of Newnan, Coweta county, and
one of the representative citizens and
business men of that thriving city, was
born in Washington, Wilkes county,
Ga., Dec. 20, 1851, a son of Thomas Jef
ferson and Almeda (Murphy) Burdett, both born in Wilkes county. The father
served in the state militia during the
Civil war and his entire active career
was devoted to his plantation enter
prises, in which he was very successful.
He died in 1878, in Meriwether county, and his wife survived him by many years, passing away in 1893, in the same county. .They became the parents of five children John, Simpson, Thomas, Albert R. and Lucy. They were devoted members of the Missionary Baptist church. Albert Reese Burdett received his early educational discipline in his native county, completing his academic training under the tutorship of Professors Looney and Candler, the latter of whom later became governor of the state. Albert R. Burdett was reared to the life of the home plantation and in 1873 he took up his residence in Newnan, where he was employed in a clerical capacity for two years, at the expira tion of which he engaged in the cotton business on his own re sponsibility. He is the owner of a large warehouse and controls an extensive business as a buyer and shipper of cotton, being also the owner of a well improved plantation in this county. He is a stanch adherent of the: Democratic party, and he has made his in fluence felt in a local way as a progressive and public-spirited citizen. His personal ; popularity in his home city is of the most unequivocal order. He served one year as a member of the.board of aldermen, one year as city clerk, and has been continuously the incumbent of the office of mayor since the time of his first elec tion, in 1898 excepting one term. In January, 1906, he was in stalled again as mayor, for a term of two years, being his own successor. He manifests the deepest interest in all that concerns the welfare of his city and county and has done much to further the advancement and prosperity of Newnan. He served as lieutenantcolonel on the staff of Governor Atkinson, holding this office four
vears.

272

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Buren, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Union county, is located in the Notely valley, about ten miles southeast of Culberson, N. C., which is the nearest railroad station.
Burke, Aedanus, one of the early chief justices of the Georgia courts, was born in Galway, Ireland, in 1743. He was educated in France for the priesthood, but drifted into the law. When he was about thirty he went to the West Indies and in 1775, being a pronounced revolutionist, he located in South Carolina, where three years later he became one of the justices of the supreme court. Subsequently the fortunes of war led him into Georgia, where in 1782 he was elected chief justice to succeed John Wereat. He did not serve long, if at all, for in a short time after peace he was again on the bench of the South Carolina supreme court. Later- he represented that state 'in Congress. His death occurred in 1802.
Burke County was laid out as St. George's parish in 1758. In 1777 it received its present name in honor of Edmund Burke, the great champion of American liberty. At the beginning of the Revolutionary troubles, when a convention was called at Savan nah to collect funds to aid the sufferers from the effects of the Boston Port Bill, Burke county sent as her delegates two men named Jones and Lord. Some of the loyalist citizens of the county, drew up a paper, which was signed by quite a number, disavowing sympathy with the element that elected the delegates and for warded it to Governor Wright. During the war of the Revolution several skirmishes occurred on Burke county soil, the most not able of which was at Burke county jail. In the convention which met at Augusta in 1788 to ratify the Federal constitution, the county was represented by Edward Telfair and H. Todd. In 1793 a portion of the county was set- off to Screven, part to Jefferson in 1798, and in August, 1905, a part was taken to form the county of Jenkins. Prior to the creation of the last named county the boundaries were as follows: on the north by Richmond county, on the east by the State of South Carolina, on the southeast by Screven, on the south by Emanuel and on the west by Jefferson. The Savannah river along the eastern border and the Ogeechee in the southern part furnish excellent drainage and water-power for numerous mills and factories. The soil is fertilized by the rotten limestone, which impregnates the water in this part of the state. The principal agricultural products are cotton, corn, wheat, rye and sugar-cane, while many acres are planted to apple and peach orchards. In the northern and western portions are forests of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

-373

long leaf pine and the various hard-woods, lumber and naval stores being exported in large quantities. A branch of the Central of Georgia runs from Augusta to Millen, where it connects with the main line, giving direct communication with Savannah and Atlanta. At Shell Bluff there is a large deposit of limestone. Buhrstone, chalcedony and jasper are also found in the county. Waynesboro is the county seat and chief town. According to the census of 1900 the population was 30,165, a gain of 1,664 in ten years.
Burke County Jail. About the middle of January, 1779, Colonel Campbell decideu to drive the Americans from Augusta, which was the only post in Georgia which had not already succumbed to British power. As part of his plan Colonel Brown and McGirth, with 400 mounted men, were ordered to make a forced march to Burke county jail, where they were to form a junction with Colonel Thomas. Col. John Twiggs and William and Benjamin Few coU lected about 250 mounted men and stationed themselves at the jail to await the approach of the enemy. Brown and McGirth attacked this force but were repulsed with a loss of 5 killed, 9 captured and several wounded. Expecting the British to reinforce Brown the Americans withdrew, keeping all the time in close touch with the enemy's movements. Brown received reinforcements in the shape of a detachment of South Carolina royalists, led by Maj. Harry Sharp, and determined to again attack Twiggs and Few. He was again repulsed, with a greater loss than in the first attack, among the wounded being the Tory leader of the ex pedition. McCall says that in the last engagement Capt. Joshua Inman, who was in command of a troop of American horse, killed three of the enemy with his: own' hand.
Burkhalter, S., a representative member of the bar of Clinch county, in whose judicial center, the town of Homerville, he is established in the successful practice of his profession, was born in that county, March 24, 1859, and is a son of James and Nancy (Stevens) Burkhalter, the former of whom was born in Pulaski county, Ga., and the latter in the State of Tennessee. The father became one of the substantial farmers of Clinch county, and ren dered valiant service in defense of the Confederate cause as a mem ber of a Georgia regiment: in the Civil war. S. Burkhalter was reared on the farm, secured his preliminary education in the pub lic schools, and for a number of years after attaining manhood was successfully engaged in theibuying and shipping of live stock. He read law under the preceptorship of C. M. Hitch, of Quitman, Brooks county, was admitted to the bar in 1895, and has been en-

274

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

gaged in the practice of his profession in Homerville since 1900.
He is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies of the Dem
ocratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Chris
tian church. Mr. Burkhalter married a Miss Corbett, of Clinch
county, who died on May 3, 1903, and on May 11, 1904, he married
Miss Lorena Smith, daughter of K. C. and Elizabeth Smith, of
Homerville.
Burlington, a post-hamlet of Union county, is about eight miles west of Blairsville. Mineral Bluff, on the Atlanta, Knoxville &
Northern, is the most convenient railroad station. Burned Church. (See Dallas). Burnett, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Gilmer county,
is about six miles southwest of Blueridge, which is the nearest railroad station.
Burnt Hickory. See Dallas.) Burnt Mountain, a post-hamlet in the northeast corner of Pickens county, is at the western base of the Amicalola range of moun tains and eight miles northeast of Jasper, which is the nearest railroad station. Burnt Village. What has passed into history as the Burnt Village was an Indian town, located on the west bank of the Chattahoochee river, at the mouth of the Wehadka creek, and almost due west of the present city of La Grange, the county seat of Troup county. Prior to 1793 it was the great central point of the Muscogee tribe of the Creek nation, the crossing place of all the trading and war parties made up of the Muscogees living west of the river, and was where the chiefs met to mature their plans for attacks upon the frontier settlements of the whites. In 1793, just after the Indians had made a : successful foray on the settlements several hundred warriors met here to celebrate the "Green Corn Dance." While they were thus engaged a considerable body of white men, led by Major Adams, reached the opposite side of the stream, determined upon avenging the death of their fellow-set tlers. Unaware that they were thus threatened the Indians kept up their revelry until a late hour at night, after which the village was soon sunk in profound slumber. Major Adams himself crossed the river and reconnoitered the; strength of the savages. Returning to the white encampment he led his forces noislessly across the Chattahoochee and began a merciless slaughter of the warlike Muscogees, and though nearly every warrior met a tragic death at the hands of the infuriated whites the women and children were spared. The town was burned and the place was never again

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

275

occupied by the Indians as a place of residence. For many years a few old posts stood upon the spot to mark the site all that was left .of the "Burnt Village." In his Historical Collections White gives a dramatic account of the burning of the town.
Burroughs, a post-village of Chatham county, with a popula tion of 118 in 1900, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, about twelve miles southwest of Savannah, and not far from the Ogeechee river.
Burton, a post-village in the western part of Rabun county, is on the Tallulah river and in 1900 reported a population of 63. Tallulah Falls is the most convenient railroad station.
Burton, Thomas Jones, who died at his home in the city of Waynesboro, Dec. 5, 1883, was one of the prominent planters and influential citizens of Burke county and was a representative of an old and distinguished family of eastern Georgia, with whose annals the name became identified many years prior to the war of the Revolution, his great-grandfather, Robert Burton having here served as a magistrate under the regime of King George III, of England. Mr, Burton was born in Burke county, April 18, 1833, a son of Charles and Susan (Jones) Burton, his father having been a successful planter in this county, where both he and his wife continued to reside until death. Thomas J. Burton was edu cated in Mercer university at Macon, and throughout his entire independent career he was prominently identified with plantation interests in his native county, where he owned a fine landed estate. Though he suffered the reverses which came to all in the south through the ravages of the Civil war, his courage and determina tion did not falter when he was compelled to adjust himself to the changed conditions. He brought his land up to the highest state of productivity and gained prestige as one of the leading and most progressive planters of this section of the state. It was he who introduced the use of commercial fertilizers in Burke county and through this process :the estate was revitalized and made pro lific in its products. Besides his plantation he was the owner at the time of his death, oi the old homestead in Liberty street, Waynesbpro, where his widow still resides. Mr. Burton was stren uously -loyal to the cause;of the Confederacy, and at the inception of the Civil war became ?first lieutenant of the Burke Guard, but by reason of impaired health, which disqualified him for active field servece, he was transferred to the commissary department, in which he rendered valuable aid to the cause. He was a stalwart advocate of the principles and policies of the Democratic party

276

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and took a loyal interest in all that touched the welfare of his native county and state. He represented Burke county two terms in the state legislature, and his hold upon popular confidence and esteem was that begotten of: personal integrity and honor in all the relations of life. He was a prominent and appreciative mem ber of the Masonic fraternity. On Nov. 29, 1860, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Burton to Miss Sarah J. Shewmake, daughter of Joseph and Caroline (Hankinson) Shewmake, of Burke county, representatives of old and prominent families of Georgia. Mr. Burton is survived by his widow and six children, concerning the latter of whom the following data are entered: James Virgil is resident of Waynesboro; William S. is engaged in business in the city of Augusta; Mamie is the wife of Hugh H. Alexander, of Augusta; Susan is now Mrs. Gates, of Waynesboro; Annie re mains with her mother; and Sallie is the wife of AVilliam Wright, of Cairo, Grady county.
Burtsboro, a post-hamlet of Lumpkin county, is about seven miles southwest of Dahlonega. Gainesville, on the Southern, and Jasper, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, are the nearest rail way stations, each about twenty miles distant.
Burum, Peter G., senior member of the ;firm of Burum Bros. & Co., dealers
in grain, feed, building materials, etc., in the city of Augusta for nearly half a century, having here located as a young man; and having risen to a position of prominence as a citizen and business man,, while it was his to render yeoman service as a loyal soldier of the Con federacy in the Civil war. Mr. Burum was:; born in Blount county, Tenn., on
June 13, 1838, a son of Henry and Nancy
(Badget) Burum, both of whom were likewise natives of Tennessee,;: where both continued to reside un til death, the father having been a farmer by occupation: he was a son of Henry Burum, who was born on Long Island, N. Y., and who was one of the pioneers of eastern Tennessee. Peter G. Burum was afforded the advantages of the common schools of his native state and was reared on the homestead farm. He contin ued his residence in Tennessee until 1858, when, at the age of twenty years, he removed to i Augusta, Ga., where he secured a clerical position in a wholesale crockery house, being thus en-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

gaged at the time when Governor Brown issued his first call for

volunteers to aid in defending the cause of the Confederacy. Mr.

Burum forthwith responded with loyal zeal. On May 11, 1861,

he enlisted as a private in Company A, Fifth Georgia volunteer

infantry, with which command he continued to serve until the

close of the war. He took part in many important engagements,

including the battles of Santa Rosa, Lookout Mountain, Cumber

land Gap, Blackland, Murfreesboro, Missionary Ridge and Chick-

amauga; and was in the campaign from Dalton to Atlanta and

Bentonville, at which latter place he was captured, this having

been the last battle of the war. After the termination of his long

and faithful service he returned to Augusta, and since 1866 he has

been identified with his present line of enterprise, the operations

of the firm being principally in the commission and wholesale

province. The headquarters of Burum Bros. & Co. are at 843

Broad street, and associated with the subject of this sketch in the

firm are his brother, J. 0. Burum, and his only son, Henry P.

Burum. Mr. Burum accords allegiance to the Democratic party

but has never sought public office; he and his family are com

municants of the Protestant Episcopal church; and fraternally he

is identified with the United Confederate Veterans. On Jan. 6,

1866, Mr. Burum was united in marriage to Miss Ellen Boutet, of

Augusta, and they have one son, Henry P.

Burwell, a post-village of;Carroll county, is located in the Talla-

poosa valley, about seven miles southwest of Carrollton, which is

the most convenient railroad station. The population in 1900

was 100.

;

Burwell, William H., a leading mem

ber of the bar of Hancock county, and

ex-member of the state legislature, is

eiigaged in practice in Sparta. He was

born in the city of Baltimore, Md., April

21, 1869, and is a son of William A. and

Sallie (Ward) Burwell, the former of

whom was born in Franklin county, Va.,

and the latter in Lynchburg, Campbell

cpunty, that state. The Burwell fam

ily is of English extraction, and the sub

ject of this review is a direct descend

ant of Col. Lewis Burwell, who won

distinction as an officer in;the Continental forces during the war

of the Revolution. The maternal ancestors were also prominent

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in the Old Dominion state and representatives of the name ren dered yeomen service in behalf of the colonies during the great struggle for independence. William A. Burwell served during the entire Civil war as a member of a cavalry regiment in the Con federate service. In 1872 he removed with his family from Mary land to Greensboro, Ga., and later took up his residence in Sparta, where he engaged in the general merchandise business, becoming one of the honored and influential citizens of the town. He and his wife are now living at Sparta. William H. Burwell availed himself of the advantages' of the Sparta high school, after which he took a course in a business college in the city of Atlanta.. In taking up the reading of law he entered the office of Col. John T. Jordan, of Sparta, and under this able preceptor carried on his technical studies until his admission to the bar, in 1893. In the following year he entered into a professional partnership with his honored preceptor, and this association obtained until the death of Colonel Jordan, in 1895, since which time he has conducted an in dividual practice and has won unqualified success and prestige in his profession. Mr. Burwell has been an ardent supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and in October, 1894, he was elected to represent Hancock county, in the state legislature, in which he served two terms. In 1898 he was elected mayor of Sparta, likewise remaining incumbent of this office two terms and giving a most -progressive and acceptable administra tion of the municipal government. He has been a frequent dele gate to the county, congressional and state conventions of his party and has been an active worker in its cause. In 1902 he was a candidate for the state senate, but was defeated, on local issues, by a very small majority, his successful opponent being Robert L. Merritt. Mr. Burwell is a member of the Masonic fraternity, in which he has taken the Knights Templar degrees, and is also identified with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, while both he and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church, in which he is a deacon. On April; 27, 1898, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Burwell to Miss Lyra Reid, daughter of J. Calhoun and Martha (Adams) Reid, of Eatonton. Putnam county, Ga., her father having been a prominent farmer and official of that county. To this marriage has been ;born one daughter Frances Adams.
Bush, Clarence P., has attained to a position of prominence in the business circles of his native city, being president of the BushPhilips Hardware Company, wholesale and retail dealers in hard ware in Columbus, one of Georgia's most thriving and important

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

279

industrial and commercial centers. Mr. Bush was born in Colum bus, May 31. 1869, and is a son of Joel and Josephine M. (Jenkins) Bush, both native of Chattahoochee county, this state, where the
former was born June 4, 1835, and the latter July 16, 1840. In that county their
marriage was solemnized on Nov. 3, 1856, and in 1866 they took up their residence in Columbus, where the father became an influential citizen and a prominent hard ware merchant. He was one of the loyal : sons of Georgia who went forth in de fense of the Confederate cause in the
: great war between the states, and he con' tinned his residence in Columbus until
his death on March 18, 1906, honored by all who knew him. He was a son of Robert C. Bush, and the agnatic genealogy is traced back to Ger man origin. His widow still resides in Columbus. She is a daugh ter of Edward B. and Lavonia (Turner) Jenkins and is of French lineage. Of the five surviving children of Joel and Josephine M. Bush the subject of this sketch is the second in order of birth. Callie E. is the wife of John Malone, of Columbus, and the other sons are Homer E., a resident of Albany; and Henry G. and George D., residents of Columbus. Clarence P. Bush was afforded the advantages of the public jand private schools of Columbus and later took a course in Moore's business college, in Atlanta. At the age of sixteen years he found employment in his father's hardware store, where he gained valuable experience and knowledge. Upon attaining to his legal majority his father admitted him to partnership in the business, and the firm of J. Bush & Son continued operations for eight years, at the expiration of which the father retired, being succeeded by the son. The latter's business acumen led him at^this time to organize and inc6rporate the business, under the title of the Bush Hardware Company, his primary object being to broaderi ; the scope of operations, making the enterprise include a wholesale as well as retail function. This change was successfully made in 1898, and Mr. Bush has been consecutively president of the concern from the start. On April 1, 1905, however, a partial reorganiza tion occurred and the present corporate title, Bush-Philips Hard ware Company, was then adopted. Mr. Bush remains president, and the secretary and treasurer of the company is Ernest Philips. The large and well equipped establishment of the company ex-

280

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tends through from Broad to Front street, and its facilities are

excellent in every way. The Broad street number of the head

quarters is 1025, and that on Front street is 1022. The house has

a high reputation for reliable methods and effective service and

its trade is large and extended. Mr. Bush is a director of the Co

lumbus Georgia Buggy Company, of which he was formerly pres

ident, and he is a member of the Southern jobbers' association and

of the Columbus board of trade. He is identified with the Knights

of Columbus, in which order he is now grand knight of Bishop

Gross Council, No. 1019, and he is also affiliated with the Benevo

lent and Protective Order of Elks. The Democratic party receives

his unreserved allegiance and his religious faith is that of the

Catholic church, of which he is a communicant. On April 21,

1895, Mr. Bush was united in marriage to Miss Blanche E. Regan,

of Louisville, Ky., who died Nov. 3, 1900, and who is survived by

one child, Blanche -E., born Dec. 26, 1897.

Bushnell, a post-village of Coffee county, is on the Cordele &

Brunswick' division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad, and

about eight miles west of Douglas. No report of population was

included in the last national census.

Bussey, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Meriwether

county, is about equally distant from Nebula and Warm Springs,

stations on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern

railway.

..,,,,.,,,.

Bussey, Arthur S., junior member of

,::::::i||:||:|;: ::|::::::

the law firm of Daley & Bussey, of

Wrightsville, is one of the able young

members of the bar of Johnson county

and has made an excellent record in the

practical work of his profession. He

was born in Jacksonville, Telfair county;

Ga., Nov. 26, 1877, being a son of Heze-

kiah W. and Rebecca S. (Wilcox) Bus

sey, the former of whom was born in

Wilkes county and the latter in Telfair

county, this state. The Bussey family

is of French Huguenot descent and the

name has been long and prominently identified with the annals

of Georgia, several of its representatives having been participants

in the War of 1812. Gen. John Coffee,, of Indian war fame, also

figures as a remote ancestor of him whose name initiates this re

view. The Wilcox family also was early founded in Georgia, and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

281

the maternal grandfather of Mr. Bussey, Capt. John Coffee Wilcox, served under General Longstreet in the Civil war as captain of a cavalry company. After his graduation in the Hawkinsville high school Mr. Bussey took-up the study of law under John H. Martin, of Hawkinsville, who is now judge of the superior courts of the Oconee circuit. Mr. Bussey was admitted to the bar of his. native state, by examination, May 17, 1898, having been twenty years of. age at the time. For two years thereafter he was incumbent of the office of court reporter of the Oconee circuit, and at the expiration of that time, in 1900, he went to the city of Macon, where he remained about a year with the law firm of Hall & Wimberly, for the purpose of gaining practical experience in certain technicalities arid minutiae of his profession. Since that time he has been engaged in successful practice in Wrightsville, his partner being Judge Alexander F. Daley, and the firm title of Daley & Bussey having been maintained from the start. Mr. Bussey is an unwavering supporter of the cause of the Democratic party and is active in its local councils, being secretary of the party- executive committe in his county, and having been a. dele gate to state and congressional conventions on several occasions. His firm is retained as general counsel of the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad and its clientage is otherwise also of representative character. Mr. Bussey is greatly interested in educational and church work, being a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and being secretary of the South Georgia Epworth League. He is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and council of the Masonic fraternity and with the local lodge of the Knights of Pythias, of which he is a past chancellor.
Butler, the county seat of Taylor county, is located in a good farming district on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway. The district contains 3,083 inhabitants, of whom 707 live in the town. This town was incorporated in 1854. The Methodists and Baptists have good churches and there is a good system of schools. The large academy has a commodious hall which is used for en tertainments of various kinds. It has a money order postoffice, with. rural free delivery, a; court house and several good stores.
Butler, John G., Jr., secretary and treasurer of the John G. But ler Builders' Supply Company, of Savannah, was born in that city, July 14, 1879, and is numbered among the representative business men of the younger generation in his native place. He is the eldest son of John G. Butler, president of the company mentioned above, and one of Savannah's honored and influential citizens.

282

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

John G. Butler, Jr., secured his educational discipline in the pub lic schools of Savannah and in the Richmond business college, of that city, being a member of the senior class of the Savannah high school at the time when he withdrew from the same to iden tify himself with his father's business. He began his services in the capacity of bookkeeper, and when the business was incorpor ated, on Jan. 1, 1905, he was made secretary and treasurer of the company, of which position he remains the capable incumbent, being a progressive and able young business man. He is captain of the Savannah Cadets, which constitutes Company K of the First Georgia regiment, and is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and the Knights of Columbus. In poli tics he is a stanch Democrat and his religious faith is that of the Catholic church, in which he was reared and of which he is a com municant.
Butts, a post-village of Jenkins county, formerly in Emanuel, is located about seven miles from Millen, on the Millen & South western railroad. The population in 1900 was 104.
Butts County was created from Monroe in 1825 and named for Capt. Samuel Butts, who fell at Charleston in 1814, fighting against the Indians, who had taken advantage of the war with England to attack the settlers. It is situated in the central part of the state and is bounded on the northeast by Xewton county, on the east 'by Jasper, on the south by Monroe, on the west by Spalding, and on the northwest by Henry. The Ocmulgee runs along the north eastern and eastern borders, and with numerous creeks, drains the land. The surface is generally level. The soil is gray and adapted to the production of cotton, the grasses and small grains. The products of the county are marketed chiefly at Jackson, the county seat. The Southern railway traverses the county from northwest to southeast, and establishes a direct communication with Atlanta and Macon. A short line runs 'from Flovilla, on the Southern railway, to Indian Springs, the noted summer resort. These springs are situated in ; a fork of Sandy creek and have been celebrated for the healing qualities of their sulphur waters for many years, being known to the Indians before their title to the land was extinguished. Here in 1825 the treaty was made be tween the Indians and white men which led to the murder of Will iam Mclntosh, the half breed chief, by his own people. Pepperton and Mclntosh are other towns of importance in the county. The population in 1900 was 12,805, a gain of 2,240 since 1890.
Buzzard Roost (near Dalton). In February, 1864, General

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

283

Grant ordered General Thomas to advance into Georgia with the army of the Cumberland, take possession of Dalton and go as far South of that position as possible. The whole Federal strength in this movement was twelve brigades of infantry, one of cavalry, and several batteries. To meet them Gen. Joseph E. Johnson posted Stewart's and Breckenridge's divisions before Mill Creek Gap, northeast of Dalton, and Stevenson north of Dalton. On February 24th the Federals advanced, but Wheeler, with his cav alry and a battery of Parrott guns, succeeded in checking the cen ter of their column until flanked on both wings, when he was forced to retire. The Federals encamped that night in the valley immediately before the pass called Buzzard Roost. On the next day while two divisions held this position, two others were sent around by the north to make an attack in the rear of the pass in Crow valley. Major-General Hindman, with five brigades, met this movement and by a vigorous charge drove back the Federals in great confusion. The Thirty-ninth Indiana, holding a pass six miles south, which threatened the . Confederate position, was driven out at the dawn of the 26th by Granbury's Texas brigade. Palmer's forces were withdrawn on the night of February 26th and were pursued by Wheeler's cavalry to Ringgold. The Con federate strength in this affair at Buzzard Roost was seven bri gades on the 25th and eleven on the 26th. The Federal loss was officially reported at 43 killed, 267 wounded and 35 missing total 345. The Confederate loss was in like manner reported at 270 in killed and wounded. During Hood's advance into Tennessee in the fall of 1864 he captured the garrisons at Dalton, Tilton and Mill Creek Gap, about 1,000 prisoners in all, after considerable skirmishing at Buzzard Roost Gap and Blockhouse.
Buzzard Roost Gap. (See Buzzard Roost.) Byne, James Miller, M. D., is ably assisting in upholding the prestige of the medical profession in Burke county, being estab lished in successful practice in the city of Waynesboro. He was born in Hephzibah, Richmond county, this state, March 17, 1879, and is a son of John S. and Margaret J. (Murphree) Byne, both of whom were born in Burke county and both of whom are de ceased, the father having been a planter by vocation. After a course of study in the Hephzibah high school Doctor Byne en tered the Gordon institute at Barnesville, where he continued his academic discipline, after which he was matriculated in the Medi cal College of Georgia at Augusta, this being the medical depart ment of the state university, in which he was graduated as a mem-

284

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ber of the class of 1900, duly receiving his well earned degree of Doctor of Medicine and coming forth well fortified for the prac tical work of his profession. Soon after his graduation he opened an office in Waynesboro, where he has. since continued in active practice as a physician and surgeon, meeting with gratifying suc cess. In 1903 he completed a course in the New York post-gradu ate medical school and hospital. He is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia and is a close and appreciative student in both departments of his profession. The doctor is arrayed as a loyal supporter of the catise of the Democratic party, and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Feb. 24, 1904, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary W. Heggie, of Grovetown, Columbia county, Ga., and they have one son, James Miller, Jr., born May 30, 1905.
Bynum, a post-village in the central part of Union county, is about four miles southwest of Blairsville, and fifteen miles from Culberson, N. C., which is the nearest railroad station.
Byrd, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Floyd county, is also a station on the line of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta to Chattanooga, Tenn.
Byromville, a post-village of Dooly county, is ten miles north west of Vienna on the Atlantic & Birmingham railway. The population in 1900 was 58.
Byron, a village in the northern part of Houston county, with a population of 219 in 1900, is on the Macon & Columbus division of the Central of Georgia railroad. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery :routes emanating from it, express and telegraph service, and is the principal trading and shipping point for that part of the county.

C
Cabaniss, Joseph W., president of the Exchange bank of Macon, and recognized as one of the representative citizens and business men of Bibb county, is a native of Georgia, having been born in Forsyth, Monroe county, Oct. 11, 1841. He is a son of Elbridge Gerry and Sarah (Chipman) Cabaniss, both of whom were born in Georgia. The father was a lawyer by profession and a man of distinctive ability. Prior to the war between the states he was judge of the superior courts of the Flint circuit, and during the progress of the war he served as state tax collector for the Con federate government. After the close of the war he was elected to Congress, but was refused his seat, as were those chosen from

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285

others of the late Confederate states. Joseph W. Cabaniss se cured his earlier education in the schools of his native town and then entered Mercer university at Macon, in which he was gradu ated as a member of the class of 1861. In the same year it was his privilege to manifest his intrinsic loyalty to the cause of the Confederacy by going forth in defense of the same. He enlisted in the First Georgia volunteer infantry, was later a member of the Forty-fifth Georgia regiment, was afterward a member of the signal-service corps, and was captured at Petersburg. After the war he located in Griffin, Spalding county, where he resided from 1865 until 1869, being there engaged in the shoe business. In the latter year he removed to Macon, and in 1871 he became teller in the Exchange bank. In 1878 he was chosen cashier of the in stitution, retaining this position for a number of years, and in 1895 he was elected president, which executive office he has since held. To his wise administration both as cashier and president, is due in a large measure the substantial upbuilding of this solid and popular monetary institution, which is capitalized for $500,000, and has a surplus of $100,000. Mr. Cabaniss is also presi dent of the Union Savings bank, and has lent his aid and influence to the promoting of other: business enterprises in the city of Macon, where his interests are large and varied in character. In politics he is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party; he is a Mason, is identified with the United Confederate Veterans, and both he and his wife hold membership in the Baptist church. He is a valued member of the board of education of Macon, and is a trustee of his alma mater Mercer university. He is loyal and public-spirited in every sense and is an honored and influential citizen of Macon, where he has maintained his home for more than thirty-five years. In 1868 Mr. Cabaniss was united in marriage to Miss Emma Winship, daughter of Isaac Winship, a prominent iron manufacturer and influential citizen of Atlanta, and of the five children of this union two sons and two daughters are living. Winship is engaged in the -insurance business in Macon and Elbridge is a representative farmer of Monroe county.
Cabaniss, Thomas Banks,; lawyer and soldier, was born at Forsyth, August 31, 1835. In: 1853 he graduated at the University of Georgia; then read law and was admitted to the bar; enlisted as a private in the Confederate service in the spring of 1861; rose to the rank of captain and served to the end of the war, sur rendering with Lee's army at Appomattox. After the war he returned home and took up the broken threads of his practice;

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was elected a member of the lower branch of the legislature in 1865 and to the state senate in 1870; served as secretary of the senate in 1873; again as state senator from 1876 to 1879 and from 1884 to 1892, when he was elected to represent his district in the national house of representatives.
Cabinet Officers. At various times in the history of the coun try, citizens of Georgia have been called to serve in the president's cabinet, nearly every position in the official executive family hav ing been filled by a son of ; Georgia. Following is a list of those who have been thus honored, with the date of commission and the name of the president under whom they served. Secretary of State, John Forsyth, June 27, 1834, Andrew Jackson; Secre tary of the Treasury, William H. Crawford, October, 1817, James Monroe, and Howell Cobb, March 6, 1857, under James Buchanan; Secretary of War, William H. Crawford, August 1/1815, James Madison, and George W. Crawford, March 8, 1849, Zachary Taylor; Secretary of the Interior, Hoke Smith, March 6, 1893, Grover Cleveland; Attorney-General, John M. Berrien, May 9, 1829, Andrew Jackson, and Amos T. Ackerman, June 23, 1870, un der Ulysses S. Grant; Postmaster-General, Joseph Habersham was commissioned on Feb. 25, 1795, and served until 1801 under Washington, Adams and Jefferson.
Cadley, a post-hamlet in -the northern part of Warren county, is about five miles north of Camak, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Cain, James G., has been engaged in the practice of law for half a century, being one of the leading members of the bar of Jefferson county and having maintained his home in the city of Louisville throughout his entire pro fessional career, which has been one of distinguished order. He is an ex-mem ber of the state legislature and is a vet eran of the Confederate service in the Civil war. Mr. Cain was born on his father's plantation, in Jefferson county, Jan. 20, 1835, and is a son of James and Nancy (Cranberry) Cain, the former of whom was born in South Carolina, in 1794, and the latter in Jefferson county. James Cain, who was a planter by vocation and who died in 1870, was a son of William and Sarah (Linam) Cain, of South Carolina, the former

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

28?

having been a. patriot soldier in the Continental line during the war of the Revolution, and the latter a daughter of Maurice and Mary (Jones) Linam. Nancy (Cranberry) Cain, who died in 1856, was a daughter of Moses Cranberry, an honored pioneer of Jefferson county. Early in 1861 James G. Cain organized a com pany known as the Jefferson Grays, becoming captain of the same, which was mustered into the Confederate service as Company I, Twenty-eighth Georgia infantry. He took his company to Camp Stephens, Griffin, Ga., where he was elected major of his regiment. In 1862 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and while serving in this office he was seriously wounded in the battle of Malvern Hill, the result of his injury being such that he was incapacitated for farther service, on which score he resigned his commission and returned to his home. Colonel Cain availed himself of the advan tages of the schools of his native county, having passed his boy hood and youth on the home plantation. He later entered Mercer university, which was then located at Penfield, Ga., and in this institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 1856, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He took up the study of law at Sparta, Hancock county, and was admitted to the bar in October, 1856, forthwith establishing himself in practice in Louisville, where he has since continued in active professional work save for the period passed in service in the Civil war and that represented during his membership in the state legislature. Colonel Cain has ever been found stanchly arrayed as a supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and he has rendered valuable service in behalf of the party cause. He rep resented Jefferson county in the lower house of the state legisla ture during the session of 1872, and in the fall of that year, while still incumbent of this office, he was elected to the state senate from the 18th senatorial district, and served one term, of :four years. During his service in the senate he was a member of the judiciary committee and other important committees, and for-the last two years was chairman of the committee on education. : He was a member of the; state constitutional convention of 1877. Colonel Cain is now, and has been for thirty years, a trustee of the Louisville academy;; has been for a number of years chairman of the board of education of Louisville; is vice-president of: the Louisville & Wadley Railroad, and a member of the Baptist church. On Dec. 25, 1860, was solemnized the marriage of Col onel Cain to Miss Jane -Marian Cain, who died June 16, 1875, and who is survived by two children, Marian C., now the wife of

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

John B. Fryer, of Hephzibah, Ga., and Helen C., now the wife of George W. Kelley, of Louisville, On July 18, 1878, Colonel Cain was united in marriage to Miss Anna A. Stevenson, an excellent Christian lady, highly cultivated, and whose faithfulness and loy alty to her husband, has been a great support to him through life. They have no children. Colonel and Mrs. Cain are prominent in the social life of the community, and he commands the unquali fied regard and confidence of all who know him, also being recog nized as one of the representative members of his profession in this part of the state.
Cairo, the county seat of Grady county, is located on the Savan nah, Florida & Western railway. It has of recent years become the center of the syrup trade : of Georgia, shipping in a year as many as 10,000 barrels, valued at something over $100,000. It has an express office, telegraph accommodations, a money order postoffice, from which originate several rural routes, a bank, and several good business houses. In 1900 the Cairo district con tained 4,400 inhabitants, of whom 690 lived in the town proper. It was incorporated in 1870, the limits were further defined in 1889, and when Grady county was created in 190S was designated as the county seat. It also has; good schools and several churches.
Caldwell, a post-hamlet of Union county, is four miles east of Blairsville and not far from the ^western base of Mount Etna. The nearest railroad station is Culberson, N. C., about twenty miles to the northwest on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Caldwell, Charles Henry, of Bainbridge:, founder of the Flint River Lum ber Company, and prominent in railroad and real estate operations, may aptly be termed a "man of affairs." He was born at Greenville, Butler county, Ala., Nov. 26, 18;64, a son of Henry Martyn and Elizabeth (Milner) Caldwell, the former born at Greenville, Ala., Sept. 5, 1836, and the latter at Barnesville, Ga., Nov. 14, 1841. Henry Martyn Caldwell was a physician of considerable eminence prior to the Civil war. When the war broke out he entered the Confederate service as a soldier in the line, but the Confederate government, appreciating the high order of his medical information, and his established reputation as a physician, lost no time in promoting him to the rank of surgeon.

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2S9

He built and for a time had charge of the Confederate hospital at Greenville, thus showing his zeal for the southern cause and the philanthropy of a noble hearted man. At the time of his death he was one of the wealthiest men in the State of Alabama, his estate consisting chiefly of valuable property in the city of Birmingham and the extensive saw-mills at Greenville. For twenty years he was president of the Elyton Land Company, which originally platted the town that is now the city of Birmingham. Charles H. Caldwell was educated in the common schools of his native town and began his business career in early life. He has inherited his worthy father's talent for dealing with large undertakings and his success has been steady and cumulative. In 1895 he located at Bainbridge, Ga., where he .inaugurated the Flint River Lumber Company and erected the magnificent mills that have ever since been in successful operation. He is also interested in the operations of the Caldwell Real Estate and Improvement Company, of Bir mingham, Ala., of which he is president, and is a director of the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railway. Mr. Caldwell is generally recognized as being one of the most enterprising and public-spirited citizens of Bainbridge, anj it is no disparagement to other citizens of that thriving town to say that he is one of the chief mainstays of its prosperity. In his personal associations he is popular with all classes of his fellow-citizens, because while working for his own interests he has not been unmindful of the rights and welfare of others and it is the general concensus of opinion in Bainbridge that he is a sincere Christian, a faithful friend and a chivalrous gentleman, as well as a thorough going business man. Mr. Cald well is a member of the Presbyterian church, in which he is popular with the membership and a generous contributor to its good works. He was married on Oct. 19, 1887, to Miss Ida Lee Treadwell, daughter of Bertie DeKalb and Marcia Elbertina (Holmes) Treadwell, of Memphis, Tenn. No children were born to this union and Mrs. Caldwell passed to her home beyond on June 17, 1905.
Calhoun, the county seat of Gordon county, is located on the Western & Atlantic railroad in the fertile valley of the Oostanaula river. It was incorporated in 1852 and its charter amended in 1895. It has a court house; valued at $25,000, twenty or more sub stantial commercial houses, a large flour mill, a brick yard in suc cessful operation, express and telegraph offices, a bank, good schools and churches, and a money order postoffice with rural free delivery. During the Atlanta campaign in 1864, while fighting was in progress at Resaca,! Sweeney's division of the Union army

19

:

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

crossed the Oostanaula at Lay's Ferry, north of Calhoun. John K. Jackson's brigade of Walker's division assaulted the part of Sweeney's force under Corse, but was repulsed. The lodgment of Sweeney's division so near the line of Johnson's communica tions caused the Confederates to- retire from Resaca. Crossing the Oostanaula at midnight the main body marched to the south of Calhoun, while Hardee held back the advance of Thomas. While the main army of Thomas confronted Johnston near Cal houn on May 16th, McPherson was marching toward Rome and Schofield and Hooker on the left toward Cassville. Not finding a good position at Calhoun, Johnston withdrew the following night to Adairsville. (q. v.)
Calhoun, Andrew Ezekiel, judge of the criminal court of At lanta, and second division of the city court, is one of the repre sentative members of the bar of the state and has made an enviable record on the bench. He was born in Newnan, Coweta county, Ga., May 9, 1851, and is a son of Dr. Andrew B. and Susan (Wellborn) Calhoun, the former of whom was born in Abbeville district, S. C., in 1809, and the latter was born in Wilkes county, Ga. The Calhoun family is- of Scotch-Irish extraction, and was early founded in America, where representatives of the name were found loyally arrayed as soldiers of the Continental line in the war of the Revolution. Not a few scions of this family have risen to prominence in public affairs, among the most distinguished having been that historic character, John C. Calhoun, while of collateral kinship is the well known Hamilton family. Dr. An drew B. Calhoun was a skilled physician and surgeon in his day and came to Georgia about 1830, settling in Coweta county, where he attained much prominence and success in his chosen profes sion. He was a man of high attainments, having received his medical education in the city of Paris, France, where he was a student at the time when the body of the great emperor, Napo leon, was brought from St. Helena for interment in the church of the Invalides. Doctor Calhoun was a contemporary and intimate friend of such distinguished Georgians as Stephens, Toombs, the Cobbs, Benjamin Hill and others of the great men who were makers of Georgia history, and each of those mentioned was his confrere in the state legislature, in which he served several terms. He was known in a professional way throughout the entire cen-. tral portion of Georgia and was a man of exalted integrity and honor. In his family were three sons and three daughters, and four of the number are living. Dr. Abner W. is a prominent spe-

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291

cialist of Atlanta and is one of the state's eminent physicians and surgeons; Susan is the wife of John M. Hill, and they reside in the beautiful old colonial mansion erected by her father; and Elizabeth is the wife of W. R. Caldwell, of Newnan. Judge An drew E. Calhoun was graduated in the University of Georgia as a member of the class of 1872. He then took up the study of law, under the preceptorship of Judge Hugh Buchanan, of Newnan, and was admitted to the bar in 1874. He was the first solicitor of the county court of Coweta county, but after two years of service his health had become so impaired that he resigned the office and retired to the farm for the purpose of recuperating his physical energies. In 1885 he removed to Atlanta and resumed the prac tice of his profession, in which he soon rose to prominence. He was elected by the municipal council of Atlanta to the office of city recorder, in which he served nine years, without opposition. With out solicitation on his part, he was appointed, by Gov. A. D. Candler, to- fill out the unexpired term of Judge John Berry on the bench of the criminal court of Atlanta. Upon the expiration of this term in 1899 he was elected for a full term of four years, and at the expiration of the same was chosen as his own succes sor for another term of four years. He has made a most admir able record on the bench,; having the true judicial acumen and being well fortified in his intimate and comprehensive knowledge of law and precedent. Judge Calhoun is affiliated with the Ma sonic fraternity and the Chi Phi fraternity of his alma mater, the University of Georgia, and both he and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church;. On June 26, 1896, he was united in marriage to Miss Carabel Heidt, daughter of Rev. John W. Heidt, of Atlanta, a clergyman of ithe Methodist Episcopal church South. Judge and Mrs. Calhoun have four sons: Abner W., John H., An drew B., and James V.
Calhoun County was created out of the northern part of Early in 1854 and was named for John C. Calhoun, the southern orator and statesman. It lies in the southwestern part of the state, and is bounded on the north by Dougherty and Terrell, on the east by Dougherty, on the south by Baker and Early, and on the west by Clay and Early. The county is well watered by streams which supply an abundance of fish. The surface is level and the soil fer tile. About half the landsiin the county are under cultivation, the staple productions being cotton, corn, oats, sugar-cane and peas. Fruits are plentiful and the people are becoming interested in the establishment of canneries. There is still so much of the original

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

forest standing that lumber and naval stores are manufactured in great quantities. The Central of Georgia railroad runs across the southern portion of the county from east to west and the Georgia, Florida & Alabama runs from north to south across the west side. Arlington, the largest town, is at the junction of these roads and is partly in Early county. Morgan, the county seat, is several miles from a railroad. Leary and Edison are important towns. The population in 1900 was 9,274, an increase of 738 in ten years.
Callahan, John W., of Bainbridge, one
of the most prominent men in Georgia
in the production of naval stores, and
who has large and varied capitalistic
interests, was born in Montgomery
county, Ga., Nov. 27, 1858, his parents
being Thomas and Jane (Guest) Calla
han. The Callahan family were early
settlers in Bladen county, N. C, where
the paternal grandfather of John W.
was reared. He died in Montgomery
county, Ga., at the age of sixty-six
years. Thomas Callahan was born in Bladen county, about 1832,: but the exact date of his birth is un known. His parents removed to Montgomery county, Ga., when he was a child and here he grew to manhood. In 1861 he en listed in Company E, Sixty^first Georgia regiment, in the army of the Confederacy, and was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., Dec. 13, 1862, being about thirty years of age at the time of his death. In that battle his company was commanded by Lieut. Thomas N. McRae. The maternal grandfather, Ben. Guest, was born and reared in Montgomery county and was killed while serv ing-as a soldier in the Confederate army in the Civil war. He was about forty-five years of age, though the records of his birth and death have not been preserved. John W. Callahan has always been a resident of Georgia and his native state has been the field of his business operations. He was reared on the farm until he reached the age of nineteen years, when he went into a general store as a clerk and remained with that firm for seven years. He then engaged in mercantile pursuits on his own responsibility and continued in that line for three years, when he sold out and em barked in the naval stores business. His first venture in this di rection was in Dooly county, near Cordele, (now the county seat of Crisp county) where he spent four years, at the end of which

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

293

time he purchased a large interest in timbered lands in Decatur and Early counties and removed to Bainbridge. Mr. Callahan is now one of the largest producers of naval stores in the pine belt; has extensive operating interests in both Georgia and Florida, as well as large factorage interests; is a stockholder and director in the J. P. Williams Company, of Savannah; a stockholder in the Consolidated Naval Stores Company; is interested in banking operations and the wholesale grocery trade, and has been spoken of as "one of the most popular men among southern captains of industr}^." Being a firm believer in cooperation among those en gaged in any line of enterprise, he was one of the original mem bers of the Turpentine Operators association, and was recently elected for the fourth time to a place on the executive committee of that organization, where his technical knowledge, the result of long experience and close observation, renders him a man of usefulness and influence. On June 30, 1885, Mr. Callahan was united in marriage to -Miss Hattie E., daughter of T. W. and Sarah C. (Tatum) Johnson, of Scotland, Telfair county, Ga. Her father was born in Bladeii county, N. C., July 11, 1841; was reared on the farm and educated in the common schools; married Miss Sarah C. Tatum on Aug.! 1, 1861; enlisted in Company H, (Capt. Daniel Patterson) Thirty-sixth North Carolina heavy artillery, in December, 1862; was detailed to the signal service in July, 1863, and remained in that branch of the service until the end of the war. In 1873 he was licensed as a local preacher in the Metho dist Episcopal church South; removed to Georgia in March, 1877, locating near Eastman, Dodge county; later went to Dublin, Laurens county, in 1883 ':to Telfair county, and in 1895 to Early county, now residing at ;Blakely. He is a son of William and Elizabeth A. (West) Johnson, the former born May 15, 1812, and the latter July 7, 1822. William Johnson was of Scotch and Welsh descent on the paternal side and of French extraction on the ma ternal. His mother's family were somewhat noted for their longevity, his grandfather, William Pridgen, a soldier of the Rev olutionary war, having lived to the advanced age of one hundred and twenty-three years. 'Elizabeth A. West was the daughter of Wr illiam and Hannah (Fowler) West. Mrs. Callahan's mother is a daughter of Richard and Catharine (Edge) Tatum, and was born in B laden county, 5\T . C., May 2, 1845. Richard Tatum was born in North Carolina about 1797 and died in 1870. He was a son of Jesse Tatum, who : was a descendant of one of two brothers who settled in Virginia in the early part of the eighteenth century,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

one of whom drifted south and the other to the northwest, where some of his descendants are still to be found. Mr. and Mrs. Callahan became the parents of four children. The first born, John W., Jr., died at the age of fourteen months. The others are Mamie Bessie, Willie May and Wesley Johnson. Although Mr. Callahan is a busy man he nevertheless finds time to enjoy the comforts of his home and the society of his wife and children, to whom he is deeply attached.
Callahan, Michael J., is one of the representative retail mer chants of the city of Augusta, being at the head of the CallahanDobson Shoe Company, which has one of the finest shoe stores in the city and controls a large;and representative trade. Mr. Calla han was born in Rutledge, Morgan county, Ga., April 24, 1861, being a son of John and Mary (Powers) Callahan, the former of whom was born in the city of Cork, Ireland, in 1807, and the lat ter in Waterford, Ireland. Both became residents of Augusta, Ga., when young, here forming an acquaintanceship that led to their marriage, after which they removed to Rutledge, Morgan county, but they later returned to Augusta, where they passed the remainder of their lives, the mother's death occurring in 1871 and that of the father in 1889. They were devoted communicants of the Catholic church. Michael J. Callahan secured his early edu cational training in the public schools of Augusta, his opportuni ties to attend being limited, since he left school when but eleven years of age, to take a position as cash boy in a dry-goods store. Thereafter he was employed as a clerk in various mercantile es tablishments, also working for some time, in a clerical capacity, for the Southern Express Company and the Western Union Tele graph Company. For a period of fifteen years thereafter he was a traveling salesman, representing wholesale shoe houses of Au gusta and Atlanta. In 1898 he engaged in the retail shoe busi ness, at 828 Broad street, Augusta, being the sole owner of the busness, which was conducted under the title of M. J. Callahan & Co. In October, 1900, he admitted to partnership Charles R. Dobson, and the present title the Callahan-Dobson Shoe Company, was then adopted, the headquarters of the concern continuing in the same location. The firm have a finely appointed and well stocked establishment, which is one of the most popular of the sort in the city. They also conduct a first-class shoe store in Greensboro, N. C, under the name of the Ward Shoe Company, and in the spring of 1906 the company, of which Mr. Callahan is president, will open another shoe store, in Columbia, S. C. Mr. Callahan is

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

295

a stanch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party and he and his wife are communicants of St. Patricks' church, Roman Catholic. He is affiliated with the Knights of Columbus, and is a director of the Knigh'ts of Columbus Investment Company, of Augusta. On April 18, 1894, was solemnized his marriage to Miss Margaret R. Hughes, daughter of Patrick and Ann Hughes, of Augusta. They have five children, whose names, with respec tive dates of birth, are as follows: Esmond H., Feb. SO, 1895; Arthur, Aug. 12, 1896; John D., July 15, 1898; Mary E., Aug. 14,
1902; Margaret R., Aug. 8, 1904.
Callaway, Rev. Brantley Mercer, D.
D., who died at the old Gallaway home
stead in Wilkes county, Ga., Sept. 22,
1902, was a distinguished Baptist min
ister and one of the leading and most in
fluential members of his denomination
,in the state. He was born Nov. 34,
1838, .on the plantation in Wilkes
county, where he lived all of his life,
and which was settled by his grand
father, John Callaway, at the close of
the Revolutionary war in 1783. He was
the youngest child of Rev. Enoch and Martha (Reeves) Callaway, the former born on the same planta tion, Sept. 14, 1792, and the latter in South Carolina April 8, 1796. Rev. Enoch Callaway was: a prominent Baptist minister. His en tire life was passed in Wilkes county where he was the pastor of a number of churches besides serving other churches in adjoining counties. He was an extensive planter and his life was one of signal honor and usefulness in all of its relations. He was a man of marked piety, sound judgment and intense religious zeal. He was an earnest impressive preacher, a contemporary of the Marshalls and Mercers, prominent and influential, not only in his re ligious denomination, but: in all the affairs of his home county. He died in 1859 and his wife in 1879. Enoch Callaway was the youngest son of John and Bethany (Arnold) Callaway, the form er born in Halifax county, Va., about 1748, and the latter in North Carolina about 175.0. John Callaway was a soldier of the Continental line during the War of the Revolution, having en tered the army either in Virginia or North Carolina. His father, Thomas Callaway, was the eldest of a family of seven children, and was born in Virginia in 1712. He was a vestryman in an

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Episcopal church at Halifax Court House, Va., in 1752, and an ensign in a regiment in the French and Indian war that com menced about 1753 or 1754. He afterwards lived in Bedford county, Va., then removed with his family to North Carolina, and from there, at the close of the Revolutionary war, four of his sons, John, Jacob, Joseph and: Isaac, removed to Georgia and settled in Wilkes county, John Callaway settling the plantation where his grandson, the subject of this sketch lived and died. He was a very successful farmer and acquired a great deal of land in the western portion of Wilkes county. He died in 1819 and his wife survived him until 1841, reaching the ripe age of ninety-one years, both being buried at the old family burial ground on the planta tion which he settled and where both his youngest son Enoch and his grandson Brantly M. were born and passed their entire lives. The plantation still belongs to the widow of the subject of this memoir, having passed successively by wills from John Callaway, the settler, to the present owner. Dr. Brantly M. Callaway at tended a country school near his home, taught by his brother-inlaw, Rev. Thos. N. Rhodes, until he was seventeen years old when he entered Mercer university then located at Penfield in Green county, Ga. He completed the junior course there and leaving college taught school for a time in Wilkes county. On Jan. 11, 1859, he was married tq Miss Lucy B. Howard, a daughter of Robert and Mary (Glerin) Howard, of Oglethorpe county, Ga. She was born in that county, Nov. 1, 1837. Robert Howard's parents were Abel and Mary (Glenn) Howard, the mother being the daughter of John and Mary (Brooks) Glenn. Both the How ards and the Glenns came from Virginia and settled in Oglethorpe county, shortly after the .close of the Revolutionary war. Imme diately after his marriage, Brantly M. Callaway went to Gainesville, Ga., where he taught school for a year. He had to leave there and return to Wilkes county on account of the failing health of his father. After his father's death he made Wilkes County his home, taking up his residence on the place where his father had died, and engaged in farming on his plantation which he carried on successfully until his death. He was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1859 when b'arely twenty-one years of age, and re mained in the active ministry serving with fervor and consecra tion to the day of his death. On the day of his fatal illness preceding the night of hisi death he preached to one of his churches and performed the ordinance of baptism. He served as pastor for various country Baptist churches in Wilkes and adjoining coun-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

sof

ties ; his pastorate usually covering a long period of years, ;the longest being dark-Station church, forty-three years, and Sardis church, over thirty years, both being in his home county. While his ministerial labors were confined principally to his immed-ate section of the state and to country churches, he never hesitated to go wherever duty called and his work for his Master's cause 'and his denomination kept him frequently going to all parts of the state. Where his chief labors were performed he was universally loved and respected by the people of all classes. He not only preached to them, baptized them, performed their marriage cere monies and buried their dead, but he drew their wills, helped man age their estates, settled their difficulties, and advised and coun seled them in their temporal as well as their spiritual affairs. No cry of trouble or distress ever failed to arouse his compassion, his active aid and sympathetic interest. He was a strong man phy sically as well as intellectually, full of activity and energy and managed all business;affairs entrusted to him with prudence and good judgment. He was preeminently a just man and sought to find and perpetuate the truth at all hazards. These qualities fre quently called him into positions of trust. For over twenty years he was a trustee of Mercer university and for the last six years of his life he was the president of its board of trustees. This insti tution conferred upon: him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He was also at the time of his death a trustee of the Monroe Baptist female college and of the Georgia Baptist orphan's home. He was clear, logical and convincing in support of any cause which he espoused and was a: wise counsellor and generous friend. He took an active interest in all county and state affairs, and while he never sought political preferment, nor was he in any sense of the word a politician,; he was a strong factor in his county on all questions and issues : affecting the public welfare, and his advice was sought and followed in many public matters. Dr. Callaway left surviving him, his wife, Mrs. Lucy B. Callaway, and six chil dren, three of whom; Anna, Edgar A. and Brantly M., reside in Wilkes county. Judge Enoch .Howard Callaway, individually mentioned in this compilation, and Miss Ellen Callaway, reside at Augusta, Ga., and William R. Callaway lives in Waynesboro,
Callaway, Enoch Howard, lawyer and jurist, is engaged in the practice of his profession in the city of Augusta, 'having formerly served on the bench ,'iof the superior court for the Augusta circuit and being an ex-member of the state senate. He was born at the old Callaway homestead in Wilkes county, Ga., July 19, 1862, son

298

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Rev. Brantly M. Callaway, D. D., and Lucy B. Howard. A

memoir of the former appearing in this publication, a recapitula

tion of the personal and genealogical data is not demanded in the

present connection. Judge Callaway attended a country school

near his father's home taught by Rev. Thos. A. Nash, until four-

,.,,,

teen years of age. He then worked two

years on his father's farm, and in January,

1879, entered the sophomore class of the

University of Georgia at Athens, where

he was graduated with third honor as a

member of the class of 1881, receiving

the degree of Bachelor of Arts. After his

graduation he taught as assistant in the

Waynesboro academy until January,

1883. He then taught a country school

in Wilkes county near his father's home

until the fall of 1883, when he was elected

principal of the male academy in Wash

ington, Ga'. This position^ he held until the fall of 1884 when he

.abandoned teaching and entered the law office of Judge William

M. Reese, as a law student.:He was admitted to the bar at Crawford-

ville, Ga., in August, 1885, by the late Judge Samuel Lumpkin, who

-was then on the superior court bench. He served his profes

sional noviate in Waynesboro where he engaged in practice in

October, 1885. There he;: formed a partnership with Judge E.

F. Lawson, which continued until 1893 when he retired from

the firm and formed a partnership with his younger brother,

W. R. Callaway, who had read law in his office. He rose rap

idly to prominence in his profession and acquired a large practice,

which continued until 1894, when he was elected by the legis

lature judge of the superior courts of the Augusta circuit at

the age of thirty-two years. In January, 1897, he removed to

the city of Augusta where he has since maintained his home. He

retired from the superior :court bench in January, 1899, and re

sumed the active practice of his profession in Augusta. In April,

1905, he entered into a professional partnership with Judge Joseph

R. Lamar upon the latter's? retirement from the bench of the state

supreme court. Judge Callaway has been and remains a leader in

the councils of the Democratic party in his state. He was chair

man of the Democratic executive committee of Burke county for

six years; several times a imember of the Democratic state com

mittee, and in 1888 was a presidential elector on the party ticket.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

299

He served as mayor of Waynesboro in 1890; represented the sev

enteenth district in the state senate in 1890 and 1891; was a di

rector of the Georgia normal and industrial college for girls, at

Milledgeville, from 1899 to 1901; was a trustee of Mercer univer

sity in the city of Macon from 1900 to 1901; and is at the present

time (1906) a trustee of the Shorter Baptist female college, the

University of Georgia, the Georgia medical college, and the Au

gusta orphan asylum, and is president of the Alumni society of the

University of Georgia. He is a deacon in the Baptist church and

is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity. On Feb. 23, 1888, Judge

Callaway was united in marriage to Miss Mary Eugenia Jones,

daughter of Maj. George and Catharine (Calhoun) Jones, of New-

nan, Ga. Mrs. Callaway departed this life Dec. 3, 1901, leaving

three children, viz.: Catherine, Brantly, and Gena J. Callaway.

Perhaps Judge Callaway's most distinguished public service was

on the bench of the superior court. His administration was char

acterized by extraordinary diligence and promptness in the trial

of cases and the discharge of public business. His rulings and

decisions, expressed always in clear and vigorous language,

evinced not only a high sense of fairness and justice, but a thor

ough and comprehensive knowledge of the law. He is an earnest

advocate of efficiency and supremacy in government and the sup

pression of all forms :of lawlessness, especially mob law, and is

proud of the fact that 'during the four years he was on the bench

there was not a successful act of mob violence within his circuit.

Since his appointment as a trustee of the state university in 1901,

he has been most active and zealous in aiding all measures directed

to the enlargement and development of the university. He was

elected president of the university Alumni society in June, 1905,

and since the death of the late Chancellor Hill has been promi

nently mentioned in connection with the Chancellorship of -the

university.

:

Callaway, Frank Erwin, a successful and popular member of the

Atlanta bar, is a native of the state of Georgia and a scion of fam

ilies early founded in: this favored old commonwealth. He was

born in West Point, froup county, April 9, 1870, and is a son of

Rev. S. P. and Ellen (Pattillo) Callaway, both natives of Georgia,

the former born in LalGrange, and the latter, in Harris county, the

father being a clergyriian of the Baptist church. Frank Erwin

Callaway completed his literary education in the University of

Georgia, and while acting as private secretary to Governor Atkin-

son he studied law, thoroughly fortifying himself in the technical

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

details and securing admission to the bar of his native state in 1898, since which time he has been engaged in general practice in the city of Atlanta. He is a stanch advocate of the principles of the Democratic party but has never been an aspirant for public office, though he takes a loyal interest in the promotion of the party cause. He is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Nov. 25, 1896, Mr. Callaway was united in marriage to Miss Helena Spencer, daughter of Lambert Spencer, of Columbus, Ga., and a sister of Samuel Spencer, president of the Southern Railroad Com pany. Mr. and Mrs. Callaway have no children.
Callaway, James Pope, manager of the Atlanta mill of the South ern Cotton Oil Company, was born at West Point, Ga., Sept. 26, 1876. The family removed to LaGrange, where he was prepared in the best schools for the University of Georgia. On account of the death of his father, Samuel Pope Callaway, in 1896, he left the university in his junior year and returning home* took charge of the LaGrange Reporter, which had for eighteen years been owned and edited by his father. After managing this paper for nearly five years, Mr. Callaway sold out his interest and removed to Atlanta, where he became connected with the Southern Cotton Oil Company and in 1904 was made manager of the Atlanta mill. Mr. Callaway is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Atlanta Athletic club, and of the Baptist church. The Atlanta mill of the Southern Cotton Oil Company is the largest oil mill in Georgia and one of the largest in the world, having a daily crushing capac
ity of 350 tons of seed. Callaway, Merrel Price, junior member of the law firm of Erwin
& Callaway, at Macon, was born in Mitchell county, Ga., Nov. 26, 1872, and is a son of James ;and Viera Flewellyn (Furlow) Calla way, both of whom were born and reared in Georgia, where the families were early settlers. The paternal grandfather was Mer rel Price Callaway, of Washington, Wilkes county; the paternal grandmother, Mary Ann Irvin, daughter of Isaiah Tucker Irvin, of Wilkes, was in direct line of descent from the family of Irvine of Scotland. The maternal. grandfather was Timothy Matthews Fudlow, of Americus, Sumter county, and the maternal grand mother was Margaret Flewellyn Holt, of Bibb county, both de scendants of families distinguished in the Colonial and Revolu tionary history of the country. James Callaway was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy, having served as a member of a Georgia regiment during the Civil War. He has been associated for many

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

301

years with the Macon Telegraph and is well known in newspaper and literary circles. Merrel P. Callaway is a graduate of the law department of Mercer university, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws with the class of 1897. He later associated himself in a professional alliance with his present partner, Marion Erwin. Mr. Callaway is a stanch Democrat, but has never sought or held public office. He was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity at Mercer. In 1901, he was united in marriage to Annie North Crutchfield, daughter of W. Ambrose Crutchfield, at Macon.
Callaway, William R., one of the
leading members of the bar of eastern
Georgia, is engaged in the practice of
his profession in the city of Waynes-
boro, Burke county. He was born on a
farm in Wilkes county, Ga., Sept. 14,
1870, and is a son of Rev. Brantley M.
Callaway, D. D., and Lucy B. (Howard)
Callaway. William R. Callaway was
graduated in Mercer university as a
member of the class of 1891, receiving
the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He
then studied law in the University of Virginia, having as his preceptor John B. Minor, and was admitted to the bar of his native state in 1892. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession in Waynesboro. At the outset of his career at the bar, he was associated with his elder brother, E. H. Callaway, until 1895, when the senior member was elected to the bench of the superior court of the Augusta circuit. The subject of this review then succeeded to the practice of the firm in Waynesboro. He is local attorney for the Southern railway and has other important clientage relations, while he has gained high standing both as a trial lawyer and counselor. Though he has never been a seeker of I office, during his earlier career at the bar Mr. Callaway was solicitor of the Burke county court for six years, this position being in line with the direct work of his profession. He is a loyal supporter of the cause of the Democratic party, is a deacon in the Waynesboro Baptist church, a Master Mason, and a member of the state bar association. On Nov. 12, 1901, was sol emnized the marriage; of Mr. Callaway to Miss Lessie Hurst, daughter of Charles W.^and Martha (Chandler) Hurst, of Waynes boro, her father being the present sheriff of Burke county. Mr. and Mrs. Galloway have two children, Leslie, born in August,

302

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

1902, and Charles Howard, in November, 1903. Dr. B. M. Callaway was educated in Mercer university, having been a classmate of Hon. Alien D. Candler, at one time governor of Georgia. He was one of the leading clergymen of the Baptist church in this state, a man of distinguished attainments, widely known in church afairs, and was president of the board of trustees of Mercer univer sity at the time of his death, which occurred at his country -home, near Washington, Wilkes county, Sept. 21, 1904.
Gallic, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Bulloch county, is about six miles northeast of Brooklet, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Calvary, a village in the southern part of Grady county, (former ly in Decatur) reported a population of 85 in 1900. It has a money order postoffice and is the trading center for a considerable section of country. The nearest railroad station is Attapulgus.
Camak, a town of Warren county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 22, 1898. It is about four miles north of Warrenton, on the Atlantic & Augusta division of the Georgia rail road, and is the terminus of a branch of the same system that runs to Milledgeville and Maconi It has a money order postoffice, ex press and telegraph offices, iseveral good stores, schools, churches, etc., and is the principal shipping point for a good portion of the county. The population in 1900 was 115.
Camden County, which was once included in the parishes of St. Thomas and St. Mary's^ was formed in 1777 and was named for the Earl of Camden, a champion of colonial rights in the English Parliament. It was enlarged by the addition of a part of Wayne in 1805, and a part was added to Wayne in 1808. At the convention, which met at Augusta in 1788 to ratify the Federal constitution, Camden county was represented by Henry Osborne, James Seagrove and Jacob Weed. It lies in the southeastern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Wayne and Glynn counties, on the east by the Atlantic ocean, on the south by the State of Florida and on the west by Charlton county. The St. Mary's river skirts the southern border, separating the county from Florida. Several islands form a part of Camden county, the most important being Jekyl and Cumberland. The government has erected a lighthouse on Little Cumberland island, the revolving light of which may been seen many miles at sea. The soil is quite fertile and the principal productions are cotton, corn, rice, sugarcane, sweet potatoes and vegetables. Fish, both fresh and salt water varieties, are abundant, and oranges, lemons, figs, olives,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

303-

pomegranates, melons and grapes are shipped to Fernandina, Jack

sonville and New York. The navigable rivers, the Seaboard Air

Line and the Atlantic Coast line railroads, and the Atlantic ocean,

furnish unsurpassed facilities for transportation. St. Mary's,

the county seat, is situated on St. Mary's river, nine miles from the

ocean. Its harbor is excellent, and it has a large trade, especially

in lumber. In 1900 the whole county contained 7,669 people, a

growth of 1,191 since 1890. Camden county was the home of Gen.

John Floyd, the noted Indian fighter.

Cameron, a post-village in the southern part of Screven county,

is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railroad and also on

the Ogeechee river. The population in 1900 was 56.

Camilla, the capital of Mitchell county, is well located for bus

iness near the center of the county, on a branch of the Savannah,

Florida & Western railway. It contains a court house worth

$30,000, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, several

good stores, two banks, fertilizer works, handles about 6,000 bales

of cotton annually, and is a market for various products such as

peaches, grapes, walnuts, lumber, turpentine and rosin. In the

vicinity are several pecan groves, one of them covering 100 acres.

It has good schools and churches. The population of the district

was 4,668 in 1900 and that of the town proper was 1,051. The

town was incorporated in 1858 and a new charter granted to it in

1887.

I

Camp, Andrew J., is established in the

successful practice of law at Dallas,

Paulding county, and is ex-mayor of the

thriving little city. He was born in

Randolph county, Ala., July 3, 1855, and

is a son of Sebron M. and Agnes (No-

land) Camp, both natives of Pendleton

district, S. C, where the former was

born in 1810 and the latter in 1814. Bur-

rell Camp, grandfather of the subject of

this sketch, was born in Virginia, and

his father, Thomas Camp, was a patriot

soldier in the colonial army during the

war of the Revolution. Andrew J. Camp received his more purely

academic education at Carrollton, Ga., and thereafter was a suc

cessful and popular teacher in the common schools of his state,

in the meanwhile taking up the study of law, in which he continued

with devotion and earnestness, the culmination being his admission

304

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

to the bar on April 12, 1884, at Carrollton. He initiated the prac tice of his profession in Carroll county and soon won his legal spurs, gaining prestige as an able trial lawyer and well fortified counselor. He continued in practice in that county until 1892, since which time he has followed his profession at Dallas, where he has built up a very prosperous practice in Paulding and adjoining counties. He is a Democrat of the uncompromising type and takes an active interest in the promotion of the party cause, but he has never held office, save that of mayor of Dallas, of which position he was the incumbent two terms. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and he is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Junior Order of United American Mechanics. Nov. 22, 1892, witnessed the marriage of Mr. Camp to Miss Elizabeth Perkerson, daughter of Thomas J. and Sophia C. (McLarty) Perkerson, of Austell, Cobb county, Ga., and they have five children, namely: Blanche, Lamar P., Andrew J. Jr., Marion S. and Max M.
Campagne, a post-hamlet of Towns county, is five miles north west of Hiawassee and not far from the North Carolina line. The nearest railway station is Murphy, N. C., on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Campbell County was formed in 1829, from parts of Coweta, Dekalb, and Fayette, and was enlarged in 1832 by parts of Cherokee and Paulding. It is bounded on the north by Douglas and Fulton, on the east by Claytpn, on the south by Fayette and Coweta, on the west by Carroll, and on the northwest by Douglas. It was named for Duncan G. Campbell, a noted Georgia lawyer, who was a member of the legislature, a commissioner to the In dians in 1823 and 1835, and a strong advocate of the higher edu cation of women. On the black soil of the creek bottoms, cotton, corn, wheat and oats are produced, while on the red and gray lands, peas, potatoes, and other vegetables thrive. Apples, peaches and melons are raised and find :j ready sale in Atlanta. Dewberries, cherries and strawberries grdw wild and furnish an easy source of revenue. There are about 25,000 acres of pine and oak timber, and many people are employed in lumbering. The Chattahoochee and its tributaries afford goo^d water-power and attention is being turned to manufacturing. Transportation is furnished by the At lantic & West Point Railway, and the Chattahoochee river. Near Palmetto and Fairburn are almost inexhaustible beds of granite of the best quality. The population in 1900 was 9,518, a gain of 403

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

305

in ten years. At. the organization of the county, Campbellton was

the county-seat, but the court-house has been removed to Fairburn,

a flourishing town on the West Point railroad, about twenty-two

miles from Atlanta. Trentham Spring, near Fairburn, is a lithia

spring of great repute. Opposite Campbellton on the Chatta-

hoochee river, is an Indian mound, which is the burial place of

Anawaqua, an Indian princess, who once owned all the surround

ing country. The mound is near the foot of the hill; and traces

of ancient fortifications are found throughout the valley.

Campbellton, a post-village of Campbell county, was formerly

the county seat. It is located on the Chattahoochee river, about

seven miles northwest of Fairburn, is a trading center for that por

tion of the county, and in 1900 had a population of 112. On July

28, 1864, a sikrmish occurred here between the cavalry forces of

Wheeler and McCook, during the latter's raid to the rear of Hood's

position, while the siege of Atlanta was in progress.

Camp Creek. When; Sherman sent Kilpatrick with 5,000 cav

alry from Atlanta to tear up the Atlanta & West Point and Macon

Railroads in Hood's rear, he encountered Ross brigade of Confed

erate cavalry on Camp Creek. After sharp skirmishing the Con

federates were driven back and Kilpatrick continued his march

toward the Macon railroad. Skirmishing occurred here again as

Hood began about the last of September, 1864, to move northward

toward the Chattahoochee.

Campcreek, a post-village of Union county, with a population of

67 in 1900, is located in:the northwestern part of the county, about

six miles from Culberson, N. C., which is the nearest railroad

station.

:

Camps, a post-hamlet of Telfair county, is about twelve miles

southeast of McRae, and eight miles west of Lumber City, the

latter being the nearest railway station.

Campton, a little village of Walton county, is located about five

miles north of Monroej on the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern

railroad. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery,

a few stores, and forms a trading point for the neighborhood in

which it is situated. :

Canals. As an artificial means of transportation or the transmis

sion of water power the canal is one of the oldest known. During

the first half of the-nineteenth century the state gave considerable

attention to the construction of canals. Charters were granted

to individuals and corporations and in other ways the undertakings

were fostered and encouraged by legislation. The most import-

306

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ant of this class of internal improvements were the Savannah &

Ogeechee, the Augusta and the Brunswick canals.

The Savannah & Ogeechee canal was first proposed by Ebenezer

Jenckes, who was granted a charter by the legislature on Dec.

20, 1824, to construct a canal from Savannah to the Ogeechee riv

ers. A year later the grant was extended to the Altamaha, stocks

were sold and a company organized. The work dragged, however,

and in 1828 the governor was authorized to subscribe for $44,000

in the name of the state to aid in the completion of the canal. The

sixteen miles between the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers were

soon afterward opened, the first work of the kind in Georgia, and

the canal is still in operation.

The Brunswick Canal Company was incorporated by act of the

legislature on Dec. 20, 1826, the company being empowered to

open a steamboat canal or construct a railway, or both, extending

from the Altamaha to the Turtle rivers, a distance of twelve miles.

This scheme was first proposed by Loami Baldwin, a civil engineer,

who was also influential in securing the charter. Work was begun

on the canal soon after the charter was granted, but it was not

opened until about the first: of the year 1854. The canal has two

locks.

:

The Augusta canal was projected by the city as a means for

obtaining.water power. It was commenced in 1845 and was com

pleted in about two years. It is nine miles long and originally

furnished 600 horse power. ; The growth of the city, the introduc

tion of new manufactories, made it necessary to enlarge the canal

and between 1872 and 1875 improvements were made that in

creased the capacity to 14,000 horse power, which is leased by the

city to manufacturers, bringing into the municipal treasury con

siderable revenue, besides offering inducements to manufacturers

to locate there.

;

A company called the Suwanee Canal Company was organized

in 1891 for the purpose of constructing a canal through the Okefin-

okee swamp, which is mentioned under that title..

In 1873 the question of chteap transportation between the -cotton

states and the great wheatfields of the West attracted much at

tention and to secure it the ;jAtlantic & Great Western canal was

proposed. The object was :to connect by canal and slack water

navigation the Coosa, EtoWah, Ocmulgee and Tennessee rivers

with the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah. Gov. James M. Smith

called a convention to meet:at Atlanta on May 20th, to consider

the subject and memorialize; Congress for the construction of the

HON. ALLEN D. CANDLER

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

307

canal. Governors of several of the Western and Southern states, mayors of cities, prominent shippers, members of farmers' granges were among the delegates and great interest was manifested in the work of the convention. It remained in session for two days and prepared a memorial to Congress setting forth the benefits to be derived from the canal and asked the government to extend aid to the undertaking. Congress failed to act favorably on the memorial and nothing further was ever accomplished.
Candler, a post-village of Hall county, with a population of 46 in 1900, is on the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern railroad, about half way between Gainesville and the Jackson county line.
Candler, Alien D., soldier, legislator and governor, was born in Georgia in November, 1834. He graduated at Mercer university in 1859 and taught school until 1861, when he entered the Confed erate army as private in the ranks. He rose through the successive grades to a colonelcy and; surrendered his regiment in 1865 with General Johnston. He was wounded in battle several times, once very severely, losing an eye. After the close of the war he engaged in the lumber trade and served in the two houses of the Georgia legislature from 1873 to 1880. In 1882 he was elected a representa tive in Congress and served for eight years, when he declined reelection. In 1894 he became secretary of state of Georgia, which position he held for four years. In 1898 he was elected governor of Georgia and was reelected in 1900 for a second term of two years. During his administration as governor he made several recommendations of amendments to the constitution and the statute laws, which have since been adopted. Among the most important of these was the amendment to the constitution limiting the power of the legislature to levy taxes in excess of five mills for any purpose whatever: except in case of invasion or insurrec tion, and the law requiring corporations to pay taxes on their franchises. During his two terms the state sanitarium was greatly enlarged, the Home for Confederate soldiers was opened, the pub lic school fund was increased and more liberal appropriations were made to the state university and its branches than ever before.
Candler, John S., jurist,;was born at Villa Rica, Carroll county, Oct. 22, 1861. At the age of nineteen years he graduated at Emory college and received the degree of A. M. three years later. He was admitted to the bar in 1882; served as solicitor-general of Georgia from 1887 to 1896 ; was then judge of the superior court until 1902, when he was elected associate justice of the supreme court. Judge Candler is a Democrat in his political affiliations and takes a keen

308

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

interest in military affairs. He served as an aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. A. H. Stephens; was for three years military judge advocate-general of the Georgia militia; was then colonel of the Fifth infantry, Georgia National Guard, and colonel of the Third regiment organized for service in the Spanish-American war. He is a member of the Kappa Alpha college fraternity and the Sons of the Revolution. On May 16, 1884, he was united in marriage to Miss Lula Gamier, of Jacksonville, Fla.
Candler, Milton A., was born in Campbell county in 1837, gradu ated at the University of Georgia in 1854, studied law and began to practice at Decatur in 1856. He was a member of the legislature in 1861; served in the Confederate war with the rank of captain; delegate to the state constitutional convention in 1865; elected to the state senate in 1868; was elected representative in Congress as a Democrat in 1874, and reflected in 1876.
Candler, Warren A., one of Georgia's prominent educators, was born on Aug. 23, 1857, in Carroll county. In July, 1875, he was graduated with first honors at Emory college, and about the same time was licensed to preach, and joined the North Georgia Confer ence Methodist Episcopal church South, his first appointment being what is known as -the Newton circuit. After serving at Watkinsville, and Merritt avenue church, Atlanta, he was appoint ed presiding elder of the >Dahlonega district, being the youngest man ever appointed to that position, from his conference. In 1886 he was elected assistant editor of the Nashville Christian Advocate. Two years later he was called to the presidency of Emory college, and in 1898 was elected and ordained a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church South. As president of the college he has won an enviable reputation by; his wise and conservative, but at the same time progressive administration, and as bishop he is ably fulfilling the requirements bf that high office.
Candy, a post-hamlet of Oconee county, is near the Greene county line. The nearest: railroad station is Apalachee, on the Athens & Macon division bf the Central of Georgia.
Canecreek, a post-hamlet in the central part of Lumpkin county, is about four miles northwest of Dahlonega. Jasper, on the At lanta, Knoxville & Northern, is the nearest railroad station.
Cann, J. Ferris, is a representative member of the bar of Savan nah, Ga., where he was born Oct. 11, 1868. He is also an exmember of both branches of the state legislature, as well as promniently identified with Georgia military affairs in which he now holds the rank of captain. He is the son of James Ferris and Anna

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

309

Sophia Cann( nee Turner), who was born in Savannah and is still living. The former was born in Octavia in 1832 and died in 1872. He graduated at Lafayette college, Pa. and came to Savannah very soon after, about 1850. He served for a number of years as superintendent of public schools of Savannah. The genealogy on his side is traced back to Sir Robert Cann of England whose young est son, John, emigrated to America in 1664 and received a patent from William Penn to lands in Delaware, where his descendants have remained continuously to the present time. On the maternal side Mr. Cann's ancestral records run back to Charles and Mary Ritter who came from Germany to Savannah in 1738. One of the ancestors in this line was John Shirk who fought in the siege of Savannah at Springfield redoubt, (present site of the Central railway station) having his arm shot off and afterwards being confined in a prison ship. This was the same battle in which Count Pulaski was killed. The maternal grandfather of Mr. Cann, Hon. Thomas Morgan Turner was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and came to Savannah when about sixteen years old. He was mayor of Savannah for two consecutive terms. His family trace back in America to Lady Arabella Galbraith who came to Philadelphia from Scotland. One of the ancestors in this line was a member of the first legislature that met in Harrisburg, a letter of his having been preserved giving an account of his journey from Philadelphia to Harrisburg on horseback. The oldest brother of the subject of the present sketch, William, died in 1900, having served several terms as alderman in Savannah city council. He was a banker by profession. The second is George T. Cann now judge of the superior court. J. Ferris Cann, youngest son of James F. and Anna S. Cann, received his educational training in the graded and high schools of Savannah and in 1886 graduated from the Georgia military academy, after which he was in the employ of the Cen tral of Georgia Railway Company, but eight months later began reading law in the office of Denmark & Adams, of Savannah. Afterwards he entered the law school of the University of Virginia where he continued his legal studies until graduation. He was admitted to the bar on Jan. 29, 1889, and shortly afterwards entered into a professional partnership with his brother George Turner Cann, under the firm :name of G. T. & J. F. Cann. This con nection continued until January, 1904, when his brother was ap pointed judge of the superior court. In November, 1904, Mr. Cann formed a partnership ;with David C. Barrow, and in November 1905, Francis P. Mclntire was admitted to the firm, when the

310

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

present firm title of Cann, Barrow & Mclntire was assumed. The

firm has a representative clientage and is one of the successful law

concerns of the city. Mr. Cann has been active in the political

affairs of Savannah, but has never aspired to municipal office.

He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party and in 1900-01

represented the first district in the state senate. In 1902-03-04 he

was a representative of Chatham county in the lower house of the

legislature. Captain Cann has been identified with military af

fairs in Georgia for the past twenty years. In 1886 he became a

private in the Savannah Volunteer Guards, rising through the

various ranks to the office of '. captain. During the Spanish-Amer

ican War he served as captain of Company K. Second Georgia

infantry, United States volunteers being in camp with his regiment

at Tampa and Huntsville during the entire war. While in Tampa

he was appointed judge advocate by Gen. Guy V. Henry and in

this capacity prosecuted and convicted two volunteer officers, the

first prosecution and conviction of this sort in the history of the

war. In Huntsville he served as provost marshal of the Fourth

army corps. At the close of the war he was mustered out with

his regiment with the rank of captain. He is now retired with

the rank of captain in the Georgia National Guards. Up to the

time of his retirement in 1901;: he had been in active service in the

Georgia militia for fifteen consecutive years and had been an of

ficer for thirteen of these years. He is a communicant of St.

John's Protestant Episcopal Church, of Savannah, and a member

of the Young Men's Christian Association. He is affiliated with

the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows,

the Fraternal Order of Eagles, the Benevolent and Protective

Order of Elks, the Concatenated Order of Hoo Hoos, the Knights

of Khorassan, and the Knights of Fidelity; is also a member of

the Sigma Alpha Epsilon college fraternity; is past chancellor

and representative of his lodge of Knights of Pythias; and holds

in the uniform rank of the order the office of colonel of the First

regiment. He is commodore of the Savannah Yacht club; a mem

ber of the Oglethorpe club ; the Guards club; and in Atlanta, of the

Capital City club, and the Piedmont Driving club. He is popular

in business, social and professional circles in his native city and

state and successful in the wcirk of his chosen profession. He is

a bachelor.

\

Canoe Station, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Emanuel

county, is about six miles east :|of Stillmore on the line of the Cen

tral of Georgia railroad that runs from Brewton to Dover.

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311

Canon, a town in the eastern part of Franklin county, near the line of Hart, is on the Elberton & Toccoa division of the Southern railroad. It was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 17, 1902, and in 1900 reported a population of 200. It has a money order postoffice, from which rural free delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding districts, express and telegraph service, some good mercantile establishments and does considerable shipping.
Canoochee, a post-village in Emanuel county, is four miles north east of Stillmore, on the Millen & Southwestern railway. The population in 1900 was 75.
Canton, the county seat of Cherokee county is near the center of the county, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway and beautifully situated on an eminence around whose base flows the Etowah river. It was incorporated in 1838, has several good stores, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, a bank, several manufacturing establishments, among which are, a rope factory, a cotton factory, and a marble mill for sawing and finishing marble for building and monumental work. Near Canton is a noted medicinal spring, strongly: impregnated with iron. The district contained in 1900 a population of 1,837 of whom 847 lived in the town. The people have good educational and religious advantages.
Canty, John F. representa tive of the First ward in the board of aldermen of Savan nah, is engaged in the blacksmithing business on Indian street and is one of the sterling and loyal citizens of the his toric old city, of which he is a native, having been born on Dec. 3, 1863. He is a son of Thomas and Mary Ann (Mackessy) Canty, both of whom are now deceased. They were born and reared in County Ker ry, Ireland, where their mar riage was solemnized, and they came to the United States in 1859, locating in Savannah, where they passed the remain der of their lives. The father who was a wheelwright by trade, died on Nov. 5, 1894, and his

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

devoted wife passed to the life eternal on April 18, 1896, John F. being their only child. He has passed his entire life in Savannah, in whose schools he secured his education and served an aprentieeship at the trade of wheelwright and blacksmith under the direc tion of his father, who was here engaged in these lines of busi ness for many years. John F. has devoted his time and attention to his trade and has gained, a due measure of success, while he commands the respect and confidence of all who know him. He now has a large and well equipped blacksmith and repair establish ment, at Nos. 512-14 Indian street, and controls an excellent trade. He is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies of the Demo cratic party and has taken an active and intelligent interest in public affairs of a local nature. Both he and his wife are communicants of the Catholic church, in whose faith he was reared, and he is affili ated with the Knights of Columbus, the Catholic Knights of Amer ica, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Fraternal Order of Eagles and the Irish Jasper Greens. Mr. Canty was first elected a member of the board of aldermen in 1900 and he is now serving his third consecutive term, which will expire in 1907. He is also a member of the Savannah chamber of commerce. On Oct. 21, 1896, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Canty to Miss Elizabeth M. Fitzgerald, daughter of James and Margaret (Mackessy) Fitzgerald, of County Ker ry, Ireland, where they still: maintain their home, the latter being a second cousin of Mr. Cknty's mother. Mr. and Mrs. Canty visited the latter's parents, in the Emerald Isle, in 1898, and Mr. Canty greatly enjoyed his sojoiirn in the fair land of his ancestors. Mr. and Mrs. Canty became the parents of six children, all of whom are living except the second, Margaret, who died in infancy. The names of the others are Thomas J., John F., Jr., Mary, AVilliam I. C., and Elizabeth.
Capers, William, clergyman, was born in St, Thomas' parish, S. C., in January, 1790, of Huguenot ancestry. He was educated at Dr. Roberts' academy at Statesburg, and in 1805 entered the South Carolina college, but left the institution in 1808 to take up the study of law. About the same time he joined the Methodist Episcopal church and traveled with William Gassqway, an itiner ant minister, until the following November, when he was licensed to preach. From that time until 1816 he followed farming, preach ing every Sunday, and then opened a school at Georgetown, S. C., which he conducted for about two years. In 1818 he came to Savannah and the next year was made a missionary to the Creek

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

313'

Indians. For four years he traveled and labored among this tribe, when he went to Charleston as editor of the Wesleyan Journal. When this publication was merged with the Christian Advocate Dr. Capers was elected presiding elder of his district and in 1838; represented his church in the British conference. From that time until 1846 he preached in various places. On May 14, 1846, he was consecrated bishop and continued in that office until his death in January, 1855. He did much to advance the cause of Methodism in the South and wrote a number of books of a religious nature,, which are still cherished by the members of his denomination.
Capital. In the early days of the colony the seat of government was at Savannah, though during the residence of Governor Oglethorpe at Frederica much of the official business was transacted from that point. Governor Reynolds, who served from 1754 to' 1757, made an effort to have the capital established at Hardwick, but the movement did not succeed. Just before the occupation of Savannah by the British in 1779 the capital was removed to Augusta, and when that place was threatened some time later it was temporarily established at Fort Heard. In 1795 Louisville, in Jefferson county, was designated as the seat of government. In May, 1803, the legislature passed an act locating the capital at Milledgeville and appointing commissioners to lay out the town. The succeeding year the state offices were removed from Louisville and no further change was made until after the Civil war. While the constitutional convention of 1868 was in session, the city of Atlanta came forward with; the proposal that, if the capital should be located there, the city would furnish, free of cost, for a period of ten years, suitable buildings for the transaction of the state's bus iness and for the sessions ;of the general assembly. This propo sition was accepted by the convention and a.provision to that effect was incorporated in the constitution. When the constitution of 1877 was submitted to thej people for ratification it was also left for the voters of the state to decide whether the capital should remain at Atlanta or be taken back to MilledgeviMe. The vote stood 99,147 in favor of the former to 55,201. for the latter, and since that time the seat of: government has been regarded as per manently established at Atlanta. (See Capitol).
Capitol. For some time! after the seat of government was es tablished at Atlanta the building known as the Kimball opera house was used for a capitol, being finally purchased by the state. The present capitol building was authorized by the act of Sept. 8, 1883, which provided for the appointment of five commissioners, who,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in connection with the governor, were to select plans and erect a building on the square known as the City Hall Square, in the city of Atlanta, the city authorities having donated the ground for that purpose. It was stipulated in the act that the cost of the building should not exceed $1,000,000, of which the city was to pay $55,625, and the commissioners were directed to sell the old opera house. In pursuance of this act the commission in 1884 selected plans for a building of oolitic limestone, with granite foundation and interior work of marble, and let a contract for its erection for the sum of $862,756.75. As soon as it was ascertained how much of the pro ceeds of the sale of the opera house could be applied on the new building the legislature, on Sept. 22, 1885, passed an act authorizing the levy of a tax of five cents on each $100 worth of property in the state for the balance of the amount. Some contracts for extras were made by the commissioners, which brought the total cost up to $999,881.57, and a second levy was ordered by the act of Dec. 30, 1888, the rate to be sufficient to raise $80,000. By means of these tax levies the capitol.was erected without a bond issue, or without incurring any indebtedness, whatever. Even with the con tracts for extra work the structure was completed within the orig inal appropriation and the commissioners received due praise for the faithful performance of duty. The capitol covers an area of 63,425 square feet, or about:an acre and a half. Its length is 325 feet; its width 172 feet; height of dome 237 feet; diameter of dome at the base 75 feet, and the interior arrangements are admirable for the purpose for which they were intended.
Capron, a post-hamlet of Dooly county, is about twelve miles northwest of Vienna on the Flint river. The nearest railway sta tion is Byromville, on the Atlantic & Birmingham.
Captolo, a village of Screven county, is on the Little Ogeechee river, eight miles south of Sylvania. It has a money order postoffice, is the trading center for the neighborhood in which it is lo cated, and in 1900 had a population of 148. The most convenient railroad station is Dover, on the Central of Georgia.
Carbondale, a post-village in the southern part of Whitfield county, on the line of the Southern railway, reported a population of 54 in 1900. The former name of the postoffice at this point was Cove City.
Carey, George, was born in Maryland, where he received a lib eral education. After his removal to Appling county, Ga., he was elected representative in Cohgress in 1824 and reflected in 1826. He died in Upson county, June 14, 1844.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

315

Cargill, John Ralston, president of the

board of trade of the city of Columbus,

Si,

where he is also president of the Car-

11::: gill-Wight Company, manufacturers of

111. syrups and candies, was born in the city

1111 which is now his home, the date of his

1111 nativity having been Sept. 2, 1875. His

1111 father, John Wesley Cargill, was born in

111 South Carolina and his mother, Maria

Louisa (Holland) Cargill was born in

Alabama and now resides in Columbus.

The father, who was a valiant soldier of

the Confederacy in the Civil war and who

was a prosperous and influential merchant of Columbus, died in

1898. John Ralston Cargill, the immediate subject of this review,

secured his earlier educational training in the public schools of

Columbus, and thereafter attended the Stuart high school, of that

city, until he had attained to the age of fifteen years. For the en

suing twelve years he was in the employ of the Central of Georgia

railway, beginning as a time clerk in Columbus and being advanced

from one position to another until he was made incumbent of the

office of chief storekeeper for the company in the city of Savannah.

He resigned this position in 1902 and returned to Columbus, where

he became identified with the manufacture of syrups and candies

from the best of Georgia sugar-cane. At this time he was one of

the organizers and incorporators of the Pearce-Cargill Company,

which, six months later, was succeeded by the present Cargill-

Wight Company, of which Mr. Cargill has been president from the

time of reorganization. ; The company has a fine modern plant

and manufactures annually about 6,000,000 pounds of pure Georgia

cane syrup, which finds sale throughout the South, while the trade

of the concern is gradually and substantially extending into the

Northern states. The principal brands of syrup manufactured are

the "Car-Wi-Co" and "Ingleside," and the superiority of their prod

ucts have gained for them a wide reputation and favorable re

ception. The syrup refinery and candy factory are located in

Columbus and the plantation warehouse, the distributing head

quarters of the compafty is at Cairo, Grady county. W. H.

Cargill is assistant to the! president; M. W. Carlisle is vice-president

of the company, and John Harris is secretary and treasurer. The

concern is fortified by ample capital, the best of facilities and by

progressive and reliable business principles and methods. Mr.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Cargill is a young man of enterprising ideas and marked public spirit, taking a loyal interest in all that touches the welfare of his home city and state and being one of the representative business men of his city. He is a valued member of the Columbus board of trade and is now serving his second term 'as its president. In poli tics his allegiance is given to the Democracy, and fraternally he is identified with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic order, being a past master of his lodge and he is also a member of the Ancient Arabic Order Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, as well as of the Muscogee club. Both he and his wife hold membership in St. Luke's church, Methodist Episcopal South. On Oct. 7, 1896, Mr. Cargill was united in marriage to Miss Annelieu Tinger, of Columbus, and they have three children, whose names, with re spective dates of birth, are as follows. John Ralston, Jr., Sept. 6,. 1897; Dorothy, Nov. 25, 1899.; and Marjorie, Sept. 28, J905.
Carithers, James Y., a prominent bus
iness man of Athens, president of the
Athens Electric Railway Company and
representative of the twenty-seventh dis
trict in the state senate, was born in In
dia, Walton county, Ga., April 13, 1854,.
a sbn of Hugh A. and Mary A. (Griffith)
Carithers, the former born in Madison
county, Ga., July 14, 1887, and the latter
in fhat portion of Clarke county which is
now included in Oconee county in the
year 1831. Hugh A. Carithers served in the: state militia during the Civil war, and represented Walton county in the state legislature from 1880 to 1888, being a citizen of prominence and influence in his section of the state. After attending the common schools of his native county James Y. Carithers continued his studies for a time in the Martin institute in Jackson county. Since 1880 he has been en gaged in the mercantile and cotton commission business in Athens, where he has identified himself most intimately and helpfully with local interests, being one of the progressive and public-spirited citizens of this attractive little city. He was prominently concerned in the carrying forward of the undertakings of the Athens Elec tric Raliway Company, of which he is a large stockholder and of which he has been president since 1896. He has large landed inter ests in Walton, Oconee, Greene and other counties in northeastern Georgia, and is doing much to forward the agricultural interests of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

317

this favored section of the state, while he is also identified with the manufacturing of cotton in Athens. In politics Mr. Carithers is aligned as a stalwart supporter of the principles and policies of the Democracy; has served as a member of the board of aldermen of his home city, and on April 20, 1904, was elected to represent the twenty-seventh senatorial district in the state senate, said district comprising the counties of Clarke, Oconee, Walton, Newton and Rockdale, and is the largest senatorial district in the state. He is a member of the Baptist church and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, including the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Improved Order of Red Men and the Independant Order of Odd Fellows.
Carl, a village in the eastern part of Gwinnett county, on the Sea board Air Line railway, reported a population of 113 in 1900. It has a money order postoffice, some mercantile interests, and is a shipping point for that part of the county.
Carlton, a small town of Madison county, on the Seaboard Air Line railway, had in 1900^ a population of 277. It is a place which does considerable business, especially in fertilizer materials, in the mixture and sale of which two firms are extensively engaged. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, a bank, several stores, and shares with the towns of Comer and Colbert in the receipt and shipment of the pro ducts of Madison county.: Churches and schools supply the people with religious and educational advantages. The town was incor porated by act of the legislature in 1892.
Carlton, Henry Hull, was born at Athens, Ga., in 1835. He grad uated in medicine and surgery at the Jefferson medical college of Philadelphia and practiced until 1872. During the Civil war he served in the Confederate army as captain of artillery, and after the war was elected a member of the Georgia legislature, serving until 1877, when he became editor of the Athens Banner. Three years later he gave up newspaper work and entered the practice of law. For four years he was city attorney of Athens; was state senator and president of the senate in 1884-85; was elected representative in Congress in 1886 and again in 1888. His death occurred in 1905.
Carlton, William Alexander, M. D., one of the representative physicians and surgeons :of Athens, was born in that city Dec. 12, 1847, being the second in order of birth of the six children of Dr. Joseph Barnett and Emma (Moore) Carlton, viz.: Julia E., who is still living; Allura H., who died in infancy; William A., the subject

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of this sketch; Joseph H., who is still living; Emma Leila, who is the wife of Hon. Charles L. Bartlett, member of Congress from the Sixth Congressional district of Georgia; and Dr. James M., who
is deceased. Dr. Joseph B. Carlton was
born in Greene county, Ga., Dec. 11,1822, and his wife in Gwinnett county, Jan. 13, 1826.: He was a son of James R. and Elizabeth (Espey) Carlton, the former
of whom was born in King and Queen county, Va., in 1795; his death occurring
in Athens, Ga., Aug. 10, 1888, at the
patriarchal age of ninety-three years. Elizabeth (Espey) Carlton was born in
Oglethorpe county, Ga., and was a de
scendant of one of the pioneer families of
Pennsylvania. James R. Carlton was a son of Elijah Carlton, a Scotch Presbyterian, who immigrated to Amer ica from the northern part of Ireland and established his home in Virginia. He served as corporal in the Second regiment of Vir ginia militia in the war of 1812, His son, James R., Jr., settled in Clarke county, Ga., when twenty-one years of age; was for some time engaged in the general merchandise business and later became a successful contractor. He erected the first brick building in what is now the city of Athens. Dr. Joseph Barnett Carlton, father of the subject of this review, was graduated from the Augusta medical college and was an able physician and surgeon. He served in the Civil war, having been intensely loyal to the cause of the Con federacy. In 1861 he was surgeon of Taylor's batallion of the Geor gia state troops, and later was ;;a volunteer surgeon in the battles around Richmond, Va., and Murfreesboro, Tenn. He -was for many years one of the leading representatives of his profession in Athens. He represented Clarke county iri the state legislature and for several years prior to the war served as Estate senator from his district. He died, at his home in Athens, in 1881, honored by all who knew him. His widow, Mrs. Emma (Moore;) Carlton, still maintains her home in Athens, having attained to the age of eighty years. She is, as was also her husband, a memberiof the Methodist Episcopal church. Dr. William A. Carlton secured his earlier educational training in the common schools of Athens, after which he entered the uni versity of Georgia, in that city;; from which he was graduated in 1868, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then went to Atlanta and passed several months in a;: local laboratory of chemistry and

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

319

pharmacy, and in the winters of 1869 and 1870 he took a course in the college of pharmacy in the city of Philadelphia. Later he took two courses of lectures in Jefferson medical college, in the same city, graduating as a member of the class of 1873 and duly receiv ing his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He then returned to Athens, where he continued in the practice of his profession for the ensuing three years, after which he returned to Philadelphia and completed a post-graduate medical course. While there he was honored with the appointment as resident physician of St. Mary's hospital, in that city, where he remained some time. He resumed the practice of his profession in Athens in 1876, and here he has since remained, controlling a large and representative practice and holding rank as one of the leading physicians of the state. He possesses in a high degree that essential requisite of a successful practitioner the unbounded confidence of his patients. Doctor Carlton is a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, is a Democrat in politics, and has been a me-niber of the Methodist Episcopal church South, for nearly forty years. He has been many years interested in the planting industry and in the raising of Jersey cattle and other high-grade live stock.; In 1877 he was united in marriage to Miss Annie M. Price, daughter of Elihu and Julia Price, of Macon, Ga. Of this union there were born five children, namely: Elihu, who died in infancy; Juliet, wife of Dr. Henry M. Fullilove, of Athens; Hilda, who died in infancy; and Annie Frances and Wil liam A. Jr., who remain at the parental home. Mrs. Annie M. Carlton departed this life in 1903 and was laid to rest in Oconee cem etery. On June 13, 1906 Doctor Carlton was married to Miss Susie A. Lucas, the youngest daughter of Judge F. W. and Mrs. Martha (Singleton) Lucas, honored and representative citizens of Athens, and who were held in the highest esteem by all who knew them.
Carlyle, a post-hamlet in;the central part of Hancock county, is about five miles north of Sparta, on the Macon & Camak division of the Georgia railroad, which: is the nearest station.
Carmel, a post-hamlet in -the eastern part of Meriwether county, is on White Oak creek, some twelve miles from Greenville. The nearest railroad station is Senola, on the Central of Georgia.
Carmel Academy, one of: the famous schools of the South in its day, was first established in South Carolina by Rev. Moses Waddell, who in the latter part of the eighteenth century removed it to Columbia county, about1 two and one-half miles from^Appling. Among the students were John C. Calhoun, William H. Crawford

:320

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and Thomas W. Cobb, all of whom afterward became prominent .in affairs of the nation.
Carmichael, James L., one of the ex tensive planters and landholders of Emanuel county, vice-president of the Bank of Emanuel, resides in Swainsboro and is one of its leading citizens. He was born on a plantation near Newnan, Coweta county, Ga., Xov. 17, 1853, a son of William and Margaret (Hunter) Car michael, both natives of South Carolina, whence they removed to Georgia in 1852, locating in Coweta county, where the father became a successful planter and there passed the remainder of his life. His widow still resides on the old homestead, being eighty-eight years of age at the time of this writing in 1906. James L. Carmichael was reared to maturity on the home plantation which was the place of his birth, and his educational advantages as a youth were those afforded in the schools of Coweta county. His entire active career as a business man has been closely identified with agricultural pursuits save for the decade between 1888 and 1898, when he was engaged in the insurance business, as a representative of the Equit able Life Assurance Society, of New York. In 1902 Mr. Car michael removed to Emanuel county, where he is now the owner of about 15,000 acres of land, in the cultivation of which 200 plows are operated, and at the same time he is the owner of much val uable realty in Swainsboro, including the Hotel Marguerite prop erty, the leading hotel in the town. He also owns several good residence properties and business places, which he rents, and is vice-president of the Bank of Emanuel, at Swainsboro. He is un swerving in his allegiance to the Democratic party but has never sought public office. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, with which his paternal ancestors were identified for generations. Mr. Carmichael has been twice married. He first wedded Miss Ella E. Russell, of Coweta county, who died in 1885, sixteen years after her marriage. She is survived by one son, William C., who is now a resident of the city of Atlanta. For his second wife Mr. Carmichael married Mrs. M. M. (Edenfield) McLeod, of Swains boro, who died eighteen months later, survived by a little daughter, Sarah L., who remains with her father. Carnegie, a post-village in the southern part of Randolph county,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

321

is on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad, about six miles south of Cuthbert. The population in 1900 was but 37.
Carnes, Thomas P., was born in Maryland in 1762. After re ceiving a liberal education in his native state he read law and was admitted to practice at Milledgeville. He served as solicitor-gen eral, attorney-general, representative in the Third Congress, and was one of the first superior judges when the state was divided into three circuits in 1799.
Carnesville, the capital of Franklin county, named in honor of Thomas P. Carnes, an eminent lawyer and judge, is located near the center of the county, about ten miles from one of the branch roads of the Southern railway system. It was incorporated in 1808. The population is 305, though the entire district has a pop ulation of 2,202. Carnesville has a money order post office with rural free delivery.
Carr, Arthur James, is one of the leading wholesale grocers of central Georgia, being president of the A. J. Carr Company, of Milledgeville. He was born in the city which is now his home, Sept. 14,1853, son of Calvin C. and Kate (Powers) Carr, the former of whom was a merchant in Milledgeville at the time of his death, which occurred in 1861. His widow has remained true to his memory during the long intervening years and still resides in Milledgeville, the subject of this review being the only living child. Arthur J. Carr attended the; local schools until he was twelve years of age, when he withdrew from the school-room to give his atten tion to such work as would;enable him to aid in the support of his loved and widowed mother.; Throughout his youth and early man hood he was employed as a salesman in a retail grocery store in Milledgeville, and finally engaged in the same line of enterprise on his own responsibility. From the retail business he advanced to the wholesale grocery trade, with which he has now been identi fied for a score of years and in connection with which he has been distinctively successful, the; concern of which he is now the execu tive head controlling a large and profitable business throughout the territory for which Milledgeville is a normal distributing cen ter. The A. J. Carr .Company was organized in 1905 and is in corporated under the laws;of the state. Mr. Carr is also director of the Exchange bank, of Milledgeville. His political proclivities are indicated in the unwavering support which he accords to the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church, in which he is a trustee. In 1880 was solemnized liis marriage to Miss Alice Ailing, of Milledgeville, and they have
21

322

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

five children: Mary Edith, Thomas Conn, Arthur James, Jr., Henry Pardee, and Katherine. Mary E. is now the wife of Dr. E. A. Tigner, of Milledgeville.
Carr's Fort. On Feb. 10, 1779, Lieutenant-Colonel Hamilton of the British army, with some 300 mounted infantry, was encamped about three miles below Petersburg, on the Georgia side of the Savannah river, while directly opposite was Colonel Dooly, with a similar force, watching his movements. During the day Dooly was reinforced by 250 men, under Col. Andrew Pickens, and that night they crossed the river at Cowen's ferry, near Petersburg, intending to surprise Hamilton early the next morning. But upon reaching the camp they found that, the enemy had already moved on a raid into the interior. Not far away was Carr's fort, and the Americans suspected that it would be the first object of British vengeance. A detachment was hurried forward to the defense of the fort and came up just as the enemy was taking possession of it, the only defenders being seven or eight old men. The British were compelled to leave their horses and baggage outside and take shelter in the fort to escape :the galling fire of the Americans. Pickens and Dooly soon afterward coming up with the main body the fort was placed in a state of siege. Captain Freeman, by a gallant charge across an open space took possession of a log house which commanded the only source of water supply for the fort, and from which he could deliver a telling fire on the enemy. As soon as it was sufficiently dark the horses and baggage of the British were brought off and this closed every avenue of escape. Before the inmates of the fort could be brought to terms, however, the American commanders received word that Colonel Boyd, with 800 men, was advancing into Georgia. They deemed it advisable to raise the siege and attack Boyd. After the departure of the Americans Hamilton vacated the fort and retreated in the direc tion of Wrightsboro. In the affair at Carr's fort the British lost 9 killed and 3 wounded. The American loss was 5 killed and 7 wounded.
Carr's Station, a village of Hancock county, is nine miles south west of Sparta on the Camak & Milledgeville division of the Geor gia railroad. It has a money: order postoffice, express and tele graph service, the usual business enterprises found in places of its size, and is a shipping point for the products of that part of the county. The population in 1900 was 162.
Carroll County was organized in 1826, from land acquired from the Indians by the treaty at Indian Springs. A part was set off

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

323

to Campbell in 1828,. part to Heard in 1828 and again in 1830. It was named for Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of In dependence from Maryland. It is bounded on the north by Paulding and Haralson, on the east by Campbell, Douglas and Coweta, on the south by Coweta and Heard, and on the west by Haralson and the state of Alabama. The Chattahoochee and Little rivers, with their tributaries, water the land and render it exceedingly fer tile. Cotton, sugar-cane, cowpeas, peanuts, sweet and Irish pota toes thrive; vegetables and fruits are grown in abundance, and the timber lands, of which the county contains many acres, yield lumber. The minerals are gold, copper, iron pyrites, mica and asbestos. Gold is found in large quantities and its presence has been known for many years. This knowledge was the means of bringing many settlers to the county in the early days. The Griffin & Chattanooga division of the Central of Georgia and a branch of the Southern railway system traverse the county, giving good trans portation facilities. The - water-power supplied by the streams encourages manufacture and in 1900 there were ninety-three fac tories in the county. The : population at that time was 25,576, a gain of over 4,000 in ten years. Carrollton, the county seat, Villa Rica, Temple, Bowdon, Whitesburg and Roopville are the chief towns. Carroll county was the home of Gen. William Mclntosh, the half breed chief, who was killed by his own people in conse quence of his signing the treaty of Indian Springs in 1825.
Carrollton, the county seat and largest town of Carroll county, located on one of the lines of the Central of Georgia railway sys tem, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1856. It has electric light and water works, good business houses, a new court house, that cost $45,000, a money order post office with a rural free delivery, a cotton factory valued at $100,000, a large cotton oil mill, and two banks. All the Christian denominations are repre sented by good churches and the schools are first class. Carroll ton is a thriving town with many handsome residences. In the whole district are 5,934 people, of whom 1,998 lived in the cor porate limits at the date of the last national census.
Carson, David Irwin, son of Abner and Almira (Stoddard) Car son, was born May 1, 1842, in the town of Platteville, Grant county, Wis., this being prior to the admission of the Badger state into the Union. His father was born in West Alexander, Pa., and his mother in Ticonderoga, N. Y. His paternal great-grandfather was a soldier of the Continental line in the war of the Revolution, and his paternal grandfather served in the war of 1812. In 1847 Abner

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Carson removed with his family to Dubuque, la., where the sub ject of this sketch was reared to maturity, receiving his education in the preparatory department of Alexander university and in the
Dubuque public schools, including the
high school. Leaving Dubuque in 1862, Mr. Carson was employed for varying periods in Chicago, Boston and New York chiefly as bookkeeper and busi ness manager. In May, 1864, in the city of Chicago, he enlisted, for one hundred days, in Company A, Twelfth Illinois volunteer infantry. He served on de
tached duty in the field office of the adjutant general of the department and army of the Tennessee, thus being with General Sherman's army in the Atlanta campaign. He was mustered out, at East Point, Ga., in Sep tember, 1864. In 1879 he identified himself with the telephone business, which was then in its embryonic stage, and when the Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company was or ganized, in 1880, he was made its secretary. In 1897 he was also made treasurer of the company and this dual office he still retains. In 1903, when the company's headquarters were removed from New York city to Atlanta, Mr. Carson removed with his family to the latter city, erected an attractive residence on North boulevard and became a citizen of Georgia. He is a deacon in the Central Congregational church, and for two years was commander of O. M. Mitchell Post, No. 1, Grand1 Army of the Republic, in Atlanta. In 1880 Mr. Carson was united in marriage to Miss Jeannie Rose Stickney, youngest daughter of Deacon John N. Stickney, of Rockville, Conn., whose ancestor, John Soule, came over in the historic Mayflower. Two sons and one daughter were born to Mr. and Mrs. Carson, the daughter alone surviving. For many years the family resided in the beautiful village of Pelham Manor, a suburb of New York city. Carson, John A. G., president of the Merchants National bank .and first vice-president of the J. P. Williams Company, of Savan nah, was born in the city of Baltimore, Md., Feb. 19, 1856, the same city being also the birth place of his parents, Carvill Hynson and Sarah Frances (Gere) Carson, representatives of prominent old families of Baltimore and the "Eastern Shore" of Maryland. Among Mr. Carson's ancestors are many prominent colonial names,

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335

such as Hynson, Tylden, (Tilden) Tilghman, Carvill, Harris, Wilmer, etc. Through the Tilden branch he was related to the late Hon. Samuel J. Tilden of New York. Mr. Carson's mother was
a Miss Neal, a sister of the mother of
Hon. Grover Cleveland. John A. G. Car
son was educated in the public schools
of Baltimore, afterwards attending a
Normal college in Lycoming county, Pa.,
near Montoursville. He came to Savan
nah in 1870 with his parents and has
resided there ever since. Since Jan. 1,
1884, he has been identified with J. P.
Williams in his various business pur
suits ; has been first vice-president of the
J. P. Williams Company since its organ
ization in 1897, and is one of the largest stockholders in said corporation. He is also one of the largest stockholders in the Merchants National bank of Savannah, and has been its executive head since 1900, the bank having prospered under his management. In politics Mr. Carson is an uncompro mising advocate of the basic principles of which the Democratic party stands exponent; served as a member of the board of alder men of Savannah from 1890 to 1893, and from the latter year un til 1897 he was a member of the board of commissioners of Chatham county, having the distinction of receiving the highest number of votes on the first board elected by the people. Mr. Carson was a lieutenant of the Chatham artillery for several years, and is now an honorary member of that time-honored organiza tion. He is identified with the Oglethorpe club of Savannah; The Georgia society and the Southern society of New York; Landrum Lodge No. 48, Free and Accepted Masons in Savannah; as well as Georgia Chapter, Royal Arch Masons and Palestine Commandery, No. 7, Knights Templars. He is also a member of the Golden Rule Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and a life asso ciate member of the Savannah Volunteer Guards. He organized the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Georgia, in Savannah in 1896, and has been from the beginning its representative in the council of the general society, holding the office of deputy gover nor-general for Georgia. He is one of the representative business men of the Forest City of the South, and has met with marked success in his various enterprises. On Jan. 29, 1879, Mr. Carson was united in marriage to Miss Carrie Gordon Cubbedge, daugh-

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ter of Stephen J. M. and Rebecca (Tubbs) Cubbedge, of Savannah, and they have four children, namely: John A. G., Jr., Gordon C., Edwin W. and Carvill H.
Carsonville, a post-village in the northern part of Taylor county, is not far from the Flint river. The population in 1900 was 50. The nearest railroad station is Butler, the county seat, which is about ten miles due south, on the Macon & Columbus division of the Central of Georgia railroad.
Cartecay, a village in the southeastern part of Gilmer county, with a population of 175 in 1900, has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for that part of the county. Talona and Ellijay, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway, are the nearest stations.
Carter, John D., is a representative in the south of one of the great railway systems of the west, having his head quarters in Atlanta and being traveling passenger and freight agent for the \ Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroad. I He was born in Montgomery, Ala., in > 1878, and was there reared and educated. At the age of nineteen years he ini tiated his career in connection with rail road interests, entering the employ of the Western railway of Alabama, as yard clerk at Montgomery, where he contin ued to be identified with the interests of that line until 1900, when he came to Atlanta, as trace clerk in the local service of the At lanta & West Point railroad, for which he finally became city ticket agent. Later he resigned this office to become secretary to the local agent of the Southern railway, holding this position until 1901, when he became soliciting freight and passenger agent for the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, in whose service he was ap pointed to his present responsible office in 1903, his advancement having been the natural result of his fidelity and executive ability. He" is universally popular in railroad circles in the south.
Carter, John Hardin, a representative lawyer and banker of Fannin county, and an influential citizen of Blueridge, was born in Jackson county, Fla., June 30, 1865, and is a son of Francis M. G. and Sallie Yancey (Boone) Carter, the former of whom was born in Talbot county, Ga., and the latter in Jackson county, Fla. Mr. Carter is a descendant of Capt. John Hardin, of Virginia, who

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327

took an active part in the war of the Revolution and who was afterward killed in the Indian wars, in Ohio. Hardin counties in Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and Texas are named for him or other members of his family. In the maternal line Mr. Carter is a
descendant of Benjamin Harrison, who was a captain in the patriot ranks during the war of the Revolution, and in recog nition of his services Congress granted a pension to his widow, who resided in Georgetown, Ga. Col. William Harrison, of that place, and Hon. DuPont Guerry, of Macon, are scions of the same family stock. Mr. Carter received his literary or general education in Collinsworth in stitute, at Talbotton, Ga., and in the West Florida seminary, at Tallahassee, and later took up the study of law, at Marianna, Fla., being admitted to the bar of that state in 1886. He was for several years engaged in practice in the state and Federal courts of Florida; and in the year 1900 he took up his residence in Blueridge, where he entered the banking business. He is the pioneer banker of the mountain section of northern Geor gia, and is president of several country banks, state and national, and a director in several others, as well as president and director of several manufacturing concerns in the mountain district noted. His attention and efforts are confined principally to the develop ment of those sections which have not previously been touched along the lines he is working, and he has shown marked initiative ability, enterprise and progressiveness in his work, which will re dound to the lasting benefit of the localities in which he has be come interested. In politics Mr. Carter is a stanch Democrat, but he has never sought or held office. He and his wife are commu nicants of the Protestant Episcopal church, and he is identified with the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fel lows, the Knights of Pythias, the Knights of Honor, and the Im proved Order of Red Men. On Nov. 18, 1891, Mr. Carter was united in marriage to Miss Roberta Hearn Milton, daughter of William H. and Lucy (Hearn) Milton, of Marianna, Fla., and they have three children Willie Milton, John Hardin, Jr., and Roberta Milton. Mrs. Carter is a lineal descendant of John Milton, of Rev olutionary fame and a citizen of distinction in Georgia, which state accorded him a portion of her electoral vote for the first president

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of the United States. Her grandfather, who likewise bore the name of John Milton, was the Civil war governor of Florida, serv ing from 18G1 to 1865, inclusive. Mrs. Carter is a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution, being identified with Jos eph Habersham chapter, in Atlanta.
Cartersville, the county seat of Bartow county, is a thriving lit tle city on the Western & Atlantic railway and also the terminus of a branch of the Seaboard Air Line, which runs in a southwest erly direction into the State of Alabama. Cartersville has gas works, water works, a money order post office with rural free de livery, a fine system of public schools, two banks, and churches of the Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist and Episcopalian denom inations. It has a wagon and carriage factory, a flour mill, a tan nery, the plants of the Georgia Mining Company and the Clifford Stone Company. Near the town are beds of iron ore and man ganese, and in the surrounding country are fine cotton, corn and wheat lands. The population of Cartersville was given in the cen sus report of 1900 as 3,135. The militia district, which includes the city, contained 6,070 inhabitants. Cartersville was incorpo rated in 1856 and chartered as a city in 1872.
During the north Georgia campaign of 1864 there was some sharp fighting in the neighbrohood of Cartersville, notably on May 19th, about four miles distant. On the morning of the 20th, Hardee's corps passed through Cartersville on the march to the Etowah river. That afternoon the Federals occupied the town.
Cartledge, Edward Cornelius, M. D., professor of Materia Medica and pharmacognosy in the Southern college of pharmacy in Atlanta, was born in Franklin county, Ga., March 2, 1867. His parents were Joseph Wilson and Harriet (Alexander) Cartledge, the former born in the same county, served during the war between the states in the same company and regiment with ExGov. Alien D. Candler, and died in 1888. The latter was a daughter of Simpson Alexander. They were early settlers in Georgia. Doctor Cartledge was educated at the North Georgia agricultural college and was graduated from the Atlanta medical college in 1895. Locating in Atlanta for the practice of his pro fession, he became house physician to the Grady hospital; held

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

329

that important post during 1897-98; now holds a professorship in

the Southern college of pharmacy; is assistant attending physician

to Pasteur institute; is a member of the Fulton county medical

society and the State medical association. He's an Odd Fellow

and a Mason. Doctor Cartledge is secretary of the Atlanta

siciological society, the motto of which is "Atlanta a model

city," and is an active member of Central Presbyterian church.

