Report for the years 1932, 1933, 1934, and 1935

n nawn jamin tie
narn
STATE DEPARTMENT
OF
PUBLIC WELFARE
REPORT FOR THE YEARS 1932 1933 1934 and 1935
22 CAPITOL SQUARE ATLANTA GEORGIA

3300
Board of Control of Eleemosynary Institutions
Eugene Talmadge Governor ExOfficio StateatlargeE E LINDSEY Chairman Rome First DistrictW L McELMURRAY Waynesbore Second DistrictJ P SWANN Cairo Third DistrictJ E D SHIFP Americus Fourth DistrictDr R B Gilbert Greenville Fifth DistrictMrs William Healey Atlanta Sixth DistrictR J MlNCEY Warthen Seventh DistrictMrs M E Judd Dalton Eight DistrictW B Gibbs Jesup Ninth DistrictDr J C VERNER Commerce Tenth DistrictW C PlTNER Athens SecretaryTreasurerMr Albert M Hill
Public Welfare Committee of Board of Control
Dr J C Verner Chairman Mrs M E Judd Dr R B Gilbeert
Staff of Department of Public Welfare
Thomas B Mimms Director LORETTO Chappel Field Representative HENRY B Mays Jr Field Representative CATHRYN SAMMONS Field Representative Leila Summerall Field Representative
Office Staff
Mrs Decima Babb Lila Jackson Mrs J C Watts Dena WidSom
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CHAPTER I Organization for Public Welfare Work in Georgia 11
Board of Control of Eleemosynary Institutions 1
Department of Public Welfare
County Organization
CHAPTER II Services in Behalf of ChildrenH
Introduction
Dependent and Neglected Children 12
Delinquent Children 27
Juvenile Courts 27
Institutions for Delinquent Children 30
Status of Legislation 3
CHAPTER III S ervices in Behalf of Private Agencies
and Institutions
Family Welfare Societies
Travelers Aid Societies
American Red Cross
Salvation Army
Character Building Organizations
The Social Service Index
Status of Legislation
CHAPTER IV Care of the Aged
Almshouses
Private Homes for the Aged
Legislation
CHAPTER V Development of Adult Probation Service
General Statement
Georgia Probation Officers Association
Adult Probation Other Than Federal
Federal Probation Service
Status of Legislation
CHAPTER VI County Jails
General Statement
Services to County Jails
Children in County Jails
Insane Persons in County Jails
County Jail Costs
County Jail Population Figures
Fees Paid Sheriffs for Feeding Prisoners
Jail Complaints
Progress in Jail Maintenance
Jail Conditions Improved by P W A
Jails Improved by C W A
Jails Improved by W P A
Status of Legislation
35
35
36
37 40 42 44
46
47 47
51
52
53
53
54
54
55
56
57
57
58
58
59
60 61 62 63
63
64
65 69 69
Page
CHAPTER VII Publications and Special Studies70
Publications 70
Social Security Survey71
Criminal Court Survey 72
Study of Social Welfare Problems in Representative
Counties of Georgia 72
Study of Inmates in the Eleemosynary Institutions
of Georgia 74
Child Welfare Study of Fulton County 75
Study of Fulton County Almshouse Inmates75
Census Tracts Survey of Atlanta 76
Annual Reports of Agencies and Institutions76
CHAPTER VIII Referral Investigation and
Complaint Services 77
CHAPTER IX Information and Promotional Service 79
Information Service79
Promotion of Conferences 79
Cooperation With National Agencies 80
1 CHAPTER X Federal Relief Program in Georgia 81
Early Beginnings 81
Civil Works Program 82
C C C Program 82
Accomplishments of Federal Relief Programs82
Health and Recreation Program 83
Educational Program 84
Production and Distribution of Goods 85
Miscellaneous Programs 86
W P A Program of Georgia 87
Expenditures and Physical Accomplishments
of W P A Program 88
F E R A Provides Administrative Costs for
County Welfare Offices 90
CHAPTER XI Social Security 91
Provisiors of the Social Security Act91
Unemployment Compensation 91
OldAge Assistance and Old Age Benefits 92
Security for Children 93
Aid to the Blind 94
Extention of Public Health Services 95
Vocational Rehabilitation 95
Social Security Board 95
Taxes95
Georgia and the Social Security Act 96
Present Status of Georgia in Relation to the
Social Security Act 96
APPENDIX
Service and Financial Information for the Social Welfare Institutions and Agencies of Georgia 19321935
1932 99
1933100
1934 101
1935 102
FOREWORD
This report includes description of the work of the State Department of Public Welfare during a four year period
9321935 inclusive During these years the Department has
operated with a decreased appropriation nevertheless the regular functions of the Department have been performed We believe this report is more than a record of achievement We feel that is can be properly described as a handbook of information on social welfare in Georgia The Department deeply appreciates the cooperation extended by interested citizens throughout the state The cooperation of social agencies and instiutions in the state has been most inspiring and helpful We wish also to express our appreciation to the members of the Board of Control Eleemosynary Institutions for their helpful assistance and cooperation and to the Executive Secretary of the Board for her untiring assistance
Thomas B Mimms
May 1936 Director
CHAPTER I
ORGANIZATION FOR PUBLIC WELFARE WORK IN GEORGIA
1 Board of Control of Eleemosynary Institutions Organization and Purpose
THE Reorganization Act of 1931 created the Board of Control of Eleemosynary Institutions to direct the work of the eight State Eleemosynary institutions and the Department of Public Welfare
The Board of Control consists of twelve members one from each of the ten congressional districts one from the State at large and the Governor who appoints the Board and serves as exofficio member The Board maintains an office in the State Capitol The Board of Control was organized to centralize the administration of all the eleemosynary institutions and to coordinate the work as far as possible
Institutions Under the Board of Control
The Reorganization Act placed the following Institutions under the jurisdiction of the Board of Control
Milledgeville State Hospital
Georgia Training School for Mental Defectives
Georgia Training School for Boys
Georgia Training School for Girls
Georgia Tuberculosis Sanitorium
Georgia Academy for the Blind
Georgia School for the Deaf
Confederate Soldiers Home
1
l
COST AND POPULATION FIGURES FOR THE ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTIONS 19321935
Cost
Milledgeville State Hospital
1932 109678502
1933 102721789
1934 103482778
1935 122871202
Georgia Training School
for Mental Defectives
1932 7732302
1933 5350836
1934 5225313
1935 Georgia Training School for Boys 5348067
1932 4374899
1933 3622065
934 2767808
1935 Georgia Training School for Girls 3150597
1932 3976110
1933 3186988
1934 2753235
1935 2980447
Georgia Tuberculosis Sanitorium
1932 24078048
1933 20755992
1934 18603262
1935 19209995 ers Home
Confederate Soldi
1932 2718735
1933 1970577
1934 1229176
1935 Georgia Academy for the Blind 1437505
1932 3524122
1933 3476133
1934 3123093
1935 Georgia School for the Deaf 3175519
1932 9715474
1933 7007195
1934 5896584
1935 3170238 2
Admitted During Year Dis No in charged Insti During tution Year Dec 31
1051 532 5688
1077 457 5948 6146
1493 1191 7789
20 5 249
20 15 254 252
32 39 245 175
139 158 166
127 171 137
59 137 142
64 3 155
62 7 149
81 86 143
74 57 158 279
674 282
646 299
6 3 30
3 deaths
7 24
7 8 deaths 20
3 3 deaths 17
No Enrolled 115 131 128 124 309 307 285 303
2 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Creadon
So alarmed was the 1919 Georgia General Assembly over reports of cruelty existing in an institution for dependent children that it established a Board of Public Welfare which among other things was charged with the duty of inspecting all charitable institutions
The Board of Public Welfare consisted of five members appointed by the Governor who was also exofficio member of the Board An Executive Secretary was appointed to carry out the recommendations of the Board and an office was maintained in the Capital
While the functions of the Board of Public Welfare as required by law pertained to institutions primarily these functions have been broadened as needs have arisen For instance there was no provision for the Department to do case work but as need arose it became necessary to serve on hundreds of cases each year
Old Board Replaced by Board of Control
Under the provisions of the Reorganization of State Government Act of 1931 the Board of Public Welfare was abolished and its functions transferred to the Board of Control Since this reorganization took place the Department of Public Welfare functions as a division under the Board of Control
An Executive Secretary of the Department was retained and a separate office maintained
Functions of Department
The outstanding functions of the Department of Public Welfare as now constituted include the following
1 Administer the Child Placing Act
2 Promote the work of the Georgia Childrens Service Society by giving the full time services of one member of the staff and cooperation of other members of the staff This service is given since this statewide Child Caring Society does work which would otherwise devolve on the Department
3 Service to County Child Health and Welfare Councils
4 Assistance with Family cases by mail and personal contact
5 Adjusting problems of persons coming directly to the office of the Department
6 Inspect and give advisory service to county jails State county municipal and private institutions and organizations which are of an eleemosynary charitable correctional or reformatory character
3
7 Investigate complaints from persons in institutions or those served by agencies and make adjustments as far as possible
8 Serve as clearing house for information on social work including sending out various kinds of literature loaning of books and information by special letters
9 Service to groups which are planing to open new Institutions or agencies a conscientious effort being made to prevent the creation of unnecessary institutions and agencies
10 Publish the bulletin Public Welfare each month for a mailing list of 3100
11 Pass on plans for new or renovated jails almshouses and other institutions
12 Maintain registration system for all inmates in childrens institutions and some State eleemosynary institutions
13 Promote the Georgia Conference on Social Work
14 Special studies of social problems in entire institutions or certain counties
15 Talks before groups by members of staff
16 Advisory service to contributors to charitable organizations
17 Administer State Recreation Park in Morgan County
3 COUNTY ORGANIZATION
a County Outdoor Relief
Since the early beginnings of the State the counties of Georgia have been giving to their dependent citizens small monthly or quarterly grants From a long list of applicants the Board of County Commissioners or Ordinary selects those who are deemed most needy and the eligible ones are placed on the pauper list The amount of a monthly pension might depend on the financial condition of the county or upon the standing of the pensioner and in some cases has been determined by the standing of the citizen who assisted the pensioner in getting on the list County officials generally know the applicants and do not deem further investigations necessary Many of these cases could be kept off the pauper list by the help of case work with relatives and friends But once placed on the list they usually stay until death
A few of the larger counties have wisely turned their poor funds over to existing social agencies to administer But this step forward has been made only in comparatively recent years
At present the counties are limited by law to onefourth of the State levy for the poor Since the State levy is now four mills no county is legally allowed to spend more than one mill for the poor This amount is always inadequate to meet the demands of those who need assistance The law limiting the counties as to the amount they can levy for the poor was passed in 1880 and is not adequate for our present needs
4
The Department of Public Welfare has at the request of county officials studied the entire pauper lists of certain counties with startling results In one case relatives were cashing the pension checks of the dead pensioner In many cases intances were found where relatives would gladly care for their own aged persons and thereby save the county much expense
County pensions range from 100 to about 1500 per month but families receiving as much as 1500 are exceptional The average amount received is between 400 and 500
As inadequate as county pensions are the Department is of the opinion that it is a better system than herding a group of aged and infirm persons in a poorly equipped and poorly managed almshouse This has unfortunately occured in several of the smaller counties of the State
Cost of OutDoor Relief and Cases and Individuals Served During 1932193319341935
1932
1933
1934
1935
Cases
10735
11306
10685
16885
Annual Cost Annual Cost Individuals Total Cost Per Case Per Capita 25178 61914914 5700 2400
29552 88173149 7700 2900
24685 63084232 5900 2500
34799 71178513 4200 2000
Note In a few cases where counties did not send in reports reports of former years were used Above costs include only the monthly grants to county cases Pauper burials and physicians calls are excluded
b Relief Administered by Cities
The Department had never been able to secure satisfactory figures as to the amount of money spent for relief by the cities of Georgia until this year when the Social Security Survey reached every city in Georgia and secured the information for the year 1935 The survey revealed that the cities have been unusually liberal in trying to meet the welfare needs about them The total spent for relief purposes during 1935 came
just a little short of one million dollars
City relief 74015969
Keeping children in institutions 577793
Other 20261988
Total94855750
I l 5
Counties Organized
c Situation Before Entry of Federal Relief
For a number of years the Department of Public Welfare maintained a separate division of county organization in an effort to organize counties for public welfare and assist those counties which were already organized By the help of this service fifteen of the larger counties of Georgia organized for public welfare Because of the limited public funds for this purpose it was thought best to seek such organization only in those counties which might be financially able to continue to maintain the service
City Wide Agencies
In one or two instances it was impossible to organize countywide public welfare agencies and in these cases citywide agencies were developed the hope being that they might become countywide in the future
Family Welfare Societies in Larger Cities
In addition to the above mentioned fifteen counties in which some form of public welfare work was developed there were certain metropolitan areas which maintained private family welfare societies to handle general case work Such agencies had long been established in Atlanta Augusta Columbus Macon and Savannah The city and county governments regularly contribute to these agencies with the agreement that they would handle some or all of the public relief cases More details regarding the work of the family welfare agencies may be found elsewhere in this report
Seventeen Counties With Some Form of Organization
When the federal government began to loan money to Georgia for relief purposes in 1932 there were twelve counties with welfare associations three of which were citywide in service and there were the five cities with family welfare services which were semipublic in nature
Service Rendered by
1932
1933
1934
1935
Twelve Welfare Associations
Cases Served Individuals Served
8974
9679
9615
13027
6
24832
26472
20874
23929
Public Ij ization ii tid assista ie help ofi
organized is for this only ini timie to d
organize raj cases city r might
intiesintf cd there ate family f encieshadi s Macon I regularly at they fi More li s may be fi
zation oan money twelve coiif e citywide welfares
ms
jais Servii 832 472 1874 1929
Income and Expenditures
The income and expenditures for a one year period will give an idea of the financial situation regarding these twelve
associations
Income for 1934
From City funds 2864706
From County Funds 2320628
Private Funds 1009238
Total Income 6194572
Expenditures for 1934
Overhead 1357341
Cost of Relief 3638898
Other 1426816
6423055
County Case Correspondents
In lieu of having organized welfare agencies in the vast majority of the counties which were too small to support the work the Department hit upon the plan of appointing case correspondents in certain counties Wherever a sociallyminded person was located in an unorganized county and would consent to serve on referral cases for the Department they were placed in the Directory of Social Agencies These volunteers have saved the Department hundreds of dollars in traveling expenses alone At present there are 71 of these correspondents
While these volunteers have not been used so regularly since the coming of Federal Relief it is well to have them ready to serve in an emergency Before 1932 a large percentage of the referral cases handled by the Department were turned over to the case correspondents for investigation or more definite service
Fulton County Organizes Public Welfare Department
start in the right direction was made by Fultoii County when it was successful in enacting a law during the 1935 session of Legislature creating a County Board of Public Welfare consisting of seven members with the following duties
1 Care of widowed mothers with dependent children care of dependent and neglected children care of aged needy persons the unemployed physically and mentally handicapped
with the court having jurisdiction over juvenile delinquency provide probation service
3 By arrangement with the county school board extend cooperation in enforcement of school attendance
4 Make contracts with counties municipalities the State Government and the United States Government or any Department or agency thereof and any other agency or institution to administer relief or services
7
An effort was made to pass a similar bill which would permit counties having less than 200000 population to organize boards of public welfare but this bill was defeated
d Counties Organized by F E R A
When the Reconstruction Finance Corporation first began to make loans to counties for relief purposes in Georgia during the fall of 1932 the need for county boards of public welfare was greatly accentuated There were only twelve counties with some form of public welfare organization These do not include the larger centers Atlanta Augusta Columbus Macon and Savannah in which were maintained family welfare societies to which the local city and county governments contributed each year
When the federal relief work was launched a vast majority of the counties had never experienced any form of relief work other than county pauper relief and relief given by religious and civic organizations Committees had to be educated to the need for adequate organization and trained personnel in order to guarantee sound principles in relief giving Qonfusion and misunderstanding were general The situation would have been quite different had there been a large number of county boards of public welfare with trained workers
The Department of Public Welfare was called upon to assist the Georgia Relief Administration in organizing the counties for relief giving The Executive Secretary of the Departmen gave part time service to developing the welfare program up until July 1933 when she gave full time as Executive Secretary of the G E R A and later became Director of the whole relief program During the latter part of 1932 and first half of 1933 three members of the field staff of the Department were loaned to the G E R A to assist in county organization and in making surveys to determine relief needs
Some few counties did not see the need for federal relief until the C W A program developed Early in 1934 each of the 159 counties of the State had a county welfare office with an administrator case aids for field work and clerical help While the boards or committees for these organizations at first had executive powers it was later deemed necessary to make them advisory only with executive authority vested in the Georgia Relief Administration
The main difference between the form of county organization developed in Georgia during the emergency relief program
8
which mi itiontoo iefeated
ion firstly Georgia tl r public wi fecouiiitsif tiese do iat umbns Mil welfare sodfiii ntscontdli
a vast ij i of relief i oy religiowf ducated to I sonnel in or lonfiisiffl n would ii tuber of Mi
called upoii rizingtM of the DfE fare prograil cutive SecrtBf f of the 1 2 and fall epartmeit Tganizatioii
or federal y in 1934 6 elfare ofcf id clerical fe tiizatioiis at cessary a vested
and the type of organization which should be adopted as a permanent form of county government is that the former deals relief for the unemployed primarily while with the latter unemployment relief is only one phase of the work A board of public welfare should have an executive board of county and city officials and interested citizens with more than advisory powers
We are all hoping that the present unemploment emergency will soon subside But the results of the depression will continue to be manifest in various forms of social problems long after the emergency has passed over Undoubtedly we will then strive to take those steps in government which will prevent another depression with its accompanying devastation Now is the opportune time to develop a well planned public welfare program for Georgia
Following the discontinuance of all the County F E R A offices in November 1935 the Georgia Federal Emergency Relief Administator offered to pay the administrative expenses of county welfare workers appointed by county fiscal authorities with the approval of the F E R A in order that the direct relief work started might not be entirely stopped All relief money under this agreement must come from local sources At this time about twothirds of the counties have accepted this proposition and have appointed county welfare workers While the F E R A could only make the contract to pay administrative expenses through June 30 1936 it is hoped that contracts may be extended until Social Security Administration machinery can be developed in Georgia
While the majority of these new county welfare workers serve as commissioners of the poor in most instances county boards of public welfare have been appointed even though there is no definite legal basis for them A number of city Departments have been set up by the passage of city ordinances These Departments in turn contract with county commissioners to do the county welfare work
e Legal Basis for County Organization
At this time Georgia has no legislation which will permit all counties to organize boards of public welfare Such a bill has been proposed several times and during the 1935 session of the General Assembly a general county board of public welfare bill was passed by the Senate and House but was finally vetoed This bill if passed would have permitted the establishment
9
of a board of public welfare in each county provide powers of the boards authorize boards to administer public relief and pauper support authorize counties municipalities and other public authority to contract with boards provide for combining boards in two or more counties authorize counties to contract with boards of other counties authorize counties and municipalities to vest the management and control of its pauper hospitalization and relief institutions and departments in these boards authorize municipalities to contract with boards and provide for reporting to and cooperating with the State Department of Public Welfare
A bill similar to the above was passed and approved during the 1935 session for counties of 200000 population and over but this only became effective in Fulton County and is fully described elsewhere
Undoubtedly a general county board of public welfare law will be passed in the near future With the coming of the Federal Social Security benefits it will be impossible to administer these funds and services without county or district boards of public welfare The State Department of Public Welfare tends to continue to sponsor adequate legislation leading toward a well organized public welfare program for Georgia
