Report for the years 1929, 1930 and 1931

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Report For The Years
1929 1930 and 1931
22 Capitol Square Atlanta
BOARD OF PUBLIC WELFARE
J S Kennedy Chairman Atlanta
Mrs J A Thomas ViceChairman Montezuma
Cliff Hatcher Waynesboro
P Y Duckett M D Cornelia
Mrs E Suarez Cuthbert
Staff Members as of December 31 1931 Professional
Jas P Faulkner Executive Secretary
Gay B hepperson Director Division of County Organization Wilma Van1 Dusseldorp Division of County Organization Henry B Mays Jr Division of Adult Delinquency Martha Andrew Division of County Organization Ethel Cochran Childrens Division
Louisa deB FitzSimons Director of the Childrens Division and Thomas B Mimms Director of the Division of Adult Delinquency were both on staff during this period until latter part of 1931
HsHe sj Hs H se
On January 1 1932 The Department of Public Welfare came under the administration of the Board of Control of Eleemosynary Institutions membership of Board is as follows
Richard B Russell Jr Governor ExOfficio Shepard Bryan Chairman Atlanta First DistrictJas L Gillis Soperton Second DistrictH T McIntosh Albany Third DistrictJ E D Shipp Americus Fourth DistrictJ A Mandeville Carrollton Fifth DistrictShepard Bryan Atlanta Sixth DistrictM H Allen Milldgeville Seventh DistrictMrs M E Judd Dalton Eighth DistrictJohn T Brantley Blackshear Ninth DistrictA C Wheeler Gainesville Tenth DistrictH W Shaw Augusta StateatlargeArthVr Lucas Atlanta Executive SecretaryMrs Boyce Ficklin
GAY B SHEPPERSON
Appointed March 1932
Acting Executive Secretary Department of Public Welfare
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
TO THE GOVERNOR AND GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GEORGIA
Dear Sirs
The State Board of Public Welfare herewith submits the report of its services for the years 1929 1930 and 1931
Respectfully
Bdard
J S KenInedy Chairman Atlanta
Mrs J A Thomas ViceChairman Montezuma
Cliff Hatcher Waynesboro
P Y Duckett M D Cornelia
Mrs E Suarez Cuthbert
JAS P FAULKNER
Executive Secretary
CONTENTS
Page
Letter of Transmittal 1 4
General Statement J 7
Division of County Organization 10
Work of County Welfare Agencies11
Greater Measure of Service to Counties Organized 13
Service to Counties in Process of Organizationq16
Development of Local Volunteer Service for Direct Care
to Cases j18
Poor Relief l 20
Public and Private Care of Aged26
Division of Childrenj 27
Institutions Classifiedj 28
Need for Mothers Aid31
Work of Childrens Agencies33
Care of Delinquent Children 35
Handicapped Children 1j36
Family Welfare Societies 137
Division of Adult Delinquency3 39
County Jail Improvements240
Insane Persons in County Jails 47
Survey of Jails used by Federal Government in Georgia 48
Children in Jail S49
Juvenile Courts jj54
Social Work Publicity and Information 56
Appendix I
Total Individuals Served and Cost of Care for 1931 59
Appendix II
List of County Welfare Workers 60
Appendix III
List of Juvenile Courts 60
List of Probation Officersi60
List of Federal Probation Officers61
Appendix IV
List of Institutions and Agencies Formally Organized and
Inspected by the Department of Public Welfare61
GENERAL STATEMENT
Originally the reports of the Department of Public Welfare were issued annually They were submitted biennially later to conform to the statute requiring biennial sessions of the legislature This therefore should have been a biennial report and it should have been issued previous to the session of the legislature in 1931 It was ready for the press at that time but owing to unusual pressure of work attendant upon the meeting of the Legislature its publication was delayed A mimeographed syllabus only was issued and the main report held for later publication When as a result of the reorganization measure the Public Welfare Board was abolished and its functions placed under the new Board of Control it was decided to still further postpone the publication of thei report and include the year 1931 thus embracing the activities of the organization through the years 1929 1930 and 1931 and ending with the retirement of the original Board and the assumption of authority by the Board of Control January 1st 1932
Contents Appraised
In addition to the clear view this report gives of the activities of the Welfare Department it contains a fund of information not found elsewhere concerning conditions in the state the organizations and institutions established to care for and protect the underprivileged and programs both local and statewide being carried on in the interest of individuals and families living under any kind of handicap Those interested in the human appeal will be pleased to note the extent to which the counties are organized for welfare work and if they have not previously acquainted themselves with the progress being made in work of this kind while they may1 be surprised at the amount of work being done and the cost to the State of the relief being administered they will be gratified that causes are being looked for and preventive constructive and curative measures instituted
The body of the report does not contain descriptions of two outstanding pieces of work sponsored by the Department and carried on by the staif and while full justice cannot be done them here attention is called to them
Five Year Study
The first was the five year study of Negro Child Life begun in 1926 and made possible by an annual contribution of 500000 from Julius Rosenwald on condition that his gift be matched by an equal sum yearly For three and a fourth years of the five year period the conditions of the bequest were met from contributions of interested citizens but for the remainder of the time the quota of
8
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
the departments appropriation set aside for child welfare work was accepted as a proper equivalent Miss Rhoda Kaufman who was at the time Executive Secretary of the Department was responsible for launching the project and it was under her direction that the plans were laid
In October 1931 the results of the study were tabulated The final report recounts the merging of the Five Year Study Program with the Childrens Division of the Welfare Department pictures the completion of the program in Atlanta with the establishment of the Child Welfare Association of Fulton and DeKalb Counties which gives like care to both white and colored children advises similar organizations in other centers of population and sets forth the need of a well staffed State Childrens Service Society or Legislation broadening the powers of the Department of Public Welfare to include the care and placement of children
To Rescue of Children
Another project conducted by the Department was closely related to the Five Year Study and in fact was an attempt on the part of the Department to carry out the implications of the Study Reference is made to the indirect assumption by the Department of responsibility for the wards of the Georgia Childrens Home Society and the dependent children throughout the state appealing to that Society This action was necessitated by the abandonment of the program of the Home Society on February 1st 1931 for the want of funds and the insistence on the part of the Board of the Society that the Welfare Department take over the work The Welfare Board realized that it had no statutory authority for accepting the responsibility but felt that since there was no other source of help it was morally obligated to heed the call
Committee Organized
In oijer to meet the emergency suddenly thrust upon it and at the same time at least keep within the spirit of the statute governing the Department an emergency statewide Child Welfare Committee was organized by the Executive Secretary of the Department to act as a receiver for the Home Society and an operating Agency for the Department It was understood that the two main duties of thei committee were to raise the funds necessary for the care of the children and sponsor legislation giving the Department the authority it lacked It was understood at the same time that the travel and service necessary to the adjustment and care of the children should be rendered by the staff of the Department along with their regular statutory duties
STATE OF GEORGIA
9
A Record Piece of Work
The record of this service for the eleven months from February 1st to December 31st 1931 is submitted
LEGAL WARDS White Negro
No children referred135
No adjusted and cases closed47
No NOW UNDER CARE 88
OTHERS
White Negro Total
1322 274 1731
903 196 1146
419 78 585
In emphasis and explanation of the above tabulation the following should be said
1 The standards of social work were maintained in rendering the service and clearing cases Each case was studied and the parents or relatives sought first in making adjustments then the communitys resources next the countys and lastly the States
2 The program of the Childrens Home Society only provided care for white dependent children This latter service was for both white and colored children and went beyond the dependent to include the neglected and the handicapped physically and mentally
3 The average calls for service to children per month for the eleven months period was 163
4 All the funds used for the board tuition clothes medical service and transportation of children were supplied by the Georgia Child Welfare Committee from voluntary contributions and only the expense incident to the service rendered was borne by the department
Legislation Crowded Out
While this work was undertaken because of the emergency appeal it was done in anticipation of legislation that would authorize the Board to render such service to children in the future just as had been done in several other southern states In this expectation a bill providing the authority desired was introduced in both branches of the Legislature in the 1931 session It met with no opposition in either House was passed in the Senate and approved by the committee in the House but in the rush of the closing days failed to be brought up for a vote
This failure made necessary the continuance of the Child Welfare Committee for the responsibility assumed though temporarily could not be relinquished in the face of the constantly increasing calls for help The Departments service to the Committee for the children was also continued during the remainder of the year 1931
10
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Acknowledgments
It is fitting that I express here to the Board under which I served my appreciation for their confidence their helpful suggestions and intelligent support and extend my good wishes to the new Board I wish also to register my appreciation of the splendid staff of workers that changed very little in personnel during my incumbency My acknowledgments are also due to two former executive Secretaries of the Department Miss Rhoda Kaufman and Dr Comer Woodward for helpful suggestions on numerous occasions Dr Woodwards term of service included nine and onehalf months of the period covered by this report
Signed JAS P FAULKNER Executive Secretary Sept 15 1929March 1 1932
COUNTY ORGANIZATION DIVISION
General Statement
The duties of the County Organization Division have been stated fully in previous reports and will not be repeated here For the years 1929 1930 and 1931 services to 154 rural counties of the State through this Division are shown During this period the Divirion has had five main objectives
1 More extensive service to counties already organized for social work
2 Development in each county of the State of a committee of people willing and able to investigate and give care to those applying for aid
3 Intensive study of difficult cases of dependency in counties when requested by county officials and other local people so that the relationship between cause and effect of poverty could be shown more clearly and consequently a better constructed program organized for the prevention as well as the cure of family disintegration
4 Extension of case work service to county commissioners in aiding those assisted by the county poor fund both in almshouses and in their own or private homes
5 More adequate functioning of rural juvenile courts through improved probation service
More progress has been made in the organization for social work during these three years than in any similar period This progress however is confined to the part time paid service private relief and voluntary relief fields Rural Georgia has accepted splendidly the increased responsibilities incurred by the period of depression
STATE OF GEORGIA
11
The organization status on Dec 31st 1931 is given below The extent of growth of counties with organizations for relief is shown by the comparative figures reported for each of the years included Counties counted only once and no allowance made for several agencies in many counties
1929 1930 1931
Counties having organizations with full time
paid service 20 18 17
Counties having organizations with part time
paid service 7 13 n
Counties having organizations with private relief
societies volunteer 4 7 9
Counties having organizations with volunteer
relief committee 20 24 33
Counties having organizations with A R C
Chapters volunteer 1 19
Counties having volunteer probation officers
only g
Counties having organizations with one or more people only responsible to the Department to give service on cases 15 44 33
Total 66 106 130
Agencies reported to the Department from 154 rural counties 5 largest counties are included elsewhere
County Welfare Boards full time paid workers 12
County Welfare Boards part time paid workers1 9
Juvenile Courts after Supreme Court decision 2
Probation Officers
Full time paid 11
Part time and volunteer23
Total Probation Officers 34
American Red Cross Chapters 40
Salvation Army Posts 9
Associated Charities Volunteer 9
Volunteer Relief Committees1 39
Case Correspondents if 93
Total Agencies in 154 counties247
A few counties with larger populations have worked out a cooperative plan in which all these groups participate Undoubtedly there is some overlapping in programs of agencies but a well integrated program of social service in these counties is gradually emerging
WORK OF COUNTY WELFARE AGENCIES
As an indication of the volume of work rendered by these county welfare agencies as well as to show increased demands a tabulation of the reports for 1930 from eight counties is given below
12
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Cases Handled
County Welfare Associations 2 Red Cross
Chapters included
Salvation Army Posts 6 1
Outdoor Relief pensioners
Aged in Almshouses jgji
Dependent children in institutions supported by counties
TOTAL
Families Individuals
5193 8000
4943 6762
650 700
86 86
44 44
10916 15592
There is very little if any duplication in the above agencies in the counting of cases under care