Doctor Cartledge is nephew of the late Rev. Groves H. Cartledge,

a writer and author among Presbyterian scholars.

Cassandra, a post-hamlet of Walker county, is located on the

Chattanooga Southern railroad, a little west of Chickamauga creek

in one of the most mountainous districts of the state. The popu

lation in 1900 was 31.

Cass County. (See Bartow).

Cassville was at one time the county seat of Cass (now Bartow)

county, but not being on a railroad line and burned by Federal

troops on a raid it was soon outstripped by other towns in the

county. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery,

a few stores, and in 1900 had a population of 250. On May 19,

1864, in the country around Cassville and Cass Station the Union

and Confederate armies were maneuvering and skirmishing, and

among the soldiers of both armies there was expectation of a great

battle. Johnston's battle order on this day was enthusiastically

received by the soldiers. For reasons which were matter of much

discussion the expected battle did not come off. There was, how-

ver, heavy skirmishing all along the line during the entire day.

Johnston's army was posted along the ridges near Cassville and

the contest at some points was quite severe, especially near the

town, where the firing between the batteries on the opposite ridges

was constant and effective. The college buildings and many others

were riddled with balls, and some were set on fire and consumed.

On the 24th General Wheeler with a part of his cavalry made a

dash around the Federal left wing, drove off the guard from a large

supply train near Cassville, captured 200 wagons and burned all

except 70 loaded wagons, which with their teams, 300 equipped

horses and mules arid 182 prisoners, he safely brought into the

Confederate lines.

;

Cataula, a village in the central part of Harris county, is about

seven miles south of Hamilton on the Columbus & Greenville divi

sion of the Central of Georgia railroad. The population in 1900

was 64. It has a money order postoffice, from which rural free

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

delivery routes supply the adjacent districts, a telegraph office,

express service and is'shipping point of some importance.

.. ,.

Catching, Benjamin Holliday, D. D.

,:dililllilllls:

S., who died at his home in the city of

Atlanta, Nov. 23, 1899, was one of the

most eminent representatives of his pro

fession in Georgia and was a man of

noble attributes of chafacter, worthy of

the high esteem in which he was held

in all the relations of life. Only a few

months before his birth his father died,

and he was but twelve years of age

when his mother passed away, just at

the beginning of the Civil war. The

perturbed condition of the south during

what should have been his school days deprived him of almost all

educational advantages in his boyhood. He was almost entirely

self-educated, was a constant and appreciative student and a man

of large intellectual caliber, possessed of unusual ability in many

ways. Whether in the practice of his profession, as an editor of,

and contributor to, dental magazines, as a member and officer of

different dental associations, as a public-spirited citizen, or as a

worker in the church of his choice in all he was prominent and

in all he excelled. He was a gentleman of the "old school," and

well exemplified in his life the truth of the saying, "The bravest

are the gentlest, the loving are the daring." Doctor Catching

was born in Georgetown, Copiah county, Miss., June 28, 1848, a

son of Benjamin Holliday, Sr., and Letitia (Higginbotham)

Catching. His father was born May 30, 1804, and died March 31,

1848, having been a wealthy planter and merchant. Doctor Catch

ing descended from distinguished ancestry, representatives of the

name having filled important offices in his native state and in the

national government. His great-grandfather was Hon. Benjamin

Catching, of Wilkes county, Ga., who is buried on his plantation,

twelve miles distant from Washington, the county seat of that

county, said plantation having been a grant from King George III

of England. Benjamin Catching came from Virginia to Georgia

about 1769. He was born Oct. 31, 1748, and married Mildred Crid-

dle of Virginia. He was assistant judge of Wilkes county in 1780-

82; in 1784 was assistant surveyor of Washington county; in

1795 he represented Wilkes county in the first constitutional con

vention ; was also a member of the legislature from Wilkes county,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

331

and was clerk of the court for many years. He was one of the assistant judges who held a court in Wilkes county, Aug. 25, 1778, and condemned nine Tories to be hanged in the following month, for stealing, treason and murder. At one time during the progress of the Revolution he was shot by British soldiers, who destroyed everything in his home, but he saved his life by feigning death. He was a captain in the Colonial army and was promoted major, on the battle field, taking part in the battle of Kettle Creek. In recognition of his services in the Revolution he received a grant of more than 1,000 acres of land. His ancestors came from Man chester, England, and settled in Virginia in the first half of the seventeenth century, as is evident from the statement, taRen from the oldest records in Virginia, that as early as 1638 a Henry Catch ing was a member of the first court held in Norfolk parish. As previously noted, Doctor Catching was a mere boy at the out break of the war between the states, but in the last year of the conflict, at the age of sixteen years, he entered the Confederate service, in which he continued until the close of the war. In 1870 he was graduated at the Baltimore college of dental surgery, be ing chosen valedictorian of his class. He practiced several years in Mississippi, and in 1881 took up his residence in Atlanta, which had just entered upon its epoch of almost unprecedented growth and prosperity and which thus offered a superior field for the work of his profession. Although he soon secured a large practice, his predilection for literary pursuits soon led him into the domain of journalism. He was the founder, and for eight years editor, of the Southern Dental Journal, one of the leading monthly maga zines of the profession in the United States. Upon retiring from the position of editor of this periodical he began the publication of Catching's Compendium of Practical Dentistry, which furnished annually, during the seven consecutive years of its publication, a most valuable compilation of all the important contributions to dental art and science, made in this and foreign countries. It is, by this work he is best known, for the publication had a world wide circulation among the profession and it undoubtedly con stituted his most valuable contribution and service to his profes sion. After the appearance of the seventh volume, in 1896, ill health, resulting from overwork, compelled him to discontinue the publication, and, with the exception of occasional contributions to professional journals in this and foreign countries, he desisted from all literary labor until 1897, when he established the Ameri can Dental Weekly, one of the first weekly dental publications in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the world. But, even with the aid of five colaborators, the labor involved in this publication was so enormous that the task proved beyond the strength of Dr. Catching, and with the issue of the fifty-second consecutive number the journal was discontinued, hav ing been a great success from a technical and literary standpoint. For several years prior to his death he had been working quietly on a book, making notes for reference and preparing data, and had he lived to complete the work the volume would undoubtedly have met with most generous appreciation and popular reception in the south. It was to have portrayed southern home life during the Civil war, showing the difficulties met and overcome in that climateric period. Dr. Catching was a member of many of the leading dental societies. He was president of the Southern dental association in 1888, was a member of the Georgia state dental fac ulty, and for four years served as a member of the Georgia state board of dental examiners, also having been a valued member of the Georgia state dental association. He was affiliated with the United Confederate Veterans : and the Knights of Honor. In poli tics he gave his support to the Democracy, and his religious faith was that of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in which he served as steward and Sunday-school superintndent for a quarter of a century. Few men have filled so faithfully the mission of life, and his example will abide as a gracious inspiration, his mem ory as a benediction upon all who came within the realm of his personal influence. On June 15, 1870, was solemnized the mar riage of Dr. Catching to Miss Martha L. Sanders, daughter of Jasper and Cassandra (Holliday) Sanders, who removed from Wilkes county, Ga., to Mississippi about 1845. Mrs. Catching survives her husband, as do also their four children: Frederick Paine, Louise, Nancy Higginbotham, and Gladys Holliday, the entire family still remaining residents of Atlanta.
Catcreek, a'post-village, with a population of 50 in 1900, is lo cated in the northern part of Lowndes county, about six miles east of Hahira, which is the nearest railway station.
Catlett, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Walker county, is situated at the western base of Taylor's Ridge, about five miles east of Warren, on the Central of Georgia railway, which is the nearest station.
Catlett's Gap, is one of the three passes of Pigeon Mountain, near LaFayette. During the: Chickamauga campaign part of Cleburne's division was posted here and on Sept. 15, 1863, there was skirmishing between the outposts of the two armies.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

333

Catlin, a post-hamlet of Laurens county, is about six miles east of Dublin, on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad.
Catoosa County was created from Walker and is bounded on the north by the state of Tennessee, on the east by Whitfield county, on the south by Whitfield and Walker, and on the west by Walker. About three fourths of the land is covered with forests of hichory, oak, poplar and pine, but the best of the timber has been cut for the Chattanooga mills, so that the revenue from the forests is small. The soil varies greatly in different parts of the county. The productions are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sorghum, field-peas and vegetables. Strawberries and peaches are raised and shipped to Cincinnati. Facilities for transportation are afforded by the Western & Atlantic railroad, which connects at Chattanooga with lines running in all directions. Catoosa county has an abundance of lime and sandstone of superior quality and Taylor's Ridge con tains deposits of iron ore. Catoosa Springs, the noted health re sort from which the county derives its name, forms one of the several groups in the county. These springs issue from the mountain side, upon a bed of hard black slate, or boil up through the solid rock and the longest droughts have no effect upon the volume of water. Ringgold, the county seat, is the trade center for the county. The population in 1900 was 5,823, a gain of 392 in ten years. Catoosa county was the scene of many stirring en counters between the Blue and the Gray during the Civil war.
Catoosa Springs, a noted health resort in the northern part of Catoosa county, are famed for their varied waters and give name to the county in which they are located. From May 3 to 7, 1864, as Sherman's army was marching on Dalton, there was almost con stant skirmishing in the vicinity of these springs between McCook's cavalry, which covered the left of Schofield's and Stanley's divisions, and the cavalry of the Confederate army.
Causton, Thomas. A: few years after the establishment of the colony Causton was appointed to the position of second bailiff. In a short time he was ;:made chief bailiff, becoming by this pro motion, to be the chief; justice of the colonial courts. As such he was in charge of the stores at Savannah, his duty being to pur chase and distribute to the proper persons monthly supplies. He was ambitious and to gain his desired ends was not scrupulous in his choice of methods.: By giving or withholding supplies he made the other magistrates subservient to his will, and in a short time came to be a virtual dictator. The dissatisfaction resulting from his arbitrary conduct led the trustees to examine his accounts,

334:

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

which were found to be confused, and his removal was ordered. He was placed under bond to answer the charge of fraud, went to England for that purpose, but returned to Georgia to collect evi dence to sustain his acts, and died before the case was finally set tled.
Cave, a small post-village of Bartow county, is on the Western & Atlantic railway a few miles east of Kingston.
Cave Spring, a town of Floyd county, is located on one division of the Southern railway, sixteen miles southwest of Rome, and was incorporated by act of the legislature on Jan. 22, 1852. Near the southeastern part of the town is a large cave, with a spring of fine water, from which the name of the place is derived. It has a money order postoffice, with several free delivery routes to the neighboring rural districts, express and telegraph service, an elec tric light plant, several first class stores and some factories, among which is a manganese reducing plant, with a capacity of fifty tons daily. The state institution for the education of the deaf and dumb, the Hearn Institute, the Hearn Female Seminary, the Wesleyan Institute and a system of common schools supply educational ad vantages enjoyed by but few communities, while several denom inations are represented in the churches. In 1900 the population of the town was 824 and of the district in which it is located 2,283.
Cawthon, a post-hamlet in : the southern part of Greene county, is not far from the Hancock county line. The nearest railroad sta tion is White Plains, the terminus of a short line of the Georgia system.
Cecil, a small town in the Southern part of Berrien county, is on the Georgia Southern & Florida railway, and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1891. According to the census of 1900 the population was 394 in the town and in the militia district 1,178. It has a money order postoffie, with rural free delivery routes, tele graph and express offices, several prosperous business firms, church and school privileges, and is one of the principal shipping points of the county.
Cedar Grove, a village of Walker county, with a population of 300 in 1900, is located in the valley -of Chickamauga creek, west of the Pigeon mountain and about ten miles west of Lafayette. The pop ulation in 1900 was reported as being 300. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for the neighborhood. Marsh and Chamberlain, on the Chattanooga Southern, are the nearest railway stations.
Cedar Ridge, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Whitfield coun-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

335

ty, is about four miles east of Dalton, -which is the nearest railway station. The population in 1900 was 48.
Cedar Springs, a post-village of Early county, is fifteen miles southwest of Blakely and four miles from the Chattahoochee. river. The population in 1900 was 80. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for that section of the county.
Cedartown, so named on account of the cedar growth in its vicin ity, is the county seat of Polk, county, is located on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway system and a branch of the Seaboard Air Line. The town was incorporated in 1854, has a water works, sewer system and electric lights, not only for the streets, but sup plied to business houses aand residences. Almost the entire busi ness portion is of brick buildings and there is a fire limit to all houses built henceforth on Main street. There are express and telegraph offices, a number of manufacturing concerns, two banks, a handsome $40,000 court house of brick, modern in every partic ular, a $16,000 public school building with nine recitation rooms, a city hall, with city prison and fire department quarters attached, and on the second floor an opera house. The Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians and Episcopalians all have good churches, the first three of brick. Mailing facilities are furnished to city and county by postoffice and rural free delivery. According to the census of 1900 the population of :Cedartown was 2,823. The entire Cedartown district (or city and suburbs) had 6,478 inhabitants.
Cedar Valley. (See Polk County).
Celeste, a post-hamlet of Wilkes county, is ten miles northwest of Washington, which is the nearest railway station.
Cement, a village of Bartow county, is on the Western & At lantic railroad, a short distance north of Kingston. It was incor porated by act of the legislature on Oct. 9, 1891, and takes its name from one of its leading industries. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, and in 1900 had a population of 120.
Cemeteries, Soldiers'. The United States government has es tablished national cemeteries at Marietta and Andersonville^ in which several thousand: soldiers are buried. The one at Marietta contains a little over 24 acres. Under date of July 31, 1866, Henry G. Cole and wife transferred to the United States 20 acres, and on September 23rd following they made a second deed calling for nearly 5 acres. At Andersonville the government took posession of the ground on May 10, 1865. The land was afterward appraised and was paid for under the act of Feb. 22, 1867, "to protect national cemeteries." On Oct. 25, 1870, the general assembly of Georgia

336

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

gave the formal consent of the state to the acquisition of the land by the government of the United States. The cemetery at this place contains about 120 acres. In addition to the national ceme teries plots have been set apart in many of the city cemeteries in the state as a burial ground for Confederate soldiers. Notable instances of this kind are to be seen at Albany, Americus, Athens, Atlanta, Augusta, Barnesville, Cartersville, Columbus, Coiiyers, Covington, Dalton, Forsyth, Fort Valley, Greensboro, Griffin, Hawkinsville, Jonesboro, Macon, Marietta, Oxford, Resaca, Rome, Savannah, Thomaston and Thomasville. In fact nearly every town in the state has its plot, consecrated to the Confederate dead, where every year, on Memorial Day, the people gather to decorate the graves with flowers, and to hear anew the story of their valiant deeds on sanguinary fields.
Cenchat, a post-hamlet of Walker county, is at the junction of the Chattanooga Southern and a short division of the Central of Geor gia that runs from Chickamauga to Durham.
Centennial Exposition, 1876. (See Expositions). Center, a post-village in the extreme southeastern corner of Jack son county, is on the Athens & Lula division of the Southern rail way. The population in 1900 was 85. Centerside, a post-village, with a population of 41, is in the south ern part of White county, not far from the Hall county line. Lula, on the Southern railway, is the most convenient station. Centralhatchee, a town in the northern part of Heard county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on August 15, 1903. It is located about eight miles north of Franklin and in 1900 had a popu lation of 68. The nearest railway station is Whitesburg, fifteen miles northeast, on the Central of Georgia. Ceres, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Crawford county, reported a population of 37 in 1900. The nearest railway station is Musella, on the Atlanta & Fort Valley division of the Southern system. Cerlastae, a post-hamlet of Columbia county, is near the line of McDuffie county, about seven miles northeast of Thomson, which is the nearest railroad station. Cession of 1802. By the treaty with Great Britain at the close of the Revolutionary war, the limits agreed to by that country fixed the western boundary of the states at the Mississippi river. In 1777, when the Articles of Confederation were about to be sub mitted to the states for ratification, Maryland proposed "That the United States, in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and ex-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

33?

elusive right and power to ascertain and fix the western boundary of such states as claim to the Mississippi, and lay out the land be yond the boundary so ascertained into separate and independent states, from time to time, as the numbers and circumstances of the people may require." Although this proposition met with consider able opposition, Maryland was persistent in support of it, declining to ratify the Articles until she had the assurance that her policy should be adopted by the Union.
In February, 1780, New York declared herself ready to relinquish all her claims to the west and in the following autumn Congress recommended cession by all the states, declaring that the lands so ceded should be "disposed of for the common benefit of the United States, and be settled and formed into distinct Republican states, which shall become members of the Federal Union, and have the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other states." Connecticut immediately offered to cede her claim, and in January, 1781, Virginia agreed to surrender her claims to all north west of the Ohio river, provided the territory now constituting the State of Kentucky should not be erected into a separate state. The Virginia cession was perfected in 1784 and the Connecticut session in 1786.
In April, 1784, Congress made another appeal to the states to give up the vacant territory within their boundaries, in order that it might be made to aid in discharging the national debt incurred by the Revolutionary war, and in June of that year North Caro lina responded with a relinquishment of her western claims leav ing Georgia and South Carolina the only states to still stand out against the Maryland policy. In 1788 the legislature of Georgia authorized the members of Congress from that state to cede to the United States a strip of land 140 miles wide, north of the 31st parallel and extending from the Chattahoochee to the Mississippi rivers, which embraced the territory in dispute between the United States and Spain, but Congress declined to accept the proposition.
Then followed the grants to the Yazoo land companies and an act of the Georgia legislature repudiating the treaty of New York, which prevented for a time any further negotiations with the United States. In the treaty of 1795 Spain yielded certain lands to the United States, some of which were within the charter limits of Georgia, and which Congress claimed as common domain under the provisions of the Spanish treaty. After various investigations and surveys Congress passed an act, creating the Territory of Mis sissippi below the Yazoo line and providing for a commission to

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treat with Georgia. This law, which became effective on April 7, 1798, recognized Georgia's claim to the Chattahoochee river, and in pursuance of its provisions the president appointed Timothy
Pickering, secretary of state, Oliver Wolcott, secretary of the treasury, and Samuel Sitgreaves, of Pennsylvania, as commission ers on the part of the United States. Nothing was accomplished, however, and on May 10, 1800, Congress passed a supplementary act, giving to Mississippi a general assembly and again authorizing the appointment of commissioners to receive a cession of lands. Under this act President Jefferson appointed as commissioners James Madison, secretary of state, Albert Gallatin, secretary of the
treasury, and Levi Lincoln, attorney-general. Georgia selected
James Jackson, Abraham Baldwin and John Milledge. The point commission met in the city of Washington and concluded its nego tiations on April 24, 1803. About 80,000,000 acres of land were ceded to the United States, the conditions of the grant being as
follows: 1. Out of the proceeds of the sale of the lands the United States
shall give to Georgia $1,250,000. 2. All persons who are settled within this territory shall be con
firmed in their titles by the United States government. 3. The ceded lands shall be a public fund to be distributed by
the United States in the usual way of disposing of public lands. 4. The United States, at their own expense, shall extinguish,
for the use of Georgia, as soon as the same can be peaceably done on reasonable terms, the Indian titles to the country of Tallassee, to the lands occupied by the Creeks, and to those between the forks of the Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, for which several objects the President of the United States shall order a treaty to be at once held with the Indians. : In like manner the United States shall extinguish the Indian tiff"? to all other lands within the State of Georgia.
5. The territory thus ceded shall form a state as soon as it shall contain sixty thousand inhabitants, and as such be admitted into the Union.
The "twelve mile strip" lying north of the state was .lso ceded to the United States, making the thirty-fifth parallel the northern boundary. The western boundaries were fixed 'by this cession as they are today. The legislature accepted the agrement on June 16, 1802, and what is now the States of Alabama and Mississippi became the domain of the Federal government. This was the first

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acquisition of territory by the United States under the adminis tration of Thomas Jefferson.
Chafee, John W., president of the Sibley Manufacturing Com pany, of Augusta, whose cotton mills are among the largest in this section of the state, was born in the city of Charleston, S. C., May 1, 1848. His father, Otis J. Chafee, was born in Newport, R. I., whence he removed to Charleston, S. C. where he met and married Miss Mary A. Kinloch, who was born and reared in that city. The father became a successful wholesale merchant and after the close of the Civil war he located in Aiken, S. C., where both he and his wife passed the remainder of their lives. He was one of fifteen children, and his wife was a member of a family of thirteen chil dren, while to their marriage were born fourteen children. The mother of Otis J. Chafee was a Monroe and was a relative of Pres ident James Monroe. John W. Chafee secured his earlier educa tion under the direction of private tutors and then entered the South Carolina military-academy, known locally as the Citadel, in Charleston, where he effectually rounded out his education. He initiated his business career as a clerk and was employed in this capacity in Charleston, St. Louis, Mo., and Augusta, Ga. In 1870, in which year he was residing in Augusta, he became ac countant for the cotton firm of Danbar & Sibley, retaining this position three years, after which he was engaged in a similar ca pacity with the general commission firm of J. O. Mathewson & Co. until 1881, when he became accountant for the Sibley Manu facturing Company, of Augusta, and also for the Langley Manu facturing Company, of Langley, Aiken county, S. C., subsequently becoming secretary of both companies. He finally severed his connection with the Langley company and became treasurer of the Sibley Manufacturing Company, an office which he has since re tained, and on April 29, 1896, he succeeded William C. Sibley as president of the company and still holds this chief executive office. The finely equipped mills of the company have 43,200 spindles and 1,408 looms, from which statement it will be seen that the enter prise is one of great magnitude in the manufacturing of cotton yarns and fabrics. Mr. Chafee is a member of the Augusta cotton exchange and board of trade, the Commercial and Country clubs, the Augusta game preserve and the Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks. In politics he is aligned as a stanch supporter of the Dem ocratic party. On April .26, 1871, Mr. Chafee was united in mar riage to Miss Carolina Arminda Latham, of Aiken, S. C., but a native of the state of Rhode Island. They have five children:

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Arminda Ruth, wife of George H. Squire, Jr., of New York city; Mary Charlotte, wife of Dr. Noel M. Moore, of Augusta; Amy Butler, wife of Henry C. Brown, of Augusta; and Henry Campbell and Horatio Latham, also of Augusta. Mr. Chafee was too young to enter the Confederate service during the Civil war, but during the last six months of the conflict he was a member of the battalion of South Carolina state cadets, which was in active service during
that time.
Chalker, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Washington county, is on the line of the Augusta Southern railway, and about fifteen miles from Sandersville.
Chalybeate, a post-hamlet of Meriwether county, is about four teen miles south of Greenville and in 1900 reported a population of 53. The nearest railway stations are Nebula and Warm Springs, each about five miles distant, on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern system.
Chambers, a post-village of Floyd county, is about six miles south of Rome at the junction of the Southern and the Central of Georgia railroads. The population in 1900 was 54.
Chamblee, a village in the northern part of Dekalb county, is about fifteen miles northeast of Atlanta. It is on the Southern rail way and is the terminus of a short branch of the same system run ning to Roswell. It has a money order postoffice, from which sev eral rural free delivery routes emanate, express and telegraph ser vice and in 1900 had a population of 84.
Chance, Enon Elton, vice-president of
the Bank of Waynesboro and one of the extensive cotton planters and peach
growers of Burke county, has been a res ident of this county from the time of his birth, July 10, 1867. He is a son of Reuben Carpenter and Mary Ann (Lovett) Chance, both of whom were likewise born and reared in Burke county, where
they have passed their entire lives thus far, being now resident of Lawtonville. The respective' families were early set tlers in Georgia, and the names have been identified with the annals of Burke and Screven counties for many generations. Reuben C. Chance is a son of Henry and Sallie (Carpenter) Chance, and his wife is a daughter of Anthony Buck and Ann (Herrington) Lovett. Reuben C., who is now retired

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from active business, was a successful planter of his native county: during the Civil war period he served two terms as county collector and treasurer. Enon E, Chance passed his boyhood days on the home plantation. He remained on the farm until he was sixteen years of age and then took up his residence in Waynesboro, where he was employed as a clerk in a mercantile establishment for sev eral years. After his marriage he removed to a farm near this city, and he brought to bear marked energy and discrimination in carry ing forward his agricultural operations, in which he was particu larly successful from the start. He is today known as one of the representative planters of the county, owning thousands of acres of well improved land. In 1897 Mr. Chance removd to Waynes boro, where he owns a beautiful residence, and where he is one of the principal stockholders in the Bank of Waynesboro, of which he is vice-president. He is unswerving in his allegiance to the Democratic party, and is at present serving as a member of the board of county commissioners, being also a member of the board of trustees for city schools. He and his wife are members of the local Methodist Episcopal church South, in which he is a steward. He is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, and for several years, as a young man, he was a member of the Burke light infantry. On Oct. 15, 1891, Mr. Chance was united in marriage to Miss Roberta Pearl Rowland, daughter of the late Robert Alien Row land, of Burke county. She died April 14, 1896, and is survived by one daughter, Mary Pearl. On Nov. 22, 1898, he married Mrs. Mary Victoria (Rowland) Rogers, a sister of his first wife and widow of the late Warren Taylor Rogers. No children have been born of the second marriage. The maiden name of Mrs. Chance's mother was Martha Jane Wooding, who was born in Columbia county, Ga., being a daughter of Benjamin L. and Rosina P. (Alien) Wooding, the latter a daughter of Rev. James Alien, a pioneer clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in this state. Robert A. Rowland, son of Benjamin Rowland, was born in Richmond county, Ga. Mrs. Chance is president of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society in Waynesboro and second vice-president of the Woman's Home Mission Society of the South Georgia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church South. She is prominent in all the church work of Waynesboro, the home of Mr. and Mrs. Chance is noted for its refined hospitality.

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Chapman, Carleton Burke, the able and honored superintendent of the pub lic-school system of the city of Macon and Bibb county, was born near Jeffersonville, Twiggs county, Ga., Feb. 25, 1861, and is a son of John and Annie (Carleton) Chapman, the former of whom was born in Twiggs county, and the latter in Barre, Vt. On both sides the ancestry is of stanch Revolutionary stock, the Carletons distinguishing them selves in New England and the great grandfather of Professor Chapman in the paternal line being prominent in the Continental service in Georgia. Lieut. Jeremiah Carleton, great-great-grandfather of Professor Chapman on the maternal side, distinguished himself in the defense of Ticonderoga, while of his brothers the following record is given: "David was killed at the battle of Bunker Hill; Ebenezer was a member of General Washington's Life Guard; and Captain Osgood Carleton, afterward a noted teacher of math ematics in Boston, was employed by the government during the war, in the transportation of money between Philadelphia and New England, in all amounting to many millions of dollars, which re sponsible duty he faithfully and successfully performed." These New England Carletons are descended from Baldwin de Carleton, a followei of William the Conqueror, and this worthy ancestor maintained his residence at Carleton Hall, near Penrith, Cumberlandshire, this continuing to be the family abode for more than six hundred years. Johr> Chapman, father of Professor Chapman of this sketch, was a man of exalted integrity and honor, and was an extensive and wealthy planter at the beginning of the Civil war. He was exempted from military duty and was detailed to aid in furnishing subsistence, exhausting his many thousands of acres in producing grain and meat for the Confederate government. Both he and his devoted wife are now deceased. Prof. Carleton B. Chapman was graduated in the University of Georgia as-a mem ber of the class of 1879, being eighteen years of age at the time and receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He has devoted his life to arduous and earnest work in the field of education, and his success has been of unequivocal order. He was principal of Talmage institute, Irwinton, Ga., 1880-83; principal of the Gresham high school, Macon, 1883-1904; and on August 18, 1904 there came

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a popular recognition of his long, faithful and able service in his being appointed superintendent of public schools for Macon and Bibb county. In the connection is entered the following extract from the grand jury's report of Feb. 28, 1905: "We believe that in placing Professor C. B. Chapman in charge of the schools as superintendent the board of education acted wisely, and justly rewarded arduous labor and genuine worth. The effect of his de votion to the cause of education in this county is felt in every walk of life to-day, and it will be seen and felt in the generations to come. We see ample evidence that he is tireless in his industry, thoroughly conversant with the duties of his high office and am bitious to see the children of the county stand second to no chil dren in the matter of education." Professor Chapman gives his undivided attention to his official duties, but is also the owner of a mill and a valuable plantation. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance; he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South; and he .is affiliated with the Phi Delta Theta col lege fraternity, the Georgia teachers' association and the School masters' club. On July 14, 1885, he was united in marriage to Miss Flora Smith, daughter of Gen. George A. and Ann Adelphia (Cook) Smith, of Macon, her father having been a distinguished officer in the Confederate service during the Civil war. Professor and Mrs. Chapman have three children: Carleton George, John Gresham, and Elliot Loving.
Chappell, Absalom Harris, was born in Hancock county in 1801. He attended Doctor Beman's school at Mt. Zion, after which he went to New York and took up the study of law. Subsequently he returned to Georgia; finished his legal training under Judge Clayton, graduated at the law department of the state university, and began to practice at Columbus. He served several terms in the state legislature, was elected to represent his district in the Twenty-eighth Congress, and was the author of several books, the most noted being the lives of James Jackson and Anthony Wayne and "Miscellanies of Georgia." He died at Columbus in 1878.
Charitable Institutions. While the people of Georgia have been actively engaged in the promotion of industrial and commercial enterprises, they have not been unmindful of the unfortunate. In addition to the asylums established and supported by the state for the care of the blind, deaf and dumb, insane, veteran soldiers, etc., there are a number of charitable institutions maintained by relig ious denominations, secret orders or benevolent societies. The

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oldest and perhaps the best known of these is the orphan house at Bethesda. (q. v.)
The Abrams home at Savannah is a Hebrew beneficence, insti tuted about 1820, when Mrs. Theodora Abrams (sometimes writ ten Abrahms) bequeathed a sum of money to found a home for destitute women. On April 8, 1822, a society of ladies was or ganized for the relief of widows, and the Abrams home was estab lished at the corner of Broad and Broughton streets. For nearly three quarters of a century it has continued its work, having been generously supported during that period, and many worthy but needy women have here found a pleasant home.
The Appleton orphan home at Macon was established soon after the Civil war through the liberality of William H. Appleton, of the well known publishing house of D. Appleton & Co., New York. It was built at a cost of $12,500 and endowed by its founder with a fund of $10,000. The right name of the institution is the Appleton Church Home and it is under the management of deaconesses of the order of St. Katherine of the Protestant Episcopal church. It is for orphan girls, especially the daughters of Confederate soldiers, the inmates being! taught all kinds of housework and giv en a plain English education.
In 1852 the Augusta orphans' home was incorporated and three years later the institution was opened in a small building under the charge of a matron, with four small children as beneficiaries. Isaac D. Tuttle, who died on Dec. 12, 1855, bequeathed to the home his residence on Walker street and other property worth $50,000, and on Jan. 9, 1859 Dr. George M. Newton, a stepson of Mr. Tut tle, died, leaving to the orphans' home property valued at $200,000. About the same time the legislature voted the institution the in come from 200 shares of Georgia railroad stock. For seventeen years the Tuttle homestead was occupied by the institution, but in 1869, through the influence of Dr. Lewis D. Ford, the second president of the association, a site was secured between Harper and Boundary streets in West Augusta and a new building erected according to plans made by D. B. Woodruff. This building was destroyed by fire in 1889, but was rebuilt with improvements by Charles B. Alien, the new building being opened in December, 1890. Connected with the institution are a farm and dairy, which bring in a handsome revenue every year. The larger boys have regular hours for work on the farm; the larger girls are taught cutting and fitting in the dressmaking department, take their turns

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in cooking and doing the' general housework, and both sexes have their hours for recreation and attending school.
The Baptist orphans' home at Atlanta was founded in 1871, ex-Gov. Joseph E. Brown and Mrs. J. H. James each giving $1,000. It started with ten acres of ground and a building valued at $4,000,. being located on what is now the corner of Fourteenth and Peachtree streets, though at that time it was more than two miles from the center of the city. This lot, now worth over $100,000, was sold for $3,500 and the proceeds turned into the treasury of Mercer university. For several years after this the Baptists had no orphans' home but in 1888 Jonathan Norcross donated 18 acres of land, worth about $2,500, deeding it to a few Baptist women for an orphans' home, and expressing the stipulation that the institution should be entirely in the hands of women. Subsequently he modi fied these conditions to: permit the election of an advisory board of men. The women rented a small house and opened the home with five little children: as its inmates. In December, 1892, Maj. M. C. Kiser left the home a legacy of $10,000, one half of which was to be used in the erection of a home and the rest to be paid in ten annual instalments of $500 each. A house on Courtland street was purchased from C.: A. Davis, for $11,000, but the owner do nated $1,250 of the price. R. H. Smith, of Gainesville, was ap pointed field agent to solicit and collect funds for paying off the in debtedness. In 1899 an arrangement was made between the or phans' home association: and the Baptist state convention, by which the latter took charge of the enterprise, the property of which was at that time valued at $16,000. The present management is vested in a board of twenty-five trustees fourteen women appointed by the Association and eleven men recommended by the convention. A few years ago the board removed the home to Hapeville, nine miles south of Atlanta on the Central of Georgia railroad, where a farm of 55 acres was secured and three substantial brick buildings, besides several smaller; ones, were erected. The institution em ploys a farm manager, a housekeeper, a head laundress, two teach ers, and matrons for the boys' and girls' departments and the baby cottageSj respectively. All attend school and the older boys assist in the work on the farm, while the larger girls have the house work to perform. James R. Brown, of Canton, gave the home $10,000 for a girls' cottage, dining room and infirmary, while the cottage for the boys was built through the generosity of Frank Etheridge, of Jackson, who contributed $5,000 in honor of his mother.

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The Methodist Episcopal church South conducts two orphans' 'homes in the state. That of the North Georgia conference is at Decatur, and was founded in 1867 on a plan originated by Rev. Jesse Boring. It started with 22 acres of ground and $6,000 worth of improvements. At the beginning of the year 1906 it had seven buildings, valued at $20,000. The home ,is located on a ridge com manding a beautiful view, the residence cottages being equipped with every convenience for health and comfort, and a chapel has been provided for lectures, religious exercises, etc. A farm is con ducted in connection, the surplus products being sold and the pro ceeds applied to the support of the home. On this farm the larger boys are employed when not in school, and the older girls are taught to sew, cook, wash and iron, all having sufficient time for recreation.
The home of the South conference is at Macon and was originally known as the Macon orphans' home. It was founded in 1857 by a Mr. Maxwell as a private benevolent enterprise. In 1871 he ten dered it to the Methodist church and it was accepted. At that time the property consisted of; 100 acres of land and buildings worth about $8,000. It was organized as a Methodist institution on June 12, 1873, and since then about $12,000 have been expended in the erection of additional buildings. In addition to the farm the home has a good dairy. All the inmates are taught industrious habits and all have ample opportunity to obtain a good common school education. Some of the girls have also attended Wesleyan female college.
A Hebrew orphans' home is located at Atlanta and is supported by contributions from the various Jewish congregations throughout the state, and the Masonic fraternity maintains an orphans' home at Macon, for the support of which the Masonic bodies of the state devote a portion of their income.
The female asylum at Savannah is one of'the oldest benevolent institutions in Georgia. On Sept. 17, 1801, an association of women was formed, Mrs. Anne Clay acting as chairman. Fourteen lady managers were elected and the following officers chosen: Eliza beth Smith, first directress; Anne Clay, second directress; Jane Smith and Sarah Lamb, secretaries; Margaret Hunter, treasurer. This was the beginning of the institution, which has been sup ported ever since by annual subscriptions, though several valuable bequests have been received. A visiting committee purchases the necessary supplies of food and clothing, the house is presided over by a matron, and there are a second matron and a teacher, while a

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boar.d of directors, which meets once a month, manages the bus iness of the asylum.
The industrial home, near Macon, was organized in February, 189.9, with its founder, Rev. William E. Mumford as president and manager, and the following board of trustees: E. J. Willingham, vice-president; C. M. Wiley, P. D. Pollock, at that time president of Mercer university; Dr. G. R. Glenn, then state school commis sioner. It was located about four miles from the city, the buildings and grounds being valued at about $2,000. Contributions came in for its support and at the time of Mr. Mumford's death in Au gust, 1904, the institution contained about 100 boys and girls. Upon the death of Mr. Mumford Mr. Williangam was elected pres ident and the work has gone steadily forward under the manage ment of John R. Gunn. The home in 1906 accommodated about 150 children, the sexes being about equally divided, and had a working capital of some $30,000 invested in land and buildings. The main building, which was erected in 1906, cost about $15,000.
Charles, a post-village of Stewart county, is located about six miles north of Lumpkin on the Seaboard Air Line railroad.
Charlotte, a post-hamlet of Union county, is six miles due north ef Blairsville and not far from the state line. Culberson, N. C., -en the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, twelve miles distant, is the nearest railroad station.
Charlton, a post-village in the southern part of Charlton county, is m the big bend of the St. Mary's river and in 1900 reported a population of 85. It is. about seven miles southwest of Cutler, on the Georgia Southern & Florida, which is the nearest railroad station.
Charlton County was created from Camden in 1854 and named for Judge T. U. P-. Charlton, of Savannah. It lies in the southern portion of the state and is bounded on the north by Wayne, Pierce and Ware counties, on the east by Camden, on the south by Ware county and the state of Florida, and on the west by Ware. The county is very irregular in shape, one arm stretching to the south west into Florida, and another to the northeast, between Pierce and Camden. The St. Mary's river rises in the Okefinokee swamp and outlines the portion which projects into Florida. All the streams have an abundance of fish, and game, such as deer, bear, turkeys, wood-cock, partridge and snipe is plentiful. The Okefinokee swamp, which covers much of the county, bears a heavy growth of timber, chiefly yellow pine and cypress, and numerous sawmills are in operation near its margin, sawing lumber which is sent

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in immense quantities to St. Mary's. The lands between this swamp and the Florida line are fertile and melons, potatoes, long staple cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, oranges and figs are raised in abundance. Outside of this district much of the land is wild and is devoted to stock-raising. The Georgia Southern & Florida and the Atlantic Coast Line railways furnish transportation. Folkston, the county seat, is near the Camden county line at the junction of two divisions of the latter system. Trader's Hill, the former county seat is on the St. Mary's river and has a large trade in lumber. The population in 1900 was 3,592, a gain of 357 in ten years.
Charlton, Robert Milledge, son of Thomas Usher Pulaski Charlton, a sketch of whose life is given in a following paragraph, well upheld the prestige of the honored name which he bore, having been an able lawyer, author and publicist and a man whose integ rity of purpose was beyond: cavil. He was born in the city of Savannah, Ga., Jan. 19, 1807, and died, in the same city, Jan. 18, 1854, beloved by all who had entered the sphere of his immediate influence. He was admitted to the bar of the eastern circuit before he attained his majority and rose to prominence and marked pre cedence in his profession. At the age of twenty-one years he was elected to represent his native county in the state legislature; at twenty-four was appointed district attorney, by President Andrew Jackson; at twenty-eight became judge of the eastern judicial circuit, making a notable record on the bench; he was thrice mayor of Savannah, and at the age of forty-four years he became United States senator, succeeding John MacPherson Berrien. Charlton county was named for him. He was a public-spirited citizen and devout Christian, having been a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church and concerned with most of the charities of his section of the state. He was of a cheerful temperament, humorous, helpful, eloquent; kindly and tolerant in his association with his fellow men in all stations of life. He was a contributor to the magazines of the day, notably the "Knickerbocker," to which he contributed many sketches of Georgia life in his section of the state. He published a volume of Georgia reports, comprehending the decisions of the superior court of the eastern circuit prior to the establishing of the supreme court. He published a volume of poems, including a few contributed by his brother, Dr. Thomas Jackson Charlton, and the work was carried through a second edtition. In politics he gave an unwavering allegiance to the Dem ocracy. In 1829 Judge Charlton. was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Shick, of Savannah, a daughter of Peter Shick, whose

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father, John Shick, was a Salzburger, losing one of his arms at the siege of Savannah, in 1779, while serving as a valiant soldier of the Continental line. Of the ten children of Robert M. and Margaret (Shick) Charlton five attained to years of maturity, namely: Mary Marshall, who married'Julian Hartridge; Thomas Marshall, who died unmarried; Robert Milledge, Jr., who likewise died a bachelor, one month after the surrender of General Lee, having served as a loyal soldier of the Confederacy from the beginning to the end of the Civil war; Margaret, who married Charles P. Hansell, of Thomasville, Georgia; and Walter Glasco, who married Mary Walton Johnston, daughter of Richard Malcom Johnston.
Charlton, Thomas Usher Pulaski, who died in the city of Savan nah, Dec. 14, 1835, left a definite impress upon the civic and pub lic history of Georgia, having been a distinguished member of its bar and a citizen of exalted character. He was born in Camden, Kershaw county, S. C., in November, 1779, a son of Thomas and Lucy (Kenan) Charlton, the former born in Maryland and the latter in North Carolina. ; His ancestors in the agnatic line came from county Salop, or Shropshire, England, having been a branch of the Northumberland family of the name. The original Amer ican ancestors settled first in Maryland, representatives of the name having been participants in the colonial wars and controversaries and among those appointed by the governor of Mary land to hold the Mason and Dixon line against Pennsylvania. Dr. Thomas Charlton, eldest son of Arthur Charlton and father of ihe subject of this sketch, joined the Revolutionary forces of South Carolina in 1775 and was a lieutenant of the line as well as surgeon in his command. His health became greatly impaired through his military service, and after his retirement he became a member of the legislature of South Carolina. After his death his widow femoved to Savannah, Ga., in 1791. Thomas U. P. Charlton was reared to maturity in Georgia, having been afforded excellent edu cational advantages and was admitted to the bar of the eastern circuit of the state in 1800; At the age of twenty-one he was elect ed a member of the state legislature, and when but twenty-five years old he was chosen attorney-general. When twenty-nine years of age he was made judge on the bench of the eastern circuit. He was a close friend of;Gen. James Jackson, whose literary ex ecutor he became, and'also! of Governor Milledge. He was six times mayor of Savannah; was chairman of the committee of public safety at the time of the war of 1812; was a member of the com mittee which compiled the statutes of Georgia in 1825; published

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a volume of Georgia reports, decisions of the eastern circuit, and a history of the life of Maj. Gen. James Jackson. He was a leader of the bar of eastern Georgia and an orator of great power. He
was a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, and served as grand master of the grand lodge of the state. Judge Charlton was twice married, the maiden name of his first wife having been Emily Walter. She was a daughter of Thomas Walter, of South Carolina, author of the "Flora Caroliniana," a valuable work on southern botany. His second marriage was with Ellen Glasco. All of his children were born of the first marriage, and of the num ber only two attained to years of maturity Thomas Jackson and
Robert Milledge. CHARTER OF THE COLONY.--George The Second: By the
grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all to whom these presents shall come greet ing : Whereas we are credibly informed, that many of our poor sub jects are, through misfortune and want of employment, reduced to great necessity, insomuch, as by their labour they are not able toprovide a maintenance for themselves and families; and if they had means to defray their charges of passage, and other expenses, incident to new settlement, they would be.glad to settle in any of our provinces in America,: where, by cultivating the lands at pres ent waste and desolate, they might not only gain a comfortable subsistence for themselves and families, but also strengthen our colonies and increase the trade, navigation and wealth of these our realms. And whereas our provinces in North America have been frequently ravaged by Indian enemies; more especially that of South Carolina, which in the late war, by the neighboring savages, was laid waste by fire and sword, and great numbers of the Eng lish inhabitants miserably massacred; and our loving subjects who now inhabit there, by reason of the smallness of their numbers, will, in case of a new war,,be exposed to.like calamities; inasmuch as their whole southern frontier continueth unsettled; and lieth open to the said savages; and whereas we think it highly becoming, our crown and royal dignity to protect all our loving subjects, be they never so distant from us; to extend our fatherly compassion even to the meanest and most infatuate of our people, and to relieve the wants of our above mentioned poor subjects; and that it will be highly conducive for accomplishing those ends, that a regular colony of the said poor people be settled and established in the southern territories of Carolina; and whereas we have been well assured, that if we would be graciously pleased to erect and settle

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a corporation, for the receiving, managing and disposing of the contributions of our loving subjects, divers persons would be in duced to contribute to the purposes aforesaid. Know ye therefore, that we have, for the consideration aforesaid, and for the better and more orderly carrying on the said good purposes, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, willed, ordained, con stituted and appointed, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and succesors, do will, ordain, constitute, declare and grant, that our right trusty and well beloved John Lord Viscount Percival, of our Kingdom of Ireland, our trusty and well beloved, Edward Digby, George Carpenter, James Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas Tower, Robert Moor, Robert Hucks, Roger Holland, William Sloper, Francis Eyles, John Laroche, James Vernon, Wil liam Beletha, Esqrs., A. M., John Burton, B. D., Richard Bundy, A. M., Arthur Bedford, A. M., Samuel Smith, A. M., Adam Anderson, and Thomas Coram, gentlemen, and such other persons as shall be elected in the manner hereinafter mentioned, and their succesors to be elected in the manner hereinafter directed, be, and shall be one body politic and corporate, in deed and in name, by the name of The Trustees for establishing the Colony of Geor gia in America; and them and their succesors by the same name, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors really and fully make, ordain, constitute and declare, to be one body pol itic in deed and in name forever; and that by the same name, they and their successors shall and may have perpetual succession; and that they and their successors, by that name, shall and may forever hereafter be persons able and capable in law, to purchase, have, take, receive and enjoy, to them and their successors, any manors, messuages, lands, tenements, rents, advowsons, liberties, privi leges, jurisdictions, franchises and other hereditaments whatsoever, lying and being in Great Britain, or any part thereof, of whatso ever nature, kind or quality, or value they be, in fee and in perpetu ity ; not exceeding the yearly value of one thousand pounds, beyond reprises; also estates for lives and for years; and all other manner of goods, chattels and things whatsoever they be; for the better settling and supporting, and maintaining the said colony, and other uses aforesaid; and to give, grant, let and demise the said manors, messuages, lands, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels,, and things whatsoever aforesaid, by lease or leases, for term of years, in possession at the time of granting thereof, and not in reversion, not exceeding the term of thirty-one years from the time of grant ing thereof; on which:in case no fine be taken, shall be reserved

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the full; and in case a fine be taken, shall be reserved at least a moiety of the value, that the same shall reasonably and bonafide be worth at the time of such demise; and that they and their succesors, by the name aforesaid, shall and may forever here after be persons able, capable in the law, to purchase, have, take, receive and enjoy, to them and their successors, any lands, terri tories, possessions, tenements, jurisdictions, franchises and her editaments whatsoever, living and being in America, of what quan tity, quality or value whatsoever they be, for the better settling and supporting, and maintaining the said colony; and that by the name aforesaid they shall and may be able to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend and be defended in all courts and places whatsoever, and before whatsoever judges, justices and other officers, of us, our heirs, and successors, in all and singular actions, plaints, pleas, matters, suits, and demands, of what kind, nature or quality soever they be; and to act and do all other matters and things in an ample manner and form as any other our liege subjects of this realm of Great Britain; and that they and their successors forever hereafter, shall and may have a common seal to serve, for the causes and businesses of them and their successors; and that it shall and may be lawful for them and their successors to change, break, alter and make new the said seal, from time to time, and at their pleasure, as they shall think best. And we do further grant, for us, our heirs and successors, that the said corporation and the common council of said corpora tion hereinafter by us appointed, may from time to time, and at all times, meet about their affairs when -and where they please, and transact and carry on the business of the said corporation. And for the better execution of the purposes aforesaid, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant to the said corporation and their successors, that they and their successors forever may, upon the third Thursday in the month of March yearly, meet at some convenient place to be appointed by the said corporation, or major part of them who shall be present at any meeting of the said corporation, to be had for the appointing of the said place; and that they or two thirds of such of them that shall be present at such yearly meetings, and at no other meet ing of said corporation, between the hours of ten in the morning and four in the afternoon of the same day, choose and elect such person or persons to be members of said corporation, as they shall think beneficial to the good designs of the said corporation. And our further will and pleasure is, that if it shall happen that any per-

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son hereinafter by us appointed, as the common council of the said corporation, or any persons to be elected or admitted mem bers of the said common council in the manner hereafter directed, shall die, or shall by writing under his and their hands respectively resign his or their cffice or offices of common council man or com mon council men; the said corporation or the major part of such of them as shall be present, shall and may at such meeting, on the said third Thursday in March yearly in manner as aforesaid, next after such death or resignation, and at no other meeting of the said corporation, into the room or place of such person or persons so dead or so resigning, elect and choose one or more such person or persons, being members of said corporation, as to them shall seem meet; and our will is, that all and every the person or persons which shall from time to time hereafter be elected common council men of the said corporation as aforesaid, do and shall, before he or they act as common council men of the said corporation, take an oath for the faithful a_nd due execution of their office; which oath the president of said corporation for the time being, is hereby authorized and required to administer to such person or persons elected as aforesaid. And our will and pleasure is, that the first president of the said corporation is and shall be our trusty and. well-beloved, the said Lord John Viscount Percival; and that the said president shall, within thirty days after the passing of this charter, cause a summons to be issued to the several members of the said corporation, herein particularly named, to meet at such time and place as he shall appoint, to consult about and transact the business of the said corporation. And our will and pleasure is, and we, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, ordain, and direct, that the common council of this corporation shall consist of fifteen in number; and we do, by these presents, nominate, constitute and appoint our right trusty and well-beloved John Lord Viscount Percival, our trusty and beloved Edward Digby, George. Carpenter, James Oglethorpe, George Heathcote, Thomas Laroche, James Vernon, William Beletha, Esqrs., and Stephen Hales, Master of Arts, to be the common council of the said corporation, to continue in the said office during their good behavior. And whereas it is our royal intention, that the members of the said corporation shall be increased by election, as soon as conveniently may be, to a greater number than is hereby nomi nated ; Our further will and pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain and direct, that from the time of such increase of the members of the said corporation,, the num-
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ber of the common council shall be increased to twenty-four; and that the same assembly at which such additional members of the said corporation shall be chosen, there shall likewise be elected, in the manner herein before directed for the election of common council men, nine persons to be the said common council men, and to make up the number twenty-four. And our further will and pleasure is, that our trusty and well-beloved Edward Digby, Esq., shall be the first chairman of the common council of the said corporation; and that the said Lord Viscount Percival shall be and continue president of the said corporation; and that the said Edward Digby shall be and continue chairman of the common council of the said corporation, respectively, until the meeting which shall be had next and immediately after the first meeting of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said cor poration respectively, and no longer; at which said second meeting, and every other subsequent and further meeting of the said cor poration, or of the common council of the said corporation respec tively, in order to preserve an indifferent rotation of the several offices of president of the corporation, and of chairman of the com mon council of the said corporation, we do direct and ordain, that all and every person and persons members of the said common council for the time being, and no other, being present at such meetings, shall severally and respectively in their turns preside at the meetings which shall from time to time be held of the said corporation or of the common council of the said corporation re spectively. And in case any doubt or question shall at. any time arise touching or concerning the right of any member of the said common council to preside at any meeting of the said corporation, or at the common council of the said corporation, the same shall respectively be determined by the major part of the saiu corpora tion, or of the common council of the said corporation respectively, who shall be present at such meeting. Provided always that no member of the said common council having served in the office of president of said corporation, or of chairman of the common council of said corporation, shall be capable of being or of serving as president or chairman at any meeting of the said corporation, or common council of said corporation, next and immediately en suing that in which he so served as president of the said corpora tion or chairman of the said common council of the said corporation respectively; unless it shall so happen, that at any such meeting of the said corporation there shall not be any other member of the said common council present. And our will and pleasure is, that

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at all and every of the meetings of the said corporation, or of the common council of the said corporation, the president or chairman for the time being, shall have a voice, and shall vote and shall act as a member of the said corporation or of the common council of the said corporation, at such meeting; and in case of any equality of votes, the said president or chairman for the time being, shall have a casting vote. And our further will and pleasure is, that no president of the said corporation, or chairman of the common coun cil of the said corporation, or member of the said common council or corporation, by us by these presents appointed, or hereafter from time to time to be elected and appointed in manner aforesaid, shall have, take or receive, directly or indirectly, any salary, fee, perquisite, benefit or profit whatsoever, for or by reason of his or their serving the said corporation, or common council of the said corporation, or president, chairman, or common council man, or as being a member of the said corporation. And our will and pleasure is, that the said herein. before appointed president, chairman or common council men, before he and they act respectively as such, shall severally take an oath for the faithful and due execution of their trust, to be administered to the president by the Chief Baron of our Court of Exchequer, for the time being, and by the president of said corporation to the rest of the common council, who are hereby authorized severally and respectively to administer the same. And our will and pleasure is, that all and every person and persons shall have, in his or her own name or names, or in the name or names of any person or persons in trust for him or them, or for his or their benefit, any office, place or employment of profit, under the said corporation, shall be incapable of being elected a member of the said corporation; and if any member of the said corporation, during such time as he shall continue a member thereof, shall, in his own name, or in the name of any person or persons in trust for hir , or for his benefit, have, hold, exercise, accept, possess or enjt y any office, place or employment of profit under the said corporation, or under the common council of the said corporation, such member shall from the time of his having, holding, exercising, accepting, possessing and enjoying such office, place and employment of profit, cease to be a member of the said corporation. And we do, for us, our heirs and successors, grant unto the said corporation, that they and their successors, or the major part of such of them as shall be present at any meeting of the said corporation, convened and assembled for that purpose by a convenient notice thereof, shall have power from time to time and at all times hereafter, to author-

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ize and appoint such persons as they shall think fit, to take sub scriptions, and to gather and collect such moneys as shall be by any person or persons contributed for the purpose aforesaid, and shall and may revoke and make, void such authorities and appoint ments as often as they shall see cause so to do. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, ordain and direct, that the said corporation every year lay an account in writing before the chancel lor or speaker, or commissioners for custody of the great seal of Great Britain, of us, our heirs, and successors, the Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench, the Master of Rolls, the Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and the Chief Baron of the Ex chequer, of us, our heirs and successors, for the time being, or any two of them, of all moneys and effects by them received or ex pended for carrying on the good purposes aforesaid. And we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant unto the said corporation and their successors, full power and authority to constitute, ordain and make such and so many by-laws, consti tutions, orders and ordinances, as to them or the greater part of them, at their general meeting for that purpose, shall seem neces sary and convenient for the well ordering and governing of the said corporation, and the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordi nances, or any of them, to alter and annul as they or the major part of them, then present shall see requisite; and in and by such by-laws, rules, orders and ordinances, to set, impose and inflict reasonable pains and penalties upon any offender or offenders who shall transgress, break or violate the said by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, so made as aforesaid, and to mitigate the same as they or the major part of them then present shall think convenient; which said pains and penalties shall and may be levied, sued for, taken, retained and recovered by the said corporation and their successors, by their officers and servants from time to time to be appointed for that purpose, by action of debt, or by any other lawful ways or means, to the use and behoof of tlie paid corporation and their successors; all and singular which by-laws, constitutions, orders and ordinances, so as aforesaid to be made, we will shall be duly observed and kept, under the pains and penal ties therein to be contained, so always, as the said by-laws, consti tutions, orders and ordinances, pains and penalties, from time to time to be made and imposed, be reasonable, and not contrary or repugnant to the laws or statutes of this our realm; and that such by-laws, constitutions and ordinances, pains and penalties, Irom time to time to be made and imposed; and any repeal or al-

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teration thereof, or any of them, be likewise agreed to, be estab lished and confirmed by the said general meeting of the said corporation, to be held and kept next after the same shall be respectively made. And whereas the said corporation in tend to settle a colony, and to make an habitation and plan tation in that part of our province of South Carolina, in Amer ica, herein after described; know ye, that we greatly desir ing the happy success of the said corporation, for their further encouragement in accomplishing so excellent a work, have, of our 'foresaid grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, given and granted, and by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, do give and grant to the said corporation and their successors, under the reservation, limitation and declaration hereafter ex pressed, seven undivided parts, the whole in eight equal parts to be divided, of all those lands, countries and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, com monly called the Savannah, all along the sea coast to the south ward, unto the most southern stream of a certain other great water or river called the Alatamaha, and westerly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South Seas; and all that share, circuit and precinct of land within the said boun daries, with -the islands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said lands, within twenty leagues of the same, which are not inhabited already, or settled by any authority derived from the crown of Great Britain, together with all the soils, grounds, havens, ports, gulfs and bays, mines, as well as royal mines of gold and silver as other minerals, precious stones, quarries, woods, rivers, waters, fishings, as well royal fishings of whale and sturgeon as other fishings, pearls, commodities, jurisdictions, royalties, fran chises, privileges and pre-eminences within the said frontiers and precincts thereof, and thereunto in any sort belonging or apper taining, and which we by our letter patents may or can grant; and in as ample manner and sort as we may, or any of our royal pro genitors have hitherto granted to any company, body, politic or corporate, or to any adventurer or adventurers, undertaker or un dertakers, of any discoveries, plantations or traffic, of, in, or unto any foreign parts whatsoever, and in as legal and ample manner as if the same were herein particularly mentioned and expressed; To have, hold, possess and enjoy the said seven undivided parts, the whole into eight equal parts to be divided as aforesaid, of all and singular the lands, Countries and territories, with all and singular

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other the premises herein before by these presents granted or men tioned, or intended to be granted to them the said corporation and their successors, foiever, for the better support of the said colony; to be holden of us, our heirs and successors, as of our honour of Hampton court, in our county of Middlesex, in free and common soccage, and not in capite :; yielding and paying therefor to us, our heirs and successors, yearly forever, the sum of four shillings for every hundred acres of the said lands which the said corpora tion shall grant, demise, plant, or settle; the said payment not to commence or to be made until ten years after such grant, demise, planting or settling, and to be answered and paid to us, our heirs and successors, in such manner, and in such species of money or notes as shall be current in payment by proclamation, from time to time, in our said province of South Carolina; all which lands, countries, territories and premises hereby granted, or mentioned and intended to be granted, we do, by these presents, make, erect, and create, one independent and separate province, by the name of Georgia, by which name, we will, the same henceforth be called; and that all and every person or persons who shall at any time hereafter inhabit or reside within our said province, shall be and hereby are declared to be free, and shall not be subject to or to be bound to obey any laws, statutes, or constitutions which have been heretofore made, ordered and enacted, or which hereafter shall be made, ordered or enacted by, for, or as laws, orders, statutes, or constitutions of our said province of South Carolina (save and except only the commander in chief of the militia of our said province of Georgia, to our governor for the time being, of South Carolina, in manner hereafter declared) but shall be subject to and bound to obey such laws, orders, statutes and constitutions as shall from time to time be made, ordered and enacted for the bet ter government of the said province of Georgia, in the manner here inafter declared. And we dp hereby, for us, our heirs and suc cessors, ordain, will and establish, that for and during the term of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our let ters patent, the said corporation assembled for that purpose, shall and may form and prepare laws, statutes and ordinances, fit and necessary for and concerning the government of the said colony, and not repugnant to the laws and statutes of England, and the same shall and may present,; under their common seal, to us, our heirs and successors, in our or their privy council, for our or their approbation or disallowance; and the said laws, statutes and or dinances, being approved of by us, our heirs and successors, in

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our or their privy council, shall from thenceforth be in full force and virtue within our said province of Georgia. And forasmuch as the good and prosperous success of the said colony cannot but' chiefly depend next under the blessing of God and the support of our royal authority, upon the provident and good direction of the whole enterprise; and that it will be too great a burthen upon all the members of the said corporation, to be convened so often as may be requisite to hold meetings for the settling, supporting, or dering and maintaining the said colony; therefore, we do will, ordain, and establish that the said common council for the time being, of the said corporation, being assembled for that purpose, or the major part pf them, shall from time to time and at all times hereafter, have full power and authority, to dispose of, expend, .and apply all the moneys and effects belonging to the said corpora tion, in such manner and ways, and by such expenses as they shall think best to conduce to the carrying on and effecting the good purposes herein mentioned and intended; and also, shall have full power in the name and on the account of the said corporation, and with and under their common seal, to enter under any cove nants or contracts for carrying on and effecting the purpose afore said. And our further will and pleasure is, that the said common council for the time being or the major part of such common coun cil which shall be present and assembled for that purpose, from time to time and at all times hereafter, shall and may nominate, constitute and appoint a treasurer or treasurers, secretary or sec retaries, and such other officers, ministers and servants of the said corporation, as to them or;the major part of them as shall be pres ent shall seem proper or requisite for the good management of their affairs; and at their will and pleasure to displace, remove, .and put out such treasurer or treasurers, secretary or secretaries, and all such other officers,; ministers and servants, as often as they shall think fit to do so, and others in the room, office, place or station of him or them so displaced, removed or put out, to nom inate, constitute and appoint; and shall and may determine and appoint such reasonable salaries, perquisites and other rewards for their labour, or service of such officers, servants and persons, .as to the said common council shall seem meet; and all such of ficers, servants and persons shall, before the acting their respec tive offices, take an oath, to be to them administered by the chair man for the time being of the said common council of the said corporation, who is hereby authorized to administer the same, for the faithful and due execution of their respective offices and places.

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And our will and pleasure is, that all such person and persons who shall from time to time be chosen or appointed treasurer or treas urers, secretary or secretaries of the said corporation, in manner hereinafter directed, shall, during such times as they shall serve in the said offices respectively, be incapable of being a member of the said corporation. And we do further, of our special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, for us, our heirs and suc cessors, grant, by these presents, to the said corporation and their successors, that it shall be lawful for them and their officers or agents, at all times hereafter, to transport and convey out of our realm of Great Britain, or any other of our dominions, into the said province of Georgia, to be there settled, so many of our loving subjects or any foreigners that are willing to become our subjects and live under our allegiance in the said colony, as shall be willing to go to inhabit or reside there, with sufficient shipping, armor, weapons, powder, shot, ordnance, munition, victuals, merchandise and wares, as are esteemed by the wild people, clothing, imple ments, furniture, cattle, horses, mares, and all other things neces sary for the said colony and for the use and defence, and trade with the people there, and in passing and returning to and from the same. Also, we do, for ourselves and successors, declare, by these presents, that all and every the persons which shall happen to be born within the said province, and every of their children and posterity, shall have and enjoy all the liberties, franchises and immunities of free denizens and natural born subjects, within any of our dominions, to all intents and purposes, as if abiding and born within our kingdom of Great Britain, or any other dominion. And for the greater ease and encouragement of our loving subjects, and such others as shall come to inhabit in our said colony, we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs and successors, grant, estab lish and ordain, that forever, hereafter, there shall be a liberty of conscience allowed in the worship of God, to all persons inhabit ing, or which shall inhabit or be resident within our said province, and that all such persons, except papists, shall have a free exercise of religion; so they be contented with the quiet and peaceable en joyment of the same, not giving offence or scandal to the govern ment. And our further will and pleasure is, and we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, declare and grant, that it shall and may be lawful for the said common council, or the major part of them, assembled for that purpose, in the name of the corporation, and under the common seal, to distribute, convey, assign, and set over such particular portions of land, tenements and heredita-

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ments by these presents granted to the said corporation, unto such of our loving subjects naturally born or denizens, or others that shall be willing to become our subjects, and live under'*our alle giance in the said colony, upon such terms, and for such estates, and upon such rents, reservations and conditions as the same may be lawfully granted, and as to the said common council, or the major part of them so present, shall seem fit and proper. Pro vided always, that no grants shall be made of any part of the said lands unto any person being a member of the said corporation, or to any other person in trust for the benefit of any member of the said corporation; and that no person having any estate or interest in law or equity in any part of the said lands shall be capable of being a member of the said corporation, during the continuance of such estate or interest. Provided also that no greater quantity of lands be granted, either entirely or in parcels to, or for the use or in trust for any one person than five hundred acres; and that all grants made contrary to the true intent and meaning hereof shall be absolutely null and void. And we do hereby, grant and ordain, that such person or persons for the time being, as shall be thereunto appointed by said corporation, shall and may at all times, and from time to time hereafter, have full power and authority to administer and give the oaths appointed by an act of parliament made in the first year of the reign of our late royal father, to be taken instead of the oaths of allegiance and supremacy; and also the oath of abjuration to all and every person and persons which shall at any time be inhabiting or residing within our said colony; and in like cases to administer the solemn affirmation to any of the persons commonly called Quakers, in such manner as by the laws of our realm of Great Britain the same may be administered. And we do, of our further grace, certain knowledge and mere mo tion, grant, establish and : ordain, for us, our heirs and successors, that the said corporation and their successors, shall have full power and authority for and during the term of twenty-one years, to com mence from the date of these our letters patent, to erect and con stitute judicatories and courts of record, or other courts, to be held in the name of us, our heirs and successors, for the hearing and de termining of all manner of crimes, offences, pleas, processes, plaints, actions, matters,: causes, and things whatsoever, arising or happening within the said province of Georgia or between per sons of Georgia; whether the same be criminal or civil, and whether the said crimes be capital or not capital, and whether the said pleas be real, personal or mixed; and for awarding and mak-

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ing out executions thereupon; to which courts and judicatories, we do hereby, for us, our heirs and successors, give and grant full power cfnd authority, from time to time, to administer oaths for the discovery of truth, in any matter in controversy or depending before them, or the solemn affirmation to any of the persons com monly called Quakers, in such manner as shall by the laws of our realm of Great Britain, the same may be administered. And our further will and pleasure is, that the said corporation and their successors, do from time to time and at all times hereafter, regis ter or cause to be registered all such leases, grants, plantings, con veyances, settlements, and improvements whatsoever, as shall at any time hereafter be made by or in the name .of the said corpora tion, of any lands, tenements or hereditaments within the said province, and shall yearly send and transmit, or cause to be sent or transmitted, authentic accounts of such leases, grants, con veyances, settlements and improvements respectively, unto the auditor of the plantation for the time being or his deputy, and also to our surveyor for the time being of our said province of South Carolina, to whom we do hereby grant full power and authority from time to time, as often as need shall require, to inspect and survey such of the said lands and premises as shall be demised, granted and settled as aforesaid, which said survey and inspection we do hereby declare to be intended to ascertain the quit-rents, which shall from time to time become due to us, our heirs and suc cessors, according to the reservations herein before mentioned, and for no other purposes whatsoever; hereby for us, our heirs and successors; strictly enjoining and commanding that neither our or their surveyor, or any person whatsoever, under the pretext and colour of making the said survey or inspection, shall take de mand or receive any gratuity, fee or reward, of or from any person or persons inhabiting in said colony, or from the said corporation or common council of the same, on pain of forfeiture of the said office or offices, and incurring our highest displeasure. Provided always, and our further will and pleasure is, that all leases, grants and conveyances to be made by or in the name of the said cor poration of any lands within the said province, or a memorial con taining the substance and effect thereof, shall be registered with the auditor of the said plantations, of us, our heirs and successors, within the space of one year, to be computed from the date thereof, otherwise the same shall be void. And our further will and pleas ure is, that the rents, issues, and all other profits which shall at any time hereafter come to said corporation, or the major part of

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them which shall be present at any.meeting for that purpose as sembled, shall think will most improve and enlarge the said col ony, and best answer the good purposes herein before mentioned, and for defraying all other charges about the same. And our will and pleasure is, that the said corporation and their successors, shall from time to time give in to one of the principal secretaries of state and to the commissioners of trade and plantations, accounts of the progresses of the said colony. And our will and pleasure is, that no act done at any meeting of the said common council of the said corporation, shall be effectual and valid, unless eight members at least of the said common council, including the mem ber who shall serve as chairman at the said meeting, be present, and the major part of them consenting thereunto. And our will and pleasure is, that:the common council of the said corporation for the time being, or the major part of them who shall be present, being assembled for that purpose, shall from time to time, for and during and unto the full end and expiration of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, have full power and authority to nominate, make, constitute, commission, ordain and appo.int, by such name or names, style or styles, as to them shall seem meet and fitting, all and singular such gover nors, judges, magistrates, ministers and officers, civil and mili tary, both by sea and land, within the said districts, and shall by them be thought fit and needful to be made or used for the said government of the said colony; save always and except such offi cers only as shall by ,us, our heirs and successors, be from time to time constituted and appointed, for the managing, collecting and receiving such revenues as shall from time to time arise within the said province of Georgia, and become due to us, our heirs and successors. Provided always, and it is our will and pleasure, that every governor of the said province of Georgia, to be appointed by the common council of the said corporation, before he shall enter upon or execute the said office of Governor, shall be approved by tis, our heirs and successors, and shall take such oaths and shall qualify himself in such manner in all respects, as any governor or commander in chief of any of our colonies or plantations in America, are by law required to do; and shall give good and suf ficient security for observing the several acts of Parliament relat ing to trade and navigation, and to observe and obey all instruc tions that shall be sent to him by us, our heirs and successors, or any acting under our or their authority, pursuant to the said acts, or any of them. And we do, by these presents, for us, our heirs

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and successors, will, grant, and ordain that the said corporation and their successors, shall have full power for and during and until the full end and term of twenty-one years, to commence from the date of these our letters patent, by any commander or other officer or officers by them for that purpose from time to time appointed, to train, instruct, exercise and govern a militia for the special defence and safety of our said colony, to assemble in martial array the inhabitants of said colony, and to lead and conduct them, and with them to encounter, expulse, repel, resist and pursue, by force of arms, as well by sea as by land, within or without the limits of our said colony; and also to kill, slay and destroy, and conquer by all: fitting ways, enterprises and means whatsoever, all and every such person or persons as shall at any time hereafter, or in any hostile manner, attempt or enterprise the destruction, invasion, detriment or annoyance of our said col ony ; and to use and exercise the martial law in time of actual war and invasion or rebellion, in such cases where by law the same may be used or exercised; and also from time to time to erect forts and fortify any place or^ places within our said colony, and the same to furnish with all necessary ammunition, provisions and stores of war, for offence and defence, and to commit from time to time the custody or government of the same to such person or persons as to them shall seem meet; and the said forts and fortifi cations to demolish at their pleasure; and to take and surprise, by all ways and means, all and every such person or persons, with their ships, arms, ammunition and other goods, as shall in an hostile manner invade or attempt the invading, conquering or an noying of our said colony. And our will and pleasure is, and we do hereby for us, our heirs and successors, declare and grant, that the governor and commander in chief of the province of South Carolina, of us, our heirs and successors, for the time being, shall at all times hereafter have the chief command of the militia of our said province, hereby erected and established; and that such mili tia shall observe'and obey all orders and directions that shall from time to time be given or sent them by the said governor or com mander in chief, anything in these presents before contained to the contrary hereof in any wise notwithstanding. And, of our more special grace, certain knowledge and mere motion, we have given and granted, and by these presents, for us our heirs and successors, do give and grant unto the said corporation and their successors, full power and authority to import and export their goods at and from any port or ports that shall be appointed by

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365

us, our heirs and successors, within the said province of Georgia

for that purpose without being obliged to touch at any other port

in South Carolina. And, we do by these presents, for us, our heirs

and successors, will and declare, that from and after the determina

tion of the said term of one and twenty years, such form of gov

ernment and method of making laws, statutes and ordinances for

the better governing and ordering the said province of Georgia,

and the inhabitants thereof, shall be established and observed

within the same, as we,: our heirs and successors, shall hereafter

ordain and appoint, and shall be agreeable to law; and that from

and after the determination of the said term of one and twenty

years, the governor of our said province of Georgia, and all officers,

civil and military, within the same, shall from time to time be nom

inated and constituted and appointed by us, our heirs and succes

sors. And lastly, we do hereby, for m, our heirs and successors,

grant unto the said corporation and their successors, that these our

letters patent, or the enrollments or exemplification thereof, shall

be in and by all things, good, firm, valid, sufficient and effectual

in the Law, according to the true intent and meaning thereof, and

shall be taken, construed and adjudged in all courts and elsewhere,

in the most favourable and beneficial sense and for the best ad

vantage of the said corporation and their successors, any omission,

imperfection, defect, matter or cause or thing whatsoever to the

contrary in any wise notwithstanding. In witness we have caused

these our letters to be made patent. Witness ourself at Westmin

ster, the ninth day of June, in the fifth year of our reign.

By writ of privy seal.

Cocks.

Chastain, a post village in the northern part of Thomas county

close to the line of Colquitt county, is about four miles from Mas-

cotte, the nearest station on the Tifton, Thomasville & Gulf rail

road. It contains a population of 450, several stores, doing a good

business and some pretty homes, but no manufactories of impor

tance.

Chastain, E. W., was a native of South Carolina, but settled in

Georgia, where he held iseveral public offices and was elected rep

resentative in Congress as a Union Democrat in 1850 and again

in 1852.

I

Chatham County is the nucleus around which the present State

of Georgia has developed. The colonists first landed at Yama-

craw Bluff, the site of the present city of Savannah, on Feb. 12,

1733. The first night was passed in tents. The following morn-

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ing trees were felled, clearings commenced and the "work of build ing homes was begun. So heartily was the work carried on, that by planting time fields had been cleared, forts built, and the whole presented the appearance of a prosperous colony. In 1741 the trustees divided the colony into two counties, one of which was called Savannah. It included the present counties of Richmond, Bryan, Screven, Chatham, Effingham, Burke and Liberty. The first legislative body ever convened in Georgia assembled at Sa vannah on Jan. 7, 1755. It was composed of the governor, the council and a commons-house. The following acts were passed during the session: To regulate the militia; to issue 3,000 sterling in paper bills of credit; to punish any"who might declare that the laws enacted were not of force; to regulate fences; to provide for the expenses of courts, etc.; making it treason to coun terfeit the seal of the province; to prevent fraudulent deeds and conveyances; to ascertain the rate of interest then prevailing in the colony; to provide for the better government of negroes and other slaves; to authorize the survey of public highways; to establish a market in Savannah, and to raise funds for the maintenance of the lighthouse on Tybee island and to build a house for the pilot. In 1758 Savannah county was laid out into St. Philip's and Christ Church parishes, which bore their full share of the burdens of Revolutionary days. In 177-7 a state government was established by the people, and one of its first acts was to change the parishes to counties. Christ's Church parish, with a part of St. Philip's, was erected into a county which was named Chatham in honor of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, who in Parliament so loyally de fended the rights of the colonists. In the convention which met at Augusta in January, 1788, to ratify the Federal constitution, Chatham was represented by William Stevens and Joseph Habersham. The Chatham county of the present day is the most east erly county of the 'state. It is bounded on the northeast by the State of South Carolina, on the southeast by the Atlantic ocean, on the south and west by Bfyan county, on the northwest by Ef fingham. The land is well watered by the Savannah, the Big and Little Ogeechee rivers, and a number of minor streams. The sur face is level and along the Savannah are many tidal swamps, where the land is very fertile. By far the greater part of the land under cultivation is used for growing vegetables, berries and melons for the northern markets, the first shipments being made about the first of ApriL While many of the products are forwarded by rail, a large proportion goes by water, the great steamship lines giving

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a daily service from Savannah to all the Atlantic ports. One of these vessels will often take 60,000 melons to New York at a time. Other productions of the county are sea-island cotton, corn, rice, potatoes and sugar-cane. Several oyster fisheries and canneries carry on an immense business. Along the banks of the Ogeechee river are some of the largest rice plantations in the state and a canal connects this region with Savannah, which is the county seat, and the principal sea port of Georgia. The flags of all the civilized nations may be seen floating in her harbor and several of the great railroad lines of the South center here. The population of the county in 1900 was 71,239, a gain of 13,499 in ten years. During the Revolutionary war Chatham was the scene of a num ber of minor engagements between the Americans and the British and their Indian and Tory allies. Notable among these were the battle of Brewton's Hilland the skirmishes at Gibbon's plantation, Cherokee Hill and Hutchinson's Island which are treated in this work under the proper, heads. About two miles from the city, in a grove of palmetto trees, is Jasper Springs, where Sergeant Jas per and his friend Sergeant Newton rescued some American pris oners from an escort of ; British soldiers who were taking them to Savannah for execution. The county responded with old-time alacrity to the call of the Confederacy in 1861. Forts Pulaski and McAllister were included within her boundaries. During the Spanish-American war the Savannah volunteer battalion re sponded in a body to the call for troops and the city was made a port of embarkation and debarkation for military forces and sup plies.
Chatsworth, a new town in the central part of Murray county, is about fifteen miles east of Dalton and one mile from the little vil lage of Fort Mountain. It is on the new line of the Louisville & Nashville railroad which will soon, be completed between Knoxville and Atlanta. It is the purpose of the railroad company to build here a modern depot and a number of houses for employes. The town lies near the foot of the Cohutta mountains, which are rich in minerals and noted for their scenery. It is in a rich agri cultural region and gives promise of becoming an important ship ping point.
Chattahooehee, a village of Fulton county, is about seven miles west of Atlanta, where 1 the Southern railroad crosses the Chatta hooehee river. It has a money order postoffice, express and tele graph service, and, although but a small place, is the principal trading point for that part of the county.

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Chattahoochee County was formed in 1854 from Randolph and Muscogee, and named for the river which forms the western boun dary. It is bounded on the north by Muscogee county, on the east by Marion, on the south by Webster and Stewart, on the west by the state of Alabama, and on the northwest by Muscogee. The surface is level, and the soil a sandy loam, with clay subsoil. The productions are corn, cotton, sugar-cane, rice, cow-peas, and Irish and sweet potatoes. Among the fruits apples, peaches, and plums are cultivated. The county is well supplied with facilities for transportation by the Central of Georgia and the Seaboard Air Line railways, and the steamboats which travel up and down the Chattahoochee river. The river also furnishes waterpower and rfluch manufacturing is carried on. The saw mills turn out thou sands of feet of yellow pine and hardwood lumber each year. Cusseta is the county seat. Sulphur Springs northwest of Cusseta, is a noted health resort. The population in 1900 was 5,790, a gain of 888 in ten years.
Chattahoochee River, the longest river of Georgia, rises in Habersham county, flows a general southwesterly direction until it strikes the Alabama line near West Point, thence almost south, uniting with the Flint at the southwest corner of the state to form the Appalachicola. It is navigable as far as Columbus, which is about three hundred miles from the Gulf of Mexico. In the early part of July, 1864, while the. Federal army was closing its lines about Atlanta, numerous skirmishes occurred along this stream, the most noted being at Turner's, Howell's and Pace's ferries and Isham's ford.
Chattel Mortgages. (See Mortgages). Chatterton, a post-village of Coffee county, is also a telegraph station on the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad, about eight miles east of Douglas. The population was 46 in 1900. Chattooga County was laid off from Walker and Floyd in 1838. Its name is derived from its principal, river. The surrounding counties are Walker on the north, Gordon on the east, Floyd on the east and southeast, and the State of Alabama on the west. The surface is crossed from the northeast to the southwest by many ridges, interspersed with beautiful valleys, the most noted of which are Broomtown, Chattooga and Armuchee. Among the mountains are Taylor's Ridge, John's Mountain and Dirtseller Mountain. The soil is fertile and produces abundant crops of cot ton, peas, clover, potatoes, tobacco, all the cereals and almost every kind of vegetable. Truck gardening is carried on extensively.

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369

On the slopes of the ridges fruit is raised. In 1900 the hills were dotted with 600,000 peach trees and the number is constantly in creasing. Strawberries and grapes grow luxuriantly. The broad table-land of Lookout Mountain, twelve miles wide and extend ing the length of the county, is clothed with apple orchards. This table-land and the parallel ridges are also valuable for pasture lands, where cattle thrive for two thirds of the year without addi tional food. About half the land is covered with forests, yield ing white oak, chestnut oak and poplar, and many sawmills are actively engaged in converting the timber into lumber for the local markets, the poplar being also used for fruit crates. The bark of the chestnut oak is much sought after by tanneries. Iron, bauxite, clay, limestone, manganese, coal, slate, talc and sandstone are found in large quantities. The population in 1900 was 12,952, a gain of 1,750 since 1890. The county has unsurpassed water* power, a great encouragement to manufacturing, while the Cen tral of Georgia and the Chattanooga & Southern Railroads furnish transportation facilities. The first factory was built at Trion in 1847. It escaped destruction during the war, but was burned in 1875. Lyerly and Menlo are thriving towns. Summerville, the county seat, occupies the site of the old Indian town of Island Town. Broomtown takes its name from an Indian town named for "The Broom," one of the signers of the Tellico treaty. Sequoia, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet lived in Chattooga' county.
Chattooga River, a stream in northwestern Georgia, flows a southwesterly direction and empties into the Coosa river a short distance below the village of Cedar Bluff, Ala. On Sept.. 12, 1863, a skirmish occurred where the Lafayette road crosses this stream between McCook's and Wheeler's cavalry. Owing to the superior numbers of McCook's force Wheeler retired in the direction of Lafayette. Another skirmish occurred near the same place on Oct. 18, 1864, while Hood was marching northward into Tennes see.
There is also a Chattooga river which forms part of the boun dary of the state near the northeast corner, uniting with the Tallulah to form the Tugaloo.
Chattoogaville, a post-village in the southern part of Chattooga county, is on the short line of the Central of Georgia railroad that runs from Lyerly to Fullerton, Ala. The population in 1900 was 36.
Chauncey, a town in the Southern part of Dodge county, on the Southern railway between Macon and Brunswick, does a consid-
24

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

erable business in the receiving and shipping of lumber and naval stores. It has a money order post-office, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, several stores with a good trade, churches and schools, and in 1900 reported a population of 422. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1883.
Chechero, a post-hamlet of Rabun county, is seven miles north east of Tallulah Falls, which is the nearest railroad station.
Cheha. In the early part of the nineteenth century there was in Lee county an Indian village known as Cheha, sometimes called Aumucculla. In the spring of 1818 Governor Rabun asked Gen eral, Jackson to station a military force on the frontier, to guard against incursions of "the Indians, but no answer was given to the request. The governor then ordered Capt. Obed Wright to pro ceed, with a sufficient force of militia, against the Felemma and Hopaunee towns, whose inhabitants were known to be hostile, and who were preying upon the settlements. When Captain Wright reached the vicinity of Fort : Early he learned that the head chief, Hopaunee, had vacated his own village and taken up his head quarters at Cheha. Wright made a descent upon the town on April 23d, killed about a dozen of the inhabitants and burned the village. The affair gave rise; to a spirited correspondence between General Jackson and Governor Rabun, AVright was arrested by Jackson but was released by the civil authorities. He was after ward arrested by order of the governor and the president ordered him to be placed in the custody of the United States marshal but he succeeded in making his escape.
Chelsea, a post-village in the northwestern part of Chattooga county, is on the Chattanooga Southern railway, eight miles north west of Summerville.
Chennault, a post-hamlet of Lincoln county, is about ten miles northwest of Lincolnton, on Fishing creek, and the same distance from Mt. Carmel, S. C., which is the nearest railroad station.
Cherokee, a village of Cherokee county, is located five miles south of Canton on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway. It has a money oi'der postoffice, some small mercantile interests and in 1900 reported a population of 8'7.
Cherokee Alphabet. Among the Cherokees living in what is now Chattooga county was one named Sequoia, or, as he was fre quently called, George Guess; Although his paternal grandfather was a white man Sequoia had all the habits of, and in appearance could not be distinguished from, a full-blooded Cherokee. He knew no language except that of his tribe, yet to this man belongs

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

371

the distinction of having invented an alphabet and teaching it to his people. In a conversation with some of the young warriors he became impressed with the importance and convenience of the "talking papers" of the white men, and determined to give the Cherokees the means by which they could also have "speaking papers." The Cherokee language comprised about sixty mono syllables, which by their combinations formed all the words in the dialect. Sequoia at first proceeded on the plan of making a char acter for every word, but after a year's labor he abandoned that theory for one more simple and easier of application. In a month's time he devised a character for each of the monosyllables, thus forming probably the first and only syllabic alphabet ever known to mankind. It is said that after completing his work he went to Arkansas, where he taught some of his tribe to write the language according to his system, and upon his return to Georgia brought a letter from one of the Arkansas Indians to some friends. Sequoia read the letter to the people, who up to this time had been some what skeptical, and the work of educating the tribe to read was commenced at once. In a comparatively short time several had mastered the intricacies of the alphabet and from this the written language became common; throughout the nation.
Cherokee County, which was created in 1832, from land ceded to' the government by the Cherokee Indians, was named for that tribe. It is bounded on the north by Pickens, on the east by Dawson and Forsyth, on the; southeast by Milton, on the south by Cobb, and on the west by Bartow. Much of the surface is hilly and the land is well watered. Sharp Mountain in the northwest of the county, is noted for its singular shape, running up like a sugar loaf. There are many fertile valleys, the soil of which is rich black loam. Cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, sorghum and sweet potatoes are the staple productions. After the wheat and oats are gathered in some localities, field peas are planted and yield good returns. Vegetables, berries and fruits thrive, and many people are embarking in fruit raising on a large scale. Although much of the original forest, composed of hickory, oak, pine, pop lar, beech and ash trees, is still standing, but little lumber is made. Gold, copper, iron, mica, talc and marble are found. On account of the inducements offered by the excellent water-power, the transportation afforde'd by the Atlantic, Knoxville & Northern Railroad and the abundance of raw material, manufacturing is becoming an important occupation. The population in 1900 was 15,243. There are excellent public schools and a fine normal

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

school is in operation at Waleska, ten miles, northwest of Canton. Canton, the county seat, Ball Ground, Woodstock, Holly Springs, are the principal towns. From Ball Ground, a railroad, eighteen miles long, runs to the marble quarries. Near Canton is a spring, whose waters are strongly impregnated with alum and much re sorted to by invalids. In the days of Indian occupation, what is now Cherokee county, was thickly populated by the red men. Ball Ground, Old Sixes and Little River Town were important Cherokee villages.
Cherokee Ford. After the British had been driven from the neighborhood of Carr's fort in February, 1779, the Americans crossed the Savannah river into South Carolina to get reinforce ments and attack Colonel Boyd, who was moving against the set tlements. Capt. Robert Anderson, with 80 men, recrossed the river to annoy Boyd's advance. Boyd changed his course and crossed the river at Cherokee Ford, landing his men at different places. Anderson attacked what he thought was the main body, but was in turn attacked in the rear by a superior force and was compelled to retreat with a loss of 16 killed and 16 wounded. Boyd subse quently acknowledged that his loss was about 100 in killed, wounded and missing. Anderson conducted his retreat in good order and joined Pickens and Dooly, the whole force going jn pursuit of Boyd.
Cherokees. Prior to the Revolutionary war but very little com munication was held between the Indians of the Cherokee nation and the white inhabitants of Georgia. At the commencement of that war the Cherokee country extended from the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge to the Mississippi river, and from the Ohio river on the north almost to central Georgia. During the Revolution a portion of the nation formed an alliance \vith the British, their eastern villages were successfully attacked by the militia of Geor gia and the Carolinas, and this resulted in the cession of part of their territory to the whites. In the hostilities with the tribe in 1793 Georgia did not suffer, as the Creek country intervened to prevent the Cherokees from making any attacks upon the settle ments to the south of their domain, but the difficulty led to the treaty of Philadelphia, by which a large tract of land in Tennes see and North Carolina passed into possession of the whites. After this treaty there was never any considerable portion of the tribe inclined to war. Those who preferred the roving life of hunters went west, while the rest settled down to farming. The State of Georgia made no effort to acquire any of the Cherokee

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373

lands within her borders until the. Creek lands had all been opened
to settlement. As early as 1803 President Jefferson suggested the expediency
of removing all the Southern Indians to lands west of the Missis sippi, but nothing definite was accomplished along this line until after the treaty of July, 1817, in which provision was made that all those whose homes were upon the lands ceded at that time should have the privilege of taking up new homes in the West if they so desired. Within the next two years about one-third of the Cherokees removed to lands in the Louisiana Purchase. About this time Georgia became somewhat eager to obtain possession of the Cherokee lands and in 1820 President Monroe requested Con gress to make an appropriation for the extinguishment of the In dian title to all lands in the state. An effort in this direction was made three years later, but the proposition to remove the nation was met with the declaration: "It is the fixed and unalterable determination of this nation never again to cede one foot more of our land." At this period the average, full-blooded Cherokee was stupid, without ambition, and wholly under the control of his chief. Practically all the chiefs were either half-breeds, or white men who had married into the nation, and they were responsible for the refusal to remove from their lands.
A delegation of the chiefs went to Washington early in 1824, and they were received with diplomatic courtesy, against which course the Georgia representatives in Congress protested, insist ing that too much time had already been wasted, and that, if a peaceable cession could not be obtained, the Indians should be per emptorily removed and afterward indemnified. The discovery of gold in the Cherokee country in 1829 caused an influx of prospec tors and increased the desire on the part of the whites for the removal of the Indians. The situation grew more complicated in 1830, as three governments claimed jurisdiction over the terri tory. The legislature of Georgia had passed acts, intended to ap ply to Indians as well as white men after June 1, 1830, and had extended criminal jurisdiction over that part of the nation lying within the state; the laws of the United States prohibited anyone from settling on Indian land without the proper license from the Federal auhorities; and the Cherokee nation had enacted that none should settle or trade on :their lands without first obtaining a per mit from their officials, i To enforce the Federal laws the gov ernment stationed troops in the gold region. In October, 1830, Governor Gilmer wrote to the president, informing him that Geor-

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gia had assumed jurisdiction, and requesting the withdrawal of the military. The request was complied with, and the Cherokees soon learned that President Jackson was inclined to reverse the policy of his predecessor by thus recognizing the right of the state to survey the Indian lands and to extend its laws over the ter ritory. About this time a Cherokee named George Tassel was tried and convicted of murder by the superior court of Hall county, and Governor Gilmer was cited to appear before the supereme court" of the United States to show cause why a writ of error should not be decided against the state. The governor referred the matter to the general assembly, then in session, and that body passed resolutions sustaining the governor and ordering the im mediate execution of Tassel. This case caused considerable ex citement in various parts of the country, but especially among the Cherokees.
On Jan. 1, 1831, John Ross, the principal Cherokee chief, served notice upon the governor and attorney-general that on March 5th the supreme court would hear a mo'tion to enjoin the State of Georgia from executing her laws within the Cherokee country. On the appointed day the motion was argued for the Cherokees by William Wirt and John Sergeant, two of the ablest lawyers in the country, but no counsel appeared for Georgia. Although the case was decided against granting the injunction, it was nowhere stated in the opinion that the: extension of jurisdiction by the state was valid and constitutional. But that question was soon to be settled. When the Federal troops were withdrawn the state placed a body of men called the Georgia Guard in the Indian coun try to enforce the laws and to protect citizens of Georgia and friendly Cherokees. One of the state law.s required all persons residing in the Cherokee country to take the oath of allegiance to the state and to obtain a license. It was directed primarily against the gold seekers, but was made so sweeping in its application as to include all white persons, regardless of the length of time they had lived in the territory, and all who had not complied with the provisions of the law were warned to depart. After a reasonable time had been granted the intruders, in which to either take the oath of allegiance or leave the territory, the Georgia Guard pro ceeded to arrest all white persons who had not accepted one of these alternatives. Among the white residents were about a dozen missionaries and teachers, one of whom, a minister named Sam uel Worcester, was postmaster at New Echota. On. Dec. 29, 1830, these missionaries held a meeting at New Echota and passed reso-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

375

lutions protesting against the enforcement of the state laws and deprecating the attempt to secure the removal of the Indians. Mr. Worcester and two other missionaries were arrested, but Worcester and Thompson were released on a writ of habeas cor pus by Judge Clayton, of the Gwinnett superior court, on the ground that they were agents* of the United States. Governor Gilmer then made inquiries at Washington and was informed that the government did not regard missionaries as agents, and Presi dent Jackson removed Worcester from the post-office to permit his arrest by the state authorities. Colonel Sandford, command ing the Georgia Guard, notified the missionaries that at the end of ten days he would arrest all found on the forbidden soil. The missionaries remained, however, and at the end of the prescribed time were placed under arrest. They were tried in the superior court of Gwinnett county, and on September 15th were sentenced to four years in the penitentiary, but were offered a pardon arid their liberty on condition that they either take the oath of alle giance or leave the territory. Nine of them accepted the condi tions, but Worcester and Elizur Butler accepted the penitentiary sentence, with a view to testing their case in the supreme court of the United States. The case was accordingly appealed to that tribunal and a writ of error issued on October 27th, upon which a hearing was had the following year, the state again declining to appear. The chief justice delivered a lengthy opinion, the con clusion of which was that the statute of Georgia under which the men had been tried and imprisoned was unconstitutional and void, and the judgment therefore a nullity. The decision, although it sustained the contentions of the Cherokees, was a barren victory, as President Jackson refused to enforce it, the two missionaries remained at hard labor in the penitentiary until pardoned by Gov ernor Lumpkin in January, 1833, and the Cherokee chiefs began to lose hope. Their hopelessness was increased by the reflection of Jackson in 1832. Experience had taught them that nothing was to be expected from him and many of the Cherokees began to talk in favor of emigration. This faction, led by the chief, John Ridge, was strenuously opposed by John Ross and his followers. Early in 1834 a delegation of the Ridge contingent went to Washington and entered into a treaty, but Ross succeeded in defeating its rati fication by the United States senate. In February, 1835, two Cherokee delegations, headed by Ridge and Ross, respectively, visited Washington, and on March 14th another treaty was made by the Ridge party, with the proviso that it should be approved by the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

whole Cherokee nation before becoming effective. This treaty was also defeated through the influence of Ross at a council held at Running Waters in June. President Jackson was persistent in his efforts to persuade the Indians to relinquish their lands and remove in a body. Under the constant pressure the treaty party continued to increase in numbers until the treaty of New Echota was finally concluded and ratified. But the mere act of signing a treaty did not remove the Cherokees. Public sympathy for the Indians was aroused, the press criticized the action of the com missioners, and some of the most able men in Congress denounced the treaty. All this encouraged Ross to try to have a new treaty negotiated and the matter was allowed to drag along until May, 1838, when, by the terms of the treaty, Georgia was to take pos session of the ceded lands. Early in May General Scott arrived upon the scene and on the 10th issued a proclamation that every Cherokee must be on the way west within a month. He called upon the governor for two regiments to assist in the removal. The call was promptly answered and on the 24th there was a force large enough at New Echota to begin the work, which was pushed forward as rapidly as possible, but it was not until December 4th that the last of the Cherokees turned their faces to the setting sun, leaving the white man in undisputed possession. (See In dian Treaties.)
So implacable were the animosities between the treaty and the anti-treaty parties in the Cherokee nation that when the antitreaty, or Ross party, was forced to yield and the last of the Chero kees had been removed, in the winter of 1838 to Arkansas, Major Ridge, his son, John Ridge, and Elias Boudinot, the principal leaders of the treaty party, were all assassinated on the same day, in the early part of 1839, undoubtedly by members of the Ross party.
Cherrylog, a post-village of Gilmer county, with a population of 65 in 1900, is located in the northeastern part of the county, on the line of the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway.
Chester, a village in the northern part of Dodge county, was in corporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 17, 1902. The popu lation two years before was 60. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, and being located on the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad forms the princi pal shipping point for that part of the county.
Chestnut Gap, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is located about

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five miles northeast of Blueridge, which is the nearest railroad
station. Chestnut Mountain, a post-village of Hall county, reported a
population of 84 in 1900. It is located in the southern part of the county, about four and one half miles northeast of Flowery Branch, which is the most convenient railway station.
Chiaha. According to Col. A. J. Pickett, who has made exten sive researches into the early history of Georgia, this ancient In dian village occupied the site where the city of Rome now stands. There is a tradition that De Soto and his followers, while on their exploring expedition that resulted in their discoverey of the Mis sissippi river, rested at Chiaha for thirty days, the red men be lieving them to be "Children of the Sun."
Chickamauga, a village of Walker county, is on the Griffin & Chattanooga division of the Central of Georgia railroad, and is the terminus of a short branch of the same system that runs to Dur ham. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, ex press and telegraph offices, and in 1900 had a population of 95. Near the village is the field where the battle of Chickamauga was fought, Sept. 19-20, 1863. The town was incorporated as "Chick amauga City" by act of the legislature on Sept. 11, 1891.
Chickamauga. On the little creek of this name, near the line between Walker and Catoosa counties, was fought one of the great battles of the civil war. In August, 1863, Gen. W. S. Rosecrans, commanding the Federal army in Tennessee, by a succes sion of maneuvers, forced General Bragg out of Middle Tennessee into Chattanooga, and on the 21st the Federal advance appeared opposite that city. On Sept. 7th McCook and Thomas were or dered to cross the mountains and gain a position south of the city. As a result of this movement Bragg abandoned the city and retired southward, Chattanooga being occupied by General Crittenden. Leaving one brigade to hold the city Crittenden started in pursuit of Bragg. After considerable skirmishing at Ringgold, Gordon's Mill and Leet's Tanyard, Rosecrans concentrated his forces on the 17th in a line extending from Stevens' Gap to Lee and Gordon's mills. Bragg was now reinforced by a portion of Longstreet's corps, from the army of Northern Virginia, and de termined to move his army under the shelter of Pigeon moun tain to the rear of the Federal position, thus cutting off Rosecrans' communication with Chattanooga. For unavoidable reasons the execution of this movement was postponed one day. About eleven o'clock on the morning of the 18th the brigades of Johnson, Me-

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Nair, Gregg and Robertson reached Peeler's mill, Forrest's cav alry drove the Federal cavalry under Minty across Reed's bridge, arid at 3 o'clock p. m. the Confederates began crossing the Chickamauga. About this time Gen. John B. Hood arrived and assumed command of the four brigades, leading them down to within two miles of Lee & Gordon's mills, where the men slept that night on their arms.
In the Confederate line of battle on the morning on the 19th Buckner's left rested on the creek about a mile below Lee & Gor don's mills; next was Hood, with his own and Johnson's divisions, while Walker and Cheatham were further north. The battle was opened by Croxton's brigade, acting under orders from Thomas, attempting to cut off and capture a Confederate brigade on the opposite side of the stream from the main body. Croxton forced back Forrest's cavalry upon the brigades of Ector and Wilson, who by charging drove Croxton back and defeated his object. The fight raged fiercely all day, with wavering results, and dark came on without decisive advantage to either side. That night the commanders on both sides were busy until a late hour pre paring for the fierce conflict which was inevitable on the morrow. Bragg placed General Polk in command of the right wing, which included the corps of D. H. Hill and W. H. T. Walker, Cheatham's division and Forrest's cavalry. Longstreet commanded the left wing, made up of Hood's and Buckner's corps, Hindman's divi sion and Wheeler's cavalry. Each wing was well- supported by artillery. The Federal line covered the Rossville (or Chatta nooga) and Dry Valley roads, ^beginning about four hundred yards east of the former, on a crest which was occupied from left to right by four divisions, viz.: Baird's, Johnson's, Palmer's and Rey nolds', in the order named. On the right of Reynolds were the divisions of Brannon and Negley, while across the Chattanooga road, toward Missionary Ridge, were the divisions of Sheridan and Jeff C. Davis, Wood's and Van Cleve's divisions being held in reserve. The battle was commenced by a vigorous attack on the Federal left by the five divisions of Hill's corps under Breckinridge and Cleburne, which were quickly reinforced in the attempt to carry the line. Rosecrans rushed all his available men to the support of Thomas to enable him to hold his position. In shifting the troops on the field a gap was left in the Federal line, which Longstreet was quick to see, and through this gap he pushed eight brigades, led by General Hood, cutting off Sheridan's division, part of Davis' and one brigade of Van Cleve's. Then, turning to the

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right, he captured a number of batteries, wagon trains, and the

headquarters of Rosecrans, who saved himself from capture by a

hasty flight with his panic stricken right. In this charge General

Hood was severely wounded in the thigh. Thomas now took up a

strong position on the heights near the Snodgrass house, and not

withstanding the defeat of the right wing, he and Granger held on

against repeated assaults until late in the afternoon, when the

entire Confederate strength was massed against them and they

were forced back to another ridge, the last shots in this action

being fired by moonlight. The retreating Federals left the Con

federate army in possession of the field of battle.