Public
alities anil
Me fora unties to J nties and f its paupail
with boarif the StateJ
CHAPTER II
SERVICES IN BEHALF OF CHILDREN Introduction
TT JE ALL know that the problem of unemployment is in W its last analysis a child welfare problem In the past and at present a large burden of unemployment has fallen not on industry and not on the community but on the backs of little children These children passing through any particular stage of life lose forever those benefits which come from having enough to eat and a happy home free from the harrowing anxiety of not knowing how food and clothes are to be secured No child should suffer this anxiety in the United States These are the words of Miss Grace Abbott uttered at the National Conference of Social Work in 1922 and repeated at the 1933 conference by Mr C W Areson It is discouragging to think that between these two dates so little was done to prevent the terrible injustice suffered by little children during the present depression Since 1933 however including three of the years covered by this report momentous steps have been taken toward preventing such widespread suffering among children in the future Some of these steps will be mentioned later
Mr Areson goes on to say One fact alone seems to me to mitigate the situation There is the Federal Childrens Bureau and in a great many of the states there are state departments or bureaus whose business it is to know about children and to develop services for them To the extent that these departments are efficient and continue to be supported they can be spokesmen for the children It is therefore of the utmost importance that they continue to the top of their efficiency and that all social forces combine to guard their services from the fads of false economy
The Department of Public Welfare is the Georgia agency which exists to fulfill the above function With a reduced appropriation and consequent smaller personnel the Department functioned splendidly and made every effort to give the maximum of service in the important field of child welfare
It has kept up the inspection and reporting on the workings and results of chartered or private institutions associations or organizations engaged in the care and protection of homeless
11
dependent defective and delinquent children as provided for by statue has gathered valuable statistics regarding the expenditures of such institutions and agencies kept up the registration system which gives fundamental data on every child entering or leaving these institutions and agencies has made a number of special studies of all institutions and agencies possessing or requesting childplacing licenses has given casework service on hundreds of individual childrens cases throughout the state
DEPENDENT AND NEGLECTED CHILDREN Extent of Need
Federal Decennial Census
The Federal census which is made every ten years of all the dependent and neglected children cared for by agencies and institutions in the country was completed in 1934 this Department having charge of gathering the data for Georgia The following table will show some of the interesting facts brought out by this census
Dependent and Neglected Children in Georgia 1933
Total Supervision Other
Movement Number Religious Fraternal Private
Under care Jan 1 1933 2418 1047 213 1158
Received during the year 1004 433 4 567
Discharged transferred etc 1107 481 67 559
Under care Dec 31 In institutions and 1933 2315 999 150 1166
foster homes 2072 924 150 998
Elsewhere 243 75 168
Dependent and Neglected Children in Institutions and Foster Homes by Type of Care Support Sex Color and Years Under Care 1933
Item
Number of Children
Total 2072
Type of Care
Institutions 1773
Free Foster Homes 115
Boarding Homes 176
Work or Wage Homes 8
Support
Public Funds Appropriated for Current Work of Agency587
Public Funds Appropriated for Individual Child114
No support from Public Funds 1371
12
lRng tlittijtl up the tm 7 child if asmadea nciis posa casework s oughout thel
CHILDREN
J ten years i r by agends n 1934 dij for Georgia ting facts h
i Georgia
rvision I Fraternal 213 11 4 I 67 I ISO 11
150 i I
Instituions Sex Gw
amber of

k of Age Childj
Age
Under 1 year 23
1 to 5 years 233
6 to 9 years 527
10 to 13 years 713
14 to 15 years i 283
16 to 17 years 201
18 to 20 years 80
Unknown 12
Sex and Color
Male 936
White 832
Colored 104
Female 1136
White 972
Colored 164
Years Under Care
Under 1 year 433
1 year v 289
2 years 254
3 years 229
4 years 195
5 to 9 years 527
10 to 13 years 114
14 to 20 years 18
Unknown 13
These figures have probably not varied much through 1934 and 1935 as there has been little change in the capacity of the agencies and institutions caring for dependent and neglected children throughout those years There has undoubtedly been a little change however in the direction of increased intake The census quoted above does not give even a suggestion of the real extent of the dependent and neglected childrens needs in Georgia for the institutions and agencies touch only a small proportion of the most desperate cases
There is a great need in Georgia for more organizations for the direct or indirect care of dependent and neglected children This need will be covered later meantime we will turn to a discussion of the institutions and agencies which do meet at least part of the great need
Child Caring Agencies
The most versatile and adequate type of care can be given to children by wellorganized childcaring agencies This is because the wellorganized agency has available resources for
13
meeting the needs of many different types of childreninfants adolescents and inbetween ages single children and brotherandsister groups children of all grades of mentality children who fit in with the average and those with special problems or needs The agency of high standards lays great stress on rehabilitating the childs own family and returning the child to it wherever possible Institutions on the other hand often confine themselves to serving special ages one sex special grades of intelligence a particular religious or fraternal group etc There are only two childcaring agencies in the state of Georgia the Child Welfare Association of Fulton and DeKalb Counties and the Childrens Service Society of Georgia and only the former has the facilities for even approaching the versatile standard described above A new agency the Childrens Division of the Fulton County Department of Public Welfare is being organized and many children from the Child Welfare Association have been transferred to it for supervision but it has not yet been licensed to place children The Tuttle Newton Home of Augusta does childplacing in connection with its institution as well as some mothers aid work in Richmond county The Hebrew Orphans Home has abandoned its old institutional program entirely in favor of a combination of childplacing and mothers aid for Jewish children in seven southern statesMaryland District of Columbia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia and Florida
Child Welfare Association of Fulton and DeKalb Counties
This agency serves only the children of the two counties of Fulton and DeKalb It is under the management of a private board and has been supported by private contributions through the Atlanta Community Chest and also by generous contributions from the county of Fulton and the city of Atlanta Since the Fulton County Department of Public Welfare was established in January 1933 there has been a question of reorganizing the Child Welfare Association so as to take care of those cases which do not so clearly come under the head of public responsibility leaving the latter to the Fulton County Department of Public Welfare and the caseloads of the agencies are now being clarified
The Child Welfare Association does the casework for Hillside Cottages which enables the institution to offer to the community a much clearer and more definite contribution than would otherwise be possible and at the same time makes available to the Child Welfare Association an institution for the
14
rf children ildren and
mentality ih special pn kygreatt turning tit her hand ofj ex special 1 group etc tate of Get
I DeKalb Cof rgia and 4 iching thus cy the 04 of Public i the Child supervision ihe Tuttle It connection 4 work in S abandoned
a combii children it Columbia f rida
IeKalb Cod
f the two manage rivate contrilff d also by s and M irtment of ere has been1 jsociation iij fly come fl ttcr to tkl he caseloads
casework n to offal
contribute
time rnahesi institution
temporary care of those children who seem to particularly need institutional care Chiefly however the Child Welfare Association uses boarding homes for the care of its wards
The use of boarding homes gives the children an opportunity of being brought up in a natural family environment with all its advantages of individual care affection community contacts and the association of different ages and sexes in the home itself Careful study is made of the child or children and of the foster home before a placement is made so that the child can be given the benefit of the type of home which will best fit his individual needs
All of the more progressive states are turning to this type of care for their dependent children and some even use this system with great success for delinquent children and for the subnormal The Child Welfare Association however tries to confine its services to children who are of normal mentality and who are not definitely delinquent This still leaves a large number of children with special mental and behavior problems who are cared for by this agency
Childrens Service Society
In April 1932 the Childrens Service Society of Georgia was formed under the guidance of the Child Welfare Committee which had temporarily succeeded the old Georgia Childrens Home Society a number of board members of the old Georgia Childrens Home Society the State Welfare Department and interested individuals This agency was without sufficient funds and was necessarily limited in its services
In April 1933 the Society was without an executive and funds and for the first time since 1911 the State was without the services of a statewide child caring and child placing agency The board of the Childrens Service Society of Georgia remained intact and continued to be the legal guardian of the wards of the society who were being cared for through other agencies For more than a year there was no intake service and appeals from the counties necessarily went unheeded During this period the State Department of Public Welfare attempted insofar as it was able with its limited staff to handle emergency situations as they developed
In 1934 it became known that the superintendent of the Georgia Industrial Home was resigning his posititon on account of ill health and that this Home was in desperate circumstances A plan of cooperation was undertaken between the Childrens
15
Service Society of Georgia and the Georgia Industrial Home in which the former filled the capacity of a casework and authorized childplacing agency and the Georgia Industrial Home became the Receiving Home for the Society The Department of Public Welfare gave substantial assistance in this program especially in lending two members of its staff to work for the Childrens Service Society which lasted from June 1934 to June 1935 At that time the formal affiliation between the two agencies was severed the headquarters of the Childrens Service Society being moved to Atlanta
On account of lack of funds the Childrens Service Society is at present limited to a board of trustees the parttime services of three members of the State Department of Public Welfare and a very small budget obtained from individual contributions Only emergency cases from communities which offer no other childplacing services are handled Through the friendly cooperation of several childrens institutions it is sometimes possible to place children in one of the institutions although emphasis is always placed on making a local adjustment when possible Only infants who are available for adoption are accepted in custody by the Childrens Service Society and they are cared for only until a home can be found for them Supervision is continued however on children already placed so that 61 children are at present under direct supervision of the Childrens Service Society and many cases are always in the process of being investigated
Licensing for Child Placing
In 1922 the state legislature passed a bill providing for the licensing by the State Department of Public Welfare of all institutions and agencies placing children under sixteen years of age in homes other than those of relatives within the second degree Bach institution or agency which holds such a license is inspected every year by the Department of Public Welfare and the license is reissued only if high standards are preserved as required by law in
1 making a thorough study of the reason for placement and diligent effort to avoid separation of a family
2 making a thorough study of the home in which the child is to be placed and placing him only where he will receive proper care and training
3 properly supervising the child after placement and removing him immediately from a foster home in which he is not receiving adequate care
4 reporting children received and placed
16
a n Georgia M ciety I assistanci y fitsstafy from JukII lation bfii of theCttj
is ServisU parttime1 f Public m ual cofltrilii ch offer not the frienlfi is sometimes ns altboD adjustment r ior adopaj Society aij or them Sf ly placed I sionoftkl lys in tires
jroviding fot Welfare oij sixteen yeas ithin tbei ds such a fo Public ds are p
ir placement1 ly H
ich the chldi 1 receive H
at and rea ich he is a
The following institutions and agencies now hold childplacing licenses in Georgia
Name and Location of Noof Children No of Children
Institution Placed during 1935 Under Supervision In Foster Homes on December 31 1935
Child Welfare Association of Pulton and DeKalb Counties Atlanta Georgia Childrens Service Society of Georgia Atlanta Georgia 144 450
27 101
Hebrew Orphans Home Atlanta Georgia 0 27
Methodist Orphans Home of the South Georgia Conference Macon Georgia 1 9
Tuttle Newton Home Augusta Georgia 1 14
The child placing law also provides that the Department of Public Welfare shall authorize the placement of all dependent children from other states in Georgia A full report of the reason for placement is required from an agency in the state of the childs residence the Department of Public Welfare makes an investigation or has one made of the foster home in which the child is to be placed on the basis of these data auth6rization for placement is given or withheld and if given the placing agency is required to make bond for one thousand dollars providing for the removal of the child should he become dependent or a menace to the community before adoption
The Juvenile Courts of the state are also empowered by law to place children in foster homes their activities along this line will be discussed under the section of this chapter devoted to Juvenile Courts
Unless an institution agency or individual other than Juvenile Courts possesses a childplacing license from the State Department of Public Welfare they cannot legally place children for adoption or in free or boarding homes other than the homes of relatives within the second degree
Institutions for Dependent and Neglected Children
There are thirtyseven institutions for dependent and neglected children in Georgia Their capacity and expenditures for 1935 are illustrated in the table below These figures are taken from the 1935 financial and service reports which are sent annually to the Department of Public Welfare by each institution Where a blank is left the institution either did not
17
report this item or did so in such a way that it was not clearly comparable with like items in other institutions
Name and Location of Institution No Chil Total Cash dren in ExpendiPurpose of Home Dec tures for Institution 31 1935 1935
Ann Elizabeth Shepherd Orphans Home Columbus Ga Dependent girls 30 605230
Appleton Church Home Macon Ga Dependent girls 5 years of age and over Atlanta Diocese 374418
Anson Dodge Memorial Home St Simons Island Georgia Dependent boys No report
Atlanta Childs Home Atlanta Georgia Casework and home care for children undier 5 and their mothers Fulton and DeKalb counties 72 babies 12 mothers 1828267
Bethesda Home for Boys Savannah Ga Dependent boys of Chatham County 100
Bibb County Juvenile Home Macon Georgia Dependent children who are wards of Bibb Co Juvenile Court 46 966073
Carrie Steele Logan Home Atlanta Ga Dependent negro children of Fulton county 707424
Childrens Home of Chatham County Savannah Georgia Dependent and delinquent children of Chatham county 41 1123623
18
Episcopal Orphans Home Savannah Ga Dependent girls 13 No report
Ethel Harpst Home Cedartown Georgia Dependent children from Polk county 93 1177387
George W Williams Home Sautee Ga Dependent children 12 360500
Georgia Baptist Orphans Home Hapeville Georgia Dependent children perferably full orphans of Baptist Parentage 288 8449221
Georgia Industrial Home Macon Georgia Nondenominational home for dependent children of Georgia 46
Gould Cottage of the Edwin Gould Eouttdation Savannah Ga Dependent children under 7 35 950578
Hepzibah Orphanage Macon Georgia Dependent children 49 833695
Hillside Cottages Atlanta Georgia Dependent children over 4 years of age of Fulton county 73 1831394
Kings Daughters Home for Children Waycross Georgia Dependent children of Ware county 35 249692
Kings Daughters Nursery Home Savannah Georgia Dependent children under 7 Chatham county 24 No report
19
Leonard Street Orhans Home Atlanta Georgia Dependent negro girls of Fulton county 41 636862
Mary Nelson Jones Home Augusta Ga Dependent negro children 14 106415
Masonic Home of Georgia Macon Ga Dependent children of deceased Masons 97 3731879
Masonic Home School Americus Georgia Dependent children of deceased negro Masons No report
Methodist Home of the North Ga Conference Dependent children of North Georgia Conference pref of Methodist parentage 2674398
Methodist Home of the South Georgia Conference Dependent children of So Ga Conf preferably of Methodist parentage 112 2824167
Open Door Home Home Goergia Dependent children of Floyd county temporary care 20 306024
Robert T Daniel Memorial Orphans Home Griffin Ga Dependent children of deceased Odd Fellows No report
Savannah Female Orphan Asylum Savannah Georgia Dependent girls of Chatham county 30
St Josephs Home for Boys Washington Ga Dependent orphaned Catholic boys 76 1579059
St Marys Home Dependent Catholic AO girls 48 No report
Savannah Georgia
Shiloh Orphange Augusta Georgia Dependent colored boys and girls of 36 Richmond county 262806
Southern Christian Dependent children
HomeAtlanta Ga of southern states
1269076
Southern Industrial
Orphans Home Dependent children aa iro
Baxley Georgia of South Georgia 1115835
Sunshine Health Center Beeves Ga
Undernourished
children and pre No report ventorium
Toccoa Orphanage Toccoa Georgia
Dependent children from Ga and near 59 by states
487896
Tuttle Newton Home Dependent girls of
Augusta Georgia Richmond County 995010
Education of depen
Vashti School dent girls through
Thomasville Georgia second year High 3116783
School
Wesley Memorial
Childs Home Dependent children No report
Mount View Georgia
Total
1712 37730017
30 homes 29 homes
21
Specialized Agencies and Institutions
Besides the usual services rendered in Homes for dependent and neglected children a few of the institutions listed above together with other institutions and agencies make an effort to meet a small part of the following special needs
Mothers Aid
Recognizing the desirability erf keeping families together wherever possible the Hebrew Orphans Home the Tuttle Newton Home of Georgia and more recently the Orphans Home of the Methodist Church South Georgia Conference give aid to children in their own homes the number helped during 1935 being as follows
Name of Institution No FamiHes Helped No Children Helped Amount Expended in 1935 for children in own homes
Hebrew Orphan Home Atlanta 6a 3 58 1162134
Tuttle Newton Home 9 Augusta Georgia 41 413746
Masonic Home of Georgia Macon Ga 78 537721
Orphans Home of
Methodist Church So Ga Conference Macon Georgia 3 25000
Total 180 2138601
The Atlanta Childs Home does not help children in their own homes but cares for mothers with their children for a time or cares for the children while the mothers or sometimes the fathers try to become established so as to take their children back into their own homes
Unmarried Mothers
The two Florence Crittenton Homes one in Savannah and one in Atlanta meet a small part of the need of unmarried mothers The Atlanta Florence Crittenton Home takes care chiefly of Fulton County mothers Both Homes plan for every mother to keep her child The Mabel Atkinson Home also operated in Macon Georgia for part of 1934 and 1935
22
but closed on account of the Home being destroyed by fire In 1935 these three homes rendered the following services
Name of Institution
T3
2
0
C
o
rC LO
g
to
CO
o
rQ
C

8
to
Weo
2
2 a
8
to
S2
O 05 grH
x
m
S
rQ U PQ

4
P
O
c

ft
X
w
O 05
Eh ti
Atlanta F C H 37 33 16 12 780140
Atlanta Georgia Savannah F C H 17 15 11
10 351701
Savannah Georgia Mabel Atkinson 29
229758
Home Macon Ga
Sicfc Children
The Eggleston Memorial Hospital Atlanta Georgia gives free care to a number of children chiefly from Fulton county but also other parts of the state
Crippled Children
The Scottish Rite Hospital Decatur Georgia accepts crippled children from all parts of the state
Adolescents
Vashti Industrial School at Thomasville fills a special need for education of the teenage girl On December 31 1935 there were 90 girls in the school
Nursery Schools
Under private auspices and under the auspices of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration a number of nursery schools were operated in Georgia during 1935
The Blind the Deaf Mental Defectives and children with
Tuberculosis are cared for in state institutions as discussed m Chapter 1
County Child Health and Welfare Councils Organized
A significant movement toward lay education interest and participation in childwelfare was started in 1934 as an outgrowth of the White House Conference on Child Health and
23
Protection A state Child Health and Welfare Council was formed and the leaders immediately began organizing county councils The purposes of these new organizations are 1 to coordinate all organized groups in the state to study child needs 2 to focus attention on these needs 3 to carry out such measures as will preserve the health and protect the welfare of children 4 to initiate and support such legislative measures as may seem needed to enhance the health and welfare of children of the state 5 to observe National Child Health Day
The activities of these Councils are divided into four general fields Welfare Medical Health and Education The membership consists of a representative of the County Medical Society County Board of Health County Nurse County Social Worker Home Demonstration Agent County and City Superintendent of Schools and representatives of the following organizations Womans Club ParentTeacher Association Womans Auxiliary of the Medical Association of Georgia and representatives of all groups interested in Child Health and Welfare The duties of the County Councils are to carry out the recommendations of the State Council to become well versed in local child health and welfare conditions and to initiate such local programs as may be necessary The Department of Public Welfare helped in organizing many of these councils but the county FERA administrators and other interested local citizens were chiefly instrumental in getting them started Dr M Hines Roberts of Atlanta is state chairman
URGENT NEEDS OF THE DEPENDENT AND NEGLECTED CHILDREN OF GEORGIA
