Twenty-seventh report of the State Highway Department of Georgia to the Governor and General Assembly of the State of Georgia for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1957, and June 30, 1958

Twenty-Seventh Report
OF THE
State Highway Department
OF GEORGIA TO THE
Governor and General Assembly of the State of Georgia
FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1957, AND JUNE 30, 1958

Twenty-Seventh Report
OF THE
State Highway Department
OF GEORGIA TO THE
Governor and General Assembly of the State of Georgia
FOR THE FISCAL YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1957, AND JUNE 30, 1958

State Highway Building, Atlanta.

T
Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 1
Letter of Transmittal
Atlanta, Georgia November 2, 1958
Honorable Marvin Griffin, Governor and
Members of the General Assembly State of Georgia Atlanta, Georgia
Gentlemen: It is our pleasure to submit for your consideration the
twenty-seventh report of the State Highway Department of Georgia, covering the activities of the Department for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1957, and June 30, 1958.
The report contains information on the organization, functions, operations, and accomplishments of the State Highway Department, and also includes a complete statement prepared by the Secretary and Treasurer of the Department covering all revenues and expenditures during the biennium.
Respectfully submitted, STATE HIGHWAY BOARD OF GEORGIA
ROY F. CHALKER, Chairman GEORGE L. MATHEWS, Member JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member

2 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter of Transmittal ______________________________ Organization Personnel _________________ __ _________________

Page No.

1

--------------------------------------

5

History of the Organization of the Highway Department ______

11

Members of State Highway Commission, 1916- 1919 _______________________________ 16

Members of State Highway Board, 1919 - 1943_____

___________________________ 17

Members of State Highway Commission, 1943 - 1950 ______________________________ 18

Etate Highway Directors, 1943- 1950 ________________________________________________

20

Members of State Highway Board, 1950- 1958 _________________________________________ 21

State Highway Engineers, 1919- 1958__

23

Administrative Division ______________________________________________________________________________ 25

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads

30

The Federal-Aid Highway Program

--------------------------------------------- 35

Highway Systems _____________________________________________ ---------------------------------------- 51

Measurement and Record of Public Roads _________ ___________________________

71

Georgia Rural Roads Authority ____________________ ----------------------------------------- 79

State Bridge Building Authority

____ --------------------------------------- 83

State Toll Bridge Authority ___________ _____ ____ ____ _____________________________

85

Legal Division

87

Division of Public Relations

91

Personnel Division

----------------- _--------------------------------------- __________________ 95

Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping

_______________________________________ 99

Division of Road Design ________________________________ ------Division of Bridges

-- 102 107

Division of Urban Projects -------------------- -----------------------------------------

113

Division of Contracts and Estimates

117

Division of Right-of-Way _______________

127

Division of Constructicn ______________________________________ ------------------------------------ 135

Division of Materials and Tests ______________ ------------------------------------------

139

Post Roads Division

143

Division of Maintenance, Equipment and Warehouse --------------------- _______ 145

Field Divisions __

--------------- ------------------- --------- ----------------------------

151

Division of Highway Planning

155

Division of Finance and Audits

167

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 3
TABLES AND CHARTS

Organization Chart ___ Map of the Congressional Districts

Page No:
6
8

Map of the Highway Districts

9

Mileage of State Highway System, by Type of Surface, 1956- 1958 _ 26

Road-User Revenue and Appropriations for Road Purposes, 1937-1957 33

Apportionment of Federal-Aid Highway Funds to Georgia, 1917- 1960 48

Map of National System of Interstate and Defense

Highways in Georgia

50

Mileage of Highways, by Systems

60

Mileage of Highways, by Type of Surface

61

Mileage of State Highway System, 1920- 1958

64

Mileage of State Highway System and County Roads, by Counties____ 65

Motor Fuel Used for Highway Purposes, 1925 - 1957 __

73

Motor-Vehicle Registrations, 1910-1957

75

Summary of Contracts Awarded, 1957- 1958

120

Contracts Awarded, by Type of Construction, 1957

121

Contracts Awarded, by Type of Construction, 1958

124

Map of the Five Field Divisions _______________________

150

Traffic Flow Map, 1957 _______________

154

Cost of Construction of Roads and Bridges, 1916- 1958 _

166

Financial Statements for Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1957 _____________ 176

Financial Statements for Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1958 _

192

4 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
State Highway Board
ROY F. CHALKER, Chairman Southern Highway District
(1st, 2nd and 8th Congressional Districts) GEORGE L. MATHEWS, Member Central Highway District
(3rd, 4th, 6th and lOth Congressional Districts, except Elbert, Franklin, Hart and Madison Counties.) JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member Northern Highway District (5th, 7th and 9th Congressional Districts, and Elbert, Franklin, Hart and Madison Counties.)
State Highway Engineer
M. L. SHADBURN
Secretary and Treasurer
BENTON ODOM

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 5
STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
Crganizatlon Personnel
June 30, 1958
ROY F. CHALKER, Chairman, State Highway Board GEORGE L. MATHEWS, Member, State Highway Board JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member, State Highway Board BENTON ODOM, Secretary and Treasurer PAUL MILLER, Assistant Attorney General LAMAR J. MURDAUGH, Assistant Attorney General E. J. SUMMEROUR, Assistant Attorney General M. L. SHADBURN, State Highway Engineer V. W. SMITH, SR., Assistant State Highway Engineer-
Administrative C. S. FAIN, Assistant State Highway Engineer-General F. P. KING, Assistant State Highway Engineer-Federal JOHN W. WADE, Assistant State Highway Engineer-Rural
Roads W. F. ABERCROMBIE, State Highway Materials Engineer S. P. ALLISON, State Highway Urban Engineer J. 0. BACON, State Highway Maintenance Engineer SAM CALDWELL, Director of Public Relations C. A. CURTIS, State Highway Right-of-Way Engineer ROY A. FLYNT, State Highway Planning Engineer H. H. HUCKEBA, Engineering Assistant to State Highway
Board C. W. LEFTWICH, State Highway Construction Engineer JOHN C. LEWIS, Personnel Administrator and Compensation
Claims Executive C. A. MARMELSTEIN, State Highway Bridge Engineer T. D. SPENCE, State Highway Office Engineer L. W. VERNER, State Highway Location Engineer JOHN M. WILKERSON, JR., State Road Design Engineer
FIELD DIVISION ENGINEERS W. C. SMITH, JR., Division No.1, Gainesville MARION PATRICK, Division No.2, Tennille J. C. COLLINS, Division No.3, Thomaston EARL OLSON, Division No.4, Tifton R. G. RAY, JR., Division No. 5, Jesup

6 Twenty-Seventh R eport, State Highway Depa?tment of Georgia
B1idge ovm South Rive?, on State Route 20, between McDonou gh and Conye1s. Mod ern design utilized the one-column "hammmhead" piets.
Ptoject S-0869 (5), H enry-Newton Counties.
Two btidges we1e r equited on this enti1ely new l~cation of S tate Route 83, b etween Quitman, Georgia, and Madison, Flo1ida. Above b1iclge is ove1
Piscola Creek. Pro ject F -032-2 (5), B tooks County.

State Highway Department of Georgia Organization Chart
1958

ASST. WWY. PLANNING ~N(.iR$ HIGHWAY ENGINEtRS

TRII.FFIC SAFii:TY ENGINitERING
AS ST. HWY, PLANNING ENG. TRAFFIC INVS"fiGATORS

f!OAO LIFE STIJOI' ASST- HWY. PLANNING ENG.
ROAD LIFE AN.II.LYSTS
ROAD INVENTORY ASST. HWI'. PLAIIINING ENG HWY. li.4APPING Et.GINEERS HWY. MAPPING ASSISTANTS

TRAFFIC SURVEY ASST. MWY. PLANNING ENG. f"1ELD TRA1FTC ENGlNECR
HUFFIC RECORDERS
~
FISCAL ANALYST SENIOR A<;CDUNTANT

CARTOGRAPHIC DRAFTSMAN SENIOR CARTOGRAPHIC DRAFTSMAN
ORAFTSMEh

RESEARCH AND STATISTICS ASST. HWY. ~LANNING ENG
TABULATING EXECUTIVE A RESEARCH STATISTICIAN TASULATING EQUIPMENT OPERATORS

OFFIC MANAGER

oRAWit 8Y DIVISION OF HIGH*.tV PLANNIING

I

ATTORNEY GENERAL

I

ASSISTANT ATTORNEYS GENERAL

STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA

ORGANIZATION CHART

JULY I, 1958

I PEOPLE

I

\GENERAL ASSEMBLY ~~-----r-------11L-_G_O_V_E_R_N_O_R_ _jl

I I STAT< SUPERvos" o Pu"HASES

ENGINEERI~G ASSISTANT TO STATE HIGHWAY' BOARD

I

I I STATE HIGHWAV ENGINEER

I lf--------1-------li I ASSISTANT"""' <OGHWAH..INEER-AooliNIS"'"""

ASSISTANT STATE HIGHWAY ENGIHEER-'!DERAL

I lf-------1------li I ASS""'"' srm HIOHWAY ENG'""".....AC

ASSISTANT STATE HIGNWAY ENGINEER- >UJFUoL ROADS

sTATE PERSONNEL eo.o.RD

I

t.!ERIT SYSTEM OF PERSONNEL

ADMINJSTRATION

--~-;===l____,
~l lL-____c_''_'_'_'_'r'-'_'_''_u____

CIVlSION OF ROAD DESIGN

I

ISTATE ROAD DESIGN ENGINEER

I

DIVISION OF BRIDGES STATE MIGHWAY BRIDGE t:NGINEER

I

I I STATE HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ,....

rllLUEPR:I~T ll r ""'"" ~.~.,.[RIALS TEST~ ROAD DESIGN

11

n ~ I E~GINEE;RS

'------r-1----' I I I

1 PHOTOSTAT '""""'TO"'''

SUPERVISOR

HOGHW<r ' " " " " " ' " " '

HIGHWAY IIDIVISIOiol OF

AND

11

DIVISION OF CONSTRUCTION

I

'""" '"""""
L---~~-

nATE Hwr. """"" '"""""

osrm H'"*" cosr "''"""'

SENIOR ROAD DESHiNERS
! ROAO OESIGNERI l)IU.fTSMEM

I SOICS,GEOCOGV~I MAIXS>THUARCETS
r SR~S
lTEST ENGINEER

I &FOUttUATIONS
lSA.MATERIALS TEST ENGINEER

J~~ I :LAB.O.R.A.T.OHRIES

ADIIIINISTitATIVE

WATERIALS

HWY. ENGINEER

1TEST EIII(HNEE:FIS

LOCATION SURVEYS ASST. FIELO OIVISIO~ ENGI~EEfl
SENIOR RESIO[NT HWY. ENGINEERS RESIOENT HIGHWAY ENGINEERS
SEN;QR liWY. PFIOJCT ENGINEERS I-IIG~WAY PROJECT ENGINEERS SENIOR ENGINEERING AlOES ENGINEERING AlOES

I """'~ o~wA<' II """o" o STATE '41.HWAY RIGI-!T. OF-WAY ENGINEER

POST oos o.vso ~ OIIIECTOA

I

L - -_ _ _l _ __ _ j

~ """0" 0' '0"""" '"' ~ ESTit.!ATES STATE ttiGHWAY OFFICE ENGINEER L-----~------

(

I

DIVISION OF FINANCE AND AUDITS
a (SECRETARY TREASURER)
STATE HIGtfWAY FINANCE OFFICEI't

I

I
PROJ~CTS I DIVISION OF URfiA.N
!STATE loiiGioiWAY URBAN [tojGIN(ER

I

I DIVISION OF MAINTENANCE. EOUIPME.NT AND WAREHOUSE S"TATE HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE E~GINEER

I

HIGHWAY ENGINEERS

l

ENGINEERING AUDITOR ENG. ADMINISTRATIVE AlOES
CRAFTSMEN

I

I (NGP.JEERiiiC A.OMifoiiSTAA.TIVE I AIC)IE

[L__.._._'_'T_._,._H_"_"-_'_0'_'_"'_'_"_' "_'_'"_~1

I ~ OFFICE EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
I ASST STATE HWY. CON ST. ENG.)
SUPERVISOR Of SUPPLIES ANO A:EPROOUCTION

OtRECTOR OF PUBLIC RELATIONS
INFOAMATIONll ASSISTANT
Pt10TOGRAPr~EA

I I COHWNTYR. AO~C~T~S~~8~C~PNRlO.GPIONSEEARLS

r~

I E:ES:T\IM~A~T~E~S~a ~V~O~U~C:H~E:ROSR

__j L________ L_':::':::':::"':::'"::::":.:'..:A::::uo::::".:::o::__j

PAYROLLS ACCOUNTS EXECUTIVE
AUCITORS CLERKS
MACHINE OPERATORS
PURCHASE ORDERS ACCOIJNTS EXECUTIVE INVOICE CONTROL Cl.ERKS

~ II AJ;J;OUNTING ACCOUNTS EXECIJTIVE c____eoom__jEPERS

rn II ....STANT COMPENSATION 111 ...ro.....so,L ....".....

CLAIMS EXECUTIVE

CLERICA"-

II 1un '""""'"'",. I
ROAD DESIGN ENGINEERS

HIOHW<ETNG.I.~.ENERS"'""

RO.b..OSlOE PARKS

I

L __ _ _____j

I

~ ~

AUDITING ACCOIJNTS EXECUTIVE
AUDITORS

II lr~ ""' "'"" II ""' II 1~ l PERSONNEL PAOCI.IREM[NT OFFICER ~

TELEPHONE OPERATORS
....______

00 ' ' " '"""'" ROAD DESIGttERS c.___om_s"-

suPEREQINI.ITIPEMNENOT"' o
'----------.J

SUP::::EH~~S~ET Dl'"
~

uroums uAISON

~~

l
HIGHWAY " ' " ' "

I MACHINE ACCOUNTS

I

I I L--------~=-=-=-=-~~r=======~~===='==t=~=N=T===~~=======t--------, FIVE FIELD DIVISIONS
FlELO DIVISION ENGINEER

I I I ~ I~ ~ l\ ~~ I CONSTRUCTION I """s. I ASST. FIELD DIVISION ENGINEERS

ASSl

L____H_IG_H*_'_v_'_'_NT____J

SUPERVISOR

CHEF OF

E

ENGINEER

RIGHT-OF-WAY
ASST. fiELD DIVISION ENGINEER L___ _~_ ____j

ENGINEERS
WACHINE OPERATOIIS ~

AUDITORS CLERKS
'--------'

MACHNE OPERATORS CLERKS
L.________J

SENIOR RESIDENT HWY. ENGINEERS RESIDENT HIGHWAY ENGINEERS FIELD MATERIALS TEST TECHNICIANS
S&:NIOR HWY. PROJECT ENGINEERS HtGt1WAY PROJECT ENGINEERS SENIOR ENGINEERING AIDES

ENGINEEI'ttNG AUOITOR$

I

ACCOUNTANTS CL[RlCA.L

HSECONDARY ROAD PLANS ROAD DESIGNER DRAFTSMEN

RESIDENT HIGHWAY ENGINEERS

ENGINEERING AUOITOR

ENG AOMINISTRAT!VE AIDES

RIGHT-OF-WAY AGENTS

I

ORAFTS"'EN

l

SUP[RINTUIDENT OF SIGNS

1~

SUPERlNTENOENT QF

CENTER LINE AND Bll:IOGE PAINTING

J

I

SUPERINTENDENT OF TIRES AND BATTERIES

r~

OlRECTOR OF TRUCK WEIG~I~<;

I

l I "~0 HIGt<WAT SOPERVISOR

h!ATERlAI..S TEST ASSISTANTS

Il__._._.. SPECIAL _,,_._-~--0-UT_'_"_'__j

HIGHWAY ~AINTENANCE ASSISTANTS

I

PATROLMEN

I

I

SIGN FO'tt~EN EQUIPMENT OPERATOR$
Ll80RERS

Twenty-Seventh R epo1t, S tate Highway Depa1tment of Georgia 7
To p, old, timb er bridge oveT Philema C1eek, on a Post Road south of Americus. Bottom, new, all-concrete structure on new location. P1oject
S-061,7 ( 2), St~mte?' County.
..,

8 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
GEORGIA
COUNTIES ANO CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Bryan, Bulloch, Burke, Candler, Chatham. Effingham, Emanuel, Evans, Jenkins. Liberty, Long, Mcintosh, Montgomery, Screven, Tattnall, Toombs, Treutlen, Wheeler.
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Baker, Brooks, Calhoun, Colquitt, Decatur, Dougherty, Early, Grady, Miller, Mitchell, Seminole, Thomas, Tift, Worth.
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Ben Hill, Chattahoochee, Clay, Crisp, Dodge, Dooly, Harris, Houston, Lee. Macon, Marion, Muscogee, Peach, Pulaski, Quitman, Randolph, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Taylor, Terrell, Turner, Webster, Wilcox.
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Butts, Carroll, Clayton, Coweta, Fayette, Heard, Henry, Lamar, Meriwether, Newton, Pike, Spalding, Talbot, Troup, Upson.
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-DeKalb, Fulton, Rockdale. SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Baldwin, Bibb, Bleckley, Crawford, Glascock, Hancock, Jasper, Jefferson, Johnson, Jones, Laurens, Monroe, Putman, Twiggs, Washington, Wilkinson. SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cobb, Dade, Douglas, Floyd, Gordon, Haralson, Murray, Paulding, Polk, Walker, Whitfield. EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Appling, Atkinson, Bacon, Berrien, Brantley, Camden, Charlton. Clinch, Coffee, Cook, Echols, Glynn, Irwin, Jeff Davis, Lanier, Lowndes, Pierce, Telfair, Ware, Wayne. NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Banks, Barrow, Cherokee, Dawson, Fannin, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gwinnett, Habersham, Hall, Jackson, Lumpkin, Pickens, Rabun. Stephens, Towns, Union. White. TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT:-Clarke, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Greene, Hart, Lincoln, Madison. McDuffie, Morgan, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Richmond, Taliaferro, Walton, Warren, Wilkes.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 9
STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT
or
GEORGIA
HIGHWAY DISTRICTS
r:
il II

i
!I
.I
i
:'

i
'!