The strength of the opposing armies was nearly equal, number

ing from 60,000 to 65,000 men in each. The losses were also about

the same, that of the Federals being reported at 16,170 and of the

Confederates 17,804. Among the trophies of victory taken-by the

Confederates were 51 cannon and, about 15,000 stand of small arms.

Chickamauga Creek is- a stream in northwest Georgia. Along

its banks was fought one of the most important battles of the Civil

war (see Chickamauga). Gen. Joseph Wheeler had skirmishes

with the enemy along this creek in January, 1864, and again on

May 3rd, his loss in the latter being 7 in killed and wounded, while

that of the Federals was reported as 65.

Chickamauga Park. By an act of Congress, approved August

19, 1890, a government reservation was established in Catoosa and

Walker counties to be known as the "Chickamauga and Chatta

nooga National Park." The boundaries and dimensions, as de

scribed in the act, are as follows: "Beginning on the Lafayette

or State road in Georgia, at a point where the bottom of the ravine

next north of the house known on the field of Chickamauga as the

Cloud House, and being about six hundred yards north of said

house, due east to the Chickamauga river and due west to the

intersection of the Dry Valley and Crawfish Springs roads to the

south side of the road from Crawfish Springs to Lee and Gordon's

Mills; thence along the channel of the Chickamauga river to the

line forming the northern boundary of the park, as hereinbefore

described, containing seven thousand six hundred acres, more or

less."

;

The original act appropriated $125,000 for the purchase and

preparation of the grounds, but this was increased by subsequent

appropriations to $725,000, including the erection of national

monuments and the construction of walks and driveways. In ad

dition to this the various states appropriated over $500,000 for

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

monuments to mark the position of their troops on the field during the battle of Chickamauga. Historical tablets have been erected showing the fighting lines of divisions and brigades and for the various headquarters of the commanders of the contending armies. The general assembly of Georgia appropriated $25,000 for a monu ment and "markers" for her gallant sons that participated in that historic engagement. The monument was completed within the appropriation and is noted as being one of the finest in the Park.
Chickasawhachee. This stream rises in Terrell county, flows southward forming the boundary line between Calhoun and Dougherty counties, then through Baker county until it empties into the Flint river a short distance south of the village of Hoggard. Along the creek in Baker county there is a swamp, which White, in his Historical Collections, describes as being "several miles in extent, covered with timber and a dense undergrowth, and in a great many places to a considerable depth with water."
After the burning of Roanoke, in May, 1836, the Creeks, after committing some other depredations in the locality, set out for Florida to join the Seminoles. Two small companies of volunteer militia from Baker and adjoining counties, commanded by Cap tains Rich and Hentz, followed the trail into this swamp. In the meantime reinforcements from: other parts of the state had joined the two companies, until on July 3d there was a force of some 500 men close upon the Indians. This force was under the com mand of Colonel Beall, who determined to attack the savages in the swamp. Leaving 200 men stationed around the borders, to prevent the escape of the enemy, the rest, commanded by Colonel Beall in person, penetrated to the center of the morass, where the Creeks had taken up a strong position on a sort of island. The march was a difficult one, the tnen often having to wade in water up to their waists. This did not put them in the best of humor and when the attack was made it was with such vigor that after a resistance of half an hour the Indians were completely routed, leaving their horses and all their camp equipage in the possession of the whites. Those who reached the edge of the swamp were met by the reserves and the savages finally broke up into small squads, each man trying to save himself in the easiest way possi ble. The loss of the Indians in this engagement could not be definitely learned. Nine dead were left on the field in the middle of the swamp and several others were seen carried off by their comrades. None of the whites were killed and only about a dozen wounded. The battle prevented the Creeks from joining the

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381

Seminoles, which was one of the most important results of the af fair. The straggling bands were pursued, made captive or killed, before they could reach their intended destination. The engage ment of Chickasawhachee practically ended the Creek war in
Georgia. Chipeta, a post-village of Fannin county, is located a short dis
tance east of Bald and Rich mountains and about ten miles south east of Blueridge, which is the most convenient railroad station. The population in 1900 was 51.
Chipley a town in the northern part of Harris county on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway, in the midst of a good lumber district, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1883. It had by the census of 1900 a population of 459. It has a. money order post-office with rural free delivery, a bank, express and tele graph offices, several stores, two saw-mills, and good school and church privileges.
Choestoe, a post-village of Union county, with a population of 108 in 1900, is in the southeastern part of the county, not far from the Blue Ridge. Murphy Junction and Blueridge, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, are the nearest railway stations.
Chokee, a post-village in the northeastern part of Lee county, reported a population of 120 in 1900. The nearest railroad station is Desoto, on the -Seaboard Air Line running from Cordele to Lumpkin.
Christ Church Parish. (See Parishes). Christian, John Milton, M. D., is a physician and surgeon of high technical attainments and is established in successful practice at Hazlehurst, the county seat of the newly organized county of Jeff Davis. He was born in Hart county, Ga., Oct. 10, 1870, a son of Charles W. and Sarah :C. (White) Christian, both natives of Georgia, the former born in Elbert county, in 1831, and the latter in Hart county, Nov. 20, 1:834. Her father, Eppy H. White, was a valiant soldier of the war of 1812, and participated in a number of important engagements^ Dr. C. Woodson Christian, paternal grandfather of the subject;of this sketch, was a representative in the Georgia state legislature in the early days and a man of in fluence in his community. Charles W. Christian enlisted in the Confederate service at the outbreak of the war between the states, as a member of the Thirty-fourth Georgia volunteer infantry, in which he was promoted to the office of major. He took part in the memorable seven days' fighting in the vicinity of Richmond, the battle of Chancellorsville and that of Atlanta, in which last he

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

was taken prisoner, but was soon afterward paroled. He died in Hart county, May 23, 1885, and is buried in the cemetery at the old Henry Baptist church, near his former home. His widow still resides on the old homestead. Dr. John M. Christian received his preliminary educational training in the public schools of his native county, completing a course in the high school at Hartwell. In 1882 he entered the South Georgia male and female college, at Dawson, Terrell county, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1884, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. There after he was a successful and popular teacher in the schools of his native state until 1890, when he was matriculated in the medical department of the University of Georgia at Augusta, in which he was graduated March 1, 1898, with first honors, and duly received his well earned degree of Doctor of Medicine. For one year there after he was house surgeon of the city hospital of Augusta and then went to the city of Baltimore, Md., where he took a six months' post-graduate course in the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Shortly afterward, in 1893, he located in Celeste, Wilkes county, Ga., where he was engaged in the practice of his profession until July 26, 1905, when he located in Hazlehurst, where he has already built: up an excellent practice and gained marked popular favor as a physician and a citizen. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, but is not active in the domain of politics. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church, and he holds membership in the American medical association, the Medical Association of Georgia, the Knights of Pythias and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Dec. 24, 1905, was sol emnized the marriage of Doctor Christian to Miss Nelie Wilcox, daughter of Andrew J. Wilcox, a well known citizen of Hazle hurst. They are prominent in the social affairs of the commu nity and their home is a center of gracious hospitality.
Christopher, a post-hamlet of Union county, is not far from the North Carolina line. Culberson, N. C, is the most convenient railroad station.
Church, Alonzo, educator and clergyman, was born at West Brattleboro, Vt., April 9, 1793, of Revolutionary stock, his grand father having served with Washington. In 1816 he graduated at Middlebury college. Owing to the fact that he was troubled with weak lungs his physician advised him to go South, and soon after leaving college he opened a classical school at Eatonton, Ga. In 1819 he received the degree of A. M. from his alma mater and the same year was called to the chair of mathematics in Franklin college,

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383

now the University of Georgia, where he remained for ten years. He was ordained minister in the Presbyterian church and for thirty-five years preached without pay for congregations that were too poor to employ a regular pastor. In 1829 he was elected pres ident of the university, to succeed Moses Waddell, and held this office for thirty years. During his administration several new buildings were erected on the campus, among them the New Col lege, the chapel and the Phi Kappa hall. He died at Athens on May 18, 1862.
Churches. At the present time nearly all the Christian denomi nations are represented in Georgia, though when the first charter was issued in 1733 Catholics were denied the privilege of holding worship according to the ritual of their church in the colony. The last act passed by the general assembly which convened in Jan uary, 1758, established the Church of England as the only religion entitled to support from the public funds, and when the parishes were laid out provision.was made for-the incorporation and erec tion of churches. At that time there were but three churches of the Church of England in the colony one at Savannah, one at Augusta and one in Burke county, then St. George's parish.
The first regular congregation, that of Christ Church, Savannah, was organized on July 7, 1783. A lot was set apart for church purposes by Oglethorpe when the town was laid out. The first church building was commenced on June 11, 1740, but was not completed until about six years later, and was dedicated in 1750. The corner-stone of the present Christ Church building was laid on Feb. 26, 1838. Rev. Henry Herbert was the first rector. He was followed by Samuel Quincy, after whom came the Wesleys and Whitefield. In 1774 the rector was Rev. Haddon Smith. Be cause he took sides with the colonists in the quarrel with England he was waited on by a committee and forbidden to preach. The church doors were locked against him, he was published in the Gazette as "an enemy to America," and finally evicted from the rectory.
St. Paul's church at Augusta was built in 1750. It stood "op posite one of the curtains of the fort, and near enough to be pro tected by its guns." The next year Jonathan Copp took charge of the work, but found the conditions very unfavorable, owing to constant dread of an outbreak among the Indians and the charac ter of the population, a large number of absconding debtors hav ing sought refuge in Augusta. Nevertheless, he held services regularly until 1756, when he was succeeded by Samuel Frink.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

In 1767 Rev. Edward Ellington became rector. He was a great missionary, a tireless worker, and under him the church grew and prospered. He was followed in December, 1771, by James Sey mour, who remained rector through the Revolutionary period. During the war the church was used for military purposes by both the Americans and the British. Mr. Seymour was pursued by a mob, but made his escape and after many privations reached Sa vannah. When the war was over he was. urged to go back, but declined. When the church was established a grant of land was made for its support. The greater part of this was confiscated by the state and turned over to the trustees of the Richmond academy. In 1786 the church was rebuilt on a new site. The present build ing was erected on location of the first church in 1819, at a cost of $30,000, thus marking the spot where Christianity was first planted in the wilderness on the Georgia frontier. The old church-yard contains many interesting monuments.
For many years after the Revolution the Protestant Episcopal church, which was organized after the war, had not established the diocese of Georgia. The first confirmation in the state oc curred in 1815, when a class of sixty was confirmed at Christ Church by Bishop Dehon, of South Carolina. In 1840 a diocese was established under the episcopacy of Stephen Elliott, who con tinued as bishop until his death in 1866. He was succeeded by John W. Beckwith in 1867, "upon whose death Cleland K. Nelson was elected bishop, which office he still holds, (1906) residing in Atlanta. In this year a second diocese was created by a division of the state. In 1900 the church had in Georgia 54 ministers, nearly 8,000 communicants, and church property valued at $756,679. Its capital invested in educational and benevolent work amounted to $315,680.
Among the early Christians in Georgia were the Salzburgers, or Lutherans. Their first settlement was at Ebenezer, (q. v.) but about the time that Christ Church was built a Lutheran church was erected on the east side of Wright square in the city of Sa vannah. In 1786 this denomination had three churches in the state one at Ebenezer, the one in Savannah and one at Goshen. This denomination has never been very strong in Georgia.
In 1735 a church of the Presbyterian faith was established by the Scotch settlers at New Inverness, with Rev. John McLeod as pastor. The independent Presbyterian church of Savannah was established in 1760, under the pastoral charge of Rev. John J. Zubly. The early history of Medway church, which was a Pres-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

385

byteriaii organization, is noticed under that title. Out of that church grew others at Walthourville in 1855. Flemington in 1866, and Dorchester in 1871. The establishment of the last named sapped the life out of the parent church and it went down after one hundred and thirteen years of usefulness. The first Presby tery in Georgia was held at Liberty church in Wilkes county, March 16, 1797. The ministers constituting it were John Newton, John Springer, Robert M. Cunningham, Moses Waddell and Wil liam Montgomery. The synod now embraces five presbyteries, extending over all sections of the state, the denomination having 133 ministers, 237 churches and about 18,000 communicants. The Agnes Scott institute, at Decatur, is under the patronage of the Presbyterian church, which has much valuable property in Georgia.
John Wesley, who became the founder of the Methodist church in Georgia, preached his first sermon in Savannah on March 7, 1736, as a minister of the Church of England. Tradition tells that the services on that occasion were held in the paint store of Andrew Hanley on Whitaker street. Two years later Charles Wesley and George Whitefield joined John Wesley in missionary work, and among others whose names are familiar in the early history of the Methodist movement are Benjamin Ingham, Delamotte and Cornelius Winter, all of whom preached in Georgia. Methodist immigrants introduced Methodism in New York, New England and the Atlantic cities as far south as the Carolinas. The Methodist Episcopal church in America was organized at a special conference, held at Baltimore, Md., on Dec. 25, 1784, and from that time operated as a general body. The next year Meth odist ministers from North Carolina and Virginia entered Georgia at Augusta and the state was soon afterward included in the South Carolina conference, the first Georgia circuit extending from Savan nah to Wilkes county. Samuel Dunwody gathered together the Methodists in Savannah and founded the congregation that erected the church known as Wesley Chapel, at the corner of Lincoln and Broad streets. This building was occupied until after the Civil war. In 1867 it was sold, the Dutch reformed church, which had been used by the Confederates as a cartridge factory during the war, was bought and the Wesley Monumental Church erected on the site. In 1830 the Georgia conference was formed, by detach ing the state from the South Carolina conference, and in 1866 this was divided into the North and South Georgia conferences. In 1844 the Methodist church in the United States was divided into two general conferences, that in the Southern States being known
25

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

as the Methodist Episcopal church South. The two Georgia con ferences of this church had in 1900 161,647 communicants, 99& ministers and church property valued at over $2,000,000. At the same time there were 124,000 members belonging to the colored conferences and about 3,000 of what is known in Georgia as North ern Methodists, the property of these branches being valued at about $1,600,000. The Methodist Episcopal church South main tains the following schools in the state: Emory college, Wesleyan female college, Lagrange female college, Andrew female college, Piedmont institute, South Georgia college, Reinhardt normal1 school, Young Harris institute and Payne institute, the last named being for colored students.
The Baptist faith was introduced very early into Georgia by Nicholas Bedgewood, who was connected with the orphan house at Bethesda. In 1757 he made a visit to South Carolina, was bap tized while there, and on his return to Bethesda he administered the rites of baptism and the Lord's supper to several persons there. A Baptist mission was established on the west side of the Savannah river in 1765, and in 1770 Edmund Bottsford, a Baptist minister, started a church some twenty-five or thirty miles below Augusta. This was afterward known as Bottsford's meeting-house. In 1773 the first regular Baptist church in the state was organized at Kiokee meeting-house, where Appling, Columbia county, now stands, and it had for its pastor Rev. Daniel Marshall, who was at that time the only ordained Baptist minister in Georgia. At the close of the Revolution there were several churches along the Savannah river. In 1794 some eight or ten men, influenced by a Rev. Mr. Reese, a Baptist minister from Wales, began the erection of a Baptist church in Savannah. The building was completed the fol lowing year and Ebenezer Hills, John Millen, Thomas Polhill, John Hamilton, Thomas Harrison and John R. Roberts constituted the first board of trustees. As the little congregation had no pastor the building was rented for three years to the Presbyterians, whose house of worship had been destroyed by fire. Then Rev. Henry Holcomb became pastor of the church, which grew rapidly in numbers and influence. In 1822 the Georgia Baptist convention was organized at Powelton, Hancock county, with Rev. Jesse Mercer as moderator. In 1900 there were 368,230 Baptists in the state, with 2,322 ministers and property valued at $3,900,000. The Baptist schools in Georgia are Mercer university,-Shorter college, -Southern female college at College Park, Southern female college

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

387

at Lagrange, Monroe female college, Hiawassee high school and the North Georgia female college at Morganton.
In 1794 some Catholics from Maryland settled at Locust Grove in what is now Taliaferro county. Their number was soon after ward increased by Catholic refugees from St. Domingo, who set tled at Locust Grove and Augusta. With these refugees came a priest, who, so far as known, was the first Roman Catholic clergy man that ever discharged the duties of pastor within the limits of the state. A church was established that year at Locust Grove, though the Catholics in Georgia and the two Carolinas remained subject to the See of Baltimore until 1820, when the three states were erected into a diocese, with Dr. John England as bishop. On Nov. 10, 1850, Georgia was made a separate diocese, the first bishop being Father Gartland. According to recent statistics the church has in Georgia 40 priests, 23,000 members and church prop erty valued at $550,000. St. Stanislaus college and Mount de Sales academy, both at or near Macon, and a convent near Washington are maintained by the Catholic church. The present bishop is Rev. B. J. Keiley, of Savannah.
The Congregationalists, though comparatively few in numbers, are zealous and enterprising, their attention being largely directed to educational work. The Atlanta theological seminary, for train ing young men for the Congregational ministry, had about 300 students in 1905. Other schools under the patronage of this de nomination are the Albany normal, the Howard normal at Cuthbert, the Dorchester academy at Mclntosh, Knox institute at Ath ens, Beach institute at Savannah, Alien normal and industrial at Thomasville, the Lamson school at Marshallville and the Ballard school at Macon.
About the beginning of the nineteenth century Barton W. Stone and Robert Marshall, of Kentucky, and Richard McNemar and John Thompson, of Ohio, began preaching doctrines contrary to the Presbyterian Confession of Faith. In this defection the Chris tian or Disciples church had its origin. Soon afterward they were joined in their work by Thomas Campbell and his son Alexander, who had recently come from Ireland, and on May 4, 1810, the first Church of Christ was organized in Washington county, Pa. Ow ing to the zeal and activity of Alexander Campbell in spreading the teachings of the new church, the members of this denomination are sometimes called Campbellites. Like the Congregationalists, the Disciples are not numerically strong in Georgia, but they are earnest and energetic.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

The Hebrews in Georgia constitute an enterprising, law-abiding

class of the population, and are to be found in all the cities and

larger towns. They numbered in 1900 about 6,400, have handsome

synagogues in all the principle cities, a number of able rabbis, and

maintain several benevolent institutions. In Atlanta they have

two synagogues and an orphans' home.

Among other religious denominations represented in the state

by small but active memberships are the Primitive Baptists, the

Congregational Methodists, the Unitarians and the Universalists,

and there are in almost every county churches exclusively for

negroes.

Cisco, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Murray county, is

only a short distance from the state line. The nearest railroad

stations are Cohutta and Red Clay on the Southern railway run

ning from Atlanta to Chattanooga.

Citizens' Bank of McRea, The, Telfair

county, is a substantial and ably man

aged financial institution, and the popu

lar estimate placed upon the same is

best shown in the large and important

business which it controls. The bank

was organized 011 May 1, 1901, with a

capital of $15,000, and that the institu

tion met with favorable reception is

shown in the fact that, in February,

1902, it was found expedient to increase

the capital stock to $25,000, while on

March 1, 1904, it was augmented to $50,-

J. F. COOK.

000. The officers of the bank are as fol

lows: J. F. Cook, president; T. J. Smith, vice-president; Olin

Pharr, cashier. In addition to the president and vice-president

the board of directors includes the following prominent citizens:

George M. Willcox, E. D. Graham, D. B. Lanier, W. F. Luckie,

T. W. Boothe, E. P. Cotter, and A. L. Ryals.

Clark, Clarence E., a successful dealer in real estate and a broker

of stocks and bonds, has his offices at 842 Broad street, Augusta,

and is one of the representative operators in his lines in that city.

He was born at Coldspring, Edgefield county, S. C., Jan. 14, 1858,

and is a son of John M. and Sarah Ann Elizabeth (Butler) Clark,

the former of whom was born in New Jersey, in 1813, and the

latter in Augusta, Ga., in 1823. When the subject of this sketch

was an infant his parents removed to Augusta, where the father

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

389

engaged in mercantile pursuits, here passing the remainder of his life. He died in 1879, and his widow still resides in Augusta. Clarence E. Clark was a student for some time in Richmond acad emy, Augusta, after which he attended school in the historic old town of Elizabeth, N. J., and later was a student in the Carolina
military institute, at Charlotte, N. C. He inaugurated his business career by taking a position as clerk in the drygoods store of J.B. White, of Augusta, and
later became a traveling salesman for the local milling firm of John M. Clark's
Sons. In 1890'he engaged in the real-
estate business, associating himself with
John W. Dickey, under the firm name of
Clark & Dickey. A few years later the firm was dissolved by mutual consent,
and since that time Mr. Clark has con tinued successfully in the real-estate busi ness in an individual way, his operations being of wide extent, in the handling of both city and country property, while he also makes a specialty of the handling of stocks and bonds. He is a stockholder and treasurer of the Georgia Vitrified Brick & Clay Company, of Augusta, representing one of the large paving-brick manufactories of the South, the company having a finely equipped plant and con trolling an extensive trade. Mr. Clark was a member of the Clinch Rifles for three years, and for two years was identified with another popular local military organization, the Richmond Hussars. He is a member of the Country club, is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, is a Democrat in his political allegiance, and both he and his wife are members of the First Presbyterian church of Augusta, in which he is a deacon. On Jan. 31, 1901, Mr. Clark was united in marriage to Miss Mary Hollis Wadley, daughter of Moses and Mary Jane (Clark) Wadley, of Augusta, and they have three children, Clarence E., Jr., Thomas Shepherd, and Mary
Jane.
Clark, John W., sheriff of Richmond county, an honored veteran of the Confederate service in the Civil war, and one of the well known and distinctively popular citizens of Augusta, was born in Edgefield District,'S. C., April 26, 1844, and is a son of John M. and Sarah Ann Elizabeth (Butler) Clark, the former of whom was born in the state of New Jersey, in 1813, and the latter in Au gusta, Georgia, in 1823. The father was a successful merchant

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and prominent citizen of Augusta, where he maintained his home for many years and where he died on Jan. 8, 1879, at the age of sixty-six years. His widow continued to live at Augusta until her
death on Feb. 6, 1905, at the age of eighty-three, held in affectionate regard in the community which has represented
her home throughout life. All of the children of this union are still living,
namely: Amos K., John W., Anna C. (Mrs. D. F. Jack), Charles R., Job A. A. W., Frank R., Clarence E., and Alice G.
(Mrs. Francis A. Hunt). The paternal
grandfather, Job Clark, was a prominent farmer in the state of New Jersey, and the maternal grandfather, Nehemiah K.
Butler, was one of the pioneer mer chants of Augusta. Both grandfathers attained the age of ninetyfour years. Col. John W. Clark was seventeen years of age at the time of the beginning of the war between the states, having previously been a student in the schools of Augusta. His insistent loyalty to the cause of the Confederacy was shown in the fact that in August, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company A, Cobb legion cavalry of Georgia volunteers, a command whose record in the war was not excelled by that of any other, in either the North ern or Southern armies. In November, 1861, Colonel Clark was de tailed as courier to Col. Thomas R. R. Cobb, and in November, 1862, when Colonel Cobb was promoted brigadier-general, that gallant officer promoted young Clark his aide-de-camp, in which capacity he was serving at the time when General Cobb was killed, in the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Young Clark carried the last message from General Cobb to Generals McLaws and Lee, the text of the same being as follows: "I can hold this position against the whole Yankee nation if you can get ammunition to me." Qne hour later General Cobb received a mortal wound. Af ter his death his former aide-de-camp, young Clark, rejoined his regiment in the ranks, as a private. Late in 1863, owing to im paired health, Colonel Clark was ordered to report to Gen. Howell Cobb, in Georgia. Four months later he again joined his regiment, and was soon afterward appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. William M. Browne, who was aide-de-camp to President Jefferson Davis. He served in this capacity until the close of the war, spending the last few months in the field, General Browne having in the mean-

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while been promoted brigadier general and put in command of a brigade. His twenty-first birthday anniversary, April 26, 1865, was marked by the surrender of General Johnston's army, and that date is commemorated by some of the Southern states as the memorial day of the Confederacy. Colonel Clark is commander of Camp No. 435, United Confederate Veterans, of Augusta. In 1870 he organized the Augusta Saber club of which he was captain several years, and from 1876 to 1893 he was captain of the Rich mond Hussars. He was then elected to the command of the First Georgia battalion, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, serving as such three years and retiring in 1895. In the riot between the whites and negroes at Hamburg, S. C., in 1876, Colonel Clark commanded the solitary piece of artillery used, the blacks being quickly routed. At Reunion of Georgia division United Confed erate veterans at Macon in 1905, Captain Commander Clark was elected Commander of the East Georgia brigade with rank of brigadier-general. In politics Colonel Clark is a stalwart Demo crat, and in 1902 he was elected sheriff of Richmond county, serv ing two years and giving so satisfactory an administration that he was chosen as his own successor in 1904, his second term expiring Dec. 30, 1906. He is a member of the Augusta Commercial club, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Country club, and the Richmond County agricultural club. He and his wife are communicants of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church. On April 15, 1869, Colonel Clark was united in marriage to Miss Emma Schaub, who was born in Bardstown, Ky., being a daughter of Dr. George and Marian (Powers) Schaub. Colonel and Mrs. Clark have no living children.
Clark, Samuel M., has been treasurer of Jefferson county for eighteen consecutive years; was elected in the. county primary
(1906) for another term, is vice-president of the Little & Clark Company, conducting the largest mercantile house in said county,
the owner of large plantation interests, and a veteran of the Con federate service in the Civil war. His position as a citizen and
business man is assured and substantial, and the esteem in which .he is held in the community is well indicated in his long tenure
of the office of county treasurer. He was born on a farm in Jeffer
son county, Ga., Feb. 3,: 1846, a son of James W. and Emily F.
(Matthews) Clark, the former born in Burke county, Ga., in May
1819, and the latter in Jefferson county, in March, 1824, both having passed the closing years of their lives in Jefferson county which
represented their home for many years. The father was one of

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the successful planters of that county and served two terms as tax collector, while he was a quartermaster in the state militia during the Civil war. He died on Jan. 39, 1869. His parents were Charles Edward and Eleanor (Carswell) Clark. The father came to Geor gia from New Jersey, settling in Savannah, where he met Eleanor Carswell, whom he married about 1803 or 1804. Emily F. (Matthews) Clark was a daughter of Aquilla and Catherine (Collins) Matthews, the former born in Richmond county, Ga., and the latter in Jefferson county. Of the children of James W. and Emily F. Clark only two are living the subject of this sketch and Mrs. William A. Denny, of Wrens, Jefferson coun ty. Samuel M. Clark secured his earlier educational training in the old field schools in the vicinity of Mount Maria, Jefferson county, and after the close of the Civil war he was for a time a student in the Hephzibah high school, in Richmond county. On Dec. 1, 1863, he enlisted as a private in Company B, Twenty-seventh Georgia infantry, with, which he continued in active service until the close of the war, in Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville, N. C., besides minor en gagements. He surrendered with Johnston's army, at Greensboro, N. C. After the close of the war he returned to Jefferson county, and from 1867 to 1873 he gave his attention to his agricultural in terests. He then located in Louisville, and for the following two years was employed as salesman in the mercantile establishment of Hopkins & Little, the junior member of the firm having been James C. Little, with whom he has been so long and intimately associated in business. He resumed his farming operations after two years but in 1879 again took up his residence in Louisville, where he entered into partnership with Mr. Little, in the general merchandise business. The firm name of Little, Clark & Co. was retained until 1900, when Mr. Clark retired from active association with the concern, in which, however, he continued his financial interest. For the ensuing four years he gave his attention to his extensive plantation interests, to which he had given a general supervision during the long period of his identification with the mercantile business. On Jan. 29, 1904, this business was incor porated under the title of the Little & Clark Company, and Mr. Clark became vice-president, a position of which he is still the incumbent. He is a director of the Bank of Louisville and the Louisville Manufacturing Company, and to his varied capitalistic and landed interests he gives his able supervision, while he also gives a most careful and acceptable administration of the fiscal

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affairs of the county, having been elected county treasurer in 1889 and reflected nine consecutive times, practically without opposi tion. In politics he is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies of the Democracy. He is known as a citizen of liberal views and progressive ideas and commands the high regard of all who know him. He is a steward and trustee in the local organiza tion of the Methodist Episcopal church South and a member of the United Confederate Veterans. On Oct. 14, 1875, Mr. Clark was united in marriage to Miss Martha Helen Fleming, daughter of the late William and Mary (Darden) Fleming, of Jefferson county. Mrs. Clark was summoned to the life eternal May 14, 1885, and is survived by five children, namely: Stella, Emily, wife of J. R. Phil lips, of Louisville; James W., assistant cashier of the Bank of Louisville; of Louisville; Ernest M., cashier of the People's bank at Greenville, Meriwether county; and Claudia, wife of Charles B. Clark, of Louisville.
Clark University, a school for colored people, located at Atlanta, was opened in the year 1869 as a primary school, with a department for the training of preachers. It was chartered as a university in 1877, having passed under the control of the city five years before, with the understanding that the municipality would fur nish suitable buildings and pay the salaries of teachers, the funds belonging to the institution being applied to the founding of a theological department. The city failed to erect the buildings and a new arrangement was made. Through liberal donations from northern friends the university has been placed on a solid footing, having substantial buildings and a tract of some 400 acres of land in the suburbs of Atlanta. It has literary, theological, sci ence and industrial departments and confers the degree of Bach elor of Arts. The buildings and equipment are valued at $300,000, and in 1904 the attendance was 650.
Clark, Zach H., is one of the leading citizens of Colquitt county, and is distinctively one of the founders and builders of Moultrie, in which thriving city he maintains his home. He has aided in the industrial, civic and material development and upbuilding of this section of the state and his personal popularity is limited only by the circle of his acquaintances. Mr. Clark is a native Georgian, having been born in Lexington, Oglethorpe county, Jan. 14, 1863, a son of Zach H. and Mattie R. (Glenn) Clark, the former born in Virginia, in 1812, and the latter at Philomath, Oglethrope county, in 1836. Zach H. Clark, Sr., who was a direct descendant of Abraham Clark, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independ-

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ence, was a boy at the time of his parents' removal from Virginia to Georgia, where he became a successful farmer and influential citizfn, and twice represented Oglethrope county in the state
legislature. He and his wife were prom inent and zealous members of the Baptist church. Doctor Glenn, the maternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born in Virginia and received a thorough education as a physician. He came to Georgia as a young man and built up a large and lucrative practice, becoming recognized as one of the lead ing physicians and surgeons of the state. His wife was a direct descendant of the celebrated Pitt family of England. Zach H. Clark,the immediate subject of this re view, completed his educational training in Mercer university, .at Macon, and began the banking business by organizing the Cochrane Banking Company, of Cochrane, Ga., in 1892. In 1896 he resigned his position as cashier of the bank and removed to Moultrie, where he organized the Moultrie Banking Company, of which he has since been cashier. The institution has gained recognition as one of the strongest and most sucessful country banks in the state. Mr. Clark was also one of-the organizers and incorporators of the Moultrie cotton mills, of which he has been secretary and treasurer from the start. This enterprise is on a substantial basis, "having a well equipped and thoroughly modern plant and control ling a large and constantly expanding business. When Mr. Clark located in Moultrie the business of the village was transacted in a few cross-roads stores and the population of the entire county was only a few thousand people, the development of the fine timber .and turpentine interests of this section having just been ushered in. He has been largely interested in the development of the city and county, financially, religiously and politically, his progressive ideas and public spirit being manifest in the ready support which lie has accorded to every worthy cause and enterprise. Moultrie is now a thriving little city of 4,500 population, with modern facil ities and man}- attractions as a place of residence. Mr. Clark was a member of the Georgia state militia for a number of years, having teen a sergeant in the Madison home guards, and served two terms on the military staff of Gov. Joseph M. Terrell, with the rank of colonel. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party

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but has never sought or desired political preferment. He has, how ever, been a member of the board of education of Moultrie from the time the present public-school system was established, and is chair man and treasurer of the same at the present time. He is a mem ber of and active worker in the Baptist church, as is also Mrs. Clark, and he has served as superintendent of Sunday schools, in the various places in which he has lived, for the past eighteen years, taking special interest in this department of the church work. On Jan. 12, 1892, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Clark to Miss Elizabeth Ashburn, daughter of William W. and Anna (Atkinson) Ashburn, of Eastman, Ga., and the children of this union are four in number, namely: Anna Warren, Rebecca, Zach H., Jr., and Elizabeth.
Clarke County was created from Jackson in 1801. Parts of Greene were added in 1802, and 1807. In 1811 a part of Clarke was added to Madison and in 1813 another part was added to Oglethorpe. A second portion was added to Madison in 1829 and the size of the county was further reduced by the formation of Oconee. It was named in honor of Gen. Elijah Clarke, the revolu tionary hero. It is bounded on the north by Madison, on the east by Madison and Oglethorpe, and on the south and southwest by Oconee and on the northwest by Jackson. It is drained by the Oconee and Little Oconee rivers and their tributaries. The surface is hilly and the water power excellent, so that manufacturing is a profitable occupation. The soil is a red clay and very fertile. The leading productions are cotton, corn, wrheat, sweet and Irish pota toes, vegetables, berries and melons. Extensive apple orchards are being planted. Among the minerals are graphite, galena and granite. There are some forests still standing, but the timber is small and little lumber is made. Clarke county is noted for the educational advantages it offers. Besides the public schools, which .are excellent, there are within her boarders the University of Geor gia, the State Normal School, The Lucy Cobb Institute, the Home School and other private institutions of high grade. Branches of the Georgia railroad, the Southern, the Central of Georgia and the Seaboard Air Line systems center at Athens offering unsurpassed facilities for travel and transportation. The country roads are in good condition, there being over twenty miles of macadamized roads outside of the city of Athens. The population in 1900 was 17,708, showing a gain of 2,522 in ten years. Athens the county seat, is a city of learning and the trade center for several counties. Other important towns are Whitehall, Georgia Factory and Prince-

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ton. Clarke county was the home of Gen. David Meriwether, the Revolutionary soldier, who played such an important part in the county's history.
Clarke, Gen. Elijah, was a native of North Carolina, who settled in Wilkes county, Ga., in the year 1774. Chappell, in his "Miscel lanies," says that no man was more formidable to the savage foe, nor none more serviceable to the frontier than General Clarke. His military career began in 1776, when he was placed in command of a company to guard a wagon train, loaded with supplies for the army. He was with General Howe in the expedition against East Florida, fought at Kettle Creek, Wafford's Iron Works, Jack's Creek, and distinguished himself in a number of minor engage ments. At the battle of Long Cane he was severely wounded. As soon as he recovered he joined General Pickens' command, but was soon afterward stricken with small-pox. The attack was not serious and in a short time he was again in charge of his command. He played an important part in the siege of Augusta, keeping the British closely confined to their works until the arrival of General Lee, and was present at the final surrender of that town to the Americans. When the French minister, Genet, tried to enlist men for the French service in a war against Spain, General Clarke was one of the first to espouse the French cause, as he loved that coun try as much as he hated Spain. Gathering about him a number of hardy and adventurous spirits he accepted a commission as majorgeneral in the French army, but the whole proceeding was stopped by the interference of President Washington and the recall of Genet, who was succeeded by Fauchet in the spring of 1794. In May, of that year, Clarke and his men, finding that alliance with the French was out of the question, turned their attention to the Indian country west of the Oconee river. They took possession, erected Forts Advance and Defiance, drew up a written constitu tion for the government of the state they proposed to establish, and began the work of settlement. Governor Matthews ordered General Irwin to break up the settlements and a short time later was informed that the order had been obeyed. In July the gover nor was notified that Clarke and a body of men were still in the Indian country, opposite Fort Fidius, and on the 28th Governor Matthews ordered Clarke's arrest. Clarke surrendered himself to the superior court of Wilkes county, but the grand jury refused to indict him and he was discharged. Encouraged by this he returned to the Oconee country and laid off a town at Fort Advance, which was about nine miles below Fort Fidius. The settlement was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

397

finally broken up by the militia, who burned the fort and Clarke abandoned the enterprise. The incident is sometimes called the "Oconee war." Clarke then retired to his home in Wilkes county, where he died on Dec. 15, 1799.
Clarke, James Kirkwood, of Darien, is now living essentially retired in this quaint old historic town, after having been actively identified with the lumber industry for more than fifty years. Sev eral years ago he retired from active business but continues to hold a directorship in the Southern Pine Company, in which he is largely interested and with which company he has always been closely identified. His two sons succeeded the old firm and do a large ex porting business under the firm name of Clarke Bros., maintaining offices in Darien and Mobile. Mr. Clarke was born in 1837 and came to Savannah in 1853 from Canada, and first came to Darien in 1857, since which time he has resided alternately in these two places according to the demands of his business. He is a man of great integrity and is held in high regard by all who are familiar with his long and honorable career. He has always been uncom promising in his support of the principles of the Democratic party, but has always declined to hold political office, being distinctively a business man.
Clarke, John, one of Georgia's early governors was a son of Gen. Elijah Clarke and was born in North Carolina in 1766. As a boy he attended the schools of Wake county, N. C. and when only sixteen years old began his military career as a lieutenant in the Continental army. He distinguished himself at the battle of Jack's Creek, and after the war became a major general of militia. When the second war with England came, he was placed in charge of all the forces destined for the protection of the seacoast and southern boundary of the state. In 1816 he was one of the presidential elec tors, was elected governor in 1819 and reflected two years later. Through personal and political animosity he challenged William H. Crawford to fight a duel, and a shot from his pistol broke Crawford's wrist. In 1827 he went to Florida and died there on Oc tober 15, 1832.
Clarke, Richard H. lawyer, statesman and writer, was born in in Georgia. After completing his literary education he studied law, and was admitted to the bar. In 1849 he was elected state senator, at a time when politics was in an unsettled condition. In 1858 Governor Brown appointed him a delegate to the southern com mercial convention which met at Montgomery, Ala., and later he was selected in connection with David Irwin and Thomas R. R.

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Cobb to codify the laws of Georgia. Judge Clarke was a mem ber of the convention which passed the ordinance of secession, and after the war served his state as counsel during the reconstruction period. He was one of the judges of the superior court for years and until his death. His wide knowledge as well as his ability as a writer are shown by his many published sketches.
Clarke's Mills. In January, 1815, a few days after the British were driven from Cumberland island, they descended the St. Mary's river in twenty-three barges, for the purpose of burning the mills belonging to Major Clarke, who was accused of breaking his parole. Their object was to land at a place called Camp Pinckney and march to the mills, which were located on Spanish creek some three miles from where it empties into the St. Mary's. As the barges were ascending the river they were attacked by a company of twenty-eight men commanded by Capt. William Cone. The growth of palmetto trees along the banks formed an effective screen for Cone's men, who were thus enabled to keep out of range of the cannon on board the boats. For several miles the British were harassed by this little band, every turn in the river bringing a fresh fire upon the barges. Cone's men were unerring in their aim and every shot brought down a man. Finding no way of avoiding this deadly fire the British retraced their course to St. Mary's with the loss of 180 killed and as many more wounded.
Clarkesville, the county seat of Habersham county, is on the line of the Tallulah Falls railway near the Soquee river on a high ridge which commands a view of picturesque grandeur. The pop ulation of the district in 1900 was 1,382 of whom 491 lived in the town. Though a very old town and from early days a summer resort for the rich citizens of middle and southern Georgia, its growth in population has been slow. The old act incorporating it was repealed in 1850 and in 1870 a new charter was granted. It was incorporated as a city in 1897 and graded schools were estab lished in 1899. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order post office with rural free delivery, a bank, several good business houses, a canning factory, a grist mill, and a small wood working plant. Two miles south of Clarksville on the Soquee river are a cotton mill and a woolen mill.
Clarkston, a town in Dekalb county, is a short distance west of Stone Mountain, on the main line of the Georgia railroad. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph Service, several mer cantile establishments, good schools and churches, and in 1900

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

399

had a population of 363. It was incorporated by act of the legisla ture on Dec. 20, 1898.
Claxton, in the eastern part of Tattnall county, is located on the
Seaboard Air Line railway, in the midst of the lumber and turpen
tine region. Its population, according to the census of 1900 was
553, while that of the district including it was 3,085. It has a money order post-office, with rural free delivery, two banks, ex
press and telegraph offices, several stores, some of which carry on
a large business, and good educational and religious advantages. Clay, Alexander Stephens, was born in Cobb county, Sept. 25,
1853. He graduated at Hiawassee College in 1875; taught school two years, studying law in the meantime, and was admitted to the bar in 1877. He was elected to the general assembly in 1884, and again in 1886, and during the second term was speaker of the house. In 1892 he was elected to the State senate and was president of that body for two years. He was chairman of the Democratic state ex ecutive committee in 1894 and conducted the campaign of his party that year; was chosen United States senator in 1896 to succeed Gen. John B. Gorden, and was reflected for the full term beginningMarch 4, 1903.
Clay County was created in 1854 from Early and Randolph and named for Henry Clay, the "Great Pacificator." It lies in the southwestern part of the state, and is bounded on the north by Quitman and Randolph counties, on the east by Randolph and Calhoun, on the south by Early, and on the west by the State of Al abama. The Chattahoochee river flows along the western border and with its branches drains the land. The water-power is good and factories are in operation in different localities throughout the county. The surface is level and in many places bears the original growth of long leaf pine. Oak and hickory follow the streams, but the output of lumber is not great. Corn, wheat, cotton, oats, rice, sweet potatoes and sugar-cane are grown, and melons, peaches, grapes and various berries prove especially profitable. A branch of the Central of Georgia railroad system crosses the county and steamboats plying up and down the Chattahoochee river make travel and transportation easy. Fort Gaines, the county seat, is on the Chattahoochee river, 160 feet above the common water mark. It occupies the site of a fort, built in 1816 by General Gaines as a protection from the Indians. Bluffton is another town of the county. The population in 1900 was 8,568, showing a gain of 761 in ten years.
Clayhill, a post-hamlet of Lincoln county, is in the extreme south-

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ern portion, on the Little river. The nearest railroad station is Thomson, the county seat of McDuffie county.
Clay, Joseph, member of the Continental Congress, was born at Beverly, Yorkshire, England, Oct. 16, 1741. In 1760 he came to Georgia and was for a time associated with James Habersham in the commission business at Savannah. When the liberty pole was raised at Tondee's tavern in July, 1774, he was one of the com mittee on resolutions; afterward served on the Council of Safety; participated in the rape of the powder magazine in May, 1775; was one of the committee to value the shipping and property of Sa vannah when the city was threatened by the British in 1776; was elected to the Continental Congress in 1778 and reflected in each of the two following years; after the war was treasurer of the State of Georgia; and was one of the trustees that founded the educational institution that afterward became the University of Georgia. He died at Savannah on Nov. 15, 1804.
Clays. Among the mineral products of Georgia may be men tioned clays of various kinds. In almost all parts of the state may be found a clay suitable for the manufacture of common brick, much of it of fine quality. North of a line drawn from Columbus through Macon to Augusta clay adapted to the manufacture of the coarser kinds of earthenware is found in several localities. Directly south of this line lies a narrow zone in which extensive deposits of fire clay have been opened and which have proved to be good investments, owing to the superior quality of the clay. Fine pot tery clay is found in Baldwin county, as well as in some other parts of the clay belt. Nine miles south of Milledgeville, on the Central of Georgia railroad, is a postoffice called Stephens' Pottery, which takes its name from a large industry of that character. There sewer pipes, jars, vases and many kinds of ornamental clay work are turned out in large quantities. Potters' clay is also known to exist in Crawford, Screven, Washington and some of the other counties.
Clayton, the capital of Rabun county, is located on the Tallulah Falls railway about the center of the county at the foot of the Blue Ridge and is named in honor of Judge Augustine S. Clayton of Clarke 'county, judge of the superior court and in 1833 a member of Congress. The town of Clayton was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1823. It has a bank, a money order post office with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, a court house, several stores, and is well provided with churches and schools. The population was 199 in 1900.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

401

Clayton, Augustine S., was born at Fredericksburg, Va., in 1783; came with his family to Georgia when very young; attended the state university; studied law and was admitted to the Franklin county bar. Subsequently he removed to Athens and was selected by the legislature in 1810 to compile the statutes of the state from 1800. He served in both houses of the general assembly; as judge of the superior court in his circuit from 1819 to 1828; was elected representative in Congress in 1832 as a State Rights Democrat to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Wilson Lumpkin; was reflected in 1833 and served until March, 1835. He died at Athens, June 21, 1839.
Clayton County was created Nov. 30, 1858, from Fayette and Henry and was named for Agustine S. Clayton. It is in the central part of the state and is bounded On the north by Fulton and Dekalb counties, on the east by Henry, on the south by Henry, Fay ette and Spaulding, and on the west by Fayette and Campbell. The surface is rolling and the soil is a fertile red clay, changing in some places to gray, gravelly lands. The leading productions are cotton, corn, wheat and oats. Peaches, apples and other fruits do well. The forests are composed of oak and hickory, with some ash, maple, walnut, poplar, gum and second growth pine, and the annual output of lumber and naval stores is considerable. Clayton county is quite extensively engaged in manufacturing, especially along the banks of the Flint river and some of its tributaries, where the waterpower is fine. Two lines of the Southern railway system and the Central of Georgia cross the county from north to south, centering' at Atlanta. The railroad service is therefore especially good. There is a deposit of asbestos in the county, but it is not mined. Jonesboro is the county seat. Lovejoy Station, Morrow and Rex are other towns. The population in 1900 was 9,598, an increase of 1,303 since 1890.
Clear Creek is a stream of Central and western Georgia, on. which during Stoneman's raid, General Wheeler had a sharp skirmish with the enemy, on July 30, 1864.
Cleckley, William Connor, D. D. S., one of the representative dental practitioners of the city of Augusta, was born in Columbus, Muscogee county, Ga., March 11, 1859, and is a son of Dr. Hervey M. and Frances P.. (Schley) Cleckley, the former of whom was born in St. Matthews, S. C, and the latter in Sandersville, Ga. Dr. Hervey Milton Cleckley was an able physician and surgeon, having been graduated in the South Carolina medical college, at Charleston; and also in the Hahnemann medical college, of Phila-
26

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

delphia. He was thus a practitioner of both the regular and the homeopathic schools. He was engaged, in the work of his profes sion for a number of years in Columbus, Ga., and later in Charles ton, S. C, and passed the closing years of his life in Augusta,, where he died on July 4, 1898, his remains being laid to rest in
Charleston. He was engaged in the prac
tice of his exacting profession for more than half a century and was held in high esteem both as a physician and as a man of sterling attributes of character. He was seventy-four years of age at the time-
of his death. He was a grandson of John Adam Treutlen, the first governor elected by popular vote in Georgia. Frances P.
(Schley) Cleckley, died on June 13, 1894; she was a first cousin of Admiral Winfield Scott Schley, of the United States navy. Dr. William C. Cleckley secured his literary education in public and private schools in the city of Charleston, after which he entered the Baltimore college of dental surgery, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1882, receiving the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. He opened an office in Augusta in October of the same year, and here he has built up a large and representative practice, standing high in the ranks of his profession in the state. The Doctor is also well known as a fancier and breeder of fine poultry, and for many years he has been an exhibitor of prize-winning chickens at the principal poultry shows of the Union, while he also made an exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in St. Louis, in 1904. His collection of blue ribbons is a large and interesting one, and he seldom makes an exhibit that does not win a prize. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Jan. 20, 1892, Dr. Cleckley was united in marriage to Miss Cora Alberta Davis, daughter of the late Charles Davis, who was a prominent banker and merchant of Greensboro, Ga. Dr. and Mrs. Cleckley have one son, Hervey Milton, who was born Sept. 7, 1903. Clem, a little village in the southeastern part of Carroll county, is on the line of the Central of Georgia railroad that runs from Griffin to Chattanooga. It has a money order postoffice, with ruralfree delivery, a telegraph office, and is the trading center and ship ping point for that portion of the county.

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Clement, Andrew Y., who is success fully engaged in the practice of law in Monticello, the judicial center of Jasper county, is a native Georgian, having
been born near Blairsville, Union.county, on May 9, 1814, and is a son of Taylor and Rebecca Anne (Akins) Clement, both of whom were likewise born in Union county, the former in 1853 and the latter in 1855. Mr. Clement taught
school in Union, Fannin, Jackson and Walton counties, and secured his more purely academic education in the YoungHarris college, graduated with honors herefrom in 1898, and re ceiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts, after which he entered the law department of Mercer university at Macon, where he grad uated in the spring of. 1900 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was admitted to the bar of his native state in June of the same year, and in 1902 he located in Monticello, where he has built ur> a very successful practice and gained distinctive popularity, both professionally and personally. He is unwavering in his allegiance to the Democratic party, but has never sought or held office, save that he was called upon to serve as school commissioner of Union county, having been elected to this office before attaining to his legal majority. He and his wife are members of the local Baptist church, of whose Sunday school he is superintendent. On Jan. 10, 1897, Mr. Clement was united in marriage to Miss Mary Ellen Bryson, daughter of M. H. and Arminta J. (Corn) Bryson, of Young Harris, Ga. The only child of this union is Oliver Wendell Clement, born Feb. 4, 1898. Clements, Judson C., lawyer and member of Congress, was born in Walker county, Feb. 12, 184G; was educated at a private school, and academy there; studied law at the Cumberland university, Lebanon, Tenn., and began practice in 1869 at Lafayette; was elected to the lower branch of the legislature in 1872 and served four years; was state senator from his district in 1877; served as school commissioner of Walker county; was elected to Congress in 1880 and served for ten years by reflections, and upon retiring from Congress was appointed interstate commerce commissioner. Cleola, a little village in the eastern part of Harris county, is on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern railway. It

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has a money order postoffice and is a shipping place of some im portance to that section of the county.
Clermont, (formerly Dip) a post-hamlet of Hall county, is not far from the White county line. Bellton, ten miles to the south east, on the Southern railway, is the nearest station.
Cleveland, the county seat of White county, was named for Hon. Benjamin Cleveland, who for many years represented his county in the Georgia legislature. It has a population of 231 and was in corporated in 1870. It has express and telegraph offices, a money order post office with rural free delivery, a court house, several good stores and church and school privileges.
Cleveland, Jesse, was elected representative in Congress in 1834 as a Union Democrat, and reflected in 1836. He subsequently removed to Charleston, S. C., where he engaged in mercantile pur suits, and died in that city in May, 1841.
Clift, Joseph W., was born in North Marshfield, Mass., in 1856. He attended the public schools and Phillips Academy and later learned the carpenters' trade. He then studied medicine. When the war broke out he enlisted and from July 13, 1861, to August, 1865, was acting surgeon in the United States army. After the surrender he practiced medicine at Savannah; was appointed reg istrar of that city by Major-General Pope under the reconstruction acts, and in 1868 was elected representative in Congress, where he served until May 3, 1869.
Climax, a town in the eastern part of Decatur county, is on the main line of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad and is the termi nus of a short branch of the same system that runs by way of Fowlstown into Florida. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, and in 1900 had a pop ulation of 200. A good part of the products of the county is shipped_ from Climax.
Clinch, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Clinch county, is about eighteen miles northwest of Homerville. The nearest rail road station is Bostick, on the Ocilla, Pinebloom & Valdosta.
Clinch County was created from Ware in 1852 and was named for Gen. Duncan L. Clinch, a soldier in the Seminole war and sub sequently a member of Congress. It lies in the southern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Coffee county, on the east by Ware, on the south by Echols and the State of Florida, and on the west by Lowndes and Berrien counties. The Allapaha river outlines the western boundary, numerous small streams cross the county and the great Okefinokee swamp encroaches on the east-

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ern border. Fully five-sixths of the area are covered with a dense growth of yellow pine, cypress and live oaks, some of the last named being of gigantic proportions. Many of the trees will yield 1,000 feet of lumber, the average output of yellow pine alone run ning from 2,000 to 30,000 feet to the acre. Turpentine and rosin are produced in large quantities. The land, when cleared, is well adapted to the production of sugar-cane. Other agricultural pro ductions are cotton, corn, tobacco and potatoes. The cotton is of the long staple variety and commands a much higher price than the short staple. There are immense tracts of wild grass, which afford grazing for stock, and cattle, sheep and hogs can be raised without much expense. Shipping facilities are good. The Atlantic Coast Line railway traverses the county from east to west, a short branch of the same system leaves the main line at Dupont, near the center of the county, and runs south into Florida, while the Georgia Southern & Florida crosses the southern portion. Homerville is the county seat and Dupont is an important town. The population in 1900 was 8,732, an increase of 1,890 in ten years.
Clinch, Duncan L., was born in North Carolina in April, 1798". He entered the United States army as first lieutenant in 1808;; fought through the war of 1812; was appointed brigadier-general! in 1829, and in that capacity served during the Seminole war of 1835. The following year he resigned his commission and settled on a plantation near St. Mary's, Ga.; was elected to Congress from his district in 1844 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Millen, and served until March, 1845. He died at Macon, Nov. 27, 1849.
Clinton, until recently the county seat of Jones county, is located about two miles south of Gray, the present county seat, and in 1900 reported a population of 324. It was incorporated in 1816, has a money order postoffice, several good mercantile estab lishments, schools, churches, etc. Gray is the nearest railroad sta tion. On July 30, 1864, a skirmish occurred here, which was one of the incidents of Stoneman's raid. (q. v.) When Sherman be gan his march to the sea in the following November one division of the Federal troops was met near Clinton on the 20th and the advance driven back on the main body by the Confederates under Col. W. C. P. Breckenridge. The Federals occupied the town on the 21st. A small body of Wheeler's cavalry made a dash on Osterhaus' division and captured one man within a few feet of the general's headquarters. They were driven back by superior num-

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bers, when Wheeler coming up with two regiments turned the tide of battle and forced the enemy to abandon the- pursuit.
Clipper, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Gilmer county, is near the Pickens county line. The most convenient railroad station is Talkingrock, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Clito, a post-hamlet of Bulloch county, is located about halfway between Dover and Statesboro on a branch of the Central of Geor gia railway.
Clopton, a post-village of Putnam county, with a population of 70 in 1900, is about seven miles southwest of Eatonton, between Murder creek and the Little river. The nearest railway station is Dennis, on the Milledgeville and Covington division of the Cen tral of Georgia.
Cluese, a post-village of Columbia county, is eight miles north west of Appling. The population in 1900 was 47. The nearest railroad station is Thomson, the county seat of McDuffie county.
Clyattville, a post-village of Lowndes county, with a population of 75 in 1900, is located on the Valdosta Southern railway, about four miles north of the Florida line.
Clyde, the county seat of Bryan county, located near the Cannouchee river, has a population of 107. It has a court house, a post office and a few stores and residences. It is about seven miles to the nearest railroad station on the Atlantic Coast Line.
Clyo, a village of Effingham county, is located about ten miles north of Springfield, on the division of the Seaboard Air Line rail way that runs from Savannah into South Carolina. The population in 1900 was 1GO. It has a money order postoffice, express and tele graph service, and is the chief trading and shipping point for that portion of the county.
Coal. Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia for 1891 says: "In the northwestern counties of Georgia an area of about 300 square miles is underlaid by the eastern edge of the Appalachian coal field near its southern extremity, embracing portions of Dade and Walker counties. The coal is semi-bituminous, and yields a fair quality of coke." As a matter of fact the coal measures of Georgia form the northern extension of what is known as the Warrior Coal Field of Alabama and extend as far south as Chattooga county. The principal, mines are on the slopes of Sand and Lookout moun tains. The formation is divided here as elsewhere in the Appalach ian fields into upper and lower measures. The upper measure, which has seven different seams, is about 900 feet in thickness, and is best developed in the neighborhood of the Durham mine on

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Lookout mountain. On Sand mountain, near Cole City, three seams in the lower measure are profitably worked. Some of the mines here have been been worked for more than a half century, and were among the first to be opened south of the Ohio river. In Chattooga county some of the coal beds are exposed near Little river. All the coal is well suited for steam purposes. A few years ago a narrow gauge railroad was constructed to the mines, most of which are from 800 to 900 feet above the valley. Since then the average annual output of the Georgia mines has been about 300.000 tons. Lignite, a coal of inferior quality, has been found in small quantities near the limits of the tertiary formations.
Coal Mountain, a village in the central part of Fprsyth county, reported a population of 125 in 1900. It is seven miles northeast of the county seat, the nearest railroad station being Flowery Branch, on the Southern.
Coart, John C., secretary and treasurer of the board of trade of the city of Columbus,,where he is also successfully established in the insurance and real-estate business, is one of the progressive and popular young business men of his native city and is now serving as captain of the Columbus Guards. He was born in Co lumbus, Sept. 30, 1874, a son of William C. Coart, of whom individ ual mention is made in this work. John C. Coart secured his edu cation in the public schools of Columbus, attending the same until he had attained the age of sixteen years, when he assumed a clerical position in the offices of the Georgia Home Insurance Company, of which his father is secretary. He remained identified with the office affairs of this old and popular company for a period of nine years, at the expiration of which, in 1899, he established himself in the insurance and real-estate business in his home city, and has made the enterprise a most successful one with a representa tive clientage. Since 1899 he has also been secretary of the Colum bus Savings and Loan association; for the past six years he has served as secretary of the Columbus board of trade,.being alert and progressive in his. attitude and showing deep interest in all that concerns the welfare and advancement of his beautiful home city. On April 25, 1892, Mr. Coart became a member of that popu lar military organization, the Columbus Guards. He was promoted to sergeant on Jan. 10, 1900; was made first sergeant in January, 1901; became second lieutenant April 3,1901; first lieutenant Marcb 30, 1903; and on April 25, 1904, was appointed captain by Gover nor Terrell and has since continued in command of the Columbus Guards. He is a member of the Muscogee club, and is at the

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present time representing the seventh ward on the board of alder men, as a stanch supporter of the principles of which the Demo cratic party stands exponent. He and his wife are communicants of Trinity church, Protestant Episcopal. On Nov. 19, 1902,'was solemnized the marriage of Captain Coart to Miss Sybil Cook Woolfolk, daughter of Capt. Thomas Nelson Woolfolk, formerly a resident of Columbus but now residing in Albany, Ga. Captain and Mrs. Coart have pne son, John C, Jr., born Dec. 25, 1905.
Coart, William C., the able and honored secretary of the Georgia Home Insurance Company, was born at Newbern, N. C., July 4, 1841', a son of John C. and Margaret (Templeton) Coart, both natives of that state. The mother died when the subject of this sketch was but two years of age and the father was killed in the battle of Newbern. William C. Coart was about ten years of age when he first came to Columbus, Ga., having been sent here, in company with a younger brother, to attend school. When the war broke out he was with his father in the state of New York, and the latter took his two sons and succeeded in running the blockade in June, 1861, making their way to the old home in the south. John C. Coart entered the Confederate ranks and continued in active service until his death, as noted above. His two sons, who were then mere lads, came to Columbus, and both entered the Confederate service before the close of the war, having served dur ing the last year of the great conflict as members of a home com pany from Columbus, the command being made up of old men and boys. From that time to the present Mr. Coart has maintained his home in Columbus, where he has gained prestige as a successful business man and a worthy citizen. He entered the employ of the Georgia Home Insurance Company in the capacity of office" boy, and has been identified with the affairs of the company ever since, a period of thirty-eight years. Since 1881 he has been secretary of the company, having held this important official position for a quarter of a century. Mr. Coart is a stalwart in the camp of the Democratic party, is a Knight Templar Mason, and is a communi cant of the Protestant Episcopal church, being senior warden of St. Mary's parish and a most zealous churchman. On April 18, 1872, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Chandler Holt, who died Jan. 23, 1885, leaving three children, John C., Leroy Holt and Mary Amoret, the last named being now the wife of Dr. A. A. Williams, of Columbus. On April 14, 1887, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Coart to Miss Julia Pauline Dillard, of Columbus,

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and they have six children: Pauline, Myrtice, William C, Jr., George T., Margaret, and Leanna.
Coastal Plain. (See Geology). Cobb, a post-hamlet in the southeast corner of Sumter county, fifteen miles from Americus, on the Seaboard Air Line railroad that runs from Lumpkin to Cordele. Cobb, Andrew J., jurist, was born at Athens, Ga., April 12, 1857, his parents being Howell and Mary A. (Lamar) Cobb. In 1876 he graduated at the University of Georgia and from the law depart ment of the same institution the following year. From 1884 to 1893 he was a professor of law in his alma mater; was city attorney of Athens from 1887 to 1891; elected a member of the Athens board of education in 1886 and served three years, being president of the board in 1889; was dean of the Atlanta law school from 1893 to 1898; trustee of the state university for two years, and in 1896 was elected associate justice of the supreme court. His term expires on Jan. 1, 1909. He is a Democrat in his political belief; was the author of the Athens dispensary law for the sale of intoxicating liquors the first legally established in the United States. Judge Cobb belongs to the Baptist church, the State bar-association and the Kappa Alpha fraternity. Cobb County was laid off from Cherokee in 1833 and was named for Judge Thomas W. Cobb, a prominent jurist of Georgia. It is located a short distance northwest of the capital, in a district that was once dotted over with Indian towns. It is bounded on the north by Bartow and Cherokee counties, on the east by Milton and Fulton, on the southeast by Fulton and a small portion of Campbell, on the south by Douglas, and on the west by Paulding. The soil in some parts is gray, with a mulatto subsoil, and is well adapted to the growing of small grains. In other portions, the red lands produce abundant crops of cotton and corn. Fruits and veg etables thrive everywhere, the orchards and truck farms being certain sources of revenue to their owners. Dairy farming and poultry raising are given considerable attention with good results. Cobb county is fortunately situated. In addition to the local markets it is but a little way to Atlanta, where the surplus products find a ready sale at good prices. The timber of the county consists of oak, hickory, maple, ash and the short leaf pine. The streams supply fine water-power, which is extensively employed in manu facturing, cotton and knit goods, lumber products and finished marble being the chief articles of manufacture. Much of the cotton raised in Bartow and Cherokee counties is milled in Cobb, and a

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large part of the marble from the Pickens county quarries is pol ished at Marietta, which is the county seat and principal city. Oth er towns are Nickajack, Acworth, Kennesaw, Smyrna, Austell and Powder Springs. At the last named there are mineral waters, strongly impregnated with sulphur and magnesia, from which the town takes its name. The mineral productions of the county are gold, copper and granite. Few counties in the state are better supplied with transportation facilities. The Western & Atlantic railroad runs across the county from southeast to northwest, two main lines of the Southern provide accommodations to the south ern and eastern portions, a short branch of the same system ter minates at Roswell, the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern runs north from Marietta and a division of the Seaboard Air Line crosses the southern part. In addition to these lines there is an electric road from Marietta to Atlanta, on which trains are run every hour.
Cobb, Howell, for many years prominent in the affairs of Georgia, was born at Cherry Hill, Jefferson county, Sept. 7, 1815. He grad uated at the state university in 1834 and two years later began the practice of law, in which he soon won an enviable standing. In 1836 he was a presidential elector; was elected solicitor-general in 18371 ; representative in Congress in 1842 and three times reflected; was speaker of the house in 1850; was governor of Georgia from 1851 to 1853; reentered Congress in 1854; was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Buchanan, but resigned, and became a leader in the secession movement in his native state; entered the Confederate army and rose to the rank of major-general; took an active part in the work of restoration of the state, and died at New York, Oct. 9, 1868.
Cobb, Rev. Thomas Jordan, the hon ored pastor of Excelsior, Corinth and Claxton churches, lives at Statesboro, Bulloch county. He was born at Shan non, Robeson county, N. C., July 30, 1863, being a son of Gray E. and Nellie (Connolly) Cobb, the former born in Sampson county, N. C., in 1812, and the latter in Robeson county in 1814. Gray E. Cobb, who was a farmer by vocation^ was a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, serving at garrison duty at Fort Fisher and receiving his honorable discharge after a term of about two years, on account of physical

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disability. He passed the closing years of his life in Robeson county, on his farm, where he died Oct. 10, 1886, at the age of sixty-three years. His widow is still living, at the advanced age of eighty-one years (1900) and makes her home at the old home stead at Shannon, N. C., being well preserved in mind and body, one of those noble and gracious women to whom is ever accorded the affectionate regard of those who come within the immediate sphere of influence. Thomas J. Cobb passed his boyhood days on the homestead farm and his early educational advantages were those of the country schools of his native county. His ambition for a liberal education was early quickened, and he gained the same through his own efforts, as his parents were in very mod erate financial circumstances after the close of the Civil war, which worked so great havoc throughout the South. He finally entered AVake Forest college in September, 1884, in Wake county, N. C., where he remained a student for three years, after which he con tinued his studies for eighteen months in the University of Rochester, New York. While in Rochester he worked, attending to furnaces night and morning and made his expenses until finally his health failed after eighteen months of study. In the mean while he had taken up the work of preparing himself for the min istry of the Baptist church. After leaving college he remained about six months on the home farm, for the purpose of recuperat ing his energies prior to taking up the active work of the ministry. In July, 1890, having been duly ordained as a clergyman, Mr. Cobb accepted a call to the pastorate of the Missionary Baptist church at Chadbourn, N. C., and in connection he also assumed pastoral charge of two other church organizations, in the vicinity of the town, laboring faithfully and with marked success in this field for a period of seven years, at the expiration of which, in 1897, he lo cated in Statesboro, Ga., as pastor of the Excelsior, Friendship, Fellowship and Corinth Baptist churches. He has brought marked vitality into both the spiritual and temporal work of the churches and is held in unqualified esteem in the community, being known as a forceful and earnest speaker and as one devoted to the work of his noble calling. He gives a strong allegiance to the Demo cratic party, though never active in political affairs, and he is identified with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Feb. 11, 1891, Mr. Cobb was united in marriage to Miss Annie Laurie Klapp, of Lumber Bridge, N1. C., and a daughter of S. P. and Sarah (Nelson) Klapp. On July 31, 1900, Mrs. Cobb was instantly

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killed by a stroke of lightning, leaving her devoted husband and three children to mourn her loss. The children are Clara May, Norvin Durham and Annie Laurie. On June 26, 1901, Mr. Cobb was united in marriage to Miss Eva May Bradley, who was born and reared in Barnwell county, S. C., being a daughter of David and Emma (Miller) Bradley. Two children have been born of this second marriage, Wallace Gray and Nellie Lou, and Mrs. Cobb is also unfailing in her devotion to the children of her hus band's former marriage, the eldest of the number having been but nine years of age at the time of the tragic death of their own mother. During his eight years in Georgia Mr. Cobb has made but one change in his work, preaching at the same churches, ex cept Claxton. He gave up Friendship and Fellowship and is giv ing two Sundays each month to Claxton.
Cobb, Thomas Reed Rootes, lawyer and soldier, was born in Jefferson county, Ga., April 10, 1823. He graduated with first honors from the state university in 1841 and the following year began the practice of law at Athens. From 1849 to 1857 he was reporter of the supreme court; was one of the commission to cod ify the laws in 1861; a delegate to the secession convention; .mem ber of the committee to draft the ordinance; one of the commit tee on constitution; author of the Confederate state constitution; the member of the Confederate provisional congress; on the com mittee that drafted the permanent Confederate constitution; com missioned colonel in August, 1861, and brigadier-general in the Confederate army in November, 1862; won renown as a military commander, and was killed at the battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13, 1862. Mr. Cobb ranked high as a lawyer, not only in his own state, but throughout the South. Prior to the war he published a "Digest of the Laws of Georgia" and two works on the question of slavery. He married a daughter of Chief Justice Lumpkin, and three of his daughters became the wives of Henry Jackson, Hoke Smith and A. L. Hull.
Cobb, Thomas W., was born in Columbia county in 1784, studied law and began to practice at Greensboro. He was elected repre sentative in Congress in 1816, 1818 and again in 1820, but before the expiration of the last term he was chosen United States sen ator, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Nicholas Ware, and served from 1824 to 1828, when he resigned. He was subse quently made judge of the superior court and died at Greensboro, Feb. 1, 1830.
Cobbham, a post-hamlet of McDuffie county, is about ten miles,

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almost due north, from Thomson, which is the nearest railroad station.
Cobbville, a post-hamlet of Telfair county, is about ten miles south of McRae, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Cochran, a town of Pulaski county on that division of the south ern railway which runs between Macon and Brunswick, is a thriv ing place, with a money order post office, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, two banks, two variety works, a cot ton mill with 5000 spindles and a capital of $100,000 and a cotton seed oil mill. It has a good trade, handles nearly 10,000 bales of cotton annually and is well supplied with churches and schools. The Cochran district contains 2,385 inhabitants, of which number 1,531 live in the town. Cochran was first incorporated by act of the legislature in 1869 and a new charter was granted in 1880.
Cockspur Island is a small island at the mouth of the Savannah river, nearly opposite the outlet of Tybee creek. It is so situated as to command the entrance to the river and has therefore been the site of a fortification almost from the earliest settlement of the colony. (See Forts George and Pulaski). Early in March, 1776, a skirmish occurred here between a body of British regulars and handful of American patriots. Two American lieutenants, Oates and Laroach, were killed but the British were finally driven from the island and compelled to take shelter in their ships.
Code of Laws. The first constitution of the state provided "that within five years after the adoption of this constitution the body of our law, civil and criminal, shall be revised, digested, and ar ranged under proper heads, and promulgated in such manner as the legislature may direct." An act was passed by the general assembly on Dec. 6, 1792, for carrying this section of the organic law into effect but nothing was done toward a codification of the laws. In 1827 Governor Forsyth urged the legislature to take steps to secure such a revision, digest and arrangement of the laws as was contemplated by the constitution, but the system at that time seemed satisfactory and no action was taken. On Dec. 9, 1858, a law was passed providing for the election of three commis sioners to codify the laws. David Irwin, Herschel V. Johnson and Iverson L. Harris were elected. Johnson and Harris declined to serve and Governor Brown appointed Thomas R. R. Cobb and Richard H. Clarke to1 fill the vacancies. Soon after their election or appointment the commissioners met at Atlanta and divided the work among themselves, Mr. Clarke taking the political and pub lic laws, Mr. Cobb the civil and criminal laws, and Mr. Irwin the

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code of practice. After each had finished the work assigned him the three met together at Atlanta and went over the entire subject section by section, completing their labors in August, 1860. The code was divided into four parts Political, Civil, Practice and1 Penal and the penal code was subdivided into laws for the gov ernment of the whites and laws for the government of slaves and free persons of color. On Dec. 19, 1860, the code was adopted by the legislature, and on March 18, 1861, it was ordered by a con vention of the people that the laws be made to conform to the re quirements of the newly established government of the Confeder ate States. This was done in 1863. The war made a revision of the laws necessary and in 1867 the revision was made by David Irwin. Governor Jenkins submitted this revision to a committee of citizens, composed of Andrew J. Hansell, Logan E. Bleckley and Nathaniel J. Hammond. This is known as the Code of 1868. In 1873 another revision, based on the constitution of 1868, was made by David Irwin, George N. Lester and Walter B. Hill. By the act of Sept. 16, 1881, George N. Lester, C. Rowell and Walter B. Hill were appointed commissioners to revise the laws and this code remained in force until Dec. 19, 1893, when the legislature passed an act providing for the appointment of a commission of "three citizens, learned in the law," to codify the laws of the state. Each commissioner was to receive for his services the sum of $3,000, one half when the manuscript should be filed with the governor and the remainder when the new code should be ap proved by the general assembly. Under the provisions of this act Governor Northen, Chief Justice Logan E. Bleckley, and the two associate justices T. J. Sirnmons and Samuel Lumpkin, met and appointed John L. Hopkins, of Fulton county, Clifford Anderson, of Bibb, and Joseph R. Lamar, of Richmond. The work of this commission was submitted to a committee of the legisla ture, appointed to examine it, and upon the favorable report of this committee the new code was adopted by the general assembly, by the act of Dec. 16, 1895, and 10,000 copies ordered printed. A re cent writer (West) says of the code of 1858: "Thus the work was done, and Georgia received from these able and painstaking men a written body of Jaws such as is possessed by no other state or people. That it should have been attempted at all was daring; and that it should have succeeded in anything like its perfection was marvelous, and one of the greatest triumphs of the mind of man." That code constituted the basis of all subsequent revisions, and in fact forms the foundation of the code of Georgia todav.

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Coe, a post-hamlet of Tattnell county, is located about fourteen miles southeast of Reidsville and not far from the Liberty county line. Reidsville is the nearest railroad station.
Coffee, a village in the northern part of Pierce county, is on the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad. In 1900 the population was 136. It has a money order postoffice, and is a shipping point of some importance for the northern part of Pierce and the southern part of Appling counties.
Coffee County was created in 1854 from Appling, Telfair and Irwin, and was named for Gen. John E. Coffee, a soldier of the War of 1813. In August, 1905, a part was set off to form Jeff Davis county. Prior to this, the county was bounded by Telfair county on the north, Appling and Ware on the east, Clinch on the south, and Berrien and Irwin on the west. It is well watered by the Satilla and the Ocmulgee rivers, with their tributaries, and along the streams the land is very fertile. Cotton, corn, sugarcane, potatoes and melons are raised. The land is especially adapted to the production, of peaches. Much of the original yel low pine still stands, and the swamps contain an endless supply of hickory, gum, oak and cypress timber which has not yet been touched. The trade in yellow pine lumber and rraval stores is immense. The vast stretches of pine woods give a good range for sheep, hogs and cattle, which may be raised almost without expense. Water transportation is supplied by the Ocmulgee river, while the Atlantic & Birmingham and the Wr adley & Alt. Vernon railroads give facilities for railroad transportation. Doug las, the county seat, Withlacoochee, and Pearson are the princi pal towns. The schools of the county are excellent and at Douglas is the Southern Normal Institute, one of the best schools of this sort in the state. The population of the county in 1900 was 16,169, a gain of 5,(586 in ten years.
Coffee, John E., a soldier of the War of 1812, was a resident of Georgia. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house of Congress and reflected in 1834. His death occurred in 1836, before the expiration of the second term, and he was succeeded by William C. Dawson. Coffee county was named in his honor.
Coffinton, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Stewart county, is only a short .distance from the Chattahoochee river. Omaha, ten miles north on the Seaboard Air Line, is the nearest railroad station.
Cogburn, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Dawson county, is on the Chattahoochee river ten miles southeast of Dawsonville.

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The most convenient railroad station is Gainesville, the county seat of Hall county.
Cohutta, a town in the northern part of Whitfield county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 3, 1895. It is on the Chattanooga Southern railway, about twelve miles north of Dalton, has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph of fices, and in 1900 had a population of 283.
Cohutta Springs, a post-village of Murray county, is about ten miles northeast of Springplace. The population in 1900 was 66. The nearest railroad station is Varnell's, on the Chattanooga Southern.
Colbert, a village of Madison county, with a population of 141 in 1900, is about eight miles south of Danielsville, at the junc tion of the Seaboard Air Line and the Smithonia, Danielsville & Carnesville railways. The place was formerly known as Five Forks. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service and is the principal trading center and shipping point for the southern part of the county.
Cole City, in Dade county, is in the extreme northwestern cor ner of Georgia, about five miles from the Alabama Great South-, ern railway. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1873, has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, several stores, schools and churches. Its 500 inhabitants are largely en gaged in mining operations, the chief business of that section of the State.
Coleman, a town in the southwestern part of Randolph county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 23, 1889. It is about eight miles southwest of Cuthbert on the Cuthbert & Fort Gaines division of the Central of Georgia railroad. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and tele graph service, and is an important trading center and shipping point.
Coleman, Alexander D., president of the Olliff-Coleman Com pany, one of the leading business concerns of Swainsboro, Emanuel county, was born on a farm in that county, June 28, 1861, a son of Welcome L. and Georgia (Scott) Coleman, both now de ceased. The father was a successful planter, a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, tax collector of Emanuel county for four years, prominently identified with the Masonic frater nity, and a citizen of influence, who commanded uniform esteem in the community. Alexander D. Coleman duly availed himself of the advantages of the schools of his native county and then entered Hephzibah high school, an academic institution in Rich-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

417

mond county, where he remained a student until he had attained

the age of eighteen yars. He then became a clerk in the large

mercantile establishment of John C. Coleman, of Swainsboro, re

maining with this concern eleven years and gaining a valuable

business experience. He was then elected to the office of clerk of

the superior court of Emanuel county, was twice reflected and

served six consecutive years. Upon the close of his third term

he engaged in the mercantile business in Swainsboro, as junior

member of the firm of Olliff & Coleman, dealers in hardware,

harness, wagons, buggies, carriages, agricultural implements, car

pets and various other lines of house furnishing goods. The busi

ness increased so rapidly in scope and importance that it was

finally deemed expedient to incorporate. Accordingly, in July,

1905, incorporation was effected, under the title of the Olliff-Cole-

man Company, Mr. Coleman being made president. He is well

known in Emanuel county and is recognized as a thorough and

reliable business man of progressive ideas and as a citizen ever

loyal and public-spirited. He is a director of the Citizens' bank

of Swainsboro and has no inconsiderable plantation interests in

the county. In politics he is found aligned as a stanch sup

porter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and

in addition to having been the incumbent of the office of clerk of

the superior court, as already noted, he was formerly a member

of the board of county commissioners and is at the present time

a member of the city council of Swainsboro. He is affiliated with

the Masonic fraternity. In 1896 Mr. Coleman was united in mar

riage to Miss Nora M. Moring, of Swainsboro, and they have two

children, Adele D. and Alexander G.

Coleman, James A., of Swainsboro,

.,:." ;.:.;;:; :\\

is one of the substantial capitalists

and extensive land-owners of Emanuel

P ^Hl^Hfc:-: : county, and has high standing as a

citizen and business man, the esteem

in which he is held in his native county

being indicated by his election at one

time to represent the county in the

state legislature. He was born in that

county, March 26, 1846, a son of Elisha

Coleman, concerning whom more de

tailed mention may be found in the

sketch of the life of John C. Coleman,

an older son. James A. Coleman was reared on the farm and has

27

418

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

been identified with agricultural interests from his boyhood to the present. His educational advantages were those afforded by the schools of Emanuel county. During the latter part of the Civil war he was a member of the state militia, having been but fifteen years of age at the time of the outbreak of the great con flict between the states. He is at the present time the owner of about 1,500 acres of land in Emanuel county. For twenty years he conducted a large general merchandise business in Swainsboro, also owning and operating a well equipped saw mill near the city, said mill having an output capacity of 40,000 feet of lumber a day, but he withdrew from both of these enterprises several years ago, to give his attention to his various other capitalistic inter ests. He is vice-president of the Citizens' bank of Swainsboro and is the owner of valuable realty in the town, including his fine modern residence, which he erected in 1901. He is a firm believer in the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands exponent, and in 1894-5 effectively represented his county in the state legislature. However, he has never been afflicted with ambition for public office. In 1884 Mr. Coleman was united in marriage to Miss Fannie Lake, daughter of Enoch M. and Susan (Ethridge) Lake, of Laurens county, Ga., and they have three sons and three daughters living, namely: John Randolph, James A., Jr., Grover Cleveland, Winey, Maybelle, and Fannie May. One daughter, Rubye Pearl, is deceased.
Coleman, John C., the leading mer
chant of Swainsboro and the largest taxpayer in Emanuel county, is a man whose influence is strong and benefi
cent, for he has made good use of his

which it imposes, and is a citizen who holds the confidence and esteem of all, while to his further honor lies a record of valiant service as a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war. This well known citizen and capitalist was born on a farm in Emanuel county, Ga., Nov. 26, 1844, a son of Elisha and Lavinia (Douglass) Coleman, the former born in Burke county, and the latter in Emanuel county, where both passed their entire lives, the father having been a planter by vocation and soldier in the War of 1812. John C. Coleman received the most limited of educational advantages

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

419

in his youth, but that he has made good the deficiency no one who knows him to-day can doubt, and he has been the builder of his own fortunes, having been concerned with mercantile and agricultural interests for many years in fact, from his youth to the present. In March, 1862, he subordinated his personal in terests and ambitions to tender his aid in the defense of the cause of the Confederacy by enlisting in Company H, Forty-eighth Geor gia volunteer infantry, in which he was made orderly sergeant. He served with this command until the close of the 'war, save for the period during which he was held as a prisoner of war. He took part in the Seven Days' battles about Richmond, the first and second battles at Cold Harbor, Harper's Ferry, second Manassas, Sharpsburg, first and second battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, and Manassas Gap. At the last named he was captured by the enemy and first imprisoned at Point Look out, whence he was taken to Elmira, N. Y., where he was held for eighteen months. He was then paroled and returned to Georgia, the close of the war occurring shortly afterward. He was wounded in the battle of Sharpsburg, in which engagement his only brother, Matthew, met his death. After the close of the war Judge Coleman courageously faced the conditions which prevailed in his home state, as in other parts of the south, and that his labors in the succeeding years have been phenomenally successful none can doubt. He is known as the wealthiest citizen of his county and as its largest landholder, having more than 30,000 acres in this county alone, besides large holdings in other counties of the state. In 1876 he established himself in the general merchandise busi ness in Swainsboro, where he has continued the enterprise during the intervening thirty years, building up the same from modest proportions to the largest concern of the sort in the county. He is the owner of the finest business block in the town, the same having been erected by him, and here also he has a beautiful home, besides a .large number of other residence and business properties, which he rents, his enterprise having done much for the substantial progress and material upbuilding of Swainsboro, to whose interest he is in all things loyal. Judge Coleman is found aligned as a sturdy exponent of the principles for which the Democratic party stands sponsor, and he served four years as clerk of the superior court of Emanuel county and for eight years as judge of the court of ordinary of the county. For a similar period he was chairman of county board of road and revenue commissioners. He is a mas ter Mason and a member of the United Confederate Veterans.

420

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Judge Coleman married Miss Martha S. Moring, daughter, of Jos eph J. Moring, of Swainsboro, and they have two children: Neta is the wife of Dr. George L. Smith, one of the leading physicians and surgeons of Emanuel county, engaged in practice at Swains boro ; and Luck is the wife of Judge Frank Mitchell, who is pre siding on the bench of the city court of Swainsboro.
Coleman, John S., M. D., was born in Richmond county, Ga., Oct. 10, 1837,
and died in Augusta June 19, 1892.
After an academic education obtained in
Augusta, Ga., and Cantonsville, Md., he
attended a course of lectures in the med
ical department of the university of Vir
ginia, and in March, 1857, received his
degree of Doctor of Medicine from Jef
ferson medical college, Philadelphia, Pa.
As a reward for his meritorious exam
ination for his degree in Jefferson med
ical college he was given the position of resident physician in Blockly hospital, Philadelphia. He was also clinical assistant to the chair of surgery in Jefferson medical col lege and subsequently served as resident physician in the Balti more almshouse. After eighteen months of clinical experience subsequent to graduation in medicine he returned to Georgia and located in Lee county, where he began the practice of medicine. At the outbreak of the Italian war in 1859 Doctor Coleman went to France with his uncle by marriage, the distinguished Dr. Paul F. Eve, with the purpose of entering the medical department of the French army. When he arrived in Paris the war had ended. He then remained in the French capital six months pursuing medical studies in the hospitals. Returning to his native land he located in Augusta and practiced medicine in all of its branches. During the late Civil war he served faithfully and honorably as surgeon of the Second Virginia cavalry in the Confederate army. He was at the time of his death a member of the Medical Association of Georgia, the American medical association, the American gyn ecological association and the American surgical association. He was not a frequent contributor to medical literature, but his writ ings stamped him as a strong man in his profession. His contri butions to medical literature were papers on the following subjects: "The Multiple Wedge Principle in the Treatment of Urethra! Stricture", "A Novel and Unique Lesion of the Integu-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

421

merit of the Abdominal Wall", "Transverse Septum of the Vagina Obstructing Delivery", "Tincture of Iodine for Arresting Postpartum Hemorrhage", "Cases of Lithotomy", "Caesarian Section Necessitated by Hypertrophic Elongation of the Cervix with De livery of a Live Child", "Bichloride of Mercury in the Treatment of Diphtheria". To Doctor Coleman belongs the credit of orig inating the multiple-wedge treatment of urethral stricture. Had he done nothing but this one piece of original work his life would have blessed mankind to a degree rarely equaled by the labors of one man. He was indefatigable in his professional work and was always busy. If not engaged in attendance upon patients he was to be found with his books, thus conversing with the savants of the profession. He was a student all his life. He was a highly accomplished physician in all departments of medicine. The in nate modesty of the man kept his accomplishments largely hidden from his brethren and friends. An intimate acquaintance said of him: "Enjoying a most intimate personal friendship with him for twenty years, I knew him to be highly skilled in his profession, yet I never once heard him boast of anything he had ever done. He discharged his professional duties through love to man and love to God. Neither fame nor money engaged his attention. In his ministry to the sick he was governed by a high sense of duty. To see man benefited by his labors was his greatest desire and highest reward". In professional and social life
"He walked attended
By a strong, abiding champion-conscience."
No man had a higher sense of honor than did Doctor Coleman. His life exemplified the highest type of human nature. In every station in life he was a man of marked excellence. Full of en ergy, integrity, lofty principles and uncompromising honesty, strong in heart and rich in spirit, he commanded the confidence and love of all who knew him. He was truthful in work and ac tion. He richly illustrated the saying of Lord Chesterfield: "It is truth that makes the success of the gentleman". He deviated in a marked degree from the usual methods and common stand ards of men, and was peculiar in his courage to be scrupulously honest in speech and action; peculiar in always and under all cir cumstances, being what he really was, and never pretending to be what he was not; peculiar in his courageous honesty and re sistance of temptation. He scrupulously lived up to the exalted code of ethics of his profession. No consideration of any kind

422

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

could induce him to be disloyal to this high code of laws. He rigidly adhered to the provisions of this code and required his brethren to do likewise. He steadfastly refused to consult or associate with any physician who violated the code of ethics, no matter how prominent he was in the profession. Eccentric he un questionably was in this regard but his eccentricities .always car ried him in lines leading to a most exalted manhood. Men who did not live up to Doctor Coleman's high standard could not, of course, understand him, and therefore regarded him as an extrem ist. In this age when self-aggrandizement seems to be the aim and end of so many physicians, it is peculiarly refreshing to read of a man like Doctor Coleman, who ignored selfishness and exerted all his faculties to the promotion of the welfare of mankind. He was a benevolent man, always doing some act of kindness to his patients and friends. In his ministrations to the sick he was thor oughly self-sacrificing, responding to their calls day or night when himself seriously ill. His friends repeatedly remonstrated with him and told him that he owed it to himself and his family to care more for his own condition and less for that of others. He in variably replied: "I cannot consider self when my patients need and call for my services." Animated by this exalted conception of duty, sacrifice of self for the welfare of others, he lived nobly, died honored and beloved by the community in which he lived. He died after a painful, lingering illness, but he bore his affliction with that fortitude which characterized his whole life, and with the courage of the Christian soldier he meekly bowed to the summons of the angel of death. For six years he was demonstrator of anatomy in the medical department of the University of Georgia. In April, 1864, he married Miss Caroline Wyatt Starke, daughter of Col. William Wyatt Starke of South Carolina. She died in June, 1866. In December, 1867, he married Miss Hattie Kennedy McEwen, daughter of Col. Robt. H. McEwen of Nashville, Tenn. There survive him from his first marriage Dr. Thos. D. Coleman of Augusta, Ga., and from the second, Dr. Warren Coleman of New York city.
Coleman, Thomas D., M. D., of Augusta, controls a large and important practice and also holds the professorship of the prin ciples and practice of medicine in the Medical College of Georgia, a department of the state university. He was born in the city which is now his home, Jan. 13, 1865, a son of Dr. John S. and Carolina Wyatt (Starke) Coleman, concerning whom mention is made in the personal memoir to Dr. John S. Coleman in this

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

423

work. Thomas D. Coleman was graduated in the Richmond acad emy, Augusta, at the age of sixteen years, and was then matricu lated in the University of Kentucky at Lexington, where he was
graduated as a member of the class of
1885, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts.
In 1902 his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. After
leaving this institution he took a post
graduate course in science in Johns Hopkins university at Baltimore, Md., and
while in that institution, 1887-8, he served
as assistant in physiology. During his
two years there he made a careful study
of medicine, and then entered the medi
cal department of the University of the
City of New York, where he was gradu
ated in 1890, receiving his well earned degree of Doctor of Medicine. While taking his course in that institution he also held the position of assistant in physiology. In June, 1890, Doctor Coleman initiated the practice of his profes sion in Augusta, where his success has been on a parity with his fine erudition in his profession and his powers of applying the same to the relief of human suffering.
In 1893 he became professor of physiology in the medical depart ment of the University of Georgia and the following year pathol ogy and the directorship of the pathological laboratory were added to the functions of his chair. He originated and developed the laboratory of histology and pathology, there being no such work carried on in the college prior to this time. The demands of his private practice becoming so great, he had to give up the labora tory work after two years of service, and following this until 1900 lie filled the chair of physiology. He was then made professor of medicine, which chair he occupied for two years and was then elected to the senior chair of the principles and practice of medi cine, which position he still holds. Doctor Coleman is a member of the American medical association and in June, 1906, was elected chairman of its medical section. He is also a member and trustee of the national association for the study and prevention of tuber culosis. He is a member of the board of trustees and physician to the Augusta orphan asylum, and is one of the attending physicians of the Augusta city hospital and the Lamar hospital. He is asso ciated with Dr. W. H. Doughty and Dr. E. .E. Murphey in the

424

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ownership of Pine Heights sanitorium in North Augusta, S. C., and is the president of the institution. He is a valued contributor to various standard medical publications, notably the Reference Handbook of Medical Sciences, the American System of Prac tical Medicine and Osier's System of Medicine and is the author of numerous medical monographs. For thirteen years he was a member of the board of health of Augusta, in which for a number of years he held the office of secretary and later that of president. He is a member of the First Christian church of Augusta, Ga., be ing a trustee and deacon of the same. On June 18, 1890, Doctor Coleman was united in marriage to Miss Annie Lee Adams of Lexington, Ky., from which union four children resulted: Sarah Starke, Owen Adams, Martha McEwen and John Scott.
Coleraine. Shortly after the Revolutionary war a settlement by this name sprang up in Camden county and soon became an im portant place for that section of the state. It was located on the St. Mary's river, a few miles east of the present town of Folkston and is especially noted in history for the treaty of friendship ne gotiated there on June 29, 1796. (See Treatise).
Colesburg, a post-village in the central part of Camden county, is on the Savannah & Jacksonville division of the Seaboard Air Line railroad. The population in 1900 was 70.
Colima, a post-hamlet of Gordon county, is fifteen miles north east of Calhoun, which is the nearest railroad station.
College Park, a town of Fulton county, about eight miles from Atlanta, with which it is connected by an electric railway, is on the Atlanta & West Point railroad. It derives its name from the female college located there, known as the Cox Southern Female College. Here also is located the Georgia Military Institute. The town has many elegant homes, a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, neat church buildings, schools and a few small stores, as nearly all the people of the place do their trading in Atlanta. The original name of this town was Manchester, under which it was incorporated in 1891. It was changed to College Park in 1895.
Colley, Henry Francis, a native of Wilkes county, Ga., and a valiant soldier of the Confederate army in the war between the states, was born at Washington, the county seat of Wilkes county, Aug. 16, 1821. His parents, Francis and Frances Colley, were both natives of Virginia, the former born in 1796 and the latter in 1798. Both his grandfathers, John Colley and Thomas Owens, were soldiers in the American army during the war of the Revolu-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

425

tion, and his father, Francis Colley, served in the War of 1812. Prior to the Civil war Henry Francis Colley served for some time as justice of the inferior court of Wilkes county. In 1861 he en
listed in the Confederate service as cap
tain of a company which afterward be
came Company G, Sixty-first Georgia
infantry, and was ordered with his com
mand to Virginia, where he participated
in the military operations around Rich-
; mond and in other engagements in the
Virginia campaigns. At the battle of
Gaines Mill, June 27, 1862, he was
wounded three times, from the effects
of which he died on the 22nd of August
following. Mr. Colley was a member
of the Baptist church and carried the tenets of his religion into his daily walk with his fellow-men. He was married on Dec. 10, 1844, to Miss Margaret Isabella Harris, daughter of Archibald and Margaret (Evans) Harris, of South
Carolina.
Collier, a post-village of Monroe county, with a population of 94 in 1900, is located about six miles west of Forsyth, on the Cen tral of Georgia railroad. It is a trading and shipping point of some importance for that portion of the county.
Collier, Henry Latimer, the efficient and honored commissioner of public works of the city of Atlanta, was born in that city, on June 18, 1852, and is a son of John and Henrietta E. (Wilson) Collier, the former of whom was born in Beaumont, N. C., and the latter in Fulton county, Ga. John Collier served as a soldier in the Seminole Indian war and was also a valiant soldier of the Confederacy during the war between the states. He was judge of the superior court of Fulton county, being removed from this office during the "carpet-bag" regime incidental to the so called reconstruction period after the close of the Civil war. After due preliminary educational training in the public schools of Atlanta, Henry L. Collier was matriculated in the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1872, with the degree of Civil Engineer. From 1881 to 1884 he was chief engineer of the Gainesville, Jefferson & Southern railroad; then held a similar position with the Savannah, Americus & Montgom ery railway until 1887, when he became superintendent and ..chief engineer of the Atlanta & Florida railway, of which dual office

426

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

he remained incumbent until 189.3, when he was appointed to the important office of United States examiner of surveys, in the de partment of the interior, thus serving until 1898 and accomplish ing a notable work. He had charge of the famous Benson surveys in California and Nevada, where he brought to light gigantic frauds, amounting to more than $250,000. Benson was later ar rested and imprisoned for these frauds against the government. As examiner Mr. Collier had charge of the public surveys in Wy oming, Idaho, Oregon, Washington, Nevada and California. After retiring from this governmental office Mr. Collier became chief engineer of the T. & M. railway, while in 1899 he assumed a simi lar office with the Georgia Southern & Florida railway, retaining this incumbency until 1901, when he was elected to his present office, in connection with which his efforts have been so discrim inating and valuable that he has been three times reflected, his present term expiring in January, 1907. He is a Democrat in his political adherency, and both he and his wife are members of the First Methodist Episcopal church South, while he is identified with the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and the Demosthenian literary society of his alma mater, the University of Georgia, and is affil iated with the Masonic fraternity, including its adjunct, the An cient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Improved Order of Red Men, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias and the Knights of Khorassan. On April 19, 1881, Mr. Collier was united in marriage to Miss Antoinette Shef field, daughter of John W. and Sara (Davis) Sheffield, of Americus, Ga., and the children of this union are Sara Sheffield, Lamar Sheffield and Henry Latimer, Jr. The elder son, Lamar Sheffield Collier, was graduated in the Georgia school of technology, At lanta, in June, 1905, receiving first honor and the degree of Me chanical Engineer, while he also secured the W. P. Andrews gold medal in mathematics, for a four years' course.
Collier, Mirabeau L., master mechanic of the Western & Atlan tic railroad, with headquarters in the city of Atlanta, was born in Decatur, Dekalb county, Ga., in 1844, and was an infant at the time of his parents' removal to Atlanta, where he was reared and edu cated. In 1856, when but twelve years of age, he entered the shops of the Western & Atlantic railroad in Atlanta, commencing at the bottom of the ladder and serving a full five years' apprenticeship at the machinist's trade, in the shops of the company by which he is now employed. He finally became a locomotive fireman and from

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

427

this position was advanced to that of engineer, in which capacity

he was employed three years. While serving his apprenticeship he

gained a most thorough and varied experience, having passed six

,,, ,,,,,.,

months each in the boiler shop, black

smith shop and brass foundry. Upon

retiring from the position of engineer he

was made foreman of the company's round

house in Atlanta, and several years later

was promoted to general foreman. For

the past twenty-one years he has rend

ered able and effective service in the ex

acting position of master mechanic,

having been fifty years in the employ of

the one company on Feb. 8, 1906. Dur

ing this period of long and faithful ser

vice he has never been under arrest, has

never been called before any official on the score of neglect or

inefficiency, and has never been engaged in any sort of legal litiga

tion. There are no marks against him in any of the relations of life and his record is one of which he may well feel proud. He and his wife

are zealous members of Trinity church, Methodist Episcopal South,

and he has served as a member of its board of stewards. In politics

he is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and his member

ship in Camp No. 159, United Confederate Veterans, betokens the part which he played during the Civil war. In the latter part of

1861 Mr. Collier tendered his services in defense of the Confederate cause, becoming a sergeant in the Ninth Georgia battalion of ar

tillery, of General Longstreet's corps, and serving with the same

until the surrender of General Lee, at Appomattox. He had

charge of two pieces of artillery during the greater portion of his long and faithful term of service. Among the more important

battles in which he took part may be mentioned Chickamauga,

Knoxville, Lynchburg, Shepardstown, Chapin's Farm and the va

rious engagements of the Valley campaign. He was present with

his command at the surrender of General Lee, having escaped

wounds during his entire service. In the city of Atlanta, in 1875,

was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Collier to Miss Luta Zachry,

daughter of James L. Zachry, and of the six children of this union

three are living: Albert W. is chief engineer at the pumping sta

tion of the Atlanta water works; Claud L. is chief clerk to the divi

sion superintendent of the Mexican national railroad, at Pueblo,

and John Z. was graduated in the Georgia school of technology, in

428

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Atlanta, in June, 1906, being at the parental home at the time of this writing.
Collins, a town of Tattnall county, is about eight miles north of Reidsville. It is on the Seaboard Air Line railway, is the southern terminus of the Stillmore Air Line, and the northern ter minus of the Collins & Reidsville railroads. The population in 1900 was 355. It has a money order postoffice, express and tele graph service and owing to its splendid railroad facilities is the principal shipping point in that section of the county.
Collins, Edward, a prosperous retail grocer of Augusta, with a well appointed establishment at the corner of Ninth and Hopkins streets, was born in the city of Charlestown, S. C., April 10, 1850, being a son of Edward and Margaret (Devine) Collins, both na tives of County Tipperary, Ireland, where they were reared and where their marriage was solemnized. In 1849 they came to America, accompanied by their nine children, all daughters, the subject of this review being the only son and the only one of the children born in America. The parents took up their residence in Charleston, where the father died in 1850, before the birth of his son and namesake, succumbing to an attack of yellow fever. His widow died in 1855. Two of the daughters now reside in Austra lia and two in the city of Augusta, the other five being deceased. The father had made a visit to the United States in 1846 and had selected Charleston, South Carolina, as a home, and then brought his family to that city, as already noted. Edward Collins, subject of this review, was but five years of age when he became doubly orphaned, and his early education was secured in the schools of his native city and those of Augusta, in which latter city he took up his residence in 1860, when ten years of age, having been reared in the home of his sister, Mrs. Mary Cashin. During the progress of the Civil war he was engaged in making cartridges for the Con federate government, in the arsenal in Augusta, and also worked in the powder mill there for a time. At the close of the war he entered upon an apprenticeship at the machinist's trade, but he met with an accident which compelled him to abandon this line of work. For several years thereafter he was a member of the city police farce, finally being made manager of the chain gang of city prisoners. He finally was promoted to the office of city jailer, of which he remained incumbent for the long period of twenty years, at the expiration of which, in 1902, he engaged in the retail gro cery business in his present location, where he had purchased an excellent property, the commodious building serving both as store

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

429

and residence, and he has an excellent trade, enjoying marked

popularity in the city which has been his home from childhood.

Mr. Collins is a stalwart Democrat, is a communicant of the Cath

olic church, holding membership in St. Patrick's parish, and is a

member of the Ancient Order of Hiberians. In early manhood

he was for several years identified with the Irish volunteers, of

Augusta. On Oct. 18, 1881, was solemnized the marriage of Mr.

Collins to Miss Julia Mullane, daughter of the late John and Mar

garet Mullane, of Augusta, and they have three children, Edward

J., Jeremiah and Margaret May.

,,r_^

Collins, John B., senior member of

the well known retail grocery firm of

J. B. Collins & Bro., of Augusta, was

born in that city, Feb. 5, 1866, being a

son of Timothy and Ann (Blake) Col

lins, the former of whom was born in

County Cork, Ireland, and the latter in

the city of Dublin, their marriage being

solemnized in Augusta, Ga., in 1865, the

subject of this sketch being the eldest

child. The father died in 1889 and his

widow, now eighty-two years of age,

still resides in Augusta, making her

home with the subject of this sketch, John B. Collins attended

the parochial schools of Augusta, completing a course in St. Patrick's commercial institute. He left school when thirteen years

of age, and for the ensuing twelve years was employed as a clerk, principally in grocery stores. In 1889 he engaged in the retail

grocery business at 701 Twiggs street, where he has been most

successful. His partner from the start has been his only brother,

Patrick J., and they are numbered among the popular business

men of their native city. John B. Collins is a stanch supporter of

the cause of the Democratic party, is a communicant of St. Pat

rick's church, Roman Catholic, and in a fraternal way he is an

appreciative member of the local organization of the Ancient Or

der of Hibernians. On June 31, 1898, he was united in marriage

to Miss Eleanor E. Callahan, daughter of the late John Callahan,

of Augusta, and she passed to the life eternal on April 15, 1899,

together with her infant child.