The needs of the dependent children of Georgia go far beyond the simple provision for more institutions and agencies they go back to such fundamentals as the provision for adequate wages for employed parents the provision for adequate education for the present and future parents provision for adequate health facilities for parents and children and provision for the unemployed parents of the state If these needs were adequately met there would be far fewer children needing specialized child welfare services on account of the ignorance poor earning capacity poor mental and moral education deatl or poor health of the parents
24
nizatiom j ate to stf 5 tocanfi protect tnei h legislate Itbandi nal Child
d into fonr tioa lid County 1 j Nurse Otnfc Coitfi sentatives tlj ParentTai
idcal M Qterestedioff mty Comi e Council ti dfare coil necessary 1 anizing maij trators di rental ii ft ata is state
ENT AND ORGIA
orga go is ns and m ion for
adequate on for adef irovision f
death or F
While never losing sight of trying to meet these fundamental needs there are certain definite and urgent childwelfare problems which need immediate attention Some of these will be discussed below
Mothers Aid in some form is provided in every state in the Union except South Carolina and Georgia In thousands of instances widows deserted and unmarried mothers sick or mentally incapacitated fathers need this aid in order to provide decent care for their children Some of these children are in the institutions of the state whereas with mother s aid they could have a much more normal life with parents or relatives Others are in almshouses or on pitifully meager outdoor relief Most of them however are probably living without aid of any kind and also without adequate food clothes education or any of the other advantages that they so sorely need The Federal government offers substantial assistance in establishing this type of aid It is urgent that Georgia take advantage of this assistance
Child Caring and Placing Service
It has been learned through long years of experience research trial and error that children can as a rule be much more adequately reared to take their place in a normal community by being brought up in a good home than by being brought up in an institution For that reason the more progressive communities are using foster home placement for their dependent and neglected children who cannot be left with their own parents or relatives Most states have one or more flourishing agencies under public or private auspices for the care of dependent children in this manner but Georgia offers adequate service of this kind in only one county and a little scattering work done by a few other private institutions and agencies formerly described
Service for Crippled Children
The one institution which attempts to meet this need is not able to do more than care for a small proportion of needy cases The Federal government also offers substantial assist 111 meetln need and Georgia should take advantage
Service to Unmarried Mothers and their Babies
The two institutions which attempt to meet this need can care for only a small proportion of the cases and they are not
25
equipped to help the mothers keep their babies in cases whe adequate plans cannot be made with the help of relatives o friends The consquence is that many commercial materni y homes are giving socially inadequate service and sometimes very harmful service to this group Mother s aid and goo childcaring service would go a long way toward meeting this need
Among the appeals coming to the department a number have dealt with the giving away of children by their own mothers a practice which is allowed by law in Georgia In one instance a little girl of five had been given to a widower of 65 who had been accused many years before of immoral relations with his own daughters Another appeal came from a northern city in behalf of a boy of 10 given away when an infant by his mother to a couple who are now in jail This was an illegitimate son of a school teacherhow little she suspected that she was giving her child to such a type of family Another unmarried mother gave her child to a woman who within a week was arrested for treating it cruelly Mothers are often too ignorant or too indifferent to plan wisely for the children whom they cannot or do not wish to keep These are the states young citizens and should have the state s protection by legal enactment and by an adequate statewide childcaring service
Service to Negro Children
The small amount of work done for negro children is noticeable in the foregoing description of service It is also notable however that negroes take care of their own dependent chilren better than white people do and that there is a stronger feeling for family life among them It is therefore inadvisable that institutions be multiplied for negro children Rather the emphasis should be placed on mothers aid and childcaring agencies for this group as it should for the white group also
Service to Infants and Young Children
Only very rarely will any of the institutions in Georgia take an infant or a child under four years of age The Atlanta Childs Home and the agencies which do childplacing work are the only institutions or agencies which give service to very small children and they only cover a limited area or group The two homes in Chatham county which take young children do not take infants Several consequences develop from this situa
26
tion CO Children are left under deplorable situations until their most formative first years are past 2 Children are left with inadequate parents or under other poor environmental cirum stances until they are too old to ever have the likelihood of being adopted into a good home for the adoption demand is overwhelmingly for infants and young children 3 Unmarried mothers and others give their children away personally or through illegal channels because there are no qualified agencies to turn to Service to unmarried mothers and an adequate statewide child caring agency would meet this need
Enlarged Department of Public Welfare
The budget and personnel of the Department of Public Welfare are wholly inadequate to maintain the highest standards of work in regard to child welfare Although casework service has been given on hundreds of cases many other hundreds of requests have been perforce turned down Although the annual inspection of children s institutions has been kept up a better equipped department could render much more service to these institutions There is also much organization work in regard to Juvenile courts and other childwelfare services which should rightly be done by the department but the budget and personnel do not allow for its being adequately covered
DELINQUENT CHILDREN JUVENILE COURTS
Up until February 1931 the Juvenile Court Law created special Juvenile Courts in counties above 60000 population and in counties having between 35000 and 60000 population special courts might be created upon the recommendation of two successive grand juries The law also provided for appointment of Ordinaries or other existing courts of record as Juvenile Courts in counties under 35000 population
In February 1931 the Georgia Supreme Court ruled that the part of the Juvenile court law which provided for appointment of Ordinaries to serve as juvenile court judges was unconstitutional since the jurisdiction powers proceedings and practice of all courts or officers invested with judicial powers except city courts of the same grade or class must be uniform Finding the courts of ordinary serving as juvenile courts unconstitutional does not affect that part of the 1916 law permitting special juvenile courts being established in counties having a population between 35000 and 60000 upon the concurrent
27
recommendation of two successive grand juries or city courts serving as juvenile courts
The result of the Supreme Court ruling was that whereas there were over one hundred special and designated juvenile courts in 1931 there are now only nine juvenile courts in the State These nine courts serve the following counties r Bibb Chatham DeKalb Floyd Fulton Muscogee Richmond Troup and Thomas
After a majority of the juvenile courts were discontinued by the Supreme Court ruling a number of organizations and individuals became concerned over the situation and proceeded to plan to have the law amended so that the benefits of the juvenile courts might be Statewide During the 1935 session of the Legislature an amendment to the juvenile court law was introduced and passed
In 1935 there were nine juvenile courts operating in Georgia The Thomas county juvenile court was established late in 1935 and naturally no finance or service statistics could be reported for that year
The eight courts reporting to the Department for 1935 give the following service statistics for that year
Offieial cases those requiring hearing before judge 3 625
Unofficial cases handled by probation officers
without hearing 1842
Total new cases for the year 5467
Nte over fromni935ClUde CaSGS n probation which were carried
OFFICAL CASES
Those requiring a hearing before a Juvenile Court Judge Delinquent Children
76734 per cent
57 2 per cenu
119553 per cent
22710 per cent
T I I 2246
Kicnmond County unclassified 441
Total official delinquent children 2687
28
White Boys White Girls Negro Boys Negro Girls
Dependent and Neglected Children
UnttOrcit White Boys29338 per cent
White Girls29739 per cent
Negro Boys 8411 per cent
g was thatI Negro Girls 8010 per cent
following ag cogee Ridt
the benefits i g the 1935r nile court hi
operating iil as establish statistics
xtment for 1
Richmond County unclassified 178 Total official Dependent and
Neglected Children932
As for the disposition of juvenile court cases the following figures were reported
Committed to Training Schools 47315 per cent
Placed on Probation 81626 cet
Placed gj Orphanges 82 2 per cent
Placed m Private Homes248 7 per cent
Boarded in Private Homes 194 6 per cent
Other Disposition131842 per cent
Total 3131
Note Other disposition includes those cases which were dismissed
Number of cases handled by the juvenile courts over a four year period
19325454
1933 4557
1934 3921
1935 5467
ar
idge
in J
year if
which wen
Court J
4 per ceit
2 per cell
3 per ceit 0 per ceit
According to reports received from eight of the nine juvenile courts the cost of operating these courts during the past four years are as follows
1932 10928750
19339565355
1934 10978510
19359100158
More Juvenile Courts Needed
At present a child who becomes delinquent in nine of the larger counties of Georgia has the benefits of a juvenile court to hear his case and a probation officer to supervise him if the court rules that he should be placed on probation If a child becomes delinquent in the vast majority of the counties of Georgia there is no juvenile court to hear his case and no paid probation officer to give proper supervision In counties without juvenile courts the case might be tried before a jury in the regular process or he might be given a hearing before the
29
Superior Court Judge in chambers without a jury All too often nothing at all is done about the case When there is no juvenile court and probation service the tendency is generally to send the child off to an institution and rid the community of the problem Not enough thought is given to solving the problems at home and making every effort to keep from sending the child to an institution
The juvenile court law as amended in 1935 gives authority to any court in the State to organize a juvenile court Our immediate goal should be to organize juvenile courts in the larger counties which do not already have this service There are 33 counties in Georgia with over 20000 population which do not have juvenile courts
The juvenile courts which are to be organized in the future might well be maintained along with county boards of public welfare The staff of the county boards of public welfare would be the logical group to make investigations for the juvenile court judges and give supervision to children on probation We do not have legal provision for establishing county boards of public welfare as yet but there is hope that such a law will be passed in the near future
Housing Survey in Atlanta
A careful survey of the relationship between poor housing and lack of recreational facilities to juvenile delinquency was made in Atlanta in 1934 All residences of cases coming before the Fulton County Juvenile Court during the year 1933 were spotted on an Atlanta map The mass of cases were located in the congested poor housing districts located near the center of town There were surprisingly few delinquents living near the parks and playground areas
The purpose of this survey was to show the need for better housing in the congested areas of the city On the basis of this and similar studies the Planning Commission requested P W A housing funds
INSTITUTIONS FOR DELINQUENT CHILDREN State Institutions
The state maintains two institutions for delinquent children one for girls and one for boys these are described in Chapter II together with other state institutions The vast majority of the counties depend solely on these institutions to take care of their delinquent children
30
935 gifts i ivenile com enile courts t bis servkt population
nized in tx y boards off of public i istigations I q to cMk in for estal there is toy
feen poor fa delinquent ases comingli e year 15ij cases were It td near tbet qnents lii
the need fort On the to
1CHILDR0
County Institutions
Some of the larger counties however offer probation service and placement in private homes as outlined under Juvenile Courts Some of these larger counties also maintain their own
institutions for those juvenile delinquents who cannot be accepted into the state instituions and for whom this type of care is considered advisable The table below gives an outline of the services offered by these institutions
Name and Location of Institution Purpose of Institution Population on Dec 31 1935 Total Expenditures for 1935
Chatham County Industrial Farm Savanah Georgia Delinquent negro boys of Chatham County 82 2006459
Chatham County Protective Home for Girls Savannah Ga Delinquent negro girls of Chatham County 20 405896
Childrens Home of Chatham County Savannah Georgia Dependent and delinquent children of Chatham County 41 1123623
Community Home for Girls Atlanta Georgia Delinquent girls 18 and over Fulton County 18 292049
Fulton County Industrial Farm Atlanta Georgia Delinquent negro boys Fulton County 204 4183895
Futon County In Delinquent white HapIvle Srsia b f FuIton 93 4508885
Fulton County Juvenile Detention Home Atlanta Georgia Temporary detention of delinquent children of Fulton County 645369
Richmond County Reformatory Augusta Georgia Delinquent negro boys of Richmond County 30 765618
31
Training School for Negro Girls
The outstanding need in regard to the care of delinquent children in the state has for years been the need of an institution for delinquent colored girls Negro clubwomen especially the Federation of Womens Clubs led by Mrs H A Hunt assisted by some of its white friends have for years talked and worked for such an institution and their efforts have at last been rewarded One hundred and thirtyone acres have been bought near Macon with the money raised chiefly through the efforts of the negro clubwomen of the state A WPA project has been approved and plans are being drawn for the erection of the buildings The school will be run in connection with a farm and after it is completed through the WPA project mentioned the school will accomodate about sixty girls
No appropriation has yet been made by the the state for the running of this school this expense will be borne by the counties sending girls there and by private donations until a state appropriation is made
It is hoped that the school will be ready for its first inmates by January 1 1937
The national Florence Crittenton Association has pledged its support and cooperation in the project There will be cottages for unwed mothers entirely separate from the other buildings
New Detention Howe for Fulton County
Another outstanding need has for years been an adequate detention home for the use of the Fulton county Juvenile Court The old building which was most inadequate was so injured by fire that the children were moved to temporary quarters in the building occupied by the Child Welfare Association where they still remain Plans have been drawn and work started on a new detention home to be located just back of the courthouse on the same grounds formerly occupied by the old home It is hoped that it will be ready for occupancy in July 1936
The new home will accomodate twenty white boys twenty negro boys twenty white girls and twenty negro girls The plans call for the latest provisions for the safety and comfort of the wards It is designed to be used for temporary care of
32
children whose cases are awaiting a court hearing and plans and who cannot be safely left at home during the interim
Besides quarters for the children the Juvenile Court itself will be housed on the first floor of the building with the offices for the judge probation officers and others connected with the court
STATUS OF LEGISLATION
What Georgia Hs
1 Department of Public Welfare which can inspect and advise all institutions for children
2
3
5
The childplacing law providing for licensing by the state department of all institutions and agencies placing children in private homes is particulary well framed and adequate It cannot however function properly until more childplacing services of high standard are organized in the state In 1933 the City Council of Atlanta enacted an ordinance providing that applications for permits to solicit funds and conduct charitable institutions in Atlanta must be submitted to the Police Committee of the City Council which grants or withholds permit only after careful investigation Undoubtedly this has saved hundreds of dollars for the needy children of the state through cutting down fraudulent solicitation
In 1935 the legislature of Georgia passed a law requiring that any person or group desiring to organize a social agency or institution must secure a license from th Board of Control before accepting for care any neglected dependent delinquent or handicapped persons including of course children This legislation will serve a good purpose in preventing the establishment of questionable and unnecessary charitable agencies The state legislature of 1935 also passed a bill authorizing the Department of Public Welfare to cooperate with local agencies and officials in making plans for care of dependent and neglected children This role has long been forced on the Department and this legislation will give addd authority
6 The 1935 state legislature also passed a law authorizing the Department of Public Welfare to receive and expend Federal funds available for care of dependent and neglected children
7 The Department of Public Welfare has legal authority to prosecute agencies or individuals for fraudulent solicitation or misappropriation of charitable funds This law cannot be wholly effective until sufficient funds are made available for carrying out such prosecutions
8 Legislation provides for a Childrens Code Commission whose duty it is to study and recommend legislation for the betterment of children in the state This is a splendid law but is virtually inactive through the neglect to reappoint new members to the Commission as the old members terms expired
9 The Juvenile Court Law was amended in 1935 so as to be applicable to all the counties of Georgia
What Georgia Needs
1 Enlarged budget for the Department of Public Welfare bo that it can carry out its legal functions and other functions as permitted by new legislation
2 The Department of Public Welfare should be empowered not ony to inspect and advise charitable institutions and agencies but to demand that these institutions come up to minimum standards or close their doors
TTrri sku be passed enabling the Department of Public Welfare to participate in Title IV Grants to States for aid to Dependent Children and Title V Parts 2 and 4 Grants to States for Services for Crippled children and Vocational Rehabilitation of the Social Security Act Funds should be appropriated in order to make this participation possible Legislation is needed in order to enable the State Department a SfvlS1 participate in Title V Part 1 of the Social Security Act Grants to States for Maternal and Child Welfare Appropriation of funds would also be needed in order to make this participation possible
A law should be passed making it an offense for a mother to give away her child without an investigation and recommendation of a licensed childplacing agency This law however would be effective only if sufficient services were provided for placing children legally
The antiquated Bastardy law should be supplanted by a more adequate law for the establishment of paternity and the shouldering of responsibility by unmarried fathers
The Juvenile court age should be raised to 18 for both boys and girls J
The compulsory schoolattendance age should be raised
Georgia has no Mothers Assistance Fund such as has been in fe ytiother States of the Union with the exception
Sterilzation Law A good Sterilzation Law administered wouid drastically cut down the number of feebleminded children for the future
ade uate6r0n En NonSupport Laws of Georgia are in
4
5
7
8 9
10
11
CHAPTER III
SERVICES IN BEHALF OF PRIVATE AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS
4COCIAL WELFARE work in Georgia had its early beginning i1 the private institutions and agencies in the larger centers
where social problems became so accute and where there were funds sufficient to support the work These were the pioneers m early social welfare thinking
Soon it became evident that the privately supported organizations were not financially able to care for the mounting number of relief cases Then it was that the cities and counties began to make annual contributions to supplement the private funds and many of the organizations became semiprivate It was only with the coming of federal relief that the vast majority of social welfare work in Georgia shifted from private to public support
Among the ways the State Department of Public Welfare serves the private institutions and agencies include the following
1 Visiting the various private institutions and giving of advisory
service during these visits J
2 Acts as a clearing house for information regarding all phases
of social work
S Issue publications which are helpful to these organizations
4 Lives service on special problem cases which logically come k r e Jurisdiction of the State Department
5 Assists in giving referral service where these organizations must contact other agencies in other localities of Georgia or other states
6
Assists in improving record systems advisory service
by furnishing forms and
Since the private childrens institutions and private institutions for the aged are treated elsewhere in this report the organizations included in this chapter will be the Family Welfare Societies Red Cross Chapters Salvation Army Posts Social Service Indexes Travelers Aid Societies and the Character Building Agencies
1 Family Welfare Societies
There are strictly speaking only five Family Welfare Societies in Georgia These are in the five largest centers Atlanta Augusta Columbus Macon and Savannah The Federation of Jewish Social Service does a considerable amount of family welfare work as a part of its broad community program but there is no report available at present to show the extent or cost of its family welfare services
35
Service and cost figures for the five Family Welfare Societies for 1935
Cae Income Expenditure
Served Public Private Total
Atlanta Family
Welfare Society 1423 1424167 1158597 2582764
Augusta Family Welfare Society 1254 6140000 198136 6338136
Columbus Family Welfare Society 1039 2743884 688536 3432420
Macon Society for Organized Service 1423 1424167 1158597 2582764
Savannah Family Welfare Society 1052 1554902 2899456 4454358
Totals 6225 13776666 12076528 25853194