:I

I

I

__ __ !
---~----~

_:I <c""'"

------------------.

SOUTHERN HIGHWAY DISTRICT
First, Second and Eighth Congressional Districts
CENTRAL HIGHWAY DISTRICT
Third, Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Congressional Districts, except Elbert, Franklin, Hart and Madison Counties
NORTHERN HIGHWAY DISTRICT
Fifth, Seventh and Ninth Congressional Districts, and Elbert, Franklin, Hart and Madison Counties

Btidge catrying Shallowford Road ac1oss Interstate R oute 85. Project I N -408-2 (3), Ct. 1, DeKalb-Gwinnett Counties .

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 11
History of the Organization of
the Highway Department
The State Highway Department of Georgia was created by Act of the General Assembly, August 16, 1916, and a Highway Commission was appointed. This Commission was composed of three members of the Prison Commission, together with the State Geologist, the Dean of the College of Civil Engineering of the University of Georgia, and the Professor of Highway Engineering at the Georgia School of Technology. This Commission served until the reorganization of the Highway Department by Act of the General Assembly, approved August 18, 1919.
State Highway Board Created in 1919
The Act of 1919 provided that the State Highway Department of Georgia, reorganized and reconstructed, should be managed and controlled by the State Highway Board, which should consist of three members appointed by the Governor, one from each of the three divisions of the State. The boundaries of each division were set out. The term of office of initial appointees was to be two, four and six years, respectively, after which each new member was to serve six years. The members received compensation on a daily basis while engaged in the performance of their duties.
New Highway Board Created in 1937
By an Act of the General Assembly approved March 3, 1937, the State Highway Board was abolished and the terms and tenure of office of the members were terminated. Another Act was passed and approved on the same day, creating a new State Highway Board to consist of three members to be appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. The members were to be selected from different sections of the State and the first three appointments were for terms of two, four and six years, respectively, after which the terms were to be for six years. From the beginning, the Chairman was a full-time officer, and an Act of the General Assembly, ap-

12 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
proved February 16, 1938, provided that the other two members should also devote their full time to the performance of the duties of their office.
Another Highway Board Created in 1941
The Act of March 3, 1937, was repealed and the terms of office of the members of the State Highway Board were terminated by an Act of the General Assembly approved J anuary 30, 1941. The latter Act provided that the State Highway Department should be managed and controlled by a State Highway Board composed of a Chairman and two members, to be appointed by the Governor from different sections of the State. The members were to serve during the term of the Governor by whom they were appointed. The Chairman was a full-time officer and the Act provided that the other two members should receive compensation on a daily basis while engaged in the performance of their duties.
Reorganization of 1943
The General Assembly of 1943 passed an Act, approved March 17, 1943, repealing the Act of January 30, 1941, and abolishing the State Highway Board. The 1943 Act provided that the State Highway Department should be managed and controlled by a State Highway DirectM, and created a State Highway Commission as an advisory body with whom the State Highway Director should from time to time consult regarding the administration of the affairs of the State Highway Department. The Act also created the office of Treasurer of the State Highway Department. All of these officers were appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. The State Highway Director and Treasurer of the State Highway Department were full-time officers and served at the pleasure :>f the Governor. The part-time State Highway Commissioners were appointed for a term of four years, to be concurrent with the term of the Governor. One Commissioner was appointed from each of the ten Congressional Districts and two from the State at large. One member of the State Highway Commission was designated by the Governor to be Chairman. one member was designated as Vice-Chairman and another as Secretary.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 13
Present Organization
The Act of March 17, 1943, was repealed by an Act of the General Assembly, approved February 2, 1950 (Act No. 536, Senate Bill No. 34, Georgia Laws 1950, pp. 62-72) and a further reorganization of the State Highway Department was effected. The 1950 Act abolished the State Highway Commission and the position of State Highway Director, and created a State Highway Board, composed of three members, who are full-time officers. The first three members were elected by the General Assembly; one from the Southern Highway District, composed of the First, Second and Eighth Congressional Districts; one from the Central Highway District, composed of the Third, Fourth, Sixth and Tenth Congressional Districts; and one from the Northern Highway District, composed of the Fifth, Seventh and Ninth Congressional Districts. By an Act approved March 25, 1958, (Act No. 421, House Bill No. 418, Georgia Laws 1958, pp. 624-627) the counties of Elbert, Franklin, Hart and Madison, in the Tenth Congressional District, were removed from the Central Highway District and placed in the Northern Highway District.
The 1950 Act as amended by an Act approved February 5, 1951 (Act No. 56, Senate Bill No. 1, Georgia Laws 1951, pp. 31-41) provides that future members shall be elected by a majority vote of a caucus composed of all members of the General Assembly. Vacancies occurring when the General Assembly is not in session shall be filled by the Governor until the next meeting of the General Assembly, by appointment of a resident of the same Highway District to serve until the meeting of and election by members of the General Assembly at its next session, in the same manner as members are elected for a regular term, to fill the unexpired term.
The first member from the Southern Highway District was elected for a term of six years; the first member from the Central Highway District was elected for a term of four years; and the first member from the Northern Highway District was elected for a term of two years. Thereafter, the terms of the members shall be six years, each dating from the expiration of the first terms, or from a subsequent six-year term. There shall always be one member from each of the three

14 Twenty-Seventh R epo1t, S tate Highway Depa1tment of Georgia Highway Districts. Biennially, one of the members is elected as Chairman by a majority vote of the Board members present.
The 1950 Act provides that the Treasurer of the State Highway Department shall be appointed by a majority of the State Highway Board to serve at the pleasure of the Board.
Appointments
The members of the original State Highway Commission, the appointments to the State Highway Board under the Acts of 1919, 1937 and 1941, the State Highway Directors and State Highway Commissions appointed under the Act of 1943, and the members elected to the State Highway Board under the Act of 1950 are shown in the tabulations on the following page.
A dang erous ctt1'Ve and inte1section on [ . S. 301 was relocated and twin b1idges ove1 a e1eek w e1e a 7Jo1tion of t his new 4-lane imp1ovement on State Route 73, betwe en Clax ton and Statesboro, in Bu lloch County. P?oj-
ect F-068-1 (1).

B1idge ove1 To waliga River, on State Route 9. A total of tlw ee new b1idges we1e involved in th e modernization of this State 1oute between Forsyth arul Monticello. P1oject S-0772 (9), Monroe-Jaspe1 Counties.

Members of the Original State Highway Commission
1916-1919

Name of Member

Title

Term Began

Term Ended

T. E. Patterson__________________ Chairman, Member of Prison Commission__ ... Aug. 16, 1916__________

Sept. 1, 1919..___ -----------------

J. E. Davidson ___________________ Member of Prison Commission________________________ Aug. 16, 1916______________________ Sept. 1, 1919 ----- -----------------

E. L. Rainey _____________________ Member of Prison Commission_______________________ Aug. 16, 1916______________________ Sept. 1, 1919. ______________________

S. W. McCallie _________________ State Geologist ____ ------- ____________________________________ Aug. 16, 1916______ ________ Sept. 1, 1919..____ -----------------

C. M. Strahan ___________________ Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Georgia. _________________

_________ Aug. 16, 1916_____________________ Sept. 1, 1919._____ ---------------

R. D. Kneale.... ______________ --- Professor of Civil Engineering,

Georgia School of Technology

______ Aug. 16, 1916..___________________ Sept. 1, 1919____________

..c....

Members of State Highway Board of Georgia
1919 -1943

Name of Member

Title

Appointed By

Term Began Term Ended

Remarks

G. M. Strahan___________ Chairman ________ Governor Dorsey___________ Sept. 1, 1919____ Dec. 31, 192L__ Expiration of initial 2-year term.
Stanley S. Bennet___ Member____ ----- Governor Dorsey___________ Sept. 1, 1919____ Dec. 31, 1923_____ Expiration of initial4-year term. R. C. Neely________________ Member__ ______ Governor Dorsey___________ Sept. 1, 1919____ Oct. 27, 1923_____ Died in Office.
John N. Holder________ Chairman ________ Governor Hardwick______ Jan. 1, 1922_______ June 2, 1929_______ Succeeded C. M. Strahan. W. T. Anderson_______ Member___________ Governor Walker___________ Nov. 1, 1923____ July, 1925___________ Succeeded R. C. Neely. Stanley S. Bennet __ Member __ Governor Walker___________ Jan. 1, 1924_____ Dec. 31, 1!129_____ Reappointed.
John R. Phillips_______ Member ____ Governor Walker___________ Aug. 1925________ Dec. 31, 193L___ Succeeded W. T. Anderson. Sam 'fate________________ Chairman _______ Governor Hardman _______ June 4, 1929_____ April 1, 1930 ___ Succeeded John N. Holder.
W. C. Vereen ____________ Member___________ Governor Hardman ______ Jan. 1, 1930 ____ June 19, 1933_____ Succeeded Stanley S. Bennet. J. W. Barnett________ Chairman _______ Governor Hardman______ April 1, 1930____ June 19, 1933___ Succeeded Sam Tate. J. P. Wilhoit____________ Member __________ Governor RusselL________ Jan. 1, 1932______ June 19, 1933____ Succeeded John R. Phillips. J. P. Wilhoit_____________ Officer-in-Chg. Gov. Eugene Talmadge June 19, 1933___ July 20, 1933___ Appointed Officer-in-Charge. J. J. Mangham________ Chairman ________ Gov. Eugene Talmadge July 20, 1933_____ Nov. 21, 1933. ___ Succeeded J. W. Barnett. W. E. Wilburn_________ Member__ ______ Gov. Eugene Talmadge July 20, 1933____ Nov. 21, 1933__ Succeeded J. P. Wilhoit. Max L. McRae_________ Member____________ Gov. Eugene Talmadge_ July 20, 1933_____ Jan. 13, 1937_____ Succeeded W. C. Vereen.
W. E. Wilburn__________ Chairman ____ Gov. Eugene Talmadge__ Nov. 21, 1933___ Jan. 25, 1937____ Appointed Chairman. John A. Heck___________ Member__________ Gov. Eugene Talmadge Nov. 21, 1933___ Dec. 31, 1933_____ Succeeded J. J. Mangham. John A. Heck___________ Member___________ Gov. Eugene Talmadge. Jan. 1, 1934______ Mar. 1, 1937__ Reappointed.
Jim L. Gillis, Sr.____ Member____________ Governor Rivers __________ Jan. 25, 1937____ April 19, 1940__ Succeeded W. E. Wilburn.
Herman H. Watson_ Member____________ Governor Rivers ___________ Mar. 3, 1937_____ Dec. 2, 1939_______ Succeeded John A. Heck. W. L. Miller_____________ Member_______ Governor Rivers __________ Jan. 13, 1937_____ Jan. 14, 194L___ Succeeded Max L. McRae.
W. L. Miller____________ Chairman ______ Governor Rivers __________ Jan. 25, 1937_____ Jan. 14, 194L __ Appointed Chairman. L. L. Patten ____________ Member___________ Governor Rivers __________ Dec. 2, 1939_____ Jan. 14, 194L __ Succeeded Herman H. Watson.
Herman H. Watson__ Member__ ____ Governor Rivers __________ Dec. 2, 1939______ Jan. 14. 1941_____ Succeeded Jim L. Gillis, Sr. W. E. Wilburn__________ Chairman _ Gov.~ Eugene Talmadge Jan. 14, 1941_____ Jan. 12, 1943____ Succeeded W. L. Miller. S. E. Vandiver_________ Member___________ Gov. Eugene Talmadge Jan. 14, 194L___ Jan. 12, 1943_____ Succeeded Herman H. Watson. T. G. Tyson _______________ Member____________ Gov. Eugene Talmadge Jan. 14, 1941_____ Jan. 12, 1943_____ Succeeded L. L. Patten.

Metnbers of State Highway Commissian
1943-1950

N arne of Member

Title

Congressional District

Appointed By

Term Began Term Ended

Remarks

J. L.

J. Bouhan__________ ----Roy Robinson_________

MMeemmbbeerr________________-_-_-_-_-_-_-

First_____ -----------
Second ------------

Governor Governor

ArnalL__ ___ April ArnalL___ __ April

21, 21,

1943__ Jan. 1943__ Jan.

18, 18,

1947 1947_

Sims Garrett, Jr.________ Vice-Chairman__ Third ---------------- Governor ArnalL__ ___ April 21, 1943__ Jan. 18, 1947

Judson

T.

M i l a m __________

Member_________ -----

Fourth__

Governor ArnalL__ ___ April 21, 1943 Jan. 18, 1947

Hugh Burgess______________ Frank A. Dennis________ Mrs. Frank A. Dennis_

Member ------- -----

M M

e e

m m

bbeerr_-__-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-

Fifth Sixth Sixth

----------------
----- ----- -------- ---

Governor Governor Governor

ArnalL_ ---ArnalL__ ___ ArnalL_ ----

April 21, 1943 April 21, 1943__ Jan. 18, 1945 ___

Jan. Dec. Jan.

18, 31, 18,

1947 1944 Died in Office. 1947 Succeeded F. A.

Penn Selman_______________ Member______________ Seventh____ ------- Governor ArnalL______ April 21, 1943 Jan. 18, 1947 Dennis.

c. Lonnie A. Pope__

Secretary____________ Eighth ____ ----- Governor ArnalL______ April 21, 1943_ Jan. 18, 1947_

Steve J. Knox

Tate____ ---- ---Gholston ________

Chairman ---- ----Member_ ------- -----

N i n t h __________ Tenth_______________

Governor Governor

A r n a l L ______ A r n a l L ______

April April

21, 21,

1943_ Jan. 1943_ Jan.

18, 18,

1947 1947

Wyck Knox_________________ Member______________ State at Large Governor ArnalL_____ April 21, 1943 Jan. 18, 1947

w. Maurice Tift ___ Member -------------- State at Large Governor ArnalL______ April 21, 1943 Jan. 18, 194.7

w.Willard H. Lariscy_____
Leon Houston_______________

Member ---- -----Member__ ---------

__ __

FSeircsotn_d_________-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-

Governor Governor

Thompson_ Thompson_

March March

21, 21,

1947 Nov. 1947 Nov.

18, 18,

1948 1948

Gerue Dunn__________ Member ---------- ___ Third _______________ Governor Thompson_ March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

Judson J. Milam________ Chairman___________ Fourth______________ Governor Thompson_ March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

c.
J. A.

DREa..vVYidaouuDgnyhgern_________________-_-_-_--_--_--_--_-_-_MSMeeecmmrebbteearrr__y_______-__-__-__-__-__-__-__-_______

Fifth_____

_ Governor

Sixth___________ Governor

Seventh _________ Governor

Thompson_ Thompson_ Thompson_

March March March

21, 21, 21,

1947 Nov. 1947 Nov. 1947 Nov.

18, 18, 18,

1948 1948 1948

w. George M. Bazemore____ Member______________ Eighth ---- ------- Governor Thompson_ March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

Mose Furman Maurice

G o r d o n _________ D. Smith, Sr._ W. Tift_________

Vice-Chairman__ M e m b e r _______________ M e m b e r _______________

Ninth_ ----- __ Tenth --------- ___ State at Large

Governor Governor
Governor

Thompson_ Thompson__
Thompson___

March March March

21, 21, 21,

1947 Nov. 1947 Nov. 1947 Nov.

18, 18, 18,

1948 1948 1948

-c

L. Roy Robinson__________ Member_______________ State at Large Governor Thompson_ March 21, 1947 Nov. 18, 1948

Members of State Highway Commission (Continued)
1943 -1950

Narne of Member

Title

Congressional District

Appointed by

Term Began Term Ended

. J. E. Parker___________ Member_____ -------- First _________________ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, 1948___ Feb. 2 1950__
w. Frank Tyson____ Member______________ Second________ ------- Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, 1948____ Feb. 2, 1950____

Dixon Oxford _________ Chairman____________ Third _________ ------- Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, 1948_____ Feb. 2, 1!!50.

Tom Steele_____________ Member_______________ Fourth____ --- ------- Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, 1948___ Feb. 2, 1950___

Henry McCalla_______ Member______________ Fifth --- ----------- Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, 1948___ Feb. 2, 1950._

Marvin E. Moate___ Member_______________ Sixth ______ ------------ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, Hl48____ Feb. 2, 1950 ____

c. L. Moss______________ Vice-Chairman__ Seventh______________ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, 1948 ____ Feb. 2, 1950_

John B. Walker_____ Member______________ Eighth _______ -------- Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Nov. 18, 1948 ____ Feb. 2, 1950__

John E. Quillian____ Member ._____________ Ninth__________________ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge Nov. 18, 1948_____ Feb. 2, 1950_

J. J. McLanahan ___ Secretary____________ Tenth__________________ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Nov. 18, 1948.___ Feb. 2, 1950.

w. A.

