First annual report of the Highway Department of Georgia to the Governor and General Assembly of the State of Georgia June 15th, 1919 [June 15, 1919]

First Annual- Report
of the
Highway Department of Georgia
to the
Governor and General Assembly
of the
State of Georgia
=====0====
.
June 15th, 1919

First Annual Report
of the
Highway Department of Georgia
to the
Governor and General Assembly
of the
State of Georgia
====01====
June 15th, 1919

QEOROIA HIGHWAY COMMISSION T. E. PATTERSON, Chairman, Atlanta, Ga. R. E. DAVISON, Woodville, Ga. E. L. RAINEY, Dawson, Ga. C. M. STRAHAN, Athens, Ga. R. D. KNEALE, Atlanta, Ga. S. W. McCALLIE, Atlanta, Ga. W. R. NEEL, Secretary and Treasurer, Atlanta, Ga.
ENGINEERING COMMITTEE C. M. STRAHAN, Prof. Eng. U. of Ga. R. D. KNEALE, Prof. H. Eng. Ga. S. of T.
AUDITiNG COMMITTEE E. L. RAINEY, R. D. KNEALE, S. W. McCALLIE.
3

ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT W. R. NEEL, State Highway Engineer. R. D. OSTERHOUT, Chief Draftsman. J. W. BOYD, E. H. DAVIS, R. W. JOHNSON, Assistant Engineers.
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pROJECT ENGINEERS WORKING UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA
Johnston & Morgan, Atlanta, Ga. Garrett & Slack, LaGrange, Georgia. The J. B. McCrary Company, Atlanta, Georgia. J. Low Zachry, Atlanta, Georgia. Thomas & Hawkins, Atlanta, Georgia. E. R. Conant, Brunswick, Georgia. H. S. Jaudon Engineering Company, Elberton, Georgia. G. M. Harrington, Griffin, Georgia. B. M. Hall, Atlanta, Georgia. Mitcham & Wright, Atlanta, Georgia. S. R. Shi, Macon, Georgia. W. F. Brown, Savannah, Georgia. 0. H. Lang, Moultrie, Georgia. E. L. Griggs, Athens, Georgia. Wm. A. Hansell, Jr., Atlanta, Georgia. W. H. Evans, Newnan, Georgia. Nesbit Wingfield, Augusta, Georgia. W. W. Hunter, Augusta, Georgia.
5

Atlanta, Georgia, June 15, 1919. To His Excellency, Hugh M. Dorsey, Governor, and the
General Assembly of the State of Georgia. I have the honor to transmit to you the report of the Highway Department as embodied in the report of the State Highway Engineer hereto attached.
Respectfully, T. E. PATTERSON, Chairman, Highway Dept. of Ga.
6

REPORT OF THE STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER.
June 15, 1919.
'fo the Honorable T. E. Patterson, Chairman, and Members
of the Highway Commission:
1 have the honor to present the report of this Department from its creation, by the Act of the Legislature of 1916, to the 15th day of June, 1919.
All of the Federal Aid funds available to the State for the year 1917, amounting to $134,329.48, for the year 1918 amounting to $268,658.96, for the year 1919 amounting to $403,909.45, for the year 1920 amounting to $538,417.90, and the emergency fund of $1,346,044.75 made available by the recent Act of Congress in March, amounting to a total of $2,691,360.54, have been apportioned by this commission according to the laws governing these funds to seventy-two counties, for the aid in the construction of highways and bridges.
From the total Federal aid fund available to date, $657,943.69 has been apportioned to various counties for the construction of fifty-three permanent bridges; $950,714.64 for the grading and paving of sixty-three miles of highway, and $1,170,101.42 for the grading and surfacing with sandclay or top soil of 596 miles of highway.
The total cost of this work is estimated to be $5,740,679.61, the difference between this total and the Federal Aid, $2,961,919.86 will be supplied by the various counties, either in cash or in equipment and labor.
There will be another allotment of $2,019,067.12 av:tilabl.e for distribution the first day of July, and $2,692,089.50 July, 1920.
There has been actually received from the Government $38,710.75 for work completed.
There has been approved by the Government, which approval is obtained after surveys, m:o.ps, and specifications have been satisfactorily completed, projects amounting to a total of $3,419,193.12.
This approval by the Government, authorizes the counties in which are located the approved projects to commence the construction work.
Construction is now going on in twenty counties on projects amounting to $1,743,420.30.
Work proceeds very slowly in most of the counties, due to the fact that the counties' fifty per cent. of the cost must be supplied by convict labor, as there are no available funds to allow the work to be done under contract. This
7