The County and State are giving care to other dependent delinquent and otherwise disadvantaged cases in these eight counties not included above because reports were unobtainable These cases include children supported through private funds in the orphanages of the State prisoners in jail and at the State prison farm boys and girls in the State training schools for delinquents State Schools for the Deaf and Blind the Hospital for the Insane the State School for the Feebleminded and the State Tuberculosis Sanatorium
Cost of Care in the Same Eight Counties in 1930
Salaries and transportation paid out of county and private funds and relief given through private funds
of 8 welfare associations3881434
Salvation Army Posts 6 in this group 2435370
County relief outdoor relief 2516054
Almshouses only 5 in this groupL 2838864
County funds for dependent children in institutions 863118
County Expenditures for sickness 4791600
County Expenditures for pauper burials 180318
TOTALi17506758
It was not possible to secure the total appropriation for relief purposes from the various cities represented It was however reported in item of salaries etc
Per Capita Cost
The average per capita cost for 16592 individuals out of the total private and public funds burial and sick costs excepted is only 791 Adding the burial and sick costs the total per capita cost is 1109 As an average this is a small amount But all cases do not require relief and if the number of relief cases could have been separated from the total under care the per capita cost of course would have been higher Outdoor Relief per capita cost for those aided is higher than the total per capita for relief but much less than in counties without welfare workers see Poor Relief Discussion Of the entire population of these eight counties 56 are in this handi
STATE OF GEORGIA
13
capped group The per capita cost to the whole population of 273238 was 63c The total per capita cost would be higher if the county and State care of other dependent and delinquent families or individuals not reported above could be added Social problems have their root in physical and mental sickness in inadequate and insufficient education and in lack of training for occupational trades or agricultural pursuits These problems will decrease in proportion to the understanding of the causes contributing to the disintegration of family life on the part of the counties and when that understanding crystalizes into a preventive program
GREATER MEASURE OF SERVICE TO ORGANIZED COUNTIES
Regular visitation and assistance to workers have been continued and in addition special services have been greatly increased
Regional Conferences
Regional conferences of county welfare workers have been developed to promote closer cooperation between the Department of Public Welfare and the county welfare workers and to provide uniform methods of caring for cases Some workers were using one method more advantageously than others and each desired the advantage of any improvement Some problems of the counties are interrelated such as those of the transient
Need for Uniform Records
A more adequate system of uniform records was needed in order to reveal not only the bulk of work but the types of problems presented by the applicants It is agreed that uniform records will make more comprehensive the social conditions of the county and of the State at large Two regional conferences were organized one for northern and one for southern Georgia In the spring of 1929 the first of these conferences convened in Savannah Others have been held in Albany Moultrie Valdosta Thomasville Waycross Decatur and Athens Although these conferences are only two years old among many less important results the following may be recorded
1 A statistical card for analyzing the problems of individual cases has been formulated
2 Monthly report forms for the use of the local workers as well as for reports to the State Department of Public Welfare have been made and are in use
3 A study of the problems of transient families has been under
taken Report on this study is given below
14
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
4 Other questions considered at these conferences and studies entered into have included causes of nonattendance at school methods of probation and community organization for coordinating the efforts of various groups and individuals with the work of the county welfare units
Study of Transients
The problem of dependent travelers was so generally a perplexing one to all of the workers in the State that they unanimously agreed at one of their first group conferences to concentrate on the study of transients The workers developed a Transient Study Card which was used by paid and volunteer workers during 1930 Data gleaned from the study revealed the following significant facts
1 The majority of travelers studied were young people usually marriedbetween the ages of 25 and 35 years Between 4i2 and 43 carried from 3 to 5 children of school age with them
2 Half of the total number in each locality claimed Georgia as their place of residence They were looking for a place to settle
3 The majority traveled in carsusually their own carsbut an increasingly large number were going afoothitchhiking
4 Most transients purposely avoided the community worker whenever possible Only 6 asked for work When directed to the worker transients frequently refused work offered as a means of earning their way and rejected any plan proposed to settle down locally
5 Transients preferred to beg on the streets or from house to house misrepresenting their circumstances Fifty cents a gallon of gas or quart of oil relieved them and encouraged them to continue their begging habits
6 Large numbers of men and some of the women travelers presented such a housing problem to many localities that the jails were used and frequently filled by tramp travelers night after night
7 Conscientious workers learned that they were powerless to deal with these transients wisely without full cooperation from their communities that smaller communities having no workers generally encouraged these travelers to go on that workers had no legal authority and hence limited opportunity to help them to a stop begging and work for the relief asked b return to their place of residence or relatives c or to settle down and put their children in school
The study resulted in the establishment of a State Exchange for Transients in December 1930 at the office of the State Department of Public Welfare with which the majority of workers in the State
STATE OF GEORGIA
15
including many Salvation Army officers and other church workers are regularly registering their most important cases During the first six months there were 2670 registrations revealing a large number of duplicationsregistrations from two or more localities on the same family
Benefits of Transient Exchange
Through this exchange it is expected that the localities having workers may be able to establish uniform methods and policies for handling transients and helpfully exchange information about repeaters and difficult cases and eventually greatly reduce promiscuous traveling especially of family groups Legal provision may eventually be secured which will greatly aid workers in carrying out plans for establishing residence of transients and leading them to a satisfactory occupation
Transients are a problem in many parts of the United States especially in states enroute to resorts and goodpaying seasonal occupations Several states are concentrating upon the problem By cooperating with the National Travelers Aid Society and other organizations studying the problem Georgia is in position to make a valuable contribution toward its solution
The following organizations in Georgia are signers of the National Transportation Agreement thus establishing a national uniform method of handling transients
Albany Dougherty County Welfare Soc Court House
Atlanta
Augusta
Travelers Aid Society Family Welfare Society American Rescue Workers
Georgia Tuberculosis Association Raoul Foundation
Terminal Station 11 Pryor St
420 Piedmont Ave N E
282 Forrest Ave 282 Forrest Ave
Family Welfare Association Court House
Columbus
LaGrange
Travelers Aid Society Terminal Station
Family Welfare Bureau Court House
The Salvation Army Corps Fund Mission House
Macon
Moultrie
The Salvation Army 454 Center St
Society for Organized Service City Hall
Welfare Commission
Savannah Travelers Aid Society The Salvation Army Family Welfare Society
Union Station 119 W York St 127 W Oglethorpe Ave
Valdosta United Charities
Court House
16
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Disaster Relief
In April 1929 the State Department of Public Welfare lent one member of its field staff to the American Red Cross to assist in the tornado stricken areas of Bulloch Laurens Candler Emanuel and Bleckley counties This service extended over a period of about six weeks
Survey for Blind
In the early part of 1929 the Secretary of the Georgia Association of Workers for the Blind consulted the Department as to what part it could play in the development of a State program for the blind A very fine survey had been made of the number of the blind in the State by the Association and upon the basis of this survey information had been supplied to the 1929 Legislature It was determined that a more intimate study of the blind should be made so that in 1931 the Association could give a more detailed account of the needs of the blind and of the resources of the State with which to meet these needs For this purpose the Department of Public Welfare furnished a questionnaire approved by the Association and distributed it to the rural parts of the State through its field staff and county welfare workers It is hoped that through this means every blind person in Georgia will be personally seen and his problems recorded The Department has offered its services to the Association in interpreting the information when it is compiled
Visiting Teachers
Atlanta Columbus and LaGrange Gwinnett and DeKalb Counties employ Visiting Teachers The Department is deeply interested in this specialized service to children who for one reason or another are problems in the schools The majority of these workers are trained in social case work as well as educational processes Services have been rendered these workers from time to time and they have been invited to participate in all social service activities of the State
SERVICE TO COUNTIES IN PROCESS OF ORGANIZATION
Surveys
Thorough surveys have been made in counties which made urgent requests for advice and guidance relative to their poverty problems This service has been given to three counties and started in a fourth Several other counties have applied for it but owing to staff limitations definite commitments have had to be postponed
In the locations studied visits were made to the homes of from 90 and 125 families depending upon the size of the county These
STATE OF GEORGIA
17
families included the recipients of poor relief applicants for poor relief families aided through private charity families reported because children were out of school and homes of blind crippled and similarly handicapped people who were living unhappy and unprofitable lives and about whom the county officials and charitably minded people were concerned
Findings
The counties surveyed are in different parts of the State but revealed types of social problems and community characteristics common to all parts of the State such as
1 Large numbers of poverty stricken people whose condition
is constantly becoming worse because of
a Some form of disease which has remained untreated for lack of funds or knowledge about possible resources
b Feeblemindedness and other mental disorders that are recurring through three or four generations
c Widowhoodwomen with several dependent children living in communities offering no opportunity for remunerative employment or left too ill to work or whose able relatives are not helping as they should and to whom the local people unskilled in the art of interviewing relatives do not want to make an appeal for fear of getting mixed up in family affairs
d Continued improvidence because the adults have never been taught how to labor regularlyhow to invest their time and earnings in a home or in education and who gradually become chronic beggarsirresponsible people though they apparently have good health and capacity
e Children orphaned neglected or deserted without legal guardianship and protection who are forced to leave
school and to labor prematurely
f Unmarried mothers generally immature who have not been willing to seek support from the father of the children who live in communities offering few opportunities for regular employment to untrained women and whose relatives have not been convinced they should help
2 Intelligent groups appreciative of the fact that
a The home the family is the best source of education for lifeparenthood and citizenship that when this source has failed only leadership by trained workers skilled in making investigations in giving relief and outlining plans for problem families can save the situation This is emphasized by the unwillingness of local people in communities surveyed to employ untrained local people when their financial condition will not justify employing a trained person
18
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
b The programs providing the needed educational service and institutions for the hopelessly defective are too expensive for individual counties to provide for themselves
c The union of several small adjoining counties wanting services of a trained social case worker in a district program would provide more frequent and intensive service than one State Department worker can possibly provide for a large number of small disconnected communities
3 Numbers of people in rural areas capable of appreciating their social problems who will give generously of their time money and energy in relieving conditions under the guidance of the State representative whom they ask to return to their county to help them meet all emergencies and carry out plans for their chronic problem families These volunteer workers are making an invaluable contribution toward improving conditions until the services of a trained worker may be available In visiting the homes of the handicapped and impoverished they are rendering the following services
a Teaching cleanliness
b Impressing the value of regular school attendance
c Inculcating good food habits
d Stressing the value of following medical advice
e Urging the value of church and Sunday school attendance and affiliation
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL VOLUNTEER SERVICE FOR DIRECT CARE TO CASES
New Interest Shown