Smith__________~ Memher______________ State at Large___ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ Dec. 2, 1948 Feb. 2, 1950____

Frank G. Binford_ Member_______________ State at Large___ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge_ March 28, 1949___ Feb. 2, 1950...>

Remarks

State Highway Directors
1943 -1950

Name

Title

Appointed By

Term Began

Term Ended

Ryburn G. Clay___________________ Executive Officer-in-Charge_ Governor Arnall ______ ________ Jan. 12, 1943

April 21, 1943________

Ryburn G. Clay____________________ Director______________________________________ Governor ArnalL__ _ _________ April 21, 1943 _______ Oct. 5, 1945_____________

George T. McDonald__________ Engineer-Director_____________________ Governor ArnalL____

______ Oct. 5, 1945____________ Jan. 18, 1947__________

W. R. NeeL________________________ Director_____________________________________ Governor Thompson________________ Jan. 18, 1947__________ March 20, 1947______

John C. Beasley____________________ Director______________________________________ Governor Thompson_________________ March 20, 1947_______ June 4, 1948___________

W. R. N eeL..________________________ Engineer-Director____________________ Governor Thompson._______________ June 4, 1!l48____________ Sept. 13, 1948________

John C. Beasley____________________ Director____________________________________ Governor Thompson________________ Sept. 13, 1948_________ Nov. 17, 1948__________

Jim L. Gillis, Sr._______________ Director_________________________________ Gov. Herman E. Talmadge______ Nov. 17, 1948.________ Feb. 2, 1950____________

Members of State Highway Board of Georgia
1950-1958

Name of Member

Highway District

Term Began

Term Ended

Remarks

John E. Quillian_________________ Northern_______________________________ Feb. 2, 1950 ________ Feb. 8, 1952_________ Reelected for 6-year term.
Dixon Oxford______________________ CentraL____ ________________________ Feb. 2, 1950 ___ Feb. 8, 1954 ________ Reelected for 6-year term.
Jim L. Gillis, Sr.________________ Southern _____________________________ Feb. 2, 1950 _______ Jan. 15, 1955________ Elected Chairman 1950, 1952, 1954. Resigned and succeeded by W. A. Blasingame.
Dixon Oxford ______________________ CentraL ______________________________ Feb. 9, 1954 ________ July 15, 1955_ __Resigned and succeeded by Roger H. Lawson.
W. A. Blasingame_____________ Southern___________________________ Jan. 19, 1955 ______ Feb. 8, 1956 ______ Elected Chairman Jan. 19, 1955. Reelected for 6-year term.
W. A. Blasingame_____________ Southern -----------------------------Feb. 9, 1956__________ July 15, 1956 ______ Elected Chairman Feb. 9, 1956. Resigned and succeeded as member by Roy F. Chalker.
John E. Quillian_________________ Northern _______________________________ Feb. 9, 1952 _________ Feb. 8, 1958 _______ Reelected for 6-year term.
Roger H. Lawson________________ CentraL________________________________ July 16, 1955 _______ July 1, 1957_________ Elected Chairman July 16, 1956. Resigned and succeeded as member by George L. Mathews.
Roy F. Chalker____________________ Southern ______________________________ July 16, 1956______ Now in office ____ Elected Chairman July 8, 1957. Term ends Feb. 8, 1962.
George L. Mathews____________ CentraL__ ---------------------------- July 8, 1957_ Now in office______ Term ends Feb. 8, 1960.
John E. Quillian_________________ Northern _______________________________ Feb. 9, 1958- _______ Now in office ______ Term ends Feb. 8, 1964.

22 Twenty-S eventh R eport, Sta te Highway Department of GeoTgia
A po?tion of this F edeml-aid S econdaTY impTovement included ?'eplacing an old, timber, coveTed b?idge with a mode?'1~ conc1ete st?uctu?e. This is on the Greenville-Alvaton 1oad in Me1iwethe1 County . Project S-1714 (1).

State Highway Engineers
1919 -1958

Name

Term Began

Term Ended

Remarks

W. R. NeeL______________________ Sept. 1, 1919__________________________ March 1, 1930 __

B. P. McWhorter_______________ March 1, 1930________________________ June 20, 1933 ___

M. E. Cox__________________________ June 20, 1933 _________________________ Sept. 28, 1934 ______________________

H. E. Newton____________________ Sept. 28, 1934________________________ Feb. 1, 1937_____________

E. Jack Smith_____________________ Feb. 1, 1937____________________________ July 14, 1937____

E. A. Stanley______________________ July 14, 1937__________________________ Oct. 16, 1938____________________

W. B. Brantley____________________ Oct. 16, 1938___________________________ April 1, 1940 ______

W. R. NeeL_______________________ April 1, 1940 ________________________ May 24, 194L________________________

M. L. Shadburn__________________ May 24, 194L_______________________ April 21, 1943 _______

George T. McDonald _______ April 21, 1943_______________________ Jan. 18, 1947_______ _____________ Engineer-Director 10-5-1945 to 1-18-1947.

W. R. Neel.. _______________________ March 20, 1947____________________ Nov. 17, 1948________

__________ Engineer-Director 6-4-1948 to 9-13-1948.

M. L. Shadburn_________________ Nov. 17, 1948.______________________ Still in office June 30, 1958__

The Atlanta E xp1essway in the vicinity of Geo1gia Institute of T echnology.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 25
Administrative Division
ROY F. CHALKER, Chairman, State Highway Board GEORGE L. MATHEWS, Member, State Highway Board JOHN E. QUILLIAN, Member, State Highway Board M. L. SHADBURN, State Highway Engineer
The members of the State Highway Board are elected by a caucus composed of all members of the General Assembly, as outlined in the preceding section of this report. Under the law, the State Highway Board is charged with the management and control of the State Highway Department, the State Highway System of roads and bridges, and the State Highway funds. The Board determines the policies of the Highway Department, approves the program of projects selected for improvement, executes all contracts, approves the employment of personnel, and authorizes the expenditure of funds.
Contracts Let
During this biennium, contracts were awarded by the State Highway Department for the improvement of 3,516 miles of roadway and the construction of 334 bridges at a total cost of over $107 million. These contracts covered 413 miles of grading, 82 miles of grading and base, 213 miles of base, 2,215 miles of bituminous surfacing, 294 miles of resurfacing, 250 miles of widening and resurfacing, 50 miles of concrete pavement, 38 underpass structures, and 42 grade crossing signals. The total length of bridges was 8.7 miles.
In addition to the above, contracts were let by the Georgia Rural Roads Authority for 1,166 miles of grading, 1,804 miles of bituminous surfacing, and the construction of 86 bridges, 2.2 miles in length, making a total of 2,972 miles at a cost of $39.7 million.
A statement is presented elsewhere in this report which shows the mileage of each type of work and the total cost of projects let to contract for each class of Federal-aid funds, as well as 100 per cent State funds on the State Highway System and Post Roads. Similar information is also given for projects of the Georgia Rural Roads Authority. A summary of all work mentioned above includes 6,486 miles of roadway improvements, the

26 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
construction of 420 bridges and 38 underpass structures, and the installation of 42 grade crossing signals, at a total cost of over $144 million. This is the largest outlay for highway improvements within a two-year period in the history of the State, and is $35 million more than the preceding biennium, which was the previous high record.

State Highway System
Act No. 536 of the General Assembly, approved February 2, 1950, grants authority to the State Highway Board to substitute, relocate, and abandon any part of the State Highway System in building new roads or bridges, or in improving roads or bridges on the State Highway System, keeping in view only the control points.
During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1957, the mileage of the State Highway System was increased 53.7 miles, and during the year ending June 30, 1958, the System was increased 22.9 miles.
The mileage of the State Highway System as of June 30, 1958, was 15,207 miles, of which 13,667.7 miles were paved and 1,539.3 miles were unpaved. A tabulation of the mileage by type of surface is given below and a list showing the mileage in each county appears elsewhere in this report. There were 3,757 bridges and grade separation structures on the State Highway System as of June 30, 1958, with a total length of 126.1 miles, which are included in the following tabulation according to the type of surface.
MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM

Type of Surface

June 30, 1956

June 30, 1957

June 30, 1958

Unimproved ---------------------------------Graded and Drained_____________________ Soil-Surfaced -------------------------------Gravel or Stone ___________________________ Low-Type Bituminous ---------------High-Type Bituminous ________________ Portland Cement Concrete _________ Brick or Block ------------------------------
Total --------------------------------------1

64.9 870.6 688.6 360.5 6,003.9 5,369.2 1,760.2
12.5
15,130.4

63.5 739.4 576.0 316.7 6,158.9 5,548.8 1,768.2
12.6
15,184.1

37.8 745.6 459.7 296.2 5,771.0 6,172.9 1,715.7
8.1
15,207.0

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 27
Engineering Opemtions
The State Highway Engineer is the chief engineering officer of the State Highway Department and is responsible directly to the State Highway Board. He directs and supervises, through the various division heads and the field division engineers, the planning, location, design, construction, and maintenance of all roads and bridges on the State Highway System, as well as the construction of Post Roads. He directs the selection and assignment of engineering personnel, and establishes the policies and procedures to be followed in the training of graduate civil engineers.
His staff includes four Assistant State Highway Engineers. His chief assistant is the Assistant State Highway EngineerAdministrative, whose principal duty is the overall direction of the Federal-aid highway programs. He coordinates and expedites the work of the several divisions concerned with the various operations involved in placing Federal-aid projects under contract, and maintains liaison with the Bureau of Public Roads. Where necessary, he issues instructions for straightening out any difficulties which arise in the preparation of plans, procurement of right-of-way, letting of contracts, etc.
The Assistant State Highway Engineer-Federal is responsible for the preparation and submission of the various Federal-aid programs to the Bureau of Public Roads and handles all details in connection with obtaining Public Roads approval of the projects. He furnishes information as to costs, etc. on proposed projects to the State Highway Board, who select the projects to be included in the programs.
The Assistant State Highway Engineer-General handles the work in connection with contracts for State-aid and Post Roads projects to be constructed with 100% State funds. He is also responsible for carrying on the general and routine activities in the office of the State Highway Engineer.
The Assistant State Highway Engineer-Rural Roads is assigned to engineering duties pertaining to projects of the Georgia Rural Roads Authority.
New Highway Building
The efficiency of the General Office personnel has been increased through the erection of the new highway building and

28 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
the renovation of the adjacent old building, making one completely modern, four-story structure. The building is air-conditioned, with modern lighting and equipment, and will enable the Highway Department to carry on its operations in a more efficient and satisfactory manner. The building was provided in cooperation with the State Office Building Authority. The new portion was occupied in December 1956 and the renovation of the old building was completed in the summer of 1957.
Georgia Highway Conference
For the past seven years, an Annual Georgia Highway Conference has been conducted by the School of Civil Engineering of the Georgia Institute of Technology, in cooperation with the State Highway Department. The objective of these conferences is to provide a forum for the discussion of problems of mutual interest to the various groups in the highway field and as a medium of exchange of information on technical advances. Over 200 persons have registered for the conference each year, representing almost every group in the highway field. Interesting papers were presented by nationally known leaders in the industry as well as by prominent engineers of Georgia and other Southeastern States. The Highway Department was well represented among those presenting papers, and a large number of the Department's engineers attended the conferences.
Each year, except the first, the proceedings of the Annual Georgia Highway Conferences have been printed in book form, for distribution to those who attended and others interested, as a contribution of the Highway Department. These annual conferences have been very worthwhile, and it is planned to continue them.

A "Y" intmchang e on l nte1 tate Route 85 at the ptoposed L aw1enceville connector. Ttaffic destined to Greenville, South Ca?olinc, will bear left and t?affic to L awrenceville to the right. Ptoject I N-409-2 (2), Ct. 2, Gwinnett County.

30 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
U. S. Bureau of Public Roads
The Bureau of Public Roads of the U. S. Department of Com-
merce represents the Federal Government in matters relating to
highways. Its principal functions are administration of Federal aid to the States for highway construction, road building in Federal areas, and highway research. The head of the national organization in Washington is B. D. Tallamy, Federal Highway Administrator, and his chief assistant is Ellis L. Armstrong, Commissioner of Public Roads. The regional office, through which the work in Georgia and six other Southeastern States and Puerto Rico is cleared, is in charge of Rex S. Anderson, Regional Engineer, at Peachtree-Seventh Building, Atlanta.
Division Office
The activities for the State of Georgia are under the direction of J. S. Call, Division Engineer, whose office is located at 125 Ivy Street, N. E., Atlanta. The Bureau of Public Roads maintains close cooperation with the State Highway Department on all matters pertaining to review and approval of Federal-aid projects on the Federal-aid Interstate, Primary and Secondary Highway Systems, as well as the Forest Highway System.
The division office staff is as follows:
J. S. CALL, Division Engineer WILLIAM M. DANIELSON, Program and Planning Engineer J. A. TEMPLE, District Engineer WILBUR B. KING, District Engineer LYMAN C. BRADLEY, Bridge Engineer J. A. GLOMINSKI, Office Engineer JOHN T. LITTLE, Administmtive Manager J. A. WILSON, Appraiser Area Highway Engineers H. E. BLAKELEY HUGH L. CHAMBERLAIN C. R. GREEN THOMAS P. GRIFFIN M. D. STANLEY 0. B. WALKER Auditors GEORGE C. HOFFMAN A. P. MORGAN

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 31
These trained engineers and specialists advise with State Highway Department engineers on details in connection with route locations, surveys, design, construction and maintenance of Federal-aid projects. Frequent inspections are made of construction work and the maintenance condition of all projects involving Federal participation.
The basic facts developed through cooperative traffic, engineering and economic studies by the Division of Highway Planning and the Bureau of Public Roads are utilized in the preparation and review of highway programs, designation of Interstate, Primary, Secondary and Forest Highway Systems, and to determine the priorities and type of highway improvements.
History of Organization
This agency was created in 1893 as the Office of Road Inquiry in the Department of Agriculture and later the name was changed to Bureau of Public Roads. Under Federal Reorganization Plan No. 1, the personnel and functions of the Bureau of Public Roads were transferred to the Federal Works Agency and the name of the organization was changed to Public Roads Administration, effective July 1, 1939.
Under Reorganization Plan No. 7, effective August 20, 1949, the Public Roads Administration was transferred to the Department of Commerce and the organization was given again the name of Bureau of Public Roads.
The Highway Department desires to express its sincere appreciation for the cooperation and services rendered by the Bureau of Public Roads.

32 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

ROAD-USER REVENUE COLLECTED BY STATE OF GEORGIA AND APPROPRIATIONS FOR ROAD PURPOSES
1937-1957

r.==-=~=.~=~~~1--=-+-:=--~-=1-----+--~-r-!-=T-!--+~-_, --~--+-_-!,',r---+'~--, r---+-1--11---+--, --+----c/fJ--v---1 II

--+--1__,_1

-t

I

I I

t : +-- -ri ~--n I :

i ' I

--"-+---+:-+-----+-:--1---r---r---

I

I II

-t-----t-----t-----t-----t---+1:;-/ / 1

1

1 1 ~~4'--'~~I~~-+-~~I '~-r~-~~-+--~4-~~-r,~1,-'-'~:"\vv,+~''-r' -'~' /-+~ I

I I
~~Y--+-~,~~-+--r~~-+--r~~~~~~'~\rl-~~~-+-~4--+-r-4-~1

I

/

/ \L

I

~ .........

"" v''/

~ APPROPIHATIONS FOR ROAD PORPOSES

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- -CALENDAR YEAR

-

-

A tabulation of the road-user revenue and appropriations for road purposes appears on the opposite page.

Calendar Year
1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957
Totals

ROAD-USER REVENUE COLLECTED BY STATE OF GEORGIA AND APPROPRIATIONS FOR ROAD PURPOSES
1937-1957

Motor-Fuel Tax
$ 19,550,144 19,630,315 21,046,637 22,802,364 26,048,632 21,539,607 18,181,984 20,231,665 23,173,083 30,964,547 34,620,424 36,529,630 41,600,658 51,087,455 52,596,610 52,819,626 55,753,434 58,033,711 65,528,400 73,703,715 76,167,090
$821,609,731

ROAD-USER REVENUE
Motor-Vehicle Registration Fees
$ 1,303,956 1,653,713 1,883,117 2,044,372 2,226,150 2,228,699 2,227,164 2,374,501 2,547,921 2,897,807 3,409,971 3,276,965 3,794,594 4,371,044 4,789,069 5,137,796 5,646,011 6,124,845 7,034,064
12,679,795 13,240,194
$ 90,891,748

Total Road-User Revenue
$ 20,854.100 21,284,028 22,929,754 24,846,736 28,274,782 23,768,306 20,409,148 22,606,166 25,721,004 33,862,354 38,030,395 39,806,595 45,395,252 55,458,499 57,385,679 57,957,422 61,399,445 64,158,556 72,562,464 86,383,510 89,407,284
$912,501,479

APPROPRIATIONS FOR ROAD PURPOSES

Payments to State Highway Department

Payments to Counties for Roads

Total Appropriations for
Road Purposes

$ 7,953,547 13,980,195 15,278,123 16,585,235 18,485,761 16,225,581 11,107,802 10,259,028 14,444,957 25,414,954 18,344,134 39,823,877 24,480,165 27,416,711 41,705,696 50,415,960 41,784,755 52,092,216 44,431,731 55,096,642 65,204,853

$ 3,153,237 3,420,343 3,364,984 3,954,484 4,190,140 4,393,721 4,300,000 4,300,000 4,558,503 4,817,013 4,817,013 4,817,013 4,817,013 4,817,013 7,067,013 9,317,013 9,037,506 8,757,991 9,037,498 9,317,010 9,317,013

$ 11,106,784 17,400,538 18,643,107 20,539,719 22,675,901 20,619,302 15,407,802 14,559,028 19,003,460 30,231,967 23,161,147 44,640,890 29,297,178 32,233,724 48,772,709 59,732,973 50,822,261 60,850,207 53,469,229 64,413,652 74,521,866

$610,531,923

$121,571,521

$732,103,444

This gracefully cu1ved steel-beam bridge carries heavily traveled North Druid Hills Road over Interstate Route 85 just northeast of Atlanta. Project Fl-013 -1 (2), Ct. 2, DeKalb County.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 35
The Federal-Aid Highway Program
The Federal-Aid Road Act of July 11, 1916, launched the Federal Government on a nationwide cooperative plan of highway improvement. A vital feature of this first Act was that the Federal Government was "... authorized to cooperate with the States through their respective State highway departments ..."
Since the Federal Highway Act of 1921 there has been a continuation of the cooperative Federal-aid plan with initiative in the selection of the systems and the selection of projects resting with the State highway departments. The roads on the several Federal-aid highway systems are under the jurisdiction and control of the State or its political subdivisions and there are no Federal highways except those in Federal lands.
Apportionments
Federal funds for the construction and improvement of roads on the Federal-aid highway systems are authorized to be appropriated by Acts of Congress and the amount to be apportioned to each State is determined by the Secretary of Commerce in accordance with the formulas specified by Congressional Acts.
The following section of this report contains information as to the class of roads included in each of the Federal-aid highway systems, and a tabulation at the end of this section shows the amounts of the Federal-aid apportionments to Georgia since the first appropriation in 1917.
The Federal-aid Primary funds were apportioned among the several States on the basis of one-third according to area, onethird according to population, and one-third according to the mileage of rural delivery and star mail routes.
The Federal-aid Secondary funds were apportioned on the basis of one-third according to area, one-third according to rural population, and one-third according to mileage of rural delivery and star mail routes.
The Urban Highway funds were apportioned according to the population of municipalities and other urban places of 5,000 or more population.