Colomokee, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Early county,

is not far from the Clay county line. It is eight miles northeast

430

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Blakely, and six miles from Nesbit, which is the nearest rail road station.
Colquitt, the county seat of Miller county, is situated in the north central portion of the county, on the line of the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad. It was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 19, 1860, and was granted a new charter on Dec. 16, 1901. The population in 1900 was 320. Large quanti ties of lumber and naval stores are shipped from the town every year. It has a money order postoffice, from which several rural free delivery routes emanate, express and telegraph offices, several good stores, schools, churches, etc.
Colquitt, Alfred Holt, governor and United States senator, was born in Walton county, April 20, 1824. At the age of twenty he graduated from Princeton university and the fpllowing year was admitted to the bar in his native state. During the Mexican war he served as a staff officer, with the rank of major. In 1852 he was elected as a Democrat to represent his district in Congress and in 1860 was an elector on the Breckenridge ticket. He was a member of the secession convention, served in the Confederate army, attaining the rank of major-general, v\ras elected governor in 187G for a term of four years and in 1880 was elected for a two year term. For six years he was annually elected president of the State Agricultural Society. In 1883 he was elected to the United States senate and was reflected at the expiration of his term. His death occurred in March, 1894.
Colquitt County was created by act of legislature on Feb. 2, 185G, from Irwin and Thomas and was named for Walter T. Col quitt, a noted Georgia lawyer and statesman. It lies in the south ern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Worth county, on the east by Berrien, on the south by Brooks and Thomas and on the west by Thomas and Mitchell. The land is watered by numerous creeks, which supply an abundance of fish. The sur face is generally level and much of the soil is a rich, dark loam with clay foundations. Cotton, tobacco, potatoes, field and ground peas and the cereals are the leading productions. Melons and grapes are raised in great quantities and prove very profitable. The timber is principally long leaf pine and many sawmills and turpentine distilleries turn out annually immense quantities of lumber and naval stores, which are shipped to Savannah and Brunswick. The great extent of the wild lands in the county make stock raising a very profitable occupation. The county is well supplied with facilities for transportation. The country roads

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are in good condition; the Georgia Northern railroad crosses the county from northwest to southeast, the Atlantic & Birmingham from northeast to southwest, intersecting at Moultrie, which is the county seat. Doerun, in the northwestern corner, and Autreyville, in the southern portion, are the most important towns, and with Moultrie handle the products of the county. The popula tion in 1900 was 13,036, an increase of 8,842 during the decade.
Colquitt, Walter T., jurist, was born in Halifax county, Va., in 1799 and came with his parents to Georgia while still in his boy hood. He graduated at Princeton college, studied law, began practice at Sparta and became distinguished as an orator and statesman. He was also widely known as a violinist. In 1820 he was made brigadier-general of the state militia; was elected judge of the Chattahoochee circuit in 182G; was licensed to preach by the Methodist church the following year; was elected to the state senate in 1834: reflected in 1837, and in 1838 was elected to the lower house of Congress at a State Rights Whig. In 1840 he declined to support General Harrison for president and resigned his seat, but was again elected that year by the Democrats, and was reflected in 184,2. In 1843 he was chosen United States senator and served until 1848, when he resigned. He was a delegate to the Nashville convention in 1850 and died at Macon in 1855.
Columbia County was laid out from Richmond in 1790 and named for Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America. It is bounded on the north by Lincoln county, on the east by the State of South Carolina, on the southeast by Richmond county and on the southwest by McDuffie. The Savannah river flows along the eastern and the Little river along the northwestern border, furnish ing water-power, and with their various branches draining the land. The surface is broken and the soil, especially along the streams, is fertile, producing good crops of cotton, corn, sugar-cane, potatoes, melons, peas and the cereals. About 3,000 acres are planted to melons every year and peaches and early vegetables prove profitable. All of the land is suitable for forage crops. Dairy farms of which there are quite a number find ready market for their products at Augusta. Many fish are caught in the Savan nah river, and carried by pole boats to Augusta. Numerous saw mills are busy converting the hardwood timber into lumber. The Georgia and the Charleston & Western Carolina railroads and the Savannah river furnish transportation facilities. The wagon roads, worked by the new road law, are in excellent condition. Appling, remote from a railroad, is the county seat. Other towns are Har-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

lem, Grovetown, Forest, Berzelia and Belair, all on the Georgia railroad and all engaged in manufacturing. The population in 1900 was 10,653, a loss of 628 during the ten years preceding. The climate is healthful and there is one case on record of one of the inhabitants having reached the great age of 110 years, while sev eral have reached the age of 100. The Carmel Academy, an early day school, was situated near Appling. Col. Daniel Appling and Col. William Few, both revolutionary heroes of note, resided in thjs county.
Columbus, the capital and metropolis of Muscogee county, is the fifth city of the state in population. It was laid out in the year 1827, was incorporated by the legislature in 1828 and had a new charter granted in 1891 extending its municipal powers. It is lo cated on the Chattahoochee river ajid is the great railroad center of Western Georgia. Five lines of the Central of Georgia radiate in different directions, besides which the Southern and the Sea board Air Line have roads entering the city. For more than half a century Columbus has been engaged in the manufacture of cot ton fabrics, the mills now using over 60,000 bales of cotton annual ly. Some of the mills receive the crop direct from the farmer, gin it themselves and thus save the expense of baling. One of the companies has built a club house for the accommodation of their employes, in which is an auditorium, a library and reading room, etc. In addition to the large cotton manufacturing interests there are two compresses, a sugar refinery, two cotton seed oil mills, two flour mills, four lumber and planing mills, two foundries, one plow factory, a gin factory, three sash and blind factories, a furni ture works, and factories for the manufacture of vehicles, show cases, ice, guano, brick, marble work, boxes, brooms, clothing, and various other products. The court-house cost over $100,000 and is one of the finest in the state. The post office building cost $125,000. The city has seven banking institutions and the jobbing trade covers a large territory. Five lines of steamers on the Chattahoo chee touch at Columbus, thus giving the city the advantage of water transportation. Both gas and electricity are used for light ing purposes, there is a good street railway service, eighteen churches for white people and eleven for colored, and an excellent system of public schools, Columbus being the first city in the South to adopt the graded public idea. The population in 1900 was 17,614 and including the suburbs it was about 25,000.
While the Civil war was in progress the Confederate government maintained several shops at Columbus. On April 16, 1865, about

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

433

a week after the surrender of Lee at Appomattox, a force of Fed eral raiders under General Wilson appeared opposite the city on the Alabama side of the Chattahoocb.ee. Gen. Howell Cobb at tempted to defend the bridge but was overwhelmed by the supe rior force of the enemy, who took posession of the city, capturing 1,200 prisoners and 52 field pieces, and destroyed a large amount of property, including the shops, navy yard, arsenal, armory, the Con federate ram "Jackson," 15 locomotives, 200 cars and a large quan tity of cotton.
Colyarton, a post-hamlet of Chattooga county,* is ten miles south west of Summerville, on a short line of the Central of Georgia rail way that runs from Lyerly into Alabama.
Combined Society. The close of the Revolution left the original thirteen states deeply in debt, and this led many of the inhabitants to seek homes in the unsettled regions of the west and southwest in order to escape the burden of heavy taxes. Among those who had fought for independence were some ambitious individuals, who had been actuated by selfish motives rather than by pure patriotism. To such persons the idea of a government based on the popular sovereignty of the people was disagreeable. In the vast expanse of territory to the west and southwest that saw an opportunity for the acquirement of great wealth and the establishment of a government more in accord with their views, and an association was formed, which was known as the "Combined Society," for the accomplishment of this purpose. It embraced in its membership many persons high in civil life, and soldiers who had fought in the Revolution, but who had not received the recognition to which they deemed their merits entitled them. Every member of the society was pledged to secrecy as to its movements, but in time the plans became known and it was disbanded. Part of Georgia was in cluded in the scheme, and some of the residents of the state were members of the organization.
Combs, a post-village, with a population of 42 in 1900, is in the extreme northern part of Taliaferro county. The nearest railroad station is Robinson, on the main line of the Georgia railway.
Comer, a town of Madison county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 12, 1893. It is located on the Seaboard Air Line railroad, about ten miles southeast of Danielsville. It .has a money order postofSce, from which several routes supply mail to the adjacent rural districts, express and telegraph service, some good mercantile establishments, and in 1900 reported a population of 33G.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Commerce, (formerly Harmony Grove) is a town in the eastern part of Jackson county on a division of the Southern railway con necting Athens with Bellton. It contains a population of 1,454, while the district of Minish, which includes the town, has '3,487 people. This busy town has express and telegraph offices, a money order postoffke with rural free delivery, two banks, a wagon and buggy factory, a harness factory, one cotton seed oil mill with a capital of $30,000, one mattress factory, two potteries and a cotton mill with a capital of $100,000. The town has good schools and is well supplied with churches. There are at Commerce several strong commercial houses doing a good business. About 15,000 bales of cotton are shipped annually. This town was incorporated as Harmony Grove by act of the legislature in 1885 and in 1898 the corporate limits were extended and an act was passed levying a tax for the establishment of water works and electric lights.
Concord, a village in the western part of Pike county, is on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern railway, about six miles west of Zebulon. It has a money order postoffice, ex press and telegraph offices, a bank, several stores and is a prominent shipping point for that part of the county. It was incorporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 24, 1887, and in 1900 reported a pop ulation of 231.
Condor, a post-village of Laurens county, is located about four miles east of Dublin on the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad. The population was 156 in 1900.
Coney, a post-village of Crisp county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Nov. 7, 1889. It is located about five miles west of Cordele on the Seaboard Air Line. The population in 1900 was 77.
Confederate Congress. In the provisional Congress, which met at Montgomery, Ala., on Feb. 4, 1861, Georgia was represented by Howell Cobb, who was elected president of the body, Francis S. Bartow, Thomas R. R. Cobb, Martin J. Crawford, Benjamin H. Hill, Augustus H. Kenan, Eugenius A. Nisbet, Alexander H. Stevens, Augustus R. Wright and Robert Toombs. After the estab lishment of the Confederate government Benjamin H. Hill and Robert Toombs were elected senators. Toombs declined to enter the army and Governor Brown appointed Dr. John W. Lewis, who was succeeded by Herschel V. Johnson on Nov. 18, 1862. The members of the lower house, in the order of district numbers, were Julian Hartridge, C. J. Munnerlyn, Hines Holt, A. H. Kenan, David W. Lewis, W. W. Clark, R. P. Trippe, Lucius J. Gartrell, Hardy

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

433

Strickland and Augustus R. Wright. These Congressmen were commissioned on Jan. 17, 1862, and on Jan. 6, 1863, Hines Holt was succeeded by Porter Ingram. At the second election the fol lowing members were chosen: Julian Hartridge, W. G. Smith, Mark H. Blandford, Clifford Anderson, J. T. Shewmake, J. H. Echols, J. M. Smith, George N. Lester, Hiram P. Bell and Warren Akin. The commissions of these representatives bore the date of Oct. 28, 1863.
Confederate Soldiers' Home. (See Soldiers' Home). Congressional Representation. Georgia has been represented in every Congress since the first formation of the Federal govern ment, except during the troublous times of the Confederate war and the reconstruction period immediately succeeding it. The members of both house and senate resigned their seats in the 36th Congress and no effort was made to regain a representation in the national legislature until the 39th, when members were elected to both branches, but were not permitted to take their seats. The state was represented in the house during the sessions of the 40th Congress, but it was not until the 41st that senators were admit ted. Following is a list of those who have occupied seats in Con gress, the figures after the names referring to the numbers of the Congresses in which they served. Senators. Augustus O. Bacon, 54 to 59, inclusive; Abraham Baldwin, 6 to 9; Pope Barrow, 47; John M. Berrien, 19 to 21 and 27 to 32; William W. Bibb, 13, 14; Joseph E. Brown, 46 to 51; William B. Bulloch, 13; Robert M. Charlton, 32; Alexander S. Clay, 55 to 59 ; Thomas W. Cobb, 18 to 20 ; Alfred H. Colquitt, 48 to 53 ; Walter T. Colquitt, 28 to 30; William H. Crawford, 10 to 13; Alfred Cuthbert, 23 to 27; William C. Dawson, 31 to 33; John Elliott, 16 to 18; William Few, 1, 2; John Forsyth, 15 and from 21 to 23; John B. Gordon, 43 to 45 and 52 to 54; James Gunn, 1 to 6; Benjamin H. Hill, 45, 46; Joshua Hill, 41, 42; Alfred Iverson, 34 to 36; James Jackson, 3, 4; and from 7 to 9; Herschel V. Johnson, 30; George Jones, 10; John P. King, 23 to 25; Wilson Lumpkin, 25, 26; John Milledge, 9 to 11; H. V. M. Miller, 41; Thomas M. Norwood, 42 to 44; Oliver H. Prince, 20; Charles Tait, 11 to 15; Josiah Tattnall, 4, 5; Robert Toombs, 33 to 36; George M. Troup, 14, 15, 21, 22; Freeman Walker, 16; Patrick Walsh, 53; George Walton, 4; Nicholas Ware, 17, 18. Representatives. Joel Abbott, 15 to 18; William C. Adamson, 55 to 59; Julius C. Alford, 24 to 27; David J. Bailey, 32, 33; Abra ham Baldwin, 1 to 5; George T. Barnes, 49 to 51; William Barnett,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

12, 13; Charles L. Bartlett, 54 to 59; Erasmus W. Beck, 42; Hiram P. Bell, 43, 45; Thomas M. Bell, 59; Marion Bethune, 41; William W. Bibb, 9 to 13; John S. Bigby, 42.; Edward J. Black, 26 to 28; George R. Black, 47; James C. C. Black, 53, 54; James H. Blount, 43 to 52; William G. Brantley, 55 to 59; Joseph Brya'n, 8, 9; Hugh Buchanan, 47, 48; Thomas B. Cabaniss, 53; Alien D. Candler, 48 to 51; Milton A. Candler,; 44, 45; George Carey, 18, 19; Henry H. Carlton, 50, 51; Thomas P. Carnes, 3; Absalom Chappell, 28; E. W. Chastain, 32, 33; Augustine S. Clayton, 22, 23; Judson C. Clements, 47 to 51; Jesse Cleveland, 24, 25; Joseph W. Clift, 40; Duncan L. Clinch, 28: Howell Cobb, Sr., 10 to 12;'Howell Cobb, Jr., 28 to 34; Thomas W. Cobb, 15 to 18; John Coffee, 23, 24; Alfred H. Colquitt, 33 ; Walter T. Colquitt, 26, 27; Philip Cook, 43 to 47; Zadock Cook, 14, 15; Mark A. Cooper, 26, 27; Stephen A. Corker, 41; George W. Crawford, 27; Joel Crawford, 15, 16; Martin J. Crawford, 34 to 36; Charles F. Crisp, 48 to 54; Charles R. Crisp, 54; Alfred Cuthbert, 13 to 19; John Cuthbert, 16; William C. Dawson, 24 to 27; William B. Dent, 33; Dudley M. DuBose, 42; Peter Early, 7 to 9; W. P. Edwards, 40; Robert W. Everett, 52; William H. Felton, 44 to 46; William H. Fleming, 55 to 57; John Floyd, 20; John Forsyth, 12 to 15, 18, 19; Tomlinson Fort, 20 ; Nathaniel G. Foster, 34; Thomas F. Foster, 21 to 23 and 27; James C. Freeman, 43; Roger L. Gamble, 23, 27; Lucius J. Gartrell, 35, 36; George R. Gilmer, 17, 20; Thomas Glascock, 24, 25; Samuel F. Gove, 40; Seaton Grantland, 24, 25; James M. Griggs, 55 to 59; Thomas W. Grimes, 50, 51; Richard W. Habersham, 26, 27; Thomas C. Hackett, 31; Boiling Hall, 12 to 14; Nathaniel J. Hammond, 46 to 49; Samuel Hammond, 8; Hugh A. Harrison, 28 to 31; Thomas Hardeman, 36, 48 ; Thomas W. Hardwick, 59 ; Henry R. Harris, 43 to 45 and 49; Julian Hartridge, 44, 45; Charles E. Haynes, 19 to 21, 24, 25; Benjamin H. Hill, 44; Joshua Hill, 35, 36; Junius Hillyer, 32, 33; Hines Holt, 26; Hopkins Holsey, 24, 25; William M. Howard, 55 to 59; Alfred Iverson, 30; Jabez Jackson, 24, 25; James Jackson, 1; James Jackson, 35, 36; Joseph W. Jackson, 31, 32; James Johnson, 32; James Jones, 6; John J. Jones, 36; John W. Jones,.30; Seaborn Jones, 23, 29; Thomas B. King, 26, 27, 29, 30; Henry G. Lamar, 21, 22; Thomas G. Lawson, 52 to 54; Gordon Lee, 59; Rufus E. Lester, 51 to 59; Elijah B. Lewis, 55 to 59; Leonidas F. Livingston, 52 to 59; Jefferson F. Long, 41; Peter E. Love, 36; John H. Lumpkin, 28 to 30 and 34; Wilson Lumpkin, 14, 20, 21; Archibald T. Mclntyre, 42; John W. Maddox, 53 to 59; George Matthews, 1; Cowles Mead, 9; David

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

437

Meriwether, 7 to 9; James Meriwether, 19; James A. Meriwether, 27; John Millen, 28; John Milledge, 2, 4, 5, 7; Charles L. Moses, 52 to 54; Charles Murphy, 32; Daniel Newman, 22; John C. Nicholls, 46, 48; Eugenius A. Nisbet, 26, 27; Thomas M. Norwood, 49, 50; Alien F. Owen, 31; George W. Owens, 24, 25; William W. Paine, 41; Henry Persons, 46; Washington Poe, 29; William P. Price, 41, 42; Charles H. Prince, 40; Morgan Rawls, 43 ; David A. Reese, 33;'Seaborn Reese, 47 to 49; Robert R. Reid, 15 to 17; Benjamin E. Russell, 53, 54; William Schley, 23; James L. Seward, 33 to 35; Andrew Sloan, 43; Dennis Smelt, 9 to 11; William E. Smith, 44 to 46 ; Thomas Spalding, 9 ; Emory Speer, 46, 47 ; Thomas J. Speer, 42; Alexander H. Stephens, 28 to 35 and 43 to 47; John D. Stewart, 50, 51; William H. Stiles, 28; Benjamin Taliaferro, 6, 7; Farish C. Tate, 53 to 59; Edward F. Tattnall, 17 to 19; Thomas Telfair, 13, 14; William Terrill, 15, 16; Wiley Thompson, 17 to 22; Nelson Tift, 40; Robert Toombs, 29 to 32; George W. Towns, 24, 25, 29; Robert P. Trippe, 34, 35; George M. Troup, 10 to 13; Henry G. Turner, 47 to 54; John W. H. Underwood, 36; Hiram Warner, 34; Lott Warren, 26, 27; Thomas E. Watson, 52; Anthony Wayne, 2; James M. Wayne, 21 to 23; Marshall J. Wellborn, 31; Richard H. Whitely, 41 to 43; Richard H. Wilde, 14, 18, 20 to 23; Francis Willis, 2; Thomas E. Winn, 52; Augustus R. Wright, 35; Pierce M. B. Young, 40 to 43. (See under name of each for biographical sketch).
At the present time (1906) Georgia is divided into eleven Con gressional districts. The First district, represented by Rufus E. Lester, is composed of the counties of Bryan, Bulloch, Burke, Chatham, Effingham, Emanuel, Jenkins, Liberty, Mclntosh, Screven, Tattnall and Toombs.
The Second district, represented by James M. Griggs, is com posed of the counties of Baker, Berrien, Calhoun, Clay, Colquitt, Decatur, Dougherty, Early, Grady, Miller, Mitchell, Quitman, Randolph, Terrell, Tift, Thomas, Turner and Worth.
The Third district is represented by Elijah B. Lewis. It em braces the counties of Crawford, Crisp, Dooly, Houston, Lee, Macon, Pulaski, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Taylor, Twiggs, Web ster, and Wilcox.
The Fourth district, represented by William C. Adamson, in cludes the counties of Carroll, Chattahoochee, Coweta, Harris, Heard, Marion, Meriwether, Muscogee, Talbot and Troup.
The Fifth district is represented by Leonidas F. Livingston. It

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

embraces the counties of Campbell, Clayton, Dekalb, Douglas, Fulton, Newton, Rockdale and Walton.
The Sixth district, represented by Charles L. Bartlett, is com posed of the counties of Baldwin, Bibb, Butts, Fayette, Henry, Jones, Monroe, Pike, Spalding and Upson.
The Seventh district, is represented by Gordon Lee and embraces the counties of Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cobb, Dade, Floyd, Gordon, Haralson, Murray, Paulding, Polk, Walker and Whitfield.
The Eighth district, represented by William M. Howard, is made up of the counties of Clarke, Elbert, Franklin, Greene, Hart, Jasper, Madison, Morgan, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Putnam and Wilkes.
The Ninth district is represented by T. M. Bell and includes the counties of Banks, Cherokee, Dawson, Fannin, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Jackson, Lumpkin, Milton, Pickens, Rabun, Stephens, Towns, Union and White.
The Tenth district is represented by Thomas W. Hardwick. It is composed of the counties of Columbia, Glascock, Jefferson, Hancock, Lincoln, McDuffie, Richmond, Taliaferro, Warren, Wash ington and Wilkinson.
The Eleventh district is the largest in the state. It is represented by William G. Brantley and includes the counties of Appling, Brooks, Camden, Charlton, Clinch, Coffee, Dodge, Echols, Glynn, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Johnson, Laurens, Lowndes, Montgomery, Pierce, Telfair, Ware and Wayne.
Conkling, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Hancock county, is on the Little Ogeechee river, about nine miles from Sparta. The nearest railroad station is Culverton, on the Camak & Milledgeville division of the Georgia railway.
Conley, a village of Clayton county, with a population of 80 in 1900, is on the Southern railway, about ten miles south of Atlanta. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery and is a trading center for the neighborhood.
Conley, Benjamin, acting governor for a few months during the reconstruction era, was born at Newark, N. J., March 1, 1815, but removed to Augusta in his boyhood. For a time he was engaged in mercantile pursuits there, and served as a member of the city council and as mayor. Upon the breaking out of the Civil war he removed to his plantation in Montgomery county, Ala., and re mained there until after the surrender, when he returned to Au gusta and became an enthusiast advocate of the Congressional

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439

plan of reconstruction. He was a delegate to the constitutional convention of 1868; was elected state senator the same year; be came president of the senate; was reflected senator in 1869 and again was made the presiding officer of that body; became acting governor on Oct. 30, 1871, upon the resignation of Governor Bul lock, and served until Jan. 12, 1872, when he was succeeded by James M. Smith, who had been elected by the people.
Conn, John, is at the head of one of
the oldest and most prosperous whole
sale grocery houses of central Georgia,
the same being located in Milledgeville
and now conducted under the title of
John Conn & Co., though he is sole pro
prietor. He is also president of the Ex
change bank, of Milledgeville, and is one
of the prominent and influential citizens
. and busines men of Baldwin county. Mr.
Conn was born in Milledgeville, April
20, 1865, and is a son of Capt. William
T. and Lenora A. (Carr) Conn, (the latter having died in 1868). Captain Conn is the subject of an individual sketch in this work, so that a farther resume of the family history is not required in the present connection. At the age of sixteen years John Conn was graduated at the Georgia military college in Milledgeville, and two years later he was grad uated in Emory college at Oxford, as a member of the class of 1883, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Upon leaving college he became bookkeeper in his fr .her's wholsale grocery es tablishment, the first one founded in Milledgeville, retaining this po sition three years and then becoming traveling salesman for the concern, the business having then been conducted under the title of W. T. Conn & Co. He remained on the road two years and for the ensuing three years was employed in the house headquarters. He then, at the age of twenty-six years, purchasd his father's inter est in the business, thus becoming associated in the same with Arthur J. Carr, who had previously been the silent partner of the original firm. The firm of Carr & Conn thereafter conducted a large and prosperous wholesale grocery business for thirteen years, or until 1904, when Mr. Conn purchased the interest of his partner, thus becoming sole owner of the fine business, which he has since conducted individually and with ever increasing success, the house having a high reputation throughout its trade territory.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

The same year Mr. Conn was one of the organizers and incorporators of the Exchange bank of Milledgeville of which he has since been president, his brother, Otto M., being cashier of the institution, which has met with a most gratifying support from its inception. Mr. Conn is a stalwart in the local camp of the Demo cratic party, being a member of its executive committee for the city of Milledgeville. He served as a member of the board of aldermen a short time, resigning the office on account of the exigent demands of his private business. He is a member and trustee of the local organization of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and is identified with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity, being past high priest of his chapter and past eminent commander of his commandery of Knights Templar, while he is also affiliated with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Alpha Tau Omega college fraternity. On Dec. 5, 1890, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Conn to Miss Hattie Powell, daughter of Dr. T. O. Powell, superintendent of the state hospital for the insane, at Milledgeville, and she was summoned to the life eternal June 9, 1902, leaving one child, Frances Powell Conn, who was born August 21, 1893.
Conn, William T., one of the best known and most influential business men of Milledgeville, the old time capital of the State of Georgia, is now president of the Oconee river mills, while his is the distinction of having rendered long and gallant service as a soldier of the Confederacy .during the great struggle between the North and South, in which service he rose to the rank of captain. He was born in Milledgeville, June 10, 1834, and is a son of John and Barbara Ann (Price) Conn, the former of whom was native of Ireland and the latter of Frederick county, Va. John Conn came to America as a youth, and in 1829 he located in Milledgeville, where he met and married Mrs. Barbara Ann (Price) Haas, their union having been solemnized about 1830. His death occurred July 1, 1866, and his wife passed away in March, 1868. They had three children: Mary Ann is the widow of Rev. Franklin Lawson Brantley, a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and now resides in Milledgeville; William T., of this sketch, was the second of the children; and Charles Augustus was killed in the engagement in front of Petersburg, Va., March 25, 1865, having been at the time lieutenant-colonel of the Forty-fifth Georgia in fantry. Capt. William T. Conn secured his early education in the schools of Milledgeville, where he was concerned with mercantile pursuits at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war. In June,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

441

1SG1, he enlisted as sergeant in Company F, Ninth Georgia volun teer infantry, with which he proceeded to the scene of action in Virginia. He was severely wounded in the second battle of Manassas, and later took part in the memorable battle of Gettysburg, where he received a slight wound. Among other important en gagements in which he participated were the battles of the Wilder ness and Spottsylvania Court House, in the latter of which he was again severely wounded. In October, 1861, he was promoted to first lieutenant of his company, and in May, 1864, was commis sioned its captain, thus serving until the close of the war, and surrendering with General Lee's noble army at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. After the close of the war Captain Conn returned to his home, and he has ever since been prominently identified with the civic and business interests of Milledgeville and Baldwin county. For a number of years he was engaged in the retail grocery busi ness, and in 1881 he had the distinction and prescience to greatly expand the scope of his business enterprise, by opening the first wholesale grocery house in the city, thus manifesting his apprecia tion of and confidence in the claims of the former capital as an eligible distributing center. He built up a prosperous business, fully justifying his course in the connection, and he continued identified with the grocery trade, conducted under the title of W. T. Conn & Co., until 1893, when he sold his interest to his son John, who is now the sole owner of this old and popular wholesale establishment. Since the year mentioned Captain Conn has been president of the Oconee river mills, of Milledgeville, a prominent and prosperous industry being carried on and the same receiving his able and careful executive supervision. He is held in unequiv ocal esteem in his native city and county, his entire career having been marked by sincerity and unvarying integrity of purpose. He is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands exponent, is an appreciative member of the United Confederate Veterans, is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and is a valued member of the Milledgeville Methodist Episcopal church South, in which he is a steward, and in which he has been superintendent of the Sunday school for twenty-nine years, at the time of this writing, in 1906. Captain Conn has been twice married. On March 2, 1864, was solemnized his union to Miss Leonora Aurelia Carr, who died Dec. 27, 1868, leaving one son, John, mentioned elsewhere in this work. On Oct. 19, 1871, Captain Conn wedded Miss Henrietta Augusta Miller, and they have nine children, namely: Theodore M., William T., Jr., Mary

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

L., Otto M., Otelia, Charles J., Julia P., Lucia B., and Henrietta Augusta. Mary L. is now the wife of Solon H. Bryan; and Otelia
is the wife of Ludlow L. Griner. Connelly, Brazilla A., was known and
honored as one of the progressive busi ness men and sterling citizens of the city
of Rome, Ga., where he died Oct. 1, 1897, having been the owner of the well equipped tannery which is now operated by his widow. He was born near Hun ter, Greene county, N. Y., in the Catskill
mountain district, Feb. 14, 1849, a son
of William A. and Mary E. (Ladew) Connelly. The former was born near Hunter, July 14, 1820, his grandfather
having been a native of Ireland, who settled in Greene at an early day, became a prosperous farmer, and also owned an interest in a chair factory at Hunter. Mary E. (Ladew) Connelly, was born in Ulster county, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829. Brazilla A. Connelly secured his educational training in the schools of Kingston, N. Y., and when eighteen years of age he went to Emmaville, Pa., where he learned the tanning trade in the establishment of the firm of J. B. Hoyt & Co., of which his uncle, H. S. Ladew was a member. He became familiar with all branches of the business and was finally made superintendent of the tannery at Emmaville. In October, 1876, he went to Chattanooga, Tenn., as superintendent of the tannery conducted by the firm of Fairweather & Ladew, successors to J. B. Hoyt & Co., Mr. Hoyt having retired from the business. He continued superintendent of the Chattanooga tannery until its operations involved the handling of 500 hides a day, the tannery at that time being the largest in the Union. In 1881 Mr. Connelly decided to engage in business for himself. He accordingly located in Rome, where he erected and equipped a small tannery, the original capacity of the same being 20 hides a day. He developed a prosperous enterprise, bringing to bear his intimate knowledge of all details of the business, and .at the time of his death the tannery was putting out 60 hides a day, in the form of select belting leather. He also owned and operated a tannery at Jellico, Tenn., the same having a capacity of 100 hides a day. Since his death Mrs. Connelly has continued the busines in Rome, and has shown marked acumen in the management of the same, the output of the tannery now averaging 120 hides

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a day. The enterprise is conducted on a strictly cash basis, and from $25,000 to $30,000 are expended each year in the purchase of bark alone, this large amount being disseminated among the farmers in this locality, so that the business exercises functions of marked value to the community, in both a direct and secondary way. Mr. Connelly gave himself earnestly and faithfully to the upbuilding of this enterprise, and rose to a place of prominence as a reliable, upright and progressive business man, gaining the unqualified esteem and confidence of the community in which he made his home until his death. He was a Republican in his politi cal proclivities; was identified with the Masonic fraternity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows; and accorded a liberal support to the Methodist Episcopal church, of which his widow has long been a devoted member. On Dec. 20, 1870, Mr. Connelly was united in marriage to Miss Jennie Ensley, daughter of Abram and Mary (Hanks) Ensley, of Emmaville, Pa., where she was reared and educated. Her mother was a relative of the mother of Presi dent Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Connelly is survived by one son, John Augustus, who is an executive in the office of the tannery now conducted by his mother.
Connesauga, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Gilmer county, is near the southern base of the Cohutta mountains and ten miles from Ellijay. The nearest railroad station is Whitepath, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern.
Conscription Act. The Conscription Act was passed by the Confederate Congress on April 15, 1862. It annulled all previous contracts with volunteers; made all men between the ages of eigh teen and thirty-five years soldiers for the war, unless they sooner reached the age of thirty-five; withdrew every male within these age limits immediately and completely from the control of the state governments and placed them subject to the order of the pres ident of the Confederate States; provided that men within the pre scribed age limits, then serving in the Confederate army, should remain with their respective commands for ninety days, and re quired all companies to be recruited up to the number of 135 men each.
G. W. Randolph, the Confederate secretary of war, telegraphed the governors of the several states immediately trpon the passage of the act, and Governor Brown promptly replied: "I propose to turn over the troops who yet remain in service with the responsi bility to you, immediately, in such manner as may be most agree able to the President."

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While this action showed the governor to be actuated by a sense of duty, he nevertheless looked upon the act as an invasion of the doctrine of state rights, and a lengthy and somewhat heated cor respondence between him and President Davis followed. To test the constitutionality of the law James M. Levingood, who had been enrolled as a conscript from Elbert county, brought habeas corpus proceedings before Judge Thomas, in the superior court of that county, and the court held the act unconstitutional and void. In an appeal to the supreme court of the state the decision of Judge Thomas was overruled.
Shortly afterward, upon the approach of the Federal forces into Camden county, Governor Brown was asked by the local authori ties for permission to call out the local militia. Instead of grant ing the request the governor referred the whole matter to the legislature, which was then in session. There it was submitted to a joint committee, which became divided on the question, a major ity reporting decisive resolutions condemning the act as unconsti tutional, while the minority recommended acquiescence in the laws as passed by the Congress of the Confederate States. Notwith standing all this discussion over the measure, and the dissatisfac tion sonsequent upon its rigid enforcement, Georgia never wavered in her devotion to the cause of the Confederacy. The difference was one of opinion as to details rather than fundamentals, and the great question was never for a moment overshadowed by any side issues.
Constitution, a post-village of Dekalb county, is in the south western part, on the Southern railway, and about five miles from Atlanta. The population in 1900 was 70.
Constitution, Federal. On Jan. 2, 1788, the constitution of the United States was ratified in the city of Augusta, by a convention composed of the following delegates: William Stephens and Joseph Habersham, Chatham county; Jenkins Davis and Nathan Brownson, Effingham; Edward Telfair and H. Todd, Burke; Wil liam Few, James McNeil and John Wereat, Richmond; George Matthews, Florence Sullivan and John King, Wilkes; James Powell, John Elliott and James Maxwell, Liberty; George Handley, Christopher Hillary and J. Milton, Glynn; Henry Osborne, James Seagrove and Jacob Weed, Camden; Jared Irwin and John Ruther ford, Washington; Robert Christmas, Thomas Daniel and R. Middleton, Greene. The act of ratification was in these words:
"We, the delegates of the people of the State of Georgia, in con vention met, having taken into our serious consideration the Feder-

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al Constitution agreed upon and proposed by the Deputies of the United States in General Convention, held in the City of Philadel phia, on the 17th day of September, in the year of our Lord, 1787, have assented to, ratified, and adopted, and by these presents do, in virtue of the powers and authority to us given by the people of the said State for that purpose, for and in behalf of ourselves and our constituents, fully and entirely assent to, ratify, and adopt the said Constitution, which is hereunto annexed, under the great seal of State.
Done in Convention, at Augusta, in the said State, on the 2d day of January, 1788, and in the Independence of the United States the 12th. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names."
This act was signed by all the delegates to the convention, the first name being that of John Wereat, as president and delegate from the county of Richmond. As the last name was affixed to the ratification a party of Colonel Armstrong's regiment, which was then quartered in Augusta, announced the glad tidings opposite the State-house, by a salute of thirteen guns from the artillery.
Constitutional Union Party. In connection with the compro mise measures of 1850 on the slavery question Henry Clay, a Whig leader, and Howell Cobb, at that time speaker of the national house of representatives, with over forty others, drew up and signed a paper, which was published as a manifesto to the country, that they would support no man for office, who would not agree to stand by and support the principles established by the compromise. This paper and the declaration of principles adopted by the Georgia state convention in December, 1850, and which became famous all over the country as the "Georgia Platform," (q. v.) led to the formation of a new political organization known as the Constitu tional Union Party. Upon the principles of the Georgia platform this party elected Howell Cobb governor of the state in 1851.
Constitutions. After the Declaration of Independence President Bulloch issued a proclamation, in pursuance of a recommendation of the General Congress, ordering "the several parishes and dis tricts of this state to proceed to the election of delegates between the first and tenth days of September next, to form and sit in con vention ; and the delegates so elected are directed to convene at Savannah on the first'Tuesday in October following, when business of the highest consequence to the government and welfare of the state will be opened for their consideration." Following this proc lamation he addressed a circular letter to the several parishes, in

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which he enjoined upon the people the necessity of making choice of "upright and good men to represent them in the convention."
One of the first acts of the convention when it assembled wasto provide means for defense of the state. After one or two ad journments it adopted, on Feb. 5, 1777, the first constitution of Georgia that was ever made by a convention of the people. By its provisions the parishes were done away with and counties created in their stead, the counties named being Chatham, Effingham, Burke, Richmond, Wilkes, Liberty, Glynn and Camden. All per sons elected to the office of representative were required to be Protestants and to have 350 acres of land or other property valued at 250; voters to have property worth at least 10; delegates to> the Continental Congress were to. be elected annually; the governor to be chosen annually by the assembly; a superior court was estab lished in each county; a supreme court consisting of a chief justice and three justices was also provided for; entailment of estates was prohibited; schools to be conducted in each county, and clergy men barred from becoming members of the house of delegates. This constitution remained the organic law of Georgia until Jan. 30, 1788, when the legislature provided for the appointment of "three fit and discreet persons from each county" to make such al terations in the constitution as might be necessary to make it con form to the Federal constitution, after nine states had ratified the latter. On October 9th the state received official notice that nine states had ratified the constitution and accordingly the Georgia convention assembled on Nov. 4, 1788, and organized by the elec tion of Gov. George Handly president and James M. Simmons secretary. The convention completed its work on the 24th, but subsequently another, consisting of three delegates from each coun ty, was called to meet at Augusta on Jan. 4, 1789. This convention proposed certain changes in form, "to be made known to the peo ple," and Governor Walton was directed to call another conventionto meet at Augusta on the 4th of the following May. This third convention completed its labors in two days and the constitution which it adopted took effect on the first Monday of the succeeding October. During the next nine years some weak places were made manifest and a convention was called to meet at Louisville on May 11, 1798, to make the necessary revisions to remedy these defects. The revised constitution was completed on May 30th and was signed by all the delegates except General Gunn and Thomas Glascock, who were members of the Yazoo Land Company, the affairs of which were then in litigation, and they asked to be excused from

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signing as the act might affect their claims against the state. The work of the convention was saluted with sixteen rounds of artillery and, with a few slight changes, this remained the organic law of the state until 1861.
The constitution of 1861 was adopted by the same convention that passed the ordinance of secession, (q. v.) In the declaration of rights it was set forth that the forms and administrations of civil government are in human, and therefore, fallible hands, and may be altered when the safety and happiness of the people demand it; that the change, however, should not be made for light or transientcauses ; that protection to person and property is the duty of gov ernment, and a government that withholds or denies this protection to the people releases them from all obligations of obedience; that the writ of habeas corpus should never be suspended except in case of rebellion and invasion, and that no religious test should be re quired for tenure of office. The constitution proper was based on the old one that ha'd stood the test of almost three-quarters of a century, the changes being merely those that were essential to correspond with the government of the Confederate States.
The next constitution of Georgia was made by a convention which met at Milledgeville on Oct. 25, 1865. Herschel V. Johnson was chosen president and J. D. Waddell, of Polk county, was elect ed secretary. On October 30th the convention repealed the ordi nance of secession and on November 7th finished its labors. The declaration of fundamental principles was very much the same as in the preceding state constitutions; the number of state senators was fixed at forty-four, and the number of representatives as two from each of the thirty-seven most populous counties and one from each other county; the term of the governor was fixed at two years; the courts to remain as under the old constitution, and changes made to conform to the requirements of the Federal in stead of the Confederate constitution. This constitution was fol lowed by that of 1868. An election for delegates to a convention had been ordered in October, 1867, by Gen. John Pope, military commander of the district, and on Nov. 19, 1867, he promulgated an order, giving the names of the delegates and directing them to convene at Atlanta on the 9th of December. J. R. Parrott was chosen to preside over the deliberations and P. M. Sheibley was made secretary. The constitution declared that 1 "That protec tion to person and property is the paramount duty of government, and shall be impartial and complete. 2 All persons born or nat uralized in the United States, and resident in this state, are hereby

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declared citizens of this state, and no laws shall be made or en forced which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States or of this state, or deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of its laws. And it shall be the duty of the general assembly, by appropriate legislation, to protect every person in the due enjoyment, of his rights, privileges and im munities guaranteed by this section." The number of state sen ators was fixed at forty-four and the number of representatives at one hundred and seventy-five; the powers of courts of ordinary and probate were vested in an ordinary for each county, an appeal from which might be taken to the superior court of the county; the supreme court was made to consist of three justices, two of whom might form a quorum; the seat of government was fixed at Atlanta, and Article XI declared as the supreme law: 1 "The constitution of the United States, the laws of the United States in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States. 2 This constitution. 3 In Subordination to the foregoing: All acts passed by any legislative body, sitting in 'this state as such, since the 19th day of January, 1861, including that body of laws known as the Code of Georgia, and the acts amendatory thereof, or passed since that time, which said code and acts are embodied in the printed book known as "Irwin's Code;" and also so much of the common and statute laws of Eng land, and of the statute laws of Georgia, as were in force in this state on the 19th day of December, 1860, as are not superceded by said code, though not embodied therein, except so much of the said several statutes, code and laws as may be inconsistent with the supreme law herein recognized, or may have been passed in aid of the late rebellion against the United States, or may be obsolete, or may refer to persons held in slavery, which excepted laws are inoperative and void; and any future assembly shall be competent to alter or repeal (if not herein prohibited) any portion of the laws declared to be of force in the third specification of this clause of this article; and if in any of said laws herein declared of force, the word 'Confederate' occurs before the word 'States,' such law is hereby amended by substituting the word 'United' for the word 'Confederate.'" (See article on Reconstruction). The convention finished its work on March 11, 1868, the constitution was submit ted to a vote of the people on April 20th and as soon as ratified it went into effect.
The constitution of 1868 was never entirely satisfactory to the people. Although it was in the main a good one, the fact that it

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was the product of a convention called by the military power over shadowed its merits as a fundamental law. Agitation for a conven tion to frame a -new one began in 1870 but it was not until 1877 that this agitation took definite form. Then the legislature author ized an election on the second Tuesday in June, at which the question was submitted to the voters of the state, a majority of whom decided in favor of the convention. The convention thus ordered met on July llth and consisted of 194 delegates, among whom were some of the strongest men in the state. Ex-Gov. Charles J. Jenkins was elected president and James C. Nisbet sec retary. The convention continued in session until August 25th and the constitution was ratified by the electors of the state by a vote of 110,442 to 40,947. The full text of the constitution, as adopted by the convention, is as follows:
Preamble. To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and hap piness of the citizen, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Consti tution :
Article I.
Section I. 1, All government, of right, originates with the peo ple, is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole. Public officers are the trustees and servants of the people, and at all times amenable to them.
2. Protection to person and property is the paramount duty of government, and shall be impartial and complete.
3. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property, except by due process of law.
4. No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute or de fend his own cause in any of the courts of this state in person, by attorney pr both.
5. Every person charged with an offense against the laws of this state shall have the privilege and benefit of counsel; shall be furnished, on demand, with a copy of the accusation, and a list of the witnesses on whose testimony the charge against him is founded; shall have compulsory process to obtain the testimony of his own witnesses; shall be confronted with the witneses testi fying against him, and shall have a public and speedy trial by an impartial jury.
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6. No person shall be compelled to give testimony tending in any way to criminate himself.
7. Neither banishment beyond the limits of the state, nor whip ping, as a punishment for crime, shall be allowed.
8. No person shall be put in jeopardy of life, or liberty, more than once for the same offense save on his, or her, own motion for a new trial after conviction, or in case of mistrial.
9. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines im posed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted; nor shall any person be abused in being arrested, while under arrest or in prison.
10. No person shall be compelled to pay costs, except after con viction on final trial.
11. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended. 12.--All men have the natural and inalienable right to worship God, each according to the dictates of his own conscience, and no human authority should in any case, control or interfere with such right of conscience. 13. No -inhabitant of this State shall be molested in person or property, or prohibited from holding any public office or trust, on account of his religious opinions; but the right of liberty of conscience shall not^be so construed as to excuse acts of licentious ness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the State. 14. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect or denomination of religionists, or any sectarian institution. 15. No law shall ever be passed to curtail, or restrain, the liberty of speech, or of the press; any person may speak, write and pub lish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. 16. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated; and no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath, or affirmation, particularly describing the place, or places, to be searched, and the person or things to be seized. 17. There shall be within the State of Georgia neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, save as a punishment for crime after legal conviction thereof. 18. The social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legislation.
19. The civil authority shall be superior to the military, and

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no soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, except by the civil magistrate, in such manner as may be provided by law.
20. The power of the courts to punish for contempts shall be limited by legislative acts.
21. There shall be no imprisonment for 0-,jt. 22.--The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed, but the General Assembly shall have power to pre scribe the manner in which arms .may be borne. 23. The legislative, judicial and executive powers shall forever remain separate and distinct, and no person discharging the duties of one shall at the same time exercise the functions of either of the others, except as herein provided. 24. The people have the right to assemble peaceably for their common good, and to apply to those vested with the powers of the government for redress of grievances by petition or remonstrance. 25. All citizens of the United States, resident in this State, are hereby declared citizens of this State; and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to enact such laws as will protect them in the full enjoyment of the rights, privileges and immunities due to such citizenship. Section II. 1, In all prosecutions or indictments for libel, the truth may be given in evidence; and the jury in all criminal cases shall be the judges of the law and the facts. The power of thejudges to grant new trials in case of conviction is preserved. 2. Treason against the State of Georgia shall consist in levying war against her, adhering to her enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. 3. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate. 4. All lotteries, and the sale of lottery tickets, are hereby pro hibited ; and this prohibition shall be enforced by penal laws. 5. Lobbying is declared to be a crime, and the General As sembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties. 6. The General Assembly shall have the power to provide for the punishment of fraud; and shall provide, by law, for reaching property of the debtor concealed from the creditor. Section III. 1, In cases of necessity, private ways may be granted upon just compensation being first paid by the applicant.

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Private property shall not be taken, or damaged, for public pur poses, without just and adequate compensation being first paid.
2. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, retroactive law or law impairing the obligation of contracts or making irrevocable grants of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed.
3. No grant of special privileges or immunities shall be revoked, except in such manner as to work no injustice to the corporators or creditors of the incorporation.
Section IV. 1, Laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation throughout the State, and no special law shall be enacted in any case for which provision has been made by an existing gen eral law. No general law effecting private rights shall be varied in any particular case by special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all persons affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to contract is capable of such consent.
2,--Legislative acts in violation of this eontsitution, or the con stitution of the United States, are void, and the judiciary shall so declare them.
Section V. 1, The people of this state have the inherent, sole and exclusive right of regulating their internal government, and the police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their constitution whenever it may be necessary to their safety and happiness.
t,--The enumeration of rights herein contained, as a part of this constitution shall not be construed to deny to the people any in herent rights which they may have hitherto enjoyed.
ARTICLE II.
Section I. 1. In all elections by the people the electors shall vote by ballot.
2, Every male citizen of the United States (except as herein provided), twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding the election, and shall have resided six months in the county in which he offers to vote, and shall have paid all taxes which may hereafter be required of him, and which he may have an opportunity of paying, agreeable to law, except for the year of the election, shall be deemed an elector; provided that no soldier, sailor or marine in the military or naval service of the United States shall acquire the rights of an elector by reason of being stationed on duty in this State; and no person shall vote who, if challenged, shall refuse to take the following oath or.af firmation : "I do swear (or affirm) that I am twenty-one years of age, have resided in this state one year and in this county six

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months, next preceding this election. I have paid all taxes which, since the adoption of the present constitution of this State, have been required of me previous to this year, and which I have ha>'; an opportunity to pay, and I have not voted at this election."
Section II. 1, The General Assembly may provide, from time to time, for the registration of all electors, but the following classes of persons shall not be permitted to register, vote, or hold any office, or appointment of honor or trust in this State, to wit:
1st. Those who shall have been convicted in any court of com petent jurisdiction, of treason against the State, or embezzlement of public funds, malfeasance in office, bribery or larceny, or any crime involving moral turpitude, punishable by laws of this State with imprisonment in the penitentiary, unless such person shall have been pardoned. 2nd. Idiots and insane persons.
Section III. 1, Electors shall, in all cases, except for treason, felony, larceny and breach of peace, be privileged from arrest dur ing their attendance on elections, and in going to and returning from the same.
Section IV. 1, No person who is the holder of any public money, contrary to the law, shall be eligible to any office in this State until the same is accounted for and paid into the treasury.
2, No person who, after the adoption of this constitution, being a resident of this State, shall have been convicted of fighting a duel in this State, or convicted of sending or acepting a challenge, or convicted of aiding or abetting such duel, shall hold office in this State, unless he shall have been pardoned; and every such person shall also be subject to such punishment as may be prescribed b)j. law.
Section V. 1, The General Assembly shall, by law, forbid the sale, distribution or furnishing of intoxicating drinks within two> miles of election precincts on days of election State, county of muncipal and prescribe punishment for any violation of the same.
Section VI. 1, Returns of elections for all civil officers elected by the people, who are to be commissioned by the Governor, and also for the members of the General Assembly, shall be made to the Secretary of State, unless otherwise provided by law.

ARTICLE III.
Section I. 1, The legislative power of the State shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
Section II. 1, The Senate shall consist of forty-four members.

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There shall be forty-four Senatorial districts as now arranged by counties. Each district shall have one Senator.
(Here follows a list of Senatorial Districts, which is omitted, as the boundaries have been changed by subsequent legislation in accordance with the following.)
3, The General Assembly may change these districts after each census of the United States; provided, that neither the num ber of districts nor the number of Senators from each district shall be increased.
Section III. 1, The House of Representatives shall consist of one hundred and seventy-five Representatives, apportioned among the several counties as follows, to wit:
(The original apportionment having been altered, as provided in Paragraph 2, it is here omitted).
2, The above apportionment shall be changed by the General Assembly at its first session after each census taken by the United States Government, so as to give the six counties having the larg est population three Representatives each; and to the twenty-six counties having the next largest population two Representatives each; but in no event shall the aggregate number of Representa tives be increased.
Section IV. 1, The members of the General Assembly shall be elected for two years and shall serve until their successors are elected.
2.--The first election of the members of the General Assembly, under this constitution, shall take place on the first Wednesday in December, 1877; the second election for the same shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and the subsequent elections biennially on that day, until the day of election is changed by law.
3. The first meeting of the General Assembly, after the rati fication of this constitution, shall be on the fourth Wednesday in October, 1878, and annually thereafter, on the same day, until the day shall be changed by law. But nothing herein contained shall be construed to prevent the Governor from calling an extra session of the General Assembly before the first Wednesday in November, 1878, if, in his opinion, the public good shall require it.
4. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to trans act business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day and compel the presence of its absent members, as each House may provide.
5. Each Senator and Representative, before taking his seat,

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shall take the following oath, or affirmation, to wit: "I will sup port the constitution of this State, and of the United States, and on all questions and measures which may come before me, I will so conduct myself as will, in my judgment, be most conducive to the interests and prosperity of this State."
6. No session of the General Assembly shall continue longer than fifty days; provided, that if an impeachment trial be pending at the end of fifty days, the session may be prolonged till the com pletion of said trial.
7. No person holding a military commission or other appoint ment or office, having any emolument or compensation annexed thereto, under this State, or the United States, or either of them, except justices of the peace and officers of the militia, nor any de faulter for public money, or for any legal taxes required of him, shall have a seat in either House; nor shall any Senator or Repre sentative, after his qualification as such, be elected by the General Assembly, or appointed by the Governor, either with or without the advice and consent of the Senate, to any office or appointment having any emolument annexed thereto, during the time for which he shall have been elected.
8. The seat of any member of either House shall be vacated on his removal from the district or county from which he was elected.
Section V. 1, The Senators shall be citizens of the United States, who have attained the age of twenty-five years, and who shall have been citizens of this State for four years, and for one year residents of the district from which elected.
2. The presiding officer of the Senate shall be styled the Pres ident of the Senate, and shall be elected viva voce from the Sen ators.
3. The Senate shall have sole power to try impeachments. 4. When sitting for that purpose, the members shall be on oath or affirmation, and shall be presided over by the Chief Justice or the presiding Justice of the Supreme Court. Should the Chief Justice be disqualified, the Senate shall elect the Judge of the Supreme Court to preside. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 5. Judgments, in case of impeachment, shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, within this State; but the party shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg ment and punishment according to law.

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Section VI. 1, The Representatives shall be citizens of the United States, who have attained the age of twenty-one years, and who shall have been citizens of this State for two years, and for one year residents of the counties from which elected.
2.--The presiding officer of the House of Representatives shall be styled the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and shall be elected viva voce from the body.
3. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power to impeach all persons who shall have been, or may be, in office.
Section VII. 1, Each House shall be the judge of the election, returns and qualifications of its members, and shall have the power to punish them for disorderly behavior, or misconduct, by censure, fine, imprisonment, or expulsion; but no member shall be expelled, except by a vote of two-thirds of the House to which he belongs.
2. Each House may punish by imprisonment, not extending beyond the session, any person, not a member, who shall be guilty of a contempt, by any disorderly behavior in its presence, or who shall rescue, or attempt to rescue, any person arrested by order of either House.
3. The members of both Houses shall be free from arrest during their attendance on the General Assembly and in going thereto or returning therefrom, except for treason, felony, larceny, or breach of the peace; and no member shall be liable to answer in any other place for anything spoken in debate in either House.
4. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub lish it immediately after its adjournment.
5. The original journal shall be preserved, after publication, in the office of the Secretary of State, but there shall be no other record thereof.
6. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of the members present, be entered on the journal.
7. Every bill, before it shall pass, shall be read three times, and on three separate days, in each House, unless in case of actual invasion or insurrection. But the first and second reading of each local bill and bank and railroad charters in each House shall consist of the reading of the title only, unless said bill is ordered to be engrossed.
8. No law or ordinance shall pass which refers to more than one subject-matter, or contains matter different from what is ex pressed in the title thereof.
9. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing except appropriations fixed by previous laws, the ordinary expenses of the

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Executive, Legislature and .Judicial Departments of the Govern
ment, payment of the public debt and interest thereon, and the sup
port of the public institutions and educational interests of the
State. All other appropriations shall be made by separate bills,
each embracing but one subject.
10. All bills for raising revenue or appropriating money shall
originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur in amendments as in other bills.
11. No money shall be drawn from the treasury except by ap propriation made by law, and a regular statement and account of the receipt and expenditure of all public money shall be published every three months, and also with the laws passed by each session, of the General Assembly.
12. No bill or resolution appropriating money shall become a law, unless, upon its passage, the yeas and nays, in each House,, are recorded.
13. All acts shall be signed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and no bill, ordi nance or resolution, intended to have the effect of law, which shall have been rejected by either House, shall be again proposed during, the same session, under the same or any other title, without con sent of two-thirds of the House by which the same was rejected.
14. No bill shall become a law unless it shall receive a. major ity of the votes of all the members elected to each House of theGeneral Assembly, and it shall, in every instance, so appear on thejournal.
15. (By an act approved September 24, 1885, an amendment to the constitution was submitted to the vote of the people in Oc tober, 1886, and adopted, whereby the original of this paragraph was stricken from this constitution.)
16. No local or special bill shall be passed, unless notice of the intention to apply therefor shall have been published in the locality where the matter, or thing to be affected, may be situated, which notice shall be given at least thirty days prior to the introduction of such bill into the General Assembly and in the manner to be prescribed by law. The evidence of such notice having been pub lished shall be exhibited in the General Assembly before such act shall be passed.
17. No law, or section of the Code, shall be amended or repealed by mere reference to its title, or to the number of the section of the Code, but the amending or repealing act shall distinctly describe

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'the law to be amended or repealed, as well as the alteration to be made.
18. The General Assembly shall have no power to grant cor porate powers and privileges to private companies; nor to make or change election precincts; nor to establish bridges or ferries; nor to change names of legitimate children; but it shall prescribe by law the manner in which such powers shall be exercised by the courts. All corporate powers and privileges to banking, insurance, railroad, canal, navigation, express and telegraph companies shall be issued and granted by the Secretary of State, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
19. The General Assembly shall have no power to relieve prin cipals or securities upon forfeited recognizances, from the payment thereof, either before or after judgment thereon, unless the prin cipal in the recognizance shall have been apprehended and placed in the custody of the proper officer.
20. The General Assembly shall not authorize the construction of any street passenger railway within the limits of any incor porated town or city without the consent of the corporate authori ties.
21. Whenever the constitution requires a vote of two-thirds of either or both Houses for the passage of an act or resolution, the yeas and nays on the passage thereof shall be entered on the journal.
22. The General Assembly shall have power to make all laws' and ordinances consistent with this constitution, and not repug nant to the constitution of United States, which they shall deem necessary and proper for the welfare of the State.
23. No provision in this constitution, for a two-thirds' vote of both Houses of the General Assembly, shall be construed to waive the necessity for the signature of the Governor, as in any other case, except in the case of the two-thirds' vote required to override the veto, and in case of prolongation of a session of the General Assembly.
24. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days, or to any other place, without the consent of the other; and in case of a disagreement between the two Houses on a question of adjournament, the Governor may adjourn either or both of them.
Section VIII. 1, The officers of the two Houses, other than the President and the Speaker, shall be a Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House of Representatives, and such assistants as they may appoint; but the clerical expenses of the Senate shall

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not exceed sixty dollars per day for each session, nor those of the House of Representatives seventy dollars per day for each session. The Secretary of the Senate and Clerk of the House of Representatives shall be required to give bond and security for the faithful discharge of their respective duties.
Section IX. 1, The per diem of the members of the General Assembly shall not exceed four dollars, and mileage shall not ex ceed ten cents for each mile traveled, by the nearest practicable route in going to and returning from the Capital; but the Presi dent of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives shall each receive not exceeding seven dollars per day.
Section X. 1, All elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce, and the vote shall appear on the journal of the House of Representatives. When the Senate and House of Representa tives unite for the purpose of elections, they shall meet in the Rep resentative Hall, and the President of the Senate shall, in such cases, preside and declare the result.
Section XL 1, All property of the wife at the time of her marriage, and all property given to, inherited or acquired by her, shall remain her separate property, and not be liable for the debts of her husband.
Section XII. 1, All life insurance companies now doing busi ness in this State, or which may desire to establish agencies and do business in the State of Georgia, chartered by other States of the Union or foreign States, shall show that they have deposited with the Comptroller-General of the State in which they are char tered or of this State, the Insurance Commissioners, or such other officer as may be authorized to receive it, not less than one hun dred thousand dollars, in such securities as may be deemed by such officer equivalent to cash, subject to his order, as a guaran tee fund for the security of the policy holders.
2. When such showing is made to the Comptroller-General of the State of Georgia by a proper certificate from the State official having charge of the funds so deposited, the Comptroller-General of the State of Georgia is authorized to issue to the company mak ing such showing a license to do business in the State, upon pay ing the fees required by law.
3. All life insurance companies chartered by the State of Geor gia, or which may hereafter be chartered by the State, shall, be fore doing business, deposit with the Comptroller-General of the State of Georgia, or with some strong corporation, which may be approved by the said Comptroller-General, one hundred thousand

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dollars, in such securities as may be deemed by him equivalent to cash, to be subject to his order, as a guarantee fund for the secur ity of the policy holders of the company making such deposits, all interests and dividends arising from such securities to be paid, when due, to the company so depositing. Any such securities as may be needed or desired by the company may be taken from said department at any time by replacing them with other securities equally acceptable to the Comptroller-General, whose certificate for the same shall be furnished to the company.
4. The General Assembly shall from time to time enact laws to compel all fire insurance companies doing business in this State, whether chartered by this State or otherwise, to deposit reasonable securities with the Treasurer of this State, to secure the people against loss by the operations of said companies.
5. The General Assembly shall compel all insurance companies in this State, or doing business the'rein, under proper penalties, to make semi-annual reports to the Governor, and print the same at their own expense, for the information and protection of the peopie.
ARTICLE IV.
Section I. 1, The right of taxation is a sovereign right, inalieniable, indestructible, is the life of the State, and rightfully belongs to the people in all Republican governments, and neither the General Assembly, nor any, nor all other departments of the Government established by this constitution, shall ever have the authority to irrevocably give, grant, limit or restrain this right; and all laws, grants, contracts and all other acts whatsoever, by said Government, or any department thereof, to effect any of these purposes, shall be, and are hereby, declard to be null and void for every -purpose whatsoever; and said right of taxation shall always be under the complete control of, and revocable by the State, not withstanding any gift, grant or contract whatsoever by the Gen eral Assembly.
Section II. 1, The power and authority regulating railroad freights and passenger tariffs, preventing unjust discriminations, and requiring reasonable and just rates of freight and passenger tariffs, are hereby conferred upon the General Assembly, whose duty it shall be to pass laws, from time to time, to regulate freight and passenger tariffs, to prohibit unjust discriminations on the various railroads of this State, and to prohibit said roads from

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charging other than just and reasonable rates, and enforce the same by adequate penalties.
2. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be abridged, nor so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from taking the property and franchises of incorporated com panies, and subjecting them to public use, the same as property of individuals; and the exercise of the police power of the State shall never be abridged, nor so construed as to permit corporations to conduct their business in such a manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals, or the general well-being of the State.
3. The General Assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the charter of any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same, nor pass any other general or special law for the benefit of said corporation, except upon the condition that said corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this constitution; and every amendment of any charter of any corpor ation in this State, or .any special law for its benefit, accepted thereby, shall operate as a novation of said charter, and shall bring the same under the provisions of this constitution; pro vided, that this section shall not extend to any amendment for the purpose of allowing any existing road to take stock in, or aid in the building of any branch road.
4.--The General Assembly of this State shall have no power to authorize any corporation to buy shares, or stock in any other corporation in this State, or elsewhere, or to make any contract or agreement whatever, with any such corporation, which may have the effect, or be intended to have the effect, to defeat or lessen competition in their respective business, or to encourage monopoly; and all such contracts and agreements shall be illegal and void.
5. No railroad company shall give, or pay, any rebate, or bonus in the nature thereof, directly or indirectly, or do any act to mis lead or deceive the public as to the real rates charged or received for freights or passage; and any such payments shall be illegal and void, and these prohibitions shall be enforced by suitable penalties.
6. ]\To provision of this article shall be deemed, held or taken to impair the obligation of any contract heretofore made by the State of Georgia.
7. The General Assembly shall enforce the provisions of this article by appropriate legislation.

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ARTICLE V.
Section I. 1, The officers of the Executive Departments shall consist of a Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer.
2. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office during the term of two years, arid until his successor shall be chosen and qualified. He shall not be eligible to reflection, after the expiration of a second term, for the period of four years. He shall have a salary of three thousand dollars per annum, (until otherwise provided by a law passed by a twothirds vote of both branches of the General Assembly), which shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected; nor shall he receive within that time, any other emolument from the United States or either of them, or from any foreign power. But this reduction of salary shall not apply to the present term of the present Governor.
3. The first election for Governor under this constitution, shall be held on the first Wednesday in October, 1880, and the Gover nor-elect shall be installed in office at the next session of the Gen eral Assembly. An election shall take place biennially thereafter on said day, until another date be fixed by the General Assembly. Said election shall be held at the places of holding general elections in the several counties of this State, in the manner prescribed for the election of members of the General Assembly, and the electors shall be the same.
4. The returns of every election of Governor shall be sealed up by the managers, separately from other returns, and directed to the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Rep resentatives, and transmitted to the Secretary of State, who shall, without opening said returns, cause the same to be laid before the Senate on the day after the two Houses shall have been organ ized, and they shall be transmitted by the Senate to the House of Representatives.
5. The members of each branch of the General Assembly shall convene in the Representative Hall, and the President of the Sen ate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall open and publish the returns in the presence and under the direction of the General Assembly; and the person having the majority of the whole number of votes shall be declared duly elected Gov ernor of this State; but if no person shall have such majority, then from the two persons having the highest number of votes, who

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shall be in life, and shall not decline. an election at the time ap pointed by the General Assembly to elect, the General Assembly shall immediately elect a Governor viva voce; and in all cases of election of a Governor by the General Assembly a majority of the members present shall be necessary to a choice.
6. Contested elections shall be determined by both Houses, of the General Assembly in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.
7. No person shall be eligible to the office of Governor who shall not have been a citizen of the United States fifteen years and a citizen of the State six years, and who shall not have at tained the age of thirty years.
8. In case of death, resignation or disability of the Governor, the President of the Senate shall exercise the executive powers of the government until such disability be removed, or a successor is elected and qualified. And in case of the death, resignation or disability of the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall exercise the executive powers of the gov ernment until the removal of the disability, or the election and qualification of a Governor.
9. The General Assembly shall have power to provide by law for filling unexpired terms by special elections.
10. The Governor shall, before he enters on the duties of his office, take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be), that I will faithfully execute the office of Governor of the State of Georgia, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution thereof, and the constitution of the United States of America."
11. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army
and navy of this State, and of the militia thereof. 12. He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons, to
commute penalties, remove disabilities imposed by law, and to remit any part of a sentence for offences against the State, after conviction, except in cases of treason and impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law relative to the man ner of applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason he may suspend the execution of the sentence and report the case to the General Assembly at the next meeting thereof, when the General Assembly shall either pardon, commute the sentence, direct its execution or grant a further reprieve. He shall, at each session of the General Assembly, communicate to that body each case of reprieve, pardon or commutation granted, stating the name of the

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convict, the offence for which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, the date of the reprieve, pardon or commutation, and the reasons for granting the same. He shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed, and shall be a conservator of the peace throughout the State.
13. He shall issue writs of election to fill all vacancies that may happen in the Senate or House of Representatives, and shall .give the General Assembly, from time to time, information of the state of the commonwealth, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he may deem necessary or expedient. He shall have power to convoke the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions, but no law shall be enacted at call sessions of the Gen eral Assembly except such as shall relate to the object stated in his proclamation convening them.
14. When any office shall become vacant, by death, resigna tion or otherwise, the Governor, shall have power to fill such va cancy, unless otherwise provided by law; and persons so ap pointed shall continue in office until a successor is commissioned, agreeably to the mode pointed out in the constitution, or by law in pursuance thereof.
15. A person once rejected by the Senate shall not be reappointed by the Governor to the same office during the same session or the recess thereafter.
16. The Governor shall have the revision of all bills passed by the General Assembly, before the same shall become laws, but two-thirds of each House may pass a law, notwithstanding his dissent; and if any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days, (Sunday excepted) after' it has been presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the General Assembly, by their adjournment, shall prevent its return. He may approve any appropriation, and disapprove any other appropriation, in the same bill, and the latter shall not be effectual, unless passed by two thirds of each House.
17. Every vote, resolution or order, to which the concurrence of both Houses may be necessary, except on a question of elec tion or adjournment, shall be presented to the Governor, and be fore it shall take effect be approved by him, or being disapproved, shall be repassed by two thirds of each House.
18. He may require information, in writing, from the officers in the Executive Department on any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices. It shall be the duty of the Governor, quarterly, and oftener if he deems it expedient, to examine, under

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oath, the Treasurer and Comptroller-General of this State on all matters pertaining to their respective offices, and to inspect and review their books and accounts. The General Assembly shall have authority to provide by law for the suspension of either of said officers from the discharge of the duties of his office, and also for the appointment of a suitable person to discharge the duties of the same.
19, The Governor shall have power to appoint his own Secre taries, not exceeding two in number, and to provide such other clerical force as may be required in his office, but the total cost for Secretaries and clerical force in his office shall not exceed six thousand dollars per annum.
Section II. 1, The Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer shall be elected by the persons qualified to vote for the members of the General Assembly, at the same time and in the same manner as the Governor. The provision of the consti tution as to the transmission of the returns of election, counting the votes, declaring the result, deciding when there is no election and when there is a contested election, applicable to the election of Governor, shall apply to the election of the Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer; they shall be commissioned by the Governor and hold their office for the same time as the Governor.
2. The salary of the Treasurer shall not exceed two thousand dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his department shall not exceed sixteen hundred dollars per annum.
3. The salary of the Secretary of State shall not exceed two thousand dollars per annum, and the clerical expenses of his de partment shall not exceed one thousand dollars per annum.
4. The salary of the Comptroller-General shall not exceed two thousand dollars per annum. The clerical expenses of his depart ment including the Insurance Department and Wild Land Clerk, shall not exceed four thousand dollars per annum; and without said clerk it shall not exceed three thousand dollars per annum.
5. The Treasurer shall not be allowed, directly or indirectly, to receive any fee, interest or reward from any person, bank or corporation for the deposit or use, in any manner of the public funds and the General Assembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties.
6. No person shall be eligible to the office of Secretary of State, Comptroller-General or Treasurer, unless he shall have been a citizen of the United States for ten years, and shall have resided
30

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in this State for six years next preceding his election, and shall be twenty-five years of age when elected. All of'said officers shall give bond and security, under regulations to be prescribed by law, for the faithful discharge of their duties.
7, The Secretary of State, the Comptroller-General and the Treasurer shall not be allowed any fees, perquisite or compensa tion other than their salaries, as prescribed by law, except their necessary expenses when absent from the seat of government on business for the State.
Section III. 1, The Great Seal of the State shall be deposited in the office of the Secretary of State, and shall not be affixed.to any instrument of writing except by order of the Governor, or General Assembly, and that now in use shall be the great seal of the State until otherwise provided by law.

ARTICLE VI.
Section I. 1, The judicial powers of this State shall be vested in a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, Courts of Ordinary, Justice of the Peace, commissioned Notaries Public, and other Courts, as have been or may be established by law.
Section II. 1, The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Jus tice and two Associate Justices. A majority of the Court shall constitute a quorum.
2. When one or more of the judges are disqualified from decid ing any case, by interest or otherwise, the Governor shall desig nate a Judge, or Judges, of the Superior Courts, to preside in said case.
3. No Judge of any Court shall preside in any case where the validity of any bond Federal, State, corporation or municipal is involved, who holds in his own right, or as the representative of others, any material interests in the class of bonds upon which the question to be decided arises.
4. The Chief Justice and Associate Justices shall hold their offices for six years, and until their successors are qualified. A successor to the incumbent whose term will soonest expire shall be elected by the General Assembly in 1880; a successor to the incumbent whose term of office is next in duration shall be elected by the General Assembly in 1882; and a successor to the third incumbent shall be elected by the General Assembly in 1884; but appointments to fill vacancies shall only be for the unexpired term, or until such vacancies are filled by elections, agreeably to the mode pointed out by this constitution.

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5. The Supreme Court shall have no original jurisdiction, but shall be a Court 'alone for the trial and correction of errors from the Superior Courts, and from the City Courts of Atlanta and Savannah, and such other like Courts as may be hereafter estab lished in other cities; and shall sit at the seat of government, at such time in each year as shall be prescribed by law, for the trial and determination of writs of error from said Superior and City Courts.
6. The Supreme Court shall dispose of every case at the first or second term after such write of error is brought; and in case the plaintiff in error shall not be prepared at the first term to prosecute the case unless prevented by providential cause it shall be stricken from the docket, and the judgment below shall stand affirmed.
7, In any case the Court may, in its discretion, withhold its judgment until the next term after the same is argued.
8, The Supreme Court shall hereafter consist of a Chief Jus tice and five Associate Justices. The Court shall have power to hear and determine cases when sitting, either in a body or in two divisions of three Judges each, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the General Assembly. A majority of either divi sion shall constitute a quorum for that division. The Chief Jus tice and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court shall hereafter be elected by the people at the same time and in the same manner as the Governor and the State House officers are elected, except that the first election under this amendment shall be held on the third Wednesday in December, 1896, at which time one Associate Justice shall be elected for a full term of six years, to fill the vacancy occurring on January 1st, 1897, by the expiration of the term of one of the present incumbents, and three additional Associate Justices shall be elected for terms expiring respectively, January 1st, 1899, January 1st, 1901, and January 1st, 1903. The persons elected as Additional Associate Justices shall among themselves determine by lot which of the three last men tioned terms each shall have, and they shall be commissioned ac cordingly.
After said first election, all terms (except unexpired terms) shall be for six years each. In case of any vacancy which causes an unexpired term, the same shall be filled by executive appoint ment, and the person appointed by the Governor shall hold his office until the next regular election, and until his successor for the balance of the unexpired term shall have been elected and

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qualified. The returns of said special election shall be made to the Secretary of State. (Amendment adopted Dec. 16, 1895).
Section III. 1, There shall be a Judge of the Superior Court for each Judicial Circuit, whose term of office shall be four years, and until his successor is qualified. He may act in other circuits when authorized by law.
2.--The successors to the present incumbents shall be elected by the General Assembly as follows: To the half (as near as may be) whose commissions are the oldest, in the year 1878; and to the others in 1880. All subsequent elections shall be at the session of the General Assembly next preceding the expiration of the terms of incumbents, except elections to fill vacancies. The day of election may be fixed by the General Assembly.
3. The terms of Judges to be elected under the constitution (except to fill vacancies) shall begin on the first day of January after their elections. But if the time for the meeting of the Gen eral Assembly shall be changed, the General Assembly may change the time when the terms of Judges thereafter elected shall begin.
Section IV. 1, The Superior Courts shall have exclusive jur isdiction in cases of divorce; in criminal cases where the offender is subjected to loss of life, or confinement in the penitentiary; in cases respecting titles to land and equity cases.
2. The General Assembly may confer upon the Courts of com mon law all the powers heretofore exercised by Courts of equity in this State.
3. Said Courts shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases, except as hereinafter provided.
4. They shallhave appellate jurdisdiction in all such cases as may be provided by law.
5. They shall have power to correct errors in inferior judicatories by writ of certiorari, which shall only issue on the sanction of the Judge; and said Courts and Judges thereof shall have power to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition, scire facias, and all other writs that may be necessary for carrying their powers fully into effect, and shall have such other powers as are or may be con ferred on them by law.
6. The General Assembly may provide for an appeal from one jury, in the Superior Courts and City, to another, and the said Court may grant new trials on legal grounds.
7. The Court shall render judgment without the verdict of a jury in all civil cases founded on unconditional contracts in writ-

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ing, where an issuable defence is not filed under oath or affirma tion.
8. The Superior Courts shall sit in each county not less than twice in each year, at such times as may have been or may be appointed by law.
9. The General Assembly may provide by law for the appoint ment of some proper person to preside in cases where the presid ing Judge is, from any cause, disqualified.
Section V. 1, In any county within which there is, or here after may be, a City Court, the Judge of said Court, and of the Superior Court, may preside in the Courts of each other, in cases where the Judge of either Court is disqualified to preside.
Section VI. 1, The powers of a Court of Ordinary, and of Probate, shall be vested in an Ordinary for each county, from whose decision there may be an appeal (or, by consent of the par ties, without a decision) to the Superior Court, under regulations prescribed by law.
2. The Courts of Ordinary shall have such powers in relation to roads, bridges, ferries, public buildings, paupers, county offi cers, county funds, county taxes, and other county matters as may be conferred on them by law.
3. The Ordinary shall hold his office for the term of four years and until his successor is elected and qualified.
Section VII. 1, There shall be in each militia district one Jus tice of the Peace, whose official term, except when elected to fill an unexpired term, shall be four years.
2. Justices of the Peace shall have jurisdiction in all civil cases, arising ex contractu, and in cases of injury or damage to personal property, when the principal sum does not exceed one hundred dollars, and shall sit monthly at fixed times and places; but in all cases there may be an appeal to a jury in said Court, or an appeal to the Superior Court,' under such regulations as may be pre scribed by law.
3. Justices of the Peace shall be elected by the legal voters in their respective districts, and shall be commissioned by the Gov ernor. They shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.
Section VIII. 1, Commissioned Notaries Public, not to ex ceed one for each militia district, may be appointed by the Judge of the Superior Court, in their respective circuits, upon recom mendation of the grand juries of the several counties. They shall be commissioned by the Governor for the term of four years, and

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shall be ex officio Justices of the Peace, and shall be removable on conviction for malpractice in office.
Section IX. 1, The jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and prac tice of all Courts or officers invested with the judicial powers (except City Courts), of the same grade or class, so far as regu lated by law, and the force and effect of the process, judgment and decree, by such Courts, severally, shall be uniform. This uniformity must be established by the General Assembly.
Section X. 1, There shall be an Attorney-General' of this State, who shall be elected by the people at the same time, for the same term and in the same manner as the Governor.
2,--It shall be the duty of the Attorney-General to represent the legal advisor of the Executive Department, to represent the State in the Supreme Court in all capital felonies; and in all civil and criminal cases in any Court when required by the Governor, and to perform such other services as shall be required of him by law.
Section XI. 1, There shall be Solicitor-General for each judi cial circuit, whose official term, except when commissioned to fill an unexpired term, shall be four years.
2, It shall be the duty of the Solicitor-General to represent the State in all cases in the Superior Courts of his circuit, and in all cases taken up from his circuit to the Supreme Court, and to per form such other services as shall be required of him by law.
Section XII. 1, The Judges of the Supreme and Superior Courts and Solicitors-General shall be elected by the General As sembly, in joint session, on such day or days as shall be fixed by joint resolution of both Houses. At the session of the General Assembly which is held next before the expiration of the terms of the present incumbents, as provided in this constitution, their successors shall be chosen; and the same shall apply to the elec tion of those who shall succeed them. Vacancies occasioned by death, resignation or other cause shall be filled by appointment of the Governor, until the General Assembly shall convene, when an election shall be held to fill the unexpired portion of the vacant terms.
Section XIII. 1, The Judges of the Supreme Court shall have, out of the Treasury of the State, salaries not to exceed three thou sand dollars per annum; The Judges of the Superior Courts shall have salaries not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; the Attorney-General shall have a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum; and the Solicitors-General shall each have

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salaries not to exceed two hundred and fifty dollars per annum; but the Attorney-General shall not have any fee or perquisite in any cases arising from the adoption of this constitution; but the provisions of this section shall not effect the salaries of those now in office.
2,--The General Assembly, may, at any time, by a two thirds vote of each branch, prescribe other and different salaries for any, or all, of the above officers, but no such change shall effect the officers then in commission.
Section XIV. 1, No person shall be Judge of the Supreme or Superior Courts, or Attorney-General, unless at the time of his election, he shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been a citizen of the State three years, and have practiced law for seven years; and no person shall be hereafter elected So licitor-General, unless at the time of his election, he shall have attained twenty-five years of age, shall have been a citizen of the State three years, and shall have practiced law for three years next preceding his election.
Section XV. 1, No total divorce shall be granted, except on the concurrent verdicts of two juries at different terms of Court.
2, When a divorce is granted the jury rendering the final ver dict shall determine the rights and disabilities of the parties.
Section XVI. 1, Divorce cases shall be brought in the county where the defendant resides, if a resident of this State; if the de fendant be not a resident of this State, then in the county in which the plaintiff resides.
2.--Cases respecting titles to land shall be tried in the county where the land lies, except where a single tract is divided by a county line, in which case the Superior Court of either county shall have jurisdiction.
3. Equity cases shall be tried in the county where a defend ant resides against whom substantial relief is prayed.
4. Suits against joint obligors, joint promisors, copartners, or joint trespassers, residing in different counties, may be tried in either county.
5. Suits against the maker and indorser of promissory notes, or drawer, acceptor and indorser of foreign or inland bills of ex change, or like instruments, residing in different counties, shall be brought in the county where the maker or acceptor resides.
6. All other civil cases shall be tried in the county where the defendant resides, and all criminal cases shall be tried in the county where the crime was committed, except cases in the Su-

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perior Courts where the Judge is satisfied that an impartial jury cannot be obtained in such county.
Section XVII. 1, The power to change the venue in civil and criminal cases shall be vested in the Superior Courts, to be exer cised in such manner as has been, or shall be, provided by law.
Section XVIII. 1, The right of trial by jury, except where it is otherwise provided in this constitution, shall remain inviolate, but the General Assembly may prescribe any number not less than five, to constitute a trial or traverse jury in Courts other than the Superior and City Courts.
2.--The General Assembly shall provide by law for the selection of the most experienced, intelligent and upright men to serve as grand jurors, and intelligent and upright men to serve as traverse jurors. Nevertheless the grand jurors shall be competent to serve as traverse jurors.
3. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly, by general laws, to prescribe the manner of fixing compensation of jurors in all counties of this State.
Section XIX. 1, The General Assembly shall have power to provide for the creation of County Commissioners in such coun ties as may require them, and to define their duties.
Section XX. 1, All Courts not specially mentioned by name in the first section of this article may be abolished in any county, at the discretion of the General Assembly.
Section XXI. 1, The costs in the Supreme Court shall not exceed ten dollars, unless otherwise provided by law. Plaintiffs in error shall not be required to pay costs in said Court when the usual pauper oath is filed in the Court below.

ARTICLE VII.
Section I. 1, The powers of taxation over the whole State shall be exercised by the General Assembly for the following pur poses only:
For the support of the State Government and the public insti tutions. For educational purposes, in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English education only.
To pay the interest on the public debt. To pay the principal of the public debt. To suppress insurrection, to repel invasion, and defend the State in the time of war. To supply the soldiers who lost a limb, or limbs, in the military service of the Confederate States with substantial artificial limbs

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during life; and to make suitable provisions for such Confederate soldiers as may have otherwise been disabled or permanently in jured in such service, or who by reason of age and poverty, or in firmity and poverty, or blindness and poverty, are unable to pro vide a living for themselves; and for the widows of such Con federate soldiers as may have died in the service of the Confed erate States, or since from wounds received therein, or disease contracted in the service; provided, that the act shall only apply to such widows as were married at the time of such service arid have remained unmarried since the death of such soldier husband.
Section II. 1, All taxation shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects, and ad valorem on all property subject to be taxed within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax, and shall be levied and collected under general laws. The General Assembly may, however, impose a tax on such domestic animals as, from their nature and habits, are destructive of other property.
2.--The General Assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation all public property, places of religious worship or burial; all in stitutions of purely public charity; all buildings erected for and used as a college, incorporated academy, or other seminary of learning; the real and personal estate of any public library, and that of any other literary association, used by or connected with such library; all books and philosophical apparatus; and all paint ings and statuary of any company or association, kept in a pub lic hall and not held as merchandise, or for purpose of sale or gain.; provided, the property so exempted be not used for pur poses of private or corporate profit or income.
3. No poll tax shall be levied except for educational purposes, and such tax shall not exceed one dollar annually upon each poll.
4. All laws exempting property from taxation, other than the property herein enumerated, shall be void.
5. The power to tax corporations and corporate property shall not be surrendered or suspended by any contract or grant to which the State shall be a party.
Section III, 1, No debt shall be contracted by or on behalf of the State, except to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, or to pay the existing public debt; but the debt created to supply deficiencies in revenue shall not exceed, in the aggregate, two hundred thousand dollars.
Section IV. 1, All laws authorizing the borrowing of money

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by or on behalf of the State shall specify the purposes for which the money is to be used, and the money so obtained shall be used for the purposes specified, and for no other.
Section V. 1, -The credit of the State shall not be pledged or loaned to any individual, company, corporation or association, and the State shall not become a joint owner or stockholder in any company, association or corporation.
Section VI. 1, The General Assembly shall not authorize any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State to become a stockholder in any company, corporation or associa tion or to appropriate money for, or to loan its credit to any cor poration, company, association, institution or individual, except for purely charitable purposes. This restriction shall not operate to prevent the support of schools by municipal corporations within their respective limits; provided, that if any municipal corpora tion shall offer to the State any property for locating or building a capitol, and the State accepts such offer, the corporation may comply with such offer.
2, The General Assembly shall not have power to delegate to any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for educational purposes in instructing children in the elementary branches of an English education only; to build and repair the public buildings and bridges; to maintain and support prisoners; to pay jurors and coroners, and for litigation, quarantine, roads and expenses of Courts; to support paupers and to pay debts here tofore existing.
Section VII. 1, The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal corporation or political division of this State, except as in this constitution provided for, shall never exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable property therein; and no such county, municipality or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan or loans to supply casual defi ciencies of revenue, not to exceed one fifth of one per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, without the assent of two thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law; but any city, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of the taxable property at the time of the adoption of this constitution, may be authorized by law to increase, at any time, the amount of said debt, three per centum upon such as sessed valuation.
2, Any county, municipal corporation or political division of

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475

this State, which shall incur any bonded indebtedness under the provisions of this constitution, shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the assessment and collection of an annual tax sufficient in amount to pay the principal and interest of said debt within thirty years from the date of the incurring of said indebted ness.
Section VIII. 1, The State shall not assume the debt, nor any part thereof, of any county, municipal corporation, or political division of the State, unless such debt shall be contracted to en able the State to repel invasion, suppress insurrection or defend itself in time of war.
Section IX. 1, The receiving directly, or indirectly, by any officer of the State or county, or member or officer of the General Assembly, of any interests, profits or perquisites arising from the use or loan of the public funds in his hands, or moneys to be raised through his agency for State or county purposes, shall be deemed a felony, and punishable as prescribed by law, a part of which punishment shall be a disqualification from holding office.
Section X. 1, Municipal corporations shall not incur any debt until provision therefor shall have been made by the munic ipal government.
Section XI. 1, The General Assembly shall have no author ity to appropriate money, either directly or indirectly, to pay the whole or any part of the principal or interest of the bonds, or other obligations, which have been pronounced illegal, null and void by the General Assembly, and the constitutional amendments ratified by a vote of the people on the first day of May, 1877; nor shall the General Assembly have authority to pay any of the ob ligations created by the State under laws passed during the late war between the States, nor any of the bonds, notes or obliga tions made and entered into during the existence of said war, the time for the payment of which was fixed after the ratification of a treaty of peace between the United States and the Confederate States; nor shall the General Assembly pass any law, or the Gov ernor, or other State official enter into any contract or agreement, whereby the State shall be made a party to any suit in any Court of this State, or of the United States, instituted to test the validity of any such bonds or obligations.
Section XII. 1, The bonded debt of the State shall never be increased, except to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or de fend the State in time of war.
Section XIII. 1, The proceeds of the sale of the Western and

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Atlantic, Macon and Brunswick, or other railroads held by the State, and any other property owned by the State, whenever the General Assembly may authorize the sale of the whole or any part thereof, shall, be applied to the. payment of the bonded debt of the State, and shall not be used for any other purpose whatever, so long as the State has any existing bonded debt; provided that the proceeds of the sale of the Western and Atlantic Railroad shall be applied to the payment of the bonds for which said rail road has been mortgaged, in preference to all other bonds.
Section XIV. 1, The General Assembly shall raise, by taxa tion, each year, in addition to the sum required to pay the public expenses and interest on the public debt, the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which shall be held as a sinking fund, to pay off and retire the bonds of the State which have not yet matured, and shall be applied to no other purpose whatever. If the bonds cannot at any time be purchased at or below par, then the sink ing fund, herein provided for, may be loaned by the Governor and Treasurer of the State; provided, the security which shall be de manded for said loan shall consist only of the valid bonds of the State; but this section shall not take effect until the eight per cent, currency bonds, issued under the act of February the 19th, 1873, shall have been paid.
Section XV. 1, The Comptroller-General and Treasurer shall each make to the Governor a quarterly report of the financial con dition of the State, which report shall include a statement of the assets, liabilities and income of the State, and expenditures there for, for three months preceding; and it shall be the duty of the Governor to carefully examine the same by himself, or through competent persons connected with his department, and cause an abstract thereof to be published for the information of the peo ple, which abstract shall be endorsed by him as having been exexamined.
Section XVI. 1, The General Assembly shall not, by vote, resolution or order, grant any donation, or gratuity, in favor of any person, corporation or association.
2, The General Assembly shall not grant or authorize extra compen.sation to any public officer, agent or contractor, after the service has been rendered, or the contract entered into.
Section XVII. 1, The office of the State Printer shall cease with the expiration of the term of the present incumbent, and the General Assembly shall provide, by law, for letting the public printing to the lowest responsible bidder, or bidders, who shall

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

477

give adequate and satisfactory security for the faithful perform ance thereof. No member of the General Assembly, or other pub lic officer, shall be interested, either directly or indirectly, in any such contract.
ARTICLE VIII.
Section I. 1, There shall be a thorough system of common schools for the education of the children in the elementary branches of an English education only, as nearly uniform as prac ticable, the expenses of which shall be provided for by taxation or otherwise. The schools shall be free to all children of 'the State, but separate schools shall be provided for the white and colored races.
Section II. 1, There shall be a State School Commissioner elected by the people at the same^time and manner as the Gover nor and State house officials are elected, whose term of office shall be two years, and until his successor is elected and qualified. His office shall be at the seat of the Government, and he shall be paid a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000) per an num. The General Assembly may substitute for the State School Commissioner such officer or officers as may be deemed necessary to perfect the system of public education.
(Act approved December 18, 1894.) Section III. 1, The poll tax, any educational fund now be longing to the State (except the endowment of, and debt due to, the University of Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibi tions, and of the sale of spirituous and malt liquors, which the General Assembly is hereby authorized to assess, and the pro ceeds of any commutation tax for military service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals as, from their na ture and habits, are destructive to other property, are hereby set apart and devoted for the support of common schools. Section IV. 1, Authority may be granted to counties, upon the recommendation of two grand juries, and to municipal corpo rations upon the recommendation of the corporate authority, to establish and maintain public schools in their respective limits, by local taxation; but no such local laws shall take effect until the same shall have been submitted to a vote of the qualified voters in each county or municipal corporation, and approved by a two-thirds vote of the persons qualified to vote at such election; and the General Assembly may prescribe who shall vote on such question.

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Section V. 1, Existing local school systems shall not be af fected by this constitution. Nothing contained in section first of this article shall be construed to deprive schools in this State, not common schools, from participation in the educational fund of the State, as to all pupils therein taught in the elementary branches of an English education.
Section VI. 1, The Trustees of the University of Georgia may accept bequests, donations and grants of land, or other property, for the use of said University. In addition to the payment of the annual interest on the debt due by the State to the University, the General Assembly may, from time to time, make such donations thereto as the condition of the treasury will authorize. And the General Assembly may also, from time to time, make such appro priations of money as the condition of the treasury will authorize to any college or university (not exceeding one in number) now established, or hereafter to be established in this State for the education of persons of color.

ARTICLE IX.
Section I. 1, There shall be exempt from levy and sale, by virtue of any process whatever under the laws of this State, ex cept as hereinafter excepted, of the property of every head of a family, or guardian, or trustee of a family of minor children, or every aged or infirm person, or persons having the care and sup port of dependent females of any age, who is not the head of a family, realty or personalty, or both, to the value in the aggregate of sixteen hundred dollars.
Section II. 1, No Court or ministerial officer in this State shall ever have jurisdiction or authority to enforce any judgment, execution or decree against the property set apart for such pur pose, including such improvements as may be made thereon from time to time, except for taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor done thereon, for material furnished therefor, or for the removal of incumbrances thereon.
Section III. 1, The debtor shall have power to waive or re nounce in writing his right to the benefit of the exemption pro vided for in this article, except as to wearing apparel and not exceeding three hundred dollars worth of household and kitchen furniture, and provisions to be selected by himself and wife if any, and he shall not after it J set apart, alienate or encumber the property so exempted, but it may be sold by the debtor and his wife, if any, jointly, with the sanction of the Judge of the Su-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

479

perior Court of the County where the debtor resides or the land is situated, the proceeds to be reinvested upon the same uses.
Section IV. 1, The General Assembly shall provide, by law, as early as practicable, for the setting apart and valuation of said property. But nothing in this article shall be construed to affect or repeal the existing laws for exemption of property from sale contained in the present Code of this State, in paragraphs 3040 to 2049 inclusive, and the act amendatory thereto. It may be op tional with the applicant to take either, but not both, of such ex emptions.
Section V. 1, The debtor shall have authority to waive or re nounce in writing his right to the benefit Of the exemption pro vided for in section four, except as is excepted in section three of this article.
Section VI. 1, The applicant shall, at any time, have the right to supplement his exemption by adding to an amount already set apart, which is less than the whole amount of exemption herein allowed, a sufficiency to make his exemption equal to the whole amount.
Section VII. 1, Homesteads and exemptions of personal prop erty which have been heretofore set apart by virtue of the provi sions of the existing constitution of this State, and in accordance with the laws for the enforcement thereof, or which may be here after so set apart, at any time, shall be and remain valid as against all debts and liabilities existing at the time of the adoption of this constitution, to the same extent that they would have been had said existing constitution not been revised.
Section VIII. 1, Rights which have become vested under previously existing laws shall not be affected by anything therein contained. In all cases in which homesteads have been set apart under the constitution of 1868, and the laws made in pursuance thereof, and a bona fide sale of such property has been subse quently made, and the full purchase price thereof paid, all right of exemption in such property by reason of its having been so set apart, shall cease in so far as it affects the right of the purchaser. In all such cases, where a part only of the purchase price has been paid, such transactions shall be governed by the laws now of force in this State, in so far as they affect the rights of the purchaser, as though said property had not been set apart.
Section IX. 1, Parties who have taken a homestead of realty under the constitution of eighteen hundred and sixty-eight shaM

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

have the right to sell said homestead and reinvest the same by order of the Judge of the Superior Courts of this State.

ARTICLE X.
Section I. 1, A well regulated militia being essential to the peace and security cd the State, the General Assembly shall have the authority to provide by law how the militia of this State shall be organized, officered, trained, armed and equipped, and of whom it shall consist.
2.--The General Assembly shall have power to authorize the formation of volunteer companies, and to provide for their organ ization into battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions and corps, with such restrictions as may be prescribed by law, and shall have authority to arm and equip the same.
3. The officers and men of the militia and volunteer forces shall not be entitled to receive any pay, rations or emoluments, when not in active service by authority of the State.

ARTICLE XI.
Section I. 1, Each county shall be a body corporate, with such powers and limitations as may be prescribed by law. All suits by or against a county shall be in the name thereof; and the metes and bounds of the several counties shall remain as now prescribed by law, unless changed as hereinafter provided.
2. No new county shall be created. 3. County lines shall not be changed, unless under the opera tion of a general law for that purpose. 4. No county site shall be changed or removed, except by a two-thirds vote of the qualified voters of the county, voting at an election held for that purpose, and a two-thirds vote of the Gen eral Assembly. 5. Any county may be dissolved and merged with contiguous counties by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors of such county voting at an election held for that purpose. Section II. 1, The county officers shall be elected by the qualified voters of their respective counties and districts, and shall hold their offices for two years. They shall be removed on con viction for malpractice in office, and no person shall be eligible to any of the offices referred to in this paragraph unless he shall have been a resident of the county for two years and is a qualified voter. Section III. 1, Whatever tribunal, or officers may hereafter be Created by the General Assembly for the transaction of county

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481

matters, shall be uniform throughout the State, and of the same name, jurisdiction and remedies, except that the General Assem bly may provide for the appointment of commissioners of roads and revenue in any county.

ARTICLE XII.
Section I. 1, The laws of general operation in this State are, first, as the supreme law: The constitution of the United States, the laws of the United States in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made under the authority of the United States.
2. Second, As next in authority thereto: this constitution. 3. Third. In subordination to the foregoing: All laws now of force in this State, not inconsistent with this constitution, and the ordinances of this convention, shall remain of force until the same are modified or repealed by the General Assembly. The tax acts and appropriation acts passed by the General Assembly of 1877, and approyed by the Governor of the State, and not in consistent with the constitution, are hereby continued in force until altered by law. 4. Local and private acts passed for the benefit of the counties, cities and towns, corporations and private persons, not inconsistent with the supreme law, nor with this constitution, and which have not expired nor been repealed, shall have the force of statute law, subject to judicial decision as to their validity when passed, and to any limitations imposed by their own terms. 5. All rights, privileges and immunities which may have vested in, or accrued to, any person or persons, or corporations, in his, her or their own right, or in any fiduciary capacity, under and in virtue of any act of the General Assembly, or any judgment, decree or order, or other proceeding of any court of competent jurisdiction in this State heretofore rendered, shall be held in violate by all the courts before which they may be brought in question, unless attacked for fraud. 6. All judgments, decrees, orders and other proceedings of the several courts of this State, heretofore made, within the limits of their several jurisdictions, are hereby ratified and affirmed, sub ject only to revision by motion for a new trial, appeal, bill of re view, or other proceeding, in conformity with the law of force when they were made. f, The officers of the government now existing shall continue in the exercise of their several functions until their successors are duly elected or appointed and qualified, but nothing herein is to
31

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

apply to any officer whose office may be abolished by this con
stitution.
8,--The ordinances of this convention shall have the force of laws until otherwise provided by the General Assembly, except the ordinances in reference to submitting the homestead and cap ital questions to a vote of the people, which ordinances, after be ing voted on, shall have the effect of constitutional provisions.

ARTICLE XIII.
Section I. 1, Any amendment, or amendments, to this con stitution may be proposed in the Senate or House of Representa tives, and if the same shall be agreed to by two-thirds of the members elected to each of the two Houses, such proposed amend ment, or amendments, shall be entered on their journals, with the yeas and nays taken thereon. And the General Assembly shall cause such amendment, or amendments; to be published in one or more papers in each Congressional district for two months pre vious to the time of holding the next general election, and shall also provide for a submission of such proposed amendment, or amendments, to the people at said next general election, and if the people shall ratify such amendment, or amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to vote for members of the Gen eral Assembly, voting thereon, such amendment, or amendments, shall become a part of this constitution. When more than one amendment is submitted at the same time, they shall be so sub mitted' as to enable the electors to vote on each amendment sep arately.
2, No convention of the people shall be called by the General Assembly to revise, amend or change this constitution, unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General Assembly. The representation in said convention shall be based on population as near as praticable.
Section II. 1, The constitution shall be submitted for rati fication or rejection to the voters of the State, at an election to be held on the first Wednesday in December, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven in the several election districts of this State, at which election every person shall be entitled to vote who is entitled to vote for the members of the General Assembly under the constitution and laws of force at the date of such election ; said election to be held and conducted as is now provided by law for holding elections for members of the General Assembly. All persons voting at said election in favor of adopting the constitution

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483

shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "For Ratifi cation," and all persons opposed to the adoption of this constitution shall write or have printed on their ballots the words, "Against Ratification."
2, The votes cast at said election shall be consolidated in each of the counties of the State as is now required by law in elections for members of the General Assembly, and returns thereof made to the Governor; and should a majority of all the votes cast at said election be in favor of ratification, he shall declare the said consti tution adopted, and make proclamation of the result of said election by publication in one or more newspapers in each Congressional district of the State; but should a majority of the votes cast be against ratification, he shall in the same manner proclaim the said constitution rejected.
Continental Congress. Following is a list of the Georgia dele gates to the Continental Congress from 1775 to the formation of the Federal government. Biographical sketches of each appear under the appropriate headings. Benjamin Andrew, Abraham Baldwin, Nathan Brownson, Archibald Bulloch, Joseph Clay, Wil liam Few, William Gibbons, James Gunn, Button Gwinnett, John Habersham, Joseph Habersham, Lyman Hall, John Houston, Wil liam Houston, Richard Howley, Noble W. Jones, Edward Langworthy, Lachlan Mclntosh, William Pierce, Samuel Stirk, Edward Telfair, George Walton, John Walton, Joseph Wood, John J. Zubly.
Contracts. Any person may enter into a contract in the State of Georgia, though contracts made by minors, insane persons, per sons under the influence of intoxicating liquor, or based on gam bling -operations or for dealing in futures are generally void. Con tracts may be made in writing or by parol, except in cases where the statute of frauds requires a written obligation.
Conyers, located on the Georgia railroad about the center of Rockdale county, of which it is the county seat, is a town of 1,656 inhabitants. In its district there are 3,380 people, all by their trade contributing to the up-building of the town. It contains the greater part of the manufactories of the county, viz: a paper mill, cotton seed oil mill, a fertilizer factory, furniture factory, and six flour and grist mills. It has express and telegraph offices, a post office with rural free delivery, two banks and several substantial mercan tile houses. Conyers is the shipping point for the county the annual shipment of cotton alone being about 10,000 bales. It is supplied with public schools and has churches representing several

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denominations. Conyers was incorporated in 1854, the corporate limits were extended in 1870 and in 1880 it was made a city.
Conyers, Christopher Bowen, a member of the well known law firm of Bennett & Conyers, of Brunswick, is recognized as one of the representative members of his profession in Glynn county. He was born in Cartersville, Bartow county, Ga., Nov. 23, 1867, and is a son of Christopher B. and Fanny Hawkins (Bulloch) Conyers, the former of whom was born in Coweta county, Ga., Sept. 25, 1833, and the latter in Bartow county, Feb. 20, 1846. The name Conyers is of Anglo-Saxon origin, and in the genealogy of the sub ject of this review are found representatives of English, Scotch, Irish and Welsh strains. So far as authentic data indicate the only ancestor who has come to America since the war of the Rev olution was the maternal grandfather of the mother of Mr. Con yers, and he took up his residence in the United States in the open ing years of the nineteenth century. Nearly all of the ancestors of Mr. Conyers, in both paternal and maternal lines, became iden tified with the history of Georgia, and came to this state from North Carolina, in connection with what was known as the Gallatin pur chase settlement, from the close of the Revolution until about 1800. Some had previously removed from Virginia to North Caro lina. One of Mr. Conyers' ancestors, bearing the name of Downs, was a signer of the Mecklenburg declaration of independence, adopted by North Carolina as a colony nearly a year prior to the is suing of the general colonial Declaration of Independence. Anoth er ancestor, bearing the name of Brewster, came to America on the historic "Mayflower." In the Continental line during the war of the Revolution were found a major and a captain bearing the name of Conyers. Mr. Conyers' maternal grandfather was a first cousin and intimate friend of Hon. George W. Crawford, who was elected governor of Georgia in 1843 and reflected in 1845, and who was the United States secretary of war at the time of the death of President Taylor. Hawkins Bulloch,. a maternal ancestor, is of record as a soldier of the Continental line in the Revolutionary war. The mother of Hawkins Bulloch was sister to Col. John Hawkins, prominent in the history of Georgia, for whom Hawkinsville was named. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Conyers made the official survey, for the state, of the section in which the beautiful city of Atlanta now stands, having been a man of prominence and in fluence as was also one of his brothers, who was a director of the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company at the time when the rail road was constructed. The father of the subject of this sketch

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

485

was a member of Phillips' legion in the Confederate service at the time of the Civil war. Christopher B. Conyers was afforded the advantages of the Kenmore preparatory school to the University of Virginia, at Amherst, Va., and later took up the study of law under able preceptors, being duly admitted to the bar of his native state and having been most successful in the work of his profession. He has been engaged in practice in Brunswick since 1899. He is a stanch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party and was secretary of the Democratic state committee for one term of two years, 1892-4. He is a member of the Baptist church in his home city, where he is also enrolled as a member of the Phoenix club and the lodge of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
Cook, John S., master mechanic of the
Georgia railroad, with residence and of
ficial headquarters in the city of Au
gusta, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y. Oct.
5, 1827, a son of Andrew and Sibyl Riggs (Carter) Cook, both born in Morris
county, N. ]., the former in the year
1800 and the latter in 1807. In 1836
they removed from Brooklyn to Detroit, Midi., where the father died in 1842.
He was a brick-mason by trade and be came a successful contractor and builder.
After his death his widow returned to Brooklyn, where she passed the remainder of her life, her death occurring in 1875. Of the children only two are living, John S., subject of this sketch, and Electa, wife of Albert Bruen, of Brook lyn. The original American progenitors of the Cook family came to this country in the colonial era, from England, and the maternal ancestors of Mr. Cook were found represented in the early colonial wars, prior to the Revolution. John S. Cook was granted the ad vantages of the common schools of the cities of Brooklyn and De troit, and in 1844 he went to the city of Philadelphia, where he served a five years' apprenticeship at the machinist's trade, in what are now known as the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Immediately after the completion of his apprenticeship, in April, 1849, he came to Georgia, first locating in Savannah, where for five months he was employed in the shops of the Central Railroad & Banking company. In September of that year he took vip his residence in Augusta and entered the employ of the Georgia Railroad & Banking Com pany, in whose service, under the various changes of regime, he has

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ever since continued, representing a period of fifty-seven years. He began his labors with this company in the capacity of machinist, and thereafter was promoted in turn to the positions of locomotive engineer, foreman in the shops and master mechanic, of the last mentioned of which he has been the incumbent for more than a quarter of a century, or since 1879. He was locomotive engineer from 1850 to 1853, and foreman in the shops thereafter until made master mechanic. He is one of the oldest employes in continuous service with the company and commands the implicit confidence and high regard of all who know him, being known as a faithful and able official and as a man of the utmost rectitude in all the relations of life. He is a Democrat in his political proclivities, and served one term as a member of the city council of Augusta. He and his wife are communicants of St. Paul's church, Protestant Episcopal. He is a Royal Arch Mason, and a member of the Amer ican master car builders' association and the American railway master mechanics' association. On Nov. 22, 1854, Mr. Cook was united in marriage to Miss Mary Anne Hardman, daughter of the late William Hardman, who was master mechanic of the Georgia railroad for a number of years. Mr. and Mrs. Cook have one son, William H., who holds a responsible position with the Georgia Railroad, and one daughter, Annie Bruen, who married Frederick Woollven, of Rosemont, near Philadelphia, Pa. Mrs. Woollven died Sept. 8, 1904, leaving one son, born March 1, 1895. William H. Cook is married and is the father of nine children.
Cook, Philip, soldier and member of Congress, was born in Twiggs county, July 31, 1817, of Revolutionary ancestry. He grad uated at Oglethorpe university, after which he studied law at the University of Virginia and began practice at Forsyth in 1841. In 1861 he enlisted in the Fourth Georgia infantry and rose by succes sive promotions to the rank of brigadier-general. After the war he practiced at Oglethorpe until 1869, when he removed to Americus. He was a member of President Johnson's reconstruction conven tion and in 1865 was elected to the lower house of Congress, but was denied his seat on account of political disabilities. These dis abilities were afterward removed and he served as a representative in Congress from 1873 to 1883. In 1882 he was appointed one of the capital commissioners of Georgia; was appointed secretary of state in 1890 and afterward elected to the same office for a full term. He died at Atlanta in 1894.
Cook, Zadock, was born in Georgia in 1769. He served as a member of the legislature for a number of years; was elected to

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

48?

represent his district in the lower house of Congress in 1816, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Alfred Cuthbert, and was reelected for the full term succeeding. In early life he was a noted fiddler, then gave up the violin for over forty years, but re turned to it in his old age as a comfort in his declining years. He died at the age of ninety.
Cooksville, a post-village in the southeastern part of Heard county, is on the New river, about eight miles northwest of Hogansville, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Cooley, Hollis A. The track of the Indian's moccasin was scarcely dry on the banks of the Etowah and Coosa rivers, when the first pioneers of Floyd county, Ga., came to settle, among them such notables as Alfred Shorter, Joe Norris, John Underwood, William Smith, D. R. Mitchell and Hollis Alien Cooley. The last named is the subject of this sketch. He first saw the light of day in South Deerfield, Mass., July 25, 1794. He was of stanch New England stock, the son of Eli and Chloe Alien Cooley, both of whom were born in Massachusetts; the former on May 1, 1764, the latter May 15, 1788. The ancestors of Mr. Cooley fought in the French and Indian wars and also the war for American Independence. The intrepid Ethan Alien was his great-uncle, and Samuel Alien was his direct ancestor. Samuel Alien, who was born in 1702, was killed by Indians while bravely defending his family. An account of his death and of his valorous effort to de fend his loved ones is given in Sheldon's History of Deerfield, Mass., and in the Memorial Hall in Deerfield is a tablet commem orating the heroism of this sterling ancestor of Hollis A. Cooley. Samuel Alien thus met his death in 1746, on the meadow north of his homestead, known as "The -Bars." Mr. Cooley was one of the earlier settlers of Floyd County, first locating in Van's Valley, and later removing to Rome, where he passed the remainder of his life. He had previously resided in Jasper county, where he served on the bench of the county court. Hollis A. Cooley was united in mar riage to Miss Elizabeth Harper, a woman noted both for her beauty and integrity. She was the daughter of Alexander and Tabitha Harper, of Monticello, Ga. There were born to Hollis and Eliza beth Cooley the following children: John .Alexander, Milton Al ien, Martha Harper, Ellen Emily, Georgia Elizabeth and Mary. After removing to Rome Mr. Cooley engaged in business, farming and other interests. He and Alfred Shorter assisted largely in the upbuilding of the then young town of Rome. Mr. Cooley owned a large portion of what is now known as Second and Third avenues.