The table on page 11 shows the status in December 1931 of counties organized for social service This table reveals an increase in 1931 of 24 counties over the year 1930 and of 64 over 1928 One hundred and two counties in 1931 operated relief on a volunteer basis The policy of the Department of Public Welfare is to secure the service needed for every individual who applies to it for aid either through local agencies or if necessary by direct service of the field staff The Department has no legal authority to give direct care nor appropriation for that purpose but it is charged with the responsibility of developing agencies and assisting them in serving their applicants as effectively as possible Many of the local relief committees reported have been built up gradually over a period of years around the case work service of the Department The unusual depression has caused a large increase in the number of cases needing aid and has also stimulated the organization of local volunteer relief committees Relief administration through these committees has been in many cases of a temporary nature This organized effort has
STATE OF GEORGIA
19
developed a more widespread interest in the States social problems and social conditions in counties have been studied in Georgia as never before These new organizations furnish the machinery through which such knowledge spreads into every community and form also a nucleus of responsible organized citizens who are working continuously for a more intelligent understanding of the needs of the State The number of cases applying to the Department for aid has been multiplied by eight since 1927 This statement is verified by a tabulation of the average monthly appeals to the Department through the four year period
11 in 1927
12 1928
31 1929
42 1930
89 1931 not including Georgia Childrens Home Society cases
Nature and Extent of Problems
Two hundred and fourteen new cases were referred in 1930 The problems referred related to unmarried mothers placement of orphan children care of delinquent feebleminded boys and girls for whom the State poorly provides the protection of children from cruel and abusive parents and dependent widows with children There were others of deserting fathers families poverty stricken because of the illness of the breadwinner from tuberculosis pellagra malaria etc
The Department had more calls for this type of case work service during 1929 1930 and 1931 from county officials and other lay groups than over any other previous period and to meet this growing need it is planned to continue emphasizing local responsibility through volunteer committees and to assist these groups in the handling of cases and in forming organizations for public welfare
POOR RELIEF
to

Years Counties Individuals O D Relief Reported on Excluding Pauper List A H Care ALMSHOUSES No Cost Grand Total O D Relief and A H Care
1927 100 4030 33372989 25 11660810 45033799
1928 100 4775 32143004 25 13894529 46037533
1929 103 13596 43722460 33 29450629 73173089
1930 Reported 125 14625 57336261 47 28858633 86194854
Estimated 36 4500 15957640 11 1902648 17860288
Total 161 19125 73293901 58 30771281 104065182
POPULATION
O D Relief Pensioners Alms House Inmates
Counties Individuals Counties Individuals
1931
Reported 85 7283 Reported 58 1428
Estimated 76 2942
Total 161 10225
COSTS
Reported 117 51639971 Reported 35 18663786
99 44 7501246 Estimated 23 7615936
Total 161 59141217 Total 58 26279722
Grand Total of all Poor Relief for 1931 85420939
No estimated figures were made
Outright relief No individuals counted as was done in 1930 in agencies subsidized by counties See Appendix for report on all agenciespublic and private
Total number of counties having almshouses
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
STATE OF GEORGIA
21
POOR RELIEF
The two outstanding points of interest for 1929 1930 and 1931 in county support of the poor are 1 that the number of people reported assisted has increased and 2 the expenditure for this care has greatly increased since 1927 The highest peak of expenditure seems to have occurred in 1930
See opposite page for totals for poor relief for the past five years
All cost of the poor public and private in eight counties with welfare workers as shown on page 12 gave an average per capita cost to the whole population of 63c plus The total per capita cost from all sources of those aided in these eight counties was 1109 in 1930 The following tabulation shows the difference between outdoor relief pensions only in counties with social workers and in those without
Per capita cost of outdoor relief only in 1930 in 8
counties having full time welfare workers3870
Per capita cost of outdoor relief only in 1930 in 8
counties of similar population without welfare workers 6144
Per Capita Costs
The amounts are small enough too small in fact to always meet the need This reduction in counties with welfare workers is due possibly to the ability of welfare workers to organize relief among the natural resources of the applicant and to secure it from churches and other philanthropically minded people or groups
Many smaller counties are spending even a higher per capita from the outdoor relief fund than either the counties with welfare workers or the larger counties without welfare workers One small county spent public funds at the rate of 69c per capita for each person in the county and another at the rate of 71c A number of these counties spend as much as 50c In this group of smaller counties expenditures are incurred usually without investigation or planning to rehabilitate the individual the general rule being once on the poor list always on it
The Way Out For Counties
The State Department made an exhaustive study of the dependents in one small county in Georgia having a population of 12000 This county was spending 7000 a year for the poorover 50c per capita for the total population Sixtynine cases or families received county aid It was discovered by visits of investigation to the fami
22
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
lies that 35 people on this list could secure support from relatives who were able and willing to give it In making this adjustment of expenditures the total cost of the 69 on the poor list was reduced 2000 Similar experiences of the Department with other counties show that this is the average proportion spent by counties on individuals who could be aided otherwise In reducing this countys budget 2000 unfortunately it did not mean that the county should save 2000 but that its funds should be redistributed to meet the needs of the poor for it was necessary to secure for those who actually needed support more adequate relief than they were receiving The task of the people in this county in th future seems to be to understand more fully the causesthe conditions that create social problems and to study carefully how to prevent and cure them As a rule the smaller counties have not the preventive programs of public health and education that are had by larger counties They are laboring under expenditures for local government heavier in proportion increased taxes poor farming conditions and lack of development of other industries Because of these inequalities social problems are increasing and their cost multiplying In trying to meet the demand for care the counties become more deeply involved financially and so go around in a vicious circle out of which they can not come The Department of Welfare has consistently recommended to these counties a plan of combining their activities with counties nearby in order to secure and sustain adequate support of programs both preventive and remedial The four counties studied are already interested in such combinations and have proposed ways and means of putting them into effect
ALMSHOUSES
There are now 58 counties maintaining almshouses These range in size from the largest caring for 197 inmates to the smallest caring for one inmate According to the 1930 figures at time of inspection 8 almshouses have 3 inmates or fewer 13 have 4 to 7 17 have 8 to 15 12 have 16 to 23 4 have 24 to 40 and 4 have 40 or over The 8 almshouses having 3 inmates or fewer are often closed because there are no old pople in the county needing this care This causes the varying number of almshouses from year to year and reduces the total number of almshouses giving continuous care to about 50
Equipment
The almshouses vary in equipment from 10 having running water and modern conveniences in cottages or dormitories to the vast majority that must depend upon wells inadequate sewage systems and poorly equipped and poorly repaired cottages Six almshouses
STATE OF GEORGIA
23
have women matrons and attendants Floyd Fulton Muscogee Bibb and Richmond Counties have semihospital care The fact that more than 90 of the inmates of all almshouses are diseased or afflicted in some way indicates the need for more extensive hospital and nursing care
Population
From adequate information secured from 44 almshouses concerning admissions and discharges the following is submitted
Number reported in 44 almshouses January 1 1929 707
Estimated number in remaining 14 almshouses Jan 1 1929 260
Total number in 58 almshouses January 1 1929967
Admissions reported to 44 almshouses during 1929 274
Estimated number of admissions to remaining 14
almshouses 1929 146
Total number admissions to 58 almshouses in 1929 420
Total reported in 44 almshouses during year 1929 981
Estimated population of remaining 14 almshouses in 1929 406
Total population in 58 almshouses during 1929a1387
Number of reported discharges from 44 almshouses during
1929 255
Estimated number of discharges from remaining 14 almshouses 1929 L 134
Total number of discharges from 58 almshouses during
1929 1 389
Population of 44 almshouses December 31 1929 726
Estimated population of remaining 14 almshouses December 31 1929 272
Total population of 58 almshouses December 31 1929 998
At the time of inspection by the Department during 1930 the following were found in the 58 almshouses
A new system of reporting almshouse population figures was perfected during 1931 The cooperation given the Department in
Negro children
making these reports has been outstanding
24
DEPARTMENT GF PUBLIC WELFARE
The population figures reported for 1931 are as follows
Inmates in Almshouses on Jan 1 31 Inmates Admitted During 31 Inmates Discharged During 31 Inmates in Almshouses on Dec 31 31 Inmates Handled During 31
White men 320 170 127 363 490
White women 322 123 69 376 445
White children 5 40 15 30 45
Negro men 138 94 56 176 232
Negro women 125 49 38 136 174
Unclassified 18 24 10 32 42
Totals 928 500 315 1113 1428
Almshouse Cost
Thirtythree counties reported the cost of their almshouses in 1929 as 29450629 The total number of inmates being cared for in these almshouses from reports and estimates during that year was 991 making a per capita cost of 29718 It is interesting to note that these same counties aided old persons in their own homes or in homes of relatives or friends at a per capita cost of 3224 The reduction was made possible because of no overhead expense and pensions supplemented by interested relatives The Floyd County almshouse which is one of the most modern in the State operated on a per capita cost of 13395 Compare this with another county almshouse maintained without convenience or proper supervision for three inmates at a per capita cost of 44338
Comparative Costs
The following shows the difference in cost of the poor to counties which use almshouse care and those caring for the aged in private homes
Per capita cost of outdoor relief in 8 counties without
almshouse A6144
Per capita cost of outdoor and amshouse care in 8 counties of similar population with almshouses
Outdoor relief 2733
Almshouse care 29719 32452
For the year 1930 forty counties report the cost of their almshouses as 28868633 a reduction from the cost reported by 33 counties during 1929 This is due probably to the general movement toward economy in county management during 1930
STATE OF GEORGIA
25
The cost of maintaining the almshouses during 1931 has shown a decided reduction when compared with the 1929 figures While in 1929 the per capita cost was 29718 by 1931 this per capita cost had been reduced to 17820 or 1485 a month It is believed however even with such a low per capita cost that a considerable number of these old people could be placed with relatives or friends at a smaller cost to the counties and with more satisfaction to these dependents
The cost of maintaining the almshouses during 1931 has been reported and estimated as follows
Total cost reported by 35 counties 18663786
Estimated cost of remaining 23 almshousesJ1 7615936
Total cost of the 58 almshousesU26279722
Almshouse Problems
The following are some of the problems found in almshouses
1 Inadequate nursing and medical care
2 Personnel untrained to meet the needs of the aged
3 Lack of dietary knowledge
4 Fire hazard
5 Inadequate sewage system
6 Lack of space for segregation of those with contagious diseases and of different sex
7 Excessive per capita cost in most of the smallest almshouses as compared with per capita cost in other large institutions
As a group there were no radical changes in the physical condition of the almshouses of the State from 1929 through 1931 In fact the Department discourages large expenditures of money on certain almshouses which are not performing any definite service for the aged and where other forms of care would be better
Improvements
Besides minor repairs to equipment during 1929 and 1930 Bartow Gordon and Cherokee Counties have built new and more uptodate almshouses These new buildings offer better segregation of the races and sexes provide modern conveniences and are generally more adequate to properly serve the aged of these counties Bibb County has added a new eight room building to receive male inmates and relieve an overcrowded condition Grady County has rearranged its cottages so that better supervision may be had over inmates Jackson County added to its almshouse system a new nine room cottage for white inmates after having plans approved by the Department Tift County remodeled a nearby school house for use of inmates and Washington utilized an old church in the same way Dur
26
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
ing 1929 Paulding and Mitchell Counties installed modern water systems for convenience and fire protection to inmates and property In 1931 Richmond and Muscogee counties added nurses to their staffs A new superintendent who has a wide knowledge of institution management has been appointed at the Richmond almshouse resulting in improved care at this home
Service of Department
Services performed for the almshouses by the Department of Public Welfare consist of
1 Regular visitation
2 Complaints adjusted
3 Information furnished on equipment diet and health care
4 Approval of plans for building or remodelling
5 Special studies of individual almshouses which have resulted in saving money for some counties concerned by providing adequate care outside the almshouse
6 An outstanding service during 1930 was that of providing record books This improvement helps the superintendents in keeping uniform records of all inmates and will enable the Department to secure more accurate information concerning the aged of Georgia
District Plan Recommended