will, if continued, cause a few main highways to be constructed, where hundreds of miles of other roads in the counties must be neglected.
After a Federal Aid Highway in any county is completed, it must be maintained for five years by that county, and if, after notifying the state that one of the Federal Aid Highways is in need of repairs, unless the necessary repairs are made within thirty days, the entire federal aid is with held from the state. There is grave danger to the other counties receiving federal aid, in this clause, so long as the Highway Department has no authority or funds to maintain these highways.
In many sections of the state, gaps will undoubtedly remain uncompleted for some years as Federal Aid can only be extended to the counties which are financially able to put up fifty per cent. of the contemplated expenditure, therefore, only to "him who hath shall be given"-but this will not complete the main system of much needed highways. There must be state aid to match the Federal Aid m order to systematically construct the whole system of highways.
The number of miles of road constructed and the amount of Federal Aid actually received is not a fair gauge of the work of the Engineering Department up to the present time.
Wherein has the energy of the Department been expended?
This Department was created January, 1918, and, due to the very limited appropriation, was greatly handicapped. Only four engineers were authorized.
There being no available space in the Capitol suitable for carrying on the engineering work, temporary quarters were provided in the Fulton County Court House, through the courtesy of the commissioners, and there the work of preparing plans, specifications, etc., necessary to securing the Federal Aid was commenced.
Up to this time no plans had been submitted and only the preliminary approval had been given to the AtlantaMacon project, which authorized the submitting of the plans in detail.
An attempt had been made to prepare plans by engineers employed by the counties but their time and money were wasted, as the work done was worthless.
The surveys and plans were gotten up by the four engineers of the department on the following projects, which met the approval of the Government. The Atlanta-Macon
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REI:-IFORC'ED C'O ' RI<:'l'E BRIDGE UNDER CON."I'R CTION IN :MACON
I HELL ROAD I TO BE PAVED IN ORDER TO REDO E THE HEAVY CO T OF ~ I AI: Tt:NAN CE. THE LIGHT , 'l'EEL BRIDGE I '1'0 BE REPLACED WITH A 'l'RUCTURE IEN'l'IFIOALLY DE 'IGNED TO CARRY THE LOAD ' R EQUIRED OF IT.

project, involvving 72 miles of highway; the Walton-Oconee project, involving the construction of 10.8 miles of highway and one large bridge; the Bacon County project, involving the construction of 17.7 miles of highway_ and several bridges; the Camp Gordon-Decatur Highway, involving the construction and paving of 5.5 miles of highway.
Due to the great amount of detail required by the Federal Government in the preparation of plans, etc., and the additional Federal Aid allotments becoming available each year, it was decided by the Highway Commission to recom)Jlend to the various counties requesting Federal Aid, engineers, who had previously submitted sufficient proof of their qualifications to prepare the necessary data. In order that a standard contract might be prepared fixing the duties of the engineers and their compensation, the comJllission prepared a contract, setting forth all of the necessary details, and this was submitted to the Federal Government for its approval.
After some changes this contract was approved by the Government, the Highway Department and the various engineering firms seeking to do this work and formal contracts entered into between these engineers and the Highway Department. They being designated project engineers and were required to give bond for the faithful performance of work.
As Federal Aid funds became available, the project engineers were assigned the work in the various counties to which allotments were made. In this way the surveys and maps were prepared which were inspected, checked and approved by the engineers working directly for the State, and were then submitted to the United States District Engineer at Montgomery for his approval and from there were forwarded to Washington for the final approval. This final approval was necessary before work could actually begin and consequently great delay was occasioned, the result of which has been the construction of very few roads up
to the present time. I wish to say, however, that the Rules
and Regulations of the Bureau of Public Roads for hand-
ling this work have been greatly modified, so that now
very little delay is occasioned. As a consequence all of the
Federal Aid available up to the present time has been ap-
portioned, surveys completed, plans submitted on all but
fourteen projects and thirty-six counties actually author-
ized to commence work.
9