2560574
5830679
3499709
2560574
3430646
24512483
A comparison of the number of cases served and expenditures of the family welfare societies for the past four years is
as follows
Number of Cases Served
1932 16439
1933 14683
1934 5487
1935 6225
Total Expenditures 45280518 40749188 32587211 24512483
It was perfectly natural that the number of cases served by the family welfare society should drop considerably with the coming of the F E R A program in 1933 Each Family Welfare Society made its own agreement with the county relief office as to the type of cases which should logically come to the family society Generally speaking the family agencies retained the cases which were already known to them and those in which the major problems were not due to unemployment
2 Travelers Aid Societies
There are five well organized Travelers Aid Societies in Georgia located at Albany Atlanta Augusta Columbus and Savannah There are a number of other volunteer and cooperating persons and agencies in other centers which are too small to warrant paying a full time person Where there is a Community Chest organized the Travelers Aid receives support through the Chest but in other cities the organization has to depend solely on the churches and individual contributions
36
Family
i
82764 i 38136 i
32420
82764 25
54358 III 53194 W
irved and qt past four ytt
lenditurei
80518
49188
87211
12483
of cases tf iderably fi 53 Em b the cowitye flUycowj y agencies iem and nemployffl
Aid Sow 1 Colmil1 rolunteef ail rs which as
Whlfj Aid iaJ
organizadf jl con
The two general fields of service performed by the Travelers Aid include 1 Service to help the individual or family in
difficulty seeking aid and 2 service to help protect the communitys resources health or sympathies from exploitation The types of cases served by the Travelers Aid Societies are as follows
1 Travelers Aid will assume responsibility and care for all boys under 16 years old
2 All travelers transients and nonresidents whose problems do not arise from dependency These may be inexperienced behavior problems physical or mental disability old age and many other social problems Runaways of all ages and unmarried mothers come under these headings
3 Unattached women with problems other than unemployment
4 Transient youths the age of 21 away from home for reasons other than search for work
5 Short time contacts with family groups where the relief problem is not extensive
6 All nonrelief transient problems
7 Transportation for transients to legal residence within the State where unemployment is not the problem
8 All girls and boys under 16 years old whether runaways or not if traveling alone
The four Travelers Aid Societies reporting to the Department give the following service and financial reports
Individuals Served Total Expenditures
1932 35943 1582353
1933 32201 1864335
1934 12920 1085474
1935 19392 1139112
3 American Red Cross
According to reports from the National Red Cross Headquarters there were 148 Red Cross Chapters in Georgia at the end of 1935 These chapters vary in size from those in the larger centers where staffs of social workers are employed to carry on the various fields of service to the chapters in smaller towns where the work is on a volunteer basis entirely
The work of the Red Cross is divided into eight main divisions 1 Home Service including Exservice and Service
Cases and Civilian Relief 2 Public Health Nursing 3 Home Hygiene and Care of the Sick 4 First Aid 5 Life Saving 6 Junior Red Cross 7 Disaster Activities and 8 Volunteer Activities
Georgia has two field representatives who surpervise the local chapters and develop new activities North Georgia is under the supervision of Mr Stone Crane with headquarters in Atlanta and Mrs Mildred Brooks is in charge of the South Georgia territory with Macon as headquarters
37
Something of the extent of Red Cross activities in Georgia may be gotten from the following tabulations compiled by the National Red Cross Headquartersv
1932 1933 1934 1935
Total Chapters end of year 140 153 151 148
Total Chapter receipts for local purposes not 91944 68400 83700
Total Chapter Expenditure for local purposes Chapters conducting Roll Call available 107 98124 134 71300 118 86000 106
Memberships enrolled 26015 27138 38575 37207
Home Service ExService and Service Cases Chapters reporting 53 46 11 29
Brought forward July 1st 1101 2949 2809 2379
New and Reopened 6953 4774 3905 3663
Cases acted on av per mo 1434 1369 1253 1102
Civilian Cases Chapters reporting 55 49 6 31
Brought forward July 1st 568 2144 8487 919
New and Reopened 11075 29541 8534 5714
Cases acted on av per mo 1682 4388 3754 1112
Public Health Nursing Chapters reporting 4 4 2 3
Services active 4 4 3
Chapter 1
Joint or Affiliated 3 3 2
Itinerant Nurses on duty mo av 4 1 3 1 2
Total cases under care 833 365 504
Nurses visits to or in behalf of patients 2466 2473 1254 1677
38
1932 1933 1934 1935
School and Pre
school Children Inspected by Docctor or
Nurse 2167 713 233 3784
Found with one or more defects 504 180 1632
Treated for one
or more defects 453 34 93
Home Hygiene and
Care of the Sick
Chapters reporting 9 8 10 9
Certificates issued 1065 1220 1787 1698
Instructors active 16 23 21
First Aid
Chapters reporting 6 6 81 15
Certificates issued 471 968 3615 2034
Instructors app and
reappointed 397 754 346
Life Saving
Chapters reporting 20 18 22 27
New members
enrolled 891 891 1077 1379
Members enrolled
1914 to date 5403 6294 7371 8750
Instructors app and
reappointed 97 91 116
Junior Red Cross
Chapters reporting 29 35 33
Number Schools I
enrolled 186 174 298 288
Junior Members
enrolled 72915 76936 101846 115102
Disaster Activities
Chapters active in
own territory 13 13 4
Number of Disasters 6 9 4
Volunteer Activities
Chapters reporting 50 13 15
Garments produced
inc layetes 2622 184758 26641 9489
Surgical dressings
produced 250 12 8775
Pages of Braille
completed 632
Vegetables and fruit
canned pints 1590 1010
Volunteers on active
duty 2020 12621 1590 1648
39
4 Salvation Army
The Salvation Army began in 1865 in a small headquarters building in Whitechapel Road London under the name of the Christian Mission It was not until 1877 that the military form of government was adopted and the named changed to the Salvation Army It was organized in America in 1880 at New York City
Broadly speaking the social service work of the Salvation Army is divided into the following
1 Social Service Activities for Men
Industrial Homes Workingmens Hotels Homes for Helpless Aged Employment Bureaus Missing Persons Bureaus
Prison Department t
Naval and Military Clubs
2 Social Service Activities for Women and Girls
Maternity Homes and Hospitals Working Womens Hotels Young Womens Residences The Home League Home Economics
League of Mercy Visiting Institutions
3 Social Service Activities of General Appeal
Family Relief
Christmas Dinners
Medical and Dental Clinics
Free Legal Advice
Americanization
Mariners League
Emergencies Disaster relief etc
Antisuicide Work
Georgia having one of the four territorial headquarters is in good position to benefit by all of the above services Along with the headquarters in Atlanta there is maintained a training school for Salvation Army Officers
For the years 1933 and 1934 the Salvation Army reports the following service and financial information for Georgia
40
GEORGIA STATE REPORT 19331934
No Individuals Total Relief
Served Expenditures
Other Expenditures
Atlanta
Family
Bureau
Atlanta
Emergency
Lodge
Atlanta
Community
Centers
Territorial Headquarters and Training College Atlanta Mens Social
Atlanta R S
Lodge
Albany
Athens
Augusta
Brunswick
Columbus
Griffin
La Grange
Macon
Savannah
Valdosta
Way cross
1933 1934 1933 1934 1933 1934
335 211 501827 518089
535 601 515099 561211 935105 907252
193544 277852
7426 7902 1659691 1718674
50915 2745 2263 6980 2843 8377 1746 7929 9792 6843 2968 3517 30000 2057 1665 1710 1775 2950 2345 4983 6375 4662 2346 2804 1187601 55552 36128 171299 200035 164083 10329 133872 150125 1069686 14312 46859 1324466 131750 43797 235975 165380 179172 28989 66361 1125679 1273887 7301 67877 276030 235092 728904 285131 456735 133030 424314 561090 509013 166922 133759 655175 218020 821423 191950 465276 153280 403164 1123606 794040 176883 125457
114264 72386 5917498
7452208 5042969 6313378
Total
5 Character Building Organizations
The Department has never had sufficient staff to give regular service to the many character building organizations of Georgia It has however given cooperation and advisory council to these groups
The Federal Park Service has asked the Department to take over and administer the Hard Labor Creek Recreational Area in Morgan County a tract of four thousand acres with two large lakes and adequate camping equipment Since this new responsibility will fall upon the Department in July 1937 the tie up with the character building agencies will naturally be stronger than ever before
Brief information regarding the extent of work done by the Y M C A Y W C A Boy Scouts Girl Scouts and Camp Fire Girls has been secured
a Young Mens Christian Association
The State Council of the Young Mens Christian Association has the following primary functions
1 Cooperating with local Y M C As in strengthening their service
2 Helping cities industrial communities and institutions establish new Y M C A units
3 Extend essential features of work of the Young Mens Christian Association to the thousands of youth of Georgia who are not now enjoying them
At the close of 1935 there were in Georgia 158 Units of the Y M C A including 21967 members
An important activity of the Y M C A has been the organization of HiY and TriHiY Units in the Georgia High Schools These Juniors Y M C A Units are organized for the purpose of maintaining and extending throughout the schools and communities high standards of Christian character
b Young Womens Christian Association
The Young Womens Christian Association had its beginnings in London in 1885 and was later organized in the United States The Y W C A gives a cosmopolitan hospitality that recognizes cosmopolitan interests that offers to a variety of girls a variety of interests a variety of things to donormal modern activitieslest they seek them elsewhere The Y W C A has a program of service for the unemployed girls
42
Three ways by which the Y W C A interprets its purpose
are
1 Building an educational and recreational program for the de
elopment and enrichment of the individual
2 Serving girls and women through various forms of individual adjustment in employment housing and food service
3 Working as a social force or movement for a better society The program in Georgia has included all groups of girls
such as business girls industrial girls girl reserves and students Athens Atlanta Augusta Brunswick Macon Marietta and Savannah have active Y W C A programs and a few of these cities have camps in connection with their work These groups report 23992 members There are girl reserve groups in Carrollton Coosa Dublin and Monroe
Twelve colleges in Georgia have active Y W C A organizations with a membership of approximately 3000 Seven negro colleges have organized Y W C A groups
c Boy Scouts of America
Scouting helps the Scout to value the great heritage which the past has brought to him in the life and ideals of America and Scouting points thje way of good citizenship through service Not getting but givingnot only receiving but giving back something
Georgia realizing the great service that scouting renders to boys between the ages of twelve and seventeen has set up a well developed Scout Organization There are twelve Councils in the State composed of 460 Troops with a membership of 9302 boys
In the Scout program the boys learn many interesting and useful things They are also taught to take part in community activities and are trained to help meet community emergencies The Scout is taught to be reverent to keep himself physically strong mentally awake and morally straight
d Girl Scouts
The Girl Scout movement began in England in 1909 Mrs Juliette Low became interested in the movement and established a Girl Scout Troop at her home in Savannah Georgia in 1912 which was the beginning of this organization in the United States
Georgia has 160 Troops consisting of 2400 members The program as carried out is to meet the needs for normal re
43
creational opportunities for girls between ten and eighteen years of age The program is designed to offer girls valid experience in which they are actors instead of audience and endeavors to build a firm foundation of skills and hobbies through which the girls may find joy and achievement and an outlet for their energies
A national training school for Girl Scout Leaders is held at Camp Juliette Low Cloudland Georgia Women interested in Girl Scout work comle from all sections of the South to this training school The Southern Regional Scout Camp is also located at Cloudland
The Girl Scout movement in Georgia is performing a great service for the girls of the State in preparing them to do their part in their homes and in their communities
e Camp Fire Girls
The Camp Fire Girls were nationally organized March 17 1912 and the Atlanta Council was chartered in 1923 Girls from ten to eighteen years of age may form local groups Each group is composed of from six to twenty girls with a leader for each group These girls are joined together in a program to find happiness and to give service through the seven crafts of Camp Fire Girls Home Health and Hand Craft Nature Lore Camping Business and Citizenship
The program as carried out by the Camp Fire groups is giving the girls in Georgia a chance to develop their character and personality and these girls are giving service by assisting with worth while community activities
6 The Social Service Index
The idea of indexing information regarding those individuals or family groups receiving alms predates organized charity The sole purpose in the beginning was to prevent duplication of relief and thereby discourage idleness and mendicancy In the year 1876 volunteer groups giving material relief devised this plan in order to detect the unworthy and conserve the funds of philanthropic groups or individuals
The idea proving to be good technique has lived on but the farflung activities of many organized agencies in various fields of social service have discovered for us a different purpose
The Index is the central master file of all social service and health agencies in a given area Each agency keeps its own
44
2nd ijliij UPfls V3lij andini es througbwlt an outlet ftr
tout Leaden Women of the Soil Scout Gif j
is perfoniji flgthemtoi ies
organized Mi red in 152 J local groups i girls wifi gether imi h the serai land Craft
lamp Fire jw welop tW service by as
rding those es organi prevent dill1 id mendicami aterial rd
d conservethti
records but indexes each case record in this central file so that the information may be made easily available to other agencies interested in the same family or individual
Social Service Index operates on the theory that social service and health agencies render a more intelligent and constructive service to those in need if they have full understanding of their clients and the conditions under which they live by consulting all available records
Use of the Social Service Index does prevent duplication in effort on the part of the agency It does conserve community funds It does expose the fraud and prevents duplication in relief but according to a new philosophy it exists to promote a higher grade service to human beings in need
Prior to 1932 the only Social Service Index in the State of Georgia was located in Atlanta serving Fulton and DeKalb Counties Since that time Indexes have been established in Columbus serving Muscogee County in Macon serving Bibb County and in Savannah serving Chatham County These agencies are sponsored by progressive and influential citizens in their respective communities It is to be hoped that communities as awhole will realize the importance of these agencies as a coordinating medium through which agencies giving different service to the same people may relate their activities and so increase the effectiveness of their efforts
The following tables will indicate the 1935 volume of the work by cities ui me
Atlanta
Columbus
Macon
Savannah
g B IQ rj l X CO ei os 2 S Ch
169441
21489
36804
72311
19135
27864
27990
36612
5437
8003
9673
45
Augusta while not mainlining regular index service does have a Christmas Clearing bureau each year
It may be impossible for each Georgia county to establish a Social Service Index but certainly a practical plan for regional organization could be developed Georgia should be thinking of a statewide Social Service Index When this is accomplished Social Work in Georgia may reasonably except a better coordinated statewide social service program
7 Status of Legislation
With the exception of laws regarding children which are being included under the chapter on Services To Children there are surprisingly few laws on our statute books with regard to general private social welfare agencies and institutions Naturally there is much legislation regarding the State eleemosynary institutions
The few laws regarding the private organizations include the following
a State Department of Public Welfare given authority to inspect them and give an advisory service authority to collect various kinds of reports from these organizations and the obligation of the Department to furnish them with helpful information regarding social welfare work
b In 1935 an act was passed authorizing the State Board of Control to license all new charitable agencies or institutions seeking to operate in Georgia This law will prevent the establishment of new organizations which have inadequate programs and those which are opened for profit by questionable characters It will prove a protection to existing agencies as well as the public at large
CHAPTER IV
CARE OF THE AGED
CARE OF the aged in Georgia is administered in three principal ways 1 Institutional care in private homes for the
aged 2 Institutional care in county almshouses and 3 County pauper funds the majority of which go to aged persons Since county outdoor relief or pauper funds are being treated under the chapter on Organization for Social Work only the private homes for the aged and almshouses will be included in this chapter
Services Extended to Agencies and Institutions for the aged The Department is cognisant of the important part care of the aged plays in the whole welfare program While care for the aged doesnt require as much planning for the future as does childrens work and some other fields of social work it does require individual treatment to prevent undue suffering of these people during their last days The Department has therefore been glad to offer its services in an effort to improve standards of care for the aged These services include
1 Annual inspection of County Almshouses and private institutions for the aged
2 Collecting and interpreting population and cost statistics for these institutions
3 Case work on certain cases as demonstration
4 Collecting and interpreting county outdoor relief costs and services
5 Making special studies of almshouse inmates
6 Examining plans for new institutions
7 General advisory service with regard to every phase of institutional management
1 Almshouses
We do not look at the county almshouses as a group with pride At present there are sixty of these institutions for the aged They range in size from one which provides for one hundred ninetynine inmates to one which is maintained for only two inmates
It has always been the policy of the Department to discourage small counties in building almshouses to care for a very small group of inmates A much better policy would be to board their few persons who must have institutional care in existing institutions for the aged
Only twentyeight of the almshouses or less than half have running water of any kind The other thirtytwo institutions
47
must have outofdoor toilets and insufficient water for regular bathing Projects under the F E R A have provided sanitary pit toilets for some of these almshouses to replace the dangerous surface toilets
During the 1934 inspections thirteen almshouses were found to have no insect screens at all and eight almshouses were only partly screened Whenever screens are found to be needed the matter is brought to the attention of the county authorities
Twntynine institutions still use kerosene lamps for lighting This is partly due to the distance of these locations from town The fire hazard brought about by old people handling lamps is serious
Fortyone almshouses use only fireplaces for heating four have only stoves and nine use fireplaces and stoves Only six have modern heating systems Fireplaces are unsafe for some old people who are feeble and who might fall into the fire On several occasions inmates have been burned to death in this way in Georgia almshouses Only eight of the almshouses are built of other material than wood
Twentythree almshouses principally those in North Georgia are equipped to handle white people only Quarters are provided for negroes in thirtyeight of the homes
While having a home for the aged adjoining the prison camp is not Very desirable thirtysix of the almshouses are maintained along with the prison camp In most of these instances the camp warden is also superintendent of the almshouse
193 2Almshouse Population Figures U
03 M CO O H
CO 73 52 Qf OS DtH OS
rH bOrH fi 1 eSiH
4J A M cB bp IS co 60
n x s Xfl 2 rt s 34
pH J3 QQ 0 OS PhQ O 3 BQ
White Men 214 87 443 530
White Women 176 66 361 427
White Children 35 23 15 38
Negro Men 138 75 185 260
Negro Women 88 46 146 192
Negro Children 1 1 1
Total
652
297
48
1151
1448
1933Almshouse Population Figures
CO CO CO CO OS CO n05 1933 c5 T OS D U
of w rH a 3 J a M S 2 s fi S co 03 rl 510 us CS 3 oQ
CQ OQ PhQ
White Men 443 196 179 414 593
White Women 361 166 131 462 593
White Children 15 26 17 27 44
Negro Men 185 111 125 200 325
Negro Women 146 57 47 165 212
Negro Children 1 1 1
Total 1151 556 500 1263 1768
1934 Almshouse Population Figures
CO 0 3 CO OS 2 CO os iH
CS w a S m rj rH M ITj CO OS fcflrl h S3 bi tTl ip eS Oh p
STJ P 3 iS S o v a a Q o
JQ QQ P3Q Ef
White Men 414 191 171 434 605
White Women 462 168 238 392 630
White Children 27 32 29 30 59
Negro Men 200 90 136 154 290
Negro Women 165 38 75 128 203
Negro Children 0 1 0 1 1
Total 1268 520 649 1139 1788
1935 Almshouse Population Figures o
iC jO ID CO
On Hand Jan 1 193 Admitted During1 193 Discharged During 193 Remaining Dec 31 19 Total Care During 193
White Men 434 210 131 513 644
White Women 392 174 48 518 566
White Children 30 34 31 33 64
Negro Men 154 91 52 193 245
Negro Women 128 52 28 152 170
Negro Children 1 1 1
Total 1139 561 1291 1 409 1690
Cost of the Sixty Almshouses During 1935
Salaries 5320708
Operating Expenses 13686399
Medical Care 1331462
Additional Buildings 1433831
Other 260000
Total 22332400
Comparison of Total Cost of County Almshouses for the Past Four Years
1932 20845603
1933 18931103
1934 m 23783723
1935 23332400
Very few changes in equipment or type of management have been brought about during the past four years A new almshouse was built during this period in Hall County at Gainesville at a cost of 3400000 A small almshouse was provided in Murray County to care for the unemployable aged persons returned to the county by the F E R A Carroll County is now in process of building a new home by the help of a 3980000 loan from the P W A
The Works Progress Administration has provided funds for improvements at the Bibb and Fulton County Almshouses For construction of farm houses at the Bibb County Home the W P A spent 637500 Fulton County received 469900 for general repairs to both the white and negro divisions of the almshouse
Substantial improvements were also brought about in the following county homes during the fouryear period DeKalb Floyd Muscogee Richmond Spalding Union and Whitfield
The District Almshouse