The solution of the almshouse problem must lie alongf a well organized comprehensive plan that will embrace the entire State and that will reduce the public cost to an absolute minimum consistent with adequate service Virginia has tried and has proven the district plan to be one that reduces the per capita cost of almshouse care and provides more adequate service The Virginia District Homes are controlled by special boards composed of representatives of the commissioners of counties consolidating Each Home has a superintendent a matron a cook a utility man and two maids It is urged that either the matron or the superintendent be a trained nurse The district plan has substituted comfort cleanliness attention and economy in place of misery filth neglect and extravagance Interest in this plan has been evident among the county officials of Georgia and the district plan will no doubt finally be worked out as a statewide program
PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE AGED
There are at present 18 private institutions for the aged in the State Four of these institutions receive only dependent Negroes
The population of these private institutions has been reported and estimated as follows
STATE OF GEORGIA
27
Reported population Estimated population ing to past reports
Total
Inmates at Institut Jan 1 31 Inmates Admitted During 31 Inmates Discharged During 31 Inmates Remaining Dec 31 3
122 77 13 186
270 9 16 263
392 86 29 449
The cost of maintaining these 18 institutions during 1931 has
been reported and estimated as follows
Reported cost of 10 institutions4476196
Estimated cost of remaining 12 institutions from
reports of previous years p5714187
Totalj 10190383
Besides extending its service to the existing private institutions for the aged this Department is continually on the outlook for attempts to organize new institutions Creation of new organizations is opposed when no need for such institutions exists and when there are insufficient funds to maintain adequate standards of care
CHILDRENS DIVISION
Requirements of the Statute
Children are the states greatest asset and the safeguarding of childhood is the States supremest duty It is due largely to the recognition of this responsibility that the Department of Public Welfare was established in 1919 and that soon thereafter a division was created in the Department whose special function should be in accordance with the statute the inspection and reporting on the workings and results of chartered or private institutions associations or organizations engaged in the care and protection of homeless dependent defective and delinquent children and to study the causes which lead to neglect dependency delinquency and distress among children to devise and suggest such means as seem wise to prevent the increasing burden of the handicapped child to publish its findings and in such other ways as seem advisable to seek to promote the proper care and training of the handicapped and the general welfare of all children
The extent of the duties imposed upon the Department for childrens work by the statute is shown in the summary1 of the institutions and agencies given below
28
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
INSTITUTIONS LISTED AND CLASSIFIED
The classification number of institutions under each classification and population as of December 31 1931 are given as follows
Dependent Children
Institutions on list January 1 192935
Institutions opened during 3 year period 3
Total 438
Closed during 3 year period 3
Remaining
Industrial Schools
Institutions giving part time care
Day Nurseries 9
Dropped during he periodic 1
Homes for unmarried mothers and babies 3
Closed during the 3 year period1
Agencies for care of children in own homes 4 Agencies opened during 3 year perod 1
Two duplicates from institutional group
35
3
8
2
5
Delinquent Children
State Training Schools 2
County Training Schools and Detention Homej 8
Total 10
Handicapped Children
Institutions for Mental Defectives1 1
Institutions for Crippled Children 1
Total I 2
Total institutions and agencies for children 65
The names of these institutions and agencies and others appear
ing elsewhere in the report are arranged alphabetically under their classification and are given in Appendix IV
The service performed by these institutions and agencies is shown by the total number under care and the number in each group The total number of children cared for during the year was obtained for certain institutions but it could not be given accurately for all so those estimated have been indicated
STATE OF GEORGIA
29
Following is the population for childrens institutions and agencies for the past three years
Institutions 1929 1930 1931
0 o 0 O a o
P P P bo a c3 p O H P 3 So a P O H p M w p 60 I p o Eh
CHILDREN j 2299 345 2644 2240 333 2573 2081 311 2392
Indus Schools 144 53 197 145 53 198 138 53 191
Day Nurseries 364 179 543 328 180 508 217 107 324
Unmrd Mothers Childrens Aid 39 39 41 41 36 36
Work 545 545 755 232 987 2013 532 2545
Total Dependent 3391 577 3968 3509 798 4307 4485 1003 5488
Delinquent Children
State Schools 342 104 446 370 138 508 373 85 458
County Schools 311 405 716 309 384 693 264 375 639
Total Delinquent 653 509 1162 679 522 1201 637 460 1097
Handicapped Children
Ga Train School
Mentally Def 250 250 248 248 253 253
ScottishRite Hosp
for Crip Chiln 350 350 375 375 303 303
Total Hadicpd 600 600 623 623 556 556
GRD TOTALS 5730 6131 7141
Partly estimated

The following table shows the income and costs for the Childrens institutions and agencies as reported to the
Department for the year 1931
RECEIPTS
Public Private
Dependent Children in Institutions
Reported 25 3777494 50806153
Estimated 10 409000 11428653
Total Institutions 35 4186494 62234806
Industrial Schools Dependent
Reported 1 3801425
Estimated 2 783100
Total Ind Schools 3 4584525
Day Nurseries
Reported 3 910837 1230931
Estimated 5 2255468
Total D Nurseries 8 910837 3486399
Homes for Unmarried Mothers
Reported 2 509061 653500
Total Homes 2 509061 653500
Childrens Aid Agencies
Reported 3 1780847 3476241
Total 3 1780847 3476241
Delinquent Children
Reported 7 25515889 288366
Estimated 3 2841858 455847
Total Del Children 10 28357747 744213
Handicapped
Reported 2 7227000 10033952
Total Handicapped 2 7227000 10033952
Total
J EXPENDITURES
Maintenance
Only
Capital
Outlay
Total Cost
54583647
11837653
66421300
53955722
11837653
65793375
621925
621925
54577647
11837653
66415300
3801425 783100
4584525
2141768
2255468 4397236
3542212 783100
4325312
1941768
2255468 4197236
259213
259213
200000
200000
3801425 783100
4584525
2141768
2255468 4397236
1162561
1162561
5257088
5257088
25804255
3297705
29101960
17260952
17260952
1162561
1162561
5257088
5257088
25021999
3279727
28301726
13839442
13839442
782256
17978
800234
3421510
3421510
1162561
1162561
5257088
5257088
25804255
3297705
29101960
17260952
17260952
Grand cost to 65 institutions and agencies 128185622
Two agencies not included here because included in institutions above
STATE OF GEORGIA
31
See opposite page for costs of childrens institutions and agencies
The institutions both for Children and adults have suffered during this period of depression owing to the increased appeals for aid and declining financial support and particularly those that are maintained by voluntary subscriptions have been heavy sufferers For this reason the advice and help of the Department has been sought to a greater degree than at any time during the past The calls have been so frequent in fact as to tax its time and resources
Inquiries Made
Recognizing the possible need of giving service beyond the regular visits and seeking an interpretation of the needs before hand a letter of inquiry was addressed to a number of superintendents of the childrens institutions asking specifically how the State might best help them in the solution of their problems Some of the replies showed such a fundamental understanding of the modern theory of the care of dependent children and the responsibility of the State therefor that they should have a place in this report
MOTHERS AID SUGGESTED
For instance the superintendent of one of th largest orphanages in the State called attention to the fact that 60 of the applications for the care of children that had come to him showed that the mother was living was physically mentally and morally capable of caring for her children but could not do so for financial reasons The Superintendents suggestion was that the sensible the logical and economic way of caring for children of such mothers would be to extend aid to the mother and thus enable her to care for her own children rather than to separate them from her and give them institutional care which never equals the home care under right conditions and is usually more expensive He added that the State should render this service to mothers
Support for Gracewood Asked
Other heads of institutions showed how they were handicapped in the care of normal children by the fact that they had to assume the responsibility of feebleminded children which should be at Gracewood children which they could not place in homes and consequently limited their acceptance of normal children These Superintendents emphasized the need of larger appropriations to Gracewood as a means of releasing space in their institutions for normal children
32
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE New Laws Suggested
Others responding to the inquiry called attention to the large number of children in institutions whose fathers had abandoned them or who were serving sentences on chaingangs of the State or at the State Prison Farm They urged the strengthening of the Desertion and Nonsupport laws of the State and suggested that the fathers serving sentences should be paid for their work over and above their upkeep and the earnings used for the support and maintenance of their children
Depression Slows Up Placements
Attention was also directed in these replies to the fact that the turnover in institutions and in agencies placing children is lessened at the present time by the inability of families and relatives to support children due to the direct results of the economic depression In this connection it was mentioned also that the number of people who are willing and anxious to adopt children is lessened for the same reason and furthermore a greater difficulty is being experienced in finding employment for older boys and girlsthose who under normal conditions are ready to leave the institution where they have been cared for and trained
Special Help From the Department
In addition to the advice and help given the institutions at the time of the annual visits representatives of the Department have been called for special conference in an effort to help in the solution of particularly trying problems and in one significant instance in 1930 a member of the staff was delegated to an institution for the purpose of reducing the number of children by placement in homes thus enabling it to live within its income This institution and another were also helped by the Department to obtain more adequate support
Methods of Retrenchment
In order to live within their income two institutions were forced to close cottages and reduce their population to the number for whom financial support was available Other institutions reduced salaries and the number of employees some put on financial agents and still others increased their letters of appeal campaigns One institution solved its problems by giving aid to children in their own homes and securing greater cooperation from other communities and agencies so as to secure aid for applicants it could not accept
STATE OF GEORGIA
3 S
Notable Advances
While the three years covered by this report have been in the main years of stringency and have necessitated retrenchment ora the part of institutions there have been some notable advances in the provision of institutional care for dependent children
At Hillside Cottages
The outstanding event was the rebuilding on a model cottage plan of the Home of the Friendless in Atlanta and the change of name to the Hillside Cottages This institution known for many years for its unselfish loving care of children is carrying forward its traditions in its new and beautiful plant It has taken another advance step through an arrangement by which it secures social casework service for the children in its care through the Child WelfareAssociation of Fulton and DeKalb Counties
At the Masonic Home
Another important development in the institutional field for children in 1930 was the addition to the staff of the Masonic Home of a case worker to extend the service of the institution and makemore effective the training and care given The Board of the Masonic Home is now planning to build on a small cottage unit plan soas to relieve the congested condition of the present institution
At the Hebrew Orphans Home
The Hebrew Orphans Home in Atlanta during these three years has changed its program to meet the needs of the children it is serving by placing those under its care in Boarding Homes and subsidized family homes thus setting the State an example in practical Mothers Aid
WORK OF AGENCIES DAY NURSERIES
Included in the list of institutions for dependent children above are 8 day nurseries which give part time care The decrease in number of children under care during the 3 years is due to the closing of two day nurseries and not to lack of demand
Day Nursery care for children of employed mothers has been of real help and is most important especially in the absence of State aid to mothers of young children Particularly is there need for the extension of this type of service to Negro children whose mothers are employed for long hours away from home and whose children suffer for lack of supervision and training and proper nourishment
34
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Child Placing Agencies
In the list of institutions and agencies above five agencies are recorded as having a child placing and aid function and they were shown to have given care to 2545 children during 1931 A more detailed discussion of this is given in the General Statement of this report
The Childrens Division reports to Superior Courts on all Child Placing licenses This entails investigation of placements and records of the agencies holding licenses The improvement of placements and protection of children placed is one of the most vital functions of the Department and responsibility for this is fixed by the Child Placing Law of 1922 which requires a report to the Superior Court by the Department before the Court issues the license on all licenses issued Consistent effort has been made to concentrate the licenses in the agencies equipped to give the necssary service The only new license issued during the period covered by this report was to such an agency
Foster Home Care