I give in detail the present status of all of the projects in the various counties.

NO.1-A.

SPALDING COUNTY.
6.1 Miles Atlanta-Macon Road. Pavement 18 feet wide. Estimated cost, $184,903.46. Federal Aid, $92,451.73. Contract awarded to McDougald Construction Company,
Atlanta, Ga. Engineering by Highway Department and County Engineer.

NO. 1-B.

HENRY COUNTY.
6.9 Miles Atlanta-Macon Road. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $14,124.52. Federal Aid, $6,947.24. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Highway Department. $2,102.55 has been received from Federal Government to
date.

NO. 1-C.

CLAYTON COUNTY.
16.5 Miles Atlanta-Macon Road. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $41,953.63. Federal Aid, $20,636.64. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Highway Department.

NO. 1-D.

PIKE COUNTY.
9.7 Miles Atlanta-Macon Road. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $23,115.49. Federal Aid, $11,557.74. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Highway Department.

NO. 1-E.

MONROE COUNTY.
27 Miles Atlanta-Macon Road. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $67,730.39. Federal Aid, $33,516.02. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Highway Department.

NO.2.

CHATTOOGA COUNTY.
14.2' Miles Summerville-Menlo Road. Top-soil and chert surfacing. Estimated cost, $98,921.79. Federal Aid, $49,460.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

NO.3.

BROOKS COUNTY.
6.7 Miles Blue Springs Road, 7 reinforced concrete bridges. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $83,169.42. Federal Aid, $41,584.41. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack. $7,872.28 has been received from the Federal Government
to date.

10

NO.4. NO.5.

WALTON-OCONEE.
9.4 Miles Atlanta-Athens Road in Walton County. 1.4 Miles Atlanta-Athens Road in Oconee County. Steel bridge over Appalachee River between the two coun-
-ties. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $50,269.44. Federal Aid, $20,000.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack. $198.96 has been received from the Federal Government to
date.
BACON COUNTY.
17.7 Miles Alma-Waycross Road. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $46,411.33. Federal Aid, $20,000.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Highway Department. $2,720.94 has been received from the Federal Government
to date.

NO. 6-A.

HA!JL COUNTY.
5.7 Miles Dahlonega-Brookton R-oad. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $25,208.70. Federal Aid, $12',604.35. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Chestate Pyrites Co. $9,920.21 has been received from .the Federal Government
to date.

NO. 6-B.

LUMPKIN COUNTY.
3.1 Miles Dahlonega-Brookton Road. Top-soil surfacing. Estimated cost, $18,212'.02. Federal Aid, $9,106.01. Work done by Chestate Pyrites Company and to be finished
by county. Engineering by Chestate Pyrites Co. $1,831.36 has been received from the Federal Government
to date.

NO.7.

MACON COUNTY.
Bridge over Flint River on Columbus-Macon Road. Three 120 ft. spans steel bridge, 1540 feet of reinforced concrete
construction. Estimated cost, $169,466.90. Federal Aid, $84,733.45. Contracts awarded to Austin Bros., Atlanta, Ga., and Nich-
ols Construction Co., Atlanta, Ga. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

NO.8.