36 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Funds for the improvement of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways were first authorized in the FederalAid Highway Act of 1952, for the fiscal years 1954 and 1955, and were apportioned on the same basis as outlined above for Federal-aid Primary funds. The Interstate funds for the fiscal years 1956, 1957, 1958 and 1959 were apportioned on the basis of one-half according to population and one-half in the same manner as the Primary funds. The Interstate funds for the fiscal year 1960 were apportioned among the several States in the ratio which the estimated cost of completing the Interstate System in each State bears to the sum of the estimated cost of completing the Interstate System in all of the States, and the funds for the years 1961 through 1969 will be apportioned on the same basis. These cost estimates are to be made periodically by the Bureau of Public Roads and the State highway departments.
It is required that all Primary, Secondary and Urban funds be matched by the State on a 50-50 basis, except that 10 per cent of the sum authorized for each class of projects may be expended on railway-highway projects without State matching. This exception applies also to Interstate funds.
The Interstate funds for the years 1954 and 1955 were matched on a 50-50 basis. For the year 1956 and part of the funds for the year 1957, the matching was on the basis of 60 per cent Federal and 40 per cent State. The additional 1957 funds and those for the years 1958 through 1969 are to be matched on the basis of 90 per cent Federal and 10 per cent State.
For the purpose of immediate acceleration of the rate of highway construction beyond that being accomplished under regular authorization, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1958, Section 2 (a), authorized the appropriation of an additional $400 million for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1959, for immediate apportionment in the manner outlined above for Primary, Secondary and Urban funds, using the same percentage distribution of amounts apportioned to the several States in relation to the total of the amounts apportioned to all of the States as was used in the original apportionment. Georgia's share of this supplemental apportionment is $13,742,524. These funds will be matched by the State on the basis of 66:J per cent Federal and 331/3 per cent State, and are referred to as "D" funds. They may be expended on the Federal-aid Primary or Secondary Systems, including extensions of these systems within urban areas, without limita-

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 37

tion as to the amount of any class of funds, Primary, Secondary, or Urban, apportioned for projects on any system. It is required that contracts be awarded for projects to be financed with the "D" funds prior to December 1, 1958, for completion of construction prior to December 1, 1959. Georgia will meet this requirement.
There is shown below the amount of the apportionment to Georgia of Federal-aid Interstate, Primary, Urban and Secondary funds, including "D" funds, and the amount of State-matching funds, for each of the years indicated.

Fiscal Year Ending June 30
19 56-----------------195 7---------------1958 ________________
1959---------------1960________________

Federal Funds
$20,349,497 46,527,280 59,231,212 79,593,403 80,554,044

State-Matching Funds
$19,001,508 24,464,366 24,016,620 30,033,100 27,199,933

Total
$39,351,005 70,991,646 83,247,832
109,626,503 107,753,977

The funds were made available for a period of two years after the close of the fiscal year for which authorized, except the "D" funds, as outlined above. The funds are deemed to have been expended when placed under formal project agreements; i. e., after bids have been opened and the Bureau of Public Roads has concurred in the award of the contract, and the project agreement has been executed by the State Highway Department and the Bureau of Public Roads.

Diversion of Road-User Revenue
The policy that all road-user revenues should be used for highway purposes was first set forth by Congress in Section 12 of the Hayden-Cartwright Act of June 18, 1934 (48 Stat. 995) and was reaffirmed in Title 23, United States Code, Section 126, approved August 27, 1958, as follows:
(a) Since it is unfair and unjust to tax motor-vehicle transportation unless the proceeds of such taxation are applied to the construction, improvement, or maintenance of highways, after June 30, 1935, Federal aid for highway construction shall be extended only to those States that use at least the amounts provided by law on June 18, 1934, for such purposes in each State from State motor vehicle regis-

38 Twenty-Seventh R eport, State Highway Depa?tment of Gemgia
T en old, timbe? bridges were replaced by new structures like the one shown at bottom, and th?ee ?ta?TOW, concrete b?idges were widened to 28 f eet, as i llust?ated at top, on State R oute 98, between H ome?-ville and Waycross.
Project F-007-9 (2), Clinch-Ware Counties.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 39
tration fees, licenses, gasoline taxes, and other special taxes on motor-vehicle owners and operators of all kinds for the construction, improvement, and maintenance of highways and administrative expenses in connection therewith, including the retirement of bonds for the payment of which such revenues have been pledged, and for no other purposes, under such regulations as the Secretary of Commerce shall promulgate from time to time.
(b) In no case shall the provisions of this section operate to deprive any State of more than one-third of the entire apportionment authorized under this chapter to which that State would be entitled in any fiscal year. The amount of any reduction in a State's apportionment shall be reapportioned in the same manner as any other unexpended balance at the end of the period during which it otherwise would be available in accordance with section 104 (b) of this title.
P1ogramming and Subsequent Steps
Following apportionment of a year's authorization, the State Highway Department submits programs of proposed projects for improvement with the funds. These programs are reviewed by the Public Roads Division Engineer and his recommendations, together with the recommendations of the Public Roads Regional Engineer, are forwarded with the program to the Washington office for approval. After acceptance of the program by Public Roads, the State Highway Department acquires the right-of-way, makes detailed surveys for each project, and prepares plans, specifications, and final cost estimates. These must be approved by the Public Roads Division Engineer. The Highway Department then advertises for bids and awards a contract for construction, subject to Public Roads concurrence. The day-to-day supervision of the work is performed by Highway Department engineers, but a Public Roads engineer makes periodic inspections on the site.
Public Roads does not prescribe detailed design standards and construction specifications for Federal-aid work. The general policies of design standards adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials are used by most of the States and they are endorsed by Public Roads. Details of design and construction specifications are prepared by each State to fit its

40 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
individual needs, and are subject to review and approval by Public Roads.
1954 Secondary Road Plan
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1954 provided that the Secretary of Commerce may, upon the request of any State, discharge his responsibility relative to plans, specifications, estimates, surveys, contract awards, design, inspection, and construction of Federal-aid Secondary road projects by his receiving and approving a certified statement by the State Highway Department setting forth that the plans, design, and construction for such projects are in accord with the standards and procedures of the State applicable to projects in this category approved by him. The State Highway Department of Georgia put this plan into effect on November 1, 1954, and operations under the plan have proven very satisfactory.
It is still necessary that approval be obtained from the Bureau of Public Roads covering additions, extensions and changes in the Federal-aid Secondary System. But after a project has been approved in the program, the Highway Department prepares the plans, awards the contract, and supervises the construction without any further approval from the Bureau of Public Roads. Copies of the contract are filed with the Bureau of Public Roads and a final inspection is made by them after construction has been completed. The audit and reimbursement for the Federal share of the cost of the project is handled in the usual manner.
Public Hearings
Public hearings are required to be held by the State Highway Department on any Federal-aid highway project involving the bypassing of, or going through, any city, town, or village, either incorporated or unincorporated and the economic effects of such a location are considered by the Highway Department in determining the final location of the project. Also, on all Interstate System projects, public hearings are held at a convenient location for the purpose of enabling persons in rural areas through or contiguous to whose property the highway will pass to express any objections they may have to the proposed location of such highway. Transcripts of all public hearings are made and the State Highway Department gives careful consideration to all

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 41
facts and recommendations of local citizens brought out in the hearing, in the selection of the final location of the highway. A copy of the transcript of all public hearings is forwarded to the Bureau of Public Roads.
Use of Federal-Aid Funds
Preliminary engineering and construction engineering, surveys, plans, and right-of-way costs are eligible for Federal participation, as well as the cost of construction. That part of the cost of relocation of utility facilities necessitated by the construction of a Federal-aid project which is accepted for State participation is eligible for Federal participation. Federal funds may also be used for archaeological and paleontological salvage when considered necessary in connection with the construction of a project. The maintenance of highways and bridges constructed with Federal-aid funds is the responsibility of the State and Federal funds may not be used for this purpose.
Federal-aid funds may be used to retire bonds issued by the States, counties, cities, or other political subdivisions where proceeds of such bonds are used to accelerate the construction of toll-free facilities on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways or the Federal-aid Primary System, provided the work is done under plans approved in advance by the Commissioner of Public Roads.
Highway Planning
Since 1934, the Federal-Aid Highway Acts have authorized the use of 11;2 per cent of the Federal-aid apportionment to any State for engineering and economic investigations and highway research. The fact-finding studies which were inaugurated under this provision have been carried on in Georgia, since 1937, by the Division of Highway Planning. The wisdom of this provision has been amply demonstrated, and the continuing highway planning studies of the various States have provided the facts necessary for determining highway needs of the future.
Federal-Aid Fiscal Procedure
Federal funds for highway work are not turned over to the State in advance of construction. Instead, they are paid to the State in the form of reimbursement during and after the period

42 Tw enty-S eventh R eport, State Highway Depattment of Georgia
A traffic inte1change (to11) and a tailtoad g1acle sepatation (bottom) were included in the modernization of the intmsection of heavily traveled routes U. S. 1 and U. S. 301, at Folkston, Charlton County . P1oject F-002-1 (7) .

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 43
that the work is in progress. They are paid only on projects for which the plans have been approved previously by the Bureau of Public Roads and for which the work is conducted in accordance with the applicable requirements established by the Bureau of Public Roads. The State Highway Department makes payments from State funds to the contractor on monthly estimates of the dollar value of work that has been accomplished on a project. The State Highway Department then submits monthly progress vouchers for the work accomplished on which the Federal Government makes prompt payment.
A project is reported completed when the major elements of construction are done and the road or bridge is open to traffic. To secure final reimbursement the State Highway Department then submits a final voucher to the Bureau of Public Roads indicating the various construction items and claiming the Federal portion due but not paid on progress vouchers. Final reimbursement is not made until the project has been finally inspected and a determination made by field engineers of the Bureau of Public Roads that it was constructed in accordance with the approved plans, specifications and estimates, and a detail audit made of the claim by a Federal auditor.
Upon request of the State Highway Department, Federal funds will be advanced by the Bureau of Public Roads for the acquisition of rights-of-way but it is required that actual construction of a road on such rights-of-way be completed within a period not exceeding five years following the fiscal year in which such request is made. Federal participation in the cost of rights-of-way acquired under this procedure shall not exceed the Federal pro rata share applicable to the class of funds from which the Federal reimbursement is made.
Interstate System
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 authorizes the appropriation of Federal funds over a 13-year period for completing the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways and expressly provides that the standards for the system shall be adequate to accommodate the traffic expected thereon in the year 1975. The system is to be developed to freeway characteristics.
The design standards adopted by the American Association of State Highway Officials and approved by the Bureau of Public

44 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Roads provide that the highways must be designed with control of access to insure their safety, permanence, and utility and with flexibility to provide for possible future expansion. The highways shall be designed to serve safely and efficiently the volumes of passenger vehicles, buses, and trucks, including tractor-trailer and semitrailer combinations and corresponding military equipment, estimated to be that which will exist in 1975, including attracted, generated, and development traffic on the basis that the entire system is completed.
As stated, control of access is required for all sections of the Interstate System, and this shall be accomplished by acquiring access rights outright prior to construction or by the construction of frontage roads, or both. Railroad grade crossings shall be eliminated for all through traffic lanes, and all at-grade intersections of public highways and private driveways shall be eliminated.
The design speed of all highways on the system shall be at least 70, 60 and 50 miles per hour for fiat, rolling, and mountainous topography, respectively, and depending upon the nature of terrain and development. The design speed in urban areas should be at least 50 miles per hour. Traffic lanes shall not be less than 12 feet wide, and wide rights-of-way are desirable.
The following section of this report contains a map and other information on the National System of Interstate and Defense .Highways in Georgia.
Outdoor Advertising in Areas Adjacent to Interstate System
Section 131 of Title 23, United States Code, approved August 27, 1958, reads in part as follows:
(a) To promote the safety, convenience, and enjoyment of public travel and the free flow of interstate commerce and to protect the public investment in the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, it is declared to be in the public interest to encourage and assist the States to control the use of and to improve areas adjacent to the Interstate System by controlling the erection and maintenance of outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices adjacent to that system. It is declared to be a national policy that the erection and maintenance of outdoor advertising signs, displays, or devices within six hundred and sixty feet of the

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 45
edge of the right-of-way and visible from the main-traveled way of all portions of the Interstate System constructed upon any part of right-of-way, the entire width of which is acquired subsequent to July 1, 1956, should be regulated, consistent with national standards to be prepared and promulgated by the Secretary, which shall include only the following four types of signs, and no signs advertising illegal activities:
(1) Directional or other official signs or notices that are required or authorized by law.
(2) Signs advertising the sale or lease of the property upon which they are located.
(3) Signs erected or maintained pursuant to authorization or permitted under State law, and not inconsistent with the national policy and standards of this section, advertising activities being conducted at a location within twelve miles of the point at which such signs are located.
(4) Signs erected or maintained pursuant to authorization in State law and not inconsistent with the national policy and standards of this section, and designed to give information in the specific interest of the traveling public.
The Secretary of Commerce is authorized to enter into agreements with State highway departments to carry out the national policy set forth above with respect to the Interstate System within the State. Any such agreements shall include provisions for regulation and control of the erection and maintenance of advertising signs, displays, and other advertising devices in conformity with the standards established by the Secretary of Commerce, and may include provisions for preservation of natural beauty, prevention of erosion, landscaping, reforestation, development of viewpoints for scenic attractions that are accessible to the public without charge, and the erection of markers, signs, or plaques, and development of areas in appreciation of sites of historical significance.
If such an agreement is entered into prior to July 1, 1961, the Federal share payable on account of any project on the Interstate System to which the national policy and the agreement

46 Twenty-Seventh R eport, State Highway Depa?tment of Georgia
L ong a sou?ce of dange1 due to the old bridge (top) being only 18 f eet wide, the alignment has been st?aightened and the b1idge rebuilt to include a 28-ft. 1oaclway (bottom). Project F-009-2 (1), Bryan-Chatham Counties.

Twenty-Seventh R epo1t, S tate Highway Department of Georgia 47 apply, shall be increased by one-half of one per cent of the total cost of the project.
Whenever a State shall acquire by purchase or condemnation the right to advertise or regulate advertising in an area adjacent to the right-of-way of a project on the Interstate System for the purpose of implementing the above agreement, the cost of such acquisition is eligible for Federal participation, provided it does not exceed 5 per cent of the cost of the right-of-way for the project.
The Atlanta E xp7essway, nea1 Brookwood Station, showing inte1change between no1theast leg ( Interstate R onte 85) arul the no1thwest leg (In te?-
state Route 75).

APPORTIONMENT OF FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY FUNDS TO GEORGIA

Fiscal Year Ending
June 30

FederalAid
Primary

FederalAid
Secondary

Urban Highways

Interstate System

FederalAid Grade Crossing

Emergency Advance

Emergency

National Recovery

U.S. Works Program

-------- ---------------------------------1------ -----1---------

1917.

.. s 134,329.48 s.

$ ...

$ ...

$.

$ ..

$ ..

$ ...

$ ...

1918 ..

268.658.96 ...

1919 ..

1,749,954.20 ..

1920 ..

2,557,485.02 ..

1921..

2,697 ,150. 96 .

1922 ..

1,997,957 58 ..

1923.

1,331,971. 72 .

1924 ..

I, 729,366.09

1925 ...

1,983,022.99 ..

1926 ..

2,000,867 00 ..

1927 ...

I, 981,189 00 ..

1928 ..

1,979,209.00.

1929 ...

1,980,015.00 ..

1930 . . 1931. ... 1932 .. 1933 .. 1934 .. 1935 ...

1,980,443 00 . 3,318,280.00. 3,316,029.001 .. 2, 753,344.80 .

2;o77,996:oo .. . :: ........ ...... ..
.. .............3,1:i:i;:i9s:oo :: . ...... ......... io:o9i:is5 oo .............. .. . "........ 5,113,491.00 . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . ..9:ss4;9i6:oo

1936 ..

a;i6s:22i:oo

1937 ... . 1938 .. . 1939 .. . 1940 .. 1941 .. 1942 .. 1943.

3,168,222.00 3,233,279 00 3,154,850.00 2,507,151.00 2,509,551.00 2,519,366.00
2,517,196.00

646,656.00 . 630,970.00 376,073.00 319.976.00 . 440,889.00 440,509.00

i ;:i:i:i: iJ99 00
1,212,634.00
477,283.00 661,517.00 ... 488,535.00 ..
495,487.00.

1944 . .

1945 ..
1946 .. 1947 .. 1948 ..

s,648,564.oo .... 4:ilio;45a:oo .... 1,622.o0s oo .. 5,644,683 00 4,307,866.00 1,622,008.00 ... 5,571,736.00 4,252,241.00 1,601,213.00.

1949 .. 1950 ..

5;o26:i24:oo 3,s34,69s.oo .... U4i:o9i:oo :.

1951..

5,017,556.00 3,828,985.00 1,441,091.00.

1952.

5,535,806 00 4,224,971.00 1, 778,042.00

1953 .. 1954. 1955 .. 1956 .. 1957. 1958 .. 1959 ..
-19-60-.