The years 1929 1930 and 1931 showed marked progress in the development of foster home care for children in the state Increased service in the number of children cared for and improvement in the quality of the service to these children were significant features of the 3 years work These children were cared for in free homes adoption homes and boarding homes They have practically all had the services of skilled social workers to safeguard not only the investigation as to their removal from their own homes to decide as to whether it is temporary or permanent to provide for them the type of care indicated to best fit their individual needs but also to select and carefully investigate the home into which they go and to supervise them in that home In 1930 the 5 large city Juvenile Courts had before them 1728 neglected and dependent children Many of thes could not and should not be received in institutions and were in need of foster home care There were many more children in the rural districts in the same situation
Important Development
The most important development in this field was the forming of the Child Welfare Association of Fulton and DeKalb Counties This Society has undertaken the best type of modern child care for the children of the two counties As it develops its program will so integrate its work with that of the Juvenile Courts of the counties and the other child caring institutions that they will be able to meet approximately the needs of all the dependent children of the two
STATE OF GEORGIA
35
counties The need for a more adequately financed and better staffed statewide child placing agency is felt by workers throughout the state
Aid to Children In Own Homes
The largest number of children aided with their mothers is in the Family Welfare Society Group There are a small group of childrens agencies giving among their own services some aid to children in their own homes They are The Hebrew Orphans Home Atlanta the Masonic Home Macon the Tuttle Newton Society Augusta the Mary Telfair Society Savannah the Childrens Aid Society of Georgia Atlanta
CARE OF DELINQUENT CHILDREN
The tabulation above shows two state institutions for the care of delinquent children with a population of 446 for 1929 508 for 1930 and 458 for 1931 and eight county training schools and detention homes with a combined population of 716 for 1929 693 for 1930 and 639 for 1931 a grand total of 1097 for 1931
While there is some turnover in these institutions decidedly more marked in the county homes neither from the state angle nor the county angle is there sufficient accommodations for this class of children The need for additional provisions by the State for training and reeducation of delinquent children is great
Commendations and Suggestions
The State Training School for White Girls near Atlanta and the State Training School for Boys both white and colored at Milledgeville are taxed to the limit of their capacity Their work is hampered by the overcrowded conditions and they are unable to receive children at the time of their commitment The success of the treatment of a child is often dependent upon its early reception Both institutions need additional accommodations and larger appropriations The service of the Training School for Boys would be greatly increased if a trained parole officer were added to the staff Both schools are excellently managed and are doing work that is a credit to the state
A Crying Need
There is still no provision for the care of delinquent Negro girls The State provides care for Negro boys and there is no reason why it should not fulfill its obligation to this group The Georgia Federation of Colored Womens Clubs is working to promote such a pro
36
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
ject The clubs have purchased some land for a site and are endeavoring to raise a fund for buildings To erect suitable quarters and adequately maintain the institution however will require support from the State The Department of Public Welfare has repeatedly recommended the legislative support of an institution for the training and reeducation of delinquent Negro girls and it also has the endorsement of the Young Womens Christian Association the Kings Daughters the W C T U the Georgia Conference on Social Work the Georgia Educational Association the Georgia Congress of Parents and Teachers the Atlanta Federation of Womens Clubs the Atlanta Womens Club the Womans Division of the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce the State Committee on InterRacial Cooperation and many religious and fraternal organizations in the State
HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
There are two institutions in the state for handicapped children Gracewood near Augusta for the mentally handicapped or feebleminded and the Scottish Rite Hospital Atlanta a private institution for the care of crippled children
The need of more adequate provision for the care of the feebleminded was mentioned earlier in this report where it was shown thatthe institutions for the dependent were often less able to give care to their particular class because they had to give space to feebleminded children Their appeal should have weight because they cannot be expected to be equipped to train the mentally handicapped and they should not be deprived thereby of giving the aid so much needed to those for whom they were established
Pleas for Gracewood
From child placing societies and juvenile courts throughout the state also comes the plea for more extensive provisions for the care of mentally defective children The problem at present is accentuated by the economic depression many families who in ordinary times are able to care for their own unfortunate children find it difficult or impossible to do so now
No Provision for Negro Children
Gracewood has functioned to the limit of its capacity and the superintendent cannot be too highly commended for his cooperation with all agencies as well as for his management of the institution itself It is earnestly hoped that the state will make more adequate provision for the white children and also add facilities for the careof negro feebleminded children These latter perhaps more than any other group need the protection and supervision of a training school
STATE OF GEORGIA
37
They create one of the greatest menaces to society in their delinquency and the human waste and suffering to themselves is untold
Crippled Children
The Scottish Rite Hospital has rendered distinguished and invaluable service to the crippled children of the State for many years Their support has come entirely from voluntary contributions and they like other groups have suffered during the three years as a result of the slump in business conditions
State Should Aid
The need of the States sharing responsibility cannot be better phrased than to quote from the Superintendent of the institution
Orthopedic service to the children of the State could be increased if we received some financial assistance from the State in carrying on this work We have sixty beds with an average of fiftynine patients per day last year We ended the year with considerable financial deficit and for this reason our Governing Board has reduced the number of beds this year to fifty The care of crippled children is a burden that belongs to the State and more children could be treated here if the State would give us some assistance
Departments Plans
The Department is interested in developing a general childrens aid organization which will include social case work service to the handicapped children of the State White and Negro and add to the effectiveness of all the agencies working for the crippled child There is no orthopaedic care for Negro children except surgical care provided in the city hospitals for children who are residents of the locality The children of the rest of the State are not provided for except as funds are raised for individual cases that are brought to private hospitals
Aside from the question of the human suffering and waste involved is the fact that the lack of provision for early treatment and cure means the provision over a period of years of the dependent cripple
FAMILY WELFARE SOCIETIES
There was a total in 1931 of 21 agencies in the five big cities caring for individuals in their family groups These included Family Welfare Societies American Red Cross Chapters Salvation Army Posts and Travelers Aid Societies Work with these agencies is assigned the Childrens Division because of economic use of staff
38
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
No group of agencies deserves higher praise for the courage unselfishness and intelligence with which they tackled their problems during 1929 1930 and 1931 the most trying years of their history than the Family Welfare Agencies Family Welfare Societies in four large cities gave service and aid to 9369 families in 1930 at a cost of 16085856 The same societies gave service to 5513 families at a cost of 13363924 in 1929 This was an increase of 4856 families served at an expense of 2721932 additional For 1931 figures for these agencies see Appendix No 1
It is interesting to note that the Juvenile Court costs including detention care in the same four cities was 20995452 It is accepted as true that the greatest single cause of juvenile delinquency and dependency is the breakdown of family life and weakening of the natural protection given a child by a well integrated adequately financed home of his own It is also accepted as true that it costs more both in human suffering and in dollars to try to substitute care for that of a childs own family
Comparisons and Deductions
The figures given in above paragraph do not include the cost of the child caring institutions of the cities although those institutions care for many more children who have had to be removed from their own homes The above statements are not to be interpreted as meaning that too much is spent on the Juvenile Courts and child caring agencies The Department believes that they should be more adequately staffed and supported in their efforts to rehabilitate the children coming to them The statements are made to call attention to the belief that more adequate support of the Family Welfare Societies would over a period of years show marked results in the reduction of delinquency and neglect among children
How Department Helps
The following shows types of service given as an indication of the kind of service the Department renders all agencies and institutions included in the Childrens Division report
1 Advice on referral of cases
2 Consultation with boards
3 Consultation with executives
4 Advice on personnel
5 Uniform record forms printed and supplied and better record keeping insisted upon
6 The reports of the institutions including financial statements collected approved and filed
7 All children in the archives of the Department registered thus preserving information of family relationships parental status and other statistics
STATE OF GEORGIA
39
8 The Department acted as a clearing house for information concerning the work of other institutions and agencies thus stimulating better work on the part of all
9 Attention called to the duplication of programs of institutions and agencies in certain instances and advised correction so that the needs of families and individuals could be provided for
DIVISION OF ADULT DELINQUENCY
Function of Division
The Division of Adult Delinquency is charged with the development of adult probation service collecting and interpreting criminal statistics and the supervision of county jails In this work the representatives of the Division visit every county in the State Such other work as will prevent duplication on the part of the Departments field staff is also done by this Division This often includes the inspection of almshouses and the investigation of cases reported in need This Division also has been largely responsible for the preparation of publications issued by the Department and editing Public Welfare the monthly bulletin This work is described in another chapter Two special studies of major importance have been made by this Division 1 Survey of county jails receiving federal prisoners in Georgia and 2 children in county jails in 1928 and 1929 Adult probation work is discussed in the chapter on juvenile courts and probation service
Court Studies
The first criminal court study made by this Department was published by a private organization in 1925 Subsequent studies were made in 1928 and included the work of the courts in Bibb Muscogee and Fulton counties over a ten year period involving a tabulation of approximately ten facts about each of the 89671 defendants before these courts during this period A lack of funds has made it impossible for the Department to continue this work The sheriffs report the population of the county jails and a summary of these reports for typical years is given in this chapter
County Jail Work
A member of the staff of the Department has inspected each of the 157 county jails in the State once or more often during 1929 and during 1930 In 1931 all the county jails were inspected either by a member of the staff or through cooperation with the Federal District Jail Inspector At the time of each inspection the following factors are noted 1 Inmates 2 complaints of inmates or sheriff 3 management 4 policies in effect 5 equipment 6 repairs
40
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
needed and any other matters that may seem to require attention Other contacts are made in the community when necessary judges commissioners and citizens may be seen in behalf of the jail Reports on inspections are submitted to the sheriffs county commissioners grand juries and judges of the superior courts
A tabulation of field work during a typical period is given below
Work of One Field Worker During a Typical Six Months Period January 1June 30 1929
Counties visited 108
Jails visited 96
Sheriffs seen I 61
Jail visiting chairmen seen Ayff 11 19
County commissioners seen210
Superior court judges consulted 8
Newspaper editors seen 6
County physicians seen 1
County attorneys seenl 4
Social workers seen A t 5
Persons secured to serve as local probation officers 1
Ministers seen I A Li 10
Other important citizens seenf 23
Lectures on jail work 6
Requests from sheriffs 7
Requests from others9
COUNTY JAIL IMPROVEMENTS
There is a definite increase in the facilities advocated by this Department which is a decided tribute to the recognition accorded the Departments recommendations The Department advocates the use of wall bunks as sleeping facilities It should be noted that when first inspected by this Department only 53 jails were using wall bunks and now 105 use these In other matters where tabulation is not possible the jails have made progress and recognition has been accorded the reports of the Department
The tabulation below gives information as to the condition of the county jails when first inspected in 1922 or in 1924 Considerable progress was made by 1928 and the achievements since 1928 have heen most creditable
STATE OF GEORGIA
41
PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENTS IN THE 157 COUNTY JAILS IN GEORGIA
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 17
Elementary segregation of
Adequate heating system
Metal painted light color
Fly screens at windows
Heavy screens at windows
Sleeping facilities 4rr
Wall bunks facility
advocated
No provision
Hammocks not advocated Cots and hammocks not
advocated
Cots not advocated
Adequate bedding
Water works EH
Bathing facilities tubs and
showers