488

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

He owned and built what is now called the Brooks Place, known then as "Belvidere." With its stately Greek columns and ante bellum proportions it stands today in the large grounds on the hill a relic of by gone days. Many a story could its ivy-covered pillars and whispering cedars unfold, could they speak of hospitable days agone, of slaves to come and go, of war, of peace and rose time, of plenty, of want, of privation, of young love, of soldiers, of his four beautiful daughters and their gay cavaliers, and of all that checkered past belonging to a brave man who helps to settle a new country, and whose family is left to struggle through a bloody Civil war. Such would "Belvidere" tell today, but it is only to her gentle and retiring master this memoir is dedicated. Sir Philip Sydney would describe him as "a man of high erected thought, seated in a heart of courtesy." He was quiet, modest, conscientious and honest. In politics, he was an old time Whig, and in religion a Baptist, as was his wife. He left to his children a pure and spot less character. Kindly, and useful, he was an honored citizen, truth and justice abiding with him as permanent guests, while he never sacrificed conscientious convictions to further his persona] ends. He crossed the river many years ago and sleeps today on Myrtle Hill, besides his wife and other loved ones. The little city where he once moved and had his being, plies her traffic and noise beneath him, and the limpid Costanaula flows to the sea, but naught can disturb the peace of this good man, who has gone to the reward reserved for the pure in heart.
Cooley, Pemberton, one of the suc cessful representatives of the legal pro fession in Jackson county, is engaged in the practice of law in the thriving town of Commerce. He was born in Leo, White county, Ga., Feb. 27, 1879, a son of Joseph D. and Martha Ann (Dean) Cooley, the former born in Spartansburg, S. C, Aug. 20, 1849, and the latter in Leo, White county, May 24, 1854. Joseph D. Cooley was too young to enter the Confederate service in the Civil war; but two of his brothers, William H. and James M., were gallant defenders of the cause, the former sacrific ing his life in the battle of Gettysburg and the latter continuing in the service until the close of the war. Rev. James M. Dean, maternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a soldier

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

489

in the Confederate ranks during the early part of the war, and later served in his community as a member of what was designated as the home guard. He was a clergyman of the Methodist church, and also held the office of county judge. His son James C. was graduated in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and later served several years as president of Marvin college, Clinton, Ky. He finally re signed this position, read law, and was admitted to the bar in Ken tucky, being now judge of the county court of Hickman county, that state, of which Clinton its the county seat. Pemberton Cooley attended Mosey Creek academy, in his native town, where he con tinued his studies until 1896, when he was matriculated in Young Harris college in Towns county, where he was a student two years, at the expiration of which he entered Piedmont institute, at Demorest, Ga., in which he was graduated in 1899, receiving second honors of his class, having been most popular with his fellow students in each of the institutions mentioned. After leaving school Mr. Cooley, was principal of Nacoochee institute one term, then resigned to enter the law department of the University of Georgia, from which he received his degree of Bachelor of Laws in 1901, and was forthwith admitted to the bar of his native state. Soon afterward he located in Commerce, Jackson county, where, by perseverance, energy, hartl study and application, he has built up for himself a practice of which he may well feel proud. He is unwavering in his advocacy of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands sponsor, and he is now serving as attorney of his home city. At the primary-nominating convention Nov. 26, 1905, Mr. Cooley was the unanimous choice of his party for mayor of Commerce, and at the election held Dec. 6, 1905 was elected with only five dissenting votes an unusually complimen tary ballot. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Epis copal church South; he is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Nov. 19, 1903, he was united in marriage to Miss Martha Glass Crooks, daughter of William L. and Mary McCormick (Glass) Crooks, of Shelbyville, Ky., and they have a winsome little daughter, Mary Elizabeth, bora Aug. 21, 1904.
Coolidge, a village in the northern part of Thomas county, re ported a population of 95 in 1900. It is on the Fitzgerald & Thomasville division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad, has .a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, and is the principal shipping point for that part of the county.
Coombs, Ashley B., the able superintendent of the Georgia pen-

490

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

itentiary farm, near Milledgeville, Baldwin county, was born on a farm in Twiggs county, Ga., Jan. 26, 1859, a son of James R. and Sarah E. (Boothe) Coombs, the former born in Twiggs county, in 1820, and the latter in Pulaski county, in 1833. The father was a successful planter and his death occurred in 1873. His widow is still living and resides in Pulaski county. Of the five living children the subject of this sketch is the only son; Mary S. is the wife of H. S. Wimberly, of Telfair county; Charlotte T. is the widow of J. A. D. Coley, of Pulaski county; Elizabeth M. is the widow of L. T. Peacock, "of the same county; and Zilpha H. is the widow of W. H. Frazier and likewise resides in Pulaski county. Ashley B. Coombs secured his education in the schools of Twiggs and Wilkinson counties and in Mercer university, and has been iden tified with agricultural pursuits from his youth up, so that he is well fitted for the responsible duties which devolve upon him in his present official capacity. He began farming operations on his own responsibility several years before attaining his legal majority, and in time became one of the most successful, progressive and popular planters of Pulaski county, his reputation in this regard leading to his appointment to his present office, in October, 1903, at the hands of the state prison commissioners. He has fully justified the wisdom of the commissioners in making the appoint ment, and is doing a most efficient work in managing and directing the affairs of the state farm. In 1905 he produced on the farm 457 bales of cotton, the highest previous record having been 352 bales. The farm comprises 5,000 acres, about seventy plows are operated on it and it is being brought into model condition under the present superintendent. Mr. Coombs is a Democrat in his political adherency and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On March 1, 1880, he was united in marriage to Miss Charlotte Elizabeth Plane, of Charleston, S. C., and they have six children, namely: Annie S., Charlotte P., James R., Ira Dupree, Mary D. and Ashley B., Jr. Annie S. is now the wife of O. N. Maxwell, of Baldwin county, and Charlotte P. is the wife of R. J. McGriff, of Pulaski county.
Cooney, William ],, a representative wholesale dealer in produce and provisions, in the city of Augusta, was born in that city on Nov. 24, 1861, and is a son of John and Ella (Dow) Cooney, the former of whom was born in County Roscommon aqd the latter in County Cork, Ireland. Their acquaintanceship had its inception in Augusta, Ga., however, and here they were married in 1858, the father hav ing immigrated to America as a young man, while the mother came

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

491

in company with other members of her family. John Cooney, who

was identified with the cotton business in Augusta, died in 1869,

having served the Confederate government in a civil capacity dur-

,, ,..

ing the war between the states. His wife

died in 1881, survived by three children:

Kate, wife of C. B. Engle, of Long Beach,

Cal.; John F., a resident of Birmingham,

Ala.; and William J., the subject of this

sketch. William J. Cooney supplemented

his study in the public schools of Au

gusta by taking a thorough course in

bookkeeping in night school, having in

itiated his business career when but ten

years of age, as a clerk for the firm of

Miller & Bussey, wholesale grocers of

Augusta. He remained with this firm

four years, and within the interim had risen to the position of

head clerk. He then became shipping and receiving clerk for

J. M. Berry, a wholesale grain, flour and meat merchant, re

signing his position about two years later to take that of bill

ing clerk for the Southern Express Company. In 1889 he be

came city salesman for Vannerson & Co., wholesale grain and pro

vision merchants, retaining this position for four years, after which

he served in a similar capacity for Miller & Bussey for one year.

He then reentered the employ of Vannerman & Co., with whom he

remained for two years, as city and country salesman. He then

took a position again with J. M. Berry, but was soon compelled

to resign, by reason of impaired health. As soon as he had suf

ficiently recuperated he engaged in the wholesale produce and

provision business, to which he has since given his attention, having

been very successful in his operations and being one of the lead

ing commission merchants of his native city. His business head

quarters are located at 957 Broad street. Mr. Cooney is a com

municant of the- Catholic church, being a member of the parish

of the church of the Sacred Heart. He is affiliated with the Benev

olent and Protective Order of Elks, and as a youth he was a mem

ber of the Clark light infantry, a local military organization. On

Jan. 9, 1889, Mr. Cooney was united in marriage to Miss Mary L.

Carrigan, who was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, and they

have seven children, namely: Mary, Ellen, William J., Jr., Mar

garet, John F., Edward C., and Charles C.

Cooper, Andrew Jackson, M. D., is an able and popular represen-

492

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tative of his profession in Dallas, the attractive county seat of Paulding county. He was born in that county, Nov. 23, 1864, and is a son of Levi and Emma (Ragsdale) Cooper, both natives of South Carolina, and both now living in Paulding county. The father rendered valiant service in defense of the Confederacy during the war between the states, having borne arms as a member of the First Georgia volunteer cavalry. Doctor Cooper's earlier edu cational training was secured in the schools of Paulding county, and his professional education was gained under most favorable conditions, since he was graduated in the Atlanta medical college, as a member of the class of 1892, duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine, and coming forth well fortified with the ex acting work of the vocation to which he had determined to devote himself. In the same year he opened an office in Dallas, but in 1893 he removed to Brownsville, in the same county, and built up a successful practice, remaining there five years, at the expiration of which time he returned to Dallas, where his success has been equally gratifying. The esteem in which he is held in the com munity is indicated in no uncertain way by the office of which he is now incumbent, having been elected mayor of Dallas in Sep tember, 1904, and giving to the city a most satisfactory administra tion. He is a stanch supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, and both he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. In 1892 Doctor Cooper was united in marriage to Miss Alice House, who died in 1898, leaving one child Alta Imogene Cooper five years of age. In 1899 he wedded his present wife, whose maiden name was Eva Williams and who is a daughter of John H. Williams, a well known citizen of Dallas. They have two children: Andrew Jackson, Jr. aged four, Mary Cooper aged two years.
Cooper, Charles Wheeler, is known as one of the representative business men and popular citizens of Thomasville, Thomas county, where he is a successful merchant. He was born near Montgom ery, Bossier parish, La., Aug. 9, 1860, and is a son of Jesse Milner and Louisa Hardy (Brown) Cooper, the former born in Houston county, Ga., Aug. 8, 1829, and the latter in Pulaski county, Ga. Jesse M. Cooper was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy t in the Civil war, having enlisted in a Louisiana regiment at the begin ning of the conflict and was made captain of his company, which was organized at or near Montgomery. He was promoted to the rank of major and continued in the service during the four years of the war. He died Oct. 27, 1867, of yellow fever, and this caused

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

493

his children to return to Georgia, to find homes with relatives in various parts of the state. The subject of this sketch was but seven years of age at the time of his father's death and he was taken into
the home of his uncle, John Thornton Cooper, a planter and cotton mill man at Houston Factory, Houston county, where the lad was reared to maturity and where he received a common school education. At the age of eighteen years Mr. Cooper left his adopted home and located in Hawkinsville, Pulaski county, where he found employment in the gen eral merchandise store of John Henry & Son, with which firm he remained until he had attained his legal majority. He then became a salesman in the Empire store at Macon, and later held a responsible position with the old and well known dry-goods establishment of C. L. O'Gorman & Co., of that city. At the age of twenty-eight years he opened a small general-merchandise store at Sycamore, Irwin county, on the line of the Georgia, Florida & Southern railroad and in the heart of the wire-grass section. Energy and correct business methods brought to him definite success in this enterprise, making the most of the opportunities presented and pushing for ward to the mark of greater things. Thus he was led to seek a wider field of endeavor and with the courage and self-reliance be gotten of former successes he removed, in 1894, to Thomasville, where he engaged in the same line of enterprise. Here his position is to-day assured as a prominent and prosperous merchant and loyal and progressive citizen, retaining the confidence and esteem of all who know him. He has stated that "Honesty and cordiality are life's successful weapons," and the truth of this aphorism has been verified most emphatically in his own business career. He is a member of the Thomasville board of trade and is president of the C. W. Cooper Company, wholesale grocers. Mr. Cooper is a loyal supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and in 1906 he was defeated for mayor of Thomasville by the small plurality of forty votes in the only three-cornered contest known in the history of the municipality. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South, in which he is a steward and a member of the board of trustees. He is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

as well as the Mystic Shrine, and is also identified with the Benev olent and Protective Order of Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Thomasville Gun club, the Elks club and the local law and order league. On April 25, 1888, Mr. Cooper was united in marriage to Miss Julia Anna Dasher, daughter of William Barnard and Mary Jane (Walden) Dasher, of Macon, Ga., and they have five children Charles William, May Thornton, Albert Tharin, Ernest Brown, and Mars Mclntosh.
Cooper Heights, a post-hamlet in the central part of Walker coun ty, is on the Chattanooga Southern railway, nine miles northwest of Lafayette.
Cooper, John Thomas, who stands at the head of the Cooper Lumber Com pany, manufacturers of and dealers in yellow pine lumber, with headquarters in the city of Columbus, where he has maintained his home from his boyhood days, has risen to prominence and suc cess as a business man and stands rep resentative of that loyal type of citizen ship which makes for the substantial well being of the community. He was born on a plantation in Russell county, Ala., March 20, 1853, his parents, Hadley and Adaline (Morris) Cooper, both being natives of South Car olina. Hadley Cooper was a planter by vocation and sacrificed his life in the cause of the Confederacy, having enlisted in an Ala bama regiment at the outbreak of the war between the states and died in 1862, while still in the service. His widow passed away about the year 1884. She is survived by the one son and by two daughters, Sarah Rebecca, who is the wife of Thomas Covington, of Carroll county, Tex., and Margaret, who is the wife of C. O. Brinson, of Columbus. John T. Cooper, the immediate subject of this sketch, attended private schools in Russell county, Ala., until he had gained a good practical knowledge of the common branches of education, and has been a resident of Columbus since 1868. He left school when fifteen years of age and in the following year initi ated his independent career as a newsboy on the old Mobile & Girard railroad. Later he became a baggageman on the same road, was promoted to the position of freight conductor and finally be came a passenger train conductor, retaining this position about three years. In 1881 he resigned the office and for the ensuing ten

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

495

years was engaged in the wholesale and retail merchandise business in Columbus. Since 1892 he has devoted his entire attention to the lumber business and is now sole proprietor of the large and impor tant business conducted under the title of the Cooper Lumber Com pany. He has a large and well equipped saw mill at Brantley, Crenshaw county, Ala., accessible to the best timber supplies of yellow pine, and his planing mill, sash, door and blind factory, a thoroughly modern plant, is located in Columbus, his main office being es tablished at Sixth avenue and Ninth street, in that city. He makes a specialty of kiln-dried lumber, handles all kinds of builders' sup plies in the lumber line, and controls a large and substantial trade. He is a member of the Yellow Pine manufacturers' association. Mr. Cooper gives unqualified allegiance to the Democratic party and while he has never been ambitious for office he served four years as representative of the fourth ward on the board of alder men of Columbus. He is a member of the First Baptist church, and his wife is a member of St. Luke's Methodist church. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Heptasophs, the Knights of Honor and the Knights & Ladies of Honor. In October, 1880, he was united in marriage to Miss Lenora Flow ers Newsom, daughter of of Aladin Thomas Newsom and Susan Elizabeth (Bryan) Newsom, of Stewart county, Ga. They have four sons, namely: Newsom, born Sept. 4, 1881; Willard, born Oct. 28, 1885; John Thomas, Jr., born Nov. 10, 1889; and Charles Hadley, born Feb. 17, 1893.
Copper, Mark Anthony, was born in Georgia, studied law and was admitted to practice at Columbus. In 1838 he was elected to the lower house of Congress and again in 1840, but resigned before the expiration of his second term to make the race for governor in 1843, in which he was defeated. Subsequently he became inter ested in manufacturing, being a pioneer in the production of iron goods. His plant was located in Bartow county, at a place still known as Cooper's Iron Works. He lived to an advanced age.
Coosa, a village of Floyd county, is on the Southern railway, about ten miles west of Rome. It has a money order postoffice and is the trading center for the neighborhood in which it is located.
Coosacreek, a post-hamlet of Union county, is about six miles southwest of Blairsville. Murphy Junction and Blueridge, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, are the nearest railroad stations.

496

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Cope, George Lewis, A man's repu

tation is the property of the world. The

.:.:::::;^B-:t;WSH;;--; : ':

laws of nature have forbidden isolation.

:::s:::s3:-:;S: ; -.'^s:: ;;;;;:;:;:;;/.;;:;;;.;; Every human being submits to the con

trolling influence of others or, as a mas

ter spirit, wields a power either for good

or evil upon those with whom he comes

in contact. There can be no impropriety

in justly scanning the acts of any man

as they affect his public and business

relations. If he is honest and eminent in

his chosen field of endeavor, investiga

tion will brighten his fame and point the

path that others may safely follow. Among the quiet, persevering

and sterling citizens of Savannah stood the subject of this memoir.

During a long and successful commercial life, characterized by

distinctive enterprise, he maintained an enviable reputation for the

highest integrity and principle, no unworthy word or deed having

ever been linked with his name, and no citizen of Savannah made

better use of his accumulations. He had a high sense of his stew

ardship and his life counted for good in all its relations. He was

born in the city of Savannah, Feb. 26, 1817, a son of George and

Sarah (Epinger) Cope. He was afforded the advantages of the

common schools of his day and as a youth became an employe in

a mercantile establishment in Bay street, Savannah. Later he be

came a clerk in the establishment of the firm of Padelford & Fay,

cotton commission merchants in that city, and from that day for

ward until his death he continued identified with this important

line of industry. In the late '50s, upon the removal- of Joseph S.

Fay to Boston, Mass., Mr. Cope was admitted to partnership in the

business, which was thereafter continued under the firm name of

Padelford & Cope until the death of the senior member, Edward

Padelford, in 1870, when the firm of Cope & Ripley was formed.

This firm continued in business for a number of years and was

then dissolved by mutual consent, Colonel Cope virtually retiring

from active business, though he was always to be found in his

office during business hours up to a very short time before his

death, which occurred on Jan. 10, 1890. He accumulated a fortune

through legitimate means, no shadow rests on his fair fame as a

citizen and business man, and his generous virtues shone most

brightly in private life. He was for twenty years a director of the

Merchants' National bank, of Savannah, and on the death of Henry

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

497

Brigham succeeded to the presidency of. the institution. A year later, he resigned this executive office, but, at the earnest solicitation of the other directors, he continued a member of that body, and served until the close of his life. He was a director of Bonaventure cemetery and took the deepest interest in the improving and adorning of that beautiful "God's acre." He was a member of the board of pilot commissioners of Savannah, and was chairman of the same for a. number of years. Though retiring and unostenta tious, he was often a leader in the promotion of measures and en terprises tending to enhance the material and civic welfare of his native city. He was endowed with distinctive business sagacity and mature judgment, and his counsel was frequently sought in matters of public and commercial importance. Charitable, kindly and tolerant, ever considerate of others and deeply appreciative of the springs of human thought and action his was a noble and well rounded character, and to him was given the unequivocal esteem of all classes of citizens. He became a member of the board of trustees of the Georgia infirmary in 1869, and continued in tenure of this position until his demise. In 1854 he was one of the founders of the Savannah benevolent society, of which he served continuously as treasurer until 1877, holding this office during three serious epidemics in the city. The great work done by the asociation during these critical periods was largely due to his untiring and devoted efforts. On his retirement as treasurer he was made an honorary life-member of the association and was presented with a fine silver pitcher and goblets, the pitcher bearing the fol lowing inscription: "From the Savannah Benevolent Association to its founder and the first and only treasurer during twenty-three years; his faithful and unremitting services have illustrated his con stancy, courage and integrity, which can only be acknowledged by gratitude and praise. 1854-1877." Prior to the outbreak of the Civil war Mr. Cope was aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Cobb and was a. lieutenant in the Chatham Artillery, of which he continued as honorary member until his death. During the war he was captain of the Savannah Artillery, which did guard duty at Forts Pulaski and Jackson. He served on the military staff of Gov. Howell Cobb with the rank of lieutenant-colonel and thus gained the title by which he was familiarly known. In politics he was a Democrat and he was a strict attendant of the Baptist church. On Nov. 13, 1854, was solemnized the marriage of Colonel Cope to Miss Jacksonia Harriet Ansley Fell, a daughter of Frederick S. and Harriet (Hoskins) Fell, of Savannah. She still survives her
32

498

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

honored husband and resides in the beautiful home so dear to her from the hallowed associations of the past. Her father was editor and publisher of the Savannah Republican for twenty-one years, was a soldier in the war of 1812 and was a close personal friend of Gen. Andrew Jackson, in honor of whom he named his daughter, Mrs. Cope. He served in the state legislature, was prominent and influential in public affairs in Savannah and for many years was captain of the Savannah Guards. In conclusion is entered brief record concerning the children of Colonel and Mrs. Cope: William Ansley died at the age of eleven years and Charles. Frederick at the age of four; Mary Ansley is the wife of Thomas R. Mills, of .Griffin, Ga.; George L., Jr., married Miss Mary C. Law, of Savannah, and is now deceased; Harris married Miss Louisa Barnard and is a suc cessful business man of Savannah; and Harriet is now Mrs. James H. Hunter.
Copeco, a post-hamlet of Baldwin county, is located on Town creek, about ten miles southeast of Milledgeville, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Copeland, F. W., a successful attorney and counselor at law of Rome, is one of the representative members of the Floyd county bar and is an ex-member of the state legislature. He was born in Walker county, Ga., July 17, 1852, is a son of Alexander and Melissa (Sartain) Copeland, the former of whom was born in McMinn county, Tenn., Aug. 15, 1823, and the latter in Spartanburg county, S. C., Aug. 3, 1826. Representatives of both families served as valiant soldiers of the Continental line in the war of the Revolu tion. Great-grandfather Copeland was in the battle of Cowpens and other engagements in the great struggle for independence, and passed the closing years of his life in Spartanburg county, S. C. One of the great-grandfathers of Mr. Copeland in the maternal line was named Wall, was of Scotch descent and was likewise a soldier in the Revolution. Alexander Copeland rendered yeo man service as a defender of the Confederate cause in the war be tween the states. He enlisted as a private in the Second Georgia volunteer infantry in 1862, took part in the engagement at Dalton and in the various battles between that point and Atlanta, near which city he was captured by Sherman's men, and was paroled after the final cessation of hostilities. F. W. Copeland was edu cated in the University of Georgia and was admitted to the bar of the state soon after leaving college. He engaged in practice in Lafayette, Walker county, until 1901, when he removed to Rome, where he now has a representative clientage and holds a position

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

499

of prominence in his profession, his practice being of a general order. Mr. Copeland is an unswerving advocate of the principles and policies of the Democratic party and has served in various positions of public trust, including that of mayor of Lafayette, member of the board of education of Walker county, and repre sented that county in the state legislature from 1896 to 1901, in clusive. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fel lows, is identified with the Georgia bar asociation and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Feb. 18, 1883, Mr. Copeland was united in marriage to Miss Carrie M. Hunt, daughter of Benjamin F. Hunt, who organized the first company that en listed in the Confederate service from Walker county, in 1861, became a major in the service and was killed in the battle of Chickamauga, Sept. 19, 1863. To Mr. and Mrs. Copeland have been born six children, namely: John A., Benjamin F., Susan M., Hunt, F. W., Jr., and Lois R. John A. was graduated in the University of Georgia as a member of the class of 1905. F. W., Jr., died in infancy.
Copp, Jonathan, clergyman, was born in Connecticut. After graduating at Yale college he decided to enter the ministry of the Church of England. At that time there was no bishop in America, so he went to England to receive his orders. In December, 1750, he was ordained deacon and priest by Doctor Sherlock, at that time Bishop of London. The following year he was sent to St. Paul's church, at Augusta, Ga., which was at that time over one hundred miles from the next nearest church. Here he remained until 1756, when he became the rector of St. John's parish in South Carolina, and died there in 1762.
Copper. Several species of the compounds of this metal are found in Georgia, chiefly in the northern and northeastern portions, the deposits being a continuation of the Ducktown district of Tennessee and North Carolina. Before the war copper was suc cessfully mined in Fannin and Cherokee counties. Mines are now operated in Fannin, Lumpkin, Cherokee, Lincoln, Paulding, Mur ray and Haralson counties, in which copper, in connection with some other minerals, is found in paying quantities. It is also found in the counties of Union, Towns, Habersham, Carroll, Greene, Ful ton and Rabun, some very fine mineral specimens having been dis covered in the last named. Most of copper in Georgia is what is known as chalcopyrite, a double sulphide of iron and copper, though it has been found native in some of the Lincoln county mines.
Cordele, the county seat of Crisp county, is one of the new towns

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of Georgia. It was founded in 1888, by J. E. D. Shipp, of Americus,

and was incorporated by act of the legislature the same year. Its

rapid growth is largely due to the building of the Georgia Southern

& Florida railroad, on which it is the largest town between Macon

and Valdosta. A branch of the Atlantic & Birmingham connects

it with Fitzgerald and the Albany & Northern connects it with

Albany. The business portion is substantially built and wears a

metropolitan appearance. Among the industries and institutions

of Cordele are large lumber interests, a foundry, a sash, door and

blind factory, a cotton oil mill, three banks, a money order post-

office, with free delivery routes to the rural districts, express and

telegraph offices, an opera house, a fine system of water-works, an

electric light plant, several turpentine distilleries in the town and

vicinity, an excellent system of public schools, churches of the lead

ing denominations and numerous fine residences. The population

in 1900 was 3,473.

Cordray, a post-hamlet of Calhoun county, is on the Ichaway-

nochaway creek, ten miles north of Leary, which is the nearest

railroad station.

Corinth, a post-village in the-extreme southeast corner of Heard

county, reported a population of 162 in 1900. Loneoak, on the

Atlanta & West Point railroad, is the nearest station.

Cork, a post-village of Butts county, is located on the South

ern railway, about eight miles southeast of Jackson, and in 1900

reported a population of 100. Some shipping is done from this

point and it is a trading center for that portion of the county.

.,,,

Corker, Palmer L., banker and mer

chant of Waynesboro, was born in that

city on Aug. 1, 1860, his parents being

Capt. Stephen A. and Margaret M. (Pal

mer) Corker. (See sketch of Stephen

A. Corker). The mother and three of

her sons are still living. Her home is

in Greensboro, Stephen A. lives in At

lanta, and Frank G. is president of the

First National bank of Dublin. Palmer

L. Corker received his education in the

Richmond academy at Augusta, Ga., and

the Virginia military institute, and upon

leaving school became a clerk in the mercantile establishment of

Maj. William A. Wilkins at Waynesboro. At the age of twenty

years he embarked in a mercantile venture for himself with a few

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

501

hundred dollars, which he had inherited from his father's estate, but by close application to business and the exercise of sound judgment he has won a place among the foremost business men of his native city. In 1898 he was chosen vice-president of the Citi zens bank, and held the position until in September, 1905, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the First National, which had just been organized. In addition to his banking and mercantile interests he owns several farms in Burke county, and is president of the Waynesboro Grocery Company. In his political views he is a consistent advocate of Democratic principles; served as a mem ber of the board of county commissioners for ten years; a member of the city council for sixteen years; and for ten years has been treasurer of Waynesboro. In his youth he was for a time a member of the "Stonewall Rifles." He was married in 1880 to Miss Melrose M., daughter of John Attaway, formerly of Waynesboro, and they have three children: Stephen A., Mamie, and Palmer L., Jr.
Corker, Stephen A., Was born in Burke county, Ga., studied law and was admitted to the bar. At the beginning of the Civil war he resigned the office of ordinary of Burke county to enter the Con federate army as orderly sergeant of Company E, Third Georgia regiment, and subsequently became captain of his company. At Gettysburg he was captured and taken to Johnson's island, where he remained a prisoner until the end of hostilities. After the war he re timed the practice of law at Waynesboro, served several terms in the state legislature, and was elected a representative in the Forty-first Congress, but owing to a contest did not take his seat until toward the close of the term. He died in 1879, aged forty-nine years.
Corn. O. B. Stevens, commissioner of agriculture, says in his report for 1901: "Next to cotton in rank as a staple crop of Geor gia comes corn. The yield of this important cereal, wherever the best methods are employed, is very large. As is the case with cot ton, so also, in respect to corn, the number of farms in every county tilled by unskilled methods brings down Georgia's average yield to the acre. This is between eleven and twelve bushels, al though it has been seen that some of our most progressive farmers have produced as much as 125 bushels to the acre. * * * Counting in the grain States of the northwest, which produce no cotton, Georgia in 1890, came as the eleventh State in the number of acres devoted to corn, viz: 2,592,316, which yielded 29,261,422 bushels."
According to the census of 1900 the corn crop for that year was

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CYCLOP.EDIA OF GEORGIA

34,119,530 bushels, valued at $19,448,132. Corn constitutes the chief bread supply of thousands of people, while both the grain and the fodder form a valuable food for stock. By the use of commercial fertilizers and the introduction of improved methods of cultivation the corn crop of Georgia is increasing. During the war the pro duction of corn was very great. At that time cotton could not find its way into market, and the scarcity of food products, caused by the arrest of commerce between the states, led many of the farmers to turn their attention to corn, with the result that in the last years of the war southwestern Georgia was the granary of the Con federacy.
Cornelia, on the Southern railway, in the southwestern part of Habersham county, was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1887. The population in 1900 was 467, while that of the district was 1,058. The Tallulah Falls railway connects Cornelia with the noted falls in Rabun county and has just been completed to Clayton. In close proximity to Cornelia are large cotton mills with 6,000 spindles, and a woolen factory, in connection. In the town are a wagon factory, a sash and blind factory and some other man ufactories. It has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, a bank, several successful mercantile establishments, schools and churches, and a long distance telephone station.
Cornelius, George H., is one of the representative young members of the bar of his native county and is engaged in the successful practice of his profes sion in Homerville, Clinch county, also having served as judge of the county court. Judge Cornelius was born on the homestead plantation, eight miles distant from Homerville, June 20, 1880, and is a son of James B. and Martha Elizabeth Cornelius, the former born on a planta tion four miles from Dupont and the latter within six miles of that place this county, which was then a part of Appling county. Benjamin Cor nelius, great-grandfather of the subject of this review, was a sol dier in the war of 1812 and also took part in the Indian war in Georgia. He was tax collector of Appling county for a number of years, the county at that time including the counties of Clinch, Coffee and Ware, entirely or in part. George Cornelius, grand-

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503

father of the Judge, served as a valiant soldier of the Confederacy during the period of the Civil war and was for twelve years ordi nary of Clinch county. He was a man of prominence and influence in the community and a stalwart adherent of the Democratic party. After proper preliminary training Judge George H. Corne lius entered the Georgia normal college and business institute, at Abbeyville, in which he was graduated in June, 1901, and he was then matriculated in the law department of Mercer university, in Macon, completing the prescribed course and graduating in June 1903, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was duly admit ted to the bar of his native state, but before taking up the practice of his profession he taught for three years in Clinch, Lowndes and Ware counties. Since then he has been engaged in the general practice of his profession in Homerville, where he has met with marked success. He was appointed to fill out an unexpired term as judge of the county court, serving eighteen months and retiring from the bench on Oct. 28, 1905. In the following month he was elected mayor of Homerville, which office he still holds. He gives an unwavering support to the cause of the Democratic party and is one of the popular young men of his native county. On Oct. 30, 1904, Judge Cornelius was united in marriage to Mi-ss Annie Jack, daughter of William J. and Lou (Grace) Jack, of Knoxville, Ga.
Corporations. Superior courts may issue charters to corpora tions, except in the case of banking, insurance, canal, railroad, navigation, express and telegraph companies, which must be in corporated by the secretary of state. In pursuance of a constitu tional provision the general assembly passed a general and uniform law for the organization and incorporation of banking and rail road companies, and charters are issued by the secretary of state when the provisions of this law have been observed. Charter privileges expire in two years if no organization is effected within that time, and all charters may be forfeited in case of willful vio lation of the conditions on which they are granted, or for a misuse or nonuse of franchise privileges. Ten per cent of the capital Stock of any corporation must be paid in before it can legally do business in the state.
Foreign corporations are those not chartered by the State of Georgia. They are recognized by comity only, and cannot exer cise any privileges which are denied to domestic corporations by the constitution and laws of the state, or which would be contrary to the public policy of the state. They are subject to attachment,

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but have all the rights of replevin and defense. In case of foreign insurance companies and building and loan asociations deposits are demanded before they can do business in the state. All cor porations are liable for taxes and subject to license fees.
Corsica, a village of Tattnall county, near the line of Emanuel,. is on the Stillmore Air Line railway and in 1900 reported a popula tion of 100. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service and does considerable shipping.
Cortez, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Wilcox county,, is on the Abbeville & Fitzgerald division of the Seaboard Air Line railway.
Corundum. This substance is defined by standard dictionaries as a rhombohedral, transparent or translucent mineral, consisting of pure alumina, and of three varieties, viz: the gem, corundum proper, and emery. The first variety includes the sapphire, the ruby and the amethyst, none of which are found in Georgia, ex cept very small specimens. Neither is emery found in the state. Corundum is the hardest known substance next to the diamond, and its commercial value depends upon its quality as an abrasive. It.was first discovered in Georgia in 1871 on Laurel creek in Rabun county, where it has since been extensively mined. From there the deposits extend southwest, having been found in various localities in Union, Lumpkin, Habersham, Hall, Forsyth, Cherokee, Cobb, Paulding, Douglas, Carroll, Heard, Troup, Walton and Upson counties. The inactivity of the mines in recent years is due to the low price of corundum, rather than to any lack of the deposits.
Cottage Mills, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Chattahoochee county, is not far from the Alabama state line. Cusseta,. on the Albany & Columbus division of the Seaboard Air Line, is the nearest railway station.
Cotton. The minutes of the trustees of Jan. 16, 1740, contain this entry: "Capt. Dymond being questioned about Cotton, de clared that it thrives very well in Georgia; that he has brought home with him very good pods of it; and that it was planted on the Island of St. Simon, by Mr. Horton." This report shows that cotton was among the early crops of Georgia, though at the time this report was made rice was the principal product of the colony and experiments were being made with indigo, silk, etc. In later years more attention was paid to cotton, and with the invention of the cotton-gin it soon became the leading agricultural product. Just after the war the high price of cotton offered an inducement to the planters of the South to devote all their attention and en-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

505

ergies to cotton raising. Georgia was no exception to the rule and in a few years ranked second to Mississippi in the production of cotton. This condition of affairs naturally led to an over-pro duction of the staple, and a consequent decline in prices, which led many of the farmers to turn their attention to other crops, though cotton is still king. Since 1895 Georgia has, with the exception of one year, gone ahead of everything except the combined yields of Texas and the Indian Territory. The upland cotton grown in the valleys of the Oostenaula, Etowah and Coosa rivers, and some of the creeks in that section of the state, is considered the best of its kind in the Liverpool markets, while the celebrated sea-island cotton, grown along the coast and on the islands in the Atlantic, has a world-wide reputation. The increasing importation of Egyptian cotton, for use in American hosiery and knit goods mills, has caused some attention to be paid to this variety, and the Com missioner of Agriculture, in his report for 1901 says: "Wherever long-staple cotton can "be grown successfully the Egyptian cotton can be grown. While w,e would not advise one to plant his entire crop with the Egyptian variety, still we think it worthy of a fair trial." The fiber of the Egyptian cotton is not so long as that of the sea-island, but is longer than the upland, and its soft, silky texture renders it especially desirable for ,the finer grades of knit goods. Consequently it commands from four to six cents more on the pound than the native upland cotton. The average annual crop for the last ten years has been about 1,500,000 bales, of 500 pounds each, the value of which has been approximately $50,000,000. This is for the fiber alone, the seed bringing to the planters each year from $10,000,000 to $15,000,000 more,, so the reader can see that in the agricultural realm of Georgia "Cotton is King."
Cotton Exposition, 1881. (See Expositions). Cotton Gin. (See Whitney, Eli). Cotton Growers Association. A convention of cotton growers was called at Atlanta on Dec. 14, 1897, at which the initial steps were taken to organize the Southern Cotton Growers Association. The principal objects of the association are the protection and promotion of the cotton industry. The convention favored a re duction in the acreage to keep up the price of the staple, opposed gambling in futures, approved the work of the American Cotton Growers Protective Association, and recommended the extension of the organization to all sections of the cotton belt. Cotton River Bridge, not far from Jonesboro, was the scene

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of a skirmish on Nov. 16, 1864, as Sherman's army was moving out of Atlanta on its march to the sea.
Council of Safety. The battles of Lexington and Concord aroused dormant patriotism and crystallized the sentiment in favor of independence. As the news of these first conflicts spread over the country committees or councils of safety were organized in the various colonies to guard the people's interests. On June 22, 1775, at a meeting in Savannah, a Council of Safety was appointed for the province of Georgia. It consisted of a number of prominent citizens, whose devotion to the cause of liberty was well known. William Ewen was elected president and Seth J. Cuthbert secre tary. In the following December the personnel of the council was somewhat changed and it was reorganized by the election George Walton president and Edward Langworthy secretary. One of the first acts oi; the council was to deal out summary retribution to one Hopkins, who ridiculed its objects and applied opprobious epithets to some of the members. As a lesson to others of his kind he was tarred and feathered by the populace, then hoisted into a cart and paraded through the streets for several hours. At the December meeting a number of officers were commissioned for the military service and steps taken to place the colony in a state of defense. Friendly relations were established with similar bodies in other provinces, and in this way was formed the nucleus of that movement, which finally culminated in the union of states.
Court, First Colonial. (See Court, Town). Court, General. In December, 1754, the council, upon the rec ommendation of Governor Reynolds and the attorney-general, es tablished a General Court, "having jurisdiction of all actions, real, personal, and mixed, exceeding the value of 40s.; and also to have cognizance of all criminal matters, with the like powers and au thority as used and exercised by the respective courts of the King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, in England." Where the sum at issue was more than 300 an appeal could be taken to the governor and the council, as in cases involving more than 500 the appeal could be carried to the king. Of the first General Court Noble Jones and Jonathan Bryan were appointed judges. Courts, Superior. In the fall of 1789 the general assembly passed an act providing: "That from and immediately after the passing of this act, two fit and proper persons, duly qualified, shall be elected judges of the superior court, which judges shall have precedence according to the time of their election; that the judges of said suprior court, or any one of them, shall hold the said courts

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

50?

in each county twice in every year, at the respective times, and in the manner following, that is to say, commencing in Camden and Washington, on the first Monday in January next, the Monday after in Glynn, Chatham and Wilkes, the second Monday after in Effingharn and Richmond, and the Monday after in the county of Burke, and that the counties from Burke to Camden inclusive, be the eastern district, and the remaining counties the western district; and the second term shall commence on the first Monday in July next thereafter in Camden and Washington, and be continued throughout each district in the same rotation as directed in respect to the first circuit; that the said superior court shall have full power and authority to exercise jurisdiction in and to hear and de termine, by a jury of twelve men, all pleas, civil and criminal; and all causes of what nature or kind soever, according to the usage and custom of courts of law and equity (except such as hereby referred to inferior jurisdiction), on the days and times hereinbe fore mentioned; and' shall consist of at least one or more judge or judges; that the judges of the said superior courts shall be, and they are hereby vested, with full powers to regulate the proceedings in said courts; and to make and establish all necessary rules for the orderly conducting of business therein, according to law, and the usages of courts, and shall have power to impose and administer all necessary oaths or affirmation, and to punish, by usual fine or imprisonment, at the discretion of the judge or judges presiding, all contempts of authority in any cause or hearing before said court." It is also further provided "that no person should be allowed to practice or plead in any of the superior or inferior courts, until examined in open court and admitted by one or more judges of the superior court."
George Walton and Henry Osborne were elected judges, and this was the beginning of the circuit or superior court system of Geor gia. In 1797 a third circuit was created, consisting of the counties of Burke, Screven, Washington, Jefferson, Warren, Richmond and Columbia, and a third judge added. Other districts or circuits have been established from time to time, until in 1900 there were twenty-four superior courts in the state.
Court, Supreme. By an amendment to the constitution in 1835 it was provided that: "The supreme court shall consist of three judges, who shall be elected by the legislature for such term of years as shall be prescribed by law, and shall continue in office until their successors shall be elected and qualified, removable by the governor on two-thirds of both branches of the general as-

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sembly for that purpose, or by impeachment and conviction there on. The said court shall have no original jurisdiction, but shall be a court alone for the trial and correction of errors in law and equity from the superior courts of the several circuits, and shall sit at least once a year, at a time to be prescribed by law, in each of the five judicial circuits to be hereafter laid off and designated by the legislature for the purpose, at the most central point in such judicial district, or at such other point in each district as shall be by the general assembly ordained, for the trial and determination of such writs of error from the several superior courts included in such judicial districts."
Although this provision was made in 1833 it was not until ten years afterward that a supreme court was established. In 1843 another amendment of similar character was adopted by a vote of the people and on Dec. 10, 1845, the general assembly passed the following act:
"Sec. I. Be it enacted, That in pursuance of the first section of the third article of the constitution,' there shall be, and is hereby established, a court for the correction of errors, to be called the supreme court of the State of Georgia; the said court shall consist of three judges, who shall be elected at the present session of the general assembly; one for the term of six years; one for the term of four years; and one for the term of two years, during which terms they shall respectively hold their offices, unless sooner re moved, in the manner pointed out by the constitution. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge unless he shall have been duly admitted and licensed to. plead and practice in the courts of law and equity in this state, ten years, at least, prior to his election.
"Sec. 2. The said supreme court shall be holden at the times and places following, to-wit: On the second Monday in January and third Monday in June, in each year, for the first district, to be composed of the eastern* and southern judicial circuits, alter nately at Savannah and Hawkinsville. On the fourth Mondays in January and July in each year, for the second district, to be com posed of the southwestern and Chattahoochee circuits, alternately at Talbotton and Americus. On the second Mondays in Febru ary and August in each year, for the third district, to be composed of the Coweta and Flint judicial circuits, alternately at Decatur and Macon. On the fourth Mondays in March and September in each year, for the fourth district, to be composed of the westevrn and Cherokee circuits, alternately at Cassville and Gainesville. On the first Mondays in May and November in each year, for the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

509

fifth district, to be composed of the middle, northern and Ocmulgee judicial circuits, at the city of Milledgeville."
For some time the court met in accordance with the provisions of this act, but after the capital of the state was located at Atlanta the court was established there and now holds all its sessions in that city, where the records of the tribunal are kept, thus avoiding the necessity and expense of transporting them from place to place. The first chief justice was Joseph Henry Lumpkin, with whom was associated Hiram Warner and Eugenius A. Nisbet. All three were men well versed in the law, and their decisions have been handed down as examples of profound legal erudition and worthy precedents for the guidance of subsequent courts. The court as constituted at present consists of a chief justice, a pre siding justice, and four associate justices. In 1906 the court was made up of William H. Fish, chief-justice; Andrew J. Cobb, pre siding justice; Beverly D. Evans, Joseph H. Lumpkin, Marcus W. Beck and Samuel C. Atkinson, associate justices.
Court, Town. Before the first colonists left England the trus tees appointed three bailiffs, two constables, two tithing men, and eight conservators of the peace, and at the same time provided for a court of judicature, with power to settle all cases "arising or happening in the province of Georgia." This court, known as the "Town Court," held its first session and tried its first case on July 7, 1733. It was opened in due form by General Oglethorpe, with the three bailiffs, George Symes, Richard Hodges and Francis Scott as judges; Noble Jones as recorder or clerk; and Richard Cannon and Joseph Coles as constables. This was the first tribunal that ever met within what is now the State of Geor gia.
Court of Vice-Admiralty. For about two years after the sur render of the colonial charter by the trustees the people of Geor gia were practically a law unto themselves, alternately hoping and despairing as to the form of government under which they were to be placed. On Oct. 1, 1754, the king appointed John Reynolds governor, and Georgia became a royal province. One of the first acts of the new governor was to call the attention of the council to the lack of tribunals with competent jurisdiction, especially in admiralty matters, and on Dec. 12, 1754, a court of vice-admiralty was created. At that time the war with France and piracy upon the high seas furnished abundant material for the consideration of such a court. Reynolds, who was an officer in the royal navy at the time of his appointment as governor, acted as vice-admiral

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and judge of the court; James E. Powell was the first judge advo cate ; William Clifton, advocate-general; Alexander Kellett, mar shal, and William Spencer, register. Provisions were made for ah appeal from the decisions of this court to the high court of ad miralty in England.
Courts, (Terms and Jurisdiction). The courts of the state con sist of a supreme court, superior courts, courts of ordinary, and justices courts. In Athens, Atlanta, Augusta, Columbus, Rome, Macon, Savannah and some other places there are special courts, known as city courts, and in several counties where there are no city courts there are county courts. Justice courts hold monthly sessions and have jurisdiction in civil cases up to $100; appeals can be taken where the amount involved is over $50; in criminal cases they are courts of commitment only. Courts of ordinary also hold monthly sessions and have jurisdiction over estates, con duct of administrators, executors and guardians, etc. Appeals may be taken from the court of ordinary to the superior court. City courts hold four sessions annually, except in the case of At lanta, where the court holds six terms. The jurisdiction in these courts is unlimited, except in divorce proceedings, titles to land and certain proceedings in equity cases. County courts meet monthly and quarterly and their jurisdiction is limited to con troversies in which the amount involved is $300 or less. The state is divided into judicial circuits, in each of which a superior court is the highest tribunal. They have original jurisdiction in all cases, exclusive jurisdiction in all cases involving life or im prisonment in the penitentiary, and hold two sessions annually. Decisions of these courts may be appealed to the supreme court on bills of error. The supreme court is the court of last resort within the state and its decisions are final.
Covena, a post-hamlet of Emanuel county, is on the Dover & Brewton division of the Central of Georgia railway, between Stillmore and Adrian.
Covington, the county seat of Newton county is located on a ridge, three and one half miles from the Yellow river and three miles west of the Alcovy. A street railway connects the business portion of the city with the railroad station. The Georgia railroad connects it with Atlanta and Augusta and a branch of the Central of Georgia gives it a direct route to Macon, thus bringing it into easy communication with three of the most important cities of Georgia. Covington was incorporated as a town in 1822 and char tered as a city in 1854. It has a fine system of public schools,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

511

the main building of which is the former Southern Masonic female college, at one time noted throughout all this section and, under its new relations and changed name, still a great power in the cause of education. Covington has express and telegraph offices, a money order post office with rural free delivery, three banks, a cotton mill with 320 looms and 5,000 spindles. The annual cot ton receipts and shipments of Covington are about 15,000 bales and the merchants of the city do a good business. In 1900 the population of the entire Covington district was 3,083 and of the city proper 2,063.
During the Civil war and while the siege of Atlanta was in progress Federal raiders twice passed through Covington and the neighboring town of Oxford. The first visitation was from Garrard's cavalry on July 22, 18C4, the day of the most desperate bat tle of the Atlanta campaign. The second time was when some of Sherman's cavalry passed through that section of the state on the famous raid which ended so disastrously for them near Macon.
Cowan, a post-hamlet of Morgan county, is about twelve miles north of Madison and not far from the Appalachee river. Appalachee, on the Athens & Macon division of the Central of Geor gia is the nearest railroad station.
Coweta County was created in 1826 from land acquired by the treaty of Indian Springs. It was named for the tribe of Indians who once occupied the land and was conferred as an honor to Gen. William Mclntosh, the half breed chief. It lies in the west ern part of the state and is bounded by Campbell county on the north, Fayette on the east, Meriwether and Troup on the south, Heard on the west, and Carroll on the "northwest. The Chattahoochee river separates it from Carroll, while its tributaries and those of the Flint, drain the land. The water-power especially along the Chattahoochee is unsurpassed. The principal industries are farming, fruit growing and manufacturing. The soil varies from light loam to heavy clay and the productions also vary. Cotton, corn, wheat, oats, sorghum, sugar-cane, sweet and Irish potatoes are raised in abundance. Fruit raising is increasing in impor tance and thousands of acres are planted to peaches, grapes and strawberries. Near Coweta, nine miles east of Newnan, a wine factory has been established with an annual capacity of 100,000 gallons. Unexcelled transportation facilities are provided by the Atlanta & West Point and the Central of Georgia railroads. An almost inexhaustible supply of granite is found in the county and near Grantville are mines from which gold is obtained in paying

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

quantities. Besides the public schools there are several private institutions of high grade. The population in 1900 was 24,980, an increase of 2,626 in ten years. The county contains an unusual number of thrifty towns. Newnan is the county seat and trade center. Grantville, Senoia, Sharpsburg, Turin, Morehead, St. Charles, Powellsville and Coweta are thriving towns. In the county are the remains of an old fortification, circular in shape and covering from six to ten acres. Its history is unknown. The Rev. Dabney Jones, the great Georgia temperance worker, was a resident of Coweta county.
Cox, a post-village of Dodge county, reported a population of 250 in 1900. It is located in the southeastern part of the county, on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railway, and is an important shipping point.
Cox, Charles A., president of the Chatham Casket and Coffin Company, and known as one of the representative business men of the city of Savannah, was born at Baltimore, Md., Feb. 9, 1844, being a son of William B. and Julia Ann (Bowie) Cox, the former of whom was born in St. Mary county, Md., in 1800, and the latter in Fairfax county, Va., in 1801. William B. Cox was a cigar and tobacco manufacturer in Baltimore, and he died at Harper's Ferry, Va., in 1862, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, being at the time a Union soldier, his command being known as Purnell's legion, a Maryland organization. His wife passed the closing years of her life in Washington, D. C, where she died in 1878. Of the eight children of this union Charles A. is the only survivor. He secured his educational training in the public schools of his native city, leaving the same at the age of sixteen years and going to Washington, D. C., where he made his home for nine years, three of which were devoted to serving a thorough appenticeship at the tinner's trade. He continued to follow his trade in the national capital until 1870, when he removed to Savannah, being here employed as a journeyman tinner until 1878, when he engaged in business for himself, beginning operations on a modest scale. During the intervening period of more than a quarter of a cen tury he has continued in active business in Savannah, and has built up a trade of large and important scope, his province of busi ness including tin, slate, tile and gravel roofing, copper and gal vanized cornice and other architectural metal work, tin spouting, and also the installing of furnace heating plants. In 1904 Mr. Cox was one of the principal organizers of the Chatham Casket and Coffin Company, of which he is president, the company being in-

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corporated and having a well equipped plant in Savannah. In politics Mr. Cox is a stanch supporter of the cause of the Democ racy, and both he and his wife are communicants of St. John's Protestant Episcopal church, with which he has been identified since 1878. He is a member of the Savannah chamber of com merce, the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and with both departments of the Knights of Pythias, in the Uniform Rank of which he is the present brigadier-general for the State of Georgia. It is believed that in point of consecu tive membership he is the oldest member of the Knights of Pythias in the state. He was initiated in Webster Lodge, No. 7, in the city of Washington, D. C, in October, 1867, and has been affiliated with Forest City Lodge, No. 1, of Savannah since Feb. 16, 1880. In 1875 Mr. Cox was united in marriage to Miss Sarah A. Dillon, daughter of Michael and Elizabeth (Ashley) Dillon, of Savannah. Three children were born of this union, Elizabeth, who died in infancy; -and Robert A. and Laura V., who survive their mother, who was summoned into eternal rest in 1894. In 1896 Mr. Cox married Miss Josephine Carroll, of Savannah, and they have two children, Charles A., Jr., and Mary Ellen.
Cox Female College, (formerly the Southern Female College) is one of the oldest institutions of its kind in the state, having been first organized in 1843. It is located at College Park, a suburb of Atlanta, and in 1900 reported 200 students in attendance. The departments are collegiate, music, painting and elocution, and it confers the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The school is non-sec tarian.
Cox, George F., the able incumbent of the office of judge of the court of ordinary of Burke county, at Waynesboro, was born on the home plantation in that county, Nov. 14, 1869, and he is a rep resentative member of the bar of his native county. He is a son of Judge Patterson and T. Alona (Fulcher) Cox, the former of whom was born in this county, March 12, 1847, while the latter likewise was a native of the county, where both passed their en tire lives, the father being summoned to eternal rest May 5, 1896, while the mother died in February, 1905. Judge Patterson Cox, who was a successful planter, was one of those loyal sons of the state who went forth in defense of the Confederate cause in the Civil war, having been a member of Company C, Fifth Georgia cavalry and the youngest soldier in his regiment. He was elected to the state legislature when but twenty-one years of age, serv ing two terms, as a representative from Burke county. In 1893
33

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he was elected judge of the court of ordinary of Burke county, retaining this incumbency until the time of his death and beingsucceeded by his son, the subject of this sketch. Judge Patterson Cox was a man of strong individuality and utmost rectitude and he left a distinct and noble impress upon the history of his county and state. George F. Cox secured his early educational disci pline in the schools of Burke county, supplementing this by a course in Moore's business university in the city of Atlanta, in which institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 1889. He then began reading law, under the preceptorship of Judge William H. Davis, of Waynesboro, being admitted to the bar in 1892. In the following year, upon his father's election to the office of ordinary, he entered the office as his father's deputy, and during the latter's tenure of the office the executive duties of the same largely devolved upon the son, who became familiar with all details of the work involved. Upon the death of his father he was appointed to fill the unexpired term, but prior to this he had been suggested as regular candidate for the office on the Democratic ticket, whose nomination is equivalent to election. His father had warmly supported his candidacy, having personally determined not to become a candidate for reflection. On Alay 6, 1896, the day after his father's death, the Democratic primary was held and he was made the nominee for judge of the court of or dinary, was duly elected, and has proven a most capable and pop ular official, gaining unequivocal commendation and having the minutiae of the office well in hand at all times. Judge Cox is un wavering in his allegiance to the Democratic party, is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, and is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias' and the Royal Arcanum. He was for several years a member of Company E, First regiment of Georgia state troops, his command being known as the Burke light infantry, and he was second lieutenant in the same at the time of his resig nation. Nov. 30, 1898, Judge Cox was united in marriage to Miss Mary Toombs Jones, only daughter of the late Hon. John J. Jones, of Waynesboro, who was graduated in Emory college, in which he was a classmate of Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar, while he was a member of Congress at the time when Georgia seceded from the Union. Judge and Mrs. Cox have three children, Evelyn, John J., and George F., Jr.

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515

Cox, Robert Lee, of the firm of Napier & Cox, one of the leading law concerns of Walton county, engaged in general prac tice in the city of Monroe, is one of the well known members of the bar of this county and has attained marked pres tige in the work of his profession. He was born in Newton county, Ga., April 1, 1866, and is a son of Richard F. and Mary E. (Hammett) Cox, the former having been a planter by vocation and a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, as a member of a Georgia regiment, taking part in many important battles, including those of Chancellorsville, Wilderness, Seven Pines, Gettysburg and the various engagements around the city of Richmond, Va. Robert L. Cox was afforded a good -common-school education and then took up the study of law, his preceptor being a resident of Loganville, thoroughly grounding himself in the learning of the law; after which he appeared for examination, in Athens, this state, where he was duly admitted to the bar on Nov. 16, 1887. In December, 1890, he took up his residence in Monroe, where he entered into a professional partnership with George M. Napier, with whom he has since been associated, under the firm name of Napier & Cox. He has not only been very successful in his professional work here but has shown a deep interest in all that has touched the progress and welfare of his county and home city. He is a stanch supporter of the principles of the Democratic party and takes a lively interest in the cause. He served nine years as solicitor of the Walton county court and for a similar period as attorney for the city of Monroe. The firm of which he is a member prepared the present charter of the city, together with all the amendments thereto. Mr. Cox also revised and codified its laws and has ably and vigilantly looked after the interest of the city during its re cent years of growth and prosperity. He realizes that the law is a jealous profession, demanding of its devotees an unequivocal allegiance, and for this and other reasons he has refused to become a candidate for office other than those directly professional in character, though he has been urged to become a candidate both for the lower and upper house of the legislature. He is a promi nent Mason, having filled the office of worshipful master of his lodge at Monroe several years. He is a member of the Methodist

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Episcopal church South, and has served his church at Monroe, in the capacity of chairman of the board of trustees, as a steward and as Sunday School superintendent. He was married to Louela Elisabeth Robinson, daughter of Dr. Jesse I. and Frances Robin son, on Dec. 30, 1889, at Stone Mountain, Ga., to which last place Doctor Robinson had moved from Walton county. Mr. and Mrs. Cox have five children, namely: Jessie E., Harrold Cleonis, George R., Lillian F. and Helen.
Cox, Maj. William B. It is with pleasure that these pages are devoted to the memory of this gentleman, as few were better known and none more fav orably so in the entire State of Georgia. Major Cox was never a politician and his reputation has none of that notoriety that arises from turbulent political life, but so marked were his successes, so powerful his influence in the commercial system of the state, so active his life, and liberal his enterprise, that his name was almost a household word. His life, while eminently a successful one, was not one of luck. He was entirely a self-made man and owed his position in life to his own well directed efforts. His life was an example which young busi ness men would do well to follow. Temperate in his habits, prompt in all business transactions, and faithful to his slightest promise, he forced success from all sorts of conditions. His for tune was the sequence of his tireless energy, pluck and persever ance, and it came inevitably and surely. There was hardly an enterprise or a worthy charity in the city of Atlanta that had not received his able and conscientious help. In the commercial world he stood in the fore-most rank and may well be termed a captain of industry, as he was the active senior member of the old, wealthy house of Cox, Hill & Thompson. He was also active in the financial affairs of the city, being a director and vice-president of the Atlanta National bank during the latter years of his life and was also a silent partner in one of the extensive wholesale grocery houses of this city. During the latter years of his life he lived practically retired, though still active in the management and supervision of his extensive interests. He also gave valuable aid to the cattle industry of Georgia, owning at one time, without an exception the finest stock farm in the state. He was an active

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517

and influential member of the North Georgia Stock and Fair Asso ciation and served as its president for a number of years. It may be truthfully said that his acceptance of that position guaranteed the success of the association. A detailed account of his life would read like a romance, as he arose from humble surroundings to become one of the bulwarks of the state. A native son of Geor gia, his birth occurred in Clarke county in 1832, and he was a son of Edwin Cox and Sarah (Hardigree) Cox, natives of Virginia and Maryland respectively. The elder Mr. Cox emigrated to Georgia when a young man and engaged in teaching, which occu pation he followed until his death, which occurred while in his young manhood. Major Cox was one of a family of ten small children at the time of his father's death and was about fourteen years of age when this sad event occurred. The mother, being in humble circumstances, he was obliged at an early age to assume responsibilities of his own care. At the age of eighteen he began clerking in a small store'at Dalton and after a short period found a similar position at Rome, where he remained until 1859, which year witnessed his arrival in Atlanta. This was the practical be ginning of a life of industry, usefulness and repeated successes. Mr. Cox enlisted in the Thirty-sixth Georgia regiment when it was organized; was appointed regimental commissary with the rank of captain in the spring of 1862; was promoted to major in 1863 and assigned to the post of brigade commissary for the Fourth brigade of the Western army, later serving as post commissary at Vicksburg, Miss. He was practically self-educated and in later years became a man of profound thought and extensive knowl edge, possessing at one time the finest library in the State of Geor gia. On Feb. 12, 1852, he was united in marriage to Miss Katherine Attaway, a daughter of Ezekiel and Sarah (Reaves) Attaway, natives of South Carolina and Tennessee respectively. This union was blessed by two children, though both are now de ceased. The eldest, Lula, grew to womanhood, became the wife of Matthew McWhorter, and died in 1886 leaving two children. The second, a son, William Edwin, died at the age of five years. Major Cox departed this life on Sept. 28, 1883, and was laid to rest in Oakland cemetery. His memory is still enshrined in the hearts of his old comrades and associates, who hereby take this opportunity of expressing their thanks to his honored and re spected wife for this data and for cooperation so necessary to the compilation of this biography, which is written in memoriam to one who was indeed a man among men.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Crabapple, a post-hamlet of Milton county, with a population of 70 in 1900, is about four miles west of Alpharetta. The nearest railroad station is Roswell.
Crackers. The origin of this term, as applied to the people of Georgia, is veiled in obscurity and various theories have been ad vanced to account for its use. One of these is that before the advent of the railroad the settlers were compelled to haul the products of their farms long distances to market and that the teamsters, as they drove along, kept "cracking" their huge whips, which gave them the name of "Crackers."
Richard Malcolm Johnston thinks that the name originated dur ing the war of the Revolution, from the dreaded "crack" of the rifles in the hands of Marion's men, and says the British gave the name of "Georgia Crackers" to the riflemen. This explanation is hardly plausible, however, in view of the fact that under date of August 20, 1772, several years before Marion's warfare was even thought of James Habersham, in a letter to Governor Wright, said: "You will easily distinguish that the people I refer to are really what you and I understand by Crackers," etc., and wanted the cession of the Cherokee lands delayed to prevent their settling the same. About the same time Anthony Stokes, then chief jus tice of the colony, wrote: "The southern colonies are overrun with a swarm of men from the western parts of Virginia and North Carolina, distinguished by the name of 'crackers.' * * * It is highly probable that these people will in time overrun the rice part of the country, as the Tartars in Asia have done by the fruitful cultivated provinces in the southern part of that country."
In 1773 a bill was introduced in the Colonial assembly for the establishment of circuit courts in the western part of Georgia, the purpose being to provide better means of controlling this "cracker" element. At that early date the question of marketing the crops of the sparsely settled sections occupied by the "crackers" them selves could hardly have become prominent in the economy of the colony.
Charles H. Smith, more widely known as "Bill Arp," suggests that the term "cracker" is a Scotch one, which is applied to idle boasters who "talk much and work little," and that it was con ferred by the early Scotch settlers on the rough and uncultured men who came from other colonies. This is more in harmony with the writings of Stokes and Habersham and is probably not far from the real origin of the word in this sense. The word is a corruption of a common term used anciently in Sco.tland to clesig-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

519

nate a certain yeomanry class of independents who were obnoxious
to the aristocracy.
Grain, a post-hamlet of Heard county, is twelve miles west of Franklin, and not far from the Alabama line. Roanoke, Ala., is the most convenient railroad station.
Crane, Robert J., secretary of the Georgia Grocery Company, of Columbus, was born in the city which is now his home, the date of his nativity having been Dec. 18, 1878. He is a son of Rob ert S. and Margaret Jackson (Biggers) Crane, the former of whom was born in the state of Illinois, in 1836, and the latter in Harris county, Ga., in 1839. The father came to Georgia prior to the Civil war and he rendered valiant service as a soldier in the Con federate ranks, as a member of a Georgia regiment. He died in Columbus, in 1894, having been for many years engaged in the retail grocery business in this city. His widow still maintains her home in Columbus. Samuel H. and Ann Crane, grandparents of the subject of this review, passed the closing years of their lives in Columbus, and his maternal grandparents were Madison and Elizabeth Biggers, of Harris county. Robert J. Crane was graduated in the Columbus high school at the age of fifteen years, and he then completed a course in the Massey business college, of that city. In 1897, when nineteen years of age, Mr. Crane became .a clerk in the retail grocery of W. D. Britt & Co., and of this firm the Georgia Grocery Company, of which he is now secretary and the practical head, is the direct successor. He has been identified with the business continuously from the year mentioned. The firm of W. D. Britt & Co. was succeeded by that of J. 'M. Britt & Co., Mr. Crane being one of the interested principals. In 1904 the business was incorporated under the present title, and Mr. Crane has been secretary of the company from the start. J. M. Britt is president and H. E. Williams is treasurer. The retail de partment is one of the largest and most complete in the city. They also enjoy a large wholesale trade covering this immediate terri tory. Mr. Crane is a member of the Columbus board of trade, is identified with the Democratic party, is affiliated with the Order of Beavers, and both he and his wife hold membership in St. Luke's church, Methodist Episcopal South. On Oct. 25, 1899, Mr. Crane was united in marriage to Miss Mildred Butts, daugh ter of Jesse Belton Butts, of Columbus, and they have two chil dren, Mildred, born Dec. 23, 1901, and Margaret, born Nov. 30, 1903.
Craneeater, a post-hamlet of Gordon county, is located about

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

five miles northeast of Calhoun, which is the nearest railroad sta tion. The population in 1900 was 66.
Cravey, a post-hamlet of Telfair county, is about ten miles southwest of McRae. The nearest railroad station is Milan, on the Seaboard Air Line.
Crawford, a village of Oglethorpe county, with a population of 308 in 1900, is four miles west of Lexington. It is on the line of the Georgia railroad that runs from Athens to Union Point and is the terminus of a short line known as the Lexington Terminal, which connects it with the county seat. It has a money order postoffice, from which rural routes supply mail to the surrounding country, express and telegraph service, schools, churches, mercan tile interests, some small manufacturing concerns and is the most important shipping point in the county.
Crawford, Charles W., is a representative of the retail grocery trade in Augusta, having a nicely equipped establishment at 1142 Gwinnett street. He was born in Augusta, March 21, 1866, a son of Joseph E. and Laura (Jones) Crawford, both of whom were likewise born in this city. The father was a traveling salesman by vocation and died when the subject of this sketch was but nine years of age, and the mother died about seven years later. Charles W. secured his fundamental education in the public schools of Augusta, after which he was for a time a student in Richmond Academy, of that city. He left school at the age of fourteen years to become a clerk in a grocery store, and two years later he took the position of bookkeeper for the Charles F. Lombard Iron Works. He remained with this concern six years, in the mean while completing a through course in bookkeeping by study at night. For the ensuing eight years he was in the employ of the Charleston & Western Carolina Railroad Company, for some time as chief clerk and later as traveling auditor. Thereafter he passed about two years as city salesman for the wholesale grocery house of the Lipscomb-Speight Company, of Augusta, after which he served in a similar capacity for the Smith Bros., and later for the Nixon Grocery Company. In the spring of 1904 he engaged in the retail grocery trade on his own account, and has built up a splendid business at the location already noted. Though never active in the realm of practical politics he is a stanch supporter of the Democratic party. On June 11, 1886, Mr. Crawford was united in marriage to Miss Mamie A. O'Hara, of Augusta, and they have two children Charles A., born May 20, 1887, and Jen nie M., born Dec. 5, 1889.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

521

Crawford County was laid out in 1822 from land acquired from the Indians by the treaty of 1821. A part was set off to Up son in 1824. In 1826 the Old Agency Reserve was added to Crawford county and in 1827 it was enlarged by taking part of Talbot and Marion, and in 1830 part of Marion was added. It lies in the central western part of the state and is bounded on the north by Monroe, northeast by Bibb, southeast by Houston, south by Macon, southwest and south by Taylor and west by Upson. The Flint river flows along the southwestern border and numerous other streams cross the county. Fish abound in all the streams. The surface is uneven. About seven miles below Knoxville is a tract containing twenty or thirty acres of land called Rich Hill, elevated about three hundred feet above the surrounding country. It is well wooded and furnishes an inexhaustible supply of lime stone. There are deposits of potter's clay of good quality and pottery has been manufactured in a primitive way for many years. Asbestos and sandstone are also found. In the northern part the soil is especially adapted to the production of cotton. The bot tom lands, while fertile, are subject to overflow. Cotton, corn, sweet and Irish potatoes and the cereals are raised. About 2,500 acres are planted to peaches. Branches of the Southern and Cen tral systems and the Macon & Birmingham railroad furnish un surpassed facilities for transportation. Part of the original forests is still standing and saw mills and turpentine distilleries give em ployment to many people. Knoxville, the county seat, and Roberta are the principal towns. The population of. the county in 1900 was 10,368 an increase of 1,053 in ten years.
Crawford, George W., was born in Columbia county in 1798, graduated from Princeton college in 1820, studied law under Richard H. Wilde and began practice at Augusta. He was elected attorney-general of the State in 1827; a member of the legislature in 1837, a representative in Congress in February, 1843, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Richard W. Habersham, and served in this position until March of the same year. He was elected governor of the State in 1843 and again in 1845, and was appointed secretary of war by President Taylor in March, 1849. His last appearance in a public capacity was as president of the secession convention in 1861.
Crawford, Joel, was born in Columbia county in 1783. After completing a liberal education, he studied law at the Litchfield law school, began practice in 1808 at Sparta, but soon removed to Milledgeville. He served in the Indian war in 1813 and 1814, as

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

second lieutenant and aide-de-camp to General Floyd, and at the

close of hostilities resumed his practice. In 1814 he was elected

to the legislature; representative in Congress in 1816 and 1818;

was appointed on the commission to decide on the boundaries be

tween Georgia and Alabama in 1826, and in 1837 was elected

commissioner to locate and construct the Western & Atlantic rail

road. He died in Early county in 1856.

Crawford, Martin J., was born in Jasper county in 1820; was

educated at Mercer university; studied law and was admitted to

the bar in 1839; built up a good practice and followed his profes

sion until the death of his father forced him to give his attention

to the management of the plantation. In 1845 he was elected to

the state legislature; was sent as delegate to the Southern con

vention at Nashville in 1850; elected judge of the superior court

of Chattahoochee circuit in 1853 and served until 1855, when he

was elected representative in Congress on the Democratic ticket,

a position he held until January, 1861, when he resigned with the

other Georgia Congressman. He was a delegate to the Confed

erate provisional Congress and was there appointed by President

Davis one of the special commissioners to the United States gov

ernment at Washington. In 1862 he raised the Third Georgia

cavalry and served with it one year, when he was placed on the

.staff of Major-General Cobb, where he served until the end of

the war. In 1875 he was appointed judge of the superior court of

the Chattahoochee circuit to fill a vacancy, and in 1877 was elected

for the full term of eight years.

Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, educator, was born in Oglethorpe

county, Ga., March 22, 1811. He was a son of William H. Craw

ford and lived in Washington, D. C, while his father was a mem

ber of the United States senate, and there received his first

.schooling. In 1829 he graduated with first honors at the Univer

sity J

of

Georgia. o

He then studied law with his father, and although

'

o

.he was admitted to the bar he never engaged in practice. From

1837 to 1839 he was professor of mathematics in the Oglethorpe

university, and in 1844 was ordained a minister in the Baptist

church. During the next two years he was pastor of the Baptist

churches at Washington, Ga., and Charleston, S. C., and in 1847

was called to the chair of biblical literature in Mercer university.

In 1854 he became president of that institution and remained in

the office until 1865, meantime acting as professor of mental and

moral philosophy in the University of Mississippi, and of theology

in the Baptist seminary of Georgetown, Ky. After retiring from

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

523

the presidency of Mercer university he became president of Georgetown college, in which office he remaind until his death, which occurred at Tunnel Hill, Ga., Oct. 27, 1871.
Crawford, Robert A., a member of the firm of Crawford & Wal thour, cotton factors, Savannah, is a native of the historic old city in which he now resides and with whose business life he is thus intimately identified. He was born Jan. 24, 1877, a son of Will iam C. and Mary Alice (Barren) Crawford, concerning whom more definite mention is made in the sketch of the career of their elder son, Dr. William B. Crawford, in this work. Robert A. Crawford secured his educational discipline in the public schools of Savannah, and thereafter he was employed, in various capaci ties, with different local cotton concerns until 1903, when he en tered into partnership with Henry C. Walthour, forming the present firm of Crawford & Walthour, and they have succeeded in building up a very prosperous business enterprise as cotton ex porters, both being familiar with the business in its various de tails, as well as aggressive and reliable young business men. Mr. Crawford is a Democrat in politics, is a communicant of the Cath olic church, and is identified with the Savannah cotton exchange, the Oglethorpe club, Savannah Golf club, Savannah Yacht club, the Catholic library association and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. On Nov. 28, 1900, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Crawford to Miss Meta Kemps, daughter of John H. and Louise (Newton) Kemps, of Savannah, and they have two chil dren, Eulalia and Robert Alien.
Crawford, William Barren, M. D., physician and surgeon, Savannah, was born in that city, August 21, 1875, and is a son of William C. and Mary Alice (Barren) Crawford, the former born in Springfield, Effingham county, Ga., and the latter in Philadelphia, Pa. The father was a prominent hardware mer chant of Savannah for about thirty years, having been a member of the firm of Crawford & Lovell. He was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, serving four years, and died in Sa vannah on August 20, 1883, one of the old and honored business men of the city. His widow passed away on June 20, 1902, beingsurvived by five children, all of whom continue to reside in Savan-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

nah, namely: Lola, who is the wife of W. G. Strobhar; Miss Emily L.;-Dr. William B.; Robert A.; and Alien. Doctor Crawford graduated in the medical department of the College of Physi cians and Surgeons, New York city, in 1898, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He thereafter remained in the national metropolis as an interne in the Roosevelt hospital until 1901; was for the ensuing six months a member of the medical staff of the hospital for ruptured and crippled patients, and also served as assistant to the chair of pathology in his alma mater, the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In August, 1902, he re turned to his home in Savannah, where he has since given his attention to the active practice of his profession, mak ing a specialty of the surgical branch. He is a member of the American medical association, the Georgia state medical association, and the Georgia medical society, of Savannah. He is also a member of the Knights of Columbus, the Hiber nian Society, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Ancient Order of Hibernians, Harmonic club, the Savannah Yacht and Golf clubs, and of the alumni associations of Roosevelt hospital and Columbia college. He is a Democrat in politics and is a communicant of the Catholic church, holding membership in the cathedral parish of St. John the Baptist. On Sept. 7, 1904, Doctor Crawford was united in marriage to Miss Rachel Miles Shellman, daughter of the late Major William Faye Shellman, of Savannah, and they have one child, Mary Barron, born- June 24, 1905.
Crawford, William H., was born in Amherst county, Va., in 1772, and came with his family to Georgia in 1783. He began to practice law at Lexington and in 1799 was appointed to prepare a digest of the laws of the state. In 1803 he was elected to the legis lature and served until 1807, when he was elected United States senator in the place of Abraham Baldwin, deceased, and in 1812 was chosen president pro-tempore of the senate. He declined the position of secretary of war which President Madison offered to him, but accepted the mission to France, serving in that capacity for two years. On his return to this country he acted as agent for the sale of the lands which the government gave to LaFayette; was made secretary of war in 1815 but was transferred in Octo ber, 1816, to the treasury department; was defeated as Demo cratic candidate for the presidency in 1824; declined President Adams' request that he remain secretary of the treasury; on his return to Georgia he was appointed judge of the northern circuit

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

525

court in 1827, and held this position to the time of his death, which occurred at Elberton, Sept. 16, 1834.
Crawfordville, the county seat of Taliaferro county is located on the Georgia railroad which connects Atlanta and Augusta. It is the nearest market for a prosperous farming section, has a good court house, a bank, express and telegraph offices, churches of the Methodist, Baptist and Presbyterian denominations, and excellent schools. It ships some farm produce including cotton, and through its post office distributes mail to the surrounding country by rural free delivery routes. The population of the town in 1900 was 597 and of the entire militia district 900. Crawfordville is an old town having been incorporated in 1826. It is noted as having been the home of Alexander H. Stephens. "Liberty Hall," the former home of Mr. Stephens, is in full view of the railroad and in front of the residence stands a statute of the great commoner erected by the citizens of the state.
Craytonia, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Fannin county, is in a mountainous district. Blueridge, twelve miles to the north west, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, is the nearest rail road station.
Creek War of 1836. When the United States government con tracted with the State of Georgia for the removal of the Creeks to the country west of the Mississippi river, the Indians resisted so vehemently that for a time the undertaking was suspended. A council was held with the chiefs at Thecath-co in 1824, but a majority of them refused point-blank to consent to the removal. Through the influence of President Monroe a full meeting of the chiefs assembled at - Indian Springs in February, 1825. At the close of the first day's proceedings Big Warrior, the head of the Muscogee confederacy, in company with the chiefs and warriors of the Cussetas, left the council-fire for their villages. On the en suing day a large number of the chiefs, led by Mclntosh, resumed the council and finally agreed to the proposals of the commis sioners. (See Indian treaty of Jan. 24, 1826). Those who had left with Big Warrior protested vigorously against the relinquishment of their lands and one of their first acts of revenge was the as sassination of Mclntosh, whom they accused as being the author of all the trouble. Tustennugee, one of the chiefs who signed the treaty was also killed and the hostile element of the tribes com menced a series of depredations upon the frontier settlements. These depredations continued until Governor Troup organized several companies of militia for defense and the secretary of war

526

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ordered General Gaines to cooperate with the governor for the suppression of the Indians. After the lottery of 1827, by which a large tract of the lands in dispute was parceled out to individuals, the Creeks became more cliscontended and the depredations be came more frequent and serious. Things went on from bad to worse until the early spring of 183G, when the Indians formed a union with the Seminoles of Lower Alabama and soon after com menced making hostile demonstrations along the Chattahoochee river. Troops were sent to that section as soon as possible and in a short time the country was in open war. The principal events of the contest that occurred in Georgia were the Burning of Roanoke, and the battles at Shepherd's plantation, Ichawaynochaway swamp, Chickasawhachee, and Warrior creek, each of which is treated in this work under the appropriate head.
Creighton, a post-village of Cherokee county, is twelve miles northeast of Canton, on the Etowah river. The population in 1900 was 277. It is the principal trading point for that portion of the county. The nearest railroad station is Ball Ground.
Crescent, a village of Mclntosh county, is on the Darien & West ern railroad near the head of Sapelo sound. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, and although a small
place does considerable shipping. Crest, a post-village of Upson county, is located on the Macon
&^Birmingham railroad, about halfway between Thomasville and Woodbury. The population in 1900 was 94. It is a trading cen ter and shipping point for that section of the county.
Crew, Benjamin Baker, a prominent
business man of Atlanta, was born in Chattanooga, Tenn., Oct. 23, 1844, and
there at the age of two years he lost his father, Pleasant Crew, a Virginian by
birth. His education was obtained in the schools of Chattanooga, and in that
city at the age of nineteen he was en gaged with the Chattanooga Rebel of which Francis M. Paul, of Xashville,
was owner and publisher. Among the editors of this paper were Henry Wat-
terson, now of the Louisville CourierJournal, Albert Robert (John Happy) of Nashville, and Charles Faxon of Clarksville, Tenn. The office of the Chattanooga Rebel was honored by occasional visits from such distinguished men as

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

537

Gen. Nathan B. Forrest, General Dibrell and Gov. Isham Harris. When in September, 1863, the Confederate army of Tennessee retired from Chattanooga, the office force removed with the plant to Marietta, Ga. Mr. Crew, acting as manager, issued daily 20,000 copies of the "Rebel", which, printed on an old cylinder press, fur nished all the news of the day and came into the hands of many a gallant soldier of the Army of Tennessee, with whom this sprightly journal was a great favorite. When in the spring of 1864, the Federal army began to draw near to Marietta, all the belongings of the Daily Rebel were removed to Griffin, Ga., and here the paper continued to be published until its destruction by some raiders from Sherman's cavalry. In 1864, Mr. Crew enlisted in Confederate service as a private. He was on detailed service most of the time. Having been sent on government business to General Forrest in North Mississippi, he was sent by that officer with important papers to Gen. William J. Hardee, who was de fending Savannah against the approach of General Sherman during the latter part of November and early part of December. Be tween that city and Montgomery young Crew participated in two skirmishes, in the latter of which a Federal force, advancing into the country, was repulsed and driven back to its gunboats. Early in 1865 he was sent to Augusta, was in that city when the war closed and was there paroled. Having a short time before been partially paid off in gold, he went to Nashville, Tenn., whence a few weeks later he came to Atlanta and with a capital of $25 started a small business, selling newspapers, magazines, etc. His business grew until he had a capital of $1,500. He then took in a partner, H. T. Phillips, who at that time was editor of the Chris tian Index, a weekly paper of the Baptist denomination. Mr. Phillips had been a postmaster in Tennessee under three admin istrations and during the war was postmaster for the Confederate army of Tennessee. The firm of Phillips & Crew prospered until it stood at the head of the book and stationery business in Geor gia. In 1891 the firm sold out its book and stationery business, retaining a branch business in pianos and organs which they had been conducting. This line of their business was incorporated as the Phillips & Crew Company. This important music house is now known as one of the largest in the South and has a branch at Savannah. Mr. Crew is president of the company, which retains its old name, though Mr. Phillips died a few years ago. Mr. Crew has been a member and a steward of the First Methodist Episcopal Church South in Atlanta for many years and is a direc-

528

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

tor of the Atlanta humane society. He has been prominent also as a member of the city council, a bank director and has held im portant positions in state and southern expositions. Having en gaged in many public enterprises, he has been honored by high official positions in the Piano Dealers' Associaton of America, and through his business relations is well and favorably known throughout the United States. He has been twice married. His first wife was Tillie, daughter of Frederick Maffitt, and grand daughter of Rev. John Newland Maffitt, a well known divine of his day. Of their four children, one died in infancy and three are living: B. L. Crew, Jr., and two daughters, of whom the eldest, Roberta S., is the wife of Henry A. Inman, son of Samuel Inman, the well known cotton merchant. The younger daughter is Miss Helen. Mrs. Tillie M. Crew died in 1886, and several years later he married Miss Virginia Fowler, daughter of Noah R. Fowler, one of the pioneers of Atlanta.
Crews, Charles C., enlisted at the beginning of the Civil war as lieutenant-colonel of the Second Georgia cavalry. He was cap tured during a raiding expedition in Kentucky, in 1862. After be ing exchanged he took part in the fighting in Tennessee and Georgia, and was commissioned brigadier-general in 1864, for valor on the field of battle.
Crisp, a post-village of Irwin county, is located on the Ocmulgee river, a short distance from the Wilcox county line. The popula tion in 1900 was 71. Lulaville, on the Seaboard Air Line, is the most convenient railroad station.
Crisp, Charles Frederick, lawyer and speaker of the United States house of representatives, was born Jan. 29, 1845, in Shef field, England, where his parents were visiting. After serving in the Confederate army during the war, he settled at Ellaville, Schley county, where he began the practice of law. In 1872 he became solicitor-general and the following year he removed to Americus. In 1877 he was appointed judge of the superior court and three years later was elected by the general assembly for a full term. In 1882 he was elected to the lower house of Congress and continued in that body until his death, which ccurred on Oct. 23, 1896. He was elected speaker of the house in the Fifty-second Congress, in which position he won the plaudits of his friends and the respect of his political opponents by his knowledge of par liamentary law and the absolute fairness of his rulings. On Dec. 21, 1897, the legislature of Georgia appropriated $500 for an oil

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

529

painting of Mr. Crisp, and this painting occupies a prominent po

sition in the corridor of the capitol at Atlanta.

Crisp, Charles R., was born in Schley county in 1870, studied

law and became junior member of the firm of Hooper & Crisp. He

was elected representative in Congress in 1896 without opposition

to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his father, Charles F.

Crisp. After the expiration of this term- he returned to his law

practice in Americus, and was subsequently appointed judge of

the city court of Americus, which he still holds, (1905).

Crisp County was organized by act of the legislature on August

17, 1905, and laid off from the county of Dooly. It was named in

honor of Hon. Charles F. Crisp and is bounded on the north by

Dooly, on the east by Wilcox, on the south by Worth and Turner,

and on the west by Lee and Sumter. The Flint river flows along

its western boundary. The Allapaha river and Cypress Creek

water the eastern section. The county is traversed by the Geor

gia Southern & Florida, the Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic & Bir

mingham, and the Albany Southern railways, all of which center

at Cordele, the county seat, and give connection to all sections of

the state. The soil is sandy loam and produces cotton, corn,

wheat, oats, sugar-cane, Irish and sweet potatoes, field peas,

ground peas, crab and crowfoot grass, the usual varieties of vege

tables, melons, berries, figs, peaches, plums and cherries. The

forest timbers are some hardwoods, large quantities of yellow pine

and cypress, and the lumber mills and turpentine distilleries do

a large business. The only mineral product is marl. Crisp county

is in the Third Congressional district and southern judicial cir

cuit.

Croley, John Gilbert, M. D., an able

A5'^::|SJ;fR;-;-:;; : :-.

and honored representative of the med

ical profession in the city of Milledge-

ville, was born in the city of Brooklyn,

N. Y., April 21, 1858, a son of Timothy

J. and Margaret (McAuliffe) Croley,

both of whom were born and reared in

County Cork, Ireland, and whose mar

riage was solemnized in the city of New

York, about 1856. When the subject of

this sketch was an infant his parents

came to Georgia, locating on a planta

tion in Hancock county, where the

father was engaged in agricultural pursuits, save for the interval

34

530

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of his service as a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, un til 1873, when he removed with his family to Baldwin county, taking up his residence on a farm about seven miles distant from Milledgeville, where his devoted wife died in the year 1898. He survived her by a number of years, passing the closing years of his life in the home of his son John G., whose name initiates this article, being summoned to the life eternal in 1903, at a venerable age. Both he and his wife were devout communicants of the Cath olic church. Doctor Croley was afforded the advantages of Sparta academy and Rockby institute, both in Hancock county. He then entered the Medical College of Georgia, in Augusta, the medical department of the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1880, duly receiving his de gree of Doctor of Medicine and coming forth well fortified for the work of his exacting and humane profession. Thereafter he was engaged in country practice in the vicinity of his old home, in Baldwin county, until 1889, and in 1890-91 he took post-graduate courses in Philadelphia and New York, after which he located in the city of Savannah, where he was engaged in practice until 1893, since which time he has maintained his home and profes sional headquarters in Milledgeville, where he has met with emi nent success in the work of his profession, both as a physician and surgeon. That he is held in high regard by his confreres in this locality, is evidenced by the fact that he is president of the Bald win county medical society, and is also identified with the Medi cal Association of Georgia. The doctor accords unequivocal allegiance to the Democratic party. He is a Catholic and his wife belongs to the Baptist church. On Jan. 16, 1894, was solemnized the marriage of Doctor Croley to Miss Sallie Stewart Davant, of Montgomery, Ala., and they have two children Lilla Marguer ite, born May 7/1897, and John Gilbert, Jr., born Sept. 7, 1904.
Cromartie, John Alexander, is one of the representative business men and honored citizens of Jeff Davis county, residing in the thriving little city of Hazlehurst, the county seat of the new county. He was one of the most influential men in connection with bring ing about the organizatian of the county, is an ex-member of the state legislature and ex-mayor of his city. Mr. Cromartie was born in Bladen county, N. C., May 6, 1861, being a son of Alexander K. and Catherine A. (Munroe) Cromartie, the former of whom was born in Bladen county, in 1828,and the latter in Cumberland countv, X. C., in 1833, her father having been captain of a company in the Seminole Indian war, in 1835. The paternal grandfather of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

531

subject of this sketch was sheriff of Bladen county in 1828. Alex ander K. Cromartie was clerk of the courts of Bladen county prior to the Civil war. At the outbreak of the war he was among the
first to tender his services in defense of the cause of the Confederacy, becomingsecond lieutenant in the Eighteenth North Carolina Infantry, taking a part in many important engagements and be ing promoted first lieutenant, in which office he served until the close of the war. During the reconstruction days he was the only Democrat elected to office in Bladen county prior to 1876. He served as county commissioner, was postmaster at Clarkton for a quarter of a century, and soon after the war was elected justice of the peace,-in which office he served forty years. He was a ruling elder in the Presbyterian church and was superintendent of the Sunday school for half a cen tury. He died on Dec. 11, 1905, his wife having preceded him by about three years. John A. Cromartie was afforded the ad vantages of the schools of his native county, and at the age-of twenty years he became superintendent of the naval-stores busi ness of Mann & Melton, of Appling county, Ga., of which Jeff Davis county was then a part. Two years later he engaged in the turpentine business on his own account, having his headquar ters at Hazlehurst. He continued to be actively identified with this industry until 1894, when he established himself in the gen eral merchandise business in Hazlehurst, where he has built up a large and important enterprise. He still has large interests in the manufacture of turpentine and has been a very successful dealer in real estate, being known as one of the reliable and substantial business men of this section of the state. In politics he is an un compromising adherent of the Democratic party, in whose cause he has been an active and effective worker. He was chairman of the Democratic executive committee of his county during the strenuous campaign in which the party was pitted against the Populist party in Georgia. In 1902 he was elected a representa tive of Appling county in the state legislature, serving" during 1902-3-4. He had the distinction of introducing the bill to amend the state constitution in such manner as to permit the organiza tion of eight new counties, and the amendment was ratified by the

532

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

people, by the magnificent majority of 20,000. After the amend ment had been adopted applications were filed for the formation of twenty-four new counties. Among such applications was one for the organization of Jeff Davis county, Mr. Cromartie present ing this application to the legislature. Much influence was brought to bear to defeat the movement for erecting this county, and it was largely due to the indefatigable energy and able efforts of Mr. Cromartie that the measure was finally attended with suc cess. He remained in Atlanta during the entire summer, to- pro tect and urge the interests of the people of the proposed new county, which was organized in August, 1905, with Hazlehurst as the county seat. His name merits an enduring place in the history of Jeff Davis county and his efforts in this connection gained to him the unqualified and appreciative commendation of the people of the county. He served six years as mayor of Hazle hurst, retiring from the office in January, 1906, after a signally progressive and able administration. He and his wife are mem bers of the Presbyterian church, in which he is a ruling elder. He is affiliated with the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity, being past high priest of the chapter, and is also identified with the Knights of Pythias. For more than a. decade he has been president of the board of education of Hazlehurst. On Nov. 18, 1885, Mr. Cromartie was united in marriage to Miss Martha Lee Williams, daughter of Rev. John L. and Rachel (Manning) Wil liams, the former of whom was born in Troy, Ala., and the latter in Glynn county, Ga. Mr. and Mrs. Cromartie have six children, namely: John A., Jr., Hendricks L., Esten G., Annette, Norma, and Earl. John A., Jr., is a member of the class of 1907 in the Blackshear Presbyterian institute, at Blackshear, Pierce county, Ga.
Crook, John Martin, M. D., of Columbus, merits recognition in this compilation by reason of his status as one of the able and suc cessful physicians and surgeons of Muscogee county. He was born in Alexandria, Calhoun county, Ala., Aug. 4, 1847, and is a son of Col. John Martin and Margaret (Miller) Crook, both natives of Spartanburg, S. C., where the former was born in 1809 and the latter in 1813. The mother of the doctor died when he was but two months old, and in 1849 his father married Miss Narmesia Woodruff, who is still living, at the venerable age of eighty years, making her home with her daughter, Mrs. Frederick B. Gordon, of Columbus. Col. John M. Crook was educated for the legal pro fession, but did not long devote himself to the law, preferring to

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

533

identify himself with agricultural interests and becoming an exten sive planter and slave holder in Alabama. He was a colonel in the Alabama state militia prior to the Civil war, was a member of the
secession convention of that state, and was one of the signers of the ordinance of secession. He continued his residence in Calhoun county, Ala., until his death, in 1868, at the age of fifty-nine years. Doc tor Crook completed his more purely aca demic or literary education in the Uni versity of Alabama, having also attended a private school in Jacksonville, that state. He was graduated in the university and received the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He was but fourteen years of age at the outbreak of the Civil war, but his loyalty was not' measured by his years, since he ran away from the university to enter the Confederate service. From February, 1864, until the close of the war he was a member of Hardy's battalion in the cavalry commanded by Gen. Joe Wheeler, in which he served as adjutant and made an excellent record as a soldier. After the war he contin ued his educational work and then engaged in farming and mer chandising in his native county, continuing identified with these lines of enterprise for a period of twenty years and residing in Alexandria during fifteen years of this time. In 1885 he was graduated in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of Baltimore, Md., duly receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. For one year thereafter he was physician in charge of the Mary land women's hospital in that city, and from 1886 until 1895 he was one of the leading medical practitioners in Jacksonville, Ala. In the latter year he took up his residence in Columbus, Ga., where he has since been established in general practice as a physician and surgeon and where he has met with unequivocal success and gained marked prestige in his profession. He is a member of the American medical association, the Medical Association of Georgia and the Muscogee county medical society, in which last he is a member of the board of censors. He was formerly a mem ber of the Alabama state medical association. He is unwavering in his advocacy of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and from 1880 to 1883 he served as mayor of the city of Jacksonville. He is identified with the United Confederate Vet-

534

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

erans and has been a member of the Baptist church since he was thirteen years of age, being now a deacon of the First Baptist church of Columbus. On April 26, 1876, Doctor Crook was united in marriage to Miss Annie Whatley, who died on Jan. 29, 1878, leaving one daughter, Annie, who is now the wife of R. A. Ellis, of New York city. On April 23, 1890, Doctor Crook wedded Miss Louise Rankin, of Columbus, and they have one daughter, Agnes, who remains at the parental home and is attending school.
Crosland, a village of Colquitt county, is on the Fitzgerald & Thomasville division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad and is sometimes called Huggins Station. It has a money order postoffice and in 1900 reported a population of 70.
Crosland, Daniel F., judge of the city
court of Albany, Dougherty county, recognized as one of the leading mem
bers of the bar of this section of the state and as a man of marked judicial acumen, is a scion of stock long estab*lished in Georgia and South Carolina,
the name he bears having been promi nently and honorably linked with the annals of Georgia for a long period.
The progenitor of the Crosland family in all branches in the states mentioned and in other parts of the south was Ed ward Crosland, great-grandfather of the subject of this review. Concerning this honored pioneer the following' interesting and valuable data are secured from a publication entitled "History of the Old Cheraws:" "Edward Crosland, who was thrown upon his own resources as an orphan boy, came about the year 1760 from Virginia to Carolina. The tradition has been handed down in the family that he joined a company of adventurers, of about thirty persons, near the middle of the province, some time before the Revolution, for the purpose of exploring and hunting in the southwest. The company, it is said, went through North Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky to the Ohio river, thence to the Missis sippi, and after exploring the latter stream to the mouth of the Missouri retraced their steps and descended the Mississippi to New Orleans. A part of the company returned, leaving their compan ions behind. After returning to North Carolina Edward Crosland married a daughter of Samuel Sneecl, of that state, and settled near the boundary line, acting chiefly in South Carolina during the Rev-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

535

olution. Subsequently he removed to Santee, and after a few years settled on the Peedee, near Gardiner's Bluff, in what is now known as Marlboro district, where he reared a large family. His sons were John, Samuel, Daniel M., Israel, David, George, Philip and William. His daughters were Temperance, Mary, Sarah, Eliza beth, Rebecca and Ann. Not a few of the descendants of this fam ily are now numbered among" the respected citizens of Marlboro." It may be further noted that of the sons mentioned above David was the grandfather of him whose name initiates this sketch. Daniel F. Crosland was born in the city of Macon, Bibb county, Ga., Dec. 10, 1869, and is a son of James E. and Mary (Reynolds) Crosland, the former born in Marlboro district, S. C., Aug. 31, 1826, and the latter in Twiggs county, Ga., Oct. 36, 1832. James E. Crosland was a teacher by profession and a well known educator of Georgia for many years, having passed the closing days of his long and useful life in Macon, where he died in December, 1899, and where his widow -still resides. He endeavored to enlist as a soldier of the Confederacy at the time of the Civil war, but was re fused admission to the ranks by reason of the frailness of his phy sique, together with weakened eyesight, while it further seemed to be the policy of the Confederate government to encourage teach ers to remain at home and continue their labors as best possible Judge Daniel F. Crosland is a man of distinguished literary and professional attainments. He attended the Mercer university, at Macon, Ga., and then was matriculated in the historic old Uni versity of Virginia, at Charlottesville, where he remained two years, one of which was in the academical department, the other in law. His technical course in the law was completed in the law de partment of the University of Georgia, at Athens, where he was graduated as a member of the class of 1892, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Laws. On Dec. 6, 1892, he was admitted to the bar of his native state, as an attorney and counselor, and since October, 1894, he has followed the active work of his profession in the city of Albany, where he has gained distinctive prestige and prefer ment. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party and has been an efficient exponent of its cause. He served as city attorney of Albany from 1897 to 1905, and was a member of the house of representatives in the Georgia legislature in 1899 and 1900. In 1904 he was appointed to the bench of the city court of Albany, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Richard Hobbs, and on Jan. 1, 1906, he was reappointed to this office, for the full term of four years. He is a member of the Georgia bar association, and is affil-

536

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

iated with the Knights of Pythias and the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity. His religious views and sympathies are in harmony with the tenets of the Baptist church. On June 21, 1899, Judge Crosland was united in marriage to Miss Ella G. Pope, daughter of Judge David H. and Martha (Hodges) Pope, of Albany, this state, and they have one son, Daniel F., Jr., born Feb. 15, 1901.
Crosskeys, a post-hamlet of Dekalb county, is a short distance southwest of Chamblee, on the main line of the Southern railway.
Crossroads, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Hall coun ty, is about twelve miles from Lula, which is the nearest railroad station.
Crouch, a post-hamlet of Meriwether county, is twelve miles northeast of Greenville, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Crow, a post-hamlet of Whitfield county, is located about five miles northwest of Dalton, which is the nearest railroad station.
Crowther, John Albon, M. D., of Savannah, was born in Northumberland county, Va., Sept. 12, 1859. His father was Robert Crowther and his mother, before her marriage, was Olivia Swan. Dr. John A. Crowther attended private and public schools in his native county, and in September 1878, entered Western Maryland college, at Westminster. Af ter studying there for two years he en tered the Virginia agricultural and me chanical college (Virginia polytechnic institute), where he graduated at the head of his class, in 1881. In the autumn of the following year he went to Savannah, Ga. For four years he taught mathematics and physics in the Georgia military academy, where he became assistant superintendent in the third year and superintendent in the fourth year. Retiring from this institution, he established a private preparatory school, which he conducted with great success for seven years, when failing health compelled him to relinquish a calling for which he was admirably fitted and in which he had won no little distinction. After about a year's rest he entered the medical department of the University of Virginia, graduating in 1895, and was an instructor in the school in that and the follow ing year. For one year, 1897, he was a graduate student in the University of Berlin, Germany, and in 1898 pursued a special

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

537

course in surgery in the Johns Hopkiris hospital, Baltimore, Md. He then located in Savannah, and entered upon the practice of med icine, which now engages his attention and in which his career has been gratifyingly successful. He is a Master Mason, a member of the visiting staff of the Savannah hospital a member and expresident of the Georgia medical society, and a member of the Medical Association of Georgia. In 1885 Doctor Crowther married Miss Mary Barnwell Elliott, of Savannah, who died, childless, in 1890. In 1895 he married Miss Anna de Forest Courtney, of Vir ginia, and to them were born three children: Anna Courtney, Oct. 1, 1896; Mary Swan, July 14, 1898; and John Albon, Jr., April
11, 1903.
Crow Valley, a valley in Whitfield county, is a short distance northwest of Dalton. In the Federal advance on Dalton in Feb ruary, 1864, two divisions held a position at Buzzard Roost Pass on the 25th, while two more were sent around by the north to attack the rear of the pass in this valley. The movement was skillfully met by Major-General Hindman, who posted Clayton's brigade of Stewart's division and Reynolds' brigade -near the base of the mountain, and Browns Pettus, and Cumming's brigades on the opposite heights to the east, keeping up a brisk skirmish with the Federals all day. Late in the afternoon an assault was made against Clayton's position, but it was handsomely repulsed. Cum ming's brigade suffered a loss of 1 killed and 25 wounded during the day, but the Confederate line could not be broken at this point.
Crowsville, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Paulding county, is located on Pumpkinvine creek, about five miles south west of Allatoona, which is the nearest railroad station.
Crumley, William Macon, vice-presi
dent of the Beck & Gregg Hardware Company, of Atlanta, the largest whole
sale hardware concern in the South, was
born in Bibb county, Ga., April 7, 1847. He is a son of Rev. William Monroe
Crumley, who was born in Anderson
district, S. C, Feb. 29, 1816, and Mary A. (McLane) Crumley, who was born
in Habersham county, Ga., in 1820. His
father was a lieutenant in a company
which was in active service during the Seminole Indian war in Georgia, and durin - the Civil war he was chaplain of the Georgia hospital in

538

CYCLOPEDIA OP GEORGIA

Richmond, Va., which was maintained for the care of the sick and wounded soldiers from Georgia in the Confederate service. Rev. William M.Crumleywas a man of high scholarship and was a prom inent member of the clergy of the Methodist Episcopal church South, having been identified with the Georgia conference for a half century holding many of the most important pastoral charges in the state. William Macon Crumley received a good commonschool education and had the further .advantages of a home of cul ture and refinement. In February, 1863, two months prior to his fifteenth birthday anniversary, he manifested his youthful loyal ty to the Confederacy by enlisting as a private in Company B, Cobb's legion, in the cavalry arm of the service. He took part in the engagements of Frazier's Farm, Malvern Hill, Deep Bottom, Fredericksburg, Winchester, Gettysburg and nearly all the other principal battles in Virginia, as well as those of Chattanooga and Knoxville, Tenn. In 1862 he was detailed as courier to Kershaw's brigade, and served in that capacity until the close of the war. He retains a deep interest in his old comrades and is prominently identified with the United Confederate Veterans, being now ad jutant general and chief of staff of the Georgia division of the same. Mr. Crumley's business career has been one of marked success and represents achievement through well directed personal effort, for he began at the bottom of the ladder and has risen to the position as one of the chief executives of the most extensive wholesale hard ware concern in the South, as previously noted. He is also presi dent of the Southern Hardware Jobbing Association. Though he is a liberal and public-spirited citizen and a stanch advocate of the principles of the Democratic party, he has never sought or held public office. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Epis copal church South. He is identified with the Piedmont Driving club and is a member of the executive committee of the John B. Gordon Monument association, while he is known and honored as one of the representative business men of his city and state. On Feb. 25, 1875, Mr. Crumley was united in marriage to Miss Carrie Berry, daughter of M. R. and Hattie M. (Key) Berry, of Atlanta, and they have four children, Robert M., Zulette, William, and Locke.
Crump, a post-hamlet in the northwestern part of Franklin coun ty, is on the Middle fork of Broad river, and about nine miles south east of Mount Airy, which is the nearest railroad station.
Cruse, a post-hamlet of Gwinnett county, reported a population

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of 44 in 1900. It is eight miles west of Lawrenceville, and three from .Dulutb, on the Southern railway, which is the nearest station.
Crystalline Area. (See Geology). Crystal Springs, a post-village of Floyd county, with a popula tion of 87 in 1900, is located about twelve miles north of Rome, near the foot of John mountain. The nearest railroad station is Shannon, on the Southern. Culloden, a town in the southwest corner of Monroe county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 24, 1887. It is located at the junction of the Atlanta & Fort Valley division of the Southern and the Macon & Birmingham railways. It has a money order postoffice, with free delivery routes to the adjacent rural districts, express and telegraph service, a bank, good schools, churches, some manufactories and mercantile interests. The pop ulation in 1900 was 334. Culpepper, Albert B., a member of the firm of Culpepper Bros., dealers in furniture, with a well equipped establishment at 1048 Broad street, Augusta, Ga., is one of the representative business men of the younger generation in that city. He was born at Thom son, McDuffie county, Ga., Sept. 22, 1871, his parents being Robert S. and Sophrona J. (Reeves) Culpepper, who still resides in Thom son, which city has been their home for the past forty years. Of their twelve children six died at ages ranging from one month to twenty years. Those living are Churchill C., Albert B., George S., Addie N., John S. and Anna Bell. Churchill C. was born on Aug. IS, 1866. and married Mattie M. Pearson; Addie N. is now the wife of George D. Adams, living at Wrens, in Jefferson county. Albert B. Culpepper acquired his education in the schools of his native town, which he attended until he was eighteen years of age. Upon attaining his legal majority he engaged in business for himself, buying and selling live stock, and also handling railroad ties and other products. He began in a modest way, but as he possessed the true commercial instinct and developed marked initiative power, his success has been cumulative and pronounced. In 1898 he took up his residence in Augusta, where for seven years he held the position of salesman with the furniture house of T. R. Maxwell. In April, 1905, he entered into partnership with his brother, George S. Culpepper, under the firm name.of Culpepper Bros., and engaged in the furniture business. The firm is well established in a most eligible location, has a well appointed finely stocked store, and is building up a prosperous and representative trade. In addition to his interest in this enterprise Albert B. Culpepper owns a. finely

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improved plantation of 580 acres in McDuffie county, upon which he produces an average of 85 bales of cotton annually. He pur chased this plantation with money which he accumulated by his in dividual efforts since he reached the age of twenty-one years, and he has the satisfaction of knowing that the place is entirely free from encumbrance. The element of luck has never been permitted to enter into Mr. Culpepper's affairs. Every business proposition is carefully weighed in advance, and when once any enterprise is undertaken it is carried forward with that cool, calculating judg ment and business acumen that has marked his entire career. In political matters Mr. Culpepper is an earnest and intelligent sup porter of the principles advocated by the Democratic party, but he has never shown any predilection for public office. On Jan. 4, 1905, he was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Allean, daughter of Millard F. Mathis, of Johnson, S. C. They have one daughter, Meryl, born July 3, 1906.
Culverton, a town in Hancock county, was incorporated by act of the general assembly on Sept. 30, 1891. The population in 1900 was 283. It is located on the Camak & Milledgeville division of the Georgia railroad, about six miles east of Sparta. A money order postoffice supplies the adjacent rural districts with free mail delivery. The town has express and telegraph accommodations, good stores, schools and churches, and is an important shipping point.
Cumberland, a post-hamlet of Camden county, is located on the north end of Cumberland island. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for the neighborhood. The nearest railroad station is Woodbine, on the Savannah & Jacksonville division of the Seaboard Air Line.
Cumberland Island, situated off the coast of Camden county, is about eighteen miles long and from one half to three miles wide. The Indian name was "Missoe," but it was changed to Cumberland at the request of an Indian chief who had received some favor at the hands of the Duke of Cumberland. In 1736 Oglethorpe erected a small battery at the north end of the island, upon a high point, to protect St. Andrew's sound and the inland passage. At the same time a stronger fortification, called Fort William, was estab lished at the south end to command the entrance to St. Mary's river, and to guard against the invasion of the Spanish from Flor ida. About the middle of the century some unauthorized persons made a settlement on the island and refused to recognize the author ity of the provincial officials. Acting under orders from Mr. Pitt,

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secretary of state, Governor Ellis broke up the settlement in Febru ary, 1759. General Henry Lee, known in history as "Lighthorse Harry," the father of Gen. Robert E. Lee, died here on March 25, 1818, at the plantation of Dungeness, the former home of General Greene, and was buried on the island. During the war of 1812 the only British invasion of Georgia was first attempted at Cumberland island. On Jan. 11, 1815, a force of about 1,500 landed one division at Dungeness and another at the Plum Orchard. The American force there at the time numbered fewer than one hundred men, and after a sharp skirmish withdrew without loss. Subsequently the British were attacked by the Americans under Captains Messias and Tatnall and Lieutenants Hall and Hardee, and although the British were vastly superior in numbers they were driven to their
boats. Gumming, the capital of Forsyth county, named in honor of
Col. William Gumming of Augusta, is located near the center of the county on Vickery- Creek and two and a half miles from Sawnee Mountain. It was incorporated in 1845, and in 1900 the population of the town was 239, but the Gumming district which includes it had 1,808. It not only contains the court house, but also has a bank, several stores, and a post office, from which by the free rural delivery system mail is distributed for miles around. The public schools afford to the people the means of education and there are Churches of the Methodists and Baptists. The great need of the town is railroad connection. At present Buford on the Southern railway is the nearest market.
Gumming, Alfred, soldier, was born at Augusta, Ga., and edu cated at the West Point military academy, graduating in 1849 and entering the army as brevet second-lieutenant in the Eighth in fantry. He was stationed at different points in the West until the secession of Georgia, when he at once resigned his commission and offered his service to the state. During the days of preparation he rendered valuable service in organizing and drilling volunteers. In June, 1861, he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in the Con federate provisional army; was assigned to the Tenth Georgia infantry, of which regiment he afterward became colonel, and finally rose to the rank of brigadier-general. At Jonesboro, in 1864, he was so severely wounded as to put an end to his military career. After the war he settled on a plantation near Rome, but later removed to Augusta.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA
Cummings, John J., vice-president of the Savannah Lumber Company, one of the extensive industrial concerns of the state, is also the present incumbent of the office of president of the Savannah board of trade, and is one of the able and honored business men and publicspirited citizens of the historic old city in which he maintains his home. He was born in Barnwell county, S. C., Aug. 1. 1850, a son of William and Olive (Rentz) Cummings. He was afforded the advantages of the common schools and initiated his independent career at the age of eighteen years. In 1893 he identified himself with the lumber business, located in Savannah in 1895 and has since been actively concerned with the business interests of that city. Upon the organization and incorpo ration of the Savannah Lumber Company, in. October, 1903, he be came vice-president of the same, which office he has since held continuously. The local plant of the company utilizes twenty-two acres of ground and is one of the largest and best equipped in the south. The company owns extensive tracts of valuable timber, operates its own saw mills, and in Savannah has a modern plant for the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, etc., upon a large scale. It is incorporated for $120,000 and thus bases its operations on ample capital and the best of personal energy and ability. Mr. Cummings also has other large and important capitalistic interests and is one of the progressive and substantial busines men of the state. He is one of the directors of the Citizens' bank, of Savannah, and in December, 1905. was honored with election to the presidency of the local board of trade. In politics he accords a stanch al legiance to the Democracy. In 1881 Mr. Cummings was united in marriage to Miss Susan Miller, and they have three children, Alma, Beulah and Olive. Alma is now the wife of D. D. Wiley, of Savannah. Cunningham, Henry Gumming, one of the most prominent attor neys of Georgia, was born in the city of Savannah on April 5, 184.?. His father, Dr. Alexander Cunningham, was a native of Wilkes county, Ga., and practiced medicine in Augusta and Savannah for many years. His mother was Anna Frances Mayhew. The father departed this life in the city of Savannah in 1861 at the age of seventy-six years. Henry C. Cunningham attended the schools of

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Savannah until the fall of 1858 when he entered the South Caro lina college, now the University of South Carolina and was grad uated in the class of 1861. He left college to enter the Confederate
service as a private, and a year later, after a competitive examination, was ap pointed a first lieutenant of artillery in the Confederate States army. He served throughout the war between the states and was paroled at the surrender of Greensboro, N. C. Mr. Cunningham had three brothers: Alexander T., Thomas M., and Charles M. After the war Mr. Cunningham entered the service of the Central railroad of Georgia as a clerk and later became treasurer of the company. He was admitted to the bar in 1872 and located in Savannah, forming a partnership with Charles N. West, which lasted until July, 1876, and he then practiced alone until 1881, when Gen. A. R. Lawton, Mr. Cunningham, and A. R. Lawton, Jr., formed a partnership under the firm name of Lawton & Cunningham, which continued until General Lawton withdrew from the firm on being appointed minister to Austria in 1886. Mr. Cunningham was corporation attorney for Savannah from 1880' to 1887, the only office he ever held. He is a warden of Christ church of Savannah. He was married on Dec. 19, 1867 to Virginia Waldburg Wayne, daughter of Dr. Richard Wayne, deceased. She died leaving four children, three sons and a daughter. Mr, Cunningham was again married in 1886 to Nora, daughter of Gen. A. R. Lawton, and has one daughter by his second marriage. The firm of which Mr. Cunningham is the senior member has been the general counsel for the receivers of the Central Railroad and Bank ing Company of Georgia since their appointment, and is now gen eral counsel of the Central of Georgia Railway Company. Curran, a post-hamlet of Marion county, is located on the Americus & Columbus division of the Central of Georgia railroad, about six miles west of Buenavista. It has a few stores and does some shipping. Curry, Frank Z., a leading lawyer and jurist of Butts county, is engaged in the practice of his profession in the city of Jackson, where he has a large and important clientage. He was born in Greensboro, Greene county, Ga., Aug. 31, 1867, and is a son of William M. and Sarah E. (Wright) Curry, the former of whom

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was born in Winnsboro, S. C., in 1840, and the latter in White Plains, Ga., in 1844. The paternal grandfather, M. M. Curry, was born in South Carolina, whither his father of Scotch-Irish descent,
immigrated from Ireland. The former's wife was a Keisler, a direct descendant of German ancestors who came to Amer ica as early as 1740. The maternal grand father of Judge Frank Z. Curry was Wiley Wright, who was born in Greene county, Ga., his ancestors having come from Ireland and settled in Virginia about the middle of the eighteenth cen tury. The maiden name of his wife was Sallie Lewis. She was a daughter of Josiah Lewis and a sister of Miles Wal ker Lewis, the celebrated lawyer of Greene county. Miles Walker Lewis was the father of H. T. Lewis, justice of the supreme court of Georgia, 1896-1903; also of H. G. Lewis, solicitor-general of the Ocmulgee circuit, 1898-1903, and since then judge of the superior court of the same circuit. Of the same fam ily line are Sidney, Walker and Robert Lewis, of Hancock county, Ga. The Lewis family is of Irish extraction, but the first repre sentatives in Georgia came from the state of Virginia. Ancestors of the subject of this review, in both the paternal and maternal lines were found as valiant soldiers of the Continental forces in the war of the Revolution. William M. Curry was a soldier of trieConfederacy in the Civil war, having served with the Greene Rifles, organized in Greene county. He was originally a stanch supporter of the Democratic party but his inveterate antipathy to Horace Greeley, on account of the latter's bitter attitude toward the South in the days preceding and during the Civil war, was such that when Greeley was nominated for president on the Democratic ticket Curry refused to support him or the ticket, transferring his allegiance to the Republican party. He rose to eminence as a party adviser in Georgia, but, owing to limited education, never became incumbent of any important office. After the subject of this review had been graduated in the law department of the University of Georgia he was tendered, through the influence of his father, a prominent place in the legal branch of the Federal government in Georgia, but being ultra-Democratic in his political faith he re fused the position, thereby estranging his father, who never forgave him. He has thus builded his own fortunes without paternal aid.