-

-



-

-

-

-

l

-

5,491,196.00 6,059,367.00 6,093,832.00 7,815,446.00 9,176, 781.00 9,339,362.00 13,748,611.00 9, 758,649.00
-------

-

4,190,994.00 4,627,705.00 4,654,049.00 5,968,900.00 7,015,695 00 7,160,423.00 10,562,497.00 7,490,264.00
l-------

l

1,764,294.00 1,955,727.00 1,965,808.00 2,521,183.00 2,985,688.00 3,115,011.00 4,656,484.00 3,281, 756.00
------l

-

6is:o94 oo :.
621,611.00 . 4,043,968.00 ... 27,349,116.00 .. 39,616,416.00 50,625,811.00 .. 60,023,375.00.
--------

1

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

l

-

-

-

-

-

-

l

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Totals ............ $156,464,822.80 $79,284,814.00 $31,751,404.00 $182,898,391.00 $4,558,555.00 $2,077,996.00 $3,123,298.00 $15,204,676.00 $9,884,916.00

APPORTIONMENT OF FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAY FUNDS TO GEORGIA-Continued

Fiscal Year
1~nding
June 30

Forest Highways

Public Works Administration

Flood Relief

Defense
Access Highways

Strategic Network

Advance Engineering

Flight Strips

Total for Year All Funds

1917 .. 1918 .. 1919 .... 1920 . . 1921 ... 1922 . . 1923 ... . 1924 ... . 1925 ... .
1926 ... . 1927.. .
1928 .... . 1929 ... . 1930 . .
1931. ... 1932 .. 1933 .. 1934 ...... .
1935 .... . 1936 .. 1937 . . . . 1938 .. 1939
1940. 1941.. 1942 .... . 1943 .. . 1944 .. . 1945 .. 1946 .... 1947 .. 1948
1949 .... 1950 . . 1951..
1952 ... 1953 .. 1954 ..
1955. 1956 .. 1957 . . 1958 .. 1959 1960

5,350.67 $. 5,281.69 . 48,893.09 .. 49,140.60. 49,446.17 .. 18,596.08 . 26,780.51. 21,512.44 21,849.55 33,105.81 .. 32,202.67 . 34,790.94 .. 27,283.94. 32.519.55 .. 120,015.87. 65,597.34 .. 97,696.88. 139,526.03 34,106.76 35,299.86 . 31,408.18 . 73,538.83. 75,583.05 45,410.80 .. 99,503.16 . 80,002.41 . 63,364.55 8,075. 43 ... 41,594.31 .. 212,212.91 201,078.00 .
80,142.00 .. 81,170.00. 69,946.00 69,952.00 . 76,666.00. 78,999.00 . 78,999.00 . 76,232.00 105,692.00. 148,235.00 . 116,261.00

$.

$.

$.

435; ii4 4i . :i:i;:i:io !is .

. . . . . . . 2i8: 763 35

i2;24:ij8
2,057,176.18 2,274,831.15 ..
813,696.89 .. 617,236.12 .
2;24:i:ooo oo
1,227,500.00 ... 449,000.00 ..

$ ..

$............ .

139,680.15

273,940.65

1, 798,847.29

2,606,625.62

2,746,597.13

2,016,553.66

1,358,752.23

1, 750,878.53

2,004,872 54

2,033,972.81

2,013,39167

2,013,999.94

2,007 ,298. 94

2,012,962 55

5,951,406.28

6,504,924.34

12,975,547.66

5,253,017.03

9,919,022. 76

3,203,520.86

3,199,630.18

5,176,572.83

5. 720,237.05

3,405,917.80

3,590,547.16

:i:i7 ;5i4:5:i

3,541,035.69 6,540,476.26

8,774.68

2,291,68126

5,000.00

1,112,011.20

10,000.00

12.420.474 03

11,775,635.00

11,425,190.00

218,763.35

10.382.055. 00

10,368,802.00

13,851,765.00

12,743,936.00

13,786,559.00

13,414,299.00

20.428.496. 00

48,061,198.83

59,336,904.00

79,741,638.00

80,670,305.00

50 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
NORTH CAROLINA
TO
FLORIDA National System of Interstate and Defense Highways in Georgia.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 51
Highway Systems
Classification of highways is made necessary by the several plans of highway financing that have been developed during the years by the State and Federal Governments. Each plan of financing limits itself to particular highways or kinds of highways and thus establishes a new classification. It is possible for a highway to be on two or more systems. For example, a road may be on both the State Highway System and the Federal-aid Primary System; or a road may be classified as a County Road, a Post Road, and a Federal-aid Secondary Road. The classes of highways in Georgia based on methods of financing are as follows:
1. National System of Interstate and Defense Highways. 2. Federal-aid Primary System. 3. Federal-aid Secondary System. 4. Forest Highway System. 5. State Highway System. 6. Post Roads. 7. County Roads.
The System of United States Numbered Highways (such as U. S. 41) was established for reasons other than financing, as will be explained under that heading.
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways
The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, authorized in the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 and selected by the State highway departments in cooperation with the Bureau of Public Roads, was approved on August 2, 1947. Additional routes into, through, and around urban areas were approved on September 15, 1955. An additional 1,000 miles, authorized in the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, was approved on October 17, 1957, bringing the total mileage of the System to 41,000 miles.
The Interstate System consists of routes of highest importance to the nation, which connect the principal metropolitan areas, cities and industrial centers, serve the national defense, and connect at suitable border points with routes of continental importance in the Dominion of Canada and the Republic of Mexico.

52 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
The Interstate System is a part of the Federal-aid Primary System, as all Interstate routes not already included in the Primary System were automatically added thereto by law.
No funds other than the regular Primary and Urban funds had been appropriated for the development of the Interstate System prior to the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952, but that Act and the Acts of 1954, 1956 and 1958 authorized separate and additional appropriations for the purpose of expediting the construction, reconstruction and improvement of the Interstate System. Information as to the financing of these improvements, the standards to govern, etc., has been given in the preceding section of this report.
The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways in Georgia will consist of approximately 1,112 miles when completed, based on the estimated mileage between approved control points. The accompanying map shows the control points included in the original approval of the system in Georgia and the general direction of the routes. Final locations of the routes will be determined by means of engineering, traffic and economic studies, including consideration of local needs, and agreed upon by the State Highway Department and the Bureau of Public Roads. Where an Interstate highway is not to be constructed on the existing highway location, the existing highway route will generally be retained on the Federal-aid Primary System and thus be eligible for improvement with appropriate Federal-aid funds.
The method of numbering the Interstate System throughout the nation is explained in the last portion of this section.
Federal-Aid Primary System.
The Federal-aid Primary System consists of routes of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways and other important routes with their urban extensions, including important loops, belt highways and spurs. This system was first designated under authority of the Federal Highway Act of 1921 and the routes were selected by mutual agreement between the State highway departments and the Bureau of Public Roads. Additions, revisions and changes in the routes have been made during the intervening years as conditions justified, and studies continue to be made so that the system will contain the routes of greatest importance, within the mileage limitation fixed by law.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 53
The system is limited to seven per cent of the 1921 total highway mileage in the State, except that in addition the law permits, without charge against the seven per cent limitation, mileage within Federal reservations, mileage within designated urban areas, and mileage of Interstate routes that were not a part of the Primary System prior to their designation as Interstate routes. Permissible system mileage may be increased by increments of one per cent of the 1921 total highway mileage whenever provision has been made for the completion and maintenance of 90 per cent of the State's entire system. The system may be considered as meeting the 90 per cent completion requirement if 90 per cent of the miles has been improved to provide rightof-way, geometric design, surface, base and subgrade, and structures consistent with requirements for traffic service. The original mileage eligible for inclusion in the Federal-aid Primary System in Georgia was 5,662 miles, based on seven per cent of 80,892 miles. On June 23, 1939, a one per cent increment of 808.9 miles was approved, and another increment of one per cent was approved on August 19, 1940, so that the present total permissible mileage is 7,279.8 miles.
The designated Federal-aid Primary System in Georgia as of June 30, 1958, comprised 7,938.3 miles in rural areas, 641.4 miles: within established urban areas, and 143.5 miles within Federal reservations, or a total of 8,723.2 miles. This total includes the, 1,112 miles of the Interstate System, most of which is projected mileage.
Federal-Aid Secondary System
The Federal-Aid Highways Acts of 1936 and 1944 provided for the selection and designation of a system of principal secondary and feeder roads, including farm-to-market roads, rural mail routes, and school-bus routes, but not limited to roads of these specific descriptions. These roads are selected by the State Highway Department in cooperation with the county commissioners and approved by the Bureau of Public Roads, and are the only roads on which Federal-aid Secondary funds may be expended. The approved System as of June 30, 1958, contained 13,388 miles, of which 6,907 miles were also on the State Highway System.
The Federal-aid Secondary System may include roads inside of municipalities of less than 5,000 population. Urban boundaries

54 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

have been established by the State Highway Department and approved by the Bureau of Public Roads for all cities having a population of 5,000 or more, according to the census of 1950. A map showing the urban boundaries has been forwarded to the mayor of each city, and to the county commissioners of the county in which the city is located. Extensions of Federal-aid Secondary routes through urban areas of 5,000 or more population are included in the total mileage of the Secondary System, but such extensions are ineligible for improvement with Federalaid Secondary funds and may be financed only with Federal-aid Urban funds.

Forest Highway System

Forest highways are those forest roads wholly or partly within, adjoining, or adjacent to and serving the national forests that are of primary importance to the State, counties or communities, and that have been selected and designated by the Commissioner of Public Roads of the Bureau of Public Roads, U.S. Department of Commerce, and the Chief of the Forest Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture as constituent parts of the Forest Highway System. It is not a thoroughly connected system, but is composed of individual and frequently separated routes, generally of short length. Forest Highways are classified as follows:

Class 1. On the Federal-aid Primary System. Class 2. On the Federal-aid Secondary System. Class 3. Other Forest Highways.

The mileage of the Forest Highway System in Georgia as of October 30, 1958, was as follows:

Class 1. Class 2. Class 3.

152.5 miles 183.7 miles
28.3 miles

Total

364.5 miles

The Forest Highway System may be increased or decreased in mileage when the proposed modifications have been jointly agreed upon and recommended by the State Highway Department, the Regional Forester, the Division Engineer and the Regional Engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads, and approved by the Commissioner of Public Roads and the Chief of the Forest Service. Funds for the construction of Forest Highways are provided by Congressional appropriation and are usually included

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 55
in the same Act as other Federal-aid Highway funds. The funds are prorated and apportioned among the several states according to the area and value of the national forests, and the construction work is supervised by the Regional Engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads.
State Highway System
Roads on the State Highway System are located, constructed, improved and maintained by the State Highway Department. The original system of 4,800 miles was established under the provisions of an Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved August 18, 1919. This Act provided that the State Highway Board should designate the system of interconnecting county-seat public roads as State-aid Roads. An amendment of 1921 increased the limit to 5,500 miles, an amendment of 1925 increased it to 6,300 miles, and other increases were made by amendments passed in 1929 and 1933. An Act approved February 12, 1938, gave the State Highway Board the right and authority to designate any public road in the State as a State-aid Road, with no limitation by statute as to the mileage of the State Highway System.
An Act of the General Assembly, approved March 17, 1943, which abolished the State Highway Board and created a State Highway Department under a State Highway Director, and a State Highway Commission, authorized and empowered the State Highway Director to place on the State Highway System any roads he deemed necessary to the best interests of the State, when approved by a majority of the State Highway Commission, by first giving written notice to the county road authorities concerned thirty days prior to such action. This Act of March 17, 1943, was repealed by an Act of the General Assembly, approved February 2, 1950.
The Act of February 2, 1950, as amended, which created the present State Highway Board, contains a section which reads in part as follows:
The present State Highway system mileage, known as State-aid roads, as shown by the records of the State Highway Department at the time of the passage of this amendment shall remain on the State highway system mileage and be maintained by the State Highway Department. Provided,

56 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
however, the State Highway Board shall have the right to substitute, relocate, and abandon any or all of the State highway system mileage in building new roads or bridges or in improving the State highway system roads and bridges, keeping in view only the control points as shown by the present State highway system. In relocating, resurveying, substituting and abandoning any road, bridge or right-of-way on the State highway system, the State Highway Board shall confer with the ordinary or county commissioners concerned, as the case may be, and give due consideration to their wishes in the said relocation, resurveying, substitution and abandonment, but in case of disagreement the judgment of the State Highway Board shall prevail. The State Highway Board shall prescribe appropriate rules and regulations by which new mileage may be added to the State highway system. Provided, however, no new mileage shall be added to
the State highway system until 90 '/o of the roads and bridges
of the State highway system are paved, except in emergencies or unusual situations as shown by appropriate resolutions entered on the minutes of the State Highway Board.
The State Highway System contained 15,207 miles as of June 30, 1958, of which 13,667.7 miles, or 89.88 per cent, were paved. Streets within municipalities which form a continuation of, or link in, the State Highway System are a part of the system.
Post Roads
All rural roads over which United States mail is carried are postal routes; however, in Georgia only such roads that are not on the State Highway System are classified as Post Roads. The Act of 1937 which established the Post Roads Division within the State Highway Department and authorized the expenditure of State funds for the construction of Post Roads, also authorized the State Highway Department to construct farm-to-market roads, so that generally the term "Post Roads" is applied to all public roads in Georgia not on the State Highway System.
Post Roads and farm-to-market roads may be constructed by the State Highway Department to the extent that funds are made available, but the construction and maintenance of such roads are primarily the responsibility of the counties. There are 73,304.3 miles of Post Roads and farm-to-market roads in Georgia

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 57
not on the State Highway System. All of these roads are classified also as County Roads, inasmuch as they are under the control and jurisdiction of the counties.
County Roads
All rural roads in the State not on the State Highway System nor within Federal or State reservations are classified as County Roads. The counties are responsible for the construction and maintenance of these roads; although, as stated above, the State Highway Department undertakes to construct as many of them as possible with Federal-aid Secondary funds and State funds. The county commissioners (or ordinary in counties having no commissioners) are authorized to open and locate new roads. There are 73,304.3 miles of County Roads, including roads in State parks, national forests, and State reservations. These are classified also as Post Roads and farm-to-market roads and include 6,481 miles on the Federal-aid Secondary System.
United States Numbered Highways
In 1926, the American Association of State Highway Officials (being composed of all the State Highway Departments and the Bureau of Public Roads of the Federal Government) selected a limited system of State roads to carry continuous numbers across the country so as to facilitate travel on the main interstate lines, over the shortest routes and the best roads. These roads are designated by the use of the United States shield as the insignia, and are commonly referred to as U.S. Routes or U. S. Numbered Highways. The establishment of a U. S. number as a guide for interstate travel over certain roads has no connection with the designation of Federal funds for road construction and, therefore, the U. S. Highway numbers should not be confused with route numbers assigned to the Federal-aid Highway System. The U. S. numbers may recognize a State road which has been constructed entirely by the use of State funds.
Additions, changes, extensions, revisions or reductions in the U. S. Numbered System are made by the Executive Committee of the American Association of State Highway Officials, after consulting with the Highway Department of the States affected. The established policies of the Executive Committee provide that no additional road shall be added to the U. S. Numbered System, and no existing U. S. road shall be extended except where there

The Atlanta E x pressway (Interstate Route 75), showing interchange at N o1thside Drive.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 59
is a definite showing of an adequately improved highway carrying an established and necessary line of interstate traffic not otherwise provided for by existing U. S. routes and for which traffic adequate service cannot be provided by State route numbers. Also, no new U. S. routes located wholly within one State may be established, nor may any new U. S. route be established which is less than 300 miles in length.
Route Numbering on Interstate System
The plan for numbering routes on the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, formulated by the American Association of State Highway Officials and endorsed by the Bureau of Public Roads, provides for a distinctive design for the Interstate Route marker. The design is a shield of different size, color and shape from that used for the U. S. Route marker. The legend and border of the marker will be reflectorized white, the background will be reflectorized red at the top and reflectorized blue at the bottom. The legend "Interstate", the name of the State and the route number will be carried on the marker. An Interstate Route will carry the same number for the full length of the route through several States or entirely across the country.
In connection with the plan, special markers will be used to recognize and establish business routes, bypasses, alternate routes, and temporary routes. A special informational route marker has been adopted to direct traffic through and into the major business section of cities that are bypassed by the officially designated Interstate Route. This marker will have a green background with legend and border of white. Where traffic can leave the Interstate Route at an interchange on one side of the bypassed city and re-enter it at an interchange on the other, the word "Loop" will be used. Where the business traffic goes into the bypassed city and back to the Interstate Route over a single road and through the same interchange the word "Spur" is indicated.

MILEAGE OF HIGHWAYS, BY SYSTEMS June 30, 1958

Federal-aid Primary System: RuraL_________________________________________________________ U r b a n _________________________________________________________
Federal-aid Secondary System __________ _____ Not on any Federal-aid System _______________
Total ______________________________________________________________

State Highway
System

County Roads

City Streets

7,026.2 444.4
6,907.0 829.4

~------------------
30.8 6,481.0 66,792.5

-- - ----- ---------
- - ---- ----------
-------------------
7,431.7

15,207.0 73,304.3 7,431.7

Total Existing
Roads

Projected Mileage

Total Designated
System

7,026.2 475.2
13,388.0 75,053.6
95,943.0

1,055.6 166.2
-------- ----------------------------
1,221.8

8,081.8 641.4
13,388.0 75,053.6
97,164.8

The Federal-aid Primary System mileage includes 1,112 miles of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, most of which is projected mileage. The mileage of city streets is estimated. Urban extensions of State Highway System and County Roads within incorporated places are included in the mileage of the respective systems and are not classified as city streets. Also, the mileage of the Federal-aid Secondary System includes extensions through incorporated places.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 61

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS, BY TYPE OF SURFACE
June 30, 1958

Type of Surface
Unimproved ----------------------------Graded and Drained~---~----- ____ Soil-Surfaced____________________________ Gravel or Stone__________~_____________ Low-Type Bituminous____________ ~ High-Type Bituminous -----~--~Portland Cement Concrete~--Brick or Block__________________
Total_____________________________________~ -~ _
Unpaved ____________________________________ Paved_______________ ~--------_____________ ___
T o t a l __________________________________________ ~

State Highway System
37.8 745.6 459.7 296.2 5,771.0 6,172.9 1,715.7
8.1
15,207.0
1,539.3 13,667.7
15,207.0

County Roads
2,786.3 43,489.6
9,474.0 7,517.8 8,519.2 1,252.4
259.0 6.0
73,304.3
63,267.7 10,036.6
73,304.3

Total
2,824.1 44,235.2
9,933.7 7,814.0 14,290.2 7,425.3 1,974.7
14.1
88,511.3
64,807.0 23,704.3
88,511.3

A State-operated f e1ry was replaced by this modern, steel and concrete bridge ove1 the Ocmulgee River, on State Route 83, between Fo1syth and Monticello. P1oject S-0772 (8), Monroe-Jasper Counties.