Showers facility advocated Hot water available to prisonei
for bathing 1
Bathing requirements
Regular laundering of bedding
Jail reasonably clean
Jail disciplined by regular rules
Findings when first visited 192224 No Jails Findings in 1928 No Jails Findings in 1930 No Jails
108 113 118
116 120 124
96 137 148
d 12 23 27
88 125 141
41 99 118
8 22 55
8 22 22
145 155 157
53 95 105
12 2 0
23 9 6
14 14 9
55 37 37
92 145 155
129 148 154
84 106 116
21 50 61
s 29 57 68
7 31 30
1 25 88 109
31 99 112
39 69 82
The Department has served the counties by meeting with grand juries and boards of commissioners and presenting the needs of the various jails directly to the officials This service has won expressions of approval from individuals and groups and a resolution of appreciation was passed by the sheriffs in their annual convention in Savannah in 1929 for the Divisions work in behalf of the jails
Effect of Financial Depression
The effect of the financial depression on jail improvements was hardly noticeable until 1931 Several groups of county commissioners have seen the need for new jails or for major renovation jobs
42
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
but due to the pressure brought on them to be conservative with county funds they have decided to postpone such construction work A decided decrease in new jails erected in 1931 has been noted in comparison with previous years This Department has been careful to keep from giving the impression that it is forcing counties to spend large sums of money on these local institutions but on the other hand it does not hesitate to point out urgent needs for improvements When there is urgent need for renovation or a new jail a special effort is made to confer with the county commissioners regarding this matter while in the field
The reduction of per diem dieting fees by a number of counties and the result brought about in the feeding of prisoners has been of particular interest to this Department While the average per diem fee allowed sheriffs of the State for feeding prisoners in 1929 was 68c by 1931 this average had been reduced to 63c This reduction no doubt had something to do with the number of complaints from prisoners about food increasing from 4 in 1929 to 10 in 1931 It is highly improbable that a satisfactory solution can be arrived at until the old fee system is abolished but conditions could be improved materially if a uniform amount for dieting fees could be worked out In 1931 dieting fees allowed sheriffs ranged from 35c to 1 a day Tabulations of dieting fees allowed in all the counties have been furnished county officials concerned with the hope that a more equalized system might be perfected
County Jail Visiting Committees
To the fifteen county jail visiting committees which were active during the past few years in giving their services to these local institutions the Department takes this means of expressing its deep appreciation There is need for some system of reporting the activities of these local committees to the Department so that the effect of their work may be published Besides dealing with county jail problems the sociallyminded people serving on these committees have been called on for a number of types of volunteer service and the way they have accepted and performed these duties has been outstanding
County Jail Population
In considering the county jail commitments there are four factors to consider 1 Number of prisoners ordinarily found in the jails 2 the greatest number committed to the jails at one time 3 the length of jail detention and 4 the total number of commitments during one year It is essential to have information on these points if sound constructive advice is to be given The total number of prisoners in jails when jails were inspected was 2070
STATE OF GEORGIA
43
Peak Load
At the time of each inspection an inquiry is made as to the greatest number of prisoners placed in the jail during the year This figure is recorded and the total for the State is 3933 Probably at no one time are that many prisoners in the county jails but at present this is the peak load which they may be called on to handle
Length of Detention
The length of jail detention averages 17 days according to a study made by this Department of 7331 jail commitments in typical counties However many prisoners remain in jail 3 months or even 6 months awaiting trial The county jails in Georgia are seldom used as places for prisoners to serve sentences except by the Federal Government This explains the short length of jail detention
COUNTY JAIL COMMITMENTS IN GEORGIA BY GROUPS FOR 1929 1930 and 1931
1929 1930 1931
White men 20956 21437 23507
White women 1593 1534 1605
White boys 395 294 430
White girls 96 68 143
Negro men 23233 24781 25847
Negro women 3616 3503 3600
Negro boys 360 384 502
Negro girls 67 61 129
Total white 23040 23333 25685
Total Negroes 27276 28729 30078
Total prisoners 50316 52062 55763
These figures are the result of the cooperation of the sheriffs of the State with the Department in keeping records as prescribed by law and in sending in these reports at the end of each year
1931 County Jail Population Figures
While the 1931 county jail population figures have been published along with those for 1929 and 1930 in order to conserve space there is need for some notations about these figures During 1931 there were 55763 commitments to the 157 county jails against 52062 commitments for 1930 or an increase of 7 It is interesting to note that this 7 increase is twice as great as was the increase from 1929 to 1930
44
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
While both white and Negro groups showed an increase during 1931 the increase in white commitments was 10 against a 5 increase in Negro commitments
The most alarming fact resulting from the compilation of these county jail figures is that 1204 children were confined in these jails during 1931 There was an increase of 49 in commitments of children over the previous year While the number of children admitted to orphanages and other child caring institutions of Georgia decreased we find this enormous increase in children confined in jails some of which are not equipped to segregate children from adult offenders It is the policy of the Department of Public Welfare to report children found in jail at the time of inspection to the juvenile or superior court judge in order that a hearing may be had and avoid further confinement
County Jail Population
The 1930 population of the various counties in the State is given below together with the county jail population for the years 1921 1926 1928 1930 and 1931
County Population County Jail Poplation
1921 1926 1928 1930 1931
Appling 13314 167 183 175 141 160
Atkinson 6894 142 43x 116 116J
Bacon 7055 25 87 147 235 499
Baker 7818 55 98 112 118 138
Baldwin 22878 102 157 145 203 213
Banks 9703 20 40 36 32 27
Barrow 12401 267 65 79 168 109
Bartow 25364 461 411 435 644 441
Ben Hill 13047 452 339 404 338 414
Berrien 14646 190 295 364 426
Bibb 77042 2191 1785 1468 1577 1577
Bleckley 9133 112 50 98 91 79
Brantley 6895 80 129 97 148
Brooks 21330 228 320 315 253
Bryan 5952 57 57 55 77 82
Bulloch 26509 576 256 306 452 451
Burke 29224 337 288 369 309 305
Butts 9345 166 88 106 146 125
Calhoun 10576 65 68 71 94 95
Camden 6338 80 29x 68
Campbell 9903 109 180 210 281 194
Candler 8991 69 93 145 222 258
Carroll 34272 382 250 283 368 338
Catoosa 9421 58 167 91 235 186
Charlton 4381 43 109 137 203 183
Chatham 105431 1504 1066 3472 3916
Chattahoochee 8894 24 26 49 24 48
Chattooga 15407 125 154 291 343 281
STATE OF GEORGIA
45
County Population 1921
Cherokee 20003 256
Clarke 25613 382
Clay 6943 49
Clayton 10260 63
Clinch 7015 163
Cobb 35408 378
Coffee 19739
Colquitt 30622 328
Columbia 8793 77
Cook 11311 435
Coweta 25127
Crawford 7020 66
Crisp 1 7343 378
Dade 4146 3502 59
Dawson
Decatur 23622 504
DeKalb 70278 732
Dodge 21599 197
Dooly 18025 196
Dougherty 22306 905
Douglas 9461 168
Early 18273
Echols 2744
Effingham 10164 130
Elbert 18485 225
Emanuel 24101 244
Evans 7102 50
Fannin 12969 96
Fayette 8665 51
Floyd 48667 792
Forsyth 10624 50
Franklin 15902 103
Fulton 318587 7632
Gilmer 7344 45
Glascock 4388 120
Glynn 19400 356
Gordon 16846 139
Grady 19200 227
Greene 12616 169
Gwinnett 27853
Habersham 12748 69
Hall 30313
Hancock 13070 206
Haralson 13263 63
Harris 11140 191
Hart 15174 262
Heard 9102 50
Henry 15924 115
Houston 11280
Irwin 12199 98
Jackson 21609
Jasper 8594 116
Jeff Davis UK 8118 16
Jefferson 20727 69
County Jail Population
1926 1928 1930 1931
200 166 84x 183
397 399 455 482
47 53 40 55
104 84 277 512
115 151 136 167
805 815 984 874
246 194 485 485
227 390 374 492
62 80 81 41
20
339 243 269 262
45 76 78 92
528 545 429 404
52 71 89 114
15 27 33 58
536 462 538 466
1067 1405 1563 1723
117 197 373 345
131 293 269 267
945 590 654 590
81 84 83 163
228 224 378 216
41 29 30 30
85 88 90 124
209 118 129 159
264 234 245 289
91 92 59 59
183 193 390 281
56 73 87 105
659 840 977 985
34 49 78
106 142 223 150
9486 8857 9763 10658
78 117 114 149
77 17 20 18
386 455 368 368
113 112 327 269
237 308 395 383
64 64 93 69
105 122 167 167
149 108 157 217
344 492 448 442
54 82 78 119
86 91 152 204
185 241 234 310
145 194 135 170
57 43 55 44
64 103 264 257
198 134 191 178
61 106 87 97
122 106 100 137
38 51 66 71
91 111 77 77
46
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
County Population County Jail Population
1921 1926 1928 1930 1931
Jenkins 12908 268 140 228 204 217
Johnson 12681 168 136 131 182 190
Jones 8992 130 88 81 136 134
Lamar 9745 103 224 189 195 147
Lanier 5190 72 47 75 75
Laurens 32693 825 534 496 510 459
Lee 8328 158 92 85 148 132
Liberty 8153 59 80 126 122 78
Lincoln 7847 31 44 32 46 40
Long 4180 34 92 60 91
Lowndes 29994 498 505 565 605
Lumpkin 4927 50 25 66 38 55
Macon 16643 161 94 127 148 136
Madison 14921 95 180 233 163 159
Marion 6968 94 48 81 67 91
McDuffie 9014 144 158 183 160 187
McIntosh 5763 43 53 52 55
Meriwether 22437 106 92 101 167 176
Miller 9076 79 102 111 147
Milton 6730 22 18 88 88
Mitchell 23620 150 98 168 211 254
Monroe 11606 187 137 127 125 124
Montgomery 10020 163 111 196 284 294
Morgan 12488 129 112 139 96 117
Murray 9215 80 96 72 167 230
Muscogee 57558 732 1368 1338 1457 1503
Newton 17290 226 182 248 171 168
Oconee 8082 120 50 60 52 69
Oglethorpe 12927 158 129 112 105 90
Paulding 12327 105 161 170 227
Peach 10268 168 239 195 180
Pickens 9687 47 65 59 59 79
Pierce 12522 226 243 356 342 291
Pike 10853 239 82 141 247 243
Polk 25141 245 410 342 608 589
Pulaski 9005 241 199 241 113x 196
Putnam 8367 144 108 86 80 107
Quitman 3820 36 29 18 11 38
Rabun 6331 90 143 102 142
Randolph 17174 125 125 152 208 208
Richmond 72990 1272 934 1183 1367 1375
Rockdale 7247 65 90 121 98 110
Schley 5347 27 66 25 38 49
Screven 20503 201 288 257 252 239
Seminole 7389 86 114 158 156
Spalding 23495 779 797 695 840
Stephens 11740 70 158 126 178 136
Stewart 11114 72 276 140 140
Sumter 26800 308 236 297 219 311
Talbot 8458 118 60 68 86 73
Taliaferro 6172 150 44 74 74
Tattnall 15411 130 137 184 196
Taylor 10617 67 64 130 100 100
Telfair 14997 111 224 163 177 501
STATE OF GEORGIA
47
County Populati on County Jail Population
1921 1926 1928 1930 1931
Terrell 1 8290 204 184 133 295 284
Thomas 32612 230 406 542 770 826
Tift 16068 165 218 430 297 272
Toombs 17165 288 105 353 410 554
Towns 4346 5 17 24 30 28
Treutlen 7488 155 62 148 228 236
Troup 36752 370 304 371 385 344
Turner 11196 329 240 195 153 244
Twiggs 8372 34 74 49 89 104
Union 6340 26 14 30 60
Upson 19509 283 422 303 238 238
Walker 26206 204 399 327 401 374
Walton 21118 165 41 115 138 136
Ware 26558 594 1283 872 778 983
Warren 11181 68 21 19 24 24
Washington 25030 300 236 240 313 400
Wayne 12647 309 327 384 326 427
W ebster 5032 32 38 40 57 50
Wheeler 9149 40 42 112 144 131
White 6056 89 65 68 85 93
Whitfield 20808 299 392 384 451 611
Wilcox 13439 205 87 130 132 146
Wilkes 15944 294 268 268 197 214
Wilkinson 10844 128 140 173 62 89
Worth 21094 363 218 350 287 399
2908506 36217z 42603 44480 52062 55763
1929 jail population 0 1927 jail population
x Report covered only part of year due to special causes z All reports were not sent in for 1921 Report of a previous year
INSANE PERSONS IN COUNTY JAILS
Through the cooperation of the sheriffs the Department has been able to secure the number of insane persons confined in 120 of the county jails during 1931 The 120 counties reporting have a total population of 2320714 people The figures by groups are given below
White men 375
White women 145
Negro men iSi 288
Negro women 214
White boys 1
White girls 1
Unclassified 6
1030
48
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
The following means of disposition of these persons were reported
To the State Hospital for the Insane 482
To relatives jj 320
Other disposition 228
1030
The average number of days that these persons were confined in jail was 18 One county confined its insane an average of 66 days
Inspections of the county jails by this Department reveal something of the amount of destruction of jail equipment by insane people But of most importance is the need for more humanitarian care for these mentally deranged persons than can be provided in the majority of the county jails
SURVEY OF JAILS USED BY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN GEORGIA
A Study
Information furnished by the Federal Government in 1930 showed that in the Northern Federal Judicial District of Georgia fourteen county jails were used by the Federal Government as places where their prisoners served sentences In the Middle District of Georgia seven county jails were used and four in the Southern District A careful study was made of each of these twentyfive county jails and reports were sent to the Director of the Bureau of Prisons of the Department of Justice in Washington Copies of these reports were also sent to the federal judges in Georgia The study revealed that of the twentyfive jails in use
3 should not be used at all 9 should be rigidly limited in use 8 should be used as at present 5 could be used more extensively
The Department of Justice is directly responsible for placement of federal prisoners and its fullest cooperation is pledged This cooperation means relief from overcrowding in some of the worst crowded jails in Georgia
And Recommendation
The study also recommended that in the future contracts for the keep of federal prisoners in the county jails be made with the county fiscal authorities and that the county itself receive a part of the fee to cover the expense of jail maintenance A further suggestion was that in two counties the per diem fee be increased and the counties
STATE OF GEORGIA
49
at once begin to receive a part of the fee the part that the county may receive to be used entirely for jail improvements
It will require a long period of time for these recommendations to be fully put into effect but this survey represents the first comprehensive effort to place the federal prisoners in the jails where their presence will create the fewest problems and to adequately equip these jails for the heavy burdens which they have
Additional Federal Service to County Jails