Recent changes in our economic system tend to make it more difficult for the aged to continue selfsupporting through employment This strain along with the increase of dependency during a depression has been felt by the Almshouses as well as the other agencies and institutions for the care of the aged
That Georgia should do away with all of her smallest and poorest equiped almshouses in favor of a few modern district homes is recognized in a number of the smaller counties which are paying large sums for meager care for their aged These district almshouses would give semihospital care to those who are too infirm to be placed with their relatives or friends Whether supported by the State or by the pooled resources of the counties being served the district plan would save money for the taxpayers and provide improved care for a group of aged persons who need institutional treatment
50
Duriq 1535 53207
m
113381
type of mif t four years l I in Hall Cm small aW be unemplofl F ERil iew borne l
has provided County M bb County lit ty received ill negro divisions
irought about ear period I inion and
tend to makei jorting ttroiiji crease of del Almshouses a scare of of her siuA few modem i aller counties their aged j care to elatives or id pooled resoo would save t for a group
Private Homes for the Aged
Due credit should be given the seventeen private institutions tor the aged m Georgia Practically all of them are supported by churches or by endowments made by individuals for the specific purpose As a group the type of care given in these homes for the aged is better than that found in the average county almshouse This is partly due to the fact that most of these homes are located in the cities where more modern equipment is at hand The fact that these homes generally have boards of directors made up of interested persons who give
and tllougt to the comfort of the inmates also makes this group of institutions more homelike
While the Confederate Soldiers Home of Georgia is a State
snnnnfwH Jnstltuton s being grouped with the privately supported homes for the aged and in lieu of a better place to
The population and cost figures repotted by the private homes for the aged for the year 1935 are given below
No Admitted No Institu Total Ex
During tion on Dec penditures
1935 31 1935During 1935
No report No report
16 56 958710
Abrams Home Savannah Amelia W Sullivan Home Augusta Col
Bethany Home Vidalia Cohen Old Mans Retreat Savannah
Colored Old Folks Home Albany Col
Confederate Soldiers Home Atlanta
Home for Incurables Atlanta Home for Old Women Atlanta Julia Parkman Jones Home Macon
Little Sisters of the poor Savannah
Mary Warren Home Augusta Mills Memorial Home Savannah Col
Troup Co Assn for Aged Negroes LaGrange Col
Old Ladies Home LaGrange Old Womans Home Columbus Tubman Home Augusta Widows Home Augusta
Total
No report
7 200000
3 15 48 1427013
6 63 1206659
4 319617
38 114 1108430
14 180546
32 527163
4 9 49170
1 No report 10 139424 307168
No report
68 372 6425L80
Reported with Albany Association and not separated
51
Status of Legislation
Present legislation regarding the care of aged in Georgia includes the following
1
3
4
Ordinaries or County Commissioners have authority upon the recommendation of the grand juries of their respective counties to purchase county homes and farms and to levy and collect a tax for the purpose It is their duty also to maintain these institutions
The general Supervision of all paupers is vested in the ordinaries of each county In most of the counties this responsibility has been delegated to the board of county commissioners by special
legislation
Counties having over 150000 population may provide for support of paupers by contracting with any city within any county or with charitable organizations of paupers and to appropriate money for this purpose J Kill
Any county may delegate authority to or contract with any city within the county or a charitable organization to administer relief to paupers in their homes from funds appropriated by
the county I I IS
There are other minor provisions regarding appointment oi commissioners of the poor duty of children to support parents when able pauper burials liability when a person sends a pauper into another county paupers left by migratory companies etc
Needed Legislation
Georgia has no old age assistance law The effort made to pass such a law during the 1935 session of the Legislature was unsuccessful
Since the bulk of the burden on counties for support of the aged goes to dependent persons participation in this one phase of the Social Security Act by the State would be a great saving to the counties and hail a new day for the dependent aged of Georgia
There is no law which permits the counties of Georgia to pool their resources in providing districts homes for the aged The State of Virginia has demonstrated the economy and efficiency of having several counties go in together to maintain a district county home which gives semihospital care If the plan has been found successful in that State it should be even more applicable to Georgia with her 159 counties and her 60 almshouses While oldage pensions will largely replace county almshouses there will continue to be aged persons who are so feeble and sick as to need institutional care and some plan must be provided to meet this need The district almshouse or district hospital seems to be the best solution
52
CHAPTER V
of aged in G
have authority as of their t fann8 andtoloy 1 duty also to
rested in tie ofi this responsiHj mmissioners hys
may provide id ity within aryts ers and to sp
contract with a rization to si hinds appropl
rding appoint en to supportlc person sendsap atory coopan
The effort the Legislaw
is for snpl i in thisojef be a great fl dependent
DEVELOPMENT OF ADULT PROBATION SERVICE
1 General Statement
Definition
PROBATION might be defined as a system of treatment whereby selected persons might be supervised by a probation officer throughout a probation period and elminate the need for institutional care It is one of the highest types of case work requiring a maximum amount of skill and understanding
Wide Duties of Probation Officers
While the primary duty of the probation officer is to supervise and plan for probationers his duties do not stop there He must make investigations for the court and report his findings to the judge in order to assist the court in disposing of the cases wisely He generally finds that the family of the probationer requires as much of his time and council as the probationer himself He must work with other social agencies and in fact the whole community in planning treatment for his probationers
Realizing that probation is a specialized form of case work and realizing that it requires trained personnel several counties of Georgia have been using available county welfare workers to act as probation officers in addition to their other duties This is usually done in counties which do not have enough cases for supervision to require the full time of a probation officer Only by organizing county boards of public welfare is the State likely to receive Statewide probation service in the near future
Early Beginnings
The State of Georgia first made probation effective when in 1913 the Legislature passed the adult probation law This makes it possible for adult delinquents to be placed on probation under the supervision of volunteer or paid probation officers It was followed by juvenile court laws in 1915 and 1916 creating juvenile courts in all the counties and providing for probation officers to serve these courts
Progress of Probation
Probation work in Georgia has made important strides since the first probation law was passed in 1913 but the value of probation work is still too little appreciated by the general public There are still too many sections of the State which
53
are denied the benefits of this treatment for many carefully selected delinquents who might be guided in theright direction and kept out of our already crowded institutions
2 Georgia Probation Officers Association Organized
During an institute for probation officers conducted during the 1934 session of the Georgia Conference on Social Work a State Probation Officers Association was organized to promote probation in Georgia Mr W W Woolfolk Probation Officer for the Fulton County Juvenile Court was elected president of the Association Membership in the Association was recently thrown open to persons interested in probation work
3 Adult Probation Other Than Federal
According to reports received from probation officers there are at present ten adult probation departments in Georgia with paid probation officers These do not include the three federal probation departments In addition to these there are a number of sheriffs and volunteers who supervise probationers now and then without compensation
Five of these adult probation departments report that 2712 persons were placed on probation for supervision during 1934 These five include the larger courts and the few persons supervised by the other smaller departments would probably bring the total number placed on probation to about 3000
Three probation departments Fulton Bibb and Atlanta Municipal Court Department reported the cost of operating these three departments during 1934 as 1856500 These same adult departments placed on probation 2 521 persons at a per capita cost of 736 If the per capita cost were based on the number of cases brought over from the previous year as well as those placed on probation during the year it would be reduced to 441 During 1934 these three departments handled 4 210 cases in all
The above indicates two things very clearly first that the cost of supervision on probation is negligible compared with the stupendous cost of caring for persons in penal institutions second that entirely too many persons are placed on probation under one probation officer For instance one probation officer in the Atlanta Municipal Court probation department supervised 860 persons on probation during 1934 This is entirely too large a case load to enable one probation officer to give careful supervision to each case
OATIONOrgi ers conducted
on Social iv rganized to Voolfolk 4 art was electd the Associatioi
in probation
han Fedbj obatioD officcn nts in Georgia nde the tirol e there auaie obationersi
its report that raion dnijll he few pen 3uld probably out 3000
COSt Of Opffl
1856511 i 2 521 p ita cost were he previous ji e year it fS three depart
arly first W ale compared penal insti laced on 1 ie probation lartmentfl his is entirdl1 icer to give
4 Federal Probation Service
Federal probation service was instituted in Georgia March 1 1928 Until November 1 1930 there was only one federal probation officers to serve the entire State At present there are two federal probation officers for each of the three federal districts of the state
The fact that the Federal Probation Service supervised 2077 probationers and parolees during the fiscal year ending June 30 1934 indicates the extent to which this new service has been developed
An excerpt from the annual report of the Northern District Probation Officer will give an idea of the principles underlying the Federal Probation Service
There comes before most every Court a limited number of persons accused of crime who are not hardened criminals but
toPS At S6JieS ofunf ornate circumstances lands them before the Bar of Justice Experience shows that a percentage of espoi3f1 to intelligent probation treatment They will be diverted from lives bf crime to lives of usefulness To send them to prison may break their spirits and they may return to society stigmated embittered and inclined to follow suLestions obtained from associations with hardened prison inmatesconfirmed
lmmals Society cannot well afford to pay for this social wastage
and
0sein officers are seldom in possession of these facts The Court has to depend upon a trained probation officer to tret them If the person is placed on probation the probation officers real task then begins He may have to assist in finding employment making family adjustments or developing a program for WVp
will attract the probationer away from bad associates All problems JSS Probationer become problems of the probation officer His using only forci1 CnSelr and not one of stern taskmaster
It cannot be hoped that probation and parole can do awav Jfh the necessity for prisons When used wisely they can reclafm a b ful percentage of offenders They will reduce the cni Tc keep and safeguard the public We advocate their wise use because we feel solicitous for the protection and oockethnnfc DecauSe well as for the individual defendants Maudlin svmnathvlT5 fl play no part in their granting It is imperative should
be kept free of politics imperativethat both systems
55
CASES UNDER SUPERVISION OF THE THREE FEDERAL PROBATION DISTRICTS OF GEORGIA FOR THE
Under active supervision on July 1 1933 Received for active supervision during year Total under supervision during fiscal year both probationers and parolees
Passed from active supervision during year Remaining under active su vision on June 30 1934
Northern District Middle District Southern District Total
328 691 397 1416
263 296 102 661
591 987 499 2077
302 860 449 1611
r 289 127 50 446
5 Status of Legislation Examining Board
In order to improve the standards of the probation and parole departments of Georgia a bill creating an examining board for probation officers and parole officers was proposed at the 1935 session of the Legislature The bill passed the House but was crowded off of the calendar in the Senate This bill provided for an examining board of five members with the Executive Secretary of the State Department of Public Welfare as Chairman One member would be a juvenile court judge one member from the Executive Committee of the Georgia Probation Officers Association and two members who are interested in the development of probation and parole services
There is still a real need for such a board to assist the courts and institutions in selecting properly trained and experienced probation and parole officers Every effort should be made to keep the selection of such officers out of politics Undoubtedly future efforts will be made to secure the passage of a State law of this kind
Need for Clarifying Adult Probation Law
The adult probation law as passed in 1913 provides that judges shall appoint probation officers but it does not indicate whether the court or the board of county commissioners shall control the probation department Difficulties have arisen in certain counties because of these uncertainties There is no such problem arising within the juvenile courts since the juvenile court judges have complete control of their probation service From a standpoint of fairness to the probation officers and in the interest of efficient probation service the adult probation law should be clarified
56
CHAPTER VI
COUNTY JAILS
General Statement
THE county jails of Georgia are in better condition than they have ever been in the past The various federal work programs have brought about marked improvements in fully one fourth of these institutions All of these projects were badly needed Those in charge of the P W A and F E R A programs in Georgia have cooperated with the Department of Public Welfare in requiring that all the projects be examined and approved by the Department before the work actually started
The above mentioned improvements in the way of new or renovated jails do not include the large numbers of improvements made by the counties through local funds A modern new jail was built by Haralson County without Federal aid This jail replaced a wooden jail which presented a distinct fire hazzard and the jail was often badly crowded Space does not permit listing all of the renovation and repair jobs done by use of local funds As tax collections have increased a proportionate increase in county jail repairs has been observed
As a group the sheriffs elected in 1932 have taken an active interest in jail improvement A majority of those sheriffs who proved to be poor managers of their jails were not reelected
A large number of counties do not provide janitor and guard services and leave these to the sheriffs to pay for out of their dieting fees The result is that entirely too many jails are not kept as sanitary as they should be Every jail should have a full time turnkey to be with prisoners at all times While a few sheriffs employ a full time turnkey in a majority of the jails prisoners do not have supervision during all hours of the day
The need for consolidation of counties in Georgia is revealed in county jail maintenance probably as much as any other feature of local government The statement is often made by county officials We have so few prisoners in our county that it is not worth while to improve the jail The smaller counties have often built insecure jails which are too small and which are not equipped for adequate standards of sanitation It may be added however that in recent years
57
several of the smaller counties have built modern new jails but such expenditures are usually a drain on their tax funds
Services to County Jails
The service extended by the Department to county officials concerned with jail maintenance include the following
1 Inspect the 156 county jails in the state at least once a year and submit reports to local officials when deemed necessary
2 Collect reports from sheriffs on the number of jail commitments in each county by race age and sex
3 Examine plans for new jails and cooperate in effecting proper standards for same
4 Render special types of service to county jails such as securing community interest adjusting complaints or furnishing special information
5 Submit reports to grand juries and make personal appearances before these bodies when important matters with regard to jails are to be considered
6 While the Department does not regularly inspect the city jails it does give its services to any city jail upon request
Children in County Jails
During the past ten years from 1925 through 1934 there has been an average of 798 children under 16 in the county jail These figures are reported yearly by the sheriffs of Georgia According to these reports the peak was reached in 1931 when the total number of children confined in the county jails reached 1104 The lowest number was reported in 1933 when there were only 414 juvenile commitments There has been a very decided increase in the number of children in county jails in recent years
Off hand one would think that in those counties having special juvenile courts there would be fewer children in jail but in Georgia this is not the case The eight counties having juvenile courts in Georgia reported a total of 212 children in the county jails during 1934 or 35 of the total of children reported in the jails of the State While these eight counties had 35 of the total number of children they have only 27 of the total population of Georgia It would seem that in these counties with juvenile court machinery to prevent confining children in jails that there would be a negligible number reported
Chatham and Fulton Counties reported no children in jail during 1934 Both of these counties have juvenile detention homes
From the above it appears that there is a need for an agreement between the juvenile court authorities and county jail
58
modern oh their tax fundi
imt to comtij the following
te at least oatl deemed nee ber of jail coni
rate in effect
y jails socliase ts or flnisli
ce personal jp natters wl in
ly inspect the is ipon request
i through fl der 16 inis y by the sW peak was onfined in tire was reported nitmeuts w of children
those counties t children if light cow di ill the totaloii j these they have 4 would seerni iery to jffi i a negligible
id no H e juvenile
authorities in some of the counties In an effort to prevent children from being confined in jails along with adult offenders
Children reported as being confined in the county jails of Georgia during the past ten years
White Negro Total Change from year to year on
1925 360 574 907 percentage basis
192 547 4 W y3
1927 348 589 937 126f
1928 306 346 652 304
1929 491 427 918 4074
1930 362 445 807 137
1931 473 631 1104 3674
1932 339 464 803 272
1933 202 212 414 484
1934 243 361 604 4584
1935 430 554 984 6294
Insane Persons in County Jails
While the vast majority of the county jails have no equipment for caring for insane prisoners a large number of these mentally sick citizens are confined in jails each year
Georgia is desperately in need of better care for insane prisoners who are waiting trial and awaiting admission to the State Hospital While many of these mental patients are violent and must be confined some plan of hospital care should be worked out for this increasing number of our citizens
Fulton County in renovating its jail has provided additional space for insane prisoners The majority of the new jails being constucted are making provisions for insane persons Generally precautions are made to protect jail property but seldom is there an attendant secured to supervise mental patients in jail
It is true that insane prisoners are highly destructive to jail property especially destroying bedding windows and plumbing Jails are discontinuing the use of padded cells These cells are too close and unsanitary to be practical During inspections of the county jails during 1934 only one insane person was found to be confined in a padded cell Assistance was given by the Department in removing this person to the State Hospital
59
Number of insane persons reported in the county jails during 1933 and 1934 By groups
1933 1934 1935
White Men 373 467 551
White Women 144 172 162
White Boys 1 1 0
White Girls 5 0 1
Total White 523 640 714
Negro Men 226 301 310
Negro Women 132 161 208
Negro Boys 1 0 2
Negro Girls 2 18 0
Total Negro 361 480 520
Unclassified 0 17 30
Grand Total 884 1137 1264
County jail population figures are compiled after reports are received from sheriffs of the state These reports list the prisoners as to race sex and age
The number of commitments to the county jails of Georgia has shown a gradual increase during the last ten years with the exception of a negligible decrease in 1928 and a more considerable decrease of 59 in 1932
Using the 1930 federal census figures as a basis there were 20 persons committed to the county jails during 1935 for every thousand persons of the general population This figure might be reduced a mere fraction if it were possible to eliminate from the sheriffs reports instances where a person was committed more than once Even if the figures were reduced to 19 per thousand of the general population of the state the problem would still be staggering
While the general population of Georgia increased on 4 during the ten year period from 1920 to 1930 the county jail population during the ten year period from 1926 through 1935 increased 42
County Jail Costs
The county jails generally cost well over half a million dollars each year In 1934 the cost showed a decided increase largely due to the addition of federal funds for this purpose While the main added expense during 1934 consisted of repairs and renewals there was also a tendency to raise dieting fees paid sheriffs during that year
60
61
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 193S
White Mien 16631 18598 18563 20956 21437 23507 22161 24220 24i878 26358
White Women 1163 1211 1241 1593 1534 1605 1552 1641 1598 1992
White Boys 289 295 255 395 294 430 290 175 202 335
White Girls 74 53 51 96 68 143 49 27 41 95
Total Whites 18157 20157 20110 23040 23333 25685 24052 26063 26719 28938
Negro Men 20421 21481 21246 23233 24781 25847 24731 24417 25826 27205
Negro Women 3357 2086 3301 3616 3503 3600 3171 3147 3319 3844
Negro Boys 389 498 291 360 384 502 418 182 309 493
Negro Girls 80 91 55 67 61 129 46 30 52 61
Total Col 24247 25056 24893 27276 28729 30078 28366 27776 29506 31603
Grand total 42404 45213 45063 50316 52062 55763 52418 53839 56325 60541
County jail costs during past three years
1932
1933
1934
1935
65774125
62156087
96069606
66956934
The 156 county jails cost the counties almost one million dollars in 1934 The amount was increased that year due to matching of federal funds for repairs or rebuilding The amount was considerable less in 1935