Tw enty-Seventh R eport, State H ighway Department of Geo1gia 63
To p, old bridge which had already been cut by fire and was too na1row for two-way tmffic. Bottom, new bridge over the St. Marys River, on S tat e Route 94, between St . George, Georgia, and Callahan, Florida. Project
S-0955 (1), Charlton County, Georgia, and Nassau County, Flo1ida.

64 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM 1920- 1958

Date

Mileage

December 31, 1920____________ 4,800.0 December 31, 192L__________ 5,500.0 December 31, 1922____________ 5,500.0 December 31, 1923____________ 5,854.7 December 31, 1924 ____________ 6,248.8 December 31, 1925____________ 6,648.8 December 31, 1926____________ 7,048.8 December 31, 1927____________ 7,061.4 December 31, 1928___________ 7,075.6 December 31, 1929____________ 7,090.6 June 30, 1930____________________ 7,124.4 June 30, 193L__________________ 7,138.5 June 30, 1932 ___________________ 8,196.8 June 30, 1933 ________ __________ 8,498.3 June 30, 1934 __________________ 8,876.2 June 30, 1935 ____________________ 9,206.4 June 30, 1936___________________ 9,272.8 June 30, 1937____________________ 10,118.6 June 30, 1938____________________10,952.8 June 30, 1939____________________ 11,215.4 June 30, 1940____________________11,907.7 June 30, 1941__________________ 13,212.5
June 30, 1942 ___________________13,223.7 June 30, 1943____________________ 13,968.6 June 30, 1944____________________13,995.3 June 30, 1945___________________ 14,003.2 June 30, 1946__________________13,808.2 June 30, 1947____________________ 14,285.4 June 30, 1948 ___________________14,385.5 June 30, 1949____________________ 14,876.8 June 30, 1950____________________15,201.9 June 30, 1951___________________ 15,175.6 June 30, 1952 __________________15,228.9 June 30, 1953___________________15,097.8 June 30, 1954 __________________15,121.3 June 30, 1955____________________ 15,111.5 June 30, 1956 ___________________15,130.4 June 30, 1957____________________15,184.0 June 30, 1958___________________15,207.0

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 65
MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1958

County
Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham
Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
128.07 92.34 69.03 78.00 67.05 76.27 77.91
130.66 77.74
117.79 101.66
67.51 97.13 117.81 74.10 130.70 171.65 55.32 79.31 106.89 48.37 154.62 59.40 114.84 94.33 37.90 50.94 108.97 42.78 46.12 69.95 144.90 130.62

County Road System Mileage
795.70 435.36 498.28 299.57 288.88 402.13 328.38 722.99 336.50 658.52 395.84 301.45 429.02 607.30 218.01 1,113.66 1,062.57 304.30 301.90 262.23 388.33 1,012.79 262.44 203.63 294.25
59.23 457.45 746.38 227.69 182.10 339.74 464.44 859.47

Total Public Road
Mileage
923.77 527.70 567.31 377.57 355.93 478.40 406.29 853.65 414.24 776.31 497.50 368.96 526.15 725.11 292.11 1,244.36 1,234.22 359.62 381.21 369.12 436.70 1,167.41 321.84 318.47 388.58 97.13 508.39 855.35 270.47 228.22 409.69 609.34 990.09

66 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1958

County
Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene

State Certified Highway System Mileage
182.67 137.13
84.78 48.53 106.43 70.01 72.22 80.19 86.63 130.38 130.71 133.12 90.33 104.23 67.74 125.50 87.52 94.75 92.26 199.95 64.76 94.62 79.68 108.03 76.09 99.52 231.22 76.04 41.12 98.16 87.22 137.04 82.98

County Road System Mileage
736.31 857.24 304.76 422.32 693.92 337.39 526.47 207.37 223.36 686.58 760.81 739.72 649.75 281.21 357.93 565.65 220.08 456.60 624.14 842.91 247.30 358.38 370.10 690.74 450.58 576.03 1,366.05 423.03 193.75 210.48 556.52 588.75 407.35

Total Public Road
Mileage
918.98 994.37 389.54 470.85 800.35 407.40 598.69 287.56 309.99 816.96 891.52 872.84 740.08 385.44 425.67 691.15 307.60 551.35 716.40 1,042.86 312.06 453.00 449.78 798.77 526.67 675.55 1,597.27 499.07 234.87 308.64 643.74 725.79 490.33

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 67
MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1958

County
Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin McDuffie Mcintosh Macon Madison Marion Meriwether

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
142.30 91.77
144.95 80.00 75.13
133.75 85.60 '10.88 87.23
105.83 72.43 94.40
119.57 75.34
165.27 80.47 85.31 87.37 51.43 97.34
186.71 75.21 93.07 81.05 66.84
143.13 85.55 69.93 74.04
151.24 112.32
84.14 138.31

County Road System Mileage
969.20 412.21 806.36 439.94 554.00 483.45 561.36 434.93 635.71 394.45 467.93 614.36 395.48 483.41 566.28 396.51 406.03 406.59 322.17 206.08 1,122.75 371.78 195.03 212.76 204.10 703.69 319.10 310.60 122.82 437.40 594.45 381.40 716.51

Total Public Road
Mileage
1,111.50 503.98 951.31 519.94 629.13 617.20 646.96 505.81 722.94 500.28 540.36 708.76 515.05 558.75 731.55 476.98 491.34 493.96 373.60 303.42
1,309.46 446.99 288.10 293.81 270.94 846.82 404.65 380.53 196.86 588.64 706.77 465.54 854.82

68 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS BY COUNTIES June 80, .1958

County
Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
56.88 165.21 139.15
74.88 69.69 83.60 88.55 113.35 57.73 77.09 94.33 47.28 87.30 75.29 48.27 71.52 75.55 71.57 35.33 67.59 75.78 99.41 53.18 58.13 116.22 67.00 54.29 60.60 62.92 138.19 118.08 52.71 162.45

County Road System Mileage
409.61 653.91 449.92 342.03 466.34 390.13 289.36 422.87 261.88 554.85 546.66 209.19 362.72 510.93 378.07 530.70 271.06 314.89 140.09 305.18 421.76 442.62 240.43 205.26 631.56 315.94 443.71 347.29 349.13 537.96 332.59 175.87 732.38

Total Public Road
Mileage
466.49 819.12 589.07 416.91 536.03 473.73 377.91 536.22 319.61 631.94 640.99 256.47 450.02 586.22 426.34 602.22 346.61 386.46 175.42 372.77 497.54 542.03 293.61 263.39 747.78 382.94 498.00 407.89 412.05 676.15 450.67 228.58 894.83

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 69
MILEAGE OF STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND COUNTY ROADS BY COUNTIES
June 30, 1958

County
Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth

Certified State
Highway System Mileage
146.02 154.87
92.48 174.66
71.92 129.96
54.67 88.51 140.37 74.13 77.99 73.43 73.02 116.75 92.70 135.17 88.73 151.12 105.02 50.70 84.56 67.51 76.15 113.54 94.55 96.09 133.15

County Road System Mileage
443.74 437.17 412.80 584.99 522.26 488.16 131.91 297.29 524.50 437.12 339.15 373.14 435.46 602.11 636.22 624.73 328.44 739.38 609.35 227.68 350.83 296.49 500.61 479.09 437.66 402.35 811.79

Total Public Road
Mileage

589.76

592.04

505.28

759.65

594.18

618.12

186.58

385.8()

664.87

511.25

417.14

446.57

508.48.

718.86. i

728.92:

759.9()

417.17 i

890.50

714.37

,.,

278.38 435.39

364.00

576.76

592.63

532.21

498.44

944.94

Total

15,207.04

73,304.26

88,511.30

County Road System Mileage includes roads in National Forests, State Parks, and State Reservations.

70 Twenty-Seventh R epo1t, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Bridge over B eave1 Creek, on State Route 90, in Montezuma. Top, 44-ft. 1oadway section was 1equired to tie in with acljoining improved city street.
P1oject S-1174 (1), Macon County .

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 71
Measurement and Record
of Public Roads
Act No. 56 of the General Assembly, approved February 5, 1951, provides that the State Highway Department shall keep a record as accurate and up-to-date as is reasonably possible of all roads and bridges in the State. This record shall include the mileage of all roads and bridges on the various county road systems that are being maintained by the counties and the mileage of all roads and bridges which are a part of the State Highway System and are being maintained by the State Highway Department. The record shall show the mileage of roads in each county that is paved and unpaved, and such other information as to the condition, status, type and use as deemed necessary for sound long-range planning of construction and maintenance.
Measurement of Roads
The Act authorized the State Highway Board to employ personnel to go into the counties to inspect and measure the public roads and gather the information necessary for the compilation of the above records. The Highway Board directed the Division of Highway Planning to maintain the required records and to make the measurement of public roads in each county. The work was completed in all counties in 1954.
The legislative Act provides that not more than every four years the county road authorities may request an official inspection and measurement of the roads in the county, under the uniform rules and regulations of the Highway Department. Such re-measurement has been made in 42 counties during this biennium and in a total of 53 counties since 1954.

72 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

HIGHWAY USE OF MOTOR FUEL IN GEORGIA

1935-1957

120Qrr=---

~ roo

IIOOf----

- --, 1100

10001----

----: 1000

-- ~ ~ !8II00

100
YEAR
A tabulation of the motor fuel used for highway purposes is presented on the opposite page.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 73

HIGHWAY USE OF MOTOR FUEL IN GEORGIA

1925-1957

Year

Thousand Gallons

1925____________________________
1926________ -------------------
1927---------------------------1928____________________________

133,548
154,97 6
183,896 197,106

1929----------------------------
1930---------------------------193L_____ ____________________
1932______________________ ----1933____________________________

209' 794
213,089 211,767
190,592 202,196

1934 --------- ---- --- -- --1935 --------------------------1936 --------------------------1937------- ----- -------------1938 ---------- ---------------1939___________ - -------------1940____________________________ 194L__________________________

229,44 7 254,609 287,284 312,468 319,246 339,877 374,300 406,781

1942 ---------- ------------ -1943 ----- ------ ------------1944______ ---------------------1945 --------------------------1946 ---------------------------
194 7---------------------------1948 ----- --------------- ----1949 _____________ ---------
1950______ -------------------195L__________ ______________

324,259 282,739 314,692 367,726 495,202
540,087 579' 048 629,271
706,796 778,131

1952 ---------- ---------------- 877,130 1953---- ----- ---- ------------ 913,975 1954 - --- --- ---------------- 959,358 1955 ------ --- ______________ 1,053,372
1956 ----- --- ---- ------ - _1,124,187 1957----- ------ _______________ 1,161,457

MOTOR-VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN GEORGIA

1925-1957
1500

-:t

1&00

II'>-

>-;!

1400

1400

~

.";:,:'.l.

1!00

1300

"r"n

"<':

1200

1100

.";:,:.'l.

"~'"'

1100

1100

'"ctl'

_".,l..

1000

1000

.t,l.:.l

.~,..

000 '800

[l] AUTOMOBILES
DTRucKS a ausus

l

~--------,

900 800

"::'t:
~-
"~'"'

~

""t:::l

TOO

TOO

'"t'l

~

".,l..

000



;ii

.";:,:.'l.

500

500

.c....

400
l oo htmmm
200

e<::l

i

400

""c l '

"<:l

I

~I

.JOO

~-

lOP.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 75
MOTOR-VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN GEORGIA 1910-1957

(Publicly-owned vehicles not included for years prior to 1925)

Year

Automobiles

1910-------------------1911 ____________________ 1912____________________ 1913 ____________________

4,400 5,870 12,950 16,480

1914-------------------- 20,115

1915-------------------- 24,000 1916____________________ 44,025

1917______ - ----------- 66,824 1918____________________ 99,676

1919-------------------- 127,000 1920___________________ - 134,000 192L _________________ 118,476

1922______________ ----- 126,498

1923-------------------- 151,420

1924____ --------------- 181,413 1925____________________ 218,271

1926____________________ 242,691

1927-------------------- 263,404

1928___ ---------------- 278,673

1929-------------------- 311,255

1930___ ---------------- 295,373

1931 __ -------------- - 275,502

1932 ------------------- 246,694

1933-- ----------------- 280,047 1934____________________ 315,764 1935____________________ 327,120 1936__________________ -- 336,968 193L__________________ 362,311

1938____________________ 358,124

1939-------------------- 386,477

1940-------------------- 413,541 1941____________________ 461,815 1942__________________-- 444,878

1943-------------------- 421,497

1944-------------------- 425,196

Busses
2,155 2,067 2,161 2,631 2,612 2,717 3,731 4,045 4,150 3,775 4,335

Trucks
90 190 620 710 800 1,000 2,000 3,500 5,000 10,000 12,000 13,500 16,925 22,469 26,275 32,278 37,378 39,946 42,981 50,821 49,510 48,758 45,035 54,691 64,243 70,129 77,130 83,292 77,736 87,310 93,156 100,352 97,240 94,513 98,684

Total
4,490 6,060 13,570 17,190 20,915 25,000 46,025 70,324 104,676 137,000 146,000 131,976 143,423 173,889 207,688 250,549 280,069 303,350 321,654 362,076 344,883 324,260 291,729 334,738 382,162 399,316 416,259 448,234 438,472 476,504 510,428 566,212 546,268 519,785 528,215

View of constnwtion unde1 way on the Atlanta circumferential 1'0ttte (l nte?state Highway 285) whme it mosses Inte?state Route 85 no?'theast of Atlanta,. P1oject 1-407-1 (5), Ct. 1, DeKalb County.

Twenty-S eventh R epo1t, State H ighway Depa1t?nent of Georgia 77

MOTOR-VEHICLE REGISTRATIONS IN GEORGIA 1910- 1957
(Publicly-owned vehicles not included for years prior to 1925)

Y ear

Automobiles

1945 ---------------- 420,046 1946 ____________________ 451,626 1947____________________ 501,401
1948-------------------- 542,480 1949___ -------------- 605,978 1950 - - ------------- 693,821 195L _______________ 754,040 1952 ___________________ 800,463 1953____________________ 848,514 1954____________________ 894,392 1955____________________ 988,079
.1956---------------- 1,017,383 1957--------------- 1,056,708

B u s s es
4,484 4,782 5,088 5,052 5,188 5,475 5,643 6,170 6,314 6,487 6,566 6,861 6,714

T Tucks
106,242 126,592 151,817 168,755 181,225 198,222 209,484 215 ,089 226,575 232,649 244,273 249,019 256,866

To tal
530,772 583,000 658 ,306 716,287 792,391 897,518 969,167 1,021,722 1,081,403 1,133,528 1,238,918 1,273,263 1,320,288

. A n imp1ovement of the Geo1gia Rural Roads A uthoTity on t he 1oad between Calva1y and Prince's Still, in Grady Cotmty. P1oject 2 RR-PR 2097 (1), Ct. 2.

78 Tw enty-Sev enth Report, State Highway Depa1tment of Georgia
Precast conc1ete slabs w e1e included in this im provement on the AttapulgusClimax 1oad in Decatur County. Ge01gia Rural Roads Authority P1oject
2 RR-PR 2051 (1).
Another type of precast bridge f inanced by the Georgia Rural Roads AuthO?ity . This is over Sawhatchee C1eek, on the H entown-Hilton 1oad, in
Ea1ly County. Project 2 RR-PR 9202 (1) .

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 79
Georgia Rural Roads Authority
The Georgia Rural Roads Authority was created by an Act of the General Assembly, approved February 8, 1955, as a body corporate and politic and an instrumentality and public corporation of the State of Georgia. The purpose of the Authority is to construct rural roads not on the State Highway System by means of long-term revenue bond financing.
Membership
The Act provides that the Authority shall consist of a member of the State Highway Board to be designated by the Governor and four additional members who shall be appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate. The original appointments to the Authority on February 9, 1955, were Dixon Oxford of Dawson, Chairman (member of the State Highway Board), Walter B. Williams, Sr. of Gray, Willis N. Harden of Commerce, L.A. Lee of Dalton, and David S. Price of Jesup.
Mr. Oxford resigned on July 15, 1955, and was succeeded as Chairman of the Authority and member of the Highway Board by Roger H. Lawson of Hawkinsville. On July 1, 1957, Mr. Lawson resigned and Roy F. Chalker of Waynesboro, a member of the Highway Board, was named as Chairman of the Authority. Mr. Harden resigned as a member of the Authority on January 28, 1958 and Earl B. May of Bainbridge was appointed to succeed him.
John E. Sheffield, Jr. is Secretary and Benton Odom is Treasurer of the Authority.
Projects
The Act provides that the projects to be constructed by the Authority shall be initiated upon recommendation of the State Highway Board; that the Authority shall consider such request and may provide for undertaking and financing of all or any part of the projects recommended, but it shall be under no duty to undertake or finance any of them.
The right-of-way is obtained by the county in which the project is located and deeded to the Authority. The State Highway De-

80 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
partment makes the surveys, prepares the plans and specifications, and furnishes engineering and construction supervision for projects of the Rural Roads Authority, and is reimbursed by the Authority for the costs involved. The construction is performed under contracts let by competitive bids, except that a contract may be made with a county or other political subdivision, upon agreed terms and without bids, but the unit prices shall not exceed the average of the unit prices submitted in the immediately preceding 60 days by competitive bidders for similar construction to the Highway Department or the Authority.