MONTGOMERY-WHEELER COUNTIES.
Bridge over Oconee River between Mt. Vernon and Alamo. Three 120 ft. spans, 1 swing span 182 ft. 1472 ft. concrete approach, 387 ft. concrete bridge. Estimated cost, $201,755. Federal Aid, $100,877.65, divided
into three contracts, No. 1 by county convict forces, No. 2 awarded to C. T. Dawkins Construction Company, No. 3 awarded to Southern Bridge Company. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

11

NO.9.

RABUN COUNTY.
7.88 Miles located between Clayton and Towns county line. No surfacing. Estimated cost $89,667.68. Federal Aid, $44,800.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 10.

TOWNS COUNTY.
11.66 Miles Rabun County Road. No surfacing. Estimated cost, $67,238.86. Federal Aid, $33,600.00. Work to be done by county forces and contract. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 11.

LOWNDES COUNTY.
Two concrete bridges over Withlacooche River and adjacent slough 360 ft. and 300 ft. on National Highway.
Estimated cost $57,235.57. Federal Aid, $24,906.43. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 12.

THOMAS COUNTY.
894 ft. Concrete Bridge over Ochlochnee River between Thomasville and Ochlochnee.
Estimated cost, $63,033.06. Federal Aid, $30,000.00. Work to be done by county forces and contract. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 13.

MUSCOGEE COUNTY.
Concrete Bridges over Bull Creek and Randall Creek on Columbus-Macon Road did not get beyond project statement stage.
Estimated cost, $59,950.00. Federal Aid, $29,975.00. Engineering by D'udley Chipley, County Engineer.

NO. 14.

FLOYD COUNTY.
7.7 miles top-soil road between Silver Creek and Seney on Western Branch of Dixie Highway.
Estimated cost, $28,524.39. Federal Aid, $14,000.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 15.

COWETA COUNTY.
3.64 miles of top soil road on Columbus-Newnan Road, between Moreland and Meriwether county line.
Estimated cost, $20,219.72. Federal Aid, $10,000.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

NO. 16.

MERIWETHER COUNTY.
12'.46 miles of top-soil road, on Atlanta-Columbus road, between Greenville and Lutherville.
Estimated cost, $44,899.03. Federal Aid, $21,000.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

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40-~'001' PA WOOD 'l'RUSS BRIDGE IN H ALL CO N'l'Y ON FEDERAL AID PROJECT

NO- l7.

HARRIS COUNTY.
20 miles of top-soil road on Columbus-Atlanta road, located between Muscogee county line and Town of Chipley.
Estimated cost, $107,725.98. Federal Aid, $53,500.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

NO. 18.

DOOLY COUNTY.
10.4 miles of top-soil road from Vienna to the Murray Ferry Bridge across Flint River, known locally as Murray's Ferry Road.
Estimated cost, $39,468.90. Federal Aid, $16,000.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

NO. 19.

BLECKLEY COUNTY.
7.8 miles of top-soil road and three concrete bridges on Ouchee R-oad (Dixie Overland), located between Cochran and Laurens county line.
Estimated cost, $38,312.40. Federal Aid, $19,000.00. Work to be done by county forces except bridges awarded
to Moultrie Construction Company. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

NO. 20.

CARROLL COUNTY.
15.2 miles top-soil road, located between Carrollton and Alabama State line on Carrollton-Bowdon Road.
Estimated cost, $64,803.45. Federal Aid, $30,000.00.
J: Work to be done by county forces.
Engineering by L. Zachry.

NO. 21.

HEARD COUNTY.
8.14 miles of top-soil road, on Newnan and Franklin road, located between Franklin and line of Coweta and Heard.
Estimated cost, $36,516.64. Federal Aid, $18,000.00. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by J. L. Zachry.

NO. 22.