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When Frank Z. Curry was but two years of age his parents re moved to Hampton, Henry county, where he was reared to ma turity and where he continued to reside until 1892. After com pleting a course of study in the Hampton high school he entered the law department of the University of Georgia, in 1887, being graduated as a member of the class of the following year, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and being admitted to the bar on the 6th of August, 1888, in the Spalding superior court, Judge J. S. Boynton presiding. He was thereafter engaged in practice in Hampton for one year, after which he abandoned his profession and gave his attention to other pursuits until 1892, in the autumn of which year he removed to Jackson, where he has since been established in successful practice, being one of the prominent members of the bar of Butts county, while he also has large farm ing interests. He is a stanch advocate of the principles and pol icies of the Democratic party, as has already been intimated, and in 1896-7 he was clerk of the general judiciary committee of the Georgia house of representatives, while in 1901-2 he served with marked ability as judge of the county court of Butts county. Though a stanch supporter of Gen. C. A. Evans in 1894 against Hon. W. Y. Atkinson for governor, Mr. Curry was in 1898 com missioned by Governor Atkinson a lieutenant in the Third Georgia volunteer infantry, which regiment saw service in Cuba during the Spanish-American War, doing garrison duty in the Province of Puerto Principe. He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and Knights of Pythias, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Jan. 11, 1893, Judge Curry was united in marriage to Miss Annie E. Pye, daughter of John E. and Lottie (Fears) Pye, of Jasper county, and the four children of this union are as follows, the respective dates of birth being given in the connection: Henry Lewis, Oct. 25, 1893; Julia Eliza beth, March 27, 1896; Frank Mapp, July 22, 1898 and Elsie Kath leen, June 15, 1904.
Curryville, a post-village of Gordon county, is in the southwestern corner, about equally distant from Reeves and Plainville, on the Chattanooga Southern, which are the nearest railroad stations. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and in 1900 reported a population of 55.
Curtis, Charles McPherson, M. D., a representative physician and surgeon of Fulton county, is engaged in the practice of his profession at College Park, where he also holds the position of medical director of the Georgia military academy. Doctor Curtis
35

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was born in Blueridge, Fannin county, Ga., March 8, 1866, being a son of R. I. B. and Juliette (Willson) Curtis, the former of whom was born in McDowell county, N. C, in 1841, and the latter in
Fannin county, Ga., in 1844. The father was one of the influential and honored citizens of Fannin county, being promi nent in public and business affairs for many years and having been called upon to serve in various offices of public trust. His father, Thomas Curtis, of North Carolina, was a lieutenant in the Mexican war. After a proper preliminary training in Ellijay seminary, at Ellijay, Ga., Doc tor Curtis entered the Wesleyan univer sity, Athens, Tenn., where he completed his literary education, after which he was matriculated in the Southern medical college, in Atlanta, and grad uated as a member of the class of 1887, receiving a gold medal for having made the highest standing in the class. After his gradua tion he had charge of the Atlanta city hospital for one year, as resident physician, and since that time he has been actively engag'ed in the general practice of his profession, while he has been medical director of the Georgia military academy since 1904. He is a mem ber of the Medical Association of Georgia. In politics he supports the Republican party so far as national issues are involved, but in local affairs he gives his allegiance to the Democratic party. He is affiliated with College Park Lodge, No. 454, Free and Ac cepted Masons, and both he and his wife are members of the Meth odist Episcopal church South, at College Park. On Jan. 22, 1890, Dr. Curtis was united in marriage to Miss Willie Greene Fullerton, daughter of William T. and Catherine Elizabeth (Dorsey) Fullerton, of Lovejoy, Ga., and they have five children, namely: Rich ard Carlton, Weaver Clayton, Howard Candler, William Eugene, -and Walker Lewis. Cusseta, the county seat of Chattahoochee county, is situated on a branch of the Seaboard Air Line system connecting Albany with Columbus. It was incorporated in 1847, has a population of 301 who have the educational and religious advantages afforded by the public schools of Georgia and churches of the Methodists and Bap tists. At the head of the school system is the Cusseta institute, chartered in 1897. The town has a good court house, money order

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post office with rural free delivery routes, several good stores and pretty homes, and an express and telegraph office.
Cuthbert, the county seat of Randolph county, was named in honor of J. A. Cuthbert, who was at one time United States senator from Georgia. The town was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1834. Although in southwest Georgia, this thriving little city is situated on a ridge at an altitude of 446 feet above sea level, and hence enjoys a pleasant climate. It has a court house, a good system of water works and electric lights, churches of the Metho dist, Baptist and Presbyterian faith and a good system of public schools. Andrew female college, a Methodist school and Bethel male college, under the control of the Baptists are located here. Cuthbert has a number of successful mercantile concerns, three banks, express and telegraph offices, carriage factory, machine works, factories for making spokes, hoops, handles, cooperage, brooms, soap, ice, and the Randolph Cotton Mills. About 15,000 bales of cotton are handled annually, as the city has fine facilities for trade, being located on a branch of the Central railroad running between Smithville and Georgetown and with easy railroad connec tions to every part of the state. The Cuthbert militia district which includes the town contained in 1900 a population of 4,461 of whom 2,641 were in the corporate limits of the city. Through its money order post office mail is distributed by a system of rural deliveries to the people in the vicinity.
Cuthbert, Alfred, was born at Savannah, graduated at Princeton college in 1803 and at once began the practice of law at Monticello. He served as a member of the legislature; was elected represen tative in Congress in 1814 and again in 1816 ; resigned before the expiration of the last term; was again elected to Congress in 1820; was twice reflected; on the resignation of John Forsyth from the United States senate was chosen to fill the vacancy, and served until 1843. He died at Monticello July 9, 1856.
Cuthbert, John, was born at Savannah June 8, 1788. He grad uated from Princeton college and after a course of law commenced to practice at Eatonton. He represented Liberty county in both branches of the general assembly; was commander of a volunteer company in the war of 1812; was elected member of Congress in 1818; and in 1831 became editor and proprietor of a powerful paper called the Federal Union at Milledgeville. In 1837 he removed to Mobile, where he resumed his law practice. He was elected judge of the county court at Mobile in 1840, and appointed by the

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governor judge of the circuit court of the same county in 1852. He died near Mobile in 1881.
Cutler, a post-hamlet of Charlton county, is on the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad, in the eastern part of the big bend of the St. Mary's river.
Cutting, a post-hamlet of Clinch county, is about six miles west of Homerville on the Atlantic Coast Line railway.
Cutts, Charles Clinton, mayor of the thriving little city of Cordele, the county seat of Crisp .county, and one of the prominent lumber manufacturers and representative business men of that sec tion of the state, was born in Wilmington, New Hanover county, N. C., Jan. 5, 180?', a son of Alien Henry and Ann Lovic (Holmes) Cutts. Charles C. Cutts was reared and educated in North Caro lina and has been identified with the business interests of Cordele for several years. He is a stalwart supporter of the cause-of the Democratic party; was a member of the city council of Cordele in 1892, and since 1898 has served consecutively as mayor of the city, save for the year 1902. He and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal church, and he is affili ated with Cordele Lodge, No. 29G, Free and Accepted Masons; Codele Chapter, No. 55, Royal Arch Masons; Cyrene Commandery, No. 13, Knights Templars; Yarab Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, in Atlanta; Cordele Lodge, No. 44, Knights of Pythias; Cape Fear Lodge, No. 2, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Cordele Lodge, No. 939, Benevolent and Protec tive Order of Elks; and No. 3013, Concatenated Order of PIoo Hoos. He married Miss Lena Colwell, daughter of Albert E. Colwell. Cutts, Ernest Alien, holds prestige as one of the representative cotton brokers and commission merchants of the city of Savannah, and is a member of a family established in America shortly after the close of the war of the Revolution, the ancestry being traced to stanch English derivation. Three brothers of the name came to America shortly after the close of the war for independence, and Major Cutts, grandfather of the subject of this review, was born in North Carolina, where his father was an extensive planter of larg'e financial means. He came to Georgia when a young man,

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was here married and settled in Warren county. His wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Maddox, was a daughter of Judge Madclox, a veteran of the war of 1812. Col. Alien S. Cutts, father
of him whose name introduces this sketch, was born in Pulaski county, Ga., Dec. 4, 1827, and for a time was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Oglethorpe county. In 1854 he removed to Americus, Sumter county, purchased a fine planta tion in that locality, built up a large business as a dealer in cotton, and later established himself in the mercantile trade in which he has since continued successful operations there. In 1846 he enlisted as a private in an artillery com pany, with which he served throughout the Mexican war. At "the inception of the war between the states be organized and was made captain of a company of artillery, known as the Sumter Flying Artillery, This company was equipped with guns which had been captured by the Confederate forces in the first battle of Manassas, and from that time it took part in many of the sanguinary battles which marked the progress of the great civil conflict. In 1863 Captain Cutts was rapidly pro moted for gallant conduct and efficiency, rising to the rank of major, lieutenant-colonel and finally to full colonelcy, and served during the entire period of the war. In connection with civic affairs he has held many offices of public trust and his name is one honored in the county and state of which he has been a resident during his life thus far. In 1856-7 he served as sheriff of Sumter county; was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1865; and in 1890-91 served as representative of his county in the lower house of the state legislature. For many years he was mayor of his city, giving a most able and popular administration; was also a member of the board of education and a trustee of the female college at Americus. On June 17, 1854, Colonel Cutts was united in marriage to Miss Fannie O. Brown, daughter of James V. Brown, a prominent planter of Monroe county, and of the seven children of this union four are living: Ernest A., to whom this article is dedicated; Claude, S., a planter and cotton factor at Marshallville; Eldridge H., a representative member of the bar of Fitzgerald; and Inez M., who married Mr. C. E. Barber of Vesper, N. Y. Ernest Alien Cutts was born in Americus, Sumter county,

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Ga., March 21, 1858. After availing himself of the advantages of private schools in his native town he attended the University of Georgia for a time and in 1875-6 was a student in Mercer uni versity. After leaving school he became associated with his father in the cotton business, to which he gave his attention during the autumn and winter months and in the interims studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1878, at the age of twenty years, and be gan the practice of his profession, but was shortly afterward ap pointed, by Congressman Cook, to a clerkship in the committee on public buildings and grounds in the city of Washington, D. C., where he remained until 1880. He then returned to Americus and resumed business with his father, thus continuing until 1882, when he removed to Rome, this state, where he was engaged in the gen eral merchandise businss until 1884. In that year he located in Savannah, where he established an agency for Winterbotton, Rich mond & Co., cotton merchants, representing this concern and oth ers in the same line of enterprise until 1890, when he established himself in an independent business as a general cotton broker and commission merchant. He has built up a splendid enterprise and is recognized as a progressive, reliable and successful business man. In politics Mr. Cutts is a stalwart supporter of the princi ples of the Democratic party but he has never sought or held pub lic office. He is past master of Landrum Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons; past high priest of Georgia Chapter, Royal Arch Masons; past eminent commander of Palestine Commandery, No. 7, Knights Templars; is also past commander of the grand commandery of Knights Templar in Georgia; and is the present (1906) illustrious potentate of Alee Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He also holds membership in the Oglethorpe club, the Savannah Yacht club and the Savannah cotton exchange. He and his wife hold membership in the Independent Presbyterian church. On April 28, 1880, Mr. Cutts was united in marriage to Miss Ida Walker, daughter of Henry I. Walker, and following is a brief record concerning the children of this union: Fannie Lou died in infancy; Walker, who was drowned at Tybee island in May, 1905, at the age of twenty-one years, was a young man of fine character and marked business ability and his tragic death was keenly felt by all who had come within the sphere of his gracious influence; Alien S. is a student in Emory college at Oxford, Ga. ; Ella C. is attending the Mary Baldwin school for girls; Ernestine is a student at Staunton, Va.; and Hamilton and Marjorie remain at the parental home.

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Cuyler's Plantation, (Skirmish at). On the morning of Dec. 9, 1864 in the Federal advance upon Savannah, the Fourteenth army corps broke camp at Ebenezer Church and began the march with Morgan's division in front. At Dr. Cuyler's plantation, abo-ut four teen miles from Savannah a Confederate battery was found formid ably entrenched across the road at a point where there were swamps close by on either side. Col. James W. Langley, com manding the Third brigade, was ordered to send the 125th Illinois infantry to develop the enemy's position. The regiment moved up to within one hundred yards of the Confederate works without a shot being fired. The 86th Illinois was then ordered to the support of the other regiment, with instructions to endeavor to gain the Confederate rear. Owing to the mass of vines, etc., in the swamp the progress of the regiment was slow, and it was dark before the movement could be executed. During the night the Confederates withdrew, saving their cannon, and took up a position nearer the city. The Federals - went into camp, General Morgan's head quarters being at Doctor Cuyler's house, which was plundered, a Doctor Watson being mentioned in the reports of the campaign as having found an old deed, bearing date of Dec. 5, 1758.
Cyclone, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Screven county, is about fourteen miles from Sylvania, which is the most conven ient railroad station.
Cypress Swamp, (Skirmish at). About four o'clock on the after noon on Dec. 7, 1864, while the Federal army was approaching Sister's Ferry, on the Savannah river, about thirty-five miles above the city of Savannah, a dashing attack was made upon the rear by the Confederate cavalry commanded by Brig.-Gen. S. W. Ferguson. The road to the ferry runs through Cypress Swamp, and Ferguson, who was acquainted with the ground, tried to cut off the rear guard, the Ninth Michigan cavalry, commanded by Colonel Acker. The movement came very near being successful when Colonel Hamil ton was ordered with his regiment, the Ninth Ohio cavalry, to the support of Colonel Acker. The reinforcement enabled the Federals to repulse Ferguson's attack and the latter withdrew his forces with a slight loss.
Cyrene, a post-village of Decatur county, with a population of 50 in 1900, is six miles northwest of Bainbridge, on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad.

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D
Dacula, a village of Gwinnett county, is located six miles east of Lawrenceville on the Seaboard Air Line railway. It has a money order postoffice, from which free delivery routes supply the rural districts, some mercantile interests and in 1900 had a population of 120.
Dade County was created in 1837 from part of Walker and named for Maj. Francis L. Dade of the United States army, who was killed by the Seminoles Dec. 28, 1835, while on an expedition to Fort King, Fla. The county is triangular in shape, with its base along the Tennessee line and its apex lying upon the boundary between Georgia and Alabama. It is bounded on the north by the State of Tennessee, on the east and southeast by Walker and on the west by the State of Alabama. The Lookout valley extends through the county and Lookout creek is its principal stream. The surface is hilly and broken, Lookout and Raccoon mountains being the principal elevations. The land is well wooded with hickory, oak, pine, cedar, poplar, gum, walnut, chestnut, locust and mountain birch. In the forests are deer, wild turkey and other game and the streams are filled with fish. The county is rich in minerals. Deposits of bituminous coal, iron ore and other valuable minerals are profitably worked in some places, sulphur and chaly beate springs are common. The soil in the valleys is exceedingly fertile and produces large crops of corn, wheat, grasses, clover, sweet and Irish potatoes, such fruits as apples, peaches and grapes, and vegetables. The mountain slopes supply pasturage for the flocks and herds. The climate is delightful and although the win ters are cold, the springs, summers and autumns are warm. Trans portation is furnished by the Alabama Great Southern railway, which traverses Lookout Valley. Trenton the county seat, Morganville, Rising Fawn, Clover Dale and Smith are all on this road. New England city in the McMahon district is another im portant town. The population in 1900 was 4,578, a loss of 1,229 since 1890. There are more than fifty Indian mounds within the county borders. The region is rich in caves, some of which are of great size. Through one of these the Nickajack Creek runs for some distance before appearing on the surface.
Baffin, a post-village of Screven county, is on the Sylvania rail road, a few miles west of that city. The population in 1900 was re ported as being 100.
Dahlonega, whose name is said to be derived from Tau-la-ne-ca>

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

553

an Indian word meaning yellow money, is the county seat of Lumpkin county and is beautifully situated on a high hill, com manding a magnificent view of Walker's, Moss Creek and Yonah Mountains. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1858, and is in the center of the gold belt of Georgia. Here at one time was a branch of the United States Mint. Dahlonega has a bank, a money order post office, the court house and several good stores. The school and church privileges of Dahlonega are excellent. The North Georgia Agricultural and Military college, a branch of the Georgia State University is located here. The population of Dahl onega in 1900 was 1,255 in the corporate limits.
Daisy, a village of Tattnall county, is located in the eastern part on the Seaboard Air Line railway and not far from the Cannouchee river. It reported a population of 250 in 1900, has a money order postoffice, which supplies the adjacent rural districts by free delivery, and is the principal trading and shipping point in that part of the county.
Dallas, the county seat of Paulding county, was named in.honor of George M. Dallas, vice-president during Folk's administration. It is located on one of the main divisions of the Southern railway system and was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1854. It has a good court house, express and telegraph offices, several good stores, a bank, a cotton mill with 70 looms and 3,500 spindles, and a money order postoffice with rural free delivery.
In May, 1864, Gen. Joseph E. Johnson crossed the Etowah and took a position along the line of Pumpkin Vine Creek from Dallas to Allatoona. For ten days (May 25th to June 4th) there was incessant fighting, and although at no time was there an engage ment involving the whole of both armies, there were three pitched battles, viz: New Hope Church, Pickett's Mill, and Dallas. When Sherman moved from Kingston in the direction of Dallas for the purpose of turning Johnston put of Allatoona, the latter met the movement by marching to Dallas and covering the roads leading from that point to Marietta. On the 25th, as the advance of Hook er's corps neared Dallas, it came upon Stewart's division holding the cross roads at New Hope Church, four miles northeast of the town. Hooker concentrated his corps and attacked Stewart late in the afternoon but was repulsed with heavy loss. During the night and early the next day the rest of Sherman's army moved up on the right and left of Hooker and intrenched, McPherson's two corps on the right holding Dallas. On the 27th Sherman sent Howard with two divisions to turn Johnston's right. At Pickett's

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Mill, two miles northeast of New Hope Church, Howard, thinking he had reached the extreme right of the Confederate line, ordered Wood's division to assault. The attack fell upon Kelly's cavalry, deployed as skirmishers, which was quickly reinforced by Grahbury's brigade, and the Federals were held in check. In a second assault the Confederate position was further strengthened by two regiments of Govan's and Lowry's brigades, and the fierce charges of the Federals were again repulsed. Sherman now ordered McPherson to close in on Hooker at New Hope Church, that the lat ter might extend his line to the left. Before the movement could be executed Bate's division of Hardee's corps made a gallant effort to seize McPherson's position at Dallas, but was defeated in the attempt. Sherman continued to move toward the left, until by June 4th he had occupied Allatoona and Acworth. He now pre pared to attack Johnston at New Hope Church, but found that officer had taken up a new position covering Kennesaw and Lost Mountains. The whole series of battles and daily skirmishes from May 25th to June 4th were classed by both Sherman and Johnston as one engagement, styled the battle of New Hope Church, which Sherman pronounced a drawn battle. The Federal loss was re ported at 3,600 killed and wounded, while Johnston reported his at 2,005.
Dalton, the county seat and largest town of Whitfield county, was incorporated as a city in 1854 and is situated in a fertile valley surrounded by mountain ranges, at the intersection of the Western & Atlantic and one of the divisions of the Southern railway. It has a handsome court house, a gas and electric light plant, water works, express and telegraph offices, many flourishing commercial and manufacturing establishments, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and two banks. The Crown Mills, built by home capital have 20,000 spindles, 500 looms and consume an nually 13,000 bales of cotton. There are also three flour mills which in the busy season turn out 500 barrels of flour a day, two lumber machine factories, two foundries, one canning factory, a sausage factory with cold storage for summer slaughtering, and a publishing company with one of the best equipped establishments in the state. Dalton has a fine system of public schools, including a high school, and a female college supported by the Methodist church. The Dalton district has a population of 6,400, of which 4,315 live in the corporate limits of the city.
After the fall of Chattanooga, Dalton became a point of great strategic importance. On Sept. 7, 1863 General Bragg retired from

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

555

Chattanooga, which Rosecrans immediately seized and, leaving a force to hold it, moved southward into Georgia. His orders were to occupy Dalton, making it a base for a further advance. Bragg, reinforced by Longstreet, turned upon Rosecrans, defeated him at Chickamauga and drove him back to Chattanooga. After his defeat at Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Nov. 24-25, 1863, Bragg retreated to Dalton. In February, 1864, Gen. George H. Thomas advanced upon the town, but meeting with greater re sistance than was anticipated, he abandoned the effort and re treated. The Federal loss in this engagement was reported as 300, that of the Confederates as 200. On April 30, 1864, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston had over 50,000 men near Dalton. Sherman concen trated his army of nearly 100,000 around Chattanooga for an ad vance into Georgia. Thomas' and Schofield were ordered to move on Dalton in front, while McPherson moved toward Snake Creek Gap for the purpose of turning Johnston's position. Marching by way of Ship's Gap and Villanow, he passed through Snake Creek Gap fifteen miles south of Buzzard's Roost and on the morning of May 9th, drove back Grigsby's Kentucky cavalry until he came \vithin a mile of Resaca. Here he found two brigades under Gen eral Canty, and considering the position too strong to be attacked by his force, fell back to a strong position at the east end of the gap. Meanwhile Thomas and Schofield had on May 7th driven the Confederate skirmishers through Buzzard Roost Gap and on the next day, while Thomas skirmished with the Confederate divisions -of Bate and Thomas at Buzzard Roost, Geary's division attempted to carry the Confederate position at Dug Gap, but was repulsed by Reynolds and Grigsby. On the 9th vigorous attacks were made by Thomas upon Pettus and Brown at the angle on Rocky Face Ridge, Stovall and Baker on the ridge, and on Bate in the gap, but these attacks were repulsed at every point. At Varnell's Sta tion Wheeler's cavalry defeated that of Stoneman. Polk and Hood with Loring's and Hindman's divisions were at Resaca and Johnston remained at Dalton until the 12th, when being informed that Sherman had moved his army through Snake Creek Gap in front of Resaca, he retired from Dalton and formed his army to resist Sherman's advance. On the morning of the 13th Howard's corps occupied Dalton. The Federal loss around Dalton was about 830 killed and wounded. The Confederate loss was reported at about half that number.
Damascus, a village of Early county, is located on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad, about half-way between Arlington

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and the Miller county line. It has a money order postoffice, ex press and telegraph service and is a shipping point of some im
portance. Dame's Ferry, a post-village in the eastern part of Monroe coun
ty, is on the Ocmulgee river and the division of the Southern rail way that connects Atlanta and Macon. The population in 1900
was 52. Danburg, a village of Wilkes county, is located near Fishing
creek, about twelve miles north of Washington, which is the near est railroad station. It has a money order postoffice and is a trad ing center for the neighborhood.
Band, a post-village of Clinch county, with a population of 175 in 1900, is located in the extreme northern part, not far from the Coffee county line. The nearest railroad station is Bostick, on the Ocilla, Pinebloom & Valdosta.
Danforth, a post-village of Jefferson county, is about ten miles southwest of Louisville, on the Central of Georgia railway.
Daniel, Edgar G., one of the interested principals in the well known and exten sive mercantile concern known as the Daniel Sons & Palmer Company, of Milieu, has passed his entire life in that city. He was born Aug. 14, 1875 and is a son of the late Hon. James H. Daniel, Sr., of whom specific mention is made in this work. After a course in the Geor gia military institute, at Edgewood, Ed gar G. Daniel entered the Eastman bus iness college, of Poughkeepsie, 3ST. Y., one of the most celebrated commercial colleges in the Union, in which he graduated. After leaving this college, in 1894, he became associated with the practical affairs of the mercantile company of which he is now a member, having been admitted to partnership on Jan. 1, 1906. He is manager of the grocery department of the concern, the fine establishment also hav ing departments devoted to hardware, harness, farm implements, buggies, carriages, wagons, etc. The business is incorporated with a capital stock of $25,000, and the company is one of the best known and strongest of the sort in eastern Georgia, controlling large plan tation interests and handling large amounts of cotton in addition to the mercantile business. Mr. Daniel is a loyal supporter of the Democratic party, and served one term as a member of the board

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557

of aldermen of Millen. He is a steward of the Millen Methodist Episcopal church South; is district secretary of the Epworth League of the Savannah district; is affiliated with Millen Lodge, No. 56, Knights of Pythias, of which he was chancellor commander at the time of the preparation of this sketch. On April 18, 1895, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Daniel to Miss Martha Corinne Graybell, of Millen, and they have three children, Mildred, Ed gar G., Jr., and Dollie.
Daniel, Everett, M. D., a representa tive physician and surgeon of Moultrie, Colquitt county, was born in Thomas county, Ga., June 15, 1872, a son of Ben jamin Whitaker and Annie (Everett) Daniel, both of whom were born and . reared in Georgia. The father was an able physician and surgeon, eng'aged for many years in the active practice of his profession, and served the Confederacy in the capacity of army surgeon in the Civil war. Dr. Everett Daniel completed the curriculum of the common schools and then began the work of preparing himself for his chosen pro fession, finally entering the Atlanta medical college, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1892, receiving his well earned degree of Doctor of Medicine and coming forth amply for tified for the work of his exacting profession, in which he has met with marked success. He initiated the practice of medicine in Bos ton, Thomas county, where he remained until 1902, when he re moved to Moultrie, which has since been his professional headquar ters. He has taken several post-graduate courses in New York city and keeps in touch with the advances made in both departments of his profession. He is retained as a member of the staff of sur geons of the Georgia Northern and the Atlantic & Birmingham rail road, and is identified with various medical associations. He is a member of the Baptist church, and is affiliated with .the Knights of Pythias. In 1899 Doctor Daniel was united in marriage to Miss Janie Taylor, daughter of J. W. and Mary Taylor, of Boston, and they have two children Benjamin W., and Everett, Jr. Daniel, Henry R., has gained prestige as one of the able members of the bar of his native state, being engaged in the practice of his profession in Swainsboro and also the present incumbent of the office of solicitor of the city court. He was born in Albany, Dough-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

erty county, Ga., July 1, 1852, a son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth (Atkinson) Daniel, the former a native of Burke and the latter of Dougherty county, this state. The father died July 9, 1831, when the subject of this sketch was but nine days old, and his widow later became the wife of John H. Dixon, of Dougherty county, but subsequently removed to Burke county, where her death occurred on Aug. 13, 1878, her second husband being also deceased. Mr. Daniel was the only child of the first marriage, and he has two
half-brothers, Hiram M. and Edward A.
Dixon, the former a resident of Emanuel
county and the latter of the State of Flor
ida. Judge Henry R. Daniel was afforded
the advantages of the schools of Emanuel
county, having been raised by his uncle
Neil McLeod, of that county. In early
manhood he served as tax collector of
Emanuel county one term and later was county sheriff two terms. In the mean
while he took up the study of law, and in
September, 1887, was admitted, to the bar. He has since maintained his home in Swainsboro, where he has given his attention to the practice of his profession, in which he has been successful, and to the various official duties which have devolved upon him. He was judge of the county court one term, represented his county in the state legislature one term and is now solicitor of the city court of Swainsboro. He is an unfaltering adherent of the Demo cratic party, is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church South, is a Royal Arch Mason and is also affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Dec. 28, 1873, Judge Daniel was united in marriage to Miss J. Addie Kirkland, daughter of the late Judge Abram L. Kirkland, of Swainsboro, and they have two children, Mamie, wife of \V. K. Cook, of Benhaden, Fla., and Hattie, who re sides in Wadley, Emanuel county, being the widow of B. L. Hum
phrey.
Daniel, James H., Sr., was one of the most honored and loved citizens of Millen, with whose business and civic life he was identi fied most intimately for many years. He was born near Brigham's landing on the Savannah river, in the sixty-eighth district of Burke county, Ga., Sept. 3, 1831, and died at his home in M.illen, Oct. 36, 1905. He was the founder of the business now conducted under the title of the .Daniel Sons & Palmer Company, of which he was

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

559

president at the time of his demise, and was long known as one of the most prominent and influential citizens of what is now Jenkins county. He was the third son of Zachariah and Lydia Daniel, and was reared in Burke county, receiving the advantages of the local schools, also taking a course in Washington academy, and attending a school conducted by James Oglethorpe. In the latter .part of 1852 he took up his residence in Millen, where he entered the employ of R. H. Gray. He was elected tax receiver for Burke
county for 1854-5, but did not become a candidate for reelection. In 1S5G he was appointed mail-route agent between Macon and Augusta, but soon resigned this place to take that of railroad conductor, in which capacity he served until the out break of the Civil war. He became one of the leading merchants of Millen, where he erected one of the largest and hand somest business blocks in the town ; was one of the heaviest stockholders in the Bank of Millen, holding the office of presi dent of the same at the time of his death; had more extensive plantation interests than any other citizen of this section of Georgia, operating 175 plows in the cultivation of his lands and frequently securing as man}' as 2,000 bales of cotton in a single year. He is a man of the most unim peachable integrity and honor and his noble attributes of character gave him a secure place in the confidence and regard of his fellow men. He was charter member of both the lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity in Millen; a consistent member of the Metho dist church, and a stanch advocate of the principles of the Demo cratic party. He served in the state senate in 1900-1901, but his health became so seriously impaired that he was compelled to re tire from all active service. In 1858 Mr. Daniel was married to Miss Mary Hendricks Gray, who survives him, as do also three of their six children Robert G., James H., Jr., and Edgar G. In conclusion quotation is made from an article appearing in the Mil len News at the time of Mr. Daniel's death: "He was by far the most loved and venerated figure in the history of our little city, for we might truly say he was the father of Millen. He had been a continuous resident of Millen for fifty years, and had seen it grow from one house to larger proportions, and then saw it rise again from the ashes of Sherman's torch to the zenith of its new glory

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the county seat of Jenkins county. It would be impossible to men tion any enterprise in Millen in which he was not chief mover, and in the life of this genial friend, courtly gentleman and Chris tian soldier lies an object lesson, for around his name and fame rest the laurels of a long, successful and worthy life. He was thoroughly imbued with the spirit of the old south, loved her traditions, her manners and customs. A distinguishing character istic was the sunny radiance of his smile, and though the frost of age was upon his brow it could not chill the heart, and the flowers of youth bloomed blithely beneath the whitening hair, and he could always see the sunshine in the storm. There was in him so much of love, joy and hope that his nature overflowed with richest blessings to all around him." To those of his immediate family circle he exemplified the full refulgence of his generous, noble nature, and though upon them rests the burden of greatest deprivation, yet must theirs be also the greater compensation in the gracious memories of a life so symmetrical and true in all its relations.
Daniel, James H., Jr. secretary of the Daniel Sons & Palmer Company, of Millen, Jenkins county, was born in that thriving little city, Jan. 21, 1865, and is a son of the late and honored James H. and Mary Hendricks (Gray) Daniel, (See sketch of James H. Daniel, Sr.) The subject of this sketch was edu cated in the Georgia military college at Milledgeville, and in the Smith busi ness college at Lexington, Ky. From the time of completing his school work to the present he has been identified with the mercantile business founded by his father, and has been secretary of the company from the time of its incorporation, in 1901, being one of the popular business men and citizens of his native town. Mr. Daniel is a stalwart supporter of the cause of the Democratic party, is a trustee in the Methodist church of Millen, is past chancellor of the local lodge of the Knights of Pythias and is also identified with the Royal Arcanum. Daniel, Pierce Virgil, one of the representative planters and merchants of Jenkins county, maintains his residence and business headquarters in the thriving city of Millen. He was born on a plantation in Burke county, Ga., Aug. 16, 1854, and in that county

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

561

aDalssaounciecwle, sewsrfehuol bpoplraansnsteehdri,stwhpheaiilrreeenhntistsi,rfeaZtlhaivecerhsawrtiahasehrae,annathdtieveEfaloitfzhaeEbrneghthlaavni(dnG,grliobffceiaentn) ing in Georgia in an early day. Pierce V. Daniel secured his educational train ing in the schools of Burke and Jefferson counties, but he left school at an early age and began working on a plantation, also becoming a clerk in a plantation store. He has attained marked success through his own well directed efforts and has been identified with the plantation industry from his youth to the present time, being to-day one of the extensive planters of Jenkins county, where he owns 1,300 acres of land, upon which he
tuhctiLirshhnahonueeituuviseyatrseierlccDeesdehehse-oaftimpaerSvfnonrdeootemdhumscspeitreEdhara2viTe,rt0lnriein0.aczicntanai.Ztgpdbopc.aeehaMil&ts2srihtlt5ord.ayP0.irn;.reMDboTVnitaayish:hs.lnaeeseilDasyCe-aElawoomrandrifcelsaineshle,lcomaaloMMkbtChsRtnetaaaooaoorsudnmnwowdconpt,lanhfha.anBnrnntesadylhOuunea,,eapndnlosocploffMyhOoene.xrMcBse,ttt,ete.uiThHrlnarl1oukseleo8dlinle,fvii,aiose1st,cftoh8ofo8meSwuE6nwaenhpcevrhotaihacysiumoecnacsfhnnoewattapanihharhoaldeeeself deceased.
Daniel, Robert G., is one of the rep resentative business men and sterling citizens of Millen, Jenkins county, be ing ex-mayor of the attractive little city, where he has important business interests, being vice-president of the Daniel Sons & Palmer Company, representing one of the most important mercantile enterprises in the county, while he is also vice-president of the Bank of Mil len. Mr. Daniel was born in Millen, July 4, 1860, being a son of Hon. James eebmdoutyhJc,AaMnttiEhaoSteniHv.elianDtAotNefthIrEBeLi,unHsrRsk.teeiptuhctzoiioubnnHathy.b.eahiningRdghoMblsoecacrhratyoteoGdlH. eaDinnnaddnrtihiaecetlkssRceiitc(cyGuhrrmeoadfoyn)AhdiuDsgAaeuncasiartedlaly,,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

and he supplemented this training by a course in the Eastman

business college, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. From the time of leav

ing school to the present he has been identified with the extensive

mercantile business founded by his father, and he has been vice-

president of the company since its incorporation, in 1901, He is

president of the Morion oil mills and vice-president of the Bank

of Millen. In politics Mr. Daniel is arrayed as a stanch supporter

of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and he has

served several terms as mayor of Millen, while he is at the present

time a member of the town council. He was a member of the

military staff of Governor Atkinson, serving with the rank of col

onel. He is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias and is a deacon

in the Baptist church, of which Mrs. Daniel also is a devoted mem

ber. On Feb. 8, 1882, Mr. Daniel was united in marriage to Miss

Beulah P. Dwelle, a daughter of Charles and Julia M. (Henry)

Dwelle, who were at that time residents of Baltimore, Md. Col

onel and Mrs. Daniel have nine children, namely: Mae H. now the

wife of C. L. Wilcox, of Savannah, Julie M., William B., Celine,

James H., Jackson Lee, Beulah Pauline, Charles, and Robert Gordon.

,, ,,...

Daniel, Thomas Z., president of the

mercantile concern known as the T. Z.

& P. V. Daniel Company, of Millen, and

also president of the Citizens' Bank of

Millen, is one of the representative

business men of this section of the state

and a member of one of the old and hon

ored families of eastern Georgia. Mr.

Daniel was born on the homestead

plantation of his parents, seven miles

west of Millen, Feb. 11, 1874, being a

son of Elias and Caroline L. (Rogers)

Daniel, both native of Burke county,

Ga. They reside in Millen, the father being one of the extensive

planters and influential citizens of this locality, and was formerly

actively engaged in the mercantile business in Millen. Thomas

Z. Daniel completed the curriculum of the Millen high school,

after which he was for a time a student in the University of Geor

gia, and then completed a thorough course in the celebrated East

man business college, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Upon leaving this

institution he entered the large mercantile establishment of his

father, in Millen, and in 1897 he purchased his father's interest

in the enterprise, and the firm of Daniel & Co. was then organ-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

563

iz-ed, J. P. Applewhite and C. E. Attaway being associated with the subject of this sketch as members of the firm. Shortly after ward Mr. Daniel purchased the interests of his partners, and thereafter he conducted the business individually until Jan. 1, 1906, when it was incorporated under the present title, Mr. Daniel be coming president of the company. In September, 1903, he organ ized the Citizens' Bank of Millen, and has been president of the same from the time of its incorporation. In March, 1905, he or ganized the Bank of Girard, at Girard, with a capital of $25,000, and was made its president. His political allegiance is given to the Democratic party, and he is a member of the Baptist church, as is also Mrs. Daniel. In March, 1895, Mr. Daniel was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Estelle Parker, daughter of the late Crawford Parker, of Millen, and they have one son, Murias, who was
born on Aug. 25, 1896.
Daniels, Benjamin A., M. D., an able
and popular physician and surgeon of
Thomasville, Thomas county, was born
at Anderson, Anderson county, S. C.,
April 17, 1871, and is a son of Julius A. and Sarah A. (Webb) Daniels, both of
whom were born in South Carolina, the
former in 1846 and the latter in 1848.
The father was a valiant and loyal sol dier of the Confederacy during the Civil
war, having served as a member of a
South Carolina regiment of volunteer
infantry. Doctor Daniels secured his preliminary educational training in the schools of his native town, after which he entered the Southern medical college, at Atlanta, Ga., being graduated in this institution as a member of the class of 1897'and receiving his degree of Doctor of Medicine. He came forth well fortified for the work of his profession and has been most successful, having built up an excellent practice in Thomasville, where he has maintained his home since 1899. He is a member of the American medical association, the Georgia state medical association, and the Atlantic Coast Line railway surgeons' association. He was the principal promoter of the organization of Thomasville Lodge, No. 638, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and in January, 1901, was elected its first exalted ruler. On April 17, 1901, Doctor Daniels was united in marriage to Miss Viva Virginia Patten, daughter of Arthur and Julia (Merrill) Pat-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ten, of Thomasville, and they have one child, Julia Sarah, who was born Feb. 10, 1902.
Danielsville, the county seat of Madison county, is located near the center of the county, and about six miles north of Colbert on the Seaboard Air Line. It was named in honor of Gen. Alien Daniel and stands on a high, uneven ridge, from which can be secured a fine view of the surrounding country. It has, besides the court-house, a post office, from which three rural routes sup ply the neighboring territory with mail, several stores, and good church and school accommodations. A railroad to connect with the Seaboard Air Line is in contemplation. The population in 1900 was 194.
Danville, a small town in the southeastern part of Twiggs county, is on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad. It has a money order post office, with rural free delivery, express and tele graph offices, some mercantile interests and is a shipping point of considerable importance. The population in 1900 was 150.
Darien, the county seat and chief town of Mclntosh county, is situated on the north bank of the Altamaha river and was incor porated in 1816. The Darien & Western railroad connects it with that branch of the Seaboard Air Line system between Savannah, Ga., and Jacksonville, Fla., while the Altamaha river and the At lantic Ocean give good facilities for water transportation. It is the shipping point for large quantities of shingles and lumber and also has a large trade in naval stores. It has good schools and churches, a bank, court house, a money order post office, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph offices, prosperous mer cantile establishments and some handsome residences, especially on a ridge just back of the town where many of the well to do in habitants have their homes. Within easy distance of the city are several of the islands that skirt the coast of the county and which afford favorite resorts for the hunter and fisherman. The popu lation of the entire Darien district in 1900 was 3,129, of whom 1,739 lived in the corporate limits.
On June 11, 1863, two Federal steamers and two gun boats ap peared before Darien with three or four hundred negro troops under white officers, who landed and burned the town, whose white inhabitants had all left and were living on the ridge some distance back from the coast. Capt. W. A. Lane of Company D, Twentieth battalion of cavalry, not having force enough to resist the landing, gave his whole attention to the protection of the prop erty of the families at the ridge. The enemy after shelling the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

565

woods around Darien went away taking with them a pilot boat with sixty bales of cotton on board and several negroes, most of whom were free. Since the war Darien has taken on new life and is steadily advancing in commercial importance.
Dart, Francis Willis, of Douglas, exjudge of the county, superior and city courts, is known as one of the leading lawyers of Coffee county, where he controls a large and important practice. Judge Dart was born in the city of Brunswick, Glynn county, Ga., April 21, 1869, a son of Francis Miller Dart, born in the same county, Oct. 17, 1838, and Mary Ann (Hall) Dart, born in Telfair county, Feb. 6, 1841, and who died in Brunswick, Aug. 6, 1889. She is sur vived by three children, of whom the subject of this sketch is the eldest; Evelyn Gertrude (Dart) Shelton, and Miss May Pauline Dart, both also residents of Douglas. Judge Dart's great-grandfather, Dr. Cyrus Dart, became a soldier in the Continental line when scarcely more than a boy, and did valiant service under General Washington in the great struggle for national independence. After the war he was appointed a surgeon in the government service, and did duty in this capacity for a considerable period, in the early history of the new republic. His son Urbanus, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was born at Coldrain, Ga., on the Atlantic coast, in 1800, and when the lat ter was about twelve years of age the father and son encountered shipwreck near St. Simon's island, Dr. Dart being drowned. Ur banus Dart afterward became a major in the state militia, as a young man, and later was called to positions of distinctive trust and responsibility, representing Glynn county in the legislature several terms and serving as a member of the state constitutional convention of 1865-6, which dealt with so many questions of vital importance to the commonwealth. He was a man of high intel lectuality, and his ability marked him as one far above the aver age. He died in Brunswick in 1882. Francis Miller Dart, father of Judge Dart, tendered his aid in upholding the cause of the Confederacy as soon as the war between the states was precipi tated. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in Company A, Twentysixth Georgia volunteer infantry, and the first prominent engage ment in which he took part was the battle of Fredericksburg, an

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

attack of typhoid fever having prevented him from being with his command in previous engagements. Thereafter he was in active service in the battles of Marye's Heights, Chancellorsville, first Winchester, Gettysburg, Wilderness, Spottsylvania, the Pines, North Anna, Turkey Ridge, Cold Harbor, Lynchburg, Kingston, Maryland Heights, Monocacy, the investment of the city of Wash ington, the battle of Snicker's Gap, second battle of Winchester and Fisher's Hill, He was wounded in the last mentioned engage ment, and the resulting disability precluded his taking part in further engagements. He also participated in many heavy skir mishes, in addition to the battles noted above. After being wounded he returned home on furlough, and was on his way back to join his command when Lee surrendered. He now resides in Douglas, Ga. Judge Francis Willis Dart attended private schools and Glynn academy in Brunswick, and in 1893 completed the pre scribed course in the law department of the University of Geor gia, being graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was admitted to the bar at Athens, the university city, before Judge N. L. Hutchins, of the western circuit, June 21, 1893, and returned to Brunswick, where he was engaged in the practice of his profession until January of the following year, when he re moved to Douglas, where he has since resided and maintained his professional headquarters. On March 6, 1895, he was appointed, by Governor Atkinson, judge of the county court of Coffee county; on December 20, following, the governor appointed him judge of the newly organized city court of Coffee county. Upon the estab lishment of the city court of Douglas, he was likewise appointed judge thereof by Governor Atkinson, Dec. 17, 1897. On July 1, 1902, Governor Candler appointed him to fill out the unexpired term of Judge Joseph W. Bennet, resigned, on the bench of the superior courts of the Brunswick circuit. Since retiring from this office he has given his attention to his large and representative law practice. Judge Dart is an ardent advocate of the principles of the Democratic party and is an active worker in its cause. He has served as secretary of the Democratic executive committee of his county and was chairman of said committee two terms. For two years he was a member of the state executive committee and has several times been a delegate to Democratic state conventions. He is identified with the Delta Tau Delta college fraternity, the Knights of Pythias and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On April 4, 1900, he was united in marriage to Miss Martha Pate Clements, daughter of John Wooten and Isabel Elizabeth (Me-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

567

Rae) Clements, of Alamo, Montgomery county, Ga. Of the three

children of this union the eldest is deceased, F. Willis, Jr., who

was born March 13, 1901, and passed away two days later. Fran

cis Clements was born April 21, 1902; and John McRae May 3,

1906.

Dartmouth. Through the influence of the Earl of Dartmouth

the king of England granted to "The Indian Trading Company of

Georgia" a tract of land lying between the Broad and Savannah

rivers. This tract became known as the "New Purchase," and

Fort James (q. v.) was erected for its defense. For a distance of

two miles above the fort the peninsula was laid out for a town,

which was called Dartmouth, in honor of the earl. The town,

however, never realized the expectations of its founders and after

a short and precarious existence it gave way to Petersburg.

Dasher, a post-village in the southern part of Lowndes county,

is on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad. The population

in 1900 was 71.

Dates, a post-hamlet of Emanuel county, is also a station on

the Stillmore Air Line railroad eight miles north of Swainsboro.

,,

Davenport, Charles Hamilton, M. D.,

a representative physician and surgeon

of Campbell county, engaged in the

practice of his profession at Fairburn,

was born near Palmetto, that county,

Feb. 5, 1865, a son of Dr. James Thomas

; and Catherine M. (Wilson) Davenport,

both of whom were born and reared in

Georgia, where they passed their entire

lives. The father was an able physician

and was held in high esteem in Camp

bell county, where he was engaged in

the practice of his profession for nearly

half a century. He died in 1897, at Fairburn, his wife having

passed away in 1869. Dr. Charles H. Davenport attended the high

school in Palmetto in preparing himself for his collegiate work,

and then entered Emory college at Oxford. In 1891 he was grad

uated in the Georgia medical college at Augusta, this being the

medical department of the state university. After thus acquiring

his well earned degree of Doctor of Medicine he engaged in the

active work of his profession in Fairburn, where he has since re

mained and where he has met with marked success, well upholding

the professional prestige of the honored name which he bears. He

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

is a member of the Georgia medical association, is a Democrat in his political allegiance, and is the present chairman of the Fairburn board of education. On Feb. 27, 1895, he was united in mar riage to Miss Elizabeth Beatrice Parker, daughter of W. W. and Mary Elizabeth (Summers) Parker, of Lincoln county, Tenn., and the two children of this union are Thomas F. and Catherine E.
Davidson, Albert Hatch, secretary and treasurer of the McCoy Brick and Tile Company, of Augusta, was born in that cityJ ,' Apr ril 16,> 1851,' and is a son of William D. and Eleanor (Treat) Davidson, the former of whom was born in the State of New Jersey and the latter in New Haven, Conn. The mother, who was a direct descendant of Governor Treat, of Connecticut, died on April 8, 1862, and the father, who was a mer chant by vocation, died December 24, 1877. Albert H. Davidson was reared to maturity in Augusta, where he attended private schools and the Richmond academy, and later became a student in LaFayette college, at Easton, Pa., in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1873, as a Civil Engineer. Returning to Augusta he was made assistant engineer on the Augusta canal, which was then being enlarged and otherwise improved. In 1875 the city council elected him to the position of city engineer, of which office he remained incumbent for twenty-five consecutive years, through reelections every two years. The city gained much through his able and effective supervision of the various works falling to his important department, and the most adequate testimonial to his ability and the appreciation thereof is shown in his long retention of the office. He also served as engineer and superintendent of the canal during the greater part of that prolonged period. In 1902 Mr. Davidson engaged in the manufacturing of brick and tile, becoming secretary and treasurer of the McCoy Brick and Tile Company, in which his associates are at this date, 1905, L. H. Hankinson, who is president, and L. H. Hankinson, Jr., vice-pres ident and general manager. The concern has a fine modern plant and its business is a large and important one. Mr. Davidson is also a member of the directorate of the Planters' Loan and Sav ings bank. He has always given his aid and influence in support of the Democratic party, is a prominent and appreciative member

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

569

of the Masonic fraternity, belonging to Georgia commandery, No. 1, Knights Templars, of which he has been eminent commander, while he is also identified with the adjunct organization, the Mys tic Shrine. He and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal church, being members of St. Paul's church, of whose vestry he is a valued member. On April 16, 1879, Mr. Davidson was united in marriage to Miss Jennie R. Ponce, of Savannah, Ga., and they have four children, namely: Albert T., who is a resident of Augusta; Ethel C., who is the wife of I. O. Hockaday, Jr., of Columbia, Mo.; and John S.. and Antonia W., who remain at the
parental home.
Davis, a post-village of Coffee county, is located on the head waters of Little Hurricane creek, about fourteen miles northeast of Douglas. The population in 1900 was 60 and it is the principal trading center for that part of the county.
Davis, Charles Warren, a leading
stock and bond broker of the city of
Augusta, was born in Portland, Me.,
Nov. 26, 1848, and the old Pinetree State
was also the birthplace of his parents,
Charles Thaxter and Sarah L. (Strout)
Davis. Mr. Davis completed his edu
cational training in the Edward Little
institute at Auburn, Me., leaving school
at the age of fifteen years and becoming accountant in a cotton mill in Lewiston,
Me., and he has ever since continued to be identified with cotton-milling inter ests, having served in various important capacities and finally be coming engaged in business for himself. In 1885, principally on account of impaired health, Mr. Davis removed to the South, tak ing up his residence in Augusta, where he has since maintained his home. Since 1890 he has been southern manager for the firm of L. R. Wattles & Co., manufacturers of and dealers in cottonmill supplies and specialties, at Canton Junction, Mass. He also controls an excellent business as a broker of stocks and bonds, making a specialty of southern cotton-mill stocks. His offices are located in the Leonard building, 213 Mclntosh street. He is a member of the Commercial club and both he and his wife are com municants of the Protestant Episcopal church. On Feb. 14, 1889, Mr. Davis 'was united in marriage to Miss Savannah de Cotte, a daughter of Augustus C. de Cotte, who was a prominent banker

570

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of Hamburg, S. C. Mr. and Mrs. Davis have three children, namely: Helen Warren, Thomas H. R., and Charles Warren, Jr.
Davis, John T., Jr., merits particular consideration in this his torical compilation by reason of his status as one of the leading manufacturers and business men of the state. His interests are varied and important, but he is, perhaps, most widely known throughout the south as president of the Davis Wagon Company, of Columbus, where he maintains his home and general business headquarters, his enterprise and progressive spirit having inured greatly to the advancement of the industrial interests of that city. Mr. Davis was born in Marianna, Jackson county, Fla., Oct. 9, 1863, and is a son of Capt. John T. and Clarkie Elizabeth (Wilson) Davis, the former of whom was born in Marianna, and the latter in Columbia, Ala. They now reside in the city last mentioned, having there taken up their abode in 1870. Captain Davis, who is a retired banker and an extensive owner of real estate, served as captain of a company in a Florida regiment of the Confederate forces during the war between the states. His father likewise bore the name of John T. Davis, and was a resident of Marianna at the time of the Civil war, taking part in the defense of his home town and being so seriously wounded that he remained a cripple during the rest of his life. The subject of this review was seven years of age at the time of his parents' removal to Columbia, Ala., where he received his early educational training, later continuing his studies in Mercer university, at Macon, Ga., and in Howard college, at East Lake, Ala. He left school at the age of nineteen years and took a position as clerk in a general store in his native town, where he remained one year. He then returned to Colum bia, Ala., where he engaged in the mercantile business on his own account, building up : a successful enterprise and continuing the same three years. He : then became associated with his father as a member of the private banking firm of John T. Davis & Son, of Columbia, retiring from the banking business in 1890. While engaged in the mercantile business in Columbia, Mr. Davis founded the town of Ashford, Ala., eleven miles distant from Columbia, naming the same in honor of the maiden name of his wife, and the place is now a prosperous and attractive town of 1,200 population. In 1890 Mr. Davis took up his residence in Columbus, Ga., where he established a large cotton warehouse business, with which he is still identified, being president of the Davis Warehouse Com pany, which was incorporated in 1903, as the successor of the firm of John T. Davis, Jr., & Co., which latter had succeeded the firm

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

571

of Jenkins & Davis. In 1895 Mr. Davis became the founder of the Davis Wagon Company, of Columbus, which has grown to represent one of the largest concerns of the sort in the entire South. In 1898 the business was incorporated and the founder has been president of the company from that time to the present, while to his high ability as an executive and administrative officer and his powers of initiative, is largely due the magnificent suc cess which has attended the concern. The company manufactures all kinds of farm wagons, as well as spring wagons and turpentine wagons. The annual output has now reached an aggregate of about 6,000 vehicles, and the products are sold in all sections of the South. He is a director of the Columbus (Georgia) Buggy Company and the Muscogee Manufacturing Company, is presi dent of the Georgia & Florida Navigation Company, operating a line of steamboats on the Chattahoochee river, and is president of the Davis fertilizer works. In his political proclivities Mr. Davis is found arrayed as a stalwart supporter of the cause of the Demo cratic party, and he served two terms as mayor of Columbia, Ala., having been elected to this office when but twenty-one years of age. He is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity and he and his wife hold membership in the Baptist church. On December 30, 1885, Mr. Davis was united in marriage to Miss Nettie W. Ashford, of Ellerslie, Harris county, Ga., and they have three children: Ophelia Ashford, born Aug. 23, 1893; John T., Oct. 17, 1898, and Clarkie Elizabeth, April 16, 1905.
Davis, John A., who died at his home
in Albany, Georgia, April 7, 1905, was
an able member of the bar of the state, a
veteran of the Confederacy and was es
pecially prominent in business affairs of
wide scope and importance. His was a
strong and stanch character, dominated
by the highest ethical principles, and he
merited the high esteem in which he was
uniformly held in his native state. Cap
tain Davis was born in Crawfordsville,
Taliaferro county, Ga., June 10, 1832, a
son of Jonathan and Mary (Johnson) Davis, the former born in Virginia and the latter in Wilkes county, Ga. His grandfather, William Davis, was a patriot soldier with the Continental forces in the war of the Revolution, the family having early been founded in the Old Dominion State. John A.

572

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Davis was reared to maturity in Georgia and was afforded good educational advantages, his father having been a man of no in considerable wealth and influence. He prepared himself admir ably for the legal profession, began the practice of the same in 1852, a special legislative enactment being passed to permit him to practice before his majority, and continued successfully until the period of the Civil war, when his private interests were sub ordinated to his loyalty to the Confederacy, whose service he en tered as a lieutenant in a company of cavalry. Not long afterward, however, he was appointed a representative of the Confederacy in the commissary department of its service, was commissioned cap tain and remained in this branch of the service until the close of the war, having been promoted major shortly before the termina tion of the great conflict between the states. He resumed the practice of his profession, in which he continued until 1870, as a member of the firm of Vason & Davis, with headquarters in Al bany, and this firm was known as one of the successful law con cerns of the state, its members holding distinctive prestige as members of the Georgia bar. In 1870 Captain Davis was ap pointed agent of the Central railroad of Georgia and was assigned to the management of its important banking and railroad inter ests at Albany. In 1886, when this company assumed control of the Brunswick & Western railroad, he was made president of the latter, retaining this executive office until the Central disposed of the property. He was a man of marked administrative and initia tive ability and his thorough knowledge of the law made him specially eligible for the executive offices to which he was thus called, while in integrity he was steadfast and in sincerity impreg nable. Captain Davis was a man of dignified presence and im pressive personality, and these personal qualities, together with his clean private life, inflexible integrity and discriminating judg ment gave him distinctive force of character. At the time of his death he was the wealthiest man in Albany, his accumulated for tune being the result of his safe and conservative business methods. Though ever giving a stanch allegiance to the Democratic party he never sought or desired the honors or emoluments of public office. However, he served as delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1877, and was chairman of the board of education of Dougherty county for twenty years prior to his death. He was a prominent member of the Georgia bankers' association, having continued identified with banking interests to within a short time of his demise. His religious faith was that of the Baptist church,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

573

of which his wife also was a member. On June 15, 1853, Captain Davis was united in marriage to Miss Clementine Hampton, daughter of A. Y. Hampton, and he is survived by the following named children: Joseph S., Mrs. Delia Jones, Mrs. Sallie D. Jones, Mrs. Dosia Warren, Mrs. Eliza Shaffer, Mrs. Emma Williangham, Mrs. Nannie Jones, and Mrs. Johannis Sheffield.
Davis, Philip Watkins, judge of the city court of Lexington, is a representa tive lawyer and jurist of Oglethorpe county, and is also a member of the clergy of the Baptist church. He was born near the city which is now his home, Feb. 2, 1855, a son of William J. and Mary (Watkins) Davis, the former of whom was born in Rockingham county, Va., in September, 1802, and the latter near Lexington, Oglethorpe county, Ga., May 4, 1816, a daughter of Philip Watkins, who was of Welsh de scent, having been a boy at the time when his father, Reese Watkins, removed from the state of North Carolina to Georgia, locating seven miles east of Lexington. Philip Watkins was a soldier in the war of 1812. He was born near Raleigh, N. C, was reared to manhood in Oglethorpe county, where he became a pros perous planter, and owned about one hundred slaves at the time of the inception of the Civil war. One of his sons, Dr. Jonathan Watkins, achieved eminent success as a physician and surgeon, being one of the leading practitioners of Oglethorpe county. The other sons, Philip, Moses, Terry and Robert, were prosperous farmers. Philip Watkins, Sr., attained to the venerable age of eighty-seven years, and his wife, whose maiden name was Mary McKee, and who was distinguished for force of character, strong intellect and great piety, was eighty-five years of age at the time of her death. William J. Davis was an active and successful busi ness man, animated by the most inflexible integrity of character. He was one of the honored citizens and prominent farmers of Oglethorpe county, and his wife was a woman of gentle and gra cious refinement, holding the affectionate regard of all who came within the sphere of -her immediate influence. Judge Philip W. Davis was afforded the advantages of Mercer university and also the University of Georgia, in which latter he completed his law course, and was duly admitted to the bar of his native state. He

574

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

also attended the Baptist theological seminary in Louisville, Ky., for a period of two years, and is an ordained minister of the church, in which he does a great deal of active work in his clerical office. He is a leading member of the bar of Oglethorpe county, where he established himself in active practice immediately after his admission to the bar, and he has gained a high reputation through his services as judge of the city court of Lexington, an office of which he has been the incumbent since May 1, 1899. He is a stalwart advocate of the principles and policies for which the Democratic party stands sponsor; in 1882-3 he represented the thirtieth district in the state senate, and in 1888-9 he was a mem ber of the lower house of the legislature. He is a member of the Georgia bar association and of the Phi Delta Theta college fra ternity. On Dec. 20, 1882, Judge Davis was united in marriage to Miss Nancy Middleton Heard, daughter of James Lawrence and Mary Oliver (Harper) Heard, of Elberton, Ga., and they have two children: Melissa Heard Davis and Philip Watkins Davis, Jr.
Davis, William H., one of the foremost representatives of the bar of Burke county, and at present a member of the state legis lature, in which he formerly served as senator, was born on a farm in Burke county, Feb. 2, 1865. He is a son of the late Rev. Will iam H. Davis, D. D., a prominent clergyman of the Baptist church, who was born in Coweta county, Ga., and who died Sept. 17, 1879, at the age of fifty-six years. His wife, whose maiden name was Sarah Kilpatrick, was born in Burke county, and died Nov. 28, 1894, at the age of sixty-four years. They are survived by three children, namely: William H., the immediate subject of this sketch; Hattie, a professional artist, residing in New York city; and Jessie, wife of Rev. Charles A. Starkely, D. D., of Montgom ery, Ala., a clergyman of the Baptist church. Mr. Davis secured his early educational discipline at Hephzibah, Richmond county, then entered Mercer university at Macon, where he was graduated in 1885, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and later he secured from his alma mater the degree of Master of Arts. After his graduation he came to Waynesboro, where for the ensuing three years he was coprincipal of Waynesboro academy, of which he later became principal. While thus actively and successfully en gaged in educational work he also found opportunity to take up the study of law under Judge R. O. Lovett and was admitted to the bar in 1889. In the preceding year he had been chosen to rep resent Burke county in the lower house of the state legislature, and was reflected in 1890, thus serving two consecutive terms.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

575

He began the active practice of his profession in Waynesboro, soon after his admission to the bar, and his success has been of pronounced order, as he is known as a strong advocate and safe counsellor, is well read in the minutiae of the law and has marked facility in applying his technical learning. In 1892 Mr. Davis was elected solicitor-general of the Augusta circuit, and at the expiration of his first term, in 1896, he was chosen as his own successor, thus serving eight consecutive years and proving very successful as a public prosecutor. In 1901 he was elected to the state senate, to represent the district, comprising the counties of Burke, Bulloch and Screven, and held this office one term. In 1905 he was again elected to the lower house of the legislature, of which he is thus a member at the present time. He has a very large and representative law practice, is thoroughly devoted to his profession, accords the stanchest of allegiance to the Democratic party, is identified with the local lodge and chapter of the Masonic fraternity, being past master of the former body, and served for several years as captain of Burke Troop of cavalry. He is a mem ber of the Baptist church, in whose faith he was reared. He is a member of the directorate of both the First National bank and the Citizens' bank, of Waynesboro. On Nov. 20, 1899, Mr. Davis was united in marriage to Miss Marie Wilkins, daughter of the late Joseph H. Wilkins, of Waynesboro, and she died on Dec. 12, 1900.
Davisboro, a town in the eastern part of Washington county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railway, between Macon and Savannah. It receives and ships much of the produce of the surrounding country, has a money order post office, with rural free delivery, telegraph and express offices, several stores, a cotton oil and fertilizer factory, a number of churches and a good system of public schools. The population in 1900 was 387. While Geary's division of the Twentieth army corps was engaged in destroying the railroad west of the town on Nov. 28, 1864, he was attacked by a detachment of Ferguson's cavalry. After a sharp skirmish, in which Geary received reinforcements, the Con federates were forced to retire. Geary reported a loss of 1 man killed and 4 missing.
Davis' House, where an engagement occurred on Sept. 11, 1863, is in Walker county, in the valley between Pigeon Mountain and Missionary Ridge, on the road that runs through Dug Gap. Gen eral Negley, commanding the Fourteenth army corps, placed ten pieces of artillery on the ridge behind the house to check the ad-

576

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

vance of Buckner, who was moving northward on the Chatta nooga road, and then began moving his supply train back to Bailey's Crossroads. Part of Baird's division was deployed as skirmishers and two companies of the Nineteenth Illinois infan try took a position behind a stone fence, from which they were able to temporarily check the Confederate advance. Buckner then took a position on the south side of Chickamauga creek and opened fire with his artillery at a distance of 400 yards, driving the Federals from the ridge, Negley ordering his men to fall back to Bailey's Crossroads. That night Buckner retired in the direction of Dug Gap.
Davison, James, who is successfully engaged in the practice of law in Greensboro, and is the present solicitor of Greene county, was born in that county, May 24, 1874, a son of Col. James and Ella (Teller) Davison, both born and reared in Greene county. Colonel Davison was a valiant officer in the Confederate army during the Civil war; was one of the representative farmers of Greene county, took a prominent part in state and county affairs; was instrumental in securing the establishment of the state de partment of agriculture; and was one of the Georgia commis sioners to the Centennial exposition in Philadelphia, in 1876. His father, James Davison, was a native of Ireland, but was one of the early settlers of Greene county, Ga., which he represented in the state legislature, and was otherwise prominent in public and civic affairs. James Davison, the immediate subject of this re view, secured his earlier educational discipline in the schools of Greene county, and completed a course in the high school at Woodville, under Prof. V. T. Sandford. He studied law under the effective preceptorship of Judge Hart, of Union Point; was ad mitted to the bar in August, 1892, at the age of eighteen years; has been engaged in the practice of his profession since that time in Greensboro, where he has gained marked prestige in his profes sion and has had the honor of being admitted to practice in and appearing before the supreme court of the United States when but twenty-five years of age. He is a loyal supporter of the prin ciples and policies of the Democratic party, and in 1904 Governor Terrell appointed him to his present office, that of county solicitor of his native county.
Daviston, a post-hamlet of Taylor county, is in the northwest ern part, six miles from Howard, which is the nearest railroad sta tion.
Dawson, a growing city of Terrell county, is at the junction of

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

577

two lines of railroad, one a branch of the Central of Georgia, the other of the Seaboard Air Line. It was incorporated in 1872 and is the county seat, has a court house, an electric light plant, a good system of water works, prosperous mercantile houses, express and telegraph offices, three banks, several large manufacturing estab lishments and a paid fire department. It also has a fine system of schools and good church buildings. The manufactories con sist of one for carriages and buggies, a cotton seed oil mill, saw and planing mills, and factories for turning out builders supplies and coffins. The cotton merchants of Dawson handle every year between 17,000 and 20,000 of the 30,000 bales shipped from the different railroad stations of the county. In the district which in cludes the city there were in 1900 6,036 inhabitants, of whom 2,926 lived in the corporate limits. The post office with its free rural delivery system reaches out into all the surrounding country. The streets are well shaded and abound with pretty homes.
Dawson County was created in 1857 from Lumpkin, Forsyth and Gilmer and named in honor of Hon. Wm. C. Dawson. It is bounded on the north by Fannin and Gilmer, on the northeast and east by Lumpkin, on the east by Hall, on the south by Forsyth, and on the west by Cherokee, Pickens, and Gilmer. The Etowah river and its tributaries water the county. Lying as it does among the mountains, the county has most beautiful scenery. A branch of the Etowah flowing through the county from northwest to southeast has a fall of several hundred feet. The surrounding mountains viewed from the head of this fall make a picture rarely surpassed in grandeur. The county is in the heart of the gold region. There is a placer mine on almost every stream flowing into the Etowah from the north and the bed of the river itself contains quantities of gold, which may be washed out with an iron pan with remunerative results. The surface is covered with orig inal forests of hickory, cedar, poplar, chestnut, locust, gum, wal nut, mountain birch and pine. There is an abundance of hard wood for manufacturing purposes. The soil is fertile, especiariy along the streams, and produces excellent crops of cotton, corn, wheat, rye, Irish and sweet potatoes and sorghum. Tobacco gives a profitable return and apples and all kinds of vegetables do well. There is no railroad in the county. The population in 1900 was 5,442, a decrease of 170 during the preceding decade. Dawsonville is the county seat. In the northern part of the county are the celebrated Amicalola falls. The word Amicalola is from the Cherokee language and signifies "Tumbling water." The name is
37

578

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

expressive of the character of the fall, the water leaping over a number of rocky terraces. Not all the cascades can be seen from above, but from below the view is grand, while the mountain range to the south and west add to the grandeur of the landscape.
Dawson, William C., was born in Greene county in 1798. He was graduated at Franklin college in 1816 and after studying law was admitted to practice in Greensboro. He served in both houses of the general assembly, was elected representative in the twentyfourth Congress to fill a vacancy caused by the death of John Cof fee, and was reflected for the two succeeding terms, but resigned before the expiration of his last term. In 1845 he was appointed judge of the Ocmulgee circuit, became United States senator from Georgia in 1849 and served until March, 1855. For many years he was Grand Master of Masons in Georgia. He died at Greensboro, May 5, 1856.
Dawsonville, a town of 217 inhabitants, near the center of Dawson county, of which it is the county seat, was incorporated in 1859. The district including the town contains 808 inhabitants. This town is in the center of the gold mining region of Dawson county. There is also a large supply of various kinds of hard wood near by, suitable for manufacturing purposes. A railroad through this section would be a great promoter of prosperity for town and county. Dawsonville has a money order post office, and is one of the principal trading points of the county.
Day, Joseph H., president of the Day & Tannahill Company, wholesale and retail dealers in carriages and hardware, in the city of Augustta, is one of the representative business men and citi zens of that city. He was born in Newark, N. J., May 8, 1834, and is a son of Thomas and Mary (Von Helium) Day, both of whom were likewise born in New Jersey, where the respective families were established in the early colonial epoch. Seven gen erations of the Day family have been represented in that state, the original progenitor in America having come from England in 1640 and having settled in the locality still designated as "Day's Hill," in Essex county, near the city of Newark. Joseph H. Day was educated in the schools of his native state, having taken a course in the Wesleyan institute, of Newark. In 1851, when but seventeen years of age, he removed to the South and located in Augusta, with whose business activities he has ever since been identified. He was loyal to the Confederacy during the Civil war, and served as a member of the Rains Guards, an infantry com pany organized for home protection in Augusta. He was exempt

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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from military duty on account of his connection with a large tan nery and harness and collar factory, in Augusta, which concern manufactured equipments for the use of the Confederate forces. The firm of Day &Tannahill was founded in 1874, but the business had been originally established as early as the year 1818, by the firm of Smith & Wright, so that the enterprise has been in con tinuous existence for nearly ninety years, being the oldest busi ness concern in Augusta and one of the oldest in the state. Samuel Tannahill, who 'was associated with Mr. Day in the con ducting of the large and important business for a period of thirty years, died on June 4, 1905, and in the following month the busi ness was incorporated under the title of the Day & Tannahill Com pany, with the official corps as follows: Joseph H. Day, president; Samuel Tannahill, Jr., vice-president; and H. H. Von der Leith, secretary and treasurer. Mr. Day is one of the pioneer business men of Augusta, where he is well known and where he commands the unqualified esteem -of all. He is a director of the National Exchange bank, the King Manufacturing Company and the Sibley Manufacturing Company, all of which are important local in stitutions. He was reared in the faith of the Democratic party, and has always been a loyal supporter of its cause. He is a mas ter Mason, and is a communicant of St. Paul's church, Protestant Episcopal, of whose vestry he is junior warden. On Oct. 23, 1880, Mr. Day was united in marriage to Miss Cornelia Mayer, daugh ter of the late Brantz Mayer, of Baltimore, Md. They have no children.
Dayton, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Echols county, is on Suwanoochee creek six miles southwest of Fargo, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Deaf and Dumb Institute. (See School for the Deaf). Dean, a post-hamlet of Tattnall county, is on the Glennville & Register railroad, about six miles south of Hagan. Dearing, a village of McDuffie county, reported a population of 67 in 1900. It is located on the Georgia railroad, about seven miles east of Thomson, has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, an express office and is the principal shipping point for that section of the county. Deaton, James Eugene, has been continuously identified with the grocery business in the city of Columbus for the past fortyone years, being now the pioneer merchant in this line in the city and sole proprietor of one of the largest and best known wholesale grocery establishments in that section of the state. He was born

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in the city which is now his home, Aug. 2, ,1845, and is a son of Lorenzo Dow Deaton, who was born in Amelia county, Va., and Malinda (Thompson) Deaton, who was a native of Mississippi.
Lorenzo D. Deaton removed from the Old Dominion state to Mobile, Ala., when a young man, and later took up his resi dence in Mississippi, where his marriage was solemnized and where he remained until about 1838. He then took up his abode in Columbus, Ga., where he be came a leading grocer, continuing actively identified with this line of enterprise un til his death, in 1877. The only living child of Lorenzo D. and Malinda Deaton is the subject of this sketch, who was eight years of age at the time of liis mother's death. He had three brothers: John, who was a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war and who died soon after its close, from illness contracted while in the ranks; Thomas Jefferson, who likewise went forth in defense of the Confederate cause and met his death in the battle of Gettys burg; and one brother who died in infancy. James E. Deaton also played well his part as a loyal and valiant soldier of the Con federacy. In the spring of 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Second Georgia battalion of cavalry, with which he served until the close of the great conflict, having been but nineteen years of age at the close of the war. His service was largely in the line of picket and coast duty, in the vicinity of Savannah and in Flor ida. He was in Columbus, Ga., at the time Wilson's raiders cap tured the city, was taken prisoner and sent to Macon, where he was soon afterward released on parole, the war having terminated. He was at home on furlough at the time of his capture. He sig nifies his abiding interest in his old comrades in arms by retain ing membership in the United Confederate Veterans. Mr. Deaton attended private schools in his native city until he had attained to the age of sixteen years, when he entered the Confederate serv ice, as already noted. After the war he returned to Columbus, where he was employed six months as clerk in a dry-goods store. In the meanwhile his father, whose grocery establishment had been destroyed by the Union forces at the time of the capitulation of the city, reestablished himself in the same line of trade, bravely facing the changed conditions, as did thousands of other loyal

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Southerners. In the autumn of 1865 the subject of this sketch became a clerk in his father's store, and in 1870 he was admitted to partnership in the business. The firm of L. D. Deaton & Son thereafter continued in business until the death of the father, in 1877, when James E., the only living child, became the sole pro prietor, having since continued as such without interruption and gaining an unassailable reputation as a reliable and progressive business man and sterling citizen. Many years ago he withdrew entirely from the retail trade and has since conducted a general wholesale grocery business, his trade ramifying throughout the wide territory normally tributary to Columbus as a favorable dis tributing center. He is a member of the Southern wholesale grocers' association and the Columbus board of trade. In poli tics he is uncompromising in his allegiance to the Democracy and in a fraternal way he is a Knight Templar Mason and a Noble of the Mystic Shrine. He and his wife are valued members of St. Luke's Methodist Episcopal church South. In 1876 Mr. Deaton was united in marriage to Miss Mary Meyer, who died a few years ago, leaving two children, Carrie Estelle and James Lorenzo. In November, 1902, he wedded Mrs. Annie Davis, of Greenville, Ga., and to them has been born a daughter, Dorothy.
Debbie, a post-hamlet in Colquitt county, is located on Tyty creek, about four miles south of Omega, which is the nearest rail road station.
Debruce, a post-village of Richmond county, reported a popula tion of 300 in 1900. It is located on the Seaboard Air Line rail way, ten miles southeast of Augusta and is the principal trading center and shipping point for that portion of the county.
Decatur, the county seat of De Kalb county, was incorporated in 1823. It is located about six miles east of Atlanta, with which it is connected by a line of the Georgia railroad and two lines of electric railway. This close communication has led many of the business men of Atlanta to establish homes along the electric lines, so that the country between the two places is thickly settled. Decatur has a $60,000 court-house, good postal, express and tele graph service, several stores and in the vicinity there are large fertilizer works. The town has good church privileges and schools, the Agnes Scott Institute, a private school for girls being located here. The population in 1900 was 1,418 in the town and 4,360 in the district.
In the summer and fall of 1864 Decatur several times felt the shock of war. On July 20th, while the battle of Peachtree creek

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

was in progress, General Wheeler met and engaged the left wing of Sherman's army at this place, and by the timely arrival of re inforcements under General Cleburne, was enabled to hold it in check until the fate of the battle was decided. Two days later occurred the battle of Atlanta. Colonel Sprague had been left at Decatur with three regiments of infantry and a section of artillery to guard a train of commissary supplies and ammunition. About four o'clock in the afternoon Wheeler made one of his daring as saults upon this force, capturing three of the wagons and about 225 prisoners. Again on September 28th a skirmish occurred near the town between the escort of Gen. J. D. Cox's wagon train and some 200 Confederate cavalry. The engagement was insignificant, however, and the loss on each side was very slight.
Decatur County was laid off in 1825 from the southern part of Early. In 1826 a part was set off to Thomas and in 1905 a part was taken to form the county of Grady. It was named for Com modore Stephen Decatur, of Maryland, an officer of the United States navy, who played a gallant part in the war with the Barbary pirates and also in the second war with England. It lies in the southwest corner of the state and is bounded by Early, Baker, Miller and Mitchell on the north, Grady on the east, the State of Florida on the south, and the State of Alabama on the west. The Chattahoochee river flows along its western border and the Flint .crosses it from north to south, joining the Chattoochee at the junc tion of the three state lines to form the Appalachicola. There are also numerous creeks, lakes and ponds, all of which are filled with fish. Two branches of the Atlantic Coast Line and the Georgia Pine railway, with the navigable rivers, furnish unsurpassed facili ties for transportation. The climate is delightful, for even in mid summer cool breezes blow inward from the Gulf of Mexico and modify the temperature. The staple productions are cotton, sugarcane, tobacco, corn, and fruit. In the southern part experiments are being conducted in raising the rare Sumatra tobacco. The re sults so far have been very satisfactory and it is probable that this will form one of the industries of the county in the future. The native grasses and forage crops supply pasturage for all seasons of the year. Vegetables, fruits and berries do well, 5,000 acres or more being planted to peaches. Many dairy farms are scattered over the county and prove profitable owing to the excellent pas turage and opportunities for transportation. Bainbridge, the county seat, Donalsonville, Climax, Eldorado and Fowlstown are the principal towns. Besides the saw mills and turpentine dis-

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583

tilleries, considerable manufacturing is. carried on in the county. The timber is pine, cypress and the different varieties of oak. In the southern part are the caves or lime-sinks, some of which con tain water and others are dry. In some cases streams flow through the. bottom of these formations on their way to the river. The population in 1900 was 29,434.
Declaration of Independence. On Aug. 8, 1776, a copy of this immortal document, accompanied with a letter from John Han cock, was received at Savannah and laid before the Council of Safety. That body directed it to be read the following Saturday at eleven o'clock at the assembly house, the liberty pole and the battery. After being read at the government house a procession was formed, which marched to the liberty pole, where it was re ceived by the First battalion of the Georgia Continentals with a salute of thirteen volleys. From there they marched to the bat tery, where another national salute was fired. After a public din ner the procession again formed, and with reversed arms and muffled drums they solemnly "buried the royal government of Georgia." At night the town was illuminated by bonfires, etc., the people generally rejoicing in the establishment of liberty in the youngest of the thirteen colonies.
Decora, a post-hamlet of Gordon county, is located five miles east of Resaca, which is the nearest railroad station.
Deeds. All transfers of real estate must be made in writing. Deeds must be executed in the presence of two witnesses, one of whom shall be an officer authorized to acknowledge the execution of such documents, and recorded in the office of the clerk of the superior court in the county where the land is situated. All deeds, mortgages and other liens on property should be recorded immediately after their execution, in order to be available against third parties and innocent purchasers. To render a deed eligible for record it must be attested or acknowledged by an authorized official, such as a judge of a court of record, a justice of the peace, a notary public, or the clerk of the superior court in the county where the property is located. If executed outside of the state it must be acknowledged by a commissioner of deeds for the State of Georgia, notary public, clerk of a court of record, a consul or vice-consul of the United States, and should be witnessed by two persons in addition to the officer taking the acknowledgement. Under the laws of Georgia deeds given to secure loans cannot be foreclosed as mortgages.
Deepstep, a post-village of Washington county, is located in the

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valley of Buffalo creek, about ten miles west of Sandersville, which is the nearest railroad station. The population in 1900 was 51.
/' DeKalb County was one of four counties laid out from Hous ton, Twiggs, Monroe, Jones, Henry, Fayette and Gwinnett, by act of the legislature on Dec. 9, 1822, and was organized on the 22d of the same month. It was named for Baron DeKalb, the German officer who fought with the American forces in the Revo lution, and who was mortally wounded at the battle of Camden. It is bounded on the north by Milton county, on the east and northeast by Gwinnett, on the southeast by Rockdale, on the south by Henry and Clayton and on the west by Fulton. The surface is well watered by the Chattahoochee, South and Yellow rivers and their affluents. There are considerable forests of hard-wood timber and a little of the original pine remains standing. The agricultural products are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, Irish and sweet potatoes and crab grass hay. In the western part, which is not far from Atlanta, truck farming is carried on with profit, and a number of dairies do a good business. Manufacturing is exten sively engaged in and large quantities of granite and gneiss are quarried in the county. Stone Mountain, a huge mass of solid granite, is about ten miles from Decatur, the county seat, and at Lithonia, in the southeastern part, a great many paving blocks are quarried. Decatur is only six miles from Atlanta and is connected with it by the Georgia railroad and two electric lines. Along these lines are many handsome residences, belonging to men who are engaged in business in the city. The schools of DeKalb county are the equal of any in the state. Besides the pub lic school system the Agnes Scott Institute is located at Decatur, which- is also the site of the North Georgia Orphans' Home. The population in 1900 was 21,112, an increase of 3,923 in ten years.
Dell, a post-hamlet in the southwestern corner of Decatur county, is on the division of the Atlantic Coast Line railroad that runs from Climax to River Junction, Fla.
Deloach, a post-hamlet of Troup county, is near the Alabama state line. The nearest railroad station is West Point, seven miles south.
Delph, a post-hamlet of Columbia county, is located between the Kiokee and Uchee creeks, about seven miles northeast of Appling. Grovetown is the nearest railway station.
Delzel, a post-hamlet of Twiggs county, is twelve miles south-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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east of Macon. Reid, on the Southern, and Ripley, on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroads, are the nearest stations.
Demere, Edward H., senior member of the brokerage firm of Demere & Hammond of Savannah has resided in this city from the time of his birth, and is a representative of old and honored families of Georgia. He was born in Savannah, Jan. 24, 1875, being a son of Raymond M. and Lila Me Queen (Houstoun) Demere, the former of whom was born in Bryan County, Ga., and the lat ter in Tallahassee, Fla. Their marriage was solemnized, in Savannah in 1874. The father became one of the leading bankers and brokers of Savannah, where he died on May 15, 1895, honored as an influential business man and sterling citizen. His widow still maintains her home in Savannah, and of the two sons, Edward H. is the elder, his brother Raymond M. being a youth of fifteen years, at the time this article was written in 1905. The ancestry in the agnatic line traces back to French Huguenot ex traction. The original progenitor in America was Raymond Demere, who fled from France as did so many others of the Hugue nots, to escape the persecution incidental to the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and he became one of the colonists of Savannah, Georgia, passing the remainder of his life here. He was the greatgreat-great-grandfather of Edward H. Demere, of this sketch. The maternal ancestry is of Scotch derivation, and Lila Me Queen (Houstoun) Demere is a direct descendant of Hon. John Houstoun, one of the early governors of Georgia, and also of Sir Patrick Houstoun of Edinburg, Scotland. Edward H. Demere was edu cated in the schools of Savannah, and in initiating his business career became associated with the lines of enterprise with which his honored father was identified. Upon the death of his father in 1895 though he was but nineteen years of age at the time, he assumed control of the brokerage business which the father had so long and successfully conducted. To this enterprise he has since continued to devote his attention and he has ably upheld the prestige of the name which he bears. In November, 1903, he became associated with John L. Hammond, under the title of Demere & Hammond, and the firm is now one of the leading brokerage firms of Savannah. He is a member of the Savannah

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chamber of commerce, and Savannah cotton exchange, and is known as one of the progressive and popular young business men of his native city. His political affiliation is with the Democratic party. He is a member of the Savannah Yacht club and the Geor gia Hussars club. He was an active member of the Georgia Hus sars for twenty-one years, identifying himself with the organiza tion, when but nine years of age, as orderly for the captain. His father served in the Confederate army during the entire course of the Civil war, having been a lieutenant in the fifth Georgia cav alry, and a portion of the time in command in his company.
Demorest, a town of Habersham county, on the Tallulah Falls railway, is beautifully located, commands in all directions fine views of the surrounding country, and contains many handsome residences for a town of its size. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1889, has several mercantile establishments do ing a thriving business, neat church buildings and excellent schools, among which is an institution of high grade, telegraph and ex press offices, and a money order postoffice, with rural free deliv ery. The town and the district of the same name are coextensive, and according to the census of 1900 had a population of 5GO. Its charming location and delightful climate make it a pleasant sum mer resort.
Denhardt, William, a leading lumber dealer of the city of Savannah, with of fices in the National bank building, was born in Baltimore, Md., April 5, 18vO, and is a son of Nicholas and Emelie (Weber) Denhardt, both natives of Ger many. The father was born on March 4, 1826, in the city of Schliicstein, Kurhessen, and came to America when a young man, locating in Baltimore, where he married and passed the remainder of his life, dying on Nov. 19, 1903, aged seventy-seven years. The mother was born on Feb. 22, 1832, in Biedehoffhessen, Darmstadt, and died on Oct. 3, 1871, when the subject of this sketch was about eighteen months old. He has one sister, Mrs. Leiia Schlee, of Baltimore, and one brother, Henry C., an employe of the Pullman Palace Car Com pany, of Chicago. William Denhardt completed a due preliminary curriculum of study in the public schools of his native city and then entered the Baltimore city college, where he took a business course,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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while he has been actively identified with the lumber business ever since leaving school. For five years he was with the Walker & Myers Lumber Company, of Baltimore, and in 1890, seeking for a broader opportunity for personal advancement in his chosen field of endeavor, he resigned his position and came to Savannah, to ac cept the position of bookkeeper and general office man with the Vale Royal Manufacturing Company, under Major H. P. Smart, president of the concern. In April, 1902, he was promoted to the management of the business, retaining the incumbency until June 1, 1904, when he resigned and engaged in business for himself, as a broker of lumber and shingles. So far he has met with excellent success, being a careful and discriminating business man and having a thorough familiarity with the line of enterprise with which he is identified. He makes a specialty of cypress lumber and shingles and of hardwoods, being extensively engaged in exporting poplar and hardwood logs. His is the only business enterprise of its dis tinctive type and functions to be found in Savannah, and he has thus an ample field. Mr. Denhardt is a charter member of the Citizens Investment Company, of Savannah, which was organized in July, 1899, with a capital stock of $50,000, and has been one of its directors since its organization. On March 14, 1906, this com pany was merged into the Citizens Trust Company, with a paid up capital of $100,000. In the reorganization the board of directors was increased from seven to ten members, the old board being retained. It does a general banking and trust business. Mr. Denhadt is also vice-president of the Savannah Medical and Surgical union; is a Democrat in his political proclivities; is prominently affiliated with the Masonic order, and has the distinction of being a past master of Solomon's Lodge, No. 1, Free and Accepted Masons, of Savan nah, this being one of the oldest lodges in the United States, having been instituted in 1735. He is also a member of Georgia Chapter, No. 3, Royal Arch Masons; Palestine Commandery, No. 7, Knights Templars, and is captain of the guard of Alee Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. He is likewise a pop ular member of the lumbermen's social organization, the Con catenated Order of Hoo Hoos, of which he was vicegerent snark of the State of Georgia from 1898 to 1899.
Denmark, a post-hamlet of Crawford county, is four miles north west of Knoxville, which is the nearest railroad station.
Dennis, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Murray county, is on a branch of Holly creek. Dalton and Ellijay, the county seats

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of Whitfield and Gilmer, respectively, are the nearest railroad sta
tions.
Denny, Willis Franklin, not only
gained recognition as one of the most
able and successful architects of his na
tive state, standing in the forefront of
his profession in the south, but he also
left the record of a life of signal integrity
and honor, unblemished by shadow of
wrong or suspicion of evil. He bore
himself "unspotted from the world," but
was not visionary or impracticable, hav
ing a deep appreciation of the well
springs of human motive and being
kindly and charitable in his judgment, tolerant and helpful in his intercourse with his fellow men. His was a noble and symmetrical character and he left a lasting impress for good upon all who came within the sphere of his gracious influence. He was summoned to the life eternal in the very flower of his youthful manhood, but to those nearest and dearest to him there must remain a large measure of consolation in having thus touched so closely a character such as was his. His name merits an enduring place on the record of the prominent business men and honored citizens of Atlanta and the State of Georiga. Mr. Denny was born in Louisville, Jefferson county, Ga., June 9, 1874, a son of Willis Franklin and Susan Albritton (Brown) Denny, both born in that place the former on Sept. 3, 1836, and the latter on June 20, 1848. His father, Captain Willis F. Denny, served as a gallant soldier of the Confederacy during the entire period of the war be tween the states. He enlisted on June 20, 1861, as first lieutenant of the first company that was organized in Jefferson county, known as the Jefferson Guards. This command became Company C of the Twentieth Georgia infantry and was assigned to the corps com manded by. General Longstreet. Lieutenant Denny was soon promoted captain of his company, and in this capacity he continued in active service until the close of the war, having taken part in all the engagements of the Virginia campaign, from the first battle of Manassas to Appomattox, and surrendered with the army of Gen eral Lee. He was slightly wounded in one engagement, but other wise escaped injury. As a soldier he was brave, gallant and un flinching in battle ; unshrinking in the march and bivouac ; and as an officer he was kind to and watchful of his soldier-boy comrades,

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his memory being cherished by every man who fought under him. He studied law in the celebrated law school conducted by Judge Gould, of Augusta, and was admitted to the bar, in Louisville, in 1854. He formed a partnership with Gen. A. R. Wright, at that time a resident of Louisville, and this professional association continued several years, after which Captain Denny entered into partnership with Gen. R. W. Carswell. When the county court of Jefferson county was first organized he was appointed judge of the same, and he continued to serve on its bench until his death. He was a man of fine intellectuality, high professional attainments and the most impregnable integrity^ his life offering both lesson and incen tive. He and his wife were both devout and zealous members of the Associate Reformed Presbyterian church. Willis F. Denny, the subject of this memoir, was afforded the advantages of Louis ville academy, Moreland Park military academy, at Atlanta, and Mercer university, at Macon, and then entered Cornell university, Ithaca, N. Y., where he completed his literary and technical educa tion. He selected architecture as his profession and became one of its most skilled and distinguished exemplars in the south, though he was still a young man at the time of his death. His fine artistic taste and thorough professional ability soon gained him recognition, and he rose to a commanding position in his chosen field of endeav or. Many prominent buildings in Georgia and other parts of the south remain as lasting monuments to his talent, among the num ber being the magnificent Piedmont and Majestic hotels, the First Methodist church, St. Mark's Methodist church, the Hebrew syna gogue and other fine public structures in the city of Atlanta, as well as such beautiful residences as those of Fleming G. duBignon and A. G. Rhodes. He was the architect of the beautiful court house in the historic little city of Louisville, the place of his birth and at one time the capital of Georgia. He was a supporter of the Dem ocratic party but never sought or held office, and was a devoted member of the Baptist church in Louisville from 1888 until the time of his death. He was affiliated with the Kappa Alpha college fra ternity, held membership in the Capital City club and in various professional and art associations. On Dec. 19,1895, Mr. Denny was united in marriage to Miss Gertrude Elizabeth Moreland, daughter of Maj. A. F. and Madeline (West) Moreland, of Atlanta, and he is survived by two children Willis Franklin and Lillian. In con clusion is entered a tribute offered by one who knew and appreci ated the sterling characteristics of the subject of this sketch: "Mr. Denny was prominent in the business world and in Atlanta had a

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

number of investments which attested to his belief in her future and at the same time evidenced his business sagacity. In a quiet way he was full of the milk of human kindness, and his close friends bear testimony to the many acts of charity which marked his daily walk, while he ever strove to let not his right hand know what his left hand was doing, his benefactions being spontaneous and not offered for the sake of praise or to attract attention. As a husband and father he was ever kind, gentle and true, lavishing upon his wife and children the devotion and best affection of his noble and generous soul. As a son he was everything that parents could ask a comfort and blessing from the day of his birth to that of his death. He was a high type of what constitutes true and gen uine citizenship and noble manhood. As a Christian he lived a consistent and exemplary life, always patient, gentle, loving and kind, and ever demanding the approval of conscience for each step and action marking his progress on the journey of life. He enjoyed good health until within a few months prior to his death. He con tracted a severe cold, and the physicians finally recommended that he go to Colorado for the purpose of recuperating his energies. Accordingly, in company with his mother, wife and children, he went to Denver, where he began to improve sufficiently to en gender hopes of his speedy recovery, but he soon developed compli cations which resulted in his death, on Aug. 18, 1905. His beau tiful Christian life was followed by a glorious Christian death. When the summons came he was ready to answer the call of the divine Master whom he had served with all of humility and con secration. His remains were brought to Atlanta and laid to rest in Westview cemetery, and his widow still continues her residence in this city."
Dent, William B. W., lawyer and member of Congress, was born in the State of Maryland, but came in early life to Georgia and settled in Coweta county. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and began practice at Newiian. In 1852 he was elected repre sentative in Congress on the Democratic ticket and served one term. His death occurred on Sept. 9, 1855.
Denver, a post-hamlet in the southwestern part of Heard county, is not far from the state line. Roanoke, Ala., about nine miles west, is the nearest railroad station.
Depue, a post-hamlet of Dodge county, is fifteen miles south east of Eastern and near the Little Ogeechee river. Cox, on the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern railroad, is the near est station.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

591

Desoto, a town in Sumter county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Nov. 7, 1889. It is located on the Seaboard Air Line railway, about thirteen miles southeast of Americus, and in 1900 had a population of 250. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, several good stores, school, churches, etc., and is a shipping point of considerable importance for that part of the county.
De Soto, Hernando. (See Early Explorations). Desser, a post-hamlet in the western part of Decatur county, is fifteen miles from Bainbridge and five from the Alabama state line. Iron City, on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, is the nearest sta tion. De Vaughn, James Elijah, is consistently to be designated as one of the pioneer merchants of Montezuma', Macon county, where he has been continuously engaged in the general merchandise trade since 1868, while his also is the honor of being a veteran of the Confederacy in the Civil war, in which he rose to the rank of cap tain. He was born near Jonesboro, Clayton county, Ga., Dec. 20, 1840, and is a son of Elijah and Eliza (DeVaull) DeVaughn, the former of whom was born in Ashe county, N. C., and the latter in Abbeville, S. C. The father and six of his brothers were soldiers in the war of 1812, serving along the Atlantic coast. Captain DeVaughn was afforded the advantages of the schools of Jones boro, and was a resident of his native county at the inception of the war between the states. He forthwith gave distinctive evidence of his loyalty to the cause of the South by enlisting, in October, 1861, as a private in Company F, Second Georgia cavalry. His command was assigned to the Army of Tennessee, under General Forrest, and later it served under Generals Wharton and Wheeler, being with the forces of the latter in the battles of Murfreesboro, Tenn., in 1862. The Second Georgia Cavalry made an admirable record as a fighting command, and Captain DeVaughn remained with the regiment until the close of the war, taking part in many of the noteable battles of the great internecine conflict, including Perryville, Stone's River, and Chickamauga. He was taken prisoner at Sugar Creek, Ala., while with Wheeler, and was held captive until the close of the war, being released on June 12, 1865. He rose through the various grades of promotion to the rank of captain and was in command of his company at the time of his capture. He is at the present time and has been for many years the honored commander of Camp No. 655, United Confederate Veterans, at Oglethorpe, the county-seat of Macon county. In November, 1866,

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he located in Montezuma, where he opened a general store; has ever since been engaged in business there, while his methods have been such as to gain to him a large and appreciative trade, extend ing over a wide area of country tributary to the town, and he is held in the highest esteem by all who know him. He is a stalwart supporter of the Democracy, and is affiliated with the Masonic, fraternity, while both he and his wife hold membership in the Bap tist church. In October, 1867, was solemnized the marriage of Captain DeVaughn to Miss Virginia McClendon, daughter of the late William W. and Mary P. (Veal) McClendon, of Montezuma, where her father was engaged in mercantile business for many years. Mrs. DeVaughn died in November, 1882, and is survived by five children, namely: Mamie, the wife of D. R. Pearce, of Hawkinsville, Pulaski county; Rosa V., wife of John C. Polhill, also of Hawkinsville; C. L., a sucessful lawyer of Montezuma; and McClendon S. and Otis B., also residents of Montezuma. In 1884 Captain DeVaughn married Miss Mollie Porter, daughter of Major Archibald A. Porter, of Griffin, Spalding county, no children having survived this union.
Devereux, a village in Hancock county, is on the Macon & Camak division of the Georgia railroad, six miles west of Sparta, and in 1900 reported a population of 218. It has a money order postoffice, from which free delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding country, express and telegraph service, some good mercantile es tablishments and is the principal shipping point for that portion of the county.
Devore, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Milton county, is about six miles north of Roswell, which is the nearest railroad station.
Dewitt, a village in the northern part of Mitchell county, is on the Flint river and the Albany & Monticello division of the Atlantic Coast Line railway. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, reported a population of 52 in 1900, and is the principal trading center and shipping point for the neighborhood in which it is located.
Dewy Rose, a village in the northern part of Elbert county, is on the Elberton & Toccoa division of the Southern railway. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and tele graph offices, is the chief trading center for that section and in 1900 had a population of 69.
Dexter, a town of Laurens county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on August 22, 1891. It is located on the Wrights-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

593

ville & Tennille railroad, about fourteen miles west of Dublin, has a money order postoffice, with several free delivery routes em anating from it, express and telegraph offices, a bank, some man ufacturing enterprises, schools, churches, etc., and is the com mercial center and principal shipping point for that section of the county. The population in 1900 was 199.
Dial, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is located on the Toccoa river, about eight miles southeast of Blueridge, which is the near est railroad station. The population was 50 in 1900.
Diamond, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is located on the head waters of the Cartecay river, about twelve miles east of Ellijay, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Dickens, Rev. Emmette Charles John, is a man of marked versatility of talent, as is evidenced in the varied and im portant interests with which he is iden tified, all of which find his to be a steady governing hand. He not only continues to exercise pastoral functions as a clergy man of the Baptist church, but is also editor and publisher of the Vidalia Ad vance, a weekly paper, at Vidalia, Toombs county; publisher an.d editor of the Georgia Baptist, a monthly publica tion ; gives personal supervision to his well equipped printing plant and is senior member of the firm of Dickens Bros, merchants of Vidalia. After the Civil war his parents removed to Honduras, as members of the Atlanta colony, and there he was born May 30, 1870. The family returned to Georgia a short time later and located in Washington county, where he passed his boyhood days. His father, James T. Dickens, was born in Glascock county, Ga., in 1844, and his mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Wright Hyman, was born in Hancock county, in 1846. The Hyman family has been one of prominence and influence in Georgia and other states. Her brother Pressly C. once had exten sive mining interests in Nevada and at one time served as lieuten ant-governor of that state. Another brother, Rev. John J. Hyman, was a prominent clergyman of the Baptist church, continuing his ministerial labors for many years and serving as chaplain of the Forty-ninth Georgia infantry in the Civil war. He died at Arabi, Dooly county, Aug. 29, 1905. Robert G. Hyman was captain of
38

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a company in a Georgia regiment of the Confederate- service in the Civil war. James T. Dickens also rendered valiant service as a soldier of the Confederacy, having been a member of a Georgia regiment and having served until the close of the great internecine conflict. He and his wife now maintain their home in Wrightsville, Johnson county, Ga. After a due preliminary discipline in the common schools of Washington county Emmette C. J. Dickens entered the high school at Hiawassee, Towns county, later becom ing a student in Mercer university at Macon, leaving Mercer in 1896. In 1898 he was graduated in four main departments of the Southern Baptist theological seminary, at Louisville, Ky. He was ordained to the ministry of the Baptist church, in Beulah church, Johnson county, Aug. 2, 1895, and shortly afterward took up the active work of the calling for which he had thus prepared himself. In 1899 he accepted the pastorate of the Baptist church at Westport, Decatur county, Ind., where he also became editor of the Westport Courier and founded the Baptist Voice, which was later merged into the Baptist Observer, Greensburg, Ind., the official organ of the Indiana Baptist convention. This latter paper was established by Mr. Dickens in 1902 and he continued his identi fication with the same until March, 1904, when he sold the plant and paper and returned to Georgia, taking up his residence in Vidalia, where he has since continued to make his home. In October, 1905, he issued the first edition of the Georgia Baptist, which has now gained a large circulation, and he is also editor and publisher of the Vidalia Advance, which is maintained on a high standard and is an -admirable exponent of local interests. He has pastoral charge of four Baptist churches in his section of the state, and is a member of the board of trustees of the Union Baptist institute, at Mount Vernon, Ga. He is the owner of an exceptionally fine printing plant in Vidalia, and controls a large business as a com mercial printer and stationer, dealer in school books, school and office supplies, Bibles, magazines, etc. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party but has naught of ambition for political office of any description. He is a member of the Harrison, Ga. Lodge, No. 359, Free and Accepted Masons, and is also affiliated with the lodge of Knights of Pythias at Burney, Ind., being a past chancellor commander of the same. On Dec. 19, 1900, Mr. Dick ens was united in marriage to Miss Vida Hunt, daughter of Captain James A. and Ruth (Smith) Hunt, of Washington county, this state. Her father was captain of a company in a Georgia regiment during the Civil war. Mr. and Mrs. Dickens have two children,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

595

Sarah Louise, born July 11, 1901, and Edith Nelle, born April 1, 1904. Mr. Dickens is a man of fine scholarship, is an able public speaker, having been very successful in his ministerial labors, and is a progressive and public-spirited business man.
Dickerson, Marcus D., junior member of the law firm of Lankford & Dickerson, of Douglas, Coffee county, is making an excellent record in upholding the high prestige which the bar of his native state has ever maintained. He was born in Clinch county, Ga., Feb. 12, 1880, and in the same county were born his parents, David and Melinda (Sirmans) Dickerson, the latter of whom still maintains her home in that county. The father was a farmer by vocation and died in "April 1882, at the age of thirty years. Marcus D. Dickerson found his early educational advantages in the schools of his native county, and supplemented this discipline by a course of study in the Georgia normal college at Abbeville, in which institution he was graduated as a member of the class of 1900. He was shortly afterward matriculated in the law depart ment of the University of Georgia, in which he completed the pre scribed technical course and was graduated as a member of the class of 1901, receiving his well earned degree of Bachelor of Laws. He was admitted to the bar in June of that year and in the follow ing month he located in Douglas, where he entered into a profes sional partnership with William C. Lankford, an alliance which has since continued, to the mutual satisfaction and profit of the interested principals. Mr. Dickerson has proven his mettle as a trial lawyer and is a close and ambitious student, so that he is conservative in counsel as well as careful in the preparation of all cases which he presents before the courts. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party and is the present solicitor of the city court of Douglas, having been appointed by Governor Terrell, in 1903, and reappointed in 1905. He is affiliated with the Masonic fratrenity, the Knights of Pythias and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. On Jan. 18, 1905, Mr. Dickerson was united in marriage to Miss Ethel Frink, daughter of Dr. Lucian F. and Bonita (Hateley) Frink, of Jasper, Fla. The latter died in 1885, and Doctor Frink, who was eftgaged in the practice of dentistry for many years, died in 1904, at Lake City, Fla. Mr. and Mrs. Dickerson

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have a fine little son, Marcus D., Jr., born Feb. 17, 1906. The maternal grandfather of Mr. Dickerson was Benjamin Sirmans, who was a member of the Georgia legislature for twenty-four con secutive years, first representing Appling county and later Clinch county, which was largely erected from the original county of Appling. Mr. Dickerson is the sixth in a family of seven children: Robert G. is engaged in the practice of law at Homerville, Clinch county, and has served in both the house and senate of the state legislature; Joseph S. is engaged in the general-merchandise bus iness at Ocilla, Irwin county; Benjamin F. is a farmer of Clinch county; Walter T. and Warren R. are twins, the former a lawyer and also school commissioner at Homerville, Clinch county, and the latter is engaged in the mercantile business at Ratio, that coun ty; Lula is the wife of Jesse Palk, a merchant of Willacoochee, Coffee county.
Dickey, a village of Calhoun county, with a population of 106 in 1900, is located on Pachita creek, six miles northwest of Morgan. The nearest railway station is Edison, seven miles west on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and is the chief trading center for that sec tion of the county.
Dickinson, Gardner Edward, a repre sentative cotton merchant of Savannah, was born in Bainbridge, Decatur county, Ga., Aug. 6, 1867, and is a scion of dis tinguished families long identified with the annals of American history. His father, James Edward Dickinson, was born at Berry Plain, King George coun ty, Va., in 1822, and his mother, whose maiden name was Ellen Carmichael Middleton, was born at Fredericksburg, Va., in 1826. In the agnatic line the geneal ogy is traced back to Charles Dickinson, of London, England, three of whose sons, Walter, Henry and John, immigrated to America in 1653, settling in Carolina county, Va., and Talbot county, Md. From Walter Dickinson the direct line of descent is traced to the subject of this review. John Dickinson, son of Walter, had a son James, and two sons of the latter, John and Philemon, were distinguished figures in the history of the Rev olution, both having been officers of high rank in the Continental line. They were born in Talbot county, Md., and history records

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that John wrote the famous addresses, to the king of England prior to the Declaration of Independence. Of collateral relation ship to the Dickinsons was Sir Ashley Cooper, of England. In the maternal line Mr. Dickinson is a descendant of the well known Middleton and Crutchfield families, members of which have been prominent in professional, literary and public affairs, and he is a direct descendant of Arthur Middleton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. James Edward Dickinson was one of the prominent and influential citizens of Decatur county, Ga., where both he and his wife passed the closing years of their lives. He was an officer in the Confederate service during the Civil war, having enlisted on July 15, 1863, in Company A, Twenty-ninth battalion of Georgia cavalry, commanded by General Hood. At the time of -Sherman's invasion of Georgia his command was sta tioned at Doctortown, Wayne county, and he served thereafter in the various operations around the city of Savannah. He was made ordnance sergeant of Jiis battalion, later was in special service, where he rose to the rank of major and continued on active duty until the close of the war. He was the first mayor of Bainbridge, Decatur county, holding this office two terms and resigning upon his election to that of clerk of the courts of said county. He was a Royal Arch Mason, and served as senior warden of Orion Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, of Bainbridge. Gardner E. Dickinson, the immediate subject of this sketch, duly availed himself of the advantages of the schools of his native town, where he continued to reside until he removed to Savannah. He has here been en gaged in the cotton business since 1897, is known as one of the en terprising and successful cotton merchants of the city, and is a member of the Savannah cotton exchange, with which he has been identified ever since he established himself in his present business. In politics he supports the Democratic party, and he and his wife are communicants of St. John's church, Protestant Episcopal. He is affiliated with Ancient Landmark Lodge, No. 231, Free and Accepted Masons; Georgia Chapter, No. 6, Royal Arch Masons; Palestine Commandery, Knights Templars; Alee Temple of the Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, and he also holds membership in the Savannah yacht club and the Georgia Hussars club. On June 3, 1890, Mr. Dickinson was united in mar riage to Miss Willie Middleton, daughter of W. J. Middleton, of Charleston, S. C. She died on Dec. 3, 1894, and on March 29, 1899, was solemnized his marriage to Miss Georgia Gaston, daughter of J. B. Gaston, of Gainesville, Ga. One child was born of the first

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

marriage Miss Willie Overtoil Dickinson, the date of her birth having been Sept. 18, 1894. The two children of the second mar riage are Georgia Gaston, born June 29, 1900, and Gardner Edward, Jr., born Oct. 25, 1903.
Dill, John P., a representative shoe merchant of the city of Au gusta, was born on the homestead plantation, in Lincoln county, Ga., Sept. 10, 1857. That county was also the birth place of his parents, Joseph M. and Nancy J. (Kennedy) Dill. The father, who was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war, passed his entire life in Lincoln county, where he was a prosperous farmer and planter and where he died in February, 1901. He served many years as judge of the superior court, and his war service was principally in the commissary department. He was a man uniformly honored and esteemed in his community, wielding much influence in local affairs of a public nature. His widow still resides in Lincoln county. John P. Dill continued to attend the schools of his native county until he had attained the age of seven teen years, when he took up his residence in Augusta, where he has ever since been identified with the retail shoe business. He came to this city in 1874 and for the following six years was employed as salesman in a leading shoe store. He then engaged in the same line of business on his own responsibility, under the title of John P. Dill & Co. though he is sole proprietor of the business, being now located in attractive quarters at 914 Broad street and having built up a substantial enterprise. He is an advocate of the prin ciples and policies of the Democratic party, but has never sou'ght office of any description. He and his wife are members of the First Baptist church, of which he has served as treasurer since 1890. On Feb. 12, 1898, Mr. Dill was united in marriage to Miss Katie L. Clark, daughter of Ralph P. and Julia A. (Butler) Clark, who were at that time residents of Augusta. Mr. and Mrs. Dill have no children.
Dillard, a post-hamlet in the extreme northern part of Rabun county, is not far from the North Carolina line. Clayton, the coun ty seat, eight miles south, is the nearest railroad station.
Dillon, a little village of Dade county, is about six miles south east of Trenton in a mountainous district. It has a money order postoffice, which supplies mail to the surrounding districts by the free delivery system, and is the trading center for that part of the county.
Dime, a post-hamlet of Baker county, is located on the Flint

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

599

river, about eighteen miles southwest of Camilla. Boykin, on the

Georgia, Florida & Alabama, is the nearest railway station.