Bonds
The Authority is authorized to issue negotiable bonds in a sum not to exceed $100 million outstanding at any one time for the purpose of paying the cost of constructing rural roads and bridges, but this amount shall not exceed $30 million unless authorized by the Governor. The bonds and the income thereof are exempt from all taxation within the State. The bonds shall not be deemed to constitute a debt of the State of Georgia or a pledge of the credit of the State, but shall be payable solely from the rental to be paid for the use of the projects by the State Highway Department, as outlined below. Bonds have been issued and delivered as shown below.

BONDS ISSUED BY RURAL ROADS AUTHORITY

Date

Amount

December 21, 1955 ________________________________________ $14,500,000

July 12, 1956 _________________________________________________ 15,500,000

February 14, 1957 ________________________________________ 17,500,000

August 28, 1957 ___________________________________________ 17,500,000

February 18, 1958 ________________________________________ 17,500,000

Total ------------------------------------- __________________________ $82,500,000

Rentals
The roads constructed by the Rural Roads Authority are leased to the State Highway Department for a term not in excess of 50 years. The rental payments are used to retire .the bonds, to pay the administrative and operating expenses of the Authority, and to reimburse the Highway Department for any

Twenty-Seventh R eport, Sta te Highway Department of Georgia 81

funds expended for the Authority. Upon retirement of the bonds, the rentals shall cease and the roads shall be maintained as a part of the public road system of the counties in which the roads are located. The roads are also maintained by the respective counties during the term of the leases.

Contmcts A wa1ded
During this biennium, the Rural Road Authority awarded contracts for the construction of 86 bridges and 1,804 miles of roadway improvements, at a total cost of over $39 million. The following tabulation gives information as to the contracts let for the past three years.

CONTRACTS AWARDED BY RURAL ROADS AUTHORITY

Fiscal Year E nding June 90
l 956 1957 1958
Total

N u m ber of
B1idges
68
30
56
--
154

Grading (Miles )
90
595 571 -1,256

Bi tumino u s Stt?"/acing
(Miles)
1,284
752
1,052
--
3,088

Amount of
Cont1acts
$15,764,3,49.00 15,672,619.50 24,020 ,883.51
$55,457,852 .01

A n old timbe1 b1idge was 1eplaced by this 168-ft. p1ecast conC?ete bridge, over Ti ble R ive?, on Post Road between B elfast and K elle1, in Bryan County. This improvement was Georgia Ru1al Roads Auth01ity P1oject
4-RR-PR 2767 (1) , S ection 1.

Peachtree Battle Avenue aTches neatly ove1 the northwest leg of the Atlanta E xpressway, Interstate Route 75. Project
Ul-586 (5).

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 83
State Bridge Building Authority
The State Bridge Building Authority was created by an Act of the General Assembly, approved March 25, 1953, as a body corporate and politic which shall be deemed to be an instrumentality of the State of Georgia and a public corporation. It is entirely separate from the State Highway Department, but because of the close relationship existing between the two agencies, information concerning the State Bridge Building A:u~hority is presented in this report.
Purpose
The preamble to the Act set forth the purpose of the Authority as follows:
"Whereas, it is necessary to provide additional bridges of durable and lasting construction within the highway system of the State and to replace many substandard and worn out bridges within the highway system of the State which are hazards to traffic and which presently require a large annual maintenance expenditure, and
"Whereas, it is advisable to authorize the financing in whole or in part of the construction of such bridges without creating any debt of the State, by the issuance of revenue bonds of the Authority for that purpose."
Membership
The Act provides that the Authority shall consist of three members, one of whom shall be the Chairman of the State Highway Board. The remaining two members were appointed by the Governor for terms expiring on July 1, 1956, and July 1, 1959, respectively. Subsequent appointments of the two members shall be for terms of six years. The Authority elects one of its members as chairman and another as vice-chairman, and a secretary and treasurer, who need not necessarily be a member of the Authority. The members serve without compensation, but are entitled to reimbursement for actual expenses incurred in the performance of their duties.

84 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Roy F. Chalker, a member of the State Bridge Building Authority by virtue of being Chairman of the State Highway Board, is the present Chairman of the Authority. The other members, appointed by the Governor, are Frank G. Binford of Thomaston and J. J. McLanahan of Elberton. Benton Odom, Secretary and Treasurer of the Highway Department, serves as Secretary of the State Bridge Building Authority.
Revenue Bonds
The State Bridge Building Authority was granted the power to issue negotiable revenue bonds in a sum not to exceed $30 million outstanding at any one time for the purpose of paying for the cost of construction of bridges and approaches thereto. During 1953 and 1954, bonds in the total amount of $30,635,000 were issued. The bonds bear interest and are not deemed to constitute a debt of the State of Georgia, but are payable solely from the fund created by the rental of the bridges. The bonds and interest therefrom are exempt from taxation by the State of Georgia.
As a portion of the revenue bonds have been retired, additional bonds in the amount of $6,200,000 will be sold in November 1958 and contracts will be awarded for the construction of additional bridges.
Lease of Bridges
The bridges constructed by the Authority are leased to the State Highway Department for terms not exceeding 50 years, and a separate Act of the General Assembly authorizes the State Highway Board to enter into lease contracts with the Authority, provided that the total of such lease rentals contracted to be paid at any time shall never exceed $2.5 million per year.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 85
State Toll Bridge Authority
The State Toll Bridge Authority was created by an Act of the General Assembly, approved March 2, 1953, as a body corporate and politic and an instrumentality and public corporation of the State of Georgia. The purpose of the Authority is to construct bridges on the State Highway System to be financed by the issuance of revenue bonds of the Authority secured by the revenue to be received from tolls.
Membership
The Act provides that the Authority shall consist of three members, appointed by the Governor. The initial terms were to expire on July 1 of the years 1955, 1957, and 1959, and subsequent terms were to be for a period of six years. The members serve without compensation, but are entitled to reimbursement for their actual expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. Kenneth W. Dunwody of Macon is Chairman of the Authority, and the other members are DeNean Stafford of Tifton and Robert B. Lee of Leesburg. Benton Odom is Secretary of the Authority.
Projects
The Act provides that the Governor, in his discretion, or upon the recommendation of the State Highway Board, is authorized to call a joint meeting of the Authority and the State Highway Board for the purpose of initiating all projects which may be considered under the authority of the Act.
Tolls
For the purpose of earning sufficient revenues to make possible the financing of the construction of the projects of the Authority with revenue bonds, the Authority is authorized and empowered to collect tolls on each project which it shall cause to be constructed. When the bonds issued for a particular bridge have been paid in full, the tolls shall cease and the bridge shall become a part of the State Highway System and thereafter be maintained by the State Highway Department.

86 Twenty-Seventh R eport, State Highway Depa1tment of Geo1gia
Bonds The Authority is authorized to issue negotiable revenue bonds, to mature within 40 years, and to be paid solely from tolls and other revenues from the bridges to be constructed from the proceeds of the bonds. The bonds and income thereof are exempt from all taxation within the State. The bonds shall not constitute a debt of the State of Georgia or a pledge of the faith and credit of the State. In November 1954, the State Toll Bridge Authority issued bonds in the sum of $6,650,000 to defray the cost of building a bridge over the Turtle River at Brunswick, in Glynn County, which has been named the Sidney Lanier Bridge. It is 4,470 feet, 6% inches in length, and was opened to traffic on June 22, 1956. This is the only bridge to be constructed by the Authority to date.
B1idge over Flint Rive?' on the Post Road between Thomaston and Po Biddy, which 1eplaced an antique, t1uss spam. P1oject BA (8) 85 (6), Talbot-
Upson Counties.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 87
Legal Division
EUGENE COOK, Attorney General PAUL MILLER, Assistant Attorney General LAMAR J. MURDAUGH, Assistant Attorney General E. J. SUMMEROUR, Assistant Attorney General
The unit of the State Law Department assigned to the Highway Department under the Attorney General includes three Assistant Attorneys General and two Attorneys, with secretarial assistance. The volume of work involved in managing the legal affairs of a hundred-million-dollar business is tremendous. Much of it is handled by county attorneys, and a few city attorneys, working in cooperation with the members of the Attorney General's staff.
Legal Opinions
Quite a bit of time, however, is taken up in the preparation of official opinions for the signature of the Attorney General at the request of the Chairman or some other member of the Highway Board, the Secretary and Treasurer,,,.or tlJ.e State Highway Engineer. Under the organization set up for the Legal Unit of the Highway Department, the senior Assistant Attorney General assigned to that unit is responsible for the preparation of these opinions. Of course, he has available the advice of his colleagues and the assistance of their talented research. Likewise, he is free to discuss his thinking with the Attorney General and on occasion with other Assistant Attorneys General especially qualified to assist in the question under discussion.
A time-consuming chore is the approval of documents. Many, many contracts, permits, options, leases, deeds, and allied documents flow en masse over the desk of the senior Assistant Attorney General.
Litigation
But the most exacting, the most interesting, and the most timeconsuming part of this job of legal representation is concerned with litigation. This litigation falls mainly into two classes:

88 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
(a) those in which the Highway Department is plaintiff and (b) those in which the Highway Department is defendant, or where some county is the defendant and the Highway Department is made quasi-defendant by vouchment.
In group (a) above, there are two broad classifications of cases which are in turn subject to subclassifications. Perhaps the biggest single group of all cases are the condemnations. Thousands of parcels of real estate are required for the Interstate Highway System, which is almost wholly on new locations, and much of which passes through highly urbanized territory where even a relatively short stretch of Interstate highway may require hundreds of parcels of real estate.
Negotiation failing, condemnation must be resorted to. Sometimes the counties bring condemnation suits in the name of the county; but in most instances the counties bring the condemnation suits in the name of the State Highway Department, thus obviating another step in the transfer of title. The City of Atlanta has found it advantageous to bring all condemnation suits in the name of that city. One or two other cities have adopted the same procedure.
A summary of these cases shows that a total of 697 cases have been filed during the past two years, of which 367 cases have been disposed of and 334 are still pending. These have been filed on over 50 projects in more than 40 counties. In the main, the county attorneys have, with advice and assistance from the Legal Division, been able to handle the bulk of these cases. However, personal appearances or interventions have been necessary in at least 25 of them.
Note should be taken of the disastrous decision rendered by the Georgia Supreme Court in the matter of City of Atlanta v. Woodside Storage Company, 214 Ga. 75. In that case the condemnee moved to dismiss an appeal filed by the condemnor from the award of the assessors to a jury on the ground that the condemnor (City of Atlanta) had failed to deposit the award or pay it to the condemnee before filing the appeal. The Supreme Court upheld this principle by a split court, four to three. The dissenting opinion ably states the position of the Highway Department.
Every effort is now being exerted to obtain a reversal of this decision and there are pending some thirty-odd appeals from similar motions granted by the trial court. Each of these appeals

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 89
involves the preparation of a bill of exceptions, the filing of the same and preparation of briefs in support. By and large, however, the Legal Division has cause for pride in a magnificent job well done (mostly by the county attorneys) on condemnations.
Right-of-Way Encroachments
A second group of cases where the State Highway Department is plaintiff involves an effort to remove encroachments from right-of-way. Experience has indicated that in the past rightsof-way have not been as well protected as they should have been; and buildings, gas pumps, sheds, advertising signs, and even houses have been so erected as to lie wholly or partly on right-ofway property. Due to a tightening of Bureau of Public Roads restrictions, it has been necessary to move against these encroachments.
A signal victory was obtained by the Legal Division by winning the case of Davidson v. State Highway Department, 213 Ga. 599. The Davidson case establishes firmly the principle that these encroachments may be "enjoined off" the highway right-of-way as continuing trespasses. This type of injunction suit is much simpler than to bring an eviction or other type of case to remove an intruder. Since the Davidson case was decided, the principle has been upheld in other cases; and many encroachments have been removed on the mere hint of legal suit. Ten cases are now pending for injunction for removal of encroachments and six or seven more are on the verge of being filed.
Claims
Another class of case in which the Highway Department is plaintiff involves the collection of claims for damages caused to Highway Department property by careless persons, usually motorists. By actual filing of suit, damages have been collected in 14 cases. The largest judgment was for approximately $11,000. Some 25 cases are now in some stage of negotiation which may or may not be followed by suit. Approximately 125 cases have had recovery effected without suit.
Injunction Suits
Another type of case in which the State Highway Department is plaintiff is very limited in number but important in total impact. This is the filing of injunction suits to prevent persons

90 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
interfering with the contractors in the construction of roads, or interfering with sign marking or other activities along the highways; or to compel compliance with the terms of a permit for the construction of driveways, or the erection of a traffic light, or other use of a State highway.
Highway Department as Defendant
Cases where the Highway Department is the defendants fall generally into three classes, (a) injunctions to prevent some interference with the Highway Department; (b) damage suits against a county with vouchment against the Highway Department for damages caused to real estate abutting the highway by the construction of a road; and (c) damages to personal property or injuries to persons caused by defective bridges along the highway. The Legal Division has been very successful in handling cases of all three types. Other cases involve suits on contract between a construction company and the Highway Department and most of these have been won.
Other Work
The Legal Division has spent considerable time in preparation of proposed laws, working in cooperation with the Bill Drafting Unit. This division has assumed responsibility for the investigation of claims filed in the General Assembly for damages caused by State employees. Since most of the injuries to the public occur with Highway Department equipment, most of the bills and resolutions introduced concern highway matters. Some legal work has also been performed for the several Authorities, especially the Georgia Rural Roads Authority.
An Act of the 1958 General Assembly authorized the Highway Department to reimburse the Attorney General for certain legal services rendered in connection with the acquisition of rights-ofway on the Interstate Highway System. A plan for implementation of this has been placed in effect and is proving to be satisfactory in practice.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 91
Division of Public Relations
SAM CALDWELL Director of Public Relations
The Division of Public Relations was set up in the fall of 1956. With the tremendous increase in highway construction, the need for such a unit was recognized in order to assist the newspapers and other news media in keeping the public informed. The Director of Public Relations reports to the State Highway Engineer and the State Highway Board, and his staff includes an Informational Assistant, a Photographer, and secretarial personnel. In the beginning, with only one person assigned to Public Relations, the operations were confined to distributing news releases to the daily and weekly newspapers throughout the State. Today, the division makes use of radio, television, and newspapers, and prepares the monthly magazine Georgia Highways, which compares favorably with any highway publication in the United States.
Press Relations
The Division of Public Relations acts somewhat as liaison between the members of the press and the engineers within the Highway Department. In the past, engineers sometimes have been reluctant to talk to newsmen for fear of being misquoted or becoming involved in controversial matters. Some of them have justly developed this reluctance from experience, while others are naturally adverse to any type of publicity. This division has helped to overcome that attitude to a large extent by assisting newsmen in gathering complete information, while safeguarding the interest of the engineers by acquainting newsmen with their complex problems and reminding them of the political neutrality of the engineers.
To establish and maintain good relations with the press, and with the public, there must be a completely open policy on all official matters within the Highway Department. Any attempt to suppress news or withhold information immediately arouses suspicion and oftentimes causes undue criticism. Relations with the press have improved considerably by maintaining an "open door"

Cove1s of the Geo1gia Highways Magazine.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 93
policy on all official highway matters. This policy was clarified, at the request of this division, by the State Highway Board in the following directive, issued March 4, 1958.
Any public organization which is supported by the taxpayers is subject to the scrutiny and inspection of the public at all times. It has been and will continue to be the policy of the Highway Board that all official records within the Highway Department are open to the public at all times. Highway Department personnel are not obligated to spend their time in assisting everyone who wishes to examine their files, nor are they expected to express their personal opinions publicly on subjects of which they are not fully informed. However, no one serving within the Highway Department has the authority to withhold any official record from members of the press or any other citizens of this State.
Newspapers
News releases to newspapers are prepared by this division and most of them are produced and mailed to every daily and weekly newspaper in the State. Quite often, newspaper editors write or call requesting news stories on specific matters in their areas and local news releases are prepared and sent to them. Also, local news releases are prepared for certain newspapers on traffic surveys being made in their areas, and on final inspections of rural roads. A release is prepared before and after each contract letting, giving a description of each road project involved.
Radio and Television
There is no regularly scheduled program by the Highway Department on radio or television. However, these two media are used extensively in reporting news events concerning highway activities. Frequently, this division arranges interviews and assists with scripts for radio and television newscasters, with the Highway Board members and the State Highway Engineer. Sometimes, tape recordings are made on important events and mailed to radio stations.
Highway Magazine
The biggest and most successful accomplishment of this division has been the creation of the Georgia Highways magazine. The magazine, a 20-page, two-color, slick publication, began in