MILTON COUNTY.
10 miles of top-soil road, on Roswell-Cumming Road, located between Cobb County line and Forsyth County line through Alpharetta.
Estimated cost, $42,2'39.54. Federal Aid, $20,000.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

:!'!(). 23.

FORSYTH COUNTY.
11.2 miles top-soil road on Cumming-Alpharetta-Roswell and Atlanta road, located between Milton County line and Cumming.
Estimated cost, $52,266.50. Federal Aid, $2'5,000.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

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NO. 24.

CHEROKEE CQUNTY.
13.65 miles of top-soil road with concrete bridges on Canton and Marietta road, located between Cobb County line and Canton, passing through Woodstock, Lebanon and Holly Springs.
Estimated cost, $95,555.86. Federal Aid, $47,700.00. Work being done by county forces, bridges by contract. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan. $2,937.87 received from Government to date.

NO. 25.

CANDLER COUNTY.
13.6 miles natural sand clay road on Dixie Overland Highway, located between Emanuel County line and Bulloch County line, through Metter.
Estimated cost, $35,311.2'9. Federal Aid, $18,500.00. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company, Atlanta, Ga.

NO. 26.

BUIJLOCH COUNTY.
Seven concrete bridges totalling 614 lin. ft. on Dixie Overland from Candler County line to Effingham County line.
Estimated cost, $36,403.61. Federal Aid, $18,201.90. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 28.

PAULDING COUNTY.
9.5 miles of graded road on Western Branch of Dixie Highway, located between Cobb County line and ten miles west.
Estimated cost, $61,859.91. Feqeral Aid, $20,000.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 29.

EMANUEL COUNTY.
Nine concrete bridges on Dixie Overland Highway from Johnson County line to Candler County line.
Estimated cost, $61,859.19. Federal Aid, $30,929.29. Contract awarded to Kreis & Wardrep. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 30.

COBB COUNTY.
17.9 miles of top-soil road on Western Branch Dixie Highway-Rome to Atlanta-Fulton County line to Paulding County line on Chattahoochee River.
Estimated cost, $75,120.91. Federal Aid, $37,560.45. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 31.

DADE COUNTY.
9.8 miles of top-soil road on Chattanooga-Birmingham Highway, located between a point three miles south of Trenton and Alabama State line.
Estimated cost, $59,847.25. Federal Aid, $29,000.00. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

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NO. 3Z.

COLUMBIA COUNTY. 9.7 miles of top-soil road beginning 1.3 miles west of Rich-
mond County line on the East to intersection with Augusta-Wrightsboro Road North of Harlem, passing through
Harlem. Estimated cost, $30,453.19. Federal Aid, $15,226.59. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by J. L. Zachry.
$1,217.80 received by county from Federal Government to date.

NO. 33.

TROUP COUNTY. 11.3 miles top-soil road on Atlanta-Montgomery Highway
from Louise to Coweta County line. Estimated cost, $44,416.70. Federal Aid, $22,000.00. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

NO. 34.

HARALSON COUNTY. 7.4 miles top-soil road on Bankhead Highway, from Carroll
County line on East to a point between Bremen and Waco, Ga. Estimated cost, $29,189.83. Federal Aid, $14,594.91. Contract awarded to Sta-nley & Singer. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

NO. 35.

WHITFIELD COUNTY. 5.8 miles of chert road on Dixie Highway, beginning at
W. & A. Railroad crossing at Swamp Creek, ending at corporate limits of Dalton, Georgia.
Estimated cost, $54,188.67. Federal Aid, $27,094.33. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

NO. 36. DOUGLAS COUNTY. 12.1 miles top-soil road, Tallapoosa. Road, beginning at Car-
roll County line, near Villa Rica, and ending 1.5 miles
East of Douglasville. Estimated cost, $54,443.72. Federal Aid, $27,000.00.
Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

NO. 37. NO. 39. NO. 41.