The outstanding change in the county jail situation in Georgia during 1931 was the addition of a federal inspector of jails handling United States prisoners Up until July 1931 when this new work was instituted the United States Bureau of Prisons was dependent upon this Department for information regarding the county jails This additional federal service will no doubt stimulate general improvement in the county jails particularly since the Federal Government uses only those jails which come up to its standards
In July 1931 Thomas B Mimms of the Department of Public Welfare was appointed by the Superintendent of Prisons to head this inspection and supervisory work for Georgia Florida North Carolina and South Carolina Georgia was fortunate in that the district office was established in Atlanta
During the latter part of 1931 and the early part of 1932 the Bureau of Prisons made a survey of all the county jails of Georgia to determine the most logical ones to handle federal prisoners Through the courtesy of the Superintendent of Prisons duplicates of the inspection reports made during the survey have been furnished the Department of Public Welfare
An agreement between the Department and the Bureau of Prisons provides for a regular interchange of reports and other valuable information secured concerning county jails
CHILDREN IN JAIL IN GEORGIA IN 1928 AND 1929 Extent of Study
Each year a large number of children fifteen years of age and under are committed to the county jails of Georgia Practically all of them are awaiting trial Sheriffs report their annual jail population and separate prisoners fifteen years of age and under classifying them by race and sex In increasing numbers accurate records are being kept In some cases however estimates have been submitted by the sheriffs Data regarding children placed in jails were obtained by the representatives of the Department for the years 1928 and 1929 while making the jail inspections in 1930 The material was not
50
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
available in usable form in every county but studies of the children in jail were made in 39 counties in 1928 and 59 counties in 1929 In a number of counties that reported children in jail complete records were found regarding a smaller number than reported The study therefore did not include every case reported by the sheriffs but the cases studied were adequate to give an accurate picture of conditions
A parallel study was made in a large number of counties of the children committed to jail during 1928 and 1929 who were sixteen years of age This study included 23 counties in 1928 and 29 counties in 1929
Immediately below is given the number of children committed to county jails who were under sixteen years of age as reported by the sheriffs Following this is a tabulation of the number of cases studied that were fifteen years of age and under and also a tabulation of the number of children sixteen years of age whose cases were studied
CHILDREN IN JAIL 15 YEARS OF AGE AND UNDER AS REPORTED BY SHERIFFS
White boys White girls Colored boys Colored girls
Total white Total colored
Total
1928 1929
255 395
51 96
291 360
55 67
306 491
346 427
652 918
NUMBER OF CASES STUDIED 15 YEARS OF AGE AND UNDER
White girls
Total
1928 1929
104 151
11 26
131 183
22 29
115 177
153 212
268 389
lRS OF AGE
1928 1929
109 127
9 15
163 179
36 45
118 142
199 224
317 366
STATE OF GEORGIA
51
Cost of Jail Detention
The study included the age length of jail detention cost of jail detention charge court handling the case and disposition The ages of the children were recorded revealing that a number were under ten years of age and the age limit even extended as low as four years of age The cost of jail detention was accurately determined for the cases studied It was obtained by multiplying the number of jail days in each county by the per diem fee for the county and adding the cost of turnkeys fees The cost of keeping 317 children 16 years of age and 268 children 15 years of age and under in jail in 1928 was 272405 Since facts were obtained with regard to only about onethird of the total of thess age groups in jail a fair figure of the total cost would require us to multiply this figure by three making a total cost of 817215 In 1929 the cost of detention in the 755 cases studied was 454095 This multiplied by three to obtain a true record of jail costs gives a total of 1362285 This sum rightly spent might have contributed to the solution of the problem
Length of Detention
The length of jail detention charge court handling the case and disposition were obtained and tabulated by race and sex those 16 years of age being separated from the others The tabulations also separated the cases in counties having probation service from those having no probation service
The average length of jail detention for the cases studied was 132 days including all groups This average was the same for 1928 and 1929 Probation service seemed to have little effect on the length of jail detention The length of detention for colored boys was generally slightly longer white boys came next while colored girls were third and white girls had the shortest length of detention
Offenses Charged
The records often gave the charge as felony or misdemeanor but frequently specific charges were given including larceny usually petty larceny burglary vagrancy incorrigibility rape robbery hoboing disorderly conduct assault and battery carrying concealed weapons murder and the usual list of offenses Violation of prohibition laws was seldom given as an offense A few were held as witnesses and some on a charge of lunacy
The Superior and City Courts handled most of these cases the Jqvenile Courts handled a few and the Justices of the Peace handled a few though in a number of cases their hearings were only preliminary
52
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Disposition of Cases
An appreciable number of the children were discharged when brought before the courts Some were released from jail on bond In such cases it was not possible to determine the final disposition From the record of the bond the court scheduled to have heard the case could be determined A number were placed on probation some were sent to the State Training Schools but with colored girls this was impossible as there is no State Training School for them Some of the chldren were sent to the county prison camps while a few were sent to the State Prison Farm Fines as a method of punishment were not uncommon
Summary of Findings
To summarize the study revealed that a large number of children are placed in jail often on charges too flimsy to be tried and that a large number are discharged after trial It showed that probation officers and the designated Juvenile Courts are not handling many of these children They would be supposed to handle them differently The study revealed also that the children are generally regarded as adult criminals and treated as such There was little evidence of any constructive effort in their behalf
ADULT PROBATION SERVICE IN GEORGIA Extent of Service
The use of probation and the suspended sentence is common in many courts in the State but unfortunately there is generally a serious lack of careful investigation before persons are placed on probation and a lack of supervision thereafter In three counties the county welfare workers serve as adult probation officers Fulton county has an adult probation staff to serve the Fulton Superior Court and the Criminal Court of Atlanta The Recorders Court in Atlanta has a probation office and the City Court in Macon has an officer who gives full time service There are part time probation officers in seven of the smaller counties who have the responsibility of handling adult cases
The most comprehensive probation effort of a statewide nature in behalf of adult offenders is carried on by the federal courts in the State Each of the three federal districts now has a full time probation officer
Service in Federal Courts
This service was instituted in Georgia March 1 1928 There was only one officer until November 1 1930 when two additional officers
STATE OF GEORGIA
53
were appointed The Department of Public Welfare had recommended this additional probation service for Georgia a number of times The importance of this service can be realized when these officers reported that they had under supervision May 1 1931 a total of 644 probationers A detailed tabulation of their cases is given below
Persons on Probation in Georgia for Violation of Federal Laws May 1 1931
NORTHERN DISTRICT
Males under 18 years of ageI 1
Males 18 to 21 years of age9
Males over 21 years of age94
Total males j n
Females under 18 years of age 6
Females 18 to 21 years of age 0
Females over 21 years of age
Total females
Total probationers in Northern District 146
MIDDLE DISTRICT
Males under 18 years of age 5
Males 18 to 21 years of age J
Males over 21 years of age196
Total males
Females under 18 years of age
Females 18 to 21 years of age
Females over 21 years of age 16
Total females
Total probationers in Middle District 239
SOUTHERN DISTRICT
Males under 18 years of age 11
Males 18 to 21 years of age 16
Males over 21 years of ageriau
Total males 1
Females under 18 years of age j
Females 18 to 21 years of age 1
Females over 21 years of age 4U
Total females
Total probationers in Southern District
Total number of probationers in Georgia
217
259
644
54
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
JUVENILE COURTS
In 1915 when the Juvenile Court Act was passed there were 8 Juvenile Courts in Georgia In 1930 there were 128 Juvenile Courts have not been designated in 33 counties Annual reports for 1930 were made to the Department by 53 rural courts Five of the 128 Juvenile Courts are in the large cities of the State and are known as special Juvenile Courts They are not included in the statistics given below
The status of the 123 rural courts for 1930 as shown by reports is as follows
Courts reporting cases 19
Courts known to be active but not reporting 9
Courts reporting no cases 34
Total courts known to be active 62
Courts making no report 61
Total ykju 123
Extent of Service
There are doubtless other courts which have handled a few cases when necessary but have not reported to the Department Eight of the 19 courts reporting cases have full time paid welfare workers acting as probation officers These 8 courts report 494 children under care Four of the 9 courts making no report but known to be active are also equipped with full time probation officers Eleven courts in the 19 reporting cases have no probation service and reported 28 cases handled It seems possible from this tabulation that courts equipped with probation officers are actively assisting in problems of delinquent and dependent children and approximating somewhat the amount of service needed while courts without probation service are scarcely touching the problem
In 1931 twenty courts in this class reported 430 cases handled at a cost of 2730248
Value of Probation Service
It also appears that the question of securing a better functioning rural Juvenile Court isj not so much that of securing legislation to improve the organization or function of the court but of having available high grade probation officers to assist the judge in treating cases that come to his attention
The number of probation officers in rural Juvenile Courts in 1930 was as follows
STATE OF GEORGIA 55
County welfare workers acting as probation officers 7
Full time paid probation officers only 5
Part time paid probation officers 9
Total paid probation officers for children1 21
County employees acting as voluntary probation
officers 7
Total probation officers in these counties 28
In 1931 there were 34 probations in these smaller courts
In a few additional counties this service is rendered consistently by socially minded women or men connected with the local volunteer relief society or churches or civic groups
Special Juvenile Courts
The Special Juvenile Courts in the 5 large cities have shown steady improvement in quality of service as well as an increase in the number of children served These courts are in Atlanta Savannah Augusta Macon and Columbus During 1930 they had under their care children in classification and numbers as follows
Dep endents 1728
Delinquents 2 897
Total 4625
In 1931 the Juvenile Courts in the 4 cities of Atlanta Macon Augusta and Savannah reported children cared for as follows
Dependents 1327
Delinquents 13112
Total y 4439
The total cost of operating these four Juvenile Courts exclusive of detention care in institutions or boarding homes was 7407035
Constructive Suggestion
It is the opinion of the Department and the findings of the White House Conference support this opinion that Juvenile Courts should be relieved of the permanent care of dependent children It is suggested that the service of investigation custody and protection rendered by the Court should be supplemented by the reception of the dependent child by an agency equipped to provide for the need of the child in a foster home or institution
Suggestions Put Into Effect
Acting upon this belief the Department through the Rosenwald
56
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
i
grant and in cooperation with the Atlanta Community Chest Fulton County Commission and the city of Atlanta working through 1929 and 1930 developed the Child Welfare Association of Fulton and DeKalb Counties Perhaps the most important service the Department has rendered to the courts during this period has been aid given in obtaining better trained personnel for it is upon the training and skill of its officers that the value of the work of the Juvenile Court finally rests
Services Listed
The following services were rendered these Special Courts by the Department during this period
1 Studies made in childrens field in Fulton County and formation of organization to care for the neglected and dependent children
2 Study made in Richmond County and advice given on complete reorganization of court and personnel Supervision given to children in boarding homes and advice to court on cases
3 Study made at request of Bibb Commissioners to relieve pressure on local facilities for dependent children
4 Advice on cases to Muscogee Court
5 Advisory service and inspection of Chatham Court institutions and boarding homes
SOCIAL WORK PUBLICITY AND INFORMATION SERVICE PUBLIC WELFARE
Feature Articles
The Department issues a periodical called PUBLIC WELFARE It carries social work news and serves as a medium through which the best social welfare policies are discussed This publication may be described as the official organ of the social agencies and institutions of the State
Interprets Social Work
The various phases of the work of the Department have been emphasized in successive issues including childrens work care of the aged organized social service county jail work and summaries of accomplishments
This bulletin serves to interpret social work and to promote higher standards Frequent expressions of appreciation and numerous requests for the publication bespeak public interest in it as a