94 Twenty-Sev enth R epo1t, S tate Highw ay Depa1tment of Georgia January 1958. Published monthly, it is directed primarily to the general public and covers various activities of the Highway Department, with feature stories on related subjects. Many of the articles are written and by-lined by the engineers. This division assists these engineers in preparing these articles o as to make them ea ier for the laymen to under tand. The aim of the magazine is simply to relate the progress being made on highways throughout the State, staying clear of any political controversies and making no at tempt to bolster any potential candidate or admini tration.
B1idge ove1 Mu le C1eek on a Post R oad between Quitman and Mo ultrie. N ew alignment and r eplacem en t of a tim ber bridge imp1oved t his school-bus
1oute. P1oject S-1209 (1) , Brooks County.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 95
Personnel Division
JOHN C. LEWIS Personnel Administrator and Compensation Claims Executive
The Personnel Division receives and analyzes applications for employment, interviews applicants, and cooperates with the division heads in the selection and assignment of qualified personnel, including engineering, technical, accounting and clerical workers.
The employment of all personnel and changes in salary, promotions, transfers, etc., are authorized by the State Highway Board, and the Personnel Division prepares or processes the necessary documents for submission to the Board. This division maintains files containing pertinent information concerning each employee, which is made available to the Board in connection with advancement of employees.
State Merit System
The Highway Department has been operating under the State Merit System of Personnel Administration nearly nine years. Slightly more than half of the employees, excluding laborers, are in positions covered by the Merit System, including engineers, draftsmen, instrumentmen, inspectors, laboratory technicians, accounting and clerical personnel. Employees not covered by the Merit System are those assigned to the equipment repair shops, foremen, timekeepers, patrolmen, rodmen, chainmen, equipment operators, and other miscellaneous nontechnical workers.
The Personnel Division maintains liaison with the State Merit System and handles all matters pertaining to the System, such as scheduling of examinations for employees, maintaining uniformity in salary for the different job classifications, submission of the required reports, and all other details to insure compliance with the rules and regulations of the Merit System.
Employees' Retirement System
Since January 1, 1950, employees of the Highway Department who are under the Merit System have been covered by the Em-

96 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
ployees' Retirement System of Georgia, except those who were employed prior to that date and themselves elected not to become a member of the Retirement System. On July 1, 1953, the Retirement System was extended to cover all employees of the Highway Department, regardless of Merit System status, except those who were employed at that time and preferred not to participate in the retirement plan.
An employee is eligible for retirement at age 60, or after 30 years of service. Retirement is compulsory at the age of 70, except that persons with professional, scientific and/or technical skill who are so certified to the Retirement System by the State Highway Board may continue in their employment. During this biennium, 60 employees have retired and a total of 156 persons have retired since the plan became effective on January 1, 1950.
Since July 1, 1956, all employees of the Highway Department have also been covered by the Old Age and Survivors Insurance program under the Federal Social Security law, except those who were employed at that time and elected not to participate. All matters pertaining to the Retirement System and the Old Age and Survivors Insurance program are handled within the Highway Department by the Division of Finance and Audits, which is responsible for keeping the necessary records and submitting the required reports.
Personnel Procurement
For several years the Highway Department has operated with an insufficient number of engineering personnel, and with the expansion of the highway program, it was realized that in order to obtain the required number of engineers that something should be done to interest young civil engineering graduates in employment with the Department. Accordingly, early in 1957 the Highway Board and the State Highway Engineer authorized the inauguration of a special recruiting program. This program is in charge of Hunter G. Johnson, Personnel Procurement Officer, who reports to the State Highway Engineer and works in full cooperation with the Personnel Division.
The recruitment program is extended to all engineering schools in the Southeast, and about 40 graduates have been employed as Junior Highway Engineers during the first 18 months of the program.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 97
In-Service Training Program
A special system of in-service training for civil engineering graduates has been in operation for the past eight years. Under this program, the trainee is transferred from unit to unit on a prearranged schedule and his assignment consists of actual performance of the regular duties of the unit, with full facilities of the unit being made available. In this manner, he is enabled to acquire a thorough working knowledge of the details of each phase of the work. Several of these engineers have completed the three-year training program and are holding responsible positions in the Department. The training program has been described in an attractive booklet, A Career in Highway Engineering, which gives complete information as to the type of work included in the program, etc. Quantities of this booklet have been distributed among the graduating classes in civil engineering in leading technical schools and universities throughout the country.
Cooperative Plan of Employment
The Highway Department also has in effect the cooperative plan for college students, whereby civil engineering students work with the Highway Department for three months and attend school three months, continuing through the Junior school year. This program gives the trainee an opportunity, while attending school, to coordinate engineering principles as taught with the principles of actual highway design, construction and maintenance, thereby qualifying him for a more advanced and responsible job when he receives his degree from college. Over a period of years, the Highway Department has acquired a considerable number of key engineers through the cooperative plan.
In addition to the cooperative plan for civil engineers, the Highway Department participates in a cooperative plan with Southern Technical Institute, for young men who find it necessary to get a technical degree in less time than is required in a full-course engineering school. The plan was started at Southern Technical Institute in the fall of 1957 and 50 students are now enrolled under the cooperative plan and working for the Highway Department. This is a very fine program and one that will mean much to the future of both the school and the Highway Department.

l

98 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia

AASHO 25-Year Award of Merit

The benefits to be derived by an organization from the long and faithful service of its employees are well known and the State Highway Department is fortunate in having a large number of employees with many years of service. During this biennium 7 employees received recognition in this respect by being presented with the Twenty-Five-Year Award of Merit of the American Association of State Highway Officials. This award, consisting of a certificate and lapel button, is conferred annually by the Association to employees in certain grades, who have had twenty-five years of service, either continuous or cumulative, in one or more member departments. The member departments are the 48 State highway departments, the Territorial Departments of Puerto Rico and Hawaii, the District of Columbia Highway Department, and the Bureau of Public Roads. The following employees of the State Highway Department of Georgia received the Association's Twenty-Five-Year Award of Merit during 1957 and 1958:

A. L. Coker Ralph A. Davis H. C. Nichols R. B. Patterson, Jr.

M. R. Slappey M. L. Soper John W. Wade

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 99
Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping
L. W. VERNER State Highway Location Engineer
The Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping is responsible for all location surveys, aerial photographic mapping, and the operation of an aerial laboratory. The unprecedented demand for surveys to keep pace with the expanding highway program, particularly on the Interstate System, became so great that the making of conventional ground surveys has been largely replaced with photogrammetry and aerial surveys.
Addition to Aerial Laboratory
An addition to the aerial laboratory building, located at the Atlanta Airport, has just been completed and occupied by the photogrammetry unit of the Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping. The original building was designed primarily for aerial film processing, enlarging photographs, storing film and chemicals, with a section being used for drafting work, but the space was inadequate to properly carry on all phases of the work. The new building will be devoted entirely to housing four Kelsh photogrammetric plotting machines, drafting and computing rooms with additional filing space, and a vault for storing rolls of aerial film. A room has also been designed for a "first-order" machine which is to be added to the equipment in the near future.
Photogrammetric Methods
The adoption of photogrammetric methods of highway location has solved a problem which could have become acute because of the shortage of engineering personnel. In the five field divisions, there are 15 to 20 parties engaged in making conventional ground surveys on primary, secondary, and rural roads projects, under the supervision of the Field Division Engineers. Two statewide ground control parties, under the direction of the State Highway Location Engineer, operatin!f between given points, establish horizontal and vertical controls simultaneously for instrument plotting to insure accuracy as to scale in the finished topographic map.

100 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Airplane and Camera
The Highway Department has recently acquired a twinmotored airplane and a precision aerial camera. With a limited number of days of weather suitable for making aerial pictures, the added cruising speed of the twin-motored plane will add materially to the miles of flying in the course of a year, as compared to the speed in operation of the old single-motored plane that not only lacked an acceptable cruising speed, but did not have the capacity for high altitude flying.
The precision camera, which is as free of distortion as is humanly possible to achieve, supplies the photogrammetric unit with aerial pictures suitable for making plates for use on the Kelsh plotters in the preparation of topographic maps.
Kelsh Plotters
The Kelsh plotter, four of which are in operation in the laboratory building, is a stereoscopic mapping instrument that recreates the natural terrain features at a miniature scale by double optical projection. The projected images are those of two overlapping aerial photographs, properly oriented to each other and a given datum. After being processed through six stages of plotting by photogrammetric methods, manuscript maps are traced on linen, and the finished topographic maps are submitted to the office of the State Highway Location Engineer.
Final Location on Contour Maps
After much study and thought, preliminary locations are transcribed on the topographic maps. Profiles are projected on the various lines from contours. Many factors are considered in determining the final location of a highway. Perhaps the most important is the element of safety for those driving on the highway and entering upon the highway. Probably next in importance is the social and economic characteristics of the area being served by the highway and, of course, the costs of rightof-way and construction are major factors. Exits and entrances at existing highways are also important in design and location because the flow of traffic at all points must remain reasonably constant.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 101
From the projected lines on the contour maps, and governed by the factors mentioned above, a final location is determined. After tentative approval of the location by the State Highway Engineer and the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, a set of sepia prints, with the approved location transcribed thereon, is turned over to the Division of Road Design for a preliminary design of roadway and intersections.
In addition to the contour maps, this division prepares topographic maps of major intersections on the Interstate and Primary Systems with 2-foot contour intervals. ';['his additional mapping gives a more detailed and accurate picture of the physical features of the many intersections that often present complex problems in design. During the past year, 60 intersections, with an average length of 1;2 mile, have been mapped.
Interstate System
The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways in Georgia will comprise about 1,112 miles. Through contracts with outside engineering concerns, the Highway Department has acquired 568 miles of topographic and planimetric mapping, and 208 miles of surveys have been made by the Department's ground survey crews, making a total of 776 miles of the Interstate System for which surveys have been made. This leaves only 336 miles of the Interstate System on which surveys have yet to be made. Some portions of this remaining mileage include existing highways which will be made limited access and improved to Interstate standards, while others will be on new locations.

102 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Division of Road Design
JOHN M. WILKERSON, JR. State Road Design Engineer
The Division of Road Design is responsible for the preparation of plans from the original survey notes to the final stage for all Federal-aid Primary and Interstate highway projects which are located outside the urban limits of the larger municipalities. Occasionally plans are prepared for Federal-aid Urban projects within the smaller cities.
Prior to 1957, Federal-aid Secondary projects were also designed in this division but on January 1, 1957, the responsibility for preparation of plans for these projects was assigned to the field division offices. The Division of Road Design was reorganized to handle only the design work for projects on the Interstate and Primary Systems. It was administratively decided that the employment of consulting engineers would be held to the minimum required to get the Interstate program started and to execute specialized designs requiring the services of speciality engineers whose regular employment by the Highway Department would not be economical or feasible. The Interstate progam has been successfully launched; it is on schedule; and with the engineering organization now employed, the schedule required for the design of the Interstate System can be maintained with only limited specialized assistance from consulting engineers outside the Highway Department.
Design
All phases of the engineering design of each individual project are accomplished or correlated with other divisions by the Division of Road Design. This includes the determination of the types and sizes of all drainage structures, the proper roadway grades to meet the requirements for safety, drainage, speed design, economy in construction, maximum utilization of soils present in the right-of-way, minimum right-of-way requirements, and the extent of relocation and reconstruction of all utility lines affected by the projects. This design work also includes the selection of pavement types and designs which will effect the maxi-

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 103
mum economy by utilization of natural materials available in the specific locality as well ~..o provide the strength and stability required for the weight and volume of the anticipated traffic, and the selection of lane widths, types of intersections and their detailed design. The quantities of each item of work required to completely construct the project are estimated. Through the assimilation, coordination and combination of all of the items mentioned, a complete set of plans is prepared, by which the project may be constructed. It is also determined what Special Provisions will be needed to augment the Highway Department's Standard Specifications to cover special items of construction required for each project.
Electronic Computer
The electronic computer is used for the computation of grades, drainage areas, earthwork quantities, slope stake notes, mass ordinates, and many other miscellaneous mathematical problems. Use of the computer results in great savings in time and engineering talent, and has greatly accelerated the production of the large volume of completed plans required for the current Federalaid Primary and Interstate programs. Additional information on the electronic computer is contained in the section of this report under the Division of Finance and Audits, in which division the computer is operated.
Photogrammetry
The Division of Road Design and the Division of Surveys and Aerial Mapping are developing methods of design employing the latest photogrammetric methods. This new tool is being developed primarily for use on the design of the Interstate highways. However, it has a tremendous potentiality and the use of photogrammetry is spreading to specific design problems on Primary projects. The use of this newest and latest highway engineering science is effecting large economies in construction costs as well as engineering manpower required for the creation of the Interstate Highway System. Georgia leads all the Southeastern States and ranks high among the States of the nation in the extent to which it has adapted photogrammetry to the design of highways, using its own forces.

104 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
Reproduction
The Division of Road Design operates a complete unit for the reproduction of plans. The equipment consists of a new automatic blueline printing machine and a self-developing photostat layout. Still in operation for peak-load work and for special jobs is the old continuous-roll blueprint machine. Blueprints, blueline prints and photostats of plans required by the General Office, the field divisions, the Bureau of Public Roads and the contractors are produced by this unit. The quick production of blueline prints and photostats by the new equipment has accelerated the processing of plans and has materially reduced the cost and time requirements.
Contact with Other Agencies
The Division of Road Design maintains contact with the Bureau of Public Roads to the end that all matters pertaining to design conform to their requirements and all completed plans meet with their approval. Contact is also maintained with the various operating committees of the American Association of State Highway Officials, and with the highway officials of other States in order that this division may keep abreast of the latest trends and developments in highway design.
Records
It is the responsibility of the Division of Road Design to assign project numbers to all State-aid projects, Post Road projects, and projects of the Rural Roads Authority and the State Bridge Building Authority, as well as projects constructed by State forces. Permannt file records are kept as to the location of these projects. Files are also maintained for all original plan tracings for all projects on which plans have been prepared since the Highway Department was created. Files and inventory records are maintained on all field survey notebooks which are sent to the General Office.
Plans Completed
During the year ending June 30, 1957, plans were completed for 375 miles of road in 64 counties on the State Highway System, and for 68 miles of road in 19 counties on Secondary and Post Roads. Of the total mileage, 0.937 mile was for railroad

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 105
grade crossing elimination by separation, and plans for two projects of this type were designed. Plans were also prepared for 17 projects covering the installation of protective devices at unflafe railroad-highway crossings.
During the year ending June 30, 1958, plans were completed for 32 miles on the Interstate System and 319 miles of road in 39 counties on the Federal-aid Primary System and for 5 miles of road in 4 counties on Secondary and Post Roads. The small mileage of Secondary and Post Roads plans prepared by this division during the year was due to this function having been transferred to the field division offices, as previously mentioned. One project for grade crossing elimination by separation totaling 0.529 mile was completed. In addition, plans were prepared for 28 signal projects to protect dangerous railroad-highway crossings. These projects were for the erection of automatic flashing light signals, bells and/or short arm gates.
In addition to the above, plans were on the board in various stages of completion for approximately 200 miles of road on the Interstate System as of June 30, 1958.
The following tabulation shows total mileage of completed plans.

ROADWAY PLANS COMPLETED

Fiscal Year

Miles
Completed Plans

July 1, 1956, to June 30, 1957________________442

July 1, 1957, to June 30, 1958________________356

Total-2 Years ________________________________798

Automatic Flashing
Lights
17 28
45

A typical county ~oacl is canied ove1 I nte1state Highway 85, on the Atlanta to Greenville, South Ca1olina, route, by this prest1essed concrete b1idge of modent design. Project JN-403-2 (9), Ct. 1 , DeKalb-Gwinnett Counties.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 107
Division of Bridges
C. A. MARMELSTEIN State Highway Bridge Engineer
During the past two years there has been a continuation of the trend toward increased volume of bridge design work, more complex structures, and an expanding volume of structural construction. The peak of this trend is yet to be reached.
Functions
The Division of Bridges is responsible for the preparation of detailed plans, tracings of plans, and cost estimates of the various structures required as an integral part of a road system. The structure types include bridges over streams, over railroads, and over highways, pedestrian overpasses, underpasses, minor drainage structures such as culverts, and major retaining walls.
The heavy sounding outfit which was formerly under this division's direct supervision has been transferred to the Division of Materials and Tests in order to make more efficient use of its capacity, and it is now used not only for bridge soundings but in soil survey work as well.
The Division of Bridges cooperates with the field forces on matters pertaining to structural construction, and has three engineers who travel throughout the State to inspect bridge projects under construction on a periodic basis and to aid the field engineers in interpretation of plans and specifications.
There has been an increase in the use of welding in both shop md field work. This division has the responsibility of inspecting this type of work, of insuring that it is done only by qualified, tested welders, and of maintaining records on such matters.
Electronic Computer
The use of the electronic computer, operated in the Division :>f Finance and Audits, has reduced the number of man-hours required for certain routine bridge calculations. Considerable progress has been made in the application of the electronic com-

108 Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia
puter to problems involving complex geometric dimensions and elevations of skewed, curved bridges and in certain aspects of design of continuous bridges. Answers involving the complex solution of elevations are printed on the computer in duplicate, and the extra copy will be furnished to the field forces in order to reduce their work load.
Prestressed Concrete Bridges
The use of prestressed concrete beams and piling has increased. In the period covered by this report, a total of 41 prestressed concrete bridges have been let to contract at an acceptable bid price. Many more are planned for the future, and with the establishment of additional producing plants, prices should become lower. In the past, the use of structural steel has had the disadvantages of slow delivery and high cost, and there are prospects of even higher costs in the future. Prestressed concrete is one method of overcoming these difficulties.
Bridges on Interstate System
This division cooperated in making the study to determine the cost to complete the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways by estimating the cost of bridges needed on the Georgia portion of the system. The results of the study were furnished to the Bureau of Public Roads for inclusion in a report to Congress. This study developed that about 1,200 new bridges will be required on the Interstate System in Georgia and will cost approximately $102 million.

Twenty-Seventh Report, State Highway Department of Georgia 109

Contracts were let during this biennium for 12 bridge projects covering 71 bridges on the Interstate System as follows:

p roject No.

Bid Price

I-402-2 (5) DeKalb

$ 810,700

I-407-1 (5) Ct 1 DeKalb 543,000

I-401-2 (9) Ct 3 Fulton 1,116,600

I-401-2 (10) Ct 2 Fulton 406,600

IN-403-2 (2) Gwinnett

177,100

IN-403-2 (2) Ct 2 Gwinnett 506,700

IN-403-2 (3) Ct 1 DeKalb-

Gwinnett

442,100

I-401-2 (1) Monroe

260,500

I-401-1 (10) Tift

204,900

I-401-1 (11) Tift-Turner 592,700

I-401-1 (12) Turn