Dinsmore, a post-hamlet of Milton county, is in the extreme

northeastern corner, near the Forsyth county line. Suwanee is

the nearest railroad station.

Dirt Town, During the war there was a village by this name

about twelve miles northwest of Rome, on the road leading to

Trion Factory, and not far from the present postoffice of Laven

der. On Sept. 13, 1863, a skirmish occurred here between a detach

ment -of General Folk's army and a force of Federal troops, while

both armies were maneuvering for position preceding the battle

of Chickamauga.

.. .,,...

Dismukes, Elisha Paul, of Columbus,

;;; : ::::,::;:::,

is prominently identified with important

manufacturing industries and banking

enterprises. He was born in Davidson

county, Tenn., June 2, 1839, and is a son

of John Thompson and Ann Logan

(Munroe) Dismukes, the former of

whom was born in the state of Virginia,

in 1792, and the latter was a native of

Inverness, Scotland. The original Amer

ican ancestors in the paternal line were

French Huguenots, who left their native

land to escape the persecutions inciden

tal to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and who established

themselves in the colony of Virginia about 1695. The maternal

ancestors came from Inverness, Scotland, to America in 1823. Paul

Dismukes, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a member

first of Stubblefield's, and later of Merriweather's Virginia regiment

of the Continental line during the war of the Revolution; was with

General Gates' command at the battle of Camden, S. C, Aug. 16,

1780, and was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at York-

town. When Elisha P. Dismukes was about ten years of age,

his mother removed to Florida, locating in Gadsden county, where

he was reared to manhood. He secured his earlier educational dis

cipline in an academy at Quincy, Fla., after which he entered the

law department of Cumberland university, at Lebanon, Tenn. He

rendered valiant service as a soldier of the Confederacy during the

war between the states, having been a lieutenant in Company F,

Eighth Florida volunter infantry. He took part in the second

battle of Manassas and that of Sharpsburg, where he was wounded

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

in the foot, rendering him incapable of service for three months. Rejoining his command he took part in the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, in which last engagement he was wounded, being shortly afterward captured and held as a prisoner of war, on Johnson's island, until Feb. 28, 1865, and arriving at his home just prior to the surrender of General Lee. He is an appreciative member of the United Confederate Veterans. In politics Mr. Dismukes has ever been a loyal supporter of the Democratic party, and in 1888 he was elected to the state senate of Florida, serving one term. For a quarter of a century he was engaged in the mer cantile and planting business in Florida, whence he came to Colum bus, Ga., in February, 1891. Here he has since been prominently identified with leading business industries. He is president of the Georgia Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of yarns, seam less hosiery and overalls. The plant is one of the largest and best equipped in the Union, employment being given to 250 workmen, and the products of the concern are sold in all sections of the United States. He is also a member of the directorate of the Davis Warehouse Company, cotton factors and commission merchants, and is numbered among the directors of both the Third National and the Columbus Savings banks. He is a valued member of the city council in which for nearly a decade he has been chairman of its finance committee, and is a member of the Presbyterian church. On Dec. 19, 1865, Mr. Dismukes was united in marriage to Miss Anne E. Forman, daughter of Hon. Arthur L. and Mary Ann (Booth) Forman, of Quincy, Fla., and they have two sons, Elisha Paul, Jr., who is now in business with his father, and Rob ert Ernest, a graduate of Princeton college, class of 1899, and of Harvard law school, class of 1903, and is now a leading member of the Columbus bar.
Dismukes, Robert E., senior member of the firm of Dismukes & Worsley, attorneys and counselors at law, in Columbus, is known as one of the able younger members of the Muscogee county bar, having a natural talent for the vocation which he has adopted and being thoroughly fortified in the technicalities of his profession, so that his success therein is practically assurred. He was born in Quincy, Gadsdeii county, Fla., March 5, 1877, and is a son of Elisha P. and Anne Elizabeth (Forman) Dismukes, who removed to Columbus. Ga., in 1890, the father being now one of the promi nent manufacturers and business men of that city. (See sketch). Robert E. Dismukes secured his preliminary educational training in the schools of his native state and was thirteen years of age

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

601

at the time when his parents took up their residence in Columbus, where he prepared himself for college. In 1899 he was graduated in Princeton university, New Jersey, receiving the degree of Bach elor of Arts, after having passed six years as a student in that old and renowned institution. Upon the completion of his literary studies in Princeton he entered the law school of Harvard univer sity, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1903, with his degree of Bachelor of Laws. After passing one year in the law office of Little & Battle, of Columbus, he initiated his indepen dent practice, and the firm of Dismukes & Worsley is now recog nized as one of the leading younger law concerns of the thriving capital of Muscogee county. The offices of the firm are finely equipped, and are located in Suite 1 and 2 of the Investment build ing, one of the best modern office buildings in the city. Mr. Dis mukes is a member of the State bar association of Georgia, is a director of the Third National bank of Columbus, is first vice-pres ident of the Columbus Show-case Company, a director of the Davis Wagon Company and the Columbus, (Ga.,) Buggy Com pany, and the Georgia Manufacturing Company, which operates the largest hosiery mill in the south. He holds membership in the Muscogee club and in politics gives an unwavering allegiance to the Democratic party.
Dissenters. In 1755 a petition, signed by forty-three freeholders and inhabitants, was presented to the governor and the council, representing that the petitioners were dissenters from the Church of England and asking permission to erect a building, wherein they might worship according to the Westminster Confession of Faith. Although the Church of England was the established re ligion of the colony this petition was granted and religious free dom found a foothold in the new province. The petitioners were members of the Medway Congregational church. (See Medway).
Divorces. Total divorces may be obtained in Georgia on the following grounds: 1st, For Marriage of persons within the pro hibited degrees of relationship; 2nd, For mental incapacity at time of marriage; 3d, Force, duress, threat or fraud in obtaining the marriage; 4th, Impotency at time of marriage; 5th,. Pregnancy of the wife, unknown to the husband, at time of marriage; 6th, Adul tery on the part of either party after marriage; 7th, Willful and continued desertion for a period of three years; 8th, Conviction of either husband or wife for an offense, the penalty of which is two or more years in the penitentiary. A total or partial divorce may be granted at the discretion of the court for cruel treatment or

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

habitual drunkenness. To maintain a suit for divorce a residence of twelve months in the state is necessary. Suits must be brought by petition in the superior court in the county where the defendant resides, or, if the defendant be a non-resident, in the county where the plaintiff resides. Service may be had on non-residents by pub lication in a newspaper twice a month for two months.
Dixie, a town in the southwestern part of Brooks county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway and in 1900 reported a population of 300. It has a money order postoffice, from which a number of free rural delivery routes emanate, express and telegraph offices, some good stores and small manufactories, and is the principal shipping point for that section.
Dixon, James M., chairman of the city council of Savannah, is one of the leading business men and most progressive and loyal citizens of the historic old town, which has been his home during essentially his entire life thus far. He was born amidst the alarms and perils of the greatest Civil war known in history, having been ushered into the world April 10, 1864, at which time his mother was a refugee in Valdosta, Lowndes county, Ga., during the occu pation of her home city of Savannah by the Northern army. He is a son of William and Mary J. (Dent) Dixon, the father having been a valiant soldier of the Confederacy during the Civil war. Concern ing the personal career of James M. Dixon an excellent sketch was published in a recent issue of the periodical known as "Dixie," under title of "Typical Men of the South," and from said article the following quotations are made. "The lumber trade of the South is filled with men who have not only 'made good' in that strenu ous line of trade but who have also distinguished themselves in other fields of endeavor. Such a man is James M. Dixon, of Savan nah. Before entering actively in the lumber business Mr. Dixon was engaged in the wholesale grocery trade, in which he prospered, building up one of the most profitable enterprises in the city of Savannah. Mr. Dixon, who has always been closely allied with the lumber business, decided, a year or two ago, that he would embark in the trade, and he accordingly associated himself with his brother, Meritt W. Dixon, and with John E. Foy, of Egypt, Ga., in the or ganization of the Dixon Lumber Company, of which he is at this time its secretary and treasurer. This position makes him virtually general manager of the large lumber yards and planing mills of the company at Savannah. Mr. Dixon is a man of strict business principles, rules and regulations, and is recognized as an able and discriminating executive and administrative officer. He is, in a

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

603

word, an organizer, and every portion of the great business which he so largely directs is thoroughly systematized, every employe knowing his assigned work and doing it. This perfect organiza tion makes every one of the properties of the company a success. Mr. Dixon takes a strong interest in the affairs of the Savannah municipality and has served the public in a number of offices of trust. In 1896 Mayor Herman Myers appointed him chairman of the water commission, having in charge the public water works of the city. Mr. Dixon remained in this position until the opposing political faction went into 'power, securing the abolishing of the commission by an act of the general assembly of the state, his service on the commission covering a period of nearly three years. In January, 1899, the Citizens' club, with which Mr. Dixon is affil iated, was returned to power, and he, with seven other candidates endorsed by the club, was elected aldermen. He became vice-chair man of the board in JL900, and in 1901, the same faction being returned to office without opposition, he was made chairman of the council. In 1903 he was again elected chairman of the city council, as was he also in 1905. The duties of the chairman are at times heavy and exacting, as he acts as mayor pro tempore in the absence of the mayor. Mr. Dixon gives a stanch allegiance to the Democratic party, and his friends predict higher honors for him in a political way. In the meantime, however, he is not personally scanning the political horizon with ambitious glance, but is giving his attention to building up the already extensive trade of the Dix on Lumber Company, while he is making judicious investments in bank stock, Savannah realty and promising enterprises of that splendid, growing and solid old city." In 1889 Mr. Dixon was united in marriage to Miss Jessie Dale, of Savannah, and they are prominent in the social life of the city, having a. beautiful home, at the southeast corner of Abercorn and Hall streets. They have four children, namely: Helen, Meritt W. Jessie, and James M. Jr.
Dixon, William Daniel, undertaker and funeral director in the city of Savannah, which has been his home from the time of his birth, honored the state of Georgia by his services in the Confeder ate ranks during the Civil war, in which he rose to the office of cap tain of his company. He was born in Savannah, Sept. 26, 1838, and is a son of Andrew and Mary Ann Dixon, the former of whom was born in Ireland and the latter in the state ,of New York. They located in Savannah soon after their marriage and here passed the remainder of their lives. William D. Dixon was afforded the advantages of the schools of his native city, and was a young man

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of twenty-two years at the inception of the Civil war. On the 21st of April, 1861, he enlisted in Company C, Firsi regiment, Georgia volunteers, a chartered organization, in which he was made ser geant, and he remained in active service until the close of the war, having participated in many important engagements, including those at Fort McAllister, Bryan county, Ga., Nov. 19, 1862, Jan. 27, Feb. 1 and 27, and March 3, 1863, with iron-clad monitors, mor tar and gun boats. He was with his command near Atlanta, where his commanding officer, Gen. W. H. T. Walker, was killed, July 22, 1864, in a spirited engagement. On Aug. 30, 1864, the First Georgia was with General Cleburne in the engagement near Jonesboro, Ga., and at Lovejoy Station on Sept. 2d. In the battle at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, 1864, General Cleburne was killed, and the regiment of which Mr. Dixon was a member then joined the rear guard of General Forrest's command in the march from Nash ville to Pulaski, taking part in all the skirmishes en route. Mr. Dixon's promotions while in service, are here noted: First ser geant, Aug. 19, 1861; junior second lieutenant, Nov. 27, 1861; sec ond lieutenant, Dec. 11, 1862; first lieutenant, Jan. 6, 1863; and captain, April 22, 1863. In the last mentioned capacity he served until the close of the war, being paroled on April 26, 1865. Captain Dixon was one of the charter members of the Savannah Republican Blues, of which he became first lieutenant Jan. 16, 1879, and captain Jan. 26, 1887. He resigned Nov. 19, 1896, and was placed on the retired list by special order, No. 103, adjutant-general's office. He is identified with the United Confederate Veterans' Association, with Solomon's Lodge, No. 1, Free and Accepted Masons, and with the Benevolent and Protective Order of Efks. In politics he is a stanch Democrat, and while he takes an active interest in public affairs he has never been a seeker of office, though he served eight years as coroner of Chatham county. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church. On Oct. 29, 1866, Captain Dixon mar ried Miss Ann Caroline Theus, daughter of Thomas H. and Mary Josephine (DeLorme) Theus, of Savannah, and she died on Nov. 3, 1881, leaving three children, Willie Theus, Courtland Casey, and Carrie Wilhelmina. On Feb. 21, 1884, Captain Dixon married Miss Carrie Cecile Theus, daughter of George T. and Elizabeth (O'Rourke) Theus, of Savannah. They have one child, Carrie Wilhelmina D. Paries.
Doboy River is a stream or inlet that flows into the Doboy sound a few miles east of the city of Darien. On Nov. 18, 1862, Col. O. T. Beard of the Forty-eighth New York infantry, with 160 South

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

605

Carolina colored troops, accompanied by the steamers Darlington and Ben De Ford and the Federal gunboat Madgie, made an ex pedition up this river to some saw mills guarded by a small force of Confederates. He landed 34 men to reconnoiter. As they were crossing the swamp on a narrow causeway the guard fired on them and one man was severely wounded. The rest retreated to the boats, when the artillery of the Darlington commenced shelling the woods where the Confederates were stationed, compelling them to retire. The Federals then carried off about 300,000 feet of lumber and a great.part of the machinery of the mills. No casualties were reported on the Confederate side.
Dock, a post-village of Bulloch county, reported a population of 64 in 1900. It is about seven miles west of Portal, the terminus of the Foy railroad, which is the nearest station.
Doctortown, a post-village of Wayne county, is located on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, about six miles northeast of Jesup. In addition to its railroad facilities it has the advantage of the steamers plying the Altamaha river and is therefore an important shipping point. The population in 1900 was reported as being 206.
Dodge County is one of the newer counties, having been created Oct. 26, 1870, from Telfair, Pulaski and Montgomery counties. It was named for William E. Dodge, of New York, who had large land and lumber interests in that part of the state. It lies a little south of the central part of the state and is bounded on the north and northwest by Pulaski county, on the northeast by Laurens, on the southeast and south by Montgomery and Telfair, and on the southwest and west by Wilcox and Pulaski. It is well watered, having the Ocmulgee on its western border and many smaller streams running across its surface. The climate is delightful and the soil is fertile, especially in the valleys. Cotton, corn, sweet and Irish potatoes, sugar-cane, field and ground peas, and millet yield abundant returns. Much of the land is still forest clothed and lumber and naval stores are important sources of revenue. Most of the productions of the county are handled at Eastman, the coun ty seat, which has an export trade of $2,000,000 annually. The Southern railway crosses the county from northwest to south west, the Seaboard Air Line crosses the southwestern corner, the Wrightsville & Tennille road runs from west to east close to the northern boundary, and a short line called the Dublin & South western connects Eastman with the Macon, Dublin & Savannah at Dublin. The population of the county in 1900 was 13,975, a gain of 2,523 in ten years.

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Doerun, a town in the northwest corner of Colquitt county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 20, 1898. Two years later the population numbered 325. It has a bank, a money order postoffice, from which a number of rural free delivery routes em anate, several stores, which enjoy a good patronage, some manu facturing interests, school system, etc., and is a shipping point of considerable importance.
Doles, a post-hamlet of Worth county, is about seven miles southeast of Oakfield, on the Albany & Northern railroad, which is the nearest station.
Doles, George P., was born May 14, 1830, and reared in Milledgeville, where he received his education and became engaged in busi ness. In 1861 he was captain of the "Baldwin Blues," a fine mili tary organization, which at once offered its service to Governor Brown. Later the company was ordered to Virginia as part of the Fourth Georgia regiment, of which Doles was elected colonel in May, 1861, and which he led with great bravery until commissioned brigadier-general on Nov. 1, 1862. He fell in the battle at Bethesda church, near Cold Harbor, Va., June 2, 1864.
Donalson, John Ernest, of Bainbridge,
is one of the distinguished members of the bar of Decatur county and is an hon ored veteran of the Civil war. He was born in Bainbridge, his present home,
April 29, 1846, a son of Jonathan and Caroline Jane (Williams) Donalson, the former born in Pulaski county, Ga., Feb. 28, 1807, and the latter in Thomas county,
Jan. 18, 1826. Jonathan Donalson was a child at the time of his parents' removal
to Decatur county, where he was reared to maturity, becoming one of the exten
sive planters of the county and a man of prominence and influence in the community. He was a member of the state legislature one or more terms, and died on his planta tion, in Decatur county in November, 1870. He was a son of John and Agnes (Peel) Donalson, the former's father having been a stanch Whig at the time of the war of the Revolution, and of Scotch-Irish descent, the original Amercan 'progenitors having come from the north of Ireland. The religious faith of the family was that of the Presbyterian church. John Donalson and his brother William were numbered among- the first settlers of Decatur county,

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as clearly designated on page 420, "Historical Collections of Geor gia," by Rev. George White. Agnes (Peel) Donalson, was a daughter of Richard Peel, a prominent resident of Jefferson county, Ga., and a patriot soldier in the war of the Revolution. Caroline Jane (Williams) Donalson, mother of the subject of this review, was a daughter of William and Cassandra (Shepard) Williams, the former born near St. Mary's, Ga., his father having immigrated from Wales to America and served as a soldier of the Continental line during the Revolution. William Williams was one of the first settlers and most extensive planters of Decatur county. He was a soldier in the Spanish and Indian wars of the early days, and was a large slave-holder at the time of his death. He was converted when venerable in years, becoming a stanch member of the Methodist church about seven years prior to his death, which occurred in 1860. His mother, who bore the maiden name of Hannah Blewett, was a granddaughter of William Blewett, who was born in England and became an early settler in North Carolina. John E. Donalson passed his boyhood days on the homestead plantation and was a student in a school at Chapel Hill at the time of the outbreak of the Civil war, remaining in this school until 1862. In 1863, when but sixteen years of age, he enlisted as a-private in Company A, Duke's Kentucky regiment of General Morgan's command, and while he was confined to the^hospital with an attack of measles his regiment went with Moygan on his last memorable raid into Ohio, where all were captured or met death. He was then trans ferred to Company A, Fifth Florida battalion of cavalry, with which he participated in several engagements in the western part of Florida. Because of his skill in military tactics he acted as drill master for his battalion, though his rank at the time was but that of fourth corporal. He continued in service until the close of the war and was mustered out in May, 1865. After his military career thus closed Mr. Donalson resumed his interrupted educa tional work, attending the academy at Mount Zion, Ga., under the instruction of ex-Governor Northen. In 1868 he was graduated in the University of Georgia, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in the following year was graduated in its law department. Aside from the work of his profession Mr. Donalson has been dis tinctively a man of affairs and has accumulated a competency. He has been prominently identified with the naval-stores, lumber ing and farming industries, and was the promoter and founder of the town of Donalsonville, Decatur county, which was named in his honor. He is now engaged in the practice of his profession

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in Bainbridge, being associated with his son, Erie Meldrim, under the firm name of Donalson & Donalson. Their clientage is of rep resentative order, as is evidenced by the fact that they are general counsel of the Georgia, Florida & Alabama Railroad Company. Mr. Donalson is a member of the American bar association and the Georgia bar association, while in a fraternal way he is identified with the Knights of Pythias. He is a Bryan Democrat and has taken a lively interest in public affairs in his county and state. He has served several times as mayor of Bainbridge and was a member of the Georgia constitutional convention of 1877, in which he was the author of the provision, "There shall be no more new counties in Georgia," a provision which has been overthrown. Mr. Donalson is one of the leaders in the Presbyterian church of his home city and has been an elder since 1869. On Nov. 18, 1874, he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Etta Baker, daughter of Nathan and Catherine Baker, of Apalachicola, Fla., and the only son of this union, Jonathan Baker Donalson, died Oct. 17, 1877, his mother having passed away in 1875. On Aug. 28, 1877, Mr. Donal son married Miss Amelia Pauline Pohlman, daughter of Henry Jo seph and Henrietta Fredericka (Becker) Pohlman, of St. Louis, Mo.; Mrs. Donalson was summoned into eternal rest in Jan uary, 1902, having become the mother of three children: Erie Meldrim, Ralph Graves and Miriam Agnes. The oldest, Erie Meldrim, was born June 11, 1878, and is associated with his father in practice, is a representative of Decatur county in the Georgia legislature, and has recently (1900) been nominated for a second term; Ralph Graves, died March 1, 1881; Miriam Ag nes Iris, was born Jan. 1, 1886. In 1903 Mr. Donalson made a third marriage, being then united to Mrs. Loulie M. Gor don, widow of Walter S. Gordon and daughter of Jonathan J. and Sarah Jane (Kirby) McClendon, of Coweta county, Ga. No children have been born of the third marriage. This third wife is one of the distinguished women of Georgia. She was a representative at large of the women's board of the cotton States and International Exposition held in Atlanta in 1895; was also chairman of the committee on congresses, and a member of the executive committee of the women's board of directors. She was called by the distinguished Northern visitors at that exposition the "Star of the South," and since then in describing her universal popularity John Temple Graves has called her the "Sweetheart of Georgia." Col. and Mrs. Donalson have an elegant residence in Bainbridge, where they have become famous for their popular

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entertainments and cordial hospitality. All are welcome to their home, the rich and poor alike, and they make it the rule of their lives to contribute by kind deeds to the happiness of others.
Donalsonville, a town in the northwestern part of Decatur county, is on one of the great trunk lines belonging to the Atlantic Coast Line railway system, and has a considerable business in pine products and cotton. It was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1897, has a money order postoffice with rural free delivery, ex press and telegraph offices, several prosperous business houses, a bank, good schools and churches, and in 1900 had a population of 519.
Dong, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Worth county, is located on Warrior creek, about six miles northwest of Crosland, which is the nearest railroad station.
Dongola, a post-hamlet of Harris county, is located about two miles from the southern boundary, on the Columbus & Greenville division of the Central of Georgia railway system.
Donnelly, Patrick, is established in business as an undertaker and funeral director in the city of Augusta, his well equipped headquarters being located at 1225 Broad street. He was born near Omagh, County Tyrone, Ireland, Feb. 25, 1863, and is a son of James and Catharine (McCrory) Donnelly, both of whom passed their entire lives in the Emerald Isle, where one of their sons and their three daughters still reside, the subject of this review being the only representative of the immediate family in America. Pat rick Donnelly secured his earlier educational training in the schools of his native town and supplemented this by a course of study in a college in the city of Londonderry, Ireland. In 1886, at the age of twenty-three years, he came to America, landing in Phila delphia, Pa. A few months later he enlisted as a private in the United States army, passing the first four months at the recruiting station on David's island, in New York harbor. The following is his military record, as given by C. J. T. Clarke, lieutenant and adjutant of the Tenth United States infantry, to which command Mr. Donnelly belonged: "Enlisted Dec. 16, 1886; assigned to Company A, Tenth infantry, March 11, 1887; appointed corporal, March 1, 1890; promoted sergeant, May 2, 1891; discharged (expir ation term of service), Dec. 15, 1891." His character was desig nated as "excellent" in his discharge papers. On the the day after his discharge Mr. Donnelly re-enlisted in the same company and regiment, and on Oct. 15, 1893, he was appointed first sergeant of Company A, being relieved as such, at his own request, on Aug.
39

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

7, 1895. On Feb. 1, 1896, he was again appointed first sergeant of the company, and on Nov. 5, 1896, he was promoted sergeantmajor of the Tenth infantry. At the expiration of his second term, Dec. 15, 1896, he again received an honorable discharge, but the following' day witnessed his reenlistment in the same command, with which he continued to serve as sergeant major until Oct. 14, 1897, when he was appointed commissary-sergeant, serving in this capacity until the expiration of his third term of enlistment, Dec. 15, 1899, when he received his final discharge, after being in contin uous service for a period of thirteen years. He was with his com mand on duty at Fort Lyon, Fort Crawford, Fort Leavenworth and Fort Reno, all prominent western posts, and was also in active service in the Philippine islands. Upon his retirement from the regular army Mr. Donnelly located in Charleston, S. C., where he became an assistant in the undertaking establishment of John McAlister. He then took a course in the Renouard training school for embalmers, in New York city, being graduated on Oct. 25, 1902. On Jan. 17, 1903, he passed a successful examination before the Georgia state board of embalming, in Atlanta, and was licensed as an undertaker and embalmer in this state. He then located in Augusta, where he has since been engaged in the undertaking business, his establishment having the best of equipment and facil ities in all departments. Mr. Donnelly is a communicant of the Church of the Sacred Heart, representing one of the important Catholic parishes of Augusta, and is affiliated with the Catholic Knights of America and the Knights of Columbus. On April 16, 1899, was solemnized his marriage to Miss Elizabeth T. Hunt, daughter of the late William and Sarah Hunt, of Charleston, S. C. Mr. and Mrs. Donnelly have two children, Sarah Catharine and Mary Elizabeth.
Donovan, a post-village, with a population of 63 in 1900, is lo cated in the northern part of Johnson county, on the line of the Wrightsville & Tennille railroad. It is a trading center and ship ping point for a considerable territory in Johnson and the ad joining counties.
Doogan, a post-hamlet of Murray county, is in the valley of the Connesauga river, about fifteen miles east of Cohutta, which is the nearest railroad station.
Dooling, a post-hamlet of Dooly county, is about twelve miles northwest of Vienna and three miles north of Byromville, which is the nearest railroad station. It has a money order postoffice and is a trading center for the neighborhood.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

611

Dooly County was laid off under the lottery act of 1821 and was named for Col. John Dooly, one of Georgia's heroes in the Revolu tionary war. A part of it was added to Pulaski in 1826, part to Lee in 1827, and the southern portion was taken to form the counties of Crisp and Turner in August, 1905. Prior to that time it was bounded on the north by Houston county, on the east by Pulaski and Wilcox, on the south by Worth and on the west by Lee, Sumter and Macon. The climate is healthful and numerous cases of longevity are recorded. The Flint river flows along its western boundary and with its tributaries drains the land. All the streams are well supplied with fish. The soil is a sandy loam, changing to red in the northern portion, and much of the surface is still covered with pine forests, the timber of which is a great source of revenue. After the timber is removed the farms yield, good crops of cotton, wheat, oats, sweet and Irish potatoes, field and ground peas and sugar-cane. Considerable manufacturing is done. Vienna is the county seat and Pinehurst, Drayton, Byromville and Unadilla are important towns. The Central of Georgia and the Atlantic & Bir mingham railroads provide good opportunities for transportation. The population in 1900 was 26,567, a gain of 8,421 during the pre ceding decade.
Dooly John, Revolutionary soldier, was born of Irish parents in Wilkes county, Ga., about the year 1740. A few years before the beginning of the Revolution he removed to South Carolina, but at the outbreak of actual hostilities returned to Georgia, set tling in Lincoln county, some forty miles above Augusta. He dis tinguished himself in several battles and commanded a regiment at Kettle Creek. His aggressive acts made him a terror to the Tories in his vicinity. One night a band of these Tories, headed by one McCorkle, of South Carolina, went to Colonel Dooly's house and murdered him in cold blood. A brother, George Dooly, hur riedly raised a little company of patriots, went in pursuit of Mc Corkle and his companions, and it is said exterminated the entire gang. Dooly county was named in his honor and one of his sons served with credit as judge of the superior courts.
Dooly, John M., jurist, was born in Lincoln county, Ga., in 1773. In 1802 he was made solicitor-general of the Western circuit; judge of the same circuit in 1816, and judge of the Northern cir cuit in 1822. He bore the reputation of being "a good judge and a man of infinite jest." In the political contests between the Troup and Clarke factions he sided with Clarke, and his wit and sar casm, directed at Governor Troup, became proverbial all over the

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state. On one occasion he got into a controversy with a Judge Tait, who was so unfortunate as to have a wooden leg, and Tait challenged him to a duel. Dooly replied that he could not fight his challenger unless he could be permitted to put one leg in a beegum, so as to be on an equality with his opponent. This only served to exasperate Judge Tait all the more, and he threatened to publish Dooly in the newspapers as coward. To this threat he merely replied that he would "rather fill a dozen newspapers than one coffin." He died in May, 1837.
Dora, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is located at the base of a mountain chain, about six miles east of Mineral Bluff, which is the nearest railroad station.
Doraville, a village of Dekalb county, with a population of 110, is located about three miles east of Chamblee on the line of the Southern railway. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, some mercantile interests and does some shipping.
Dorchester, a village in the northeastern part of Liberty county, is on the Newport river about five miles southeast of a station of the same name on the Seaboard Air Line railway. The popula tion in 1900 was 200. It has a money order postoffice, some mer cantile interests, a school, etc. During the Colonial days a settle ment was made in this vicinity by some emigrants originally from Dorchester, England, and the name had been handed down to the present time.
Dorminey's Mill, a post-settlement with a population of 160, is in the northeastern part of Irwin county. The nearest railroad station is Ashton, five miles southwest, on the Atlantic & Birmingham.
Dorris, William Herschell, is engaged in the successful practice of law in Corclele, Crisp county, and is one of the representative members of the younger generation of barristers in this section of the state. He was born in Douglas county, Ga., Aug. 9, 1871, and is a son of William C. and Matilda (Lowe) Dor ris, the former of whom was born in Carroll county and the latter in Cobb county, Ga. William C. Dorris was one of the loyal soldiers of the Confederacy in the Civil war, having been a first lieutenant in Company I, Fifty-sixth Georgia volunteer infantry,

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

613

and participated in several important battles, including Missionary Ridge and those incidental to the siege of Vicksburg. After com pleting a course of study in Douglasville college, in his native county, William H. Dorris took up the study of law in the office of A. L. Bartlett, of Brownsville, made rapid progress in his as similation of legal lore and was admitted to the bar, in Paulding county, in 1896. He began practice in Cordele, and has here built up a very excellent professional business. He is a Democrat in his political proclivities, is affiliated with the lodge, chapter and commandery of the Masonic fraternity and holds membership in the Methodist Episcopal church South. Through the influence of Mr. Dorris the Carnegie library was obtained for the city of Cordele, and he is now chairman of the board of library trustees. He has served as president of the board of trade, and has always stood ready to cooperate in any movement for the upbuilding of the city.
Dorsey, a post-hamlet of Morgan county, is located about five miles west of Madison on the Georgia railroad.
Dorsey, Rufus Thomas, is one of the distinguished jurists of Georgia and stands at the head of that well known and able law firm, Dorsey, Brewster & Howell, of Atlanta, where he has been engaged in the practice of his profession since 1880. Judge Dorsey was born at Fayetteville, Fayette county, Ga., Oct. 20, 1848, and is a son of Solomon and Sarah (Glass) Dorsey. His grandfather, John Dorsey, took up his residence in Georgia early in the nine teenth century and became a successful planter. In records touch ing the Revolutionary epoch of national history are found the names of Richard Dorsey, captain of artillery, John Dorsey, a sur geon, and many others of the name, soldiers and officers of the Maryland line and in the organization which was designated as the "Flying Camp." Judge Dorsey secured his early education in his native town and in a well conducted academy in Campbellton. He was too young to enter the military service at the out break of the Civil war, but joined an organization, composed of old men, disabled soldiers and boys, which was formed and equipped for guard duty. He was captured at Macon at the time of that city's capitulation, but escaped shortly afterward. In 1868 he began reading law in the office of Huie & Conner, of Fay etteville, and in due time was admitted to the bar. In 1870 he formed a professional partnership with Col. John Huie, with whom he was associated in practice in Fayetteville for two years, and for the following ten years he was in active practice in the

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Coweta circuit, which was widely renowned by reason of the large number of eminent lawyers mentioned in its court records. In 1880 Judge Dorsey removed to the city of Atlanta, where he en tered into a professional alliance with William Wright and John S. Bigby, both former judges of the Coweta circuit. After the dissolution of this firm the present strong firm of Dorsey, Brewster & Howell was formed, the other interested principals being Col. P. H. Brewster and Hon. Albert Howell, Jr. Concerning the firm the following has been written: "This association is now well known throughout the South and is reputed one of the strongest and ablest firms in the state. It is the legal representa tive of the Southern Railroad Company, the Georgia Central, the Atlanta & West Point, the Queen & Crescent system, the West ern Union Telegraph Company, the Southern Express Company, the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Atlanta Constitution Com pany, and several other leading corporations. Judge Dorsey en joys a unique position at the bar of Georgia, both on account of his splendid professional equipment and his rare oratorical powers. He has had a broad experience in both civil and criminal law and has a ready command of a large fund of principles and procedure of law. He was first Democratic member of the legislature from his county after the war, 1873-4, and a member of the general judiciary and appropriation committees. During his term he was an influential factor in restoring the state laws to their original purity, after the reign of ignorance and misrule following the war. He was appointed judge of the city court of Atlanta in 1882 and held the office, with credit, until 1884, when increasing business compelled his resignation. He has also been a member of the city council of Atlanta, and of the board of aldermen and board of health. He has received unanimous elections to all offices held except that of member of the legislature, in which connection he made a notable fight against a strongly organized opposition. Judge Dorsey is a deep student and wide reader on a large range of topics." It may further be said that he has rendered yeoman service in the cause of the Democracy, being one of its most able exponents and that he is in all respects a loyal and public-spirited citizen. In 1870 Judge Dorsey was united in marriage to Miss Sarah Bennett, daughter of Cornelius E. Bennett, of Fayetteville, and they have four sons and two daughters. Hugh M. Dor sey is a prominent attorney of Atlanta; Dr. Rufus T. Dorsey is engaged in the practice of medicine in that city, and Faith is the wife of Dr. S. K. Yaw.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

615

Dosia, a post-village of Worth county, with a population of 50, is located on Tyty creek, about three miles northwest of Omega, which is the nearest railway station.
Dot, a post-village of Carroll county, is on the Tallapoosa river, near the Alabama state line. The most convenient railroad sta tion is Carrollton, the county seat.
Double Branches, a post-hamlet of Lincoln county, is located about ten miles southeast of Lincolnton, between two small trib utaries of the Little river. The nearest railroad accommodations are on the Charleston & Western Carolina, in South Carolina.
Double Run, a post-hamlet in Wilcox county, is at the junction of the Atlantic & Birmingham and the Hawkinsville & Florida Southern railways. It is in the western part of the county, about half-way between Fitzgerald and Cordele.
Dougherty, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Dawson county, is on the Etowah river, about four miles southeast of Dawsonville. Gainesville is the most convenient railroad station.
Dougherty County was created from Baker in 1854 and was named for Charles Dougherty, a distinguished lawyer of Georgia, who resided at Athens. It is in the southwestern part of the state and is bounded by Terrill and Lee on the north, Worth on the east, Baker and Mitchell on the south and Calhoun on the west. It is well watered by the Flint river and many smaller streams, all of which contain an abundance of fish. Steamboats ply up and down the Flint. Numerous railroads make travel and shipping easy. The wagon roads leading to Albany are in good condition and the wagon trade is large, sometimes 35,000 bales of cotton being transported in this manner, besides other commodi ties. Albany is the county seat and the trade center of a large district. The soil is fertile and unusually large crops of cotton, sweet and Irish potatoes, vegetables, rice and the various cereals are raised. Much land is planted to peaches, grapes, pears, and melons, all of which are of an excellent quality. The native grasses, especially crab and crowfoot varieties grow luxuriantly and the Albany hay-day carnival is an important feature of the harvest season to the people of both city and county. The popu lation of the county in 1900 was 13,679, a gain of 1,473 in ten years. The schools of the county are excellent. Much of the surface is heavily timbered and the annual output of lumber is large. The climate was once considered unhealthy, but the in troduction of artesian wells has changed all this and it is now a healthful and desirable locality.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Doughty, Joshua J., who is at tht head of the firm of J. J. Doughty & Co.,, one of the leading cotton-brokerage con
cerns of the city of Augusta, was born at Belair, about ten miles distant from
Augusta, July 21, 1841, and is a son of Ebenezer W. and Eliza M. (Crowell)
Doughty, the former of whom was born in the State of Georgia and the latter in that of New Jersey. Ebenezer W.
Doughty located in the city of Augusta
about the year 1840 and became erne of the leading cotton factors of this sec tion of the state, where both he and his wife continued to reside during the remaining years of their lives. Joshua J. Doughty secured his early educational discipline in Richmond academy, Augusta, and became identified with the cotton business after the close of the war between the states. In the spring of 1861, in trinsically loyal to the cause of the Confederacy, he enlisted as a private in Company D, Oglethorpe regiment of infantry, which was later mustered into the regular service. He se'rved until the close of the war, having been promoted to the office of first lieu tenant of Company F, Twelfth Georgia battalion of artillery. He was an active participant in many of the important engagements of the great internecine conflict; was with "Stonewall" Jackson on the march to Romney; took part in the engagements at Cheat Mountain, Fort Clift, the siege of Charleston, the famous raid made on the enemy on James island, in front of Battery Wagner, Fort Sumter, second Cold Harbor, the forced march of General Early to save Lynchburg, Va., where the command met and de feated General Hunter, commanding the Federal forces, pursuing him to the Alleghany mountains and thence up the valley of Vir ginia; the 4th of July engagement at Martinsburg, investment of the heights at Harper's Ferry, and the battle of Monocacy, Md., where Lieutenant Doughty was severely wounded, while in com mand of his battalion. Notwithstanding the severity of his wound, which was in the mouth, he made the attempt to escape, falling into the hands of the enemy, leaving the hospital at Fred erick City, Md., in an ambulance and following General Early's army to the confines of Washington, D. C, where he became so exhausted that he was left at the home of J. W. Burch, abort eight miles from the capital. There he remained under parole for thirty

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

617

days, at the expiration of which he was removed to the old Capital prison, in Washington, where he was held three months, being then taken to Fort Delaware, where he was held a prisoner sev eral months longer, when he was exchanged and returned to his home, the war having closed in the meanwhile. Mr. Doughty has been engaged in business in Augusta, as a buyer and exporter of cotton, since 1868. He was for a number of years head of the firm of Doughty Bros. & Co., and is now the senior partner in the firm of J. J. Doughty & Co., which concern controls a business of large scope and importance. He is a member of the Augusta cotton exchange and chamber of commerce, having serve'd as president of the former for two years. He was formerly an active worker in the ranks of the Democratic party, influential in its local councils, and for a quarter of a century chairman of the party's executive committee in Richmond county, though never seeking for himself the honors or emoluments of public office. He is a communicant of the Catholic church, is affiliated with the Knights of Columbus and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and is a member of the Augusta Commercial club. In 1878 Mr. Doughty was united in fnarriage to Miss Alwin Alien, of Burke county, who died in 1884, and who is survived by three chil dren, Lillie May, Mary Lumpkin and George G. The second daughter is now the wife of William R. Derry. In 1886 Mr. Doughty married Miss Terrence Owens, who died in 1888, leaving no children. In 1891 was solemnized his marriage to Miss Mary R. Nixon, and they have two children: Catherine Gwinnett, and Francis Nixon.
Doughty, James P., a prominent cot ton exporter and representative citizen of Augusta, was born in that city, June 7, 1849, being a son of Ebenezer Wesley and Eliza Margaret (Crowell) Doughty, the former of whom was born in Han
cock county, Ga., and the latter in the State of New Jersey. Ebenezer W. Doughty took up his residence in Au gusta when a young man and here
passed the remainder of his life, having become a successful cotton merchant.
He passed away in 1887, his wife hav ing died in 1880. James P. Doughty was reared to manhood in his native city, having completed a course of study in Richmond

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

academy, in which he was graduated at the age of eighteen years. He at once became a clerk in the office of his father, who was then conducting a large business as a cotton factor, and he has ever since been intimately associated with the same line of enter prise, having to do with the great staple product of the South. He learned the business in all its details, is an authority in all that pertains to the raising and handling of cotton, and since 1873 he has been a large exporter of the product. Mr. Doughty is a val ued member of the Augusta cotton exchange and board of trade, of which he formerly served as president. He accords an unquali fied allegiance to the Democratic party but has never sought or desired political office. He and his wife are communicants of the Catholic church. On May 22, 1873, Mr. Doughty was united in marriage to Miss Laura Elizabeth Bignon, of Augusta, and a de scendant of French-Huguenot ancestry. Of the eight children of this union seven are living: Mai Beach is the wife of E. W. Deveney, of Augusta; Cleo Belle remains at the parental home; Eliza Margaret Crowell is the wife of Frank X. Dorr, of Augusta; James Palmer married Julia Burdell, of Augusta, on July 3, 1903; Birdie Adele is the wife of Richard M. Fluker, of Augusta; Elsie and LeGarde S. are still members of the home circle. William Wesley died at the age of seventeen years.
Doughty, Llewellyn G., a prominent cotton exporter and representative busi ness man of Augusta, was born in this progressive city, Sept. 25, 1864, a son of Dr. William H. and Julia (Felder) Doughty. He was graduated in that popular local institution, Richmond academy, at the age of seventeen years, and immediately after leaving school identified himself with the cotton busi ness, by entering, in a subordinate ca pacity, the office of the firm of J. J, Doughty & Co., of Augusta, where he familiarized himself with all details of this important branch of industrial enterprise, winning for himself promotion and finally a place of prominence as one of the successful cotton exporters and dealers of his native city, where he has been individually en gaged in business since 1890. Mr. Doughty is president of the Riverside Compress Company, incorporated, whose charter was granted Dec. 27, 1905, with a capital stock of $40,000 and a plant

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

619

erected and equipped at a cost of about $75,000. The company was organized and the. plant erected because of the lack of facili ties for the proper handling and storing of cotton, Augusta being the second largest inland cotton market in the world. This need was perceived by Mr. Doughty, who became the prime mover in bringing about the organization and incorporation of the com pany named and in placing the same upon a substantial and pay ing basis. The plant equipment includes an eighty-inch, 2,000 ton compound steam-lever press, of the approved Webb manu facture, with a capacity for the turning out of 1,200 bales of cot ton per day of ten hours. The plant has a storage capacity of 7,000 bales of soft cotton and it is expected that the company will compress fully 100,000 bales per year, as its plant is the most com plete and improved of its kind in the entire south. Mr. Doughty is a member of the Augusta cotton exchange and the Augusta chamber of commerce; is a director of the Warren Manufacturing Company; a trustee of the Enterprise Manufacturing Company; a member of the Commercial and Country clubs, and the local organization of the Royal Arcanum. He pins his political faith to the Democratic party, is one of Augusta's loyal and publicspirited business men, and is closely identified with the city's in terests. commercial, civic and social. On June 14, 1894, he was united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Alexander, daughter of the late Hon. James Hillhouse Alexander, of whom a memoir ap pears in this work, and her death occurred on May 12, 1901. She is survived by a daughter, Jean Irvin Doughty, born Aug. 18, 1896. In April, 1906, Mr. Doughty contracted a second marriage, being united to Mrs. Frank Clark Inman, of Augusta.
Doughty, William Henry, M. D., was born in Augusta, Ga., Feb. 5, 1863. He was the second son of Ebenezer Wesley Doughty, and a grandson of that Ebenezer Doughty in whose house, in 1798, the Methodist church in Augusta was founded. On finishing his prepara tion at the academy of Richmond county, W. H. Doughty began the study of medicine at the Medical Col lege of Georgia. This institution, at Au gusta, Ga., held then a high place in the scientific world and among its faculty numbered men of the highest attainment in medicine. There he

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

attended two courses of lectures and was graduated with distinc tion in March, 1855. He entered at once into the practice of his profession in which, but for the interruptions of ill-health, and a term of service in the Civil war, he was active up to the time of his death. It was when he was starting out as a young physician, not without discouragements and obstacles to face that, as he used afterwards to tell, his father called him and said: "My son, while I have no estates to turn over to you, I can give you some thing that if you will take it will be worth more than an estate. It is this piece of counsel: 'Introduce system into your life work.' " In after years when Doctor Doughty had attained the first place among the physicians of his section, it was to a good wife and to the heed given this piece of counsel that he owed his measure of success. And those who knew him best know that after making proper allowance for his exceptional natural endow ments of person, intellect and moral force, what he said was true. He regarded an appointment as a sacred obligation and no patient or consultant was ever harassed by his failure to be present at the time set. System in investigation of the details of his patients' physical condition, system in the oversight of the minutiae of care and nursing, and system in the working out of a definite plan of treatment, these were elements that went far toward securing for Doctor Doughty the exceptional sense of confidence that his patients felt in him. When but little more than fairly established in the practice of medicine the Civil war came on, Doctor Doughty volunteered for the military service and underwent a competitive examination at Charleston, S. C. Despite his youth the brilliant stand taken before the board of examiners gave him at once a high rank in the medical service of the Confederacy. He served a term as surgeon in charge of the general hospital at Macon; of Walker's division hospital, and of the Second Georgia hospital at Augusta. After the war, resuming his private practice, he began at once to identify himself with all aggressive movements affect ing the medical welfare of his community and country. He was a valued member of the Medical Association of Georgia; of the Ninth International medical congress; of the American public health association, 1881; of the Tri-State medical society of Ala bama, Georgia and Tennessee; of the board of trustees of the Augusta orphan asylum; and for some time was a member of the August library and medical society, and of the board of trustees of the Wesleyan female college in Macon. Upon the subsidence of the yellow fever epidemic in 1876, he was largely instrumental

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631

in effecting a reform in the sanitation-of Augusta. The act passed by the state legislature in 1877 creating a new board of health was largely framed by him. Acting under the provisions of this act an effective system of sewers has been established and the mor tality of the city thus greatly reduced. This interest in munici pal health problems led to his becoming a member of the board of health. While serving on this board he solved a difficult prob lem by suggesting an outlet for nearly the entire system of sewers. A special tax of $40,000, as recommended by the board, was levied for the construction of the outlet and the further improvement of the system. Upon the reorganization after the war of the medi cal department of the University of Georgia, Doctor Doughty was elected professor of materia medica and therapeutics. From 1868 up to 1875 he filled this chair when the exacting demands of his private practice compelled his resignation. As a teacher it was his merit to discover and enforce broad principles in therapeutic practice, to lead the-student away from the too prevalent meddle some empiricism. It was while connected with the medical col lege that he took part in the revival of the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal, the official organ of the college, and became its assistant editor. Both before and after the war he was a frequent contributor to this and other medical periodicals; to the Richmond and Louisville Medical Journal, on which he served as associate editor, to the American Journal of Obstetrics, and to the Jour nal of the American Medical Association. In a series of articles in the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal running through 1859-1860, he discussed the climatology of different sections of this country with reference to the treatment of tuberculosis. The climatic advantage of Southern California as at present estab lished confirm the predictions made by Dr. Doughty from the dis cussion of the meteorlogical data then available. He reported cases of ligature of the subclavian artery, analyzed the then novel knee-chest posture in the reduction of retro-displacements, and made several reports on the treatment of dislocation of the scapirlar end of the clavicle. In a paper presented in 1891 to the American medical association in Washington, Doctor Doughty claimed originality for the discovery and practice of the method illustrated for the reduction and permanent cure of this displace ment of the clavicle. The treatment of such cases up to that time had been regarded as difficult and uncertain and a genuine advance was made by the introduction of his new method, one based on anatomical considerations and requiring no pads or pressure upon

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the joint which is thus open to inspection at all times. It will thus be seen that throughout his life Doctor Doughty kept fully abreast of the wonderful advances in medicine, and was always quick to unite the best of the old to the best of the new. Doctor Doughty was a man of strong personality. His presence was full of strength, decision, and repose. His counsel carried with it the force of ripe consideration accentuated by a lofty moral dignity. Stern though his bearing may have seemed to those outside the circle of his labors, the tenderness of his sympathies, the sweet kindness of his ministrations was richly evidenced by the unprece dented outpouring of general sorrow at his death. Even those that knew him well were surprised at the depth and genuineness of the manifestations of grief. The poor that he had helped and those of the first estate, the simple and the wise, were united in their deep sense of loss when this "good physician" was suddenly taken from them. It is rare that a man has given himself so com pletely to his life-work, and his patients soon learned how near to his friendly heart their welfare lay. No labor was too great to devote to those that needed him. At one period of his life, under the strain of a long series of fever cases, his magnificent strength gave way. It was the advice of his physician that he give up hard work. With a calmness born of insight he left his wife and little ones and for nearly two years sought new health in the mountain country. Since this was not long after the war when the fortunes of most were as yet unstable, the faithful wife was left with no light burden to bear. The doctor's horse must be sold to keep up the household, but he has often told of his surprise when he found on coming back restored in strength to begin at the bottom again, how the devotion and loving thought of the wife had provided a horse and vehicle ready for him to start at once on his work. This faithful helpmate to whom he had been united in marriage in 1855, was Miss Julia Sarah Felder, daughter of Dr. William L. Felder, himself a notable physician of ante-bellum times. Mrs. Doughty still survives her husband, as do some of their children. Dr. William H. Doughty, Jr., his eldest son, has ably maintained the high professional prestige of the name. His children, Albert S. Doughty, Crowella Ruth, Llewellyn G., Elizabeth Moncreiff, Lucy Alexander, and Clara Louise, together with a large and in fluential clan of brothers and sisters, nephews, nieces and grand children, who looked up to him as the chief pillar of the family name, live to revere his memory.
Douglas, the county seat of Coffee county, is located on the At-

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623

lantic & Birmingham railroad, one branch of which connects the town with the Atlantic port of Brunswick and the other running through Waycross connects it with Jacksonville, Fla. It was in corporated in 1895 and has had a steady growth. In 1900 the dis trict contained 2,367 inhabitants, of whom 617 lived in the town. Douglas has a good court house, a new jail, successful business houses, three banks and a money order post office. The Southern Normal Institute is located here, and the public schools are in good condition. The Methodists and Baptists have good churches. Considerable sea-island cotton is handled at Douglas and there is also an extensive trade in lumber, rosin and turpentine.
Douglas County was created Oct. 17, 1870, from Carroll and Campbell, and was named for Stephen A. Douglas, United States senator from Illinois and champion of the constitutional rights of the South. It lies in the western portion of the state and is bounded on the north by Cobb and Paulding counties, on the east and southeast by Campbell and on the south and west by Carroll. The Chattahoochee river flows along the southeastern border and with its tributaries furnish the inhabitants with an abundance of fish. The land is hilly, and the climate is exceedingly healthful. With careful cultivation the land will produce good crops of cot ton, corn, wheat, oats, rye, sorghum and potatoes. The timbers of Douglas county are principally oak, hickory, chestnut, gum, birch, maple and pine. Transportation is furnished by the South ern railroad and the Chattahoochee river. Douglasville, on the Southern Railway is the county seat, and Salt or Lithia Springs on the same road, is a favorite health resort. The population of the county in 1900 was 8,745, a gain of 951 in ten years. The pub lic schools of the county are good and Douglasville College is lo cated at Douglasville.
Douglasville, the county seat of Douglas county is located on a branch of the Southern railway system, in the midst of a healthy region. It contains the court house and jail, a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, several good stores, a state bank, good schools and churches. Here is located the Douglasville col lege, for both sexes and run in connection with the public school system of the county. In 1900 the Douglasville district had 3,176 inhabitants, of whom 1,140 lived in the town. Within a few miles of the town are salt and lithia springs, noted for their health be stowing waters and a favorite resort both in summer and winter. The town was incorporated as a town in 1875 and the corporate limits were extended in 1897.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Dovedale, a post-hamlet of Baldwin county, is about eight miles northwest of Milledgeville. Meriwether, on the Central of Georgia, is the most convenient railway station.
Dover, a town in the western part of Screven county, is not far from the Ogeechee river. It is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railway and is the terminus of the Dover & Brewton divi sion of the same system. The population in 1900 was 200. It has a money order postoffice, telegraph and express offices, some mercantile interests and small manufacturing enterprises and is a prominent shipping point, especially for watermelons and cotton.
Dow, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Milton county, is about twelve miles northwest of Suwanee, which is the most con venient railroad station.
Dowdy, a village in Madison county, is about five miles west of Colbert on the Seaboard Air Line railway. The railroad name is "Hull." It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some mercantile interests and in 1900 reported a population of 110.
Doyle, a post-village of Marion county, with a population of 43 in 1900, is on the Americus & Columbus division of the Central of Georgia railway, about four miles east of Buenavista.
Doyle, Michael J., is to be designated as the pioneer of the grocery trade as now represented in the city of Savan nah, having the distinction of being the oldest established merchant in this line who has continuously conducted the business without change in ownership or title, his trade being both wholesale and retail. Captain Doyle comes of the stanchest of Irish stock and is himself a native of the fair Emerald Isle, having been born at Ballyhaunis, County Mayo,, in the year 1833, and is a son of James and Ann (Cribben) Doyle. He was reared to the age of sixteen years in his native land, and in 1849, in company with his father, his brother Alexander and his sister Ann, he came to America, landing in New York city. A few days later they set sail for Sa vannah, where he has ever since maintained his home. His older brothers, Patrick, Martin and Matthew, had previously immigrated to the United States, locating in Savannah, and their mother had come over to visit them in 1848, the remainder of the family com-

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

625

ing the following year, as already noted. The father died about two months after his arrival in Savannah, his wife passed away in 1853, and of the children the subject of this sketch is now the only survivor. His sister, Ann, became the wife of James Duignan, and died in Savannah. In March, 1862, Michael J. Doyle showed his loyalty to the Southern Confederacy by organizing Company A, Forty-seventh Georgia infantry, of which he was made captain. He remained in active service until 1864, when he was honorably discharged. From 1854 until 1862 he was an employe of the Central of Georgia railroad and chief of the down freight department. Since the close of the Civil war he has been continuously engaged in the wholesale and retail grocery business in Savannah. He occupies a building of three stories and base ment on the east side of the Market square, and controls a large trade, based upon years of fair and honorable dealing. He also does a profitable business in the handling of hay, grain and feed, at 120 Bryan street, and is the owner of valuable real-estate in the city which has so long been his home and the center of his interests. Captain Doyle is a stalwart in the camp of the Repub lican party, and takes an active interest in promoting its cause. He was a delegate to the Republican national convention of 1892, in Minneapolis, Minn., which nominated Benjamin Harrison for the presidency, and also to the convention of 1896, in St. Louis, that nominated William McKinley. He is essentially loyal and public-spirited in local affairs, and has served two terms as a member of the board of aldermen of Savannah. He and his wife are communicants of the Catholic church, being members of the cathedral parish of Savannah. In June, 1861, was solemnized the marriage of Captain Doyle to Miss Mary Ann Reilly, who was born in Savannah, in 1841, being a daughter of John and Margaret (McCormick) Reilly. Captain and Mrs. Doyle have six children: Joseph F., Alexander P., Michael J., Jr., Minnie E., Margaret and Agnes, all residents of Savannah. The eldest son, Joseph F., served two terms as postmaster of Savannah, under Presidents Harrison and McKinley, and he is now United States deputy mar shal for the southern district of Georgia. Minnie E., the eldest daughter, is the wife of L. W. Nelson.
Draketown, a village of Haralson county, is about nine miles east of Buchanan and near the Paulding county line. The popu lation in 1900 was 107. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and is a trading center for the neighborhood in
40

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

which it is located. The nearest railway station is Temple, six

miles south, on the Southern.

Dranesville, a village in the southeastern part of Marion county,

reported a population of 40 in 1900. It has a money order post-

office, with rural free delivery, and is the commercial center of that

section of the county. Doyle, six miles north, on the Americus &

Columbus division of the Central of Georgia, is the nearest rail

road station.

Drewry, James A., the present ordi

nary of Spalding county, is engaged in

the practice of law in Griffin and is also

a clergyman of the Baptist church. He

was born in that county, Feb. 13, 1860,

a son of Fenton H. and Margaret D.

(Grigg) Drewry, the former born at

Drewry's Bluff, Va., Dec. 26, 1820, and

the latter near Jarratt, Sussex county,

that state, Dec. 29, 1826. ' Fenton H.

Drewry was a gallant soldier of the Con

federacy during the Civil war, having

JAMES A. UKEWRY.

been a member of a Georgia regiment of volunteers, and after the war he fol

lowed the vocation of farming. He departed this life on Jan. 4,

1906. James A. Drewry attended school in Griffin, Ga., Opelika,

Ala., and Macon, Ga., and for a time was a student in the Univei-

sity of Georgia. After completing his educational discipline he was

engaged in farming, in Spalding county,

for thirteen years, and for three years

thereafter was a merchant in Drewryville,

that county. He then located at Griffin,

where he has since been engaged in the

practice of law, having been admitted

to the bar in 1886. He is a stalwart

supporter of the principles and policies

of the Democratic party; has been in

cumbent of the office of ordinary of the

county since 1896, and served for twelve

years as postmaster of Drewryville. In

1896 he was ordained a minister of the

Baptist church and has charges in Spald

MRS. J. A. DREWRY.

ing, Pike and Monroe counties. Since his ordination he has

performed over 1600 marriage ceremonies and officiated at more

I YCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA
than 800 funerals. He is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity and the Improved Order of Red Men. On Nov. 28, 1883, was solemnized the marriage of Dr. Drewry to Miss Blanche Strozier, of Greenville, Ga.
Blanche Strozier Drewry was born in Meriwether county, Ga., Aug. 11, I860, and died in Griffin, Ga., April 25, 1906. She was the daughter of Ruben C. and Sarah Elizabeth Strozier of Green ville. Her father, Ruben C. Strozier, was born in Meriwether county, Ga., June 30, 1839, and married Sarah Elizabeth Free man, May 18, 1860. He served in the Confederate army in the war between the states. His parents were Peter Strozier, born March 22, 1806, and Mary W. Sherman, born May 22, 1811. They were married Feb. 16, 1826. Sarah Elizabeth Strozier, nee Free man, was born Dec. 4, 1845, and died Feb. 20, 1887. Her parents were James Freeman, born in Wilkes county, Ga., and Patsy Rosser, date of birth unknown. Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Drewry had no children.
Drewry, Nicholas Butt, M. D., has been engaged in active practice as a physician and surgeon of Griffin, Spalding county, for the past forty years and is one of the leading members- of his profession in this part of the state. He was also engaged in the drug business in Griffin for many years, and during the Civil war was able to render valu able service to the Confederacy through his faithful labors as a surgeon in field and hospital. Doctor Drewry was born in that portion of Pike county, Ga., which is now included in Spalding county, Dec. 15, 1834, a son of Edwin and Eliza Jones (Williams) Drewry, the former born in Drewryville, Southampton county, Va., April 6, 17.98, and the lat ter in Hancock county, Georgia. The father of Edwin Drewry was a valiant soldier of the Continental forces during the war of the Revolution, and was a man of influence in his com munity, the town of Drewryville, Va., having been named in honor of the family. Doctor Drewry secured his early edu cation in the common schools of his native county, and in October, 1854, was matriculated in Jefferson medical college, of Philadelphia, Pa., later entering the Atlanta medical col lege, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

1855. Thereafter he was engaged in the practice of his pro fession in Fayette county, Ga., until December, 1859, when he re moved to Jonesboro, Clayton county. In December, 1860, he entered Charity hospital and the New Orleans medical college, where he was engaged in post-graduate work until March, 1861. In September of that year he enlisted as a private in Company E, Thirtieth Georgia volunteer infantry, and soon afterward was ap pointed surgeon, entering service in the field. He was commis sioned surgeon, with rank of assistant surgeon, in January, 1863, and was then assigned to hospital duty, in which capacity he served until after the close of the war, at the Medical college hospital, in Atlanta, until June, 1864, and then to February, 1865, was in charge of the distributing hospital at Columbus, Miss. He then returned to the Atlanta medical college hospital where he remained in charge of the wards to care for the soldiery returning from the war until May, 1865, having been thus detained for some time after the final surrender of Generals Lee and Johnston. After the close of the war, in 1865, Doctor Drewry opened a drug store in Griffin, where he entered actively upon the prac tice of his profession, conducting his drug store until Sept. 1, 1899, when he disposed of the business, and has since devoted his atten tion entirely to the work of his profession, controlling a large and representative practice. He has served continuously as president of the board of education of Griffin since 1880; and was a member of the city council in 1869-70; was again a member in 1875, and served also as mayor pro tem. He represented Spalding county in the state legislature in 1882-3. In 1902 he was appointed a member of the board of directors of the Georgia experimental station by Gov. Alien D. Candler, and on Dec. 6, 1904, he was elected mayor of Griffin, in which office he gave a most pro gressive and satisfactory administration. In 1849, Doctor Drewry became a member of the Baptist church at Whitewater, Fayette county, and in 1857 he was ordained a deacon in the same church. In 1891 he was elected moderator of the Flint River Baptist asso ciation and served in this office seven years in terms of two years at the two first incumbencies as that was the limit of a member's service by the rule of the association, but in 1902 was again elected to the position as moderator and at the end of the term of two years, the association abandoned the rule of limiting the term of service to two years and was again elected and is at this time filling the position. The Doctor has been a Mason since 1856; is identified with the lodge, chapter and council of this time-honored

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629

fraternity, and is a past worshipful master of Meridian Sun Lodge, No. 26, of Griffin. He is a member of the Spalding county medi cal association and the Georgia medical association, and the United Confederate Veterans. On Sept. 10, 1857, Doctor Drewry was united in marriage to Miss Marie Louise Ellis, daughter of Dr. James T. and Nancy (Dunn) Ellis, of Spalding county, and her death occurred on Aug. 4, 1864. Following is a brief record con cerning the children of their union: Blanche graduated in Richmon college, Richmond, Va., and is now the wife of Charles H. Westbrook, of Griffin; Dr. T. Ellis Drewry likewise attended Rich mond college, after which he was graduated in medicine in the Atlanta medical college and Jefferson medical college, being now engaged in practice in Griffin; Nicholas B., Jr., died, at the par ental home, Oct. 6, 1881, having been at the time a student in the University of Georgia. On Jan. 8, 1868, Doctor Drewry con tracted a second marriage, being then united to Miss Mary Minor Herndon, daughter of Reuben Herndon, and the only child of this union is Joseph Herndon, who was graduated in Mercer univer sity in 1889 in the law department of the University of Georgia in 1890, and is now engaged in the mercantile business in Atlanta, Ga. Mrs. Mary M. Drewry was summoned to the life eternal on July 23, 1891, and on Oct. 5, 1893, Doctor Drewry married his present wife, whose maiden name was Julia McGown McWilliams and who is a daughter of Robert Patrick McWilliams, of Griffin.
Drexel, a post-hamlet of Morgan county, is about three miles west of Apalachee, on the Athens & Macon division of the Central of Georgia, which is the nearest railroad station.
Drone, a post-hamlet of Burke county, is located on Rocky creek, eight miles west of Waynesboro, which is the nearest rail road station.
Dry Branch, a hamlet in the southeastern part of Bibb county, is a station on the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some small mer cantile interests and does some shipping.
Dry Creek, a post-hamlet of Chattooga county, is about ten miles east of Summerville and near the foot of John mountain. Summerville is the most convenient railroad station.
du Bignon, Fleming Grantland, a prominent member of the Geor gia bar, engaged in the practice of his profession in the city of Atlanta, has been influential in public affairs in Georgia and is a leader in the councils of the Democratic party in this common-

630

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

wealth. He was born on the parental homestead, Woodville plan tation, five miles distant from Milledgeville, Baldwin county, Ga., July 25, 1852, a son of Charles and Ann V. (Grantland) du Bignon, the former born on Jeckyl island, Glynn county, Ga., Jan. 4,
1809, and the latter in the State of Vir ginia, June 23, 1823. Charles du Bignon, a representative of one of the early settled families of Georgia, was of pure French extraction in the agnatic line, the lineage being of distinguished order. He was a participant in one of the Indian wars in this state and in the Civil war he was unreservedly loyal to the Confeder acy, serving as captain in the Governor's Horse Guards, of Milledgeville, in Cobb's legion of Georgia cavalry. He enlisted in 1801 and served until 1863, when he re ceived his honorable discharge. Mrs. Ann V. du Bignon was a daughter of Hon. Seaton Grantland, who served six years as a representative of Georgia in the United States Congress, and her paternal grandfather was a patriot soldier in the Continental line during the Revolution. Fleming G. du Bignon se cured his preliminary educational discipline in the Virginia military institute, after which he took a technical course in the law depart ment of the University of Virginia and was admitted to the bar of Georgia in 1873. He engaged in the practice of his profession in Milledgeville, where his success was marked and soon rose to prominence along professional and public lines. He served two years on the bench of the county court of Baldwin county; in 1880-81 represented that county in the state legislature; and in 1882-3 was a member of the state senate, representing the twen tieth district. In the autumn of 1883 he removed to the city of Savannah and in the following year was elected solicitor-general of the eastern circuit. Before the expiration of his term he was again elected to the state senate, from the first district, and he had the further distinction of being chosen president of the senate, holding this position during the sessions of 1888-9, proving a most able and popular presiding officer. In 1896 Judge du Bignon was the candidate of his party for the United States senate, on the gold platform, but he encountered defeat, owing to the insistent freesilver tendency shown in the state. In 1897 he was elected chair man of the Democratic executive committee of the state, retaining

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

631

this incumbency three years, at the expiration of which he re signed. In 1888 and again in 1892 he was a delegate from the state at large to the Democratic national conventions, being chair man of the Georgia delegation in 1892 and a zealous supporter of Grover Cleveland in the convention hall. In 1889 he declined the nomination for governor, to accept the office of general counsel for the Plant railway system, with offices in Savannah, a position of which he remained the incumbent until the system was reor ganized as the Atlantic Coast Line. He is now general counsel for the Southern Express Company. Since 1903 Judge du Bignon has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Atlanta, where he has a representative practice in both the state and Fed eral courts. He is a member of the Oglethorpe club, of Savan nah; the Capital City club, of Atlanta; the Manhattan club, of New York city; and is affiliated with the Royal Arcanum. On Nov. 26, 1874, he was united in marriage to Miss Caro Nicoll Lamar, daughter of. Charles A. L. and Caroline Agnes (Nicoll) Lamar, of Savannah. In conclusion is entered brief record con cerning the children of this union: Caroline Lamar du Bignon was born in Savannah, Feb. 24, 1876; Anne Grantland du Bignon was born in Milledgeville, Aug. 19, 1877; Charles du Bignon was born in Milledgeville, Aug. 19, 1879; and Mary Lamar du Bignon was born at Woodville plantation, the birthplace of her father, Jan. 20, 1881.
Dublin, the county seat of Laurens county, is located a little north of the center of the county at the junction of the Macon, Dublin & Savannah, the Wrightsville & Tennille, the Wadley & Mount Vernon and the Pineora railroads, the last named being a branch of the Central of Georgia. Dublin was incorporated as a town in 1812 and received a charter as a city in 1893. It has sev eral prosperous stores, the business section being built almost entirely of brick, four banks, a furniture factory, ice factory, cot ton mill, foundry, brick works, cotton seed oil mill, variety works, shingle machine, stove foundry, and several industries of lesser importance. Several rural delivery routes emanate from the postoffice and the town has a good system of public schools. Dublin also has the advantage of water transportation, by means of the Oconee river, to the coast, and a large part of the products of the county, chiefly lumber and naval stores, finds an outlet by the steamboats plying between Dublin and Darien. The population in 1900 was 2,987 in the town and 6,298 in the entire district.

633

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Dubois, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Dodge county, is on the line of the Southern railway that connects Macon and Brunswick. It has an express office and does some shipping.
Dubose, Dudley M., soldier and Congressman, was born at Memphis, Tenn., in November, 1834. He studied in the univer sity of Mississippi, attended the Lebanon law school and was ad mitted to the bar. Some time afterward he settled at Washing ton, Wilkes county, Ga., where he married the only daughter of Robert Toombs, and at the beginning of the war entered the Con federate army as a lieutenant. In January, 1863, he was made col onel, of the Fifteenth Georgia regiment and in November, 1864, he was promoted to brigadier-general. After the surrender he practiced law in Washington, Ga., and was elected to represent his district in the Forty-second Congress. He died March 4, 1883.
Ducktown Road. In the western part of Forsyth county is a little village called Ducktown. In the Federal advance upon At lanta in the spring of 1864 a skirmish occurred on one of the roads leading to this village on April 3d. No circumstantial report of the affair was made by either side, and it was probably nothing more than a slight brush between two foraging parties.
Dudly, a village of Laurens county, with a population of 81 in 1900, is on the line of the Macon, Dublin & Savannah railroad about ten miles west of Dublin. It has a money order postoffice, from which free delivery routes supply mail to the surrounding districts, and is a trading center for that section of the county.
Due, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is located in a mountain ous district, about five miles southeast of Cherrylog, which is the nearest railroad station.
Dugdown, a post-village in the northern part of Haralson county, is located on the Rome & Griffin division of the Central of Georgia railway. It had a population of 48 in 1900.
Dug Gap, the most southern of the three passes through Pigeon Mountain, is about six miles northwest of Lafayette. In the demonstration against Rocky Face Ridge a skirmish occurred at this gap on May 8, 1864. Col. Daniel B. Alien, of the One Hun dred and Fifty-fourth New York infantry, with three regiments, charged the Confederate position, but was repulsed with a loss of 8 killed, 42 wounded and 14 missing. (For engagement here on Sept. 11, 1863, see Davis' House).
Dug Road, a post-hamlet of Pickens county, is located about eight miles southeast of Jasper. Nelson, on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, is the nearest railroad station.

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633

Duluth, a town on the Southern railway in the northwestern part of Gwinnett county, received its name in commemoration of a speech delivered in congress by Hon. Proctor Knott of Ken tucky, ridiculing the suggestion of making an appropriation for the benefit of what at that time was the insignificant town of Du luth, in Minnesota, and which caused much merriment all over the country. The town was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1876, has a money order post-office, with rural free delivery, an express and telegraph office, a branch bank of the Bank of Buford, several successful business houses, schools and churches, and according to the census of 1900, had a population of 336.
Dunbar, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Houston county, is a short distance south of the Macon & Columbus division of the Central of Georgia railway. Byron, on that line, is the nearest
station.
Dunbar, William M., manager and
treasurer of the Clark Milling Company of Augusta, and one of the honored and
prominent citizens of this city, of which he w,as formerly postmaster, is a native of South Carolina, having been born on the homestead plantation, in Barnwell county, April 6, 1846, his parents being
Alien R. and Laura (Hext) Dunbar, both of whom passed their entire lives in South Carolina, and who were repre sentatives of stanch patriot stock of the Revolutionary period. The father was a successful planter, as had also been his father, George R. Dunbar. William M. Dunbar secured his education in the schools of his native county and in private schools in Augusta, while after the close of his service in the civil war he was for a short time a student in Rock college, a military school at Athens, Ga. He took up his residence in Augusta in the year 1863, and in April, 1864, he enlisted as a private in Company A, Augusta battalion, with which he was in active service until Nov. 24, 1864, when, in the battle at Griswoldville, Ga., the large bone of his right arm was shattered by a minie ball, necessitating amputation near the shoul der. In 1872 Mr. Dunbar was elected treasurer of Richmond county, and was twice reflected, serving for a total of five consecu tive years, at the expiration of which he resigned and engaged in the mercantile business in Augusta, following this line of enter-

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prise for several years. In 1884 he was elected judge of the po lice court of his home city, retaining this incumbency for four years when he resigned to again engage in the merchandise trade. In 1893 President Cleveland appointed him postmaster of Augusta, and he served from April 16th of that year until March 10, 1898, giving a most able and popular administration of the business of the office, while the esteem in which he was held by those who served under him was indicated by the letter carriers of the office presenting him with a fine gold watch at the close of his official term. In 1899 he assumed his present position as general man ager and treasurer of the Clark Milling Company, which repre sents one of the important industrial enterprises of Augusta. He is identified with the Southeastern millers' association and is its vice-president for the State of Georgia. Mr. Dunbar is unswerv ing in his loyalty to the Democratic party, and in 1903 he was elected without opposition to represent the first ward in the city council, his term expiring in January, 1907. He is chairman of the finance committee of the council; is major on the staff of Gen. C. M. Wiley, commander of the Georgia division of the United Confederate Veterans; also served on the staff of the former com mander, Gen. Clement A. Evans, and is deeply interested in the organization, having his local membership in Camp No. 435, of Augusta. He is affiliated also with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in which he is past noble grand, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Nov. 12, 1866, Mr. Dunbar was united in marriage to Miss Rebecca C. Hopkins, daughter of Thomas Hopkins, at that time a resident of Augusta, and of the eight children of this union four are living: Laura M., now the wife of Thomas Hopkins, of Au gusta ; Clement E., who is representing Richmond county in the state legislature, being speaker pro tern, of the house; and Frank M. and Stiles H., also of Augusta.
Duncan, a post-hamlet of Liberty county, is ten miles southeast of Hinesville. Riceboro is the nearest railway station.
Duncan, George Washington, is engaged in the real-estate and loan business in the city of Macon, where he controls a large and prosperous enterprise, and is also land and industrial agent for the Atlanta, Birmingham & Atlantic railroad. He was born in Green ville, Greenville county, S. C., Feb. 22, 1852, a son of Perry Emory and Mary Anne (Hill) Duncan, the former born in Greenville, S. C., in 1800, and the latter in Wilkes county, Ga., in 1814. The Duncan family is of stanch old Scottish stock, the great-grandfather

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

of the subject of this review having immigrated to America from

the "land of Hills and heather" and settled in Virginia, whence he

later removed to South Carolina. His son, grandfather of George

W., was a loyal soldier in the Continental line in the war of the

Revolution, having taken part in the battles of Cowpens, S. C,

King's Mountain, N. C., and other en-

,:

gagements. Perry E. Duncan amassed a

very considerable fortune, owned a fine

plantation, about five miles northwest of

Greenville, and was also the owner of a

large number of slaves prior to the Civil

war. He also had a large cotton planta

tion seven miles below Albany, Dough-

erty county, Ga., where the family passed

the winter seasons. He was a Union man

when the matter of secession was brought

up, but when South Carolina seceded he

gave to the state his unqualified support,

having given his signature to the ordinance of secession. His ad

vanced age rendered him ineligible for active service in the army of

the Confederacy, but three of his sons were loyal and faithful sol

diers in the Confederate ranks, in the Army of North Virginia, and

participated in the first battle of Bull Run. They continued in active

service throughout the entire period of the war, save when inca

pacitated by wounds or illness, and one of the number, Col. Robert

Perry Duncan, was promoted chief of staff to Gen. R. H. Anderson,

of South Carolina. Perry E. Duncan was a man of prominence and

influence and while he never was a seeker of public office he was

elected to the legislature of South Carolina year after year, ever

manifesting a loyal interest in the issues and questions of the hour.

He was a man of fine mentality and of inviolable integrity, holding

the confidence and esteem of all who knew him. At the time of

the Civil war his wife organized and was president of the sewing

society of Greenville, county, S. C., which organization did a noble

work in supplying clothing and other articles to the soldiers in the

field. As she had three sons in the Army of Northern Virginia

she made frequent trips to the front with supplies, and was known

and revered by the entire army as a veritable angel of mercy. The

parents of George W. Duncan died while he was still a boy. His

early education was secured at West Point, Miss., and Wilkes

county, Ga., after which he continued his studies in Oglethorpe

universitv near Milledgeville. After leaving school he accepted

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

a position with T. W. Carnile & Co., wholesale grocers, of Au gusta, Ga. His genial nature and close application to business gained him rapid promotion, and his entire business career has been unblemished and successful. For the past twenty years Mr. Duncan has maintained his residence in Macon, where he is held in high esteem as a citizen and as a progressive and public-spirited business man. He conducts extensive operations in the real-estate and loan business, being one of .the leading representatives of this branch of enterprise in this section of the state, and for a number of years past he has rendered most effective service as land and industrial agent of the Atlanta, Birmingham & Atlantic railroad. In politics he gives his allegiance to the Democratic party, and while he has been urged to accept nomination for mayor of his city, representative in the state legislature, etc., he has stead fastly refused such overtures, preferring the quietude of home life and the pursuit of regular business. Though reared in the faith of the Methodist church Mr. Duncan is now a regular attendant of the Protestant Episcopal church, as is also his wife, who is a communicant and zealous and devoted worker in the same. He is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the Log Cabin club and the Cherokee club. For several years he was a member of the Georgia state troops with the rank of captain, serv ing on the staff of Col. Charles M. Wiley, commanding the Sec ond regiment. Upon the first election of Joseph M. Terrell as gov ernor, he appointed Mr. Duncan a member of his staff, which posi tion he now holds with rank of lieutenant-colonel. On Jan. 23, 1884, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Duncan to Miss Carrie Tracy Johnston, daughter of Col. William B. and Annie Clarke (Tracy) Johnston of Macon. Concerning the children of this union the following brief data are given: George W., Jr., was born in 1886 and is now attending the United States naval academy at Annapolis, Md.; Anne Traey was born in 1888 and is now a student in Mrs. LeFebvre's school, Baltimore, Md.; John Baxter was born in 1890 and graduated in the high school of Macon as a member of the class of 1906, is to attend Mercer university and later the medical department of Johns Hopkins university at Baltimore.
Dundee, a post-hamlet of Fayette county, is about ten miles west of Fayetteville. Coweta, on the Atlanta & West Point road is the nearest railway station.
Dunn, Henry T., United States collector of customs at Bruns wick, Glynn county, claims the old Empire state of the Union as the place of his nativity, having been born in Elmira, Chemung

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

63T

county, N. Y., Jan. 28, 1843, and is a son of James and Eliza (Thompson) Dunn, the former of whom was born in Elmira, N. Y., in 1804, and the latter in Goshen, Conn., in 1809. James Dunii was a man of influence in his community, and was judge of the court of Chemung county in the '40s. Both he and his wife con
tinued as residents of that county until
death. The latter's paternal grandfather
was an officer in a Connecticut regiment
of the Continental line during the war of
the Revolution. At the outbreak of the
Civil war Henry T. Dunn tendered his
aid in defense of the Union, enlisting, in
May, 1861, as a private in Company K,
Twenty-third New York volunteer infan
try. In September of the same year he
was appointed a midshipman in the
United States navy, continuing in service
until 1864, when his ill health compelled him to resign. He secured his early educational training in private schools of his native city, and thereafter continued his studies in the Polytechnic institute of Brooklyn, N. Y., and the United States naval academy, at Annapolis. He came to the State of Georgia in 1870, taking up his residence in Brunswick, where he served as deputy collector of customs until 1886, and from 1880 un til 1898 he was engaged in the book and stationery business in that city. In the latter year he was appointed to his present responsible office, that of collector of customs. He is held in high regard in his home city, having served as a member of the Brunswick board of aldermen and also as school commissioner of Glynn county. He is a Republican in his political allegiance, is a member of Bruns wick Lodge, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and is also a member of the Phoenix club. On Dec. 22, 1864, Mr. Dunn was united in marriage to Miss Margaret C. Baker, a daughter of Henry and Frances (Carpenter) Baker, of Chemung county, N. Y. They have one son, Frank A., born Aug. 22, 1868.
Dunwody, Henry Franklin, holds precedence as one of the able and representative members of the bar of Glynn county, being established in the practice of his profession in the city of Bruns wick and having an excellent clientage. He is proud to refer to Georgia as the place of his nativity, having been born in Marietta, Cobb county, Oct. 1, 1863, a son of Dean Munro and Catherine Eliza (McDonald) Dunwody, both deceased, the father having

638

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

passed away Feb. 7, 1878, and the mother in May, 1889, both being interred in St. Andrew's cemetery, at Darien, Mclntosh county. Dean M. Dunwody tendered his services in defense of the Confederate cause at the beginning of the Civil war, as a private in a company of cavalry which was organized in Darien, but was rejected on account of being unable to pass the required physical
examination. Later, upon the call of Governor Brown, he joined the state militia, in which he was in active service at and near Atlanta, until finally released from the ranks on account of ill health. Henry F. Dunwody was reared in Mcln tosh county, where his early educational training was secured, after which he en tered the University of Georgia, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1884, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then took up the study of law, prosecuting his reading with marked energy and assiduity and was admitted to the bar of his native state in 1885. He has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Brunswick since that year, has had to do with much important litigation in the courts of that section of the state and has a representative clientele. Unwavering is his allegiance to the Democratic party, he has served in various offices of public trust, indicating the estimate placed upon him in a popular sense. He was solicitor of the county court of Glynn county from 1888 to 1890; was a member of the state legislature in 1890-91; again in 1895-6 he was called to the general assembly, this time as a mem ber of the senate; and has therefore been an active and efficient worker in both branches of the legislative body of the common wealth. He gave a most able administration as mayor of the city of Brunswick during the years 1894-5-6, and is one of the city's loyal and public-spirited citizens, commanding the esteem and confidence of all classes. Both he and his wife are communicants of the Protestant Episcopal church. On June 21, 1897, was solem nized the marriage of Mr. Dunwody to Miss Scotia Tison Walter, daughter of George and Frances A. (Tison) Walter, of Savannah, and they have two children Mary Scotia, born Jan. 19, 1902, and McDonald, born Nov. 14, 1905. Dunwoody, a village of Dekalb county, with a population of 80 in 1900, is located on the Roswell & Chamblee division of the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

639

Southern railway, about half-way between the two terminals. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, some mer cantile interests and dpes some shipping.
Dupont, a town in the northern part of Clinch county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway. Not far from the town is Dupont Junction, where a branch of the same system leaves the main line for points in Florida. The population in 1900 was 300. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, some good stores, small factories, schools, churches, etc., and is the principal shipping point for a considerable section of the adjacent territory.
Durant, a post-hamlet of Franklin county, is located near the Middle fork of Broad river, about five miles west of Carnesville. It is remote from railroads, Canon and Cornelia being the nearest stations.
Durst, a post-hamlet of Richmond county, is located about ten miles south of Augusta. Debruce, on the Augusta Southern rail way, three miles west, is- the nearest railroad station.
Dyas, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Monroe county, is on the line of the Macon & Birmingham railway, about seven miles east of Culloden.
Dyke, a post-hamlet of Gilmer county, is on one branch of the Cartecay river, five miles east of Talona, which is the nearest railway station.
Dyson, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Wilkes county, is not far from the Broad river. Middleton, fifteen miles north, in Elbert county, is the nearest railroad station.

E
Early, a post-village of Floyd county, with a population of 70 in 1900, is on the Southern railway, not far from the Alabama state line. It has some mercantile interests and is a shipping point for that portion of the county.
Early County is located in the southwestern part of the state and is bounded on the north by the counties of Clay and Calhoun, on the east by Baker and Miller, on the south by Decatur, and on the west by the Chattahoochee river, which separates it from the State of Alabama. It was created by the legislature in 1818, but was not organized until 1825. In 1823 part of it was taken to form the county of Decatur and in 1825 a part was added to Baker. It was named for Peter Early, who came from his native State of Virginia in 1795 and was for many years prominent in the affairs of Georgia. The surface is well drained by the Chattahoochee and

640

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

its affluents, fish being plentiful in all the streams. The soil on the uplands is gray and sandy, with a yellow subsoil. Along the streams it is very fertile, producing large crops of corn, cotton, sweet potatoes, rice and sugar-cane. Apples, pears, peaches, etc., do well and the number of orchards is constantly increasing. The surface is generally level, there being no elevations worthy to be called hills, and is covered with forests of yellow pine, cypress, red cedar and walnut. Large quantities of lumber, shingles and naval stores are exported. The forests abound in quail, wild turkeys, squirrels, and other small game, and the pine lands af ford excellent ranges for stock. The climate is healthful, especially on the slight ridges along the Chattahoochee. The Georgia, Flor ida & Alabama railroad crosses the eastern part from north to South and a branch of the Central of Georgia runs from east to west across the northern portion. These two roads, in connection with the numerous landings along the Chattahoochee, give the county good transportation facilities. Blakely, the county seat, is near the center of the county. Six miles north of it are some Indian mounds. (See Antiquities). Arlington, Kestler, Hilton and Womack are towns of some importance. The population in 1900 was 14,828, a gain of 5,036 in ten years. Maj. Joel Crawford, for many years identified with Georgia's interests, lived in this county.
Early Explorations. Although it is possible that De Ayllon, who established a settlement in South Carolina in the early part of the sixteenth century, may have visited the island of Tybee, it is more than likely that Hernando De Soto and his followers were the first white men to visit what is now the State of Georgia. They spent the winter of 1538-39 at Anhayca, (probably near where Tallahassee, Fla., now stands) and early in the spring started north ward. The record of the expedition says that on March 4th they reached the river Ochis. From the course pursued this is believed to have been the Ocmulgee, and that the place where they first struck this stream is somewhere in Irwin or Coffee county. They then pursued a northerly direction and by the middle of April were somewhere near the sources of the Great Ogeechee, proceeding irom there to the village of Cutifachiqua. Opinions differ as to the location of this village, some placing it on the Ocmulgee in Monroe county, some near the confluence of the Broad and Savan nah rivers, and others at Silver Bluff on the Savannah. From Cutifachiqua De Soto took up his march westward. The traces of the early mines and the buried village in Duke's creek valley .(See Antiquities) have been attributed to the De Soto expedition.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

641

About 1835 some silver crosses, apparently of Spanish workman ship, were taken from an Indian grave near the site of Coosawattee Old Town in Murray, and there is good reason for believing that.De Soto visited the old Indian town of Chiaha, where Rome now stands, on his way to the Mississippi valley.
Early, Peter, a prominent figure in the early part of the nine teenth century, was born in Madison county, Va., June 20, 1773. At the age of nineteen years he graduated from Princeton college, after which he took a course in law at Philadelphia, settled in Geor gia and began practice in Wilkes county. He was elected to the lower branch of Congress in 1800 and was twice reflected. He was made judge" of the superior court in 1807 and in 1813 was elec ted governor for a term of two years. In 1815 he was elected state senator and held that position until his death, which occurred in Greene county August 15, 1817.
Eason, Henry a successful contractor and builder of Savannah, was born near Fayetteville, Cumberland county, N. C, Jan. 11, 1858. He is a son of Isaac and Lucretia (Ryles) Eason, both of whom were born in North Carolina. The fath er, who was a planter by vocation, was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy during three years of the Civil war, and died on Nov. 9, 1897, his wife having passed away on the 7th of the preceding March. They are survived by seven children, namely: Rebecca Eliza, wife of Charles Moore; Mary, now Mrs. Medlin; Catherine, wife of Commo dore Ellis; Henry, subject of this sketch; Annie, wife of Alien Davis; James C., and Louisa. Henry Eason attended private schools in a somewhat irregular way during his early youth and continued to assist in the operation of the home stead plantation until he had attained his legal majority. He then entered upon an apprenticeship at the carpenter's trade, serving seven years and becoming a thoroughly skilled artisan in the line. In 1890 he took up his residence in the city of Savannah, where he has built up a very prosperous business as a general contractor, and is known as a reliable and progressive business man and loyal citizen. He is a Democrat in his political proclivities, and he and his wife are members of the Baptist church. He is identified with both lodge and encampment of the Indepen-

642

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

dent Order of Odd Fellows; with the Junior Order of UnitedAmerican Mechanics, as well as its woman's auxiliary, the Daugh ters of America; with the Woodmen of the World and its adjunct, the Woodmen's Circle. On Nov. 4, 1884, Mr. Eason married Miss Verina Winstead, who died on July 8, 1902, leaving three children James W., Mamie A., and Bertha T., all residents of Savannah. On Dec. 8, 1904, Mr. Eason was united in marriage to Mrs. Mar garet Welsh, of Savannah. She was the widow of John Welsh, a locomotive engineer, who was killed at the post of duty while in the employ of the former Plant railway system. By her first mar riage Mrs. Eason has three children John M., Anna and James J.
Eason, James T., is one of the leading wholesale grocers and commission merchants of the city of Columbus, his business head quarters being at 1107 Broad street. He was born in the State of North Carolina, Sept. 3, 1857, a son of Isaac and Sarah (May) Eason, both of whom were likewise natives of that state. The mother died when the subject of this sketch was but two years of age and his father died of illness, at Vicksburg, Miss., while serving as a soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil war. James T. Eason was thus doubly orphaned when a mere child and he was reared in the home of his aunt, Mrs. Mary A. Davis, of Russell county, Ala., where he received his educational discipline, paying for the same through his own efforts to a large extent, as he would work until he secured adequate funds to continue his studies, thus alter nating until he had acquired a good practical education. Upon at taining to maturity he turned his attention independently to agri cultural pursuits, eventually becoming one of the successful .planters of Russell county, where he also operated a general store, a cotton gin and a saw-mill. He still owns his valuable plantation in that county, where he remained until 1890, when he removed to Columbus and engaged in the wholesale grocery business, to which he has since given his attention. He also has a retail department in connection and does'a general commission business as well, especially in the line of planters' supplies. He has built up a most prosperous enterprise, is known as a reliable and progressive bus iness man and his wide acquaintanceship and personal popularity have been potent factors in insuring the success of the enterprise with which he is now identified. Mr. Eason gives an unequivocal support to the Democratic party and while a resident of Russell county, he served several years as a justice of the peace and notary public. He is a member of the Baptist church. On Oct. 3, 1881, he was married to Miss Laura Scott Dudley, whose death ocurred

:'..