County jail expenditures by groups for the years 1934 and 1935 are as follows
Turn Key fees Board or dieting fees Repairs or renewals Operating Expenses
8451878 33551703 39504963 14561062
7830732 37194737 6174476 15956989
Total
96069606 67156934
Fees Paid Sheriffs For Feeding Prisoners
The last study of the amounts being paid sheriffs of Georgia for feeding prisoners was made in 1933 during the regular inspections made by the Department At that time the fees paid sheriffs for this purpose were as follows
Total
Amount of Fee 100 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40
Number of Counties paying such amount 1 1 15 3
11
42
7 53
9
8 150
The remaining nine counties not listed in the right column either have no fee system or are not maintaining a jail
According to the 1933 reports of the Department of Public Welfare the average fee being paid for feeding county jail prisin Georgia was 566c The tendency has been to raise the dieting fees as counties improve their financial positions
The difficulty lies in the fact that out of the dieting fee must come cost of preparing meals and guarding prisoners and the full amount does not go toward actual food for prisoners The whole system is antiquated and should be changed
62
Jail Complaints19321933 1934
During the years 1932 1933 and 1934 the Department gave service with 109 complaints from prisoners or interested citizens regarding the jails of Georgia While a few of these complaints were regarding city jails the majority were from the county jails
I lt is encouraging to observe that the number of complaints has gradually reduced during these three years New sheriffs going into office in 1933 no doubt had something to do with improving jail conditions New jails through the P W A and renovation jobs through the C W A have had some effect in remedying conditions which cause complaints
jqoq 50 Jail complaints
jqq 35 jail complaints
i oqk HUB m 24 jail complaints
19 jail complaints
Progress in Jail Maintenance
The table listed below gives some idea of the progress made m the county jails of Georgia from 1928 to 1934 These conditions were found during inspections of the jails bv representatives of the Department of Public Welfare Other progress has been made that does not lend itself to tabulation
SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES OF PROGRESS MADE WITH THE ONE HUNDRED FIFTYSIX COUNTY JAILS IN GEORGIA DURING PERIOD 1928 to 1934
Findings in 1928 Findings in 1934
Sheriffs residence n f JaS no of jails
with jail 113 n9
Jails reasonably
fireproof 120 144
Hospital ward or
detention ward 23 36
Adequate heating system 125 149
Metal painted
light color 99 ig2
r ly screens at windows 22 46
Heavy screens at windows 22 cn
Sleeping facilities 155
Wall bunks facility advocated 99 115
Cots and hammocks
not advocated 14 o
Cots not advocated 37
Adequate bedding 145 iqq
Water Works 1
Bathing facilities 106 1 oa
Showers Facility advocated 50 65
Tubs 33
Tabs and showers Hot water available
to prisoners for bathing 57
Bathing requirements 31
Regular laundering of bedding Generally clean
and sanitary 99
Mattress slips or sheets in use
The Department recommends having at least five compartments for every jail These compartments should provide for white men negro men white women negro women and separate quarters for juvenile or sick prisoners In 1934 the l jo county jails had the following number of compartments
Three Compartments
Four Compartments
Five Compartments
Over five compartments41
One Compartment j
Total156
28
69
62
105
109
73
Jail Conditions Improved By Public Works Administration
Projects i
While the federal relief programs have selected many jail projects for renovation as well as construction work the Public Works Administration has used its funds for construction work only The ten county jails and one city jail built by the help of P W A funds were badly needed All of the projects were approved by the Department of Public Welfare before the
work began
The contract prices and loans or grants of these eleven jail
projects are as follows
P W A Loan Contract Price or Grant
Name of
Applicant Project
Altanta Ga City Jail
Brantley County County Jail Carroll County County Jail Columbia County County Jail Effingham
County Fulton County Hall County Harris County Meriwether County
Baldwin County Screven County
County Jail County Jail County Jail County Jail
County Jail County Jail County Jail
Total
30244400
1829000
7587800
1475500
2185400
12402300
10693700 Not let
1353900
4018000
2762200 74544200
64
34600000
75000 00 500000
15000 00
26000 00
177000 00
128000 00
2000000
1390000
1800000
1800000
84100000
Grant
Grant
Grant
jifdwJ 1
I til of 0 and repa I jail and on K inds Blows
i 0 I 0
Bleckley 11084 Fainting
Jails Improved By C W A Projects
A number of county and city jails in Georgia have been renovated and repaired through Civil Works projects One county jail and one city jail were built completely through C W A funds A list of projects involving county and city jails is as follows
T3 o 00 00 o o 00
o rH to 03 1 m
O tl rH to tH rH CO
a li t 03 OO CO N
w 9 C3 co to t t
ei i 00 rH oi CO
o o to o o o
H o 00 00 IO o 03 H
u o CO Hj CO 3
0 J 00 ts 03 oo o 1
rH C3 to Tj Oi rH
oi
o o 03 oo o O CO
o 03 CO o 03 tD
ri to CO rH o
00 o o o CO M
rH Oi t rH 00 to
rH to oi oi
rH
H
S m a
General cleaning court house j and grounds Painting court ho and jail Repairs to cou house and jail Reparing and painting court house and jail Cusseta Ga Painting and cleaning court house jail and almshouse Repair and paint county jail Newan Georgia Terracing and setting out trees on court house and jail grounds Trenton Georgia
H3 H CO CO
CO CO CO CO CO CO
0 to to to 00 t CO
u Ok 1 rH rH i rH rH 03 03
a rH OI OI 03 rH
rH rH rH
N m C s O m s 3 S d i 5 H O rO CS
P 3 V d 0 O rO
0 m J O O o M
U 3 03 O o Q
99
Dade 11234 Landscaping and grading grounds of court house and jail 960 GM Dist 151000 8100 159100
Dougherty 3734 Repairing and painting court house and jail 12480 12480
Douglas 122133 Repairing Cleaning and painting jail and court house 18975 8600 27575
Fannin 122933 Repairing and painting jail and court house 143260 143260
Glynn 1934 Reconstruction of city jail Brunswick Ga 1386000 2014000 3400000
Habersham 12933 Painting Cleaning and repairing court house and jail 70920 6000 76920
Rabun 32034 Improving court house and jail grounds 395640 90000 485640
Union 1334 Building new jail Blairsville Georgia 212125 225000 437125

Brantley 8884 In Nahunta 000 XV986
Chatham 4284 Work on court house and jail 8471484 8471484
i9
Painting Cleaning
Ilabermham 12988 and repairing court 70020 go OO 700 20
house and Jail
n S20S4 house and jail Improving court Kouaejuraa Jail 88se40 900 OO 48B040

Bleckley 4234 Painting house and jail court 62830 62830
Brantley 8334 Repairing roof and floor of jail in Nahunta 11985 6000 17985
Chatham 4234 Work on court house and jail 3471434 3471434
Cobb 12134 Build city jail and council chamber 41150 41150
Colquitt 81934 Painting Co Jail 23960 23960
DeKalb 4223 Building addition to present city hall and jail Lithonia 6a 37728 37728
Fannin 102334 Repairing and painting court house and jail 71430 71430
Franklin 10034 Painting roofs of court house and jail 14123 14123
Haralson 52635 Improving grounds county jail 22938 10220 33158
68
Muscogee 61834 One room addition to jail 47875 47875
Oconee 102234 Repairing court house and jail 184661 184661
Union 4534 Building new jail Blairsville 254409 254409
Webster 61134 Reparing and painting court house and jail 66180 46858 113038
Wilkinson 91934 Repairing and painting court house and jail
ST rfS S p HT s
rr
s s 3
S 53
oq
g
tS S fri S Q Keu
porks Pr pii of 19ipilsof Ge
Jails Improved By Works Progress Administration Projects The Works Progress Administration began in July 1935 By the end of 1935 the following projects regarding county and city jails of Georgia had been approved
Austell City Jail Kennesaw City Jail Towns County Jail Monroe County Jail Baldwin County Jail Chatham County Jail Stewart County Jail
WPA Local
120600 53750
79200 45500
217000 244000
798000 1442627
45100 80100
220800
133100 22400
Total
174350
124700
461000 2240627
125200
220800 155500
In addition to improvements to jails of Georgia by P W A C W A and W P A programs several jails have been repaired and renovated through the general work relief projects of the F E R A of Georgia
Status of Legislation
The Department of Public Welfare has no authority to enforce changes in jail maintenance when conditions are found which are detrimental to prisoners confined The Departments powers should be broadened to such an extent that it could condemn such jails as are so poorly maintained as to defeat their purpose
The present law with regard to the construction of county jails requires that they must contain at least two compartments one for males and one for females With our knowledge of modern jail construction this law is far from adequate There should be at least five separate compartments one for white men white women negro men negro women and juveniles It would be advisable to require a hospital compartment for every jail in addition to the five regular compartments
The fee system which is in practice in the operation of all county jails except those in the five largest counties can be blamed with the vast majority of the abuses of the county jail system Low dieting fees paid in some counties restrict the number of meals to two a day The Jails are the only institutions in the State where only two meals are fed
Some law whereby the Board of County Commissioners would be entirely responsible for feeding prisoners and providing jail managers would do away with many of the bad conditions which have existed in our county jails in the past At present the county jails are under a dual management with the Board of County Commissioners or ordinary responsible for equipping the jails and the sheriffs responsible for feeding and guarding prisoners This dual responsibility has caused much confusion and all too often has reacted unfavorably upon the prisoners themselves
69
CHAPTER VU
PUBLICATIONS AND SPECIAL STUDIES Publications
DUE to the fact that the Department was so actively engaged in assisting with the Federal Emergency Relief program during parts of 1932 and 1933 it was impossible to devote as iliuch time to preparing publications as usual It was necessary to discontinue the monthly bulletin Public Welfare for a few months during this period
The most useful recent publication has been the edition of Social Welfare Laws of Georgia There has been wide demand for this pamphlet since its publication in 1934 The new social welfare laws passed during the 1935 session of the Legislature are also available in the form of a supplement to the main edition of laws
A Directory of Social Agencies and Institutions in Georgia has been issued each year since 1931 These directories contain names of agencies and institutions the name of the executive officer and the address together with the function of each These publications have been of valuable service to those actively doing social work
Early in 1932 a very comprehensive pamphlet was proposed for the guidance of communities in organizing for unemployment relief This pamphlet recommended sound social treatment to take the place of mere soup kitchens as was the practice in many communities before the beginning of the Federal Relief Program
The Department has made several compilations of information on various types of social work during this three year period Information regarding old age pensions and sterilizaand organizations sponsoring social legislation Other special compilations of county jail information and county almshouse studies have been made and distributed
Considerable help has been given social agencies and institutions of the State in preparing their publicity The Department has also made an effort to interpret the work of various branches of social work in the State through the monthly bulletin Public Welfare
Public Welfare has been published regularly each month with the exception of a few months in late 1932 and early in
70
1933 when the entire staff was too busy with the emergency relief program This monthly bulletin goes to a mailing list of over three thousand people in Georgia who are in one way or another interested in welfare work The sole purpose of Public Welfare is to interpret welfare work to the public
Special Studies
The Department has made a number of special studies during the past four years Most of these were done through the aid of F E R A or W P A funds The Social Security Survey Griminal Court Study and Census Tracts Survey of Atlanta are still in progress
In addition to the studies which are described in this section a number of more local studies and projects have been sponsored by the Department in coperation with State and County F E R A offices
a Social Security Survey
The Social Security Survey of Georgia sponsored by the State Department of Public Welfare and financially supported and directed by the Works Progress Administration of Georgia was started in the fall of 1935 Miss Thelma Wright an experienced social worker and executive was chosen as director and an office was provided for her in the quarters of the Department of Public Welfare
The Social Security Survey has concerned itself with the two main public welfare clauses of the Federal Social Security Act ie Aid to states for old age assistance and aid to dependent children Valuable information regarding these two benefits is being combed from various types of relief records and almshouse cases
The project is more than a social security project in that it will analyze all the cases receiving relief under the E R A and give a picture of the current cases on county outdoor relief cases handled by public and private organized agencies and current almshouse cases Supplementary schedules will be filled on persons sixtyfive years of age and over and dependent children selected from the 1935 E R A cases and current county cases
No attempt will be made to locate all persons who are eligible for social security benefits but the number of eligible persons who have been on relief during 1935 will be discovered These figures will represent the group of Georgia citizens who
71
are most in need of federal benefits to aged persons and dependent children
In addition to securing an analysis of relief cases the Survey will make available financial information on each county of the State which has neven been secured before For instance we have never known how much all the cities of Georgia pay for relief from public funds This is one of many types of information which will be included in the final report of the Survey
b Criminal Court Survey
A criminal court survey of Georgia was started in December 1935 as a W P A project The study was sponsored by the State Department of Public Welfare Mr Edward A Terry is Project Supervisor
The W P A central office at Washington was so pleased with this court survey for Georgia that they started a similar survey which will be nationwide in scope
The Georgia Criminal Court Survey is a continuation of the work done a period of years by the State Department of Public Welfare in studying the work of the Courts in a few selected counties These former studies are being used as a basis for the newer and more extensive survey
The present Criminal Court Survey covers fiftyfive 55 selected counties The courts in some counties will be studied over a ten 10 year period others will include a twenty 20 year period and others will extend over an even longer period Every phase of adult court work will be studied
This project will be completed in June and a comprehensive report will be issued soon thereafter
c Study of Social Welfare Problems In Representative Counties of Georgia
The purpose of this study which was made by the Department of Public Welfare by the aid of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in Georgia was to determine the extent of permanent social problems in six representative counties From the study of these counties an effort was made to arrive at an estimate for the whole state
The counties studied included Floyd Habersham Upson Washington Effingham and Tift The selection of these counties was in order to have represented urban rural racial and geographical factors
72
ed
rclief cases tlf i on each coitj ok Foriij tics of Geoij i many types
1 report of tieir
Survey as started itDr r was sponsoid Mr Edward i
lington wassot they started
y is acottiii t State Depute f the Courts i ire being dm
covers fiftyfe ounties will lei indode a tweatj an even loud i studied
une and a coif
e Problems l 3F Georgia
s made by tlI
I HaberstoJ he selectionj d urban gg
Employable relief cases were not considered in this study since the purpose was to determine the problems which include unemployable cases and those requiring institutional care
Approximately 4441 of all unemployable cases receiving federal relief in Georgia during the month of October 1934 were permanently unemployable due primarily to old age Approximately 2635 of the total unemployable cases were permanently unemployable
The survey disclosed that of the toal number of unemployable case in the counties including those cases on federal relief and those cases receiving county outdoor relief or aid 3934 per cent were receiving federal relief 4662 per cent were receiving relief directly from the county and 1404 per cent of the unemployable cases were receiving relief from both the Federal Emergency Relief Administration in Georgia and the county duplicate cases
NUMBER OF CASES STUDIED BY COUNTIES AND INSTITUTIONS
Using the six representative counties as a guide the following figures were computed to show the probable number of unemployable cases on both E R A and county outdoor relief rolls during the month of October 1934
TEMPORARY
1 Widow with dependents Total 1525 Per Cent 904
2 Physical illness 1915 1135
3 Mental illness 356 211
4 Desertion 260 154
5 Non support 260 154
6 Imprisonment 131 77
Total Temporary 4447 2635
IMANENT 1 Physical illness 4347 2577
2 Mental illness 22 135
3 Mental subnormality or neurotics 358 212
4 Aged 6230 3692
5 AgedPhysical 64 38
6 AgedMental 1201 711
Total Permanent 12428 7865
GRAND TOTAL 16875 10000
73
A mass of pertinent information was secured on each unemployable case including education birth place date coming to county and to the state length of time on relief rolls and amount of relief given value of property owned sanitation location of house number of rooms total person in homes etc
In addition to studying the unemployable cases served by the E R A and county poor fund a study was made of all inmates from these six counties in the state and county eleemosynary institutions
d Study of inmates in the Eleemosynary Institutions of Georgia
This social study of inmates in the eleemosynary institutions was made in the fall of 1934 The institutions studied include
Milledgeville State Hospital for the Insane
Georgia Training School for Mental Defectives
Georgia Training School for Girls
Georgia Training School for Boys
Georgia School for the Deaf
Georgia Academy for the Blind
Georgia Tuberculosis Sanitorium
While all of these institutions studied were similar to a great xtent they necessarily varied to conform to differences of institution record systems The following information was secured on all inmates as far as adequate records would permit
Counties from which inmates were received
Ages of Inmates
Length of time in institution
Inmates having previous contact with agency or institution
Social status of parents
Occupation
Religious affiliation
School grade completed
Improvement while in institution
Extent of handicapped
Birth place
Length of residence in Georgia
Physical deficiencies
Results of certain medical tests
The study required careful examination of institution re
cords on the following cases
Milledgeville State Hospital6029
Ga Training School for Mental Defectives249
Inmates discharged from above 148
Georgia Tuberculosis Sanitorium 229
74
Georgia Training School for Girls146
On parole from above 223
Georgia Training School for Boys100
On parole from above 86
Georgia Academy for the Blind 99
Paroled from above since 1929 44
Georgia School for the Deaf 283
Total cases studied 7636
e Child Welfare Study of Fulton County
A very comprehensive and helpful survey of the child welfare services in Alanta and Fulton County was made in April 1935 by Miss Ruth Colby of the Federal Childrens Bureau This study was made at the request of the Board of the Fulton County Department of Public Welfare soon after the Department was created
The State Department of Public Welfare gave a considerable amount of assistance to Miss Colby during the survey
The recommendations made by the Childrens Bureau following the survey include the following
1 There is need for increased public service for children in Atlanta and a childrens division should be established in the County Department of Public Welfare
2 All children accepted as public wards and needing care away from their own homes with the exception of delinquent children should be referred to the childrens division of the County Department of Public Welfare
3 The use of public funds to subsidize private organizations caring for children which is now in operation in Atlanta is unsound both in theory and practice
4 Casework services should be available to all of the institutions in order that intake will be limited to children needing care
5 Public aid should be provided for dependent mothers with children which would insure to these children a subsistance compatible with decency and health
6 An organized program to prevent delinquent and undesirable
activities of children should be developed
7 The development of public services for crippled children is needed in Georgia
8 With the development of public services it is essential that adequate standards of training should be required of the personnel of public agencies
f Study of Fulton County Almshouse Inmates
At the request of the Atlanta Social Welfare Council the Department made a detail study of each of the inmates at the Fulton County Almshouse in 1934 The study was made in an effort to assist the county officials at the time consideration
75
was being given to the building of a new almshouse A careful study was made of over 200 inmates at the almshouse and from the results a list of recommendations was drawn up
g Census Tracts Survey of Atlanta
The Department is at present sponsoring a W P A project in Atlanta which will establish permanent census tracts for the city This project will prove most helpful in simplifying future census taking in Atlanta
3 Annual Reports of Agencies and Institutions
The Department gives considerable time to the matter of collecting and compiling financial and service reports of the various social agencies and institutions of Georgia Complete information regarding income and expenditures and population and service is collected each year from the following groups of institutions and agencies
Institutions for dependent children Institutions for delinquent children Homes for unmarried mothers Child caring agencies Day Nurseries Juvenile Courts County Almshouses
Private homes for the aged j
County Jails
Homes for transients County Welfare Departments
City Welfare Departments
County Outdoor Relief lists
Family Welfare Societies
Larger Red Cross Chapters
Travelers Aid Societies
Institutions for the Handicapped
Miscellaneous agencies and institutions
If this annual collection and interpretation of reports was not maintained by the Department there would be no way of determining the extent of public and private social work done in Georgia The Department has an increasing number of requests both from this State and out of state individuals and organizations for this type of information
76
CHAPTER VIII
REFERRAL INVESTIGATION AND COMPLAINT SERVICES