STATE OF GEORGIA
57
medium for the dissemination of information on the problems of the social worker
Distribution
PUBLIC WELFARE is sent to all of the newspapers in the State Articles from it are frequently reproduced and made available to a larger circle of readers It is also sent to all of the high school and public libraries in the State and thus becomes available to a large group of readers The Superior Court judges Juvenile Court judges members of the General Assembly and a number of other officials receive the publication and it is sent to all social agencies and institutions in the State and to hundreds of citizens who are particularly interested in the promotion of social work
Directory of Social Agencies
The Department issued a Directory of Social Agencies and Institutions in Georgia late in 1930 It was the first attempt of this kind and fills a long felt need It lists the agencies and institutions by counties and gives for each the name address chief official and the function In addition there are three appendices listing 1 social service correspondents 2 probation officers and 3 sheriffs and Juvenile Court judges of each county where judges have been appointed In counties where no appoinment has been made the ordinary of the county is listed The Directory lists 151 social agencies and institutions it lists 50 counties as having social agencies 54 counties as having volunteer social service correspondents and 25 counties as having full time or part time paid probation officers Omitting duplications 100 counties are included in the body of the Directory
Other Publications
Other publications during 1929 and 1930 include Public Welfare the Human Side of Government which is a summary of the activities carried on by this Department and County Jail Work in Georgia a pamphlet describing the work of the Department in improving the jail conditions in the State
Leaflets prepared by the Department include Program of Division of Correction of Georgia Federation of Womens Clubs and a number of mimeographed leaflets
In addition to its publications the Department has prepared a number of forms to facilitate its own work and the work of other agencies
58
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
News Releases
The Department has made available to the press of the State news releases revealing activity in the social work field results of surveys and results of special studies and reports The cooperation of the press and particularly the county papers has been most gratifying The aid of the papers in carrying information about the childrens institutions county almshouses jail population the Directory of Social Agencies the organization of the Social Service Exchange for transients the organization of the Georgia Child Welfare Committee and kindred activities has been most helpful
Lectures
All members of the staff are continually being called upon by church civic clubs and other groups for lectures on various subjects dealing with social work In the fall of 1930 a definite effort was made to inform the public as to the needs for social work in cooperation with the Georgia Conference on Social Work Meetings were held in the principal cities of the State The Executive Secretary of the Department personally addressed these meetings in Atlanta Savannah Macon Augusta and Columbus Meetings were also held in Waycross and Valdosta in cooperation with the local welfare organizations
Georgia Conference on Social Work
The Georgia Conference on Social Work assembles each year providing an intensive program for discussion of the social welfare problems of the State National and state leaders in the social work field are heard By this interchange of ideas higher standards of work are made possible and new inspiration comes to the social workers The Conference met in Savannah in 1929 in Albany in 1930 and in Athens in 1931 In meeting in different cities the message of social work is brought to all parts of the State Members of the staff of the Department of Public Welfare assist in arranging the program of the Conference and participate in the meetings In 1930 the Executive Secretary of the Department was president of the Conference
APPENDIX I
Total Individuals Served and Cost of Care For 1931
Fami lies Indiv RECEIPTS EXPENDITURES
Public Private Total Capital Maintenance Total
Dependent Children
48 Institutions 2943 5606392 70959230 76565622 1081138 75484484 76565622
5 Agencies 2545 1780847 3476241 5257088 5257088 5257088
Delinquent Children
10 Institutions 1097 28357747 744213 29101960 800234 28301726 29101960
24 Juvenile Courts
Dep Chil 1327
Del Chil 3542
Total 4869 11280786 11280786 11280786 11280786
Handicapped Mental
Physical
6 Institutions Adults
and Children 8580 198374241 13790632 212164873 5768107 206396766 212164873
Agencies
7 Family Welfare Soc 19387 77548 5794221 24273508 30065929 30065929 30065929
20 Red Cross Chapters 10070 40280 450000 4110945 4560945 4560945 4560945
14 Salvation Army Posts 19498 30096 264848 8141687 8406535 8406535 8406535
1 Travelers Aid Soc 2000 1391128 1391128 1391128 1391128
11 County Welfare Asso 6247 24988 1368209 2846749 4214958 4214958 4214958
27 Volunteer Relief Soc 1821 7284 60000 1204797 1264797 1264797 1264797
xl61 Poor Relief Outdoor 10225 77420939 77420939 77420939 77420939
xx77 Aged 1906 26573022 10512212 37085234 37085234 37085234
157 Jails 55763 65774125 65774125 19 Jails est 65774125 65774125
16 Miscellaneous
Emergency Tran
sient Homes 8811 5553380 5553380 5553380 5553380
8 Unclassified 8384 891000 6018691 6909691 6909691 6909691
592 xxxGRAND TOTAL 57023 287319 423994577 153023413 577017990 7649479 569368511 577017990
A small percent of these figures are estimated on the basis of former reports
No institutions or agencies are listed except those which reported during 1930 or 1931
Deaf Blind CrippledMental Defectives and InsaneNo population figures for Deaf x 80000 was taken from total public expenditure by counties because this amount is included in institutions and agencies above
xx Includes private homes for aged and public homes as well xxx This total does not include State Prison and Convict Camps
60
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
APPENDIX II
County Welfare Workers December 31 1931
County
Clarke ARC
DeKalb ARC
Colquitt
Dougherty
Floyd
Glynn
Hall
Lowndes
Spalding
Thomas
Tift
Troup
Ware
City Athens Decatur Moultrie Albany Rome Brunswick Gainesville Valdosta Griffin Thomasville Tifton LaGrange Way cross
Name
Miss Vincentia Coppinger Miss K Woodrow Mrs Mamie Kennington Miss Elizabeth Brown Mrs G A H Harris Jr Rev Roy Setzer Mrs W V Lance Mrs Rowena C Ward Mr C T Cooper Mrs E L McKinnon Rev D C Rainey Miss Viola Burks Mrs A H Ditteau
Most of these workers are also listed elsewhere under Probation Officers or American Red Cross Secretaries
APPENDIX III Juvenile Courts
County City Judges
Fulton Atlanta Hon Garland M Watkins
Chatham Savannah Hon Raiford Falligant
DeKalb Decatur Hon Jno Weekes
Floyd Rome Hon E J Clower
Bibb Macon Hon Peter Holliday
Muscogee Columbus Hon Roger Flynt
Richmond Augusta Hon H A Woodward
Probation Officers
Area Served Address Court Name
Appling Baxley Sup Juv Mr M F Moody Ordinary
Baldwin Milledgevle Sup Juv Mr W J Haynie Sheriff
Banks Homer Sup Juv Mr R S Sullivan Ordinary
Bibb Macon Superior Mr Harry E Pope
Bibb Macon Juvenile Mr John Davis Chief
Bleckley Cochran Sup Juv Mr W C Stocks
Chatham Savannah Juvenile Mr Geo S Sullivan Chief
Clarke Athens Juvenile Miss Vincentia Coppinger
Clay Ft Gaines Sup Juv Mr E J Hobbs Sheriff
Colquitt Moultrie Juvenile Mrs Mamie Kennington
Crawford Knoxville Sup Juv Mr T R Giles Sheriff
DeKalb Decatur Juvenile Mrs T N Fulton
Dougherty Albany Juvenile Miss Elizabeth Brown
Floyd Rome Sup Juv Mrs G A H Harris Jr
Fulton Atlanta Sup City Mr Geo A Maddox Chief
Fulton Atlanta Juvenile Miss Lottie Ramspeck Chief
Fulton Atlanta Recorders Mr C T Ragsdale Chief
Glynn Brunswick Sup Juv Mr R R McGregor
STATE OF GEORGIA
61
Area Served Address
Court
Grady
Greene
Irwin
Laurens
Lowndes
Lee
Lincoln
Mitchell
Muscogee
Putnam
Randolph
Richmond
Richmond
Taliaferro
Terrell
Thomas
Tift
Turner
Troup
Upson
W alker
Ware
Warren
Wayne
Worth
Cairo
Greensboro
O cilia
Dublin
Valdosta
Leesburg
Lincolnton
Camilla
Columbus
Eatonton
Cuthbert
Augusta
Augusta
Crawfdville
Dawson
Thomasville
Tifton
Ashburn
LaGrange
Thomaston
LaFayette
Waycross
Warrenton
J esup
Sylvester
Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Juvenile Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Juvenile Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv Juvenile Sup Juv Sup Juv Juvenile Sup Juv Sup Juv Sup Juv
Name
Mr C F Richter Mr W A Reynolds Rev W C Kicklighter Mr W N Watson Mrs Rowena Ward Mr J D McBryde Mr W J Hammond Sheriff Mr L M Cochran Miss Elise Lanier Mr M F Marshall Mr W E Taylor Sheriff Mr E S Curry Mrs Mary F Magruder Chief Mr D T Edwards Sheriff Mr J A Turner Sheriff Mrs E L McKinnon Rev D C Rainey Mr Joe Hancock Sheriff Miss Viola Burks Mr S S Lee Sheriff Mr W B Dunwoody Mrs Anne Ditteau Mr G P Hogan Mrs Mary Ellen MaJette Mr Clifford Grubbs
Federal Probation Officers
Atlanta District Atlanta North Ga Fed Mr R A Chappell
Atlanta District Atlanta North Ga Fed Mr Edward Everitt
Macon District Macon Middle Ga Fed Mr Charles E Roberts
Savannah District Savannah South Ga Fed Mr E C Hardison
APPENDIX IV
Institutions and Agencies Formally Organized and Inspected by the Department of Public Welfare
DEPENDENT CHILDREN Institutions as of Dec 31 1931
White
Ann Elizabeth Shepherd Orphans Horn el Columbus Ga
Anson Dodge Home for BoysjflSt Simons Island Ga
Appleton Church Home for Girls Macon Ga
Atlanta Childs HomejAtlanta Ga
Bethesda Home for BoysSavannah Ga
Childrens Home of DeKalb Decatur Ga
Episcopal Orphans HomeISavannah Ga
Ethel Harpst HomeCedartown Ga
Georgia Baptist Orphans HomeHapeville Ga
Georgia Industrial Home Macon Ga
George W Williams HomeSautee Ga
Hebrew Orphans Home Atlanta Ga
Hebron Home Tallapoosa Ga
Hepzibah Orphanage Macon Ga
Hillside Cottages Atlanta Ga
Hurlburt Farm S Reeves Ga
62 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Kings Daughters Nursery HomeSavannah Ga
Masonic Home of GeorgiaMacon Ga
North Georgia Conference Methodist
Episcopal Orphans Home Decatur Ga
Open Door 1Rome Ga
Robert T Daniel Memorial HomeGriffin Ga
St Josephs Home for BoysWashington Ga
St Marys Home for GirlsSavannah Ga
Savannah Female Asylum1Savannah Ga
Southern Christian HomeAtlanta Ga
South Georgia Conference Methodist
Episcopal Orphans Home5Macon Ga
Sunshine Cottage for GirlsCedartown Ga
Toccoa Orphanage Toccoa Ga
Tuttle Newton Homei Augusta Ga
Colored
Carrie Steele Logan Home Atlanta Ga
Leonard Street Orphanage w Atlanta Ga
Mary Nelson Jones Home Calanthian Augusta Ga
Masonic Home SchoolAmericus Ga
Reed Home and Industrial School Covington Ga
Shiloh Orphanage Augusta Ga
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS
Vashti Industrial School for Girls WhiteThomasville Ga
Holmes Institute Colored Atlanta Ga
Johnson Home and Industrial School ColoredPlains Ga
DAY NURSERIES
White
Osgood Saunders NurseryAtlanta Ga
Cornelia Moore Nursery Atlanta Ga
Andrew Stewart Day Nursery Atlanta Ga
Stewart Avenue Day NurseryAtlanta Ga
Auspices Baptist Womans Missionary Union Atlanta
John Barclay Day Nursery Exposition MillsAtlanta Ga
Colored
Herndon Day NurseryAtlanta Ga
Courtland St Day Nursery1Atlanta Ga
Hodge Memorial Day Nursery and KindergartenSavannah Ga
HOMES FOR UNMARRIED MOTHERS AND BABIES
Florence Crittenton Home Atlanta Ga
Florence Crittenton HomeGa
AGENCIES FOR THE CARE OF CHILDREN
Child Welfare Association of Fulton
and DeKalb CountiesAtlanta Ga
Childrens Aid Society of GeorgiaAtlanta Ga
STATE OF GEORGIA
63
Childrens Service Society of Georgia Successors
to Georgia Childrens Home Society StatewideAtlanta Ga
Mary Telfair SocietySavannah Ga
Tuttle Newton HomerAugusta Ga
DELINQUENT CHILDREN
State
Georgia Training School for Boys
White and ColoredMilledgeville Ga
Georgia Training School for Girls
White Atlanta Ga
County
Bibb County Detention HomeMacon Ga
Chatham County Industrial Farm for Boys coloredSavannah Ga Chatham County Protective Home for Girls coloredSavannah Ga Childrens Home of Chatham County
Detention Home ILTrSavannah Ga
Fulton County Detention Home1Atlanta Ga
Fulton County Industrial Farm for Boys WhiteAtlanta Ga
Fulton County Industrial Farm for Boys ColoredAtlanta Ga
Richmond County Reformatory for Boys ColoredAugusta Ga
HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Georgia Training School for Mental Defectives
StateWhite Gracewood Ga
Scottish Rite Hospital for Crippled Children WhiteDecatur Ga
Private Institutions and Agencies for1 Aged Infirm and Widows
White
Abrams Home Old WomenSavannah Ga
Bethany Home Men and WomenVidalia Ga
Home for IncurablesAtlanta Ga
Home for Old Women Atlanta Ga
Julia Parkman JoneS Home Old WomenMacon Ga
Kings Daughters Home for Old WomenMacon Ga
Little Sisters of the PoorJSavannah Ga
Mary Warren Home for the Aged WomenAugusta Ga
Old Womans HomeColumbus Ga
Old Ladies Home LaGrange Ga
Telfair Home For Dependent Mothers with Children Savannah Ga
Tubman Home for the Aged Men and WomenAugusta Ga
Widows Home Augusta Ga
Colored
Amelia W Sullivan Home Old WomenWaycross Ga
Colored Old Folks HomeAlbany Ga
Mills Memorial Home Men and WomenSavannah Ga
Old Folks Home Associationr LaGrange Ga
Undenominational City UnionWaycross Ga
Emergency and Transient Homes
Home for Friendless Women and ChildrenMacon Ga
Salvation Army Transient Bureau and HotelAtlanta Ga
Salvation Army Industrial Home for MenAtlanta Ga
64
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE
Salvation Army Industrial Home for MenSavannah Ga
Salvation Army Women and ChildrenAtlanta Ga
Family Welfare Societies
Family Welfare Society
Family Welfare Association
Family Welfare Bureau
Society for Organized Service Family Welfare Society
United Charities
Federated Jewish Charities
Jewish Educational Alliances
Atlanta
Augusta
Columbus
Macon
Savannah
Valdosta
Atlanta
Savannah
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
CVdUSJ
erpan Red Cross Chapters
American Red Cross X Atlanta a
American Red Cross Augusta Ga
American Red CrossColumbus Ga
American Red Cross Decatur Ga
American Red CrosslMacon Ga
American Red Cross Newnan Ga
American Red CrossL Savannah Ga
American Red CrossWaynesboro Ga
Salvation Army Posts
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army PostJ
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Salvation Army Post
Albany
Atlanta
Athens
Augusta
Brunswick
Columbus Gainesville
Griffin
LaGrange
Macon
Rome
Savannah
Valdosta
Way cross
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Travelers Aid
Travelers Aid Travelers Aid Travelers AidTravelers Aid
Atlanta Ga Augusta Ga Columbus Ga Savannah Ga
M iscellaneous
Atlanta Own Emergency Home
American Rescue Workers
Bethlehem House jh
Churches Home for Girls
Community Home for Girls
Legion of Justice
McCarty Settlement
Pryor St Mission
Atlanta
Atlanta lAugusta
Atlanta
Atlanta
Atlanta
Cedartown Atlanta
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga
Ga