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

643

: on June 7, 1902, and who is survived by seven children John ; Dudley, Lucy Daisy, Lillian Pearl, James T., Jr., William Ernest, Lucille, and Walter Schley. On Feb. 4, 1903, was solemnized the marriage of Mr. Eason to Miss Loulie Bussey, daughter of Hezekiah Bussey, a prominent citizen and manufacturer of Columbus. Eason, John R., senior member of the firm of John R. Eason .& Son, contractors and builders, Savannah, was born in Charleston, :'S. C., Sept. 9, 1842, and is a son of Robert H. and Sarah Priscilla (Sheppard) Eason, both of whom were born in that city. Robert H. Eason was born April 13, 1804, and he died March 6, 1876, in Charleston, where he passed his entire life, a contractor and builder and a citizen of prominence and sterling worth. His wife was born June 28, 1809, and died March 10, 1885. They were married Dec. 20, 1827, and became the parents of nine children, concerning whom the following brief data are entered: Sarah Ann, born Oct. : 20, 1828, died in 1886 ; William, born March 25, 1831, was a member of Brooks' artillery in the- Confederate service, and was killed in the battle of Gettysburg, in 1863; Mary Ann McKewn, born Nov. 26, 1833, died April 29, 1902; Margaret Sheppard, born Dec. 30, 1836, died Dec. 22, 1902; Robert Henry, born July 13, 1839, died in infancy; John Russell and Louis Philip, twins, were born Sept. 9, 1842, the latter dying at the age of five days and the former being the immediate subject of this sketch; Edward Henry, born July 7, 1845, was a member of a South Carolina regiment in the Confederate service during the Civil war and is now a resident of Savannah; Robert Henry (2d), born Sept. 21, 1848, died when about fifty years of age. John R. Eason secured his early educa tional training in the schools of Charleston, S. C., and then be gan to learn the brick masons' trade under the direction of his honored father. When the Civil war -was precipitated, however, he turned promptly from the arts of peace to offer his service in de fense of the Confederate cause, and on Sept. 12, 1861, he enlisted as a member of the Charleston Zouaves, with which he continued in service until February, 1862, when the command disbanded. On the 24th of the same month Mr. Eason joined Walter's light battery, of Charleston, serving in this command until the close of the war and being paroled, at Greensboro, N- C., May 3, 1865. Dur ing the first six months of the war Mr. Eason did military duty in Charleston, so that he was in service during practically the en tire course of the war, serving from Jan. 12, 1861, until May 3, 1865, while he took part in a number of the important battles of the great fratricidal conflict between the North and South. After

644

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the close of the war he turned his attention once more to his trade, becoming a skilled workman, and he has been identified with the same ever since, the greater portion of the time as a contractor and builder. He took up his residence in Savannah in 1871 and has gained precedence as one of the leading contractors of the city, and as an able and reliable business man. He has been concerned in the erection of many of the best buildings in Savannah, includ ing the Guckenheimer building, the Provident building, the Schwartz building, the Benedictine college and rectory, and many of the attractive private residences which add to the beauty of the city. He is a member and ex-president of the Savannah builders' exchange, having been one of its founders and the first to serve as its president. He is identified with Savannah Camp, No. 756, United Confederate Veterans; is a member of the Masonic frater nity, the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fel lows, the Savannah Benevolent association, the Savannah chamber of commerce, and of the Union society of Savannah, under whose auspices the Bethesda orphan asylum is conducted. He is a stanch adherent of the Democratic party, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On April 30, 1872, Mr. Eason was united in marriage to Miss Theodora Agnes Purse, daughter of Robert Purse, of Charleston, S. C., and they became the parents of five children, namely: Minnie R., Robert P., Julia E., Lucille Shaffel, and Edna H., who died at the age of eleven years. The only son has been associated with his father in business, under the title of John R. Eason & Son, since 1900, their headquarters being at 316 Waldburg street, west.
Eastanollee, a village of Stephens county, is on the Elberton & Toccoa division of the Southern railway. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, and in 1900 reported a popula tion of 58.
East Atlanta, a village in Dekalb county, near the line of Fulton, reported a population of 63 in 1900. It has a money order postoffice and some local trade. Atlanta is the most convenient railroad station.
Eastburn, a post-hamlet of White county, is in the valley of the Soquee river; about eight miles northeast of Cleveland. Clarkesville, the county seat of Habersham county, is the nearest railroad station.
Easterling, a post-hamlet of Liberty county, is located about twelve miles northwest of Hinesville. The nearest railroad station is Groveland, on the Seaboard Air Line.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

645

: East Macon is a suburb of the city of Macon (q. v.) and lies east of the Ocmulgee river. On Nov. 20, 1864, while Sherman was on his march to the sea, Kilpatrick's Federal cavalry advanced as far as the redoubts about Macon, held by infantry and dis mounted cavalry. The head of his column entered the works only : to.be repulsed, and their flight was hastened by the rapid approach of Wheeler's cavalry, which now for the second time saved the city of Macon from capture. (For engagement here on July 30, 1864, see Stoneman's Raid).
Eastman, the county seat of Dodge county, is located on the Southern railway at a point which was selected as a depot and sta tion in 1871 at the time Dodge county was established. The town at that time was incorporated and was named for William Pitt Eastman, of New York, one of the most tireless promoters of this new enterprise. Eastman, though considerably below the middle Georgia belt, is 356 feet above the sea level. It is supplied with an abundance of pure water from artesian wells, distributed in mains on the various streets and supplied to the houses just as in large cities. An efficient fire department gives reasonable rates of in surance. Its annual export trade is $2,000,000 in value and in it are embraced 10,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 car loads of lumber, potatoes, pears, peanuts, cane syrup, vegetables, poultry, cattle and wool. It has a large furniture factory and just outside of the city is a large saw and lumber mill. The city has two banks, a splendid public school system and churches of the leading denominations. It has handsome residences, good business houses, a well equipped hotel and a court house. In 1900 the population numbered in the corpo rate limits 1,235, the majority being whites. The town has a money order post office, with rural free delivery, and express and telegraph offices.
East Point, six miles from Atlanta on the Central of Georgia and the Atlanta & West Point railways and near the southern line of Fulton county is a busy little town of 1,315 inhabitants. The electric railway line from Atlanta to College Park passes through the town thus giving frequent and rapid connection with Georgia's capital city. There are here a money order post office, a wagon factory, a horse collar factory, good schools and churches and in the vicinity are two cotton mills, a fertilizer factory and a cotton seed oil mill. In all its business and social relations the town is really a suburb of Atlanta, though it was incorporated by act of the legislature in 1887. During the siege of Atlanta East Point was one of the important key points to the Confederate line of defense

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and was held by them against vast odds with invincible tenacity. (See Atlanta).
Eatonton the county seat of Putnam county, is a beautiful little city, located on a branch of the Central of Georgia railway that connects Milledgeville and Covingto'n, in the midst of a fine farm* ing country. It was incorporated in 1809 and was named in honor of Gen. William Eaton, of Connecticut, who was greatly distin guished in the war with the Tripolitan pirates in 1805. Eatonton has a court house valued at $20,000, a money order post office with free rural delivery, express and telegraph offices, two banks, a good hotel, several prosperous mercantile establishments and water works owned by the city. There are good church buildings, graded schools, an elegant public school building, in which is a handsome and commodious hall for school exhibitions and serving also for a lecture hall and opera house. There are at Eatonton a shoe factory with a capacity of 500 pairs of shoes a day, two canning factories that run during the fruit season, and in the vicinity of the town there are two cotton mills with a capital aggregating about $150,000. Eatonton handles 12,000 bales of cotton annually. The pub lic roads leading to the town are the best in all that section of Georgia. The population of the district was 3,491 by the census report of 1900, and 1,823 lived in the corporate limits of the town.
Ebenezer. In the spring of 1734 a number of persons called Salzburgers (q. v.) joined the colony of Georgia. In looking about for a location they decided on the bank of a small stream, which flows into the Savannah river about twenty-five miles above the city of that name. Upon their arrival at the chosen spot they set up a stone and called the place Ebenezer. (Stone of help). The first lots were drawn on May 1st and a year later the place had a population of 200. Later the settlement was moved down the creek to a point nearer the Savannah river and in 1738 the old town was converted into a cowpen, where the herds belonging to the settlers were kept. In December, 1778, the place fell into the hands of the British under Colonel Campbell and it remained a British outpost until the conclusion of the Revolution, the soldiers using the Salzburger church as a stable for their horses. There is now a post-village, with a population of 50 on the site of the old town.
Ebenezer Creek. A stream that rises in the southern part of Screven county and flows in a southerly direction until it reaches Springfield in Effingham county, when it turns its course toward the east and empties into the Savannah river.
In the Federal advance upon Savannah, in December, 1864,

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Morgan's division of the Fourteenth arm.y corps reached Ebenezer creek late in the afternoon of the 8th to find the bridge destroyed and the road obstructed by fallen trees. The rear guard, com posed of the 88th Indiana infantry, the 92d Illinois mounted in fantry and the 5th Ohio cavalry, had been so closely pressed all day that Colonel Briant, of the last named regiment, in his report .says his men were kept on duty continuously for fifteen hours. Late in the evening the Confederates began shelling the Federal position. The infantry of the rear guard fell into disorder, but the mounted men fell back in good order, covering the retreat, which was begun about midnight. General Wheeler, in his report of the action, says: "On the night of December 8th we shelled the camp of the Fourteenth Corps with good effect, throwing the corps into confusion and causing it to leave camp at midnight, abandoning clothing, arms, &c. By breaking up the camp during the extreme darkness a great many negroes were left in our hands, whom we sent back to their owners. We also captured three wagons and teams, and caused the enemy to burn several wagons. The whole number of negroes captured from the enemy during the movement was nearly 2,000."
Echols County was created Dec. 3, 1858, from Clinch and Lowndes and named in honor of Col. Robert M. Echols, of Walton county, who was president of the Georgia senate and later com manded a regiment in the war with Mexico. It lies in the south ern part of the state and is bounded by Clinch on the northeast and east, by Clinch and Lowndes on the north, by the State of Florida on the south and by Lowndes on the west. The Suwanee and all Allapaha rivers and Suwanoochee creek, with their tributaries, water every part of the county and yield an abundant supply of fish. The surface is nearly level. There are extensive forests, which yield large quantities of lumber, turpen tine and rosin. The climate is healthful, especially along the pine ridges, cool breezes from the Gulf tempering the summer heat. The soil is sandy and quite fertile. Indian corn, pork and sea island cotton are the principal productions. Many people are be coming interested in dairying. The Georgia Southern & Florida and the Atlantic Coast Line railways cross each other at Haylow, in the northern part, and provide excellent opportunities for travel and shipping. Statenville, is the county seat. The streams in the locality have a strange fashion of disappearing under ground for perhaps a mile, when they again rise to the surface and continue their course as if nothing had happened. Most of the streams

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have some natural curiosity connected with them. Some have caves along the bank, into which a part of the stream is deflected and at the entrance of these caves, thriving mills are located. The
population in 1900 was 3,209.
Echols, Robert M. was a resident of Walton county. Prior to the Mexican war he served as president of the state senate. When the war began he was commissioned colonel of a regiment of Georgia troops and died in Mexico. His remains were brought back to Walton county, and interred about one mile from a place called Broken Arrow. Echols county was named for him.
Economy, a post-hamlet of Upson county, is twelve miles south east of Thomaston and not far from the Crawford county line.
Culloden is the most convenient railroad station. Eden, a village in the southern part of Effmgham county, is on
the main line of the Central of Georgia railway and in 1900 reported a population of 142. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some mercantile interests and is a shipping point
for the neighborhood. Edenfield, Joseph J., has the dis
tinction of being the first sheriff of the
newly organized county of Jenkins, and he resides upon his plantation, five miles distant from Millen, the county seat. He was born in Screven county, Ga., Jan. 1, 1863, and is a son of William A. and Sarah (Bassett) Edenfield, both of whom were born in Barmvell county, S. C., where they were reared and where their marriage v/as solemnized. They removed from that state to Georgia in the late '50s, passing the remainder of their lives in Screven county, where the father died in 1886, the mother having died at the birth of the subject of this sketch. Wil liam A. Edenfield later married again, and besides Joseph J. five other children of the first union are living, namely: Rev. Henry G., a clergyman of the Baptist church and a resident of Georgia, as are also William A. and John M.; Susan S. is the wife of James Parker; and Sarah C. is the wife of Hardee W. Parker, both being residents of Jenkins county. Sheriff Edenfield attended school in Screven county until he attained to the age of eighteen years, and for a few years thereafter he remained on the plantation of his father. Thereafter he was engaged in the turpentine business

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for seventeen years, and during the greater portion of this period he also had plantation interests. Since retiring from the enterprise of turpentine manufacturing he has devoted his attention to the management of his plantation, which embraces several hundred acres of very productive land, located five miles east of Millen. He has resided on the farm since 1898, and still maintains his home there, though giving careful attention to all duties devolving upon him as sheriff-of the county. Mr. Edenfield is unwavering in his allegiance to the Democratic party, and upon the erection of the new county of Jenkins, in 1905, he was made first sheriff of the same, his administration proving altogether satisfactory. Mr. Edenfield is identified with the lodge, chapter and council of the Masonic fraternity, being a past master of the lodge and present high priest of his chapter, while he is also identified with the Inde pendent Order of Odd Fellows and the Knights of Pythias. He and his wife are members of the Baptist church. On Nov. 23, 1886, Mr. Edenfield was united in marriage to Miss Essie L. Thompson, who died July 3, 1904, being survived by two daughters, Esther Adelle and Virgie Laura, both of whom remain at the paternal home. On Sept. 28, 1905, Mr. Edenfield married Miss Eula T. Thompson, a niece of his first wife.
Edgar, a post-hamlet in the northeastern part of Whitfield coun ty, is located in the valley of the Oostenaula river, about six miles east of Cohutta, which is the nearest railroad station.
Edgewood, a town in Dekalb county, is located on the line of the Georgia railroad a short distance east of Atlanta, with which it is also connected by an electric railway. Its postofKce is a sub-sta tion of the Atlanta office. It was incorporated by act of the leg islature on Dec. 9, 1898, and in 1900 reported a population of 1,285. It has express and telegraph service, some good mercantile inter ests, manufacturing establishments, good schools, churches, etc., and is one of the most important suburbs of the capital city.
Edison, a town in the northwestern part of Calhoun county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Dec. 6, 1902. The population in 1900 was 150. It is located on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad, has a money order postofEce, from which several routes deliver mail to the surrounding rural districts, is an important trading center for that section and the most prominent shipping point between Cuthbert and Arlington.
Edith, a village in the southeastern part of Clinch county, is on the Georgia Southern & Florida railroad, connecting Valdosta and Jacksonville, Fla, The population in 1900 was 108. It has a

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money order postoffice, some mercantile establishments and does considerable shipping.
Edna, a post-hamlet of Montgomery county, is ten miles north east of Mount Vernon. Stanley, on the Macon, Dublin & Savan nah, is the nearest railroad station.
Education. The first educational institutions in Georgia were the Moravian school at Irene for the religious instruction of the Indians, and the orphan house at Bethesda, founded by Whitefield and Habersham. After the adoption of the constitution of 1777, in which provision was made for the establishment of schools in each county, academies were authorized by the legislature at several places, notably Augusta, Sunbury, Waynesboro, Louis ville, Savannah and Brunswick, and free schools were established in a number of counties. Following this came the poor school sys tem, which was called into existence by the act of July 31, 1783, It gave the governor the power to grant, upon proper application, 1,000 acres of land in each county for the support of free schools. By the act of Dec. 21, 1821, an equal division of $500,000 was made between the academies and poor schools: Two years later pro vision was made for the permanent investment of the poor school fund and the income was to be distributed among the counties in proportion to the white population, for the education of poor children. Teachers of schools and academies, who were willing to comply with the state regulations, and to admit poor scholars to their schools, were to receive a pro rata. share of the poor school fund for each child under their charge. This system placed within the reach of every child in the state the means of obtaining the rudiments of an English education, although it contained many defects and was open to severe criticism. Magistrates, under the law, were to make returns of the poor children, but the duty was often neglected or imperfectly performed. Those who were able to pay the tuition of their children were expected to do so, and pride on the part of the poor parents frequently impelled them to keep their children out of school, rather than to be regarded as objects of charity. Governor Schley, in 1837, said of this phase of the sub ject: "Poverty, though a great inconvenience, is no crime; and it is highly improper, whilst you offer to aid the cause of education, to say to a portion of the people, 'You are poor.' Thousands of freemen who, though indigent, are honest, patriotic and valuable citizens, will refuse your bounty and despise the hand that offers it, because it is accompanied with insult."
Prior to 1860 public sentiment, as a rule, was opposed to the idea

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that it was the function of the commonwealth to educate the chil dren of the people at the expense of the state, though it was con ceded that the poor children might be thus given a certain dgree of schooling. After the Confederate war the present public school system was adopted and free schools became universal. (See Pub lic School Systems). In connection with the general public school system there are numerous special school systems, regulated by local laws and subject to local management. The first of these was put into operation in Chatham county under the act of March 21, 186G. Columbus came next, under the provisions of the act of Dec. 28, 1866, and Atlanta followed in 1870, when the school law was so amended as to make the special systems operative all over the state. Since then they have been established in nearly all the counties where there are cities of any importance.
Higher education has received considerable attention, not only by the state through the state university, with its different branches, but also through the colleges under the auspices of relig ious denominations and numerous private schools. The state uni versity, leading denominational colleges, and schools for profes sional training are treated elsewhere in this work under the appro priate heads.
Educational Society. Concerning this organization Doctor Wil son, in his work on Necrology, p. 29, says: "The most important enterprise ever entered into by any ecclesiastical body in the state had its inception at the session of Hopewell Presbytery at Thyatira Church, in the spring of 1823. This was the formation of the Georgia Educational Society. Out of this enterprise arose the whole movement of denominational education in the state. To it we trace the existence of Oglethorpe University, Emory College, and Mercer University."
Edwards, Charles Gordon, junior member of the successful law firm of Alexander & Edwards, of Savannah, was born near Daisy, Tattnall county, Ga., July 2, 1879, and is a son of Hon. Thomas J. and Annie (Conley) Edwards, both of whom were likewise born in Georgia, the former near Fido, April 3, 1832, and the latter in Ringgold, March 31, 1838. Willis F. Edwards, grandfather of Thomas J., was a patriot soldier of the Continental line during the Revolution, having entered the ranks, from North Carolina, when a mere boy and serving until the close of the war. William F. Conley, maternal great-grandfather of him whose name initiates this article, likewise served with distinction in the Revolution, as a member of the Virginia troops. Rev. William Fletcher Conley,

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grandfather of Charles G. Edwards, assisted in the suppression of the Indians during the early days in Georgia, having been one of the pioneers of Tattnall county, as was also Dr. William H.
Edwards, the paternal grandfather. The
Edwards and Conley families have been
most prominent in connection with the annals of Tattnall and Bryan counties.
Hon. Thomas J. Edwards was a valiant soldier of the Confederacy in the Civil
war, having enlisted in 1861, as a private
in Company D, Fifth Georgia cavalry,
and serving as a courier for Col. Robert Anderson during the entire course of the
war. He was several times captured,
but on each occasion his finesse and
daring enabled him to escape. He was an active participant in a number of engagements and was offered promotion, but refused to leave Colonel Anderson. He surrendered at the close of the war but has never taken the oath of allegiance or given up his arms. He and his wife now resides in Daisy, Tattnall county, Ga. They have seven sons, all vigorous and ambitious. Charles G. Edwards se cured his preliminary discipline in the public schools of Tattnall county, while this was supplemented by well directed study in the universities of Florida and Georgia, in the law department of the latter of which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1898. He forthwith entered upon the active practice of his pro fession in Reidsville, Tattnall county, being but nineteen years of age at the time. There he remained until Dec. 7, 1900, when he lo cated in Savannah, where he entered into a professional partner ship with A. L. Alexander, with whom he has since been associated in successful practice, under the firm title of Alexander & Edwards. He is a stanch Democrat in politics but is not active in political affairs. His grandfather Dr. William H. Edwards cast the first Democratic ballot ever voted in Tattnall county. Air. Edwards is a steward in the Wesley Monumental church, Methodist Episco pal South, in Savannah; is affiliated with the Sigma Nu college fraternity; Landrum Lodge, No. 48, Free and Accepted Masons, and Live Oak Lodge, No. 3, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He is a member of the Savannah bar association, is prominent in charitable work in Savannah and is interested in various local en terprises. He is district commander for the State of Georgia for

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the United Sons of Confederate Veterans, in which organization he is most active and enthusiastic. He was formerly identified with the militia of the state, having been second lieutenant in Oglethorpe light infantry at the time of his withdrawal, by reason of temporarily impaired health. On Dec. 17, 1902, Mr.'Edwards was united in marriage to Miss Ora Beach, daughter of Hon. William W. and Margie (Hinson) Beach, of Waycross, Ga., and of this union there is one son, Charles Beach Edwards, born Oct. 30, 1904.
Edwards, Harry Stillwell, author of the "Two Runaways," and ether stories, was born at Macon, Ga., April 23, 1854. He received his early training in a private school, but when only fifteen years old went to Washington, D. C. to enter business life. Returning to Georgia he graduated at Mercer university, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For a time he practiced law, but the publica tion and success of his first story "Varoli Bayerdierre" led him to desert the law for literature. He became local editor of the Macon Telegraph, and later part owner and associate editor in connection with Albert R. Lamar. His first story of real merit was "Elder Brown's Backslide" published in Harper's Magazine. It was fol lowed by others of equal merit, in the Century, St. Nicholas and Youth's Companion. He served for a time as postmaster of Macon ; still continues his literary work, and won the $10,000 of fered by the Chicago Record for the best novel.
Edwards, Walter Evans, M. D., who is engaged in the practice of his profes sion at Cordele, Crisp county, is recog nized as one of the able representatives of his profession in his native common wealth. He was born near Warrenton, Warren county, Ga., Jan. 21, 1868, and is a son of William Henry Edwards, who was born in Columbia county, Ga., in 1810, and Mary Elizabeth (Perry) Ed wards, who was born in Warren county, in 1826. Judge William H. Edwards en listed for service as a soldier of the Con federacy at the time of the Civil war, becoming a member of the Third Georgia volunteer infantry, but on acount of delicate health he was unable to enter the field and was therefore detailed as guard in Andersonville prison. He served as judge of the inferior court of Warren county after the war. The maternal grandfather of the

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subject of this sketch was a patriot soldier in the Continental line in the war of the Revolution and took part in the battle of Guilford Court House, N. C. Doctor Edwards completed his literary education in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., and for six years was successfully engaged in teaching in the common schools, in both Georgia and Florida. He then began the work of preparing him self for his chosen profession, finally entering the famous Balti more medical college, Baltimore, Md., where he was graduated on April 22, 1896, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In Sep tember of the same year he located in Cordele, where he has since been engaged in practice and where he has gained high prestige in his profession, being known as a skilled physician and surgeon. In 1905 he was appointed a member of the military staff of Col. W. E. Wooten, commanding the Fourth regiment of Georgia state troops, and in this connection he is serving as assistant surgeon, with the rank of captain. In 1899 he was appointed state oil in spector for the Cordele district, and has since remained incumbent of this office. He is local surgeon of the Georgia Southern & Flor ida and the Atlantic & Birmingham Railway Companies, and is medical examiner of a number of life-insurance companies. The doc tor holds membership in the American medical association, the Med ical Association of Georgia, the American association of life insur ance examining surgeons, and the Crisp County medical society, of which last mentioned he is an ex-president. He is a stalwart in the ranks of the Democratic party, but has never sought or held office. In 1904, he was a delegate to the Democratic state convention and an alternate delegate to the national convention, held in St. Louis. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On May 9, 1897, Doctor Edwards was married to Miss Elizabeth B. Stewart, daughter of Rev. William W. and Martha Paul (Corbin) Stewart, of Galveston, Tex., and the two children of this union are Ruth Haseltine and William Walter
Edwards, W. P., was a native of Georgia, and w; s elected rep resentative in Congress from that state as a Republican in 1868.
Edy, a post-village of Lowndes county, with a population of 50 in 1900, is ten miles northeast of Valdosta on the Atlantic Coast Line railway.
Effie, a post-hamlet of WThitfield county, is located near the western base of the Chattoogatta mountains, about five miles southwest of Dalton, which is the most convenient railroad station.
Effingham County was once a part of the parishes of St. Mat thew and St. Philip, which were formed in 1758. When the par-

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ishes were changed to counties in 1777 it was named for the Earl : of Effingham, who in Parliament gallantly defended the interests
of the American colonists, and who resigned his commission in the British army, when his regiment was ordered to America. In the convention of 1788, to ratify the Federal constitution, the county was represented by Jenkins Davis and Nathan Brownson. In 1893 a part of the county was added to Screven and the following year a portion was given to Bryan. It lies in the extreme eastern part of the state and is bounded on the north by Screven county, on the east by the State of South Carolina, on the south by Chatham and on the west by Bryan and Bulloch. The Savannah river on the eastern border and the Ogeechee on the west drain the land and supply an abundance t of fish, some of the finest shad which find their way into the markets of Savannah coming fresh from these streams. The surface is level and still bears much of the original forest of pine and cypress. Earge quantities of lumber and naval stores are annually shipped to Savannah. The agricultural prod ucts are cotton, corn, peas, potatoes, rice, melons, peaches, apples, quinces, pears and grapes. The Central of Georgia railroad runs through the western part, the Seaboard Air Eine through the east ern, while the Southern touches the extreme southeastern corner. All these lines converge at Savannah, thus providing easy trans portation to a certain market. Springfield, the county seat, is situated in the midst of a pine region, about twenty-seven miles from Savannah. Guyton, Marlow, Egypt and Stillwell are im portant towns. Ebenezer, an old German settlement in the eastern part of the county, was one of the first places outside of Savannah to be founded. The population in 1900 was 8,334, an increase of 2,735 in ten years.
Egan, a post-hamlet of Fulton county, is in the southern part on the Atlanta & Griffin division of the Central of Georgia railroad.
Egypt, a village in the northwestern part of Effingham county, is on the main line of the Central of Georgia railroad and in 1900 reported a population of 250. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, some good stores and being located in the midst of a fertile section is a shipping point of some note.
Elbert County was laid out in 1790 from Wilkes. It is bounded on the north by Hart county, on the northeast and east by the State of South Carolina, on the south by Eincoln, Wilkes and Oglethorpe, and on the west by Madison and Oglethorpe. It was named for Samuel Elbert, commander of the Georgia Continen tals in the Revolution and governor of the state in 1785. The first

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superior court of Elbert county was held at the house of T. A. Carter in January, 1791, Judge Walton presiding. The people of Elbert county suffered much from Indian depredations immediate ly after the Revolution. Stockade forts were erected in many of the settlements, to which the settlers might fly for protection. But the red men approached so steathily that these often proved of no avail. The Indians spared neither man, woman or child and many stories are told of the suffering of the settlers as well as of romantic escapes. Nancy Hart, the celebrated revolutionary heroine, lived on the bank of the Broad river in this county. Dr. William Bibb, member of Congress and first governor of Alabama, was for years a practicing physician of Petersburg. The Savannah river on the eastern border and the Broad river on the west and southwest, together with many smaller streams which flow across the sur face in all directions, make Elbert one of the best watered counties in the state. Along the streams the land is exceedingly fertile. Away from them the soil is not so good, but under proper culti vation it yields good crops of cotton, Irish and sweet potatoes, field and ground peas, and the cereals. Vegetables of all kinds do well, apples, peaches and all kind of berries grow to perfection, though but little fruit is exported. Much of the original forest still stands, and a small quantity of lumber is manufactured. An excellent quality of blue granite suitable for ornamental and monumental work is quarried. The water-power is unsurpassed and is being utilized to some extent. Elberton, the county seat, is a manufac turing center and furnishes a market for much of the produce of the county. There are no large towns in the county, the most im portant being Bowman, Beverly, Cold Water, Concordia, Critic, Dewy Rose and Middleton. The transportation facilities are good. The population of the county in 1900 was 19,729, a gain of 4,353, since 1890. On the Savannah river above the mouth of the Broad is a very remarkable Indian mound.
Elbert, Samuel, governor of Georgia in 1785, was born in Prince William parish, S. C. in 1743. Being left an orphan he went to Savannah and entered a mercantile life. In 1774 he was made cap tain of a company of grenadiers; in 1775 a member of the Council of Safety; on Feb. 6, 1776, he became lieutenant-colonel and in the following September was made colonel of a battalion of Continen tal troops. In April, 1777, he led an expedition against East Flor ida and in 1778 he captured three vessels off St. Simon's Island. Colonel Elbert took part in the battle of Brier Creek, where he commanded a brigade. In this engagement he was captured by the

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British and after being exchanged he participated in the military operations around Savannah, and was with Washington at the siege of Yorktown. In 1783 he was commissioned brigadier-gen eral; was elected governor of Georgia in 1785 and later was ap pointed major-general of militia. Elbert county was named in his honor. He died in Savannah Nov. 2, 1788.
Elberton, the county seat of Elbert county, located on the Sea board Air Line railway and the branch of the Southern railway that connects it with Toccoa was incorporated by act of the legis lature in 1803 and reincorporated in 1806. This is one of the best built and most progressive of the smaller cities of Georgia. It has electric lights, a fine system of water works, a court house that cost $35,000, three banks, handsome stores, mostly of brick, express and telegraph offices and important manufactories, among which are a cotton mill and carriage factory, and in its vicinity is a $10,000 flour mill with patent roller process. Near by are quarries of some of the best granite in the limits of Georgia. It has a money order post office with rural free delivery and the church and school buildings are a credit to the town. Out of the average annual re ceipts and shipments of cotton in Elbert county, amounting to 30,000 bales, Elberton handles 23,000. According to the census of 1900 the population of Elberton was 3,834 and of the whole dis trict 4,841. Although one of the old towns, in one of the oldest counties of Georgia, it was the coming of the railroads that gave it new life and a rapid growth, and the future promises still greater things for this enterprising little city.
Elder, Eugene B., M. D., superintendent and resident physicijan of the Macon hospitals and dispensary, representing one of the most beneficent institutions of Macon, was born at Indian Springs, Ga., August 12, 1875, and is a. son of William A. and Jennie (San ders) Elder both of whom were likewise born and reared in Geor gia, the genealogy tracing back to stanch Scotch and English ori gin. William A. Elder has been for many years engaged in the hotel business at Indian Springs, _Butts county, being proprietor of the Calumet hotel. Doctor Elder secured his literary or acad emic discipline in Mercer university, in Macon, where he gradu ated as a member of the class of 1896. He thereafter entered the Chicago school of pharmacy, Chicago, 111., where he was gradu ated in 1897. In fortifying himself for the work of his chosen profession by still further technical discipline, he was matriculated in the Medical College of Georgia, at Augusta, in which he was graduated as a member of the class of 1900, receiving his well

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earned degree of Doctor of Medicine. After valuable experience in New York hospitals he located in Macon, where he became gen eral superintendent and chief resident physician of the Macon hospitals and dispensary, which are to be noted as representing the best hospital service to be found in the state of Georgia at the present day, the equipment and facilities being of the best modern type and the management all that skill and technical knowledge can offer. In connection with the hospital is maintained an excel lent training school for nurses, the same being chartered and af fording a full three years' course. Doctor Elder is an able and pop ular administrative officer and a physician and surgeon of high attainments, so that he is eminently well qualified for the dual office which he now holds. He is a member of the American med ical association, the Georgia state medical association and the Ma con medical society, standing high in the esteem of his professional confreres. He is a Democrat in his political allegiance and is affiliated with the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Benevolent and Pro tective Order of Elks.
Eldora, a post-hamlet in the extreme northern part of Bryan county, is on the line of the Savannah & Statesboro railroad.
Eldorendo, a post-village in the northern part of Decatur county, is on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad and in 1900 reported a population of 101. It is the principal shipping point between Colquitt and Bainbridge.
Electoral Vote. Georgia has been represented in the electoral college at every presidential election, with the exception of that of 1864. In 1789 5 votes were cast for George Washington, 2 for John Milton, of Georgia, and 1 for Benjamin Lincoln, of Massa chusetts. At the same election Edward Telfair, of Georgia, re ceived 1 vote for vice-president. Since the first election the vote has been cast as follows: 1792, 4 for Washington and Adams; 1796, 4 for Jefferson and Clinton; 1800, 4 for Jefferson and Burr; 1804, 6 for Jefferson and Clinton; 1808, 6 for Madison and Clinton; 1812, 8 for Madison and Gerry; 1816, 8 for Monroe and Tompkins; 1820, 8 for Monroe and Tompkins; 1824, 9 for Crawford and Van Buren; 1828, 9 for Jackson for president, 7 for William Smith, of South Carolina, and 2 for Calhoun for vice-president; 1832, 11 for Jackson and Van Buren; 1836, 11 for Hugh L. White and John Tyler; 1840, 11 for Harrison and Tyler; 1844, 10 for Polk and Dal las; 1848, 10 for Taylor and Fillmore; 1852, 10 for Pierce and King; King; 1856, 10 for Buchanan and Breckenridge; 1860, 10 for

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Breckinridge and Lane; 1868, 9 for Seymour and Blair; 1872, 6 for B. Gratz Brown, 2 for Charles J. Jenkins, of Georgia, and 3 not counted, for president; for vice-president at the same election Brown received 5, A. H. Colquitt 5, and N. P. Banks 1; 1876, 11 for Tilden and Hendricks; 1880, 11 for Hancock and English; 1884, 12 for Cleveland and Hendricks; 1888, 12 for Cleveland and Thurman; 1892, 13 for Cleveland and Stevenson; 1896, 13 for Bryan and Sewall; 1900, 13 for Bryan and Stevenson; 1904, 13 for Parker and Davis.
Elgin, a post-village of Butts county, with a population of 62 in 1900, is four miles west of Indian Springs, which is the nearest railroad station.
Elko, a town in Houston county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Oct. 6, 1891. The population in 1900 was 171. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service, is located on the Central of Georgia railroad that runs from Macon into Florida, and is the principal trading and shipping point in the southern part of the county.
Ellabell, a town of Bryant county, is located on the Seaboard Air Line railway, about ten miles northwest of Clyde, and in 1900 had a population of 180. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, some mercantile interests and is the leading shipping point for that part of the county.
Ellaville, the county seat of Schley county, is located on the line of the Central of Georgia railway connecting Columbus and Americus. The town was incorporated by an act of the legisla ture in 1859. It has a good courthouse, a well equipped postoffice, with money order and rural mail departments, a branch of the Southwestern bank of Americus, and good schools and churches. The population in 1900 was 474, and that of the district was' 2,300. The population of the town was estimated at the beginning of 1905 at 700. The merchants of Ellaville have a good trade that extends over a considerable territory, as the town is the principal market for nearly all the county.
Ellenwood, a village in the eastern part of Clayton county, is on the line of the Southern railway that runs from Atlanta to Macon. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery routes emanating from it, some mercantile and shipping interests and in 1900 had a population of 80.
Ellerslie, a village in the southeastern part of Harris county, is on the Columbus & McDonough division of the Southern railway. It has a money order postoffice, with rural free delivery to the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

surrounding territory, some mercantile and shipping interests and in 1900 reported a population of 102.
Ellijay, the seat of justice of Gilmer county, is located on the Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern railway and was incorporated by an act of the general assembly in 1834. The town occupies the site of the old Indian town of "Ellija," from which it takes its name. Whitepath, the chief of the town, went to Washington with John Ross in 1884, and while in the capital was presented with a silver watch by President Jackson. This watch the old chief always cherished until his death, after which it was sold and the proceeds applied to the erection of a monument to his mem ory. From the town of Ellijay good views are commanded in all directions, owing to its elevated position. The population in 1900 was 581, and in the district, of which Ellijay is the center, it was 2,472. It enjoys good educational and religious advantages, has a money order postoffice, with several rural routes leading from it, express and telegraph offices, a bank, two tanneries, and a large saw mill, with a daily capacity of 50,000 feet.
Elliott, a post-hamlet of Appling county, is about six miles northeast of Baxley, which is the nearest railroad station.
Elliott, John, who was somewhat prominent in Georgia affairs in the early part of the nineteenth century, graduated at Yale col lege in 1794, after which he studied law and began practice at Sunbury. His most notable service in a public capacity was in the United States senate, where he served from December, 1819, to March, 1825. He died at Sunbury on August 9, 1827.
Elliott, Robert E., one of the repre sentative business men of Augusta, con ducts a finely appointed undertaking es tablishment at 1033 Ellis street, being one of the leading funeral directors and embalmers of the city, and also an in terested principal in the furniture busi ness conducted under the firm name of Elliott & Young, at 1852 Broad -street. Mr. Elliott was born in Bethany; Jeffer son county, Ga., March 23, 1860, and is a son of Robert A. and Laura- J. (W-yse) Elliott, both of whom were born in Richmond county, Ga. The father, who was born on Jan. 27, 1827, learned the wheelwright's trade, and prior to the Civil war con ducted a carriage and wagon shop at Bethany. After the war he

::

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661

engaged in the same line of enterprise at McBean, Richmond : county, where he remained until his death, which occurred on Sept.
1, 1886. He was a soldier of the Confederacy during the four : years of the Civil war, having entered as a private, but was a non; commissioned officer at the time of his retirement. His wife sur: vived him by about three years, her death occurring on Oct. 13, : 1889. She was a cousin of Zachary Taylor, twelfth president of the United States. Two sons and two daughters survive the mother, namely: Robert E., whose name initiates this article; Sallie E., who is the wife of John R. Goff; Emma C, who is the wife of Robert Peebles; and William T., who is a resident of Au gusta, as are also the two sisters. Robert E. Elliott secured his rudimentary education in the Berlin school, in Richmond county, the institution at that time being established in a log building, and he thereafter continued to attend school until he was seventeen years of age, when he took up his residence in the city of Augusta, where he was employed for five years as a clerk in the grocery of the late Michael Colclough. He then engaged in the same line of enterprise on his own responsibility, later closing out his interests in the grocery and embarking in the furniture and undertaking business, establishing himself in both these undertakings in the western section of Augusta. In Oct., 1900, he established his undertaking business in the present location, at 1033 Ellis street, where he has the best of modern equipments and facilities. He is a graduate of Clark's school of embalming, of Atlanta, and also of the Southern school of embalming, in Augusta, and on June 30, 1900, he passed a successful examination before the state board of embalming. He is a member of the National funeral directors' association and the Georgia funeral directors' association, and holds the office of coroner of Richmond county. In politics Mr. Elliott is known as a strong advocate of the principles of the Democratic party; he served two terms in the city council, repre senting the fifth ward; was fire warden from that ward one year, and was for two years a member of the county board of registra tion. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fel lows, Improved Order of Red Men, Knights of Pythias, Junior Order of United American Mechanics, and the American Protec tive Association, and was for two years a non-commissioned of ficer in the- Richmond Hussars, a prominent local military organ ization. He and his wife are members of the Broadway Methodist Episcopal church South, in which he served as steward for several years. On Feb. 13, 1889, Mr. Elliott was united in marriage to

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Miss Corinthia A. Shipp, daughter of Thomas A. and Cordelia (Harden) Shipp, honored residents of Augusta, where they cele brated their golden-wedding anniversary on Nov. 15, 1905. Mr. and Mrs. Elliott have eight children, namely: Chesley Vernon, Eddie Beryl, Robert Alien, 'Velma Lee, Lester Franklin, Herbert Stevens, Beulah Marion, and Elinor Christine.
Elliott, Stephen, first Protestant Episcopal bishop of Georgia, was born at Beaufort, S. C, August 31, 1806. In 1824 he gradu ated at Harvard, then studied law, and from 1827 to 1833 prac ticed in Beaufort and Charleston. In 1835 he was ordained a deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church, became a priest the following year, and in 1840 was chosen first bishop of Georgia and the thirty-seventh in succession in the American episcopate. He was consecrated on Feb. 28, 1841. At that time the diocese con tained about three hundred communicants and seven clergymen, but by his ability as an organizer and his natural qualifications as a leader of men he soon increased the strength of the church in his see. In addition to the duties of bishop he served as rector of St. John's church at Savannah until 1845, when he removed to Montpelier to take charge of the female institute there. In 1844 he was made provisional bishop of Florida and entered heartily into the scheme for founding the University of the South, which was destined to be a failure. To Bishop Elliott is clue in a great meas ure the founding of the general council of the church in the south ern states. He succeeded Bishop Meade as senior bishop of the general council, and was a potent factor in bringing about the reunion of the two branches of the church. He published several volumes of sermons and addresses and in the latter years of his life served as rector of Christ church, Savannah. He died in that city Dec. 21, 1866.
Ellis, Henry, governor of Georgia from 1757 to 1760, was born in England in 1721. He studied law in the Temple but later de voted his energies to scientific and geographical research. In 1746 he made a voyage in search of the Northwest Passage and on his return recounted his experience in two books, which were widely read, and which secured him a fellowship in the Royal So ciety and an appointment as deputy commissioner-general. On Feb. 16, 1756, he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Georgia and in May of the following year was promoted to the rank of royal governor. His administration was wise and beneficial to the colony. The Indians were placated and many needed public works inaugurated. Continued ill health compelled him to resign.

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

663

He often complained that Savannah was the hottest place on earth, and it is said that on unusually warm days he could be seen on the streets with an umbrella over him with a thermometer fastened to its top. From 1761 to 1764 he was governor of Nova Scotia, and the rest of his life was spent in scientific research. He died near Naples, Italy, Jan. 21, 1806.
Ellis, James Nimmo, M. D., one of the representative physicians and surgeons of the city of Atlanta, comes of distinguished an cestry in both the agnatic and maternal lines, the respective fami lies having early been founded in the patrician Old Dominion, that cradle of so much of our national history. Doctor Ellis was born at "Afton," the family homestead, in Buckingham county, Va., March 6, 1863, and is a son of Richard Shelton and Anne Fearn (Perkins) Ellis, the former of whom was born in the city of Rich mond, Va., and the latter at "Solitude," Buckingham county, that state. In the paternal line the genealogy is of English and Welsh extraction, and the first representatives of the name in America located on the eastern coast of Virginia early in the eighteenth century. The paternal grandmother of the doctor was of Scotch and English descent, through the Nimmo and Thoroughgood fam ilies. His maternal great-great-grandfather received from King George II a grant for estates in Virginia and the same are now held by the subject of this sketch and his brothers. William Per kins, great-grandfather of the doctor, owned the fine estate known as "Solitude," in Buckingham county, and was colonel of a mili tia regiment in the Colonial service in the war of the Revolution. He commanded his regiment in the battle of Guilford Court House and took part in other engagements. William Perkins, of Missis sippi, great-great-uncle of Doctor Ellis, arrested Aaron Burr, in 1807, and took him through the country from Mississippi to Vir ginia, turning him over to the authorities at Richmond to be tried for treason. The doctor's great-uncle, Judge Powhatan Ellis, was minister to Mexico during the administration of President Buchanan. Richard S. Ellis, father of him whose name initiates this sketch, enlisted, in 1864, as a private in a regiment of Vir ginia infantry, in the Confederate service, and took part in the campaigns in the valley of Virginia, being in the command of Gen. Jubal A, Early. Prior to his enlistment he had been refused as a volunteer, by reason of his impaired eyesight, but he had acted as distributing agent for supplies and rations furnished to indigent families of Confederate soldiers in Buckingham county. Dr. James N. Ellis secured his early educational training under

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the direction of private tutors, and later attended the Slate River academy, the Virginia normal college, the University of Nash ville, Tenn., and the Medical College of Virginia, at Richmond, in which last mentioned he was president of, and graduated as a member of the class of 1889, receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He was resident physician of the Retreat for the Sick, in Richmond, in 1889-90, and thereafter was engaged in the private practice of his profession in that city until 1896. He was surgeon and superintendent of the out-door clinic of the Medical College of Virginia from 1890 to 1893, inclusive; was demonstrator of anatomy in the University college of medicine, 1893-6, and first assistant to Dr. Hunter McGuire, professor of clinical surgery in that institution. He served as surgeon and captain of the First regiment of Virginia cavalry. In 1896 Doctor Ellis made a trip abroad for post-graduate work in professional lines, taking courses in Vienna, Berlin, London and Paris. He returned to America in 1898 and took up his residence and the practice of his profes sion in the city of Atlanta. At the present time he is visiting sur geon of the Grady hospital and is gynecologist to the Presbyterian hospital. He is a member of the Medical society of Virginia, the Georgia state medical association, the American medical associa tion, the Fulton county medical society, the Southern surgical and gynecological association, and the Twelfth international medical congress. He is aligned as a stanch supporter of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, and holds membership in the Virginia chapter of the Sons of the Revolution, and in the Capital City club and Piedmont Driving club of Atlanta. On Feb. 12, 1896, Doctor Ellis was united in marriage to Miss Leila Venable, daughter of Richard and Cornelia (Hoyt) Venable, of Atlanta, and they are prominent in the social life of the capital city. They have no children.
Elm, a post-hamlet of Colquitt county, is on the headwaters of the Ochlockonee river, about seven miles northwest of Moultrie. Schley, on the Georgia Northern railway, is the nearest station.
Elsie, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Ware county, is on the Nicholls & Waycross division of the Atlantic & Birmingham railroad. It has an express office and does some shipping.
Elton, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Tattnall county, is on the Ohoopee river. Cobbtown, on the Stillmore Air Line, is the nearest railroad station.
Elza, a post-village of Tattnall county, is about ten miles south-

iii;

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;;; west of Reidsville. The population in 1900 was 57. Reidsville is tke nearest railroad station. Emancipation Proclamation. On Sept. 22, 1862, President
i: Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring: "That on the first day i; of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred ;; and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or :: designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in :: rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, :: and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United ;;; States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will rec: ognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no : act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts : they may make for their actual freedom." ; The proclamation further declared that on the 1st of January : the president would designate the states to be included in the ap: plication of the proclamation. Georgia was, as a matter of course, '-. included in the second declaration. This action on the part of : Mr. Lincoln was regarded by the people of the south as a strictly : political war measure, for an effect to be produced upon foreign countries. Up to this time the attitude of the United States gov ernment had been that of restricting slavery to the section of the country where it already existed. But by this proclamation it became evident that the arms of the United States were to be used not only to limit, but also to abolish slavery. Fears were enter tained that when the knowledge of the proclamation reached the negroes there would be an uprising among them, but these fears proved to be unfounded. A writer in the "Memoirs of Georgia" says: "But the negroes manifested no disposition to disturb the peace. History will record to their praise that while actual war was pending on the soil of Georgia they quietly awaited the issue of the fiery struggle between the South and the North. Entire communities of women and children were left in their charge, while able-bodied white men were away on the battle-field, and the trust was faithfully kept. Instances of criminal acts were so rare that at this period none are recalled, and while this fidelity is proof of the peaceful character of the negro, it is also evidence for their owners that slavery had produced no personal hostilities between the two races in Georgia, and that the treatment of the negro by his owner under the law had been such as to "maintain between them personal attachment and mutual confidence."
In the North the proclamation was received with salutes of one hundred guns in some of the cities, notably Pittsburg and Buffalo,

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and Governor Andrew of Massachusetts issued a proclamation ordering such a salute, "as an official recognition of its justice and necessity, by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts." As to the effect abroad, it is seen in a letter from Earl Russell to .Lord Lyons, the closing words of which are: "There seems to be no declara tion of a principle adverse to slavery in this proclamation. It is a measure of war, and a measure of war of a very questionable kind. As President Lincoln ha's twice appealed to the judgment of mankind in his proclamation, I venture to say that I do not think it can or ought to satisfy the friends of abolition, who look for total and impartial freedom for the slave, and not for ven geance upon the slaveowner."
Emanuel County was laid out from Bulloch and Montgomery in 1812, and was named for David Emanuel, a noted Georgian. In August, 1905, a portion was taken to form Jenkins county. Pre vious to this partition it was bounded on the north by Burke and Jefferson counties, on the east by Screven and Bulloch, on the southeast by Bulloch and Tattnall, on the southwest by Mont gomery, on the west by Laurens and on the northwest by John son. The Ogeechee river separates the county from Burke, and numerous other streams cross the surface, all of which are well supplied with fish. The land is level and the soil is fertile, espe cially near the streams. Potatoes, sugar-cane and the cereals are raised in abundance, but cotton is the principal crop, and great quantities of this staple are handled at Swainsboro, the county seat. The Dover & Brewton division of the Central of Georgia system crosses the county from east to west, which with the Stillmore Air Line, the Millen & Southwestern, and the Midville, Swainsboro & Red Bluff railroads afford ample opportunities for travel or transportation. The population of the county in 1905 was 21,279, a gain of 6,576 in ten years.
Emanuel, David, sixth governor of Georgia, was born in 1742. He settled in Burke county about 1768 and took active part in the Revolution. After the war he represented his county in the legis lature for several years, acting on the committee which in 1796 ex amined into and reported against the Yazoo land grants. Later he became president of the senate, and in 1801 was elected gover nor of the state. His death occurred in Burke county, in 1808.
Embassadors. Georgia has been several times represented in the diplomatic service of the United States. On April 9, 1813, William H. Crawford was commissioned minister plenipotentiary to France by President Madison; in 1845 William H. Stiles was

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667

appointed minister to Austria by President James K. Polk; to this
same position Henry R. Jackson was appointed by President
Pierce in 1853, and Alexander R. Lawton was also appointed min
ister to Austria in 1887 by President Cleveland; John Forsyth
served as minister to Spain under the administration of James
Monroe, having been appointed in 1819 ; Gen. James Longstreet
was appointed minister to Turkey by President Hayes in 1880,
and Alfred E. Buck served as minister to Japan under President McKinley's first administration.
Emerson, a town of Bartow county, was incorporated by act of the legislature on Nov. 11, 1889. The population in 1900 was 111. It is located on the Western & Atlantic railroad, about six miles southeast of Cartersville, has a money order postoffice, ex press and telegraph service, some good stores and manufacturing establishments. Among the manufactured products are hydraulic cement, guano filler and ocher.
Emily, a post-hamlet Jn the eastern part of Carroll county, is ten miles from Carrollton and five miles north of Ranning, on the Central of Georgia, which is the nearest railroad station.
Emma, a post-hamlet in the northern part of Dawson county, is about twelve miles east of Jasper, which is the nearest railroad station.
Emmalane, a post-hamlet of Jenkins county, is on the Millen & Southwestern railroad, about five miles from Millen. The popu lation in 1900 was 32.
Emory College. On Dec. 29, 1836, the legislature passed an act authorizing the Georgia conference of the Methodist Episcopal church South to establish and maintain a college at Oxford, New ton county, and providing for a board of seventeen directors to control its affairs. The first formal meeting of this board was held at Covington on Feb. 6, 1837, and the ensuing December the organization was completed by the election of Ignatius A. Few as president of Emory college. The first class, of three students was graduated in 1841. Subsequently the cooperative patronage of the Florida conference has been added to those of Georgia, which has widened the field and influence of the institution. In addition to the usual course of study in schools of its class, Emory has a department of technology, established in 1884, which has added materially to'its reputation. Through its helping halls and free scholarships the way has been opened to many young men to acquire a higher education. Its library and mineral collection are among the best in the South, if not in the country.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

;

Empire, a village in the northern part of Dodge county, is at the

junction of the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern and;

the Wrightsville & Tennille railroads. It has a money order post- :

office, with rural free delivery, express and telegraph service and ;

in 1900 reported a population of 50.

:

Enal, a post-village of Bulloch county, with a population of 86

in 1900, is in the Lotts creek valley, about twelve miles south of :

Statesboro. Groveland, on the Seaboard Air Line, is the most

convenient railroad station.

:

Enchanted Mountain. In Union county, near the Towns county

line, is an elevation known as the "Enchanted Moutain." It is a

spur of the Blue Ridge and derives its name from the large num

ber of tracks in the rocks that appear at various places on the

slope of the mountain. The following description of these im

pressions was written by Dr. Stevenson, of Dahlonega, and ap

pears in White's Historical Collections.

"The number visible or defined is one hundred and thirty-six,

some of them quite natural and perfect, others rather rude imita

tions, and most of them, from the effects of time, have become

more or less obliterated. They comprise human feet from those

of four inches in length to that of the great warrior, which meas

ures seventeen and a half inches in length, and seven and three-

quarters in breadth across the toes. What is a little curious, all

the human feet are natural, except this, which has six toes, prov

ing him to have been a descendant of Titan. There are twenty-

six of these impressions, all bare, save one, which has the appear

ance of having worn moccasins. A fine-turned hand, rather deli

cate, occupied a place near the great warrior, and is probably the

impression of his wife's hand, who, no doubt, accompanied her

husband in all his excursions, sharing his toils, and soothing his

cares. Many horse tracks are to be seen. One seems to have

been shod. Some are very small, and one measures twelve and

half inches by nine and half inches. This, the Indians say, was

the great war-horse which their chieftain rode. The tracks of a

great many turkeys, turtles, terrapins, a large bear's paw, a snake,

and two deer are to be seen."

Several traditions existed among the Indians regarding these

tracks. One is that the "Great Canoe" once landed on this spot,

and that all the animals and people who had been saved in it from

the deluge here disembarked, leaving their footprints in the rocks,

which had been softened by being so long under the water. An

other is that a bloody battle took place here at a very early date

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

669

between the ancestral tribes of the Creeks and the Cherokees, and that these tracks are hieroglyphics to commemorate the event. .The postoffice of Trackrock is located in a gap of the mountain, .from which it takes its name. : Enecks, a post-village in the extreme southeastern part of Screven county, is on the Savannah river. The population in 1900 was 101. The nearest railroad station is Oliver, on the Cen:tral of Georgia, but the Savannah river steamers afford facilities for transportation.
England, John, Roman Catholic Bishop, was born at Cork, Ire land, Sept. 23, 1786. He was educated at the theological college of Carlow; spent some time in instructing the Cork militia; estab lished an asylum for unprotected females; was employed by the bishop of Carlow to deliver a course of moral lectures in the cathe dral during lent, and in 1808 was made president of the theological seminary at Cork. In 1817 he was appointed to the parish of Baudon, where he showed the great executive ability that led to his being nominated for th,e first bishop of the Charleston diocese in 1820. In accepting the appointment Dr. England decided to become a citizen of the United States and declined to take the oath of allegiance required of bishops who were subjects of the British crown. He was, therefore, consecrated in the church of St. Finbars, Cork, on Sept. 21, 1820, by Bishop Murphy, and sailed at once for America, reaching Charleston on December 30th. The diocese included the states of North and South Carolina and Geor gia, a territory of nearly 150,000 square miles without a railroad. There were but two churches and two priests in the entire see. Most of the Catholics were Irish immigrants or refugees from San Domingo, and were in a chaotic state. The activity of Bishop England soon began to bear fruit in the establishment of congre gations and the erection of churches. He opened a school at Charleston, where he taught theology to candidates for the priest hood, and as a missionary was indefatigable in his labors. His address before the Philosophical literary association of Charleston, on the subject of duelling, to which he was decidedly opposed, distinguished him at once as an orator and a logician of the high est order. He was the first Catholic clergyman ever invited to preach in the hall of representatives at Washington. For more than twenty years he continued his labors in the South, and died at Charleston, April 11, 1842,
English Eddy, a post-hamlet in the extreme southwestern part Tattnall county, is on the Altamaha river. The population in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

1900 was 41. It is some distance to the nearest railroad station, but the steamers on the Altamaha river afford transportation to Darien and thus give connection with the Atlantic ports.
English, James Warren, of Atlanta, is one of the distinguished citizens and influential business men of the state, having been prominent in public and civic affairs, identified with enterprises
of wide scope and importance, and shown himself at all times loyal, earnest and progressive, while his is the honor also of having rendered gallant service
as a soldier of the Confederacy during the war between the states. Captain
English was born in Orleans parish, La, Oct. 28, 1837, a son of Andrew and Mary (Warren) English. His father was a planter and died when the subject of this sketch was but twelve years of age. Two years later the mother also passed away, leaving the orphaned boy de pendent upon his own resources. He had attended the country schools while on the home plantation and at the age of fifteen years he entered upon an apprenticeship at the trade of carriagemaking, serving four years and becoming a skilled workman, in the meantime attending night schools as opportunity afforded, thus effectively supplementing his rudimentary education. He continued to follow the work of his trade until the outbreak of the Civil war, having in the meanwhile taken up his residence in Griffin, Ga. On April 20, 1861, he enlisted as a private in the Spaulding Grays, at Griffin, and on the same day his company was sent forward to Virginia, as part of the Second Georgia battalion of infantry, which later served in the brigades of Gen. A. R. Wright, Gen. V. J. B. Girardy, and Gen. G. M. Sorrell, participating in nearly every battle fought in Virginia, Maryland and Pennsyl vania. On the night of April 7, 1865, in company with Col. Heman H. Perry, assistant adjutant-general of Sorrell's brigade, he received the first written communication from General Grant to General Lee suggesting the surrender of General Lee's army, and the brigade surrendered with Lee, at Appomattox. Colonel Perry has referred to Captain English as "one of the bravest, cool est, most faithful and vigilant officers in the Confederate army." He was lieutenant in command of his company at the time of the surrender, April 9, 1865. After the close of the war Captain

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:: English decided to make Atlanta his home, and arrived in the pros tate city on May 14, 1865, to find the ashes made by Sherman's :; torches still undisturbed in many places. During the interven ing years he has been a potent factor in Atlanta's growth and ; :pfosperity, in fact the history of no one of the years would be ^complete without the mention of his name and his efforts to pro:::mote the city's interests. In 1877-8 Captain- English was a mem ber of the city council and chairman of its finance committee. In :!;1878 a constitution was submitted to the people of the state, and ::iirnong other questions involved in the same was the permanent ;;location of the state capital, with'especial reference to Atlanta and ; ;:Milledgeville. At that time there was much opposition to its lo::cating in Atlanta, by reason of the capital having been removed ;;to this city under the military government at the close of the war. ; :The mayor and council of Atlanta urged Captain English to or ganize a committee on location of the capital in the city's inter::est and to present her claims to the voters of the state. He ef fected such an organization, and the committee devoted four anonths to the task in hand. After hard and efficient work in be; :half of the city, Atlanta was selected as the permanent capital, :-by a majority of 44,000. A few public-spirited citizens subscribed money to pay for the printing and other legitimate expenses of the committee; the city government did not contribute one dol lar to that fund. In recognition of his able and zealous services as chairman of that committee the citizens of Atlanta presented Captain English a handsome silver tray, appropriately inscribed. In 1881-2 Captain English gave distinguished service at the head of the municipal government. Previously to his election to the office of mayor there were subscribed $300,000 of eight per cent, bonds for the purpose of building what was known as the Georgia Western railroad, extending from Atlanta through the coal fields of Alabama. These bonds were sold at from sixty to eighty cents on the dollar, but little work was accomplished and the road was sold under a judgment obtained by Grant and Alexander, the principal contractors,. and was purchased by the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company, the object being to prevent compe tition. In March, 1881, Captain English and a few other influen tial citizens met in the office of Samuel M. Inman, for the purpose of devising means to acquire title to the property that had thus been sold and to complete the construction of the road as orig inally contemplated. In company with Anthony Murphy Captain English visited New York for the purpose of opening negotiations

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

with the directors of the Louisville & Nashville Company with a: view to regaining possession of the property in question, and after twenty days they succeeded in securing the surrender of the property and making arrangements with others that resulted ia the building of the road from Atlanta through the coal fields o| Alabama to Greenville, on the Mississippi river. This line is. now the property of the Southern Railway Company. After he as^ sumed the office of mayor the first reform work of importance to be undertaken in the interest of good government was the clos ing tip of the numerous gambling houses in the city, at which time the gambling paraphernalia and outfits were burned and the ; gamblers forced to move on. Since that time, 1882, there has not been a gambling house within the corporate limits of the city. Within his administration Mayor English changed the volunteer: fire department to a paid department, bought and paid for the de partment's real estate and equipments and put in operation thfe; present electrical fire-alarm; system. Under his regime was also instituted the first permanent street improvement, and new pumps: were installed in the water : works, in which other noteworthy im~;; ; provements were also made. In March, 1883, after his retirement from the mayoralty, the city council elected him a member of the;; board of police commissioners, on which he served continuously until March, 1905, when he; made unqualified resignation. In Qc-:v tober, 1893, he tendered his resignation as a member of the board,;! but the mayor and council ~:so earnestly urged his reconsideration; of his resignation, manifesting the deepest appreciation of his ef forts and services in a letter of protest against his retirement, that: he felt constrained to continue his service in the capacity. Dur~, ing his tenure of office the police system was greatly improved, the present barracks were erected, the present signal system in-; stalled and the rules for governing the department made efficient: and consistent. During his connection with this board Captain English also served a number of years as a member of the board of education, and was one of the original subscribers to the fund for the erection of the Grady hospital, of which institution he was a trustee for some time. The local Young Men's Christian Asso ciation property was paid for by public subscription, and the first,, and last, meeting held for the purpose of raising the necessary funds to pay for the site and make the improvements was held in the home of Captain English, Capt. Evan P. Howell presiding and Henry W. Grady acting as secretary. Captain English served as chairman of the building committee and chairman of the board

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

673

of trustees, of which latter office he still remains incumbent. At the time of his retirement from the office of mayor of Atlanta, the Atlanta Constitution, under date of Jan. 1, 1883, spoke as follows: "It is seldom that any officer retires from a trust so universally honored and esteemed as does Mayor English this morning. The two years of his rule have been the most prosperous years the city ever knew, much of which is due to the fact that he has been the best mayor within our memory. In every sense his regime has been successful. He has put under control at least a lawless element that has heretofore defied city officials. He has re stricted gambling to a few secret corners, if he has not driven it out altogether. In a financial sense the result has been quite as happy. The English administration closes its year without having one dollar of debt or a single bill payable. A paid fire de partment has been established and a fire-alarm system built. The assessment and tax-paying has been so amended and enforced that, without increasing the burden, the volume of income has been very largely increased. * * * Mayor English leaves of fice without a blot on his name or a stain on his record and will have the confidence and affection of his people." In April, 1885, Captain English became interested in promoting and building railroads, and within the ensuing five years he built 500 miles of railroad in the State of Georgia, and developed some valuable coal and other mineral properties. In 1890 he organized the American Trust & Banking Company, of Atlanta, of which he is still presi dent, as is he also of the Fourth National bank, which he organ ized in 1896. In 1903 he organized the Fulton Building Company, which erected the present building of the Fourth National bank, one of the finest business structures in the city. He is president of the Chattahoochee Brick Company, of Atlanta; is a director of the Central of Georgia Railway Company and the Atlanta & West Point Railway, and was president of the Atlanta Terminal Company, whose structure was completed in May, 1905. He be lieves that the future.prosperity and progress of the south, espe cially of Georgia, depend to a great extent on manufacturing, through which remunerative employment may be given to increas ing population and the incidental development of resources in sured. He has always urged his fellow citizens to engage in and invest their capital in manufacturing industries in the south, and has been concerned in starting several such enterprises. He has ever been a stanch supporter of the Democratic party, is affiliated with the United Confederate Veterans, the Masonic fraternity,

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and also holds member ship in a number of social clubs. He and his family are members; of the Presbyterian church. On July 26, 1866, at Griffin, Ga., Cap-:: tain English was united in marriage to Miss Emily A. Alexander,; and of their six children five are living.
English, James W., Jr., one of the rep resentative business men of the younger generation in Atlanta and chief of the:: military staff of Gov. Joseph M. Terrell, is a native of Georgia and is one of the most prominent and popular young men : of the state. He was born in Griffin,: Spalding county, June 11, 1867, a son of: Capt. James W. and Emily (Alexan-; der) English. He has large business interests in Atlanta and is . a leader in the social life of the city. He secured his earlier education in the public schools of Atlanta, having graduated in the Boys' high school in June, 1883, after which he took a course in mechanical engineer ing in the Massachusetts institute of technology in the city of Bos ton. He then returned to Atlanta, and became interested in rail road construction. From 1885 until 1891 he was actively engaged in this line of business, and among the roads constructed by the company with which he was identified were the Chattanooga, Rome & Columbus, the Georgia Midland & Gulf, the Atlanta & Florida, the Columbus Southern, and a number of less important branch lines. In 1891 Colonel English returned to Atlanta and was elected general manager of the Chattahoochee Brick Com pany, of which his father was president. He served in this capac ity until 1900, when he was elected vice-president, retaining the latter incumbency until the present time. He is also president of the Lookout Mountain Coal and Coke Company, and the Central Mining Company; is president of the Palmer Brick Company, and a member of the directorate of the Fourth National bank. He is also interested in a number of other important enterprises. In 1895, associated with a few friends, he secured control of the At lanta Traction Company of which he was president for several years, finally disposing of his interests at a handsome profit. Col onel English has occupied many positions of honor and trust. He was a director of the Cotton States and International exposition, held in Atlanta in 1895, and for several years he has been a trus-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

675

tee of Grady hospital. In 1900 he was appointed by Governor Randier commissioner to represent the state of Georgia at the World's Fair in Paris, where he passed three months in the dis charge of his official duties. Having personally received a splendid technical education, he has been a firm friend of the Georgia school of technology and active and liberal in its support. When xAaron French, of Pittsburg, Pa., offered to give the institution
: $20,000 on condition that the city of Atlanta would contribute a like amount Colonel English was one of the first to subscribe ;$1,000 toward the necessary sum. He has always been an active promoter of movements looking to the advancement of Atlanta and the state at large, being progressive and public-spirited and always ready to lend aid and influence in any good cause. In late years he has given not a little attention to state and municipal poli tics, being a stanch supporter of the Democratic party. In 190 . he was appointed to his present position as chief of the staff of Governor Terrell. He made the first subscription of $1,000 to se cure the consolidation: of all the southern Presbyterian universi ties in Atlanta, $250,000 being raised the same night at a meeting held in the Grand opera house. In 1899 he became very largely interested in the convict lease system of the state, having em ployed more than 1,000 state convicts in saw-mills, brick yards, coal mines and turpentine farms in which he was interested, and he had at that time the reputation of being the largest individual employer of convict labor in the world. At the expiration of this convict lease in April, 1904, the state was enabled to lease its con victs under terms which yield to the commonwealth more than $200,000 per annum in excess of the amount previously received. It was principally through the efforts of Colonel English that this noteworthy change was effected, as he established the price which the state is now receiving for the labor of its convicts. He was for several years a member of the governing board of the Capital City club and was president of the Piedmont Driving club in 1903 and 1904. He is prominent in the business and social life of the fair capital of the state, his beautiful residence, one of the finest man sions in the city, being a center of gracious hospitality. On April 29, 1896, he was united in marriage to Miss Rebie Lowe of Atlanta.
Englishville, a post-hamlet in the southern part of Macon county, is about eight miles southwest of Oglethorpe. Andersonville, on the Americus & Fort Valley division of the Central of Georgia, is the nearest railroad station.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Enigma, a village in the southeastern part of Tift county, is on the Atlantic Coast Line railway, about twelve miles from Tifton. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph service, some mercantile interests and does considerable shipping. The population in 1900 was 111.
Ennis, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Johnson county, is on the Waclley & Mount Vernon railroad and in 1900 reported a population of 30. It is a trading center and shipping point for that portion of the county.
Entelman, John H. H., president of the Commercial bank of Savannah and identified with other local enterprises of important nature, was born ten miles from the city of Bremen, Province of Hanover, Germany, August 2, 1861, and is a son of John and Margaret (Cook) Entelman, who were likewise born in the same locality. The subject of this sketch secured his educational disci pline in regular schools and has been a resident of Savannah since 1875. In 1880 he became identified with the wholesale and retail business in this city, continuing actively en gaged in the same until 1900, when he retired. In 1902 he became one of the organizers and incorporators of the Commercial bank, of which he has been president from the beginning. In 1904 he was one of the promoters of the organization of the German Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of Savannah, of whose directorate he has since been a prominent member. In 1905, he became a direc tor of the Savannah Lighting Company and in the same year was made president of the El Crucero cigar factory. He is a publicspirited and progressive citizen, and has served since 1901 as a member of the park and tree commission of Savannah. His politi cal allegiance is given to the Democratic party, and he is a deacon in the Lutheran church. He is affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Knights of Pythias, and is a member of the Savannah chamber of commerce, the Savannah Yacht club and the German club of that city. On October 26, 1880, Mr. En telman was married to Miss Anna Viola Hartman, daughter of C. and Catherine (Friend) Hartman, of Savannah. They have no children.

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

677

: Enterkin, Warner A., an influential and honored citizen and : prominent business man of the thriving town of Temple, Carroll : county, has been closely identified with the upbuilding of the place : and is one of its most loyal and enterprising citizens. He was : born in Douglas county, Ga., Oct. 20, 1859, and is a son of David F. : and Mary (Leathers) Enterkin, the former of whom was born
in North Carolina and the latter in Georgia. The mother died in : 1861 and the father, who has been a farmer all his life, still con: tinues to reside in Douglas county. His father, David Enterkin, : was a soldier in the Seminole Indian war. The educational ad: vantages of the subject of this sketch were those afforded by the ; schools of his native county, and at the age of twenty years he
engaged in farming on his own responsibility. A year later, how ever, he secured a position as clerk in a general store of Douglasville, where he remained thus engaged for three years. In 1882 he took up his residence in Temple, where he became a member ; of the firm of Griffin & Enterkin, engaged in the general mer: chandise business, the partnership continuing until 1895, when Mr. Enterkin became sole proprietor of the business, which he has since continued most successfully, having one of the largest and ; best equipped stores in the town and commanding a representa tive patronage. He also gives special attention to handling cotton and fertilizers, is a member of the board of directors of the Temple Banking Company, and is the owner of a well improved planta tion in Carroll county. When he located in Temple the village had a population of about fifty persons and there were only two stores. The place now has 400 inhabitants and is a thriving and attractive village. Mr. Enterkin has shown a public spirited in terest in his home town and county and has been a liberal sup porter of all measures and enterprises tending to advance the gen eral welfare and material upbuilding of Temple. As a citizen he commands the unqualified esteem and confidence of the com munity, his name being a synonym of integrity and honor. He is aligned as a stanch supporter of the cause of the Democratic party and has served several terms as a member of the village council. He is a member of the local lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, and both he and his wife are zealous members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Nov. 12, 1885, Mr. Enterkin was united in marriage to Miss Margaret Dempsey, daughter of Clark and Elizabeth (Adams) Dempsey, of Carroll county, and of their six children all are living but the second, Dewitt B., who died at

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

the age of two years. The names of the others are as follows:

Emmett B., Earl, Ernest, Jewel, and Ruby.

. ;;

Epps, a post-hamlet of Habersham county, is located about six

miles north of Clarkesville and four west of Hollywood, which is.

the nearest railroad station.

'

Epworth, a post-hamlet of Fannin county, is about six miles

north of Blueridge and not far from the state line. Kyle, oil the :

Atlanta, Knoxville & Northern, is the nearest railroad station. ;;

Erastus, a post-hamlet in the southeastern part of Banks county;;;;

is on one of the main branches of the Broad river. Commerce, or^

the Athens & Lula division of the Southern, is the nearest: rail--;

road station.

, ;;:

Erick, a post-village of Montgomery county, is on the Seaboard

Air Line railway, about six miles east of Helena. It has an ex

press office, does some shipping, has some mercantile interests and

in 1900 reported a population of 40.

Esco, a post-hamlet of Oglethorpe county, is located about ten

miles southeast of Lexington and the same distance from Maxeys,

on the Georgia railroad, these two towns being the nearest rail

road stations.

Esla, a post-village in the southern part of Bulloch county, with

a population of 41 in 1900, is about sixteen miles south of States-

boro. Morrison and Pembroke, on the Seaboard Air Line, are the

nearest railroad stations.

Esomhill, a post-village in the western part of Polk county, is

not far from the state line. It is on the Seaboard Air Line rail

way and in 1900 had a population of 165. It has express and tele

graph offices, considerable local trade, and is a shipping point of

some importance to that section of the county.

Estelle, a post-hamlet of Walker county, is also a station on the

Chattanooga Southern railroad. It is located in the valley of

Chickamauga creek, about ten miles southeast of Trenton.

Ester, a post-hamlet of Stephens county, is about five miles

south of Toccoa, which is the nearest railroad station.

Estill, John Holbrook, is a native of Charleston, S. C, and was

born Oct. 28, 1840. As a conspicuous example of a self-made man

the story of his career is of unusual interest. His success has been

due to his own unaided exertions. He began life at the bottom of

the ladder. Indomitable perserverance, steady application, rare

executive ability and excellent judgment are features of his char

acter. He was one of a family of eleven children. His father, was

a bookbinder, bookseller and printer, and from his earliest years

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

679

: Colonel Estill has been in one way or. another connected with the ; printing business. His father moved from Charleston to Savannah In 1851 and at eleven years young Estill began his career in the
office of the Evening Journal. Two years later he left the printing office to attend school, and between the school sessions clerked in a store. In 1856 he returned to Charleston and completed his appren ticeship. After three years he again came to Savannah and became one of the proprietors of the Evening Express, his first newspaper venture. It can be said of Colonel Estill that he is a news paper man "from the ground up." He has been at the head of the Savannah Morning News, one of the most in fluential newspapers in the. South, since 1867. In that year he purchased an interest in the paper and a year later secured its entire control. With what success he has devoted the best years of his life to it, the paper itself, a great news journal, clean and honorable, fair in its partisanship and just to its opponents, is the best monument. Colonel Estill's military career began in 1859, when he joined the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, with which he entered service in January, 1861, in the First volunteer re.gi.ment of Georgia, and was on duty at Fort Pulaski before the regi ment entered the Confederate .States service. He went to Virginia with the same company, which became a part of the Eighth Geor gia regiment, and served under the lamented Bartow. He was severely wounded at the battle of Manassas and on account of dis ability resulting from his wounds, he was honorably discharged from the service. Since the Confederate war Colonel Estill has continued to take an active part in military affairs, having served as captain of Company F, First regiment Georgia infantry. In 1S95 he was placed on the retired role of National Guard of Geor gia, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He is an honorary mem ber of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, and a life member of the Georgia Hussars, Savannah Cadets and Savannah Volunteer Guards. He is also commander of Lafayette McLaws Camp, No. 576, United Confederate Veterans. Outside of his profession Col onel Estill has taken an active part in many successful business enterprises. There are few men more prominently identified with the industrial and commercial progress of Savannah. He built the

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

Barnard and Anderson street car line in 1878 and upon its con solidation with the City and Suburban railway became its presi dent ; was president of the Savannah Investment Company, which in 1890 built the first electric street railway in Savannah; was president of the Metropolitan Steam Fire Engine Company in the old volunteer fire service, an influential organization just after the war; was county commissioner of Chatham county for twelve years; was a prime mover in the company -which introduced elec tric lighting in Savannah; helped organize the first cotton null in Savannah; has been president of the Chatham Real Estatei and;. Improvement Company since it was organized in 1885; was one .of:, the organizers of the company that built the Dcsoto hotel; was a director of the South Bound railroad and of the Savannah Con struction Company which built the South Bound (now the Sea board Air Line between Savannah and Columbia) ; is president of the Pilots' Navigation Company, the steam pilot boat of which bears his name; was the first president of the Mutual Gas Light Company; is vice president of the Georgia Telegraph and Tele phone company; is a director of the Citizens' and Southern banks; is a member of the Savannah cotton exchange, and board of trade; a director of the chamber of commerce of which he -was the first president, and a director of the Savannah Benevolent association, a charitable organization which is known throughout the entire country. He is also the president of that ancient charity, the Bethesda orphan house, founded by George Whitfield more than a century and a half ago and has held the office since 1878. He is a member of the Georgia Historical society, the Savannah Yacht club and of a number of social organizations. He has been a member of the Chatham county board of Education for twenty years. He is a prominent Mason, a past master of Solomon's Lodge No. 1, a life member of Georgia Chapter No. 3, Royal Arch Masons; a member of Palestine Commandery No. 7 Knights Templars; and a Thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason, and a Noble of the Mystic Shrine. In public office Colonel Estill has been chairman of the Democratic state executive committee and in 1893 was the Georgia member of the Democratic national com mittee, the only honor in national politics that he ever accepted. During President Cleveland's administration he was offered one of the most important consul-generalships, but declined it. In 1902 he was a candidate for governor of.Georgia and made a most remarkable race against Gov. Joseph M. Terrell and Hon. Dupont Guerry, the Prohibition candidate. In his canvass he visited

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

681

nearly every section of the state and met the people in their offices and homes, in the factories and on the farms. His personal con tact with them and his candid and straightforward expression upon public questions won him confidence and support, and although defeated for the office he won the distinction of having made what, in many respects, was the most remarkable race in the history of Georgia. In 1906 he was again a candidate against Hon. Clark Howell, Hon. Hoke Smith, Hon. Richard Russell and Col. James M. Smith, and pursued the same dignified course in what was probably the most heated campaign the state has ever known.
Ethel, a post-hamlet of Emanuel county, is about ten miles west of Swainsboro, on the Wadley & Mount Vernon railroad.
Etna, a town of Polk county, was incorporated by act of the gen eral assembly on Dec. 17, 1892. It is almost due west of Cedartown and not far from the Alabama line. The population in 1900 was 128. Besides being a postoffice it has some mercantile inter ests, an express office and does most of the shipping for that part of the county over the line of the Southern railway upon which it is situated.
Etowah River, sometimes called the "Hightower", rises in Lumpkin county, flows in a southwesterly direction through the counties of Dawson and Cherokee, crossing the northwest corner of Forsyth. Near Cartersville, Bartow county, it changes its course to northwest, following that direction to Rome, where it unites with the Oostenaula to form the Coosa. Its total length is about 150 miles. It is not navigable, but being a mountain stream, with a swift flowing current, furnishes excellent water power, which is utilized at several places along its course.
In September, 1793, about 1,000 Cherokees made a raid upon the settlements in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tenn. After murder ing the inmates of Cavit's station they made a hasty retreat in the direction of the Cherokee country. General Sevier was then on the south side of the Holston with 400 men. Hurriedly recruiting his force to between 700 and 800 men he started in pursuit. At the ford of the Etowah, not far from the present city of Rome, he found the Indians fortified on the opposite side of the stream, in a position to command the approach to the ford. By a clever ruse he succeeded in drawing them from their works and a short but decisive battle ensued, in which the Indians were completely routed. General Sevier then divided his forces and devastated the Indian country, burning their villages and destroying their crops.
Some sharp skirmishing took place along the Etowah river in

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

May, 1864, in the vicinity of Cartersville, (q. v.) the Confederates, in their retreat before the Federal troops, burning the Western & Atlantic railroad bridge over the river, a short distance from the town. As an act of retaliation the Federals burned the Etowah Mills, destroying a large amount of grain and flour.
Eubanks, a post-village in the northeastern part of Columbia county, is not far from the Lincoln county line. The population in 1900 was 31. The nearest railroad station is Parnell, S. C., on the Charleston & Western Carolina line.
Eugene, a post-village in the northern part of Miller county, is a station on the Georgia, Florida & Alabama railroad. The popu lation in 1900 was 52.
Euharlee, a village in Bartow county, reported a population of 144 in 1900. It is located on the Etowah river, about eight miles west of Cartersville and six miles south of Kingston, both of which are convenient railroad stations. It has a money order postoffice and is the commercial center of that part of the county.
Eulonia, a post-hamlet .of Mclntosh county, is located on the Darien & Western railroad, a short distance from the Sapelo river.
Evans, Beverly D., jurist, was born at Sandersville, May 21, 1865. In 1881 he graduated at Mercer university with the degree of A. B. and received the degree of A. M. from the same institu tion the succeeding year. He then studied law at Yale and Was admitted to the bar in July, 1884. In 1886 he was elected to the state legislature; was a delegate to the Democratic national con vention in 1888; served as solicitor-general from 1890 to 1897 in the middle circuit; was elected judge of the same circuit in 1899 and served until his election to the office of associate justice of the supreme court in 1904.
Evans, Clement Anselm, lawyer, soldier and author, is a native of Stewart county. He received his academic education at Lumpkin, graduated at the Augusta law school, and before the age of nineteen was admitted to the bar. Three years later he was elected judge of the county court; became a member of the state senate when he was twenty-six years old, and was one of the elec tors on the Breckenridge , ticket, which carried Georgia in 1860. In December of that year, when secession became imminent, he aided in the organization of a company, which afterward became part of the Second Georgia. Later he was made major of the Thirty-first regiment; was elected colonel in April, 1862, at which time his regiment was made a part of Lawton's brigade; served for a time on the defensive lines below Savannah and after the

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

683

spring of 1863 served in Virginia until the close of the War at Appomattox. On May 19, 1863, he was commissioned brigadiergeneral and in November, 1-864, when Gen. J. B. Gordon was as signed to the command of the Second corps, General Evans was promoted to the command of the division. He was in nearly all the battles of Virginia and was five times wounded, twice severely. After the war he entered the ministry of the Methodist church and was honored with the degree of Doctor of Divinity by Emory col lege. He continued in this work for about twenty-five years, when his old wounds gave him so much distress that he retired on .advice of his physician. He has served as trustees of three colleges; president of the educational loan association of Emory college, which he originated, and which has assisted over a hun dred young men to obtain a college education; was commander for many years of the Georgia division of the United Confederate Veterans; is the author of a Military History of Georgia; editor and author of a standard Confederate Military History of twelve volumes; chairman of the historical committee of the United Confederate Veterans; president of the Confederate memorial asso ciation, and commander of the Army of Tennessee department of United Confederate Veterans. In civil life he is at present (1906) a member of the prison commission of Georgia.
Evans, John J., is numbered among the representative business men of Augusta, where he is engaged in the wholesale and retail hardware trade. He was born in that city, April 28, 1867, and is a son of John James Evans, who was born in Montgomery, Ala., and Ann M. (Woodward) Evans, who was born in Savannah, Ga. The father was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy in the war be tween the states, and after the close of the great conflict he took up his residence in Augusta, where he engaged in the hardware business and continued to reside until his death, which occurred on Dec. 23, 1903. He was a man of sterling character and com manded the unqualified confidence and esteem of all who knew him. His widow still resides in Augusta, as do her two chil dren, John J., subject of this sketch, and Annie M., who remains with her mother. Mr. Evans attended the Houghton institute, in Augusta, leaving this institution at the age of fourteen years and taking a position in his father's hardware store. He learned the business in all its details, and his father soon admitted him to partnership, this association continuing until the death of the father, when the son secured sole control of the large and flourish ing enterprise. In 1904 he purchased the large and select hard-

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CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

ware stock of Maurice Walton, at 869 Broad street, to which he added his original stock, and he now has one of the largest and best equipped hardware establishments in the city, doing both a wholesale and retail business. He is also a half-owner of the busi ness conducted under the title of the Hogrefe Hardware Company, at 607 Broad street. He is a director of the Merchants' bank, is a Democrat in his political proclivities and is one of the influen tial members of the First Christian church, of Augusta, of which he is treasurer. He is affiliated with the Benevolent and Protec tive Order of Elks, the Royal Arcanum, the Woodmen of the World, and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. On August 16, 1896, Mr. Evans was united in marriage to Miss Eleanor Bush, daughter of the late Stephen C. L. Bush, of Augusta. Mrs. Evans was summoned to the life eternal on Nov. 8, 1905, and is survived by three children, John J., Jr., Georgia A. and Eleanor.
Evans, Lawton Bryan, of Augusta, is
one of the prominent educators and plat
form speakers of the state, and was
formerly president of the state normal
school in the city of Athens. He was
born at Lumpkin, Stewart county, Ga.,
Oct. 27, 1862, a son of Gen. Clement An^
selm and Mary Allie (Walton) Evans, the former of whom was born in Stew-
art county, Ga., and the latter near
South Boston, N. C. The ancestry of Professor Evans is of Welsh and Eng lish derivation, the original representa tives of the Evans line having come from Wales and settled in North Carolina, in the colonial era of our national history, while members of the family were found as valiant soldiers in both the Revolution and the war of 1812. On the English side of the de scent are found the families of Hinton, Bryan and Smith. Will iam Bryan, born in England, in 1645, was a son of Edward Bryan, and married Alice Needham, of Argyleshire, Scotland. He came to America and located in Virginia, where he purchased an exten sive estate. His sons William and Needham bought lands in Bertie county, N. C., and intermarriages occurred with the Hin ton, Smith and Whitfield families, all of which were actively and prominently represented in the war of the Revolution and in mem bership in the colonial assemblies, while one of them was a rep resentative in the Continental congress in Philadelphia. Need-

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ham and William Bryan, John Hinton and Samuel Smith were officers of the North Carolina troops. The descendants of these families have held many important positions, both military and civil, in many states from Virginia to Texas. The paternal great grandfather Evans was a soldier in the war of 1812, and Clement Bryan, likewise a great-grandfather of Professor Evans, died of wounds received in the Creek Indian war of 1836. Clement A. Evans, father of the subject of this sketch, was a loyal soldier of the Confederacy during the civil war. A sketch of his life and military career appears in this work. Prof. Lawton B. Evans at tended Richmond academy at Augusta, Ga., and in 1880 was grad uated in Emory college at Oxford, receiving the degree of Bache lor of Arts. In the following year he received the degree of Master of Arts from the University of Georgia. In the same year he be came a teacher in the public schools of Augusta, and in 1882 was made superintendent of the public schools of Richmond county. In 1893-4 he was president of the state normal school at Athens. Professor Evans is the author of Evans' History of Georgia, issued by the University Publishing Company, in 1900 ; is a lecturer on educational subjects in all oT the important summer schools of the south, especially the summer school at Knoxville, Tenn., and has made the subject of school supervision his leading lecture topic. He visited Europe in 1899, made an extended tour in col lecting valuable data for public lectures, and his services are now in much demand as a lecturer on travel and other subjects. He is a loyal adherent of the Democratic party, is a Master Mason, and both he and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church South. On Feb. 15, 1887, Professor Evans was united in marriage to Miss Florence Campbell, daughter of P. F. and Sarah Eve Campbell, of Augusta, and of this union have been born three children Sarah Campbell, Lawton Bryan, Jr., and Clement Anselm, Jr.
Evans, Samuel C., present mayor of the village of Wadley, is one of the influential citizens and business men of Jefferson county, where his interests are large and varied. He was born on a planta tion in that county, May 31, 1852, being a son of Hon. Marcus A. and Emeline F. (Palmer) Evans, both of whom were born in Richmond county, Ga., and both of whom are now deceased. The father was an extensive planter of Jefferson county and also con ducted a mercantile business in Bartow. He served two terms in the state legislature, where he introduced and carried to enactment the bill which gave local option to Jefferson county in the matter

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of regulating the liquor traffic within its borders. He was a son of Robert H. and Elizabeth (Murphey) Evans, of Richmond county, and his maternal grandfather once owned much of the land
on which the city of Augusta now stands. His wife was a daughter of James and Dorothy Palmer. After a due prelimi nary discipline Samuel C. Evans was matriculated in Emory college, Oxford, Ga., where he was graduated as a mem ber of the class of 1872, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Immediately afterward he w.ent to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., entered the famous Eastman business college, where he completed a thorough business or commercial course and was graduated in the same year, 1872. During practically his entire active career Mr. Evans has been' identified with mercantile interests having conducted a large gen eral store at Midville, Burke county, for ten years, since which time he has been engaged in the same line of enterprise in Wadley, where he has built up a very large trade, his operations here having covered a period of fifteen years. He is also vice-president of the Bank of Wadley, of which he was one of the organizers and incorporators, in 1901; is a director of the Bank of Louisville, Ga., and has somewhat extensive plantation interests. In politics Mr. Evans is unswerving in his allegiance to the Democratic party. He has been mayor of Wadley for several years, being the in cumbent at the present time. This office he accepted simply because it was the wish of his fellow townsmen and because he was willing to do all in his power for the welfare of the com munity. He has also been chairman of the Wadley board of ed ucation for many years, while he has at all times commanded the unqualified and uniform regard and confidence of the people of his native county. He is a member and trustee of the local organiza tion of the Methodist Episcopal church South and in a fraternal way is affiliated with the Knights of Pythias. He has been four times married, and of the first three wives two died without leav ing children, while the second wife, whose maiden name was Mary Elizabeth Donovan, was the mother of his seven living children, namely: William D., Jones W., Marcus A., Sarah M., Samuel C., Jr., Bettie H. and Wiley D. In 1896 Mr. Evans married Mrs. An nie (Donovan) Daniel, his present wife and a first cousin of his

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second wife. They are active in the social life of the community and their home is notable for its generous hospitality.
Evansville, a post-village in the northwestern part of Troup county, reported a population of 54 in 1900. It is twelve miles from La Grange and near the Alabama state line. Roanoke, Ala., is the nearest railroad station.
Eve, Joseph Adams, M. D. LL. D., son of Joseph Eve and Han nah Singleterry was born near Charleston, S. C. Aug. 1, 1805, and died in Augusta, Ga. Jan. 6, 1886. He studied medicine in the office of Dr. Milton Anthony, a distinguished practitioner of the time, and attended his first course of lectures in Liverpool, England. In 1828 he graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from the Medical College of South Carolina. In conjunction with his preceptor, Doctor Anthony, he established in 1829 the Augusta academy of medicine and when the Medical College of Georgia was organized in 1832 he was one of its founders. Doctor Eve first held the chair of materia medica and therapeutics in that institution, but in 1839, on the death of Doctor Anthony, he was made professor of obstet rics and diseases of women and children and continued to hold this chair for an uninterrupted period of fifty-three years. At the first meeting of the American gynecological society, in 1876, Doctor Eve was honored as being the oldest active teacher of obstetrics then living in the world. For many years he was the editor of the Southern Medical and Surgical Journal and most of his contribu tions to science are recorded in its pages. He was a member of the American medical association and in 1879 was elected presi dent of the Medical Association of Georgia. He was one of the first honorary fellows of the American gynecological society and an honorary fellow of the Boston gynecological society. In 1883 he was made a Doctor of Laws by Emory college in recogni tion of his distinguished professional career. For sixty years he was a member of St. John's Methodist church, Augusta, Ga., and was a trustee and steward of this church at the day of his death. True to his favorite maxim, "I prefer to wear out than rust out," Doctor Eve labored unselfishly for three score years in the cause of science and humanity and died at a ripe old age, honored by his professional brethren, and revered and beloved by all who knew him.
Eve, William Fredrick, who since 1878 has been upon the bench as judge of the county court of Richmond county, and its successor the city court of Richmond county, was born in Augusta, Ga., March 8, 1851. He is descended from distinguished English an-

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cestry, his great-grandfather having been Oswell Eve, a captain in the English navy, who resigned his position a number of years prior to the Revolutionary war and settled at Germantown, Pa.,
near Philadelphia. He took an active interest in the welfare of the Colonies, and was one of the signers of a protest against the Stamp Act. Joseph Eve, the grandfather of Judge Eve, was a planter in the West Indies, and the inven tor of the first roller gin for long staple cotton. These gins were manufactured in the Bahama Islands until his return to the United States, when he continued their manufacture, first at Charleston, and afterward near Augusta, his plant at: the later place, in 1811, being within sight of the place where Eli Whitney manufactured his gins. The father of Judge Eve was Joseph Adams Eve, M. D., L.L. D., a dis tinguished physician of Augusta, and one of the founders of the Medical Department of the University of Georgia. He won a na tional reputation for skill in his profession, and was noted for his general benevolence. His wife, Sarah Garland Combs, was a woman of strong saintly character, and was the mother of a large and in fluential family. The early education of Judge Eve was acquired in the Richmond academy of Augusta, and in Adairsville, Ga., under the private instruction of Maj. John H. Fitten. He also spent two years in the academic departments of the University of Vivginia as a student of philosophy, literature, history and kindred studies, and then took up the study of law in the same institution under John B. Minor and Stephen O. Southall, two dis tinguished professors of that time. Three years having been passed in collegiate work in the university, he was graduated in the class of 1871. He at once returned to his home in Augusta, and in September of that year was admitted to the bar. Before entering upon the practice of his chosen profession he went to Washington, Ga., where he spent a year in the law office of William M. Reese, a distinguished jurist and a former law partner of Robert Toombs. On the expiration of that period he opened his office in Augusta, and remained an active member of the bar until his elevation to the bench. The judicial bent of his mind was clearly manifest in his service as a justice of the peace. He was elected to that office for the one hundred and twentieth district, G. M., when but twenty-

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one years of age, and his decisions indicated singular clearness and judgment. In 1875 he became the solicitor of the county court of Richmond county, and for three years filled that position. In October, 1878, he was appointed by the governor of the state, judge of the county court of Richmond county. When it was superseded through an act of the legislature, by the city court of Richmond county, he again received an appointment from the governor to the bench of the newly created court, and has been the incumbent since September, 1881. The jurisdiction of the city court is coextensive with the county, with unlimited jurisdiction, and on the criminal side has jurisdiction in misdemeanors, with writ of error direct to the supreme court of the state in both civil and criminal cases. The functions of this office make him thesole commissioner of roads and revenue for Richmond county, and the duties of this position, in addition to those of the bench, he has performed continuously since October, 1878. As a judge upon the bench he has made an enviable record for insight into the principles of the cases brought before him. His decisions have been reviewed in sixty-five volumes of the Georgia Reports, and his opinions have been almost uniformly sustained by the higher court. He has taken a bold stand against certain infractions of the law, especially the carrying of concealed weapons, and has been notably active in suppressing mob violence, having won national fame in these particulars. Judge Eve has long been and remains an active par ticipant in many public and private enterprises of the city. He is a member and for several years was the president of the Richmond county agricultural society. He is a member of the bar association and the Augusta bar association. In business life he figures prom inently, being the president of the Augusta and Summerville Land Company, vice-president of the Augusta Real Estate and Improve ment Company and a director in the Mutual Real Estate and Build ing Association, and the West Side Development Company. Among charitable and religious organizations he is a member of the board of managers of the Augusta orphan asylum, a director in the Young Men's library association, and a steward in the Meth odist church. In politics he has always been an ardent Demorcrat, sustaining the party in all its positions, and being prominent in the councils of the party leaders of the state. On May 16, 1876, Judge Eve was married to Miss Ida Allie Evans, the daughter of Gen. Clement A. Evans, a commanding officer of the Confederate servic?. and a minister of the Gospel. Their living children are: Al lie Walton, Sarah Garland, William Frederick, and Ida Evans.

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Evens, a post-hamlet in the eastern part of Columbia county, is about twelve miles from Augusta, on the Charleston & Western Carolina railroad.
Everett City, a town in Glynn county, is at the junction of the Macon & Brunswick division of the Southern and the Seaboard Air Line railways. The population in 1900 was 138. It has a money order postoffice, express and telegraph offices, stores, school, churches, and is the principal shipping point in that part of the county.
Everett, Robert William, was born in Houston county in 1839 and in 1859 graduated at Mercer university. He settled in Polk county where he engaged in teaching. During the war he served in G'Sfl. N. B. Forrest's escort and after the surrender held several local offices. In 1883 he was elected to the general assembly and in 1890 was chosen to represent his district in Congress. After the expiration of this term he was again elected to the state legisla ture.
Everett, William S., A strong and noble manhood was that rep resented in the character of the subject of this memoir, who was one of the leading business men and influential citizens of Atlanta at the time of his death and who was a gallant soldier and officer in the Confederate service during the Civil war. His life was one prolific of lesson and incentive, and in this publication it is consonant that a review of his career be incorporated. The ma terial for this biographical epitome is taken, with but slight change in phraseology and with such elimination as the limits of this work demand, from a sketch written by his long-time friend, Dr. R. J. Massey and published in the Atlanta Constitution. Captain Ever ett was born in Allegheny ' county, N. Y., Jan. 21, 1839, a son of Rev. William Everett, a clergyman of the Baptist church, a native of Massachusetts, a soldier of the war of 1812, and of the same lineage as the distinguished Edward Everett and Edward Everett Hale. The maiden name : of the captain's mother was Abigail Sprague and she was a native of Tompkins county, N. Y. Captain Everett's father, like the average clergyman of the day, was in most moderate circumstances, and so the son early learned the les sons of responsibility and felt the spur of necessity. He continued to attend school until he was twelve years old, when he divided his time between the school house in the winter and the store and farm during the summer months. He thus continued to vibrate until he entered his eighteenth year. He then decided to quit the old homestead and look for fortunes in the sunny south. Accord-

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ingly he came to Georgia in 1857, tarrying for an interval in Macon and then coming to Atlanta. From this city he made two trips about the- country with a horse and wagon, selling books and sheet music for the old book house of J. J. & S. P. Richards. His success as a traveling agent was not very great, yet in later years he pronounced the experience the best he ever had, since he learned much of the country and the customs and characteristics of the southern people. In 1858 he commenced to clerk for J. L. Cutting & Co., who were succeeded by Cutting & Stone. So well pleased were these gentlemen with the closs application to bus iness and the stern integrity of their young clerk that they contin ued to keep him, yearly raising his salary, till June, 1862, when he clothed himself in a gray uniform and buckled on his Confeder ate belt, enlisting as a private soldier in the Ninth battalion of Georgia artillery. Before leaving the camp of instruction, however, he was elected second lieutenant, and went with his command to southwest Virginia and thence to Kentucky. When Bragg fell out Captain Everett's command withdrew also, retreating from Tennessee before the battle of Chickamauga. He then went back into Tennessee, making the latter campaign with General Longstreet and fighting steadily with that grim old warrior from first to last. Thence he went to Lynchburg, Virginia, and to Richmond, where he remained until the final evacuation. He was present at the surrender of General Lee, at Appomattox. He was, made captain of his battery in the early part of 1864. While Captain Everett was marching out with exultant hopes and high expecta tions under the leadership of the flag which the fortune of war has since made the ensign of the "lost cause," two of his brothers started out from northern homes appareled in uniforms of blue and followed the spurs of General Grant. It was not a strange thing that brothers should have thus fought against brothers, for many were the households divided by the great internecine conflict, and it merely typified the division of the greater brotherhood which sprang from the cradle of the American revolution and differed not in loyalty to the republic but in the honest interpretation of the constitution. It is not necessary to enter into farther detail concerning the gallant and brilliant service of Captain Everett as a legal and loyal soldier of the Confederacy, for the history of his command is recorded and stands as the history of his personal service. After the surrender he returned to Atlanta, to find his home in ashes and his financial resources completely exhausted. For several months he and his family occupied a tent. He found

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employment for about two months as a traveling salesman for a Philadelphia concern and then entered the establishment of Tally, Brown & Co., of Atlanta. When M. C. & J. F. Kiser started bus iness, in 1868, Captain Everett entered, their employ, remaining, with them as salesman until 1872, when he became a member of the firm. He remained with this establishment throughout its changes until its final dissolution, in 1892, when the limitations ex pired and the Everett-Ridley-Ragan Company was organized, with Captain Everett as its senior partner. This firm built up a very large and prosperous business under his able executive management, becoming one of the largest wholesale drygoods and notion houses in Atlanta. He continued actively identified with this house until his death and the business is still continued, under the title of Everett, Ridley & Co. Captain Everett was always a quiet and busy merchant, though not so selfishly immured in his own enter prises as not to be deeply interested in current events or to show his abiding faith in the growth and increasing prosperity of At lanta. He was a model,citizen; prosperity and health were meted out to him in superb measure; and his life was one of inviolable integrity and honor in all its relations. The circumstances attend ing his death were sad indeed. He left his store about one o'clock, March 21, 1904, for dinner with his son Quincy. As they were passing up Peachtree street the spindle of the front axle of the buggy in which they were riding broke. While Captain Everett was trying to keep his horse under control both he and his son were precipitated from the vehicle, Captain Everett's head strik ing on the stone curbing. He died a few minutes later, without having spoken. He was one of the noblest of men. In the busi ness, political and social world he held the 'respect and confidence of all with whom he came in contact. But it was not in these cir cles that he shone to the best advantage. His home life was beautiful and was remarked upon by all who had observed it. Al though he never formally identified himself with any church he was a constant attendant and had the deepest reverence for the spiritual verities of the Christian faith. He was an unswerving supporter of the principles of the Democratic party. In 1860 he married Miss Frances G. Haynes, daughter of Reuben Haynes, who took up his residence in Atlanta in 1846, identifying himself with every interest of the city. Mrs. Everett survives her hon ored husband, as do also their four children: Clarence and Ed ward Quincy are both identified with the great mercantile concern of which their father was one of the founders; Frances is the wife

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of W. O. Jones, of Atlanta; and Myrtle is the .wife of T. B, Lumpkin, of that city. Clarence, the elder son, married Miss Clyde Thornton, of Memphis, Tenn., and Edward Quincy married Miss Alice Johnson, of Boston, Mass.
Everett Springs, a post-village in the northern part of Floyd county, is located on a little tributary of the Oostanaula river, between the John and Horn mountains. The population in 1900 was 72. Sugar Valley and Oostanaula, on the Chattanooga South ern, are the nearest railroad stations.
Everett's Station, a post-hamlet in the extreme southern part of Crawford county, is on the Macori & Columbus branch of the Cen tral of Georgia railway and near the Flint river.
Evergreen, a village of Irwin county, is on the Ocmulgee river, about fifteen miles northeast of Fitzgerald. It has a money order postoffice, some mercantile establishments, and in 1900 reported a population of 118. The nearest railroad station is Barrows Bluff, but the Ocmulgee river steamers furnish means of transportation and considerable shipping is done from this point by water.
Evermay, a post-hamlet of Meriwether county, is in the White Oak valley, about twelve miles northeast of Greenville. The near est railroad station is Senoia, on the Griffin & Rome division of the Central of Georgia.
Ewen, William, patriot and statesman, was born in England, about IT'20. In 1734 he came to Georgia as an apprentice to the trustees. He attracted favorable notice by his business ability, and soon became a leader in the growing opposition to British tyranny. He was a member of the citizens' committee which met with Pres. William Stephens to discuss public affairs, a member of the assembly of 1768, and of the committee which corresponded with Benjamin Franklin, when he was in England trying to bring about amicable relations between the colonies and the mother country. On June 22, 1775, he was made chairman of the Council of Safety which took charge of the affairs of the colony for a time, and while in this position discharged the duties of governor dur ing the year 1775 with great ability. He lived to see the independ ence of his country established, though the exact date of his death is unknown.
Excelsior, a village of Bulloch county, is located in the western part, near the Cannouchee river. The population in 1900 was 150. It has a money order postoffice and is the trading center for the neighborhood in which it is situated. Register is the most con venient railroad station.

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Executions. (See Judgments). Exemptions. The constitution and laws of Georgia provide that every head of a family, guardian or trustee of a family of minor children, or any person having the care and support of aged and infirm persons, dependent females, etc., shall have exemption of real and personal property, or both, to the aggregate of $1,600. A homestead, to be available under the law, must be set aside by the ordinary of the county in which the debtor resides, upon written application therefor, and upon notice being given to the creditors. The homestead, together with all improvements made thereon after being thus set aside, is exempt from levy and sale except for taxes, for the purchase money of the same, for labor performed thereon, for material furnished for improvements, or to remove encumbrances. It may be sold, however, by the debtor and his wife, if he be married, with the consent of the judge of the superior court having jurisdiction in the county, but the proceeds of the same must be reinvested in another homestead, which shall be subject to the same conditions. A debtor may waive his right to the benefit of the exemption, except as to household and kitchen furniture, provisions and wearing apparel, not exceeding the value of $300. A general waiver, in writing, of the homestead or ex emption is also good.
Exchange Bank, of Fitzgerald, Irwin county, is a substantial and well ordered institution, and dates its inception back to May 27, 1901, when the business was inaugurated under the incorpor ated title of the Bowen Banking Company, with a capital stock of $25,000. In August, 1903, the present name was adopted and the capital increased to $50,000. The bank has paid excellent dividends from the start and has steadily advanced in popularity and in the importance of its functions. From its statement of May 17, 1905, the undivided profits are indicated as $18,765, and the deposits ag gregate more than $155,000. The officers of the bank are as fol lows: Robert V. Bowen, president; M. Dickson, first vice-presi dent; J. B. Clements, second vice-president; Eugene W. Stetson, cashier; and S. S. Hubert, assistant cashier.
Exley, a post-hamlet of Effingham county, is six miles south east of Springfield on the division of the Seaboard Air Line rail way that runs from Savannah into South Carolina. The population in 1900 was 32.
Experiment, a. post-village of Spalding county, is located about one mile from the city of Griffin and takes its name from the fact that the state and government experiment station is located there.

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The population in 1900 was 500. It has a money order postoffice, is located on the Central of Georgia railroad, has express and tele graph service and in addition to the experiment farm has some commercial and shipping interests.
Experiment Station. This institution was established under an act of Congress in 1887, appropriating $15,000 annually, from the proceeds of the public land sales, to each state and territory for the purpose of maintaining an agricultural experiment station in con nection with the agricultural college. In June, 1888, Gov. John B. Gordon, on behalf of the state, accepted the conditions of the Congressional act and steps were taken to open a station at Athens. The following December the legislature passed an act placing the control of the station in the hands of a board of directors, consist ing of the commissioner of agriculture, the chancellor of the state university, one member of the agricultural college faculty, and one farmer from each of the Congressional districts, the latter to be appointed by the governor and to serve for five years. In May, 1889, the citizens of Spalding county offered to donate a good farm of 130 acres, lying a mile and a half north of Griffin, and $4,000 in cash if the station should be located there. The offer was ac cepted by the board of directors and active operations commenced in September of that year. Besides the donations of Spalding county the state appropriated $15,000, between the years 1889 and 1892, for buildings and equipments. The principal work of the station has been in making tests of fertilizers; trying a new method of curing tobacco; hybridizing sea-island and upland cot ton; improving the breed of stock; developing a method of sowing oats in the fall of the year, and in dairy work. A portion of the farm has been set apart for experiments in horticulture.
Expositions. Although Georgia is one of those states that have had international expositions of their own, she has not always had state exhibits at the great world's fairs in which her sister states have been represented.
The Paris Exposition of 1867 came at a time of such great un certainty, the state at the time just entering upon the days of so-called reconstruction, that the legislature did nothing more than to adopt a resolution on Dec. 12, 1868, appointing "Col. Charlton H. Way, of Savannah, and John H. Stoughton, of Augusta, and such other persons as the governor may select" to act as com missioners to the Paris Exposition provided the state was to incur no expense.

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The Philadelphia Centennial, celebrating the hundredth anniver sary of American independence, and held in 1876, also came at a time when Georgia was just struggling to her feet again, and therefore the state took no prominent part in it. The legislature did, however, adopt a resolution in 1875 instructing the governor to take "the proper steps to secure an exhibit of the state's re sources at Philadelphia." At the next session another resolution was passed calling on the state university to furnish proper data for a bureau of history and statistics, without expense to the state, and at the same time instructed the state geologist to furnish infor mation regarding the mineral resources of Georgia. Of course under such conditions there was no' adequate representation of Georgia at the Centennial.
The Cotton Exposition of 1881 was to a very large extent a Georgia enterprise, in which Atlanta, having risen from the wreck and ruin of civil war and forging rapidly to the front, took a lead ing part. In August, 1880, Edward Atkinson, of Boston, Mass., in a letter to one of the New York journals, suggested the advis ability of a great meeting of all interested in the production, gath ering, and handling of the cotton crop. In that letter he expressed the opinion that this meeting should be held at some point in the South. The Atlanta news papers, awake to the interests of the city and state, took up the matter and urged the importance of prompt action. H. I. Kimball, who had come to Atlanta immedi ately after the close of the war, and who from that time until his death took an active part in everything that gave promise of build ing up his adopted home, entered with great zeal into the enter prise. Being personally acquainted with Mr. Atkinson, he invited that gentleman to address the people of Atlanta upon the subject. James W. Nagle and J. W. Ryckman also visited Atlanta to ascer tain whether the people of that city would take any action toward the presentation of a great cotton exhibit. Early in 1881 a corporation was formed and a charter was obtained from the court. The Atlanta incorporators were Joseph E. Brown, Samuel M. Inman, H. I. Kimball, R. F. Maddox, Benjamin E. Crane, Evan P. Howell, M. C. Kiser, Robert; J. Lowry, Sidney Root, Campbell Wallace, J. F. Cummings, W. P. Inman, J. C. Peck, L. P. Grant, W. A. Moore, G. J. Foreacre, Richard Peters and E. P. Chamberlin. Associated with them were citizens of several other counties in Georgia and of the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri, Massa chusetts, New York, Maine and Rhode Island, and some from

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London, England. It was at first intended to confine the exhibit to cotton and all things pertaining thereto, and the capital stock was fixed at $100,000 in shares of $100 each. But such interest was shown throughout the country that it was decided to admit exhibits of products from every section, and the capital stock was increased to $200,000. It was expected that Atlanta would sub scribe one third of the amount necessary to carry on the exhibition and in one day's canvass the amount was secured from her citi zens. Their prompt action gave to the enterprise a wonderful impetus and ready subscribers were found in every section of the Union. Oglethorpe Park, two and a half miles from the railroad depot, on the line of the Western & Atlantic railroad, was selected as the site for the exposition, and H. I. Kimball was made directorgeneral. The exposition proved a great success in every way and opened the eyes of the country to the wonderful recuperative pow er of the South. Georgia and Atlanta derived inestimable benefit from this exhibit of the progressive spirit marking the state and her capital city.
The New Orleans Exposition of 1884 again called the attention of the Union to the progress of the South and here Georgia had a small exhibit.
The Piedmont Exposition was held in Atlanta in 1887. On Oc tober llth, within one hundred and four days from the inception of the enterprise, the gates were opened to visitors, among whom was Grover Cleveland, president of the United States. One of the leading speakers on the opening day was Samuel J. Randall of Pennsylvania.
The Columbia Exposition at Chicago in 1893 was probably the greatest the world had ever seen up to that time. Georgia was rep resented in the great fair by a small but attractive exhibit. The expense of the mineral exhibit was paid out of the annual appropri ation to the state geologist.
The Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 was held in Atlanta. It attracted the attention of the whole Union and of foreign countries. The total capital with which Atlanta began this movement was obtained from the citizens of the city and Fulton county and amounted to $550,000. The appropriations by states, foreign governments and railroads for exhibits amounted to $300,000 and the total expenditures by the Exposition Company exhibitors and concessioners were between $2,000,000 and $2,500,000. This exposition, gotten up by a city of less than 100,000 peo ple, amazed the whole country and gave to Atlanta and Georgia

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another great onward and upward movement. One of the most surprising things connected with it was the fact that it was un dertaken at a time of great financial depression and carried forward to a triumphant conclusion. Hon. Charles A. Collier was the pres ident of this great exposition.
Nashville Exposition of 1897. Here Georgia made a fine agri cultural and horticultural exhibit and also made a good impression by its display of minerals. The expense was provided for by a resolution of the general assembly Feb. 4, JL897, to appropriate $1500 to place at Nashville .the State exhibit used at Atlanta in 1895, and the same resolution included $500 to aid the women of Georgia to make an exhibit of women's work.
Omaha Exposition in 1898. Georgia's exhibit of minerals at this exposition was a revelation to the people of the whole Union. The state also had exhibits of fruits, ornamental lumber and tim ber, cotton seed, wool products, aluminum ores and products, building stones, including marbles and granite, which won gold medals, and she carried off a silver medal for the display of corun dum, mica, asbestos and graphite. Her gold ores, iron, manganese, clays and kaolins, sugar cane and syrups of superior quality, were awarded medals of bronze. The expense of this mineral exhibit was paid out of the annual appropriation to the state geologist.
The Pan American Exposition was held at Buffalo, N. Y. in 1901, and Georgia's mineral exhibit again won admiration as it did later at the Charleston Exposition, wher^ Georgia was represented by several individual exhibits. The exhibit of what could be raised on a small farm, made by Mr. Manget of Cobb county, ob tained one of the special prizes.
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, held at St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, was really the first great fair in which Georgia was ade quately represented. The legislature made an appropriation of $50,000 for an exhibit of the State's resources. Here also for the first time Georgia had a state building, modeled after the home of Gen. John B. Gordon at Kirkwood, near Atlanta. A resolution, passed by the general assembly on Dec. 2, 1901, provided for the appointment of commissioners and also directed the governor to appoint an advisory board of two from each Congressional district. Hon. Dudley Hughes of Danville, president of the Geor gia Agricultural Society, was appointed commissioner-general; Glascock Barrett, of Atlanta, assistant commissioner-general; Hon. O. B. Stevens, commissioner of agriculture, secretary and treas urer; Prof. W. S. Yeates, state geologist, executive commissioner;

CYCLOPEDIA OF GEORGIA

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R. F. Wright, assistant commissioner of agriculture and F. B. Gordon of Columbus, commissioners. The advisory board con sisted of P. A. Stova.ll, of Savannah; John M. Eagan, of Savannah; E. L. Rainey, of Dawson; J. P. Cocke of Leesburg; Dr. L. H. Chappell, of Columbus; Harry Fisher of Newnan; Oliver Porter of Porterdale; Dr. J. D. Turner of Atlanta; W. J. Kinkaid of Grif fin; A. B. Shaver of Jackson ; W. J. Neal of Rome; Dr. T. H. Baker of Cartersville; McAlpine Thornton of Cartersville; Jas. M. Smith of Smithonia; Dr. J..F. Erwin of Blairsville; H. M. Franklin of Tennille; E. B. Hook of Augusta; Col. J. F. DeLacy of Eastman; W. S. Humphries of Quitman; John A. Cobb of Americus; Jas. B. Gaston of Gainesville and R. C. Mclntosh. At St. Louis Geor gia took two grand prizes (the highest award), one for the collec tive exhibit of hogs and corn-field peas, surpassing most of the other states competing, and one for the turpentine exhibit. Gold medals were awarded to the state on its exhibits of cotton, for estry and mineral collections, and building and ornamental stones. A collection of gold nuggets'and gems won a silver medal", the col lection of bauxite and aluminum was awarded a medal of bronze, and several individual exhibitors won prizes.
The state is making preparations to place an exhibit at the Jamestown exposition in 1907, and Atlanta is already taking the initial steps for another grand exposition in 1910.
Ezra Church, Battle of (See Atlanta).