HE Department of Public Welfare serves as a clearing house for all types of social work matters Referring cases received from counties of Georgia and others states to the proper agency for action has become a tremendous task for the Department to handle during the past few years Some of these referral cases must be investigated by staff members others must be given advisory service by mail and others need only to be sent on to the proper local agency
The number of referral cases has increased rapidly since Federal Relief began While the Department received only 89 ajppeals of this kind during 1931 the number has increased to 1678 cases involving approximately 6500 persons during 1935
While these cases require an immense amount of dictating and typing and cost a considerable amount of postage it is believed that this service to the counties of Georgia and outofState agencies is most essential
Referral Cases Served During 1934
White Negro Race Unknown Total
First Quarter 53 25 60 138
Second Quarter 60 48 107 215
Third Quarter 50 52 181 283
Fourth Quarter 25 39 162 226
Total 188 164 510 862
These 862 cases represent approximately 3448 persons
From 1934 to 1935 the number of referrals coming to the Department for attention almost doubled The 1 678 cases served in 1935 involved practically every county in Georgia and approximately half of the States in the Union The Georgia Department is listed in every national social welfare directory in the country and it is to this Department that outofState agencies turn as their first resource
In addition to referral cases the Department has been called upon to assist in adjusting a number of complaints made by persons receiving relief The vast majority of these cases have been Fulton County relief cases who come to the office direct or are referred by another Department of State Government Proper adjustments are often made by contacting the clients visitor
77
while other cases are turned over to the Federal Relief complaint offices While the Department has no relief funds it does give such applicants earnest council and diligently seeks to connect them with the proper relief agency
In addition to the referral service mentioned above the Department has devoted much time to persons coming to the office with relief problems Only those relief cases on which some definite service was given are listed below
1932
1933
1934
1935
Total
138
644
658
648
2088
Approximately 8000 persons
CHAPTER IX
INFORMATION AND PROMOTIONAL SERVICE HE State Department of Public Welfare serves as a clearing
house for general information regarding all types of social work While this type of service does not easily lend itself to tabulation none the less it requires much time and thought on the part of all members of the staff The same applies to the various types of promotional work which are carried on re
Hardly a day passes that one or more letters are not received requesting some kind of information regarding welfare work in this State To add to these requests many individuals come to the office of the Department asking for information services An increasing number of requests for information are coming from various national state and local organizations A considerable amount of time is devoted to collection of material for college students
To simplify the giving of information as far as possible mimeographed and printed pamhlets have been published Due to a limited budget for this purpose particular care has been taken to keep the cost of publications as low as possible
The promotion of national State and local welfare conferences is a major function of the Department During the year 1935 the Department took an active part in the promotion of the following outstanding conferences
Georgia Conference on Social WorkColumbus Regional Conference of the Child Welfare League of AmricaAtlanta
Georgia Child Health and Welfare ConferenceAtlanta National Conference of Juvenile AgenciesAtlanta American Prison AssociationAtlanta
Members of the staff took part on the programs of all these conferences and also assisted in the local planning for them
The Director of the Department of Public Welfare served as President of the Georgia Conference of Social Work during the two year period 1934 and 1935 The Conference maintains an office for about four months of the year and during these months the President must devote additional time to the work
gularly
1 Information Service
2 Promotion of Conferences
3 Cooperation With National Agencies IfeDERAL
Cooperation is regularly extended to all qualified National 1 Agenices working in the field of social work The following agencies are included in those to which special time and thought have been given by the Department ftGeorge
ktion Fma
Federal Childrens Bureau J933
American Association of Social Workers i of the first
Amercian Public Welfare Association t
Child Welfare League of America Jnj
Family Welfare Association of America j
Russell Sage Foundation
National Probation Association
American Prison Association lit Olglliza
eich county 1
In addition to the above the Department cooperates with ilranmittei
the majority of the schools of social work all over the United ij instances
States Much time is devoted to council with students who The comn
are contemplating attendance at some school of social work in saryinves
preparation for entering the field of social work as a profession Lfaj for t
The Director of the Department of Public Welfare served jissGay B Sh
as Third VicePresident of the American Association of Social pit Welfare u
Workers in 1935 He is also a member of the Committee on ptobavesup Jails of the American Prison Association illation Tb
pceni of Publi It fall of 1 ty organizatii
f WANS TO GI
fell
1932
per
nier
m 1933
k
i
pion
11933 tt
new setup
80
CHAPTER X
FEDERAL RELIEF PROGRAM IN GEORGIA Early Beginnings
WHEN the first emergency relief appropriation by the Federal Government was made in 1932 no state organization was set up in Georgia Individual counties borrowed from the Reconstrution Finance Corporation on highway certificates In January 1933 Governor Eugene Talmadge came into office and one of the first steps of his administration was to set up an administration for the supervision of Federal relief in the State During 1932 and the early part of 1933 Federal funds in Georgia were administered by the county commission in each county or by committees appointed by the county commission With the organization of a State administration in January 1933 each county receiving Federal funds was required to set up a local committee which was given administrative function In many instances these committees were made up of county officials The committees in turn employed a welfare worker to make necessary investigations and administer the relief program These workers for the most part were recruited locally
Miss Gay B Shepperson Director of the State Department of Public Welfare was appointed as the assistant to the State Director to have supervision of the social work activities of the administration Three members of the field staff of the State Department of Public Welfare were loaned to the G E R A during the fall of 1932 and the first half of 1933 to assist in county organization work
LOANS TO GEORGIA FOR EMERGENCY RELIEF BY THE R F C
Number of Counties Amount of Money
Month Receiving Funds Disbursed
October 1932 2 2070136
November 3 9264815
December 7 14420178
January 1933 8 11200013
February 10 10316125
March 13 13409817
April 41 17776414
May 76 30978465
June 113 43126717
Reorganization
In Juy 1933 the State Administration was reorganized Under tlif new setup the county committees were made advisory
81
instead of administrative The Executive Secretary of the Department of Public Welfare became Director of the G E R A
Civil Works Program
All work relief was absorbed by the C W A and C W S program during December 1933 January February and March
1934 This program was hastily organized in an effort to give work to the mass of able bodied unemployed who were in such dire need at that time At the height of the C W A there were approximately 77000 cases receiving work on this program in addition to an almost equally as large number of direct relief cases The Civil Works program ended in March 1934 and such cases as could not be absorbed by private employment were continued on the regular work relief program of the F E R A
Peak Load During the F E R A Program The number of cases receiving care under the F E R A program reached a peak of 134583 cases in November 1934 These cases represented a total of 436163 individuals or 14 of the general population
The Civilian Conservation Corps Program
The Department of Labor gives as the purpose of the C C C program A National plan for American conservation and at the same time to build men
The program began in April 1933 While it is primarily a work and conservation program there is an element of relief included in that enrollees must be certified for relief and a major portion of their salaries must go to their families
From April 1933 to October 1935 approximately 24000 young men in Georgia were placed in the Civilian Conservation Corps There has been no enrollment in Georgia since October
1935 The original state quota was 6000 but this quota was gradually increased
Accomplishments of Federal Relief Programs
The best picture of the whole Federal Relief program may be had by examining a tabulation of expenditures and projects accomplished from the beginning of the program in July 1933 to February 1936 The following tabulations were made by the State Office of the F E R A and W P A
82
1
2
3
4 3 6
7
8 9
io

FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION OF GEORGIA
EXPENDITURES FOR RELIEF BY PROGRAMS
Expenditures July 1933February 1930 incl CWACWS Includes Adm and Materials Work Relief General Program Emergency Education College Student Aid Rural Schools Rural Rehabilitation
Transient Relief
Direct Relief General Program Miscellaneous Expenses
Administrative Expenses All Programs except CWA
Amount
14632534
16920112
1056487
290213
1607314
6045094
1719681
11400223
3323423
8476167
Total 65471248
Expenditures for the period July 1933 throught October 1935 are gross expenditures relief expenditures plus inventory and capital outlay and are before allowance for any recoveries or capital items held as of October 30 1935 Expenditures for the period November 1935 through February 1936 are for relief only Figures include expend itures as reported by the counties
Includes nonrelief wages
Includes expenditures for capital items such as land Organized Rural Communities Pine Mountain Valley and advances of capital and subsistence goods to clients
Includes cattle handling expense rental of premises and equipment and other miscellaneous charges and materials it This figure is less than figure shown on the October 1935 NEC report for this program due to the October report including certain duplications which have since been eliminated
HEALTH AND RECREATION PROGRAM
Expenditures
1 Sewers Drainage Ditches and Pit Privies 6271276
2 Water Works 340389
3 Eradication and Control of Disease Bearers and Pests 684633
4 Nursing and Nutrition 502821
5 Other Public Health Campaigns Public
Recreation Instruction etc 516224
6 Construction and Maintenance of Recreational
Facilities 730021
7 Landscaping and Grading of Public Parks 1166102
Total Health and Recreation Program Expenditures 10211466
Physical Accomplishments
1 Sewers Drainage Ditches and Pit Privies
a Miles of Sewers Constructed
b Miles of Drainage Ditches Dug
115
2434
c Number of Ponds Drained 5433
d Acreage of Ponds Drained 110596
e Number of Pit Privies Built 25177
2 Water Works
a Number of Systems installed 41
b Population Served 43085
c Miles of Water Mains Laid 42
3 Eradication and Control of Disease Bearers and Pests
a Number of Screw Worm Projects 58
b Other Eradication Projects 11
4 Nursing and Nutrition
a Number of Individual Public Health and Home
Nurses on Program at various times 450
b Number of People Aided 451000
c Number of Blood Tests and Examinations 683600
d Number of School Lunch Projects 155
e Average Number of Children Fed Weekly 27400
5 Other Public Health Compaigns Public Recreations Instruction
etc
a Number of Public Health Compaigns for Control
of Malaria Hookworm and Dysentery 31
b Number of Persons Affected 141700
c Number of Projects for Supervising Play etc 41
d Number of People Affected 245700
e Number of Community Centers 12
6 Construction and Maintenance of Recreational Facilities
a Number of Childrens Playgrounds 1014
b Number of Athletic Fields Tennis Courts
Basketball shells Golf Courses
Swimming Pools etc 279
7 Landscaping and Grading of Public Parks
a Number of City Parks Landscaped and Graded 171 Includes Wasserman Tests Blood Examinations Routine Medical Examinations Schick Tests Tyhpoid Innoculations and Small Pox Innoculations
11 EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM
Expenditures
1 Music and Dramatic Activities Libraries
and Museums 121664
2 School Buildings and Grounds 3474932
3 Emergency Education 1081561
4 Rural Schools 1607314
5 College Student Aid 290213
Total Educational Program Expenditures 6575684
Physical Accomplishments
1 Music and Dramatic Activities Libraries and Museums
a Number of Symphony Orchestras 1
b Number of Instructors Piano and Voice 10
c Number of Persons Participating or Affected 461
d Number of Libraries Aided in all Ways 119
e Number of Library Extension Services 17
f Number of Persons Served 39148
2 School Buildings and Grounds
a Number of Schools Built or Repaired 1157
b Number of Teacherages Built 12
b Number of School Grounds Graded and
Landscaped 485
3 Emergency Education
a Number of Teachers 1748
B Number of Pupils 58538
4 Rural Schools
a Number of Teachers Benefited 11000
b Number of Pupils Affected 750054
5 College Student Aid
a Number of Students Aided 2250
Greatest Number in Any One Month Actual Number Estimated Number
III PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTON OF GOODS NEEDED BY THE UNEMPLOYED
Expeditures
Beef Caneries
Fruit and Vegetable Canneries Mattress Plants
Comforter Sheet and Garment Sewing Rooms Building Cattle Pens and Caring for Cattle Garden Products and Foods Sewing Rooms
299784
188950
201606
612158
226906
261136
780758
2571292
Total ExpendituresProduction and Distribution of Goods Needed by the Unemployed
Physical Accomplishments
Beef Canneries
a Number of Buildings Constructed or Repaired 11
b Number of Cans of Beef Produced 6670000
Fruit and Vegetable Canneries
a Number of Canning Centers 150
Number of Other Food Preservation Centers 814 Number of Cans of Vegetables and Fruit Produced
Number of Pounds of Fruit and Vegetables Dried
Number of Gallons of Vegetables Brined Mattress Plants
a Number of Mattress Plants Operated
b Number of Mattresses Produced Comforter Sheet and Garment Sewing Rooms
a Number of Comforter Work Rooms Operated Number of Comforters Produced Number of Yards of Sheeting Produced Number of Yards of Toweling Produced Number of Pillow Cases Produced
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
e
1687950
956500
45000
56
30360
116
104670
697800
564000
290750
5 Building Cattle Pens and Caring for Cattle
a Number of Cattle Handled from Drought Area 104000
b Number of Cattle Pens and Innoculation
Chutes Constructed 350
6 Garden Products and Foods
a Number of Gardens 79628
b Number of Acres 19030
c Pounds of Vegetables Produced 45335950
7 Sewing Rooms
a Number of Garments Produced 320000
Includes Men and Boys Suits Womens and Girls Dresses Underwear Infants Wear and Small Articles
MISCELLANEOUS PROGRAMS
Expenditures
1 New Construction and Repairs to Roads Streets
Highways and Sidewalks 4293298
2 Auditoriums Community Houses and Other
Public Buildings 1748988
3 Airports 648399
4 Housing Projects 177199
5 Bridges Grade Crossings and Trestles 20403
6 Waterway Levees and Flood Control 356860
7 Electric Lines 11095
8 Conservation of Fish and Game 88449
9 Safety Campaigns and Traffic Controls 73991
10 Planning and NonManual Supervision 682126
11 Clerical and Research 1962968
12 Tool and Sundry Equipment Projects 62443
Total Expenditures Miscellaneous Programs 10126219
Physical Accomplishments
1 New Construction and Repairs to Roads Streets
Highways and Sidewalks
a Number of Miles of Roads Constructed
Repaired Graded Rocks Based or Paved
b Number of Miles of Streets Paved Graded
Repaired or Improved
2 Auditoriums Community Houses and Other
Public Buildings
a Number of Courthouses Constructed
Improved or Repaired
b Number of City Halls Constructed
Improved or Repaired
c Number of Jails and Prisons Constructed
Improved or Repaired
d Number of Hospitals and Sanitariums
Constructed Improved or Repaired
e Number of Other Public Buildings Con
structed Improved or Repaired
7001
602
46
39
33
28
92
3 Airports
a Number of Aiports Constructed or Improved 29
b Cubic Yards of Dirt and Rock Excavated 1226640
4 Housing Projects
a Number of Houses Repaired and Remodeled
for Rural Rehabilitation Clients 55
b Number of Houses Demolished 60
c Number of Other Housing Projects 3
5 Bridges Grade Crossings and Trestles
a Number of Bridges Constructed or Repaired 199
b Number of Grade Crossings Improved
and Repaired 10
6 Waterway Levees and Flood Control
a Number of Levees Improved 1
b Miles of Retaining Wall Constructed 6
c Number of Streams Cleared 1
d Flood Control Projects 3
7 Electric Lines
a Miles of Electric Conduits Laid 11
b Number of Electric Light Plants Constructed 2
8 Conservation of Fish and Game
a Number of Fish Hatcheries Constructed
or Improved 3
b Number of Fish Ponds Constructed or Repaired 2
c Number of Game Preserves Constructed 1
9 Safety Campaigns and Traffic Controls
a Number of Traffic Surveys 4
b Number of Persons Receiving American Red
Cross Training Courses 1489
10 Planning and NonManual Supervision
a Number of Planning Projects 6
b Number of Projects for Supervision of Work 214
11 Clerical and Research
a Number of Federal Surveys 9
b Number of State and Local Surveys 50
c Number of Research Projects and Surveys
Other than Statistical and Socialogical 8
d Number of Clerical Projects 1523
12 Tool and Sundry Equipment Projects
a Number of Tool and Sundry equipment Projects 7
Includes Clerical Assistance for Federal State County and Municipal Offices Libraries Colleges and Hospitals Clinics Mattress Plans Canning Plants etc
Works Progress Administration of Georgia
This new works program was launched in July 1935 Miss Gay B Shepperson F E R A Administrator for Georgia was made W P A Director also The State was divided into eight W P A districts with a district director in each The county plan of administration was dropped in the interest of efficiency and economy
The beginning of this new work program and the liquidating of the F E R A made it necessary for the Federal Government to turn back to the counties a large number of unemployables who had been receiving direct relief In November 1935 all county F E R A offices were closed
The following tabulation of projects and expenditures of the Works Progress Administration from July 1935 through March 15 1936 will give an idea of the extent of the program
EXPENDITURES AND PHYSICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF WPA PROGRAM
July 1935 to March 15 1936 Inclusive 1 HEALTH AND RECREATION PROGRAM
Expenditure
Number
Projects
Hospitals Clinics and Sanitariums 11
Institutions for the Insane and Feeble Minded 1 Infirmaries and Homes for the Aged Alms Houses and Poor Farms 2
Childrens Homes 1
Medical Dental and Nursing Projects 5
Sewage Systems 51
Wells and Water System 28
Other Sanitation and Health Projects 260
Playgrounds and Athletic Fields 37
Parks Golf Courses and Bathing Beaches 88
Community Halls and Gymnasiums 38
Boat Houses Bathing Pools Park Pavilions and Shelters 1
Auditoriums Amphitheatres and Stadium 4
Other Social and Recreational Buildings 11
Art Literary and Other Recreational Projects 27
Amount
11197280 16037
914263
57416
693700
87442476
15923194
68627386
13060221
14824680 9179714
580505
442972
3932543
8680753
Total 565 235570140
II EDUCATIONAL PROJECTS
School Buildings Constructed 53
School Buildings Repaired 42
Laboratories and Other Educational Buildings Constructed or Repaired 104
Emergency Educational WorkTeachers 186
Student Aid
High School 12835655 1
College 15499374 1
Post Graduate 307012 1
Total Student Aid 3
12702060 9426252
50738436
23543742
28642041
Grand Total
388 125052531
W and
Hm
i ktgc Hurt
iiect
sweredosi
and expend Jnly 1935fe teat of it 5
III HIGHWAYS ROADS AND STRET PROJECTS Expenditures
Highways SecondaryRoads and Feeders Streets and Alleys within Boundaries of Number Projects Amount
74 26260797
Municipalities 47 28045666
Sidewalks Curbs and Paths 34 9024514
Roadside Improvements 9 11658971
Bridges and Viaducts 11 3604518
Other 179 130924953
Total 354 209519419
umber
ejects
11
1
IV PUBLIC BUILDING PROJECTS
Except charitable medical and mental institutions also educational buildings and social recreational buildings
City Halls Court Houses etc
Penal and Corrective Institutional Buildings Other Public Buildings
Total
Transportaton Projects
Railroads
Navigation Aujpista Levee
Airports and Airways
43 18441706
11 14 4909571 1440827
68 24792104
1 14 5089349 20611876
F If Total 15 25701225
if f V PROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL AND CLERICAL
If PROJECTS EXCLUDES NURSING
ll Clerical 75 2162957
HI Research and Statistical Surveys 110 17092469
Library 83 700591
li I Planning and Other 195 25838929
11 1 Total 463 45794946
If PROJECTS NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED Expenditures Projects Amount Number Goods Projects Sewing Canning
Gardening etc Improvement of Grounds Around Public 183 156314462
If Buildings Conservation Projects Game Fish Bird 46 9634288
m Conservation 8 1616176
Housing Projects 3 2134795
Other 16 6450089
Total
89
256 176149810
F E R A Provides Administrative Costs for County Welfare Offices
To enable the counties which were deprived of welfare services when the F E R A offices were closed in November
1935 the State F E R A office has offered to pay adminstrative costs of county welfare organizations through June 30
1936 It is hoped that some plan may be worked out so that these administrative expenses or a part of them may be continued by the Federal Government after June 30 1936
At this writing 110 of the counties have signed the agreement with F E R A so that they might have more adequate welfare services Some of the committees selected to serve along with these county organizations have only advisory capacity while others have administrative authority A few of these county welfare organizations have no committee or board whatever A yet there is no law in Georgia which provides for boards of public welfare in all the counties of the State
At present these federally aided county welfare organizations serve primarily as county commissioners of the poor When Social Security funds are made available to Georgia the duties of these county welfare agencies might well be expanded to administer these funds
90
Wi for
w diprijdll adirili feted tp doss dn y be woikdgi t of them Gj r June 30 IJii
s baresi ightbtiMi
strni only adiiii ority Ab mittMk rhicbprondsi tfaeState
ityvdbsf
TS of dxpot ietoGwfi it veil be
CHAPTER XI
SOCIAL SECURITY
I Explanation of the Provision of the Social Security Act
EARLY in 1933 the President appointed a committee on Economic Security This committee made up of persons of great insight and experience in problems of economic and social welfare after months of intense research made a report on existing conditions to the President Upon this report was based the Social Security Act
The Social Security Act approved on August 14 1935 represents a major advance toward the goal of economic security of the people in this country It was devised to provide some safeguard against the insecurity of modern life through cooperative action by the Federal and State Governments
The provisions of the act deal with a number of distinct though related measure for social security which may be grouped under the following headings
Unemployment Compensation OldAge Assistance and OldAge Benefits Security for Children Aid to the Blind
Extension of PublicHealth Services Vocational Rehabilitation
The explanation of the provisions of the Social Security Act as set forth below is not complete Persons interested in the legislation should consult the act itself copies of which are available upon application to the Social Security Board Washington
Unemployment Compensation
The Social Security Act does not establish any unemployment compensation systems The states are invited to enact laws for the compensation of their unemployed
Participation with the Federal Government in this is contingent upon the state laws and plan for administration being approved by the Social Security Board The provisions of the Social Security Act relating to unemployment compensation are as followsA payroll tax amounting to 1 percent of pay roll
Explanation from Circular No 1 Social Security Board Washington
91
in 1936 2 percent in 1937 and 3 percent in 1938 and thereafter is levied on all employers of eight or more persons for 20 weeks or more Agricultural labor domestic service in a private home certain maritime employment service in the employ of the United States Government or State governments of their instrumentalities or political subdivisions service performed for certain very close relatives and for religious charitable scientific literary and educational institutions of a nonprofit nature are exempted from this tax
A state which passes an unemployment compensation law will be able to withdraw ninetenths of this payroll tax for its own unemployed by collecting it as contributions under its own law rather than letting the Federal Government collect it as a tax The administration of the State law will not cost the State anything if such administration is efficient for under the Social Security Act the Federal Government stands ready to grant to the States sufficient amounts to pay all proper administrative expenses A Stiate which passes an approved unemployment compensation law will enable its employers to get the benefit of the credit against the Federal tax
OldAge Assistance and OldAge Benefits
The Social Security Act sets up two systems for aiding the aged One is designed to help the States to give immediate assistance to aged individuals on a basis of need the other to provide annuities in the future to persons over the aged of 65 based upon their wage experience The two plans are complementary and may be described briefly as follows
1 OldAge Assistance Immediate payment planA State may submit to the Social Security Board for approval its plan for oldage assistance The Board is directed to approve such plans as conform to certain requirements as to eligibility such as age residence and citizenship and to requirements as to State operation and standards of administration intended to assure proper and efficient State action by the enactment and administration of laws which may reasonably be expected to provide assistance to needy aged individuals without discrimination Upon approval of the plan the State receives JErom the Federal Government an amount equal to onehalf the sum expended for oldage assistance by the State with respect to individuals 65 years or older who are not inmates of public institutions The Federal Government matches on a 5050
92
basis every dollar spent by the State for oldage assistance but does not contribute more than 15 per month for any individual In addition the Federal Government pays for administrative expenses an amount equal to 5 percent of the sum granted to the State
On March 31 1936 there were 27 State with oldage assistance plans approved by the Social Security Board For the 5 months ending June 30 1936 the sum of 24660000 has been made available for allotment to States whose plans for oldage assistance have been approved
2 OldrAge Benefits Annuity planUnder this plan regular benefits are paid to qualified individuals as a matter of right out of an oldage reserve account set up in the Federal Treasury A qualified individual is one who is at least 65 years of age who received total wages with respect to employment after December 31 1936 and before attaining 65 years of age of not less than 2000 and who has been employed in some 5 different calendar years after December 31 1936 before attaining the age of 65 years
The wages on Which benefits are based do not include certain wages for instance wages received for agricultural labor domestic service m a private home casual labor service on a vessel documented under the laws of the United States or any foreign countrys service for Federal or State governments or their political subdivisions or instrumentalities and service for nonprofit literary religious scientific charitable and educational organizations
The minimum monthly benefit payment will be 10 and the maximum 85 There are further regulations regarding death payments etc
Security for Children
The act makes provision for the protection of children who are in need of special assistance by
Grants to States to assist in meeting the costs of aid to dependent children mothers aid
Grants to States to assist in meeting the costs of maternal and childhealth services
Grants to States to assist in meeting the costs of services for crippled children
Grants to States to assist in meeting the costs of childwelfare services
1 Aid to Dependent ChildrenThe sum of 6000000 has been the lt five months of the fiscal year ending June dU 1936 and a sufficient sum has been authorized thereafter for making payments to states which have had approved by the Board State plans for aid to dependent children A dependent child may be defined properly as a child under the age of 16 who has been deprived of parental support through death absence or incapacity
imecfiaeSLl110 1 b
MB grants for aid to dependent children represent onethird of the States administrative expenses and benefit payments under its
plan for assistance exclusive of amounts in excess of 18 per month for the first dependent child in a family and 12 per month for each additional child
2 Maternal and Child Health ServicesA sum of 1580000 for the fiscal year ending June 30 1936 has been appropriated to the Childrens Bureau of the United States Department of Labor for grantsinaid to States for maternal and child health services especially in rural areas and in areas suffering from severe economic distress This entire appropriation will be used exclusively for carrying out State plans for furthering and strengthening State and local health services to mothers and children and extending maternal and child health services in rural areas
3 Services to Crippled ChildrenAn appropriation of 1187000 for the fiscal year ending June 30 1936 has been made for grantsinaid to States for medical care and other services for crippled children under the administration of the Childrens Bureau The amount of 20000 is to be allotted to each State with the balance allocated to the States on the basis of need taking into consideration the number of crippled children in need for such services and the cost of furnishing such services Within the limits of these allotments the Federal Government will pay to each State which has an approved plan for services to crippled children an amount which shall be used exclusively for carrying out the State plan equal to onehalf to the total sum expended for carrying out such plan
4 ChildWelfareUnder the administration of the Childrens Bureau an appropriation of 625000 for the fiscal year ending June 30 1936 has been made of grantsinaid to States toward welfare services for the protection and care of homeless dependent and neglected children and children in danger of becoming delinquent This amount is to be allotted by the Secretary of labor to the States primarily on the basis of rural population The amount so allotted shall be expeneded for payment of part of the cost of district county or other local child welfare services in areas predominantly rural and for developing State services for the encouragement and assistance of adequate methods of community childwelfare organization in areas predominantly rural and other areas of special need
Aid to the Blind
The sum of 2000000 has been appropriated for the last 5 months of the fiscal year ending June 30 1936 and a sufficient sum has been authorized thereafter for the purpose of enabling each State to furnish financial assistance to the needy who are not in receipt of oldage assistance This sum is made available to States which have had approved by the Social Security Board State plans for aid to the blind Eighteen States had their plans approved by March 31 1936 The Federal Government grants an amount equal to onehalf the total sum expended under the State plan with respect to each individual who is blind and is not an inmate of a public institution This Federal aid is limited to 15 per month plus an additional 5 percent to the State for administrative purposes
94
fistili of 33
y health1 11000000 li the States health F01 i This moi ft health servii mental unit
r
11 additional fuths of the fi p Services fi Mis which a
poti Mob
I lorder to pr Ijiams of vocat ISocial Securit lliO for the per to be pal rehabili available nnd fleet appropri li purpose fit is admi peat of the
Wkunfy Be Me VII of m of threi pith the lice of these n jiiembers of chairman
j Hw provisi r for nnempl fi admini
M
M
Extension of PublicHealth Services
A sum of 3300000 has been appropriated for aid to State and local health services for the 5 months ending June 30 1936 and 8000000 authorized for each year thereafter Allotment to the States are made on the basis of the population the special health problems and the financial needs of the respective States This money is to be used by the States for extending State health services and for assistance to counties and other governmental units in maintaining adequate publichealth programs
An additional 375000 has been appropriated for the last 5 months of the fiscal year ending June 30 1936 to the Public Health Services for the investigation of diseases and related problems which are national or interestate in character
Vocational Rehabilitation
In order to provide for the extending and strengthening of programs of vocational rehabilitation of the physically disabled the Social Security Act also authorizes an appropriation of 841000 for the fiscal year 1937 and 1938000 annually thereafter to be distributed as grantsmaid to the State lor vocational rehabilitation purposes in addition to the appropriation available under provisions of the existing law 350000 has been appropriated for the 5 months ending June 301936 for this purpose The existing Federal Vocational Rehabilitation Act is administered by the Office of Education in the Department of the Interior
Social Security Board
Title VII of the act establishes a Social Security Board composed of three members to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate The term of office of these members will be 6 years Not more than two of the members of the Board shall be of the same political party and the chairman is to be designated by the President
Those provisions of the act dealing with grantsinaid to States for unemployment compensation oldage assistance aid are to be administered by and under the supervision of the Board
Taxes
The Social Security Act imposes three separate and distinct taxes the proceeds of which are paid into the General Treasury of the United StatesThe first of these is a pay roll tax from which unemployment compensation grants will be allocated The second and third are an income tax on employees and
95
an
excise tax on employers for the purpose of procuring funds for carrying out the oldage benefits provision under the act
1 GEORGIA AND THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT
Necessary Legal Provisions For Georgia to participate in the Social Security Act the following legal steps are necessary
1 The establishment of an adequate State Department of Public Welfare with correlated county units and with authority to administer the welfare provision of the Social Security Act or reorganization of the present State Department of Public Welfare so that it might perform these duties
2 The question of the state granting direct assistance to needy individuals has never been tested in the courts It is necessary that the constitutionality of the states assistance to the needy be tested and if necessary the constitutional limitations or other legal limitations must be removed and necessary funds for matching Federal grants must be appropriated
3 Specific legislation is required to set up a plan for old age assistance within the state
4 It is necessary that a legislation be passed to make possible a plan for assistance to dependent children
5 Legislation making possible aid to the needy blind is necessary
6 Present limited legislation affecting aid to crippled children must be enlarged
7 Legislation for unemployment compensation is required
8 Legislation for maternal and child health work is required check with Health Department
9 Legislation for vocational rehabilitation and guidance to the physically handicapped is required Check up now existent
One State agency may administer more than any one of the above specific provisions those having to do with public welfare such old age assistance aid to dependent children aid to the blind and related matters will be administered by a State Department of Public Welfare
All public health provisions of course will be administered by the State Health Department and proper state departments will administer other provisions Plans must be submitted to the Federal Administrative Agency and these plans must be based upon state legislation and must be in harmony with the provisions of the Federal Social Security Act to be accepted and approved
PRESENT STATUS OF GEORGIA IN RELATION TO THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT
1 Georgia has maintained a State Department of Public Welfare since 1919 It has visitorial and advisory powers It administers the Georgia Child Placing Law and in 1935 a bill was passed authorizing this Department
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to perform certain functions of care to homeless dependent and neglected children through a cooperative relationship with child caring institutions and agencies The Board of Control of Eleemosynary Institutions now serves as the Board for this Department This Department has no fund for direct assistance for any group
Public care for the aged the blind and for dependent children in their own homes or in the homes of relatives is possible only through the county pauper fund and with no state supervision though an annual report of the amount spent is required to be made to the State Department of Public Welfare
A statewide Social Security Survey carried on as a W P A project sponsored by the Department of Public Welfare will show the approximate number and condition of persons in Georgia eligible for the benefits accruing to aged persons and to dependent children under the Social Security Act
A portion of the final allocation of Federal funds made to the F E R A in Georgia has been used to assist counties in securing county welfare workers by
1 Assisting with salary expense of personnel for the county when the County Welfare Worker is appointed County Commissioner of the Poor and expends county pauper funds Funds are available to July 1 1936 As of May 1st 108 County Welfare Workers are appointed
The governing body of counties of 200000 population or over of which at present there is only one may create county boards of public welfare to administer all forms of public relief and perform such additional welfare services as are agreed upon by the proper county and state officials There is no statewide plan
The State Department of Public Welfare has submitted a plan for extending services to children in rural areas under the provisions of the Social Security Act This fund is not to be matched but requires State financial participation The plan has been approved and a program is being initiated at this writing
The Department of Public Welfare has authority under the Childrens Bill passed in 1935 to cooperate in arranging care for several groups of children including crippled children A plan has been submitted providing for the State Department of Public Welfare to administer this fund in the State in cooperation with other agencies It is believed that this plan will be approved within the
97
immediate future Additional legislation will eventually be needed
8 Public Health Servicesi
Federal funds under the Social Security Act are already being used in establishing and maintaining more adequate public health services Expenditure of this allocation i under the supervision of the State Department of Health and will be approximately 170945 for the fiscal year A comprehensive plan has been presented for further participation
9 Vocational Rehabilitation
Funds for vocational rehabilitation are increased by at least 19000 during 193637 The State Vocational Rehabilitation Department established under the Act of June 1920 administers these funds State of Georgia passed legislation cooperative with the Federal Government in aiding the handicapped in 1921
10 Georgia will receive approximately the following annual grants when the State equips itself to receive the Federal
grants and assistance
State and
Federal Local Match
Public Welfare Service Aid ing Required
1 Rural child welfare work
now approved 46876 None
2 Crippled children 80000 80000
3 Old Age assistance 1000000 1000000
4 Aid to Dependent Children 500000 1000000
5 Aid to Needy Blind 60000 60000
Total 1686876 2140000
Other Grants
1 Public Health Work check
with proper Department 170945
2 Maternal and Child Health Work
check with proper Dept 143433 73433
3 Vocational Rehabilitation check
with proper Dept 23000 23000
4 Unemployment Compensation check
with proper Dept 40000
Total 377378 96433
On April 21 1936 there were 31 approved State plans for aid to the needy aged 19 approved State plans for aid to the needy blind and 18 approved State plans for aid to dependent children It is estimated that Federal grants to these States will be more than 14 000 000 for the last three months of the fiscal year ending June 30 1936
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APPENDIX
i
SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCIES and INSTITUTIONS of GEORGIA Persons Served Receipts and Expenditures During the Year 1932
Institutions Families or Agency Served Indi viduals Served Total Receipts Total Expend itures
Dependent Children 48 Institutions 3220X 62165738 63742300
5 Agencies 1119 5824270 5880200
Delinquent Children 10 Institutions 1781 25334412 25019802
7 Juvenile Courts 5454 10928750 10928750
Handicapped 5 Institutions Adult Children 8546 234748331 234367056
Agencies 7 Family Welfare Societies 16439 65752 44623303 45280518
7 Red Cross Chapters 11216 14 Salvation Army Posts 39551 39789 5931737 5705701
52080 11251601 11251601
4 Travelers Aid Societies 10088 35943 1643010 1582353
County Services 11 County Welfare Associations 8974 29832 4579871 4448902
159 County Outdoor Relief and Other CJhariitabJle Expenditures 25178 61914914 61914914
59 Almshouses 1448 20845603 20845603
156 County Jails 52418 o 65774125 65774125
Miscellaneous 5 Emergency and Transient Homes 734 3663612 3663612
17 Institutions for Aged 16 Private and 1 Soldiers Home 480 11242170 10752186
8 Unclassified Institutions 4099 6393732 6382596
524 Total 86268 327873 576865179 577540219
Note
1931 cost
x 1933 census o Includes federal prisoners
SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCIES and INSTITUTIONS of GEORGIA Persons Served Receipts and Expenditures During the Year 1933
Institutions or Agency Families Served Indi viduals Served Total Receipts Total Expend itures
Dependent Children 48 Institutions 1768 67818208 64243195
4 Child Caring Agencies 911 77683J68 7854799
Delinquent Children 10 Institutions 1641 17672688 17302598
8 Juvenile Courts 4557 9696609 9565355
Handicapped Persons 5 Institutions Adult and Children 8970 180616174 130194500
Agencies 8 Family Welfare Societies 14683 58062 40834996 40749188
8 Red Cross Chapters 9171 40689 10216706 10497988
14 Salvation Army Posts 39551 52080 11251601 11251601
4 Travelers Aid Societies 32201 1889922 1864335
11 County Welfare Associations 9679 15472 4323164 4212198
159 Poor Relief Listali306 29552 88173149 88173149
159 County Federal Relief Administrations 40375 141043 1097043578 1097043578
Institutions for Aged 17 Private Homes for Aged 694 11697708 10868495
59 County Alms Houses 1768 18931103 18931103
Jails 156 County Jails 54030 62166087 62156087
Miscellaneous 5 Emergency Transient Homes 1306 3789633 3789633
5 Unclassified Agencies and Institutions 778 2978 5116264 5095948
Totals 125643 447512 1688795958 1583793743
Note
In a few instance where no report Was sent in for an agency or institution the figures for the previous year were used
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SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCIES and INSTITUTIONS of GEORGIA Persons Served Receipts and Expenditures During the Year 1934
Indi Total
Institutions Families viduals Total Expend
or Agency Served Served Receipts itures
Dependent Children
47 Institutions 1 3309 64838200 58554919
3 Agencies Delinquent Children 512 4682590 4879290
10 Institutions 2262 16908415 16713140
8 Juvenile Courts 3259 8711200 10978510
Handicapped
6 Institutions
Including Milledge ville State Hospital 8868 132062041 130622800
Agencies
159 County Federal
Relief Admini
stration 103411 912794 3287507000 3287507000
8 Family Welfare Societies 8 Red Cross 5487 21948 32009766 32587211
Chapters 13307 44351 9952110 10044019
17 Salvation Army
Agencies and
Institutions 2880 72386 13700781 13765586
4 Travelers Aid
Societies 12920 1107869 1085474
County Services
7 County Welfare Associations 6455 10037 3265083 3329822
5 City Welfare
Associations 3160 10837 2929489 3093227
159 County Outdoor
Relief Lists 24685 63084232 63084232
59 Almshouses 1788 20383723 20383723
156 County Jails Miscellaneous 56225 96069611 96069611
17 Institutions for
aged 16 private
and one Soldiers Home 7 Mise Agencies and Institutions 634 3822 9791896 917027 9091849 5248592
677
Totals 135377 1190137 3667921132 3767034919
In a few intances where institutions and agencies failed to make a report for 1934 figures for the former year were used
Represents the largest case load of the Georgia Relief Administration
1 Under Institutions for dependent children are included eight day nurseries and three homes for unmarried mothers
SOCIAL WELFARE AGENCIES and INSTITUTIONS of GEORGIA Persons Served Receipts and Expenditures During the Year 1935
Institutions Families or Agency Served Individuals Total Served Receipts Total Expend itures
Dependent Children 47 Institutions 1 1712 65530454 569639132
3 Agencies 434 781 9011144 8710085
Delinquent Children 10 Institutions 1349 19458435 23149770
8 Juvenile Courts 5451 8594236 9100158
Handicapped 6 Institutions Including Milledgeville State Hospital 8822 1559176441 159917644
Agencies 159 County Federal 1156053 Relief Offices 414210 2389822761 2389822761
5 Family Welfare Societies 6255 25853194 24512483
148 Red Cross Chapters 9974 8370000 8600000
17 Salvation Army Agencies and Institutions 2880 72386 13700781 137655864
4 Travelers Aid Societies 12808 19392 1147088 1139112
County and City Services 12 County Welfare Associations 5 13027 23929 81001713 79774981
159 County Outdoor Relief Lists 16885 34799 71178513 71178513
60 Almshouses 1700 23332400 23332400
156 County Jails 60541 66956934 66956934
Miscellaneous 17 Institutions for aged 16 private and one Soldiers Home 517 9498916 90257806
7 Mise Agencies and Institutions 706 5975 1859153 1878727
Totals 175664 579178 2941532585 2934063261
1 Includes three Homes for unmarried mothers and seven Day Nurseries
2 TenInstitutions estimated
3 Represents largest case load during the year
4 1934 Figures
5 Includes Fulton County Department of Public Welfare
6 FourReports estimated
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