BROOKS COUNTY.
10 concrete bridges, aggregating 554 ft., on Quitman to Moultrie road.
Estimated cost, $58,:N2.09. Federal Aid, $29,121.04. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.
LAURENS COUNTY. 1515 ft. bridge across Oconee River of reinforced concrete. Estimated cost, $151,723.55. Federal Aid, $75,861.77. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.
DOUGLAS COUNTY. 6.5 miles of top-soil road, beginning 1.6 miles East of Doug-
lasville and ending at Cobb County line on Tallapoosa Road. Estimated cost, $41,611.17. Federal Aid, $20,805.58. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

15

NO. 42. NO. 43. NO. 44. NO. 45. NO. 46. NO. 47. NO. 48. NO. 49.

CHATHAM COUNTY.
13.5 miles concrete paved road on Port Wentworth Road, beginning corporate limits of Savanna,h and ending at Effingham County line.
Estima,ted cost, $525,081.68. Federal Aid, $200,000.00. Contract awarded to E. A. Morgan. Engineering by W. F. Brown.
HABERSHAM COUNTY.
5 miles paved road, beginning at railroad right-of-way in Cornelia, ending at Creek just North of Demorest on Clarkesville a,nd Cornelia Road.
Estimated cost, $150,672.50. Federal Aid, $75,336.25. Work to be done by county forces or contract. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.
HALL COUNTY.
3.2 miles paved road, beginning city limits of Gainesville and ending 3.2 miles Southwest on Gainesville-Lawrenceville Road.
Estimated cost, $101,751.10. Federal Aid, $50,875.55. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.
CRAWI<~ORD COUNTY.
7 miles top-soil road, located between Fort Valley and Colladen, beginning 3 miles South of Roberta and ending 4 miles North of Roberta.
Estimated cost, $25,126.75. Federal Aid, $12,563.37. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.
BIBB COUNTY.
8.75 miles paved road on Forsyth Road, beginning at corporate limits of Macon and ending at Monroe County line.
Work to be done by contract. Estimated cost, $309,870.00. Federal Aid, $154,935.00. Engineering by S. R. Shi.
SCREVEN COUNTY.
12.4 miles sand-clay road on Dixie Highway, located be tween Sylvania and Newingwn.
Estimated cost, $36,478.48. Federal Aid, $18,239.24. Work being done by county forces. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.
C~ARKE COUNTY.
3.5 miles paved road on Athens, Monroe and Winder Road, beginning at Athens.
Estimated cost, $100,100.00 Federal Aid, $50,000. Work to be done by county forces or contract. Engineering by E. L. Griggs.
MITCHELL COUNTY.
13.5 miles sand-clay road on Dixie Highway, located between Camilla a.nd Thomas County line.
Estimated cost, $67,298.00. Federal Aid, $33,649.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

16

NO- 50.

COLQUITT COUNTY. 4.3 miles paved road. located between Moultrie and 5-mile
post. on Moultrie and Sylvester Road.
Estimated cost, $77,583.65. Federal Aid, $38,791.82. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by 0. H. Lang.

NO- 51.

COLQUITT COUNTY. 4.7 miles paved road, located between Moultrie and Fun-
ston, on Moultrie and Camilla Road. Estimated cost, $108,575.28. Federal Aid, $54,2S7.64. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by 0. H. Lang.

NO- 52.

EVANS COUNTY. 13.2 miles sand-clay road on Savannah-Americus Highway,
beginning at west end of bridge over Cannochee River at Bryan County line and ending at Tatnall County line. Estimated cost, $30,062.45. Federal Aid, $15,000.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 53.

BIBB COUNTY.
2.1 miles paved road on Houston Road, beginning at corporate limits of Macon and ending at Station 113.00.
Estimated cost, $93,600.00. Federal Aid, $42,800.00. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by S. R. Shi.

NO. 54.

FLOYD COUNTY.
2.8 miles paved road on Western Branch Dixie Higl).way, beginning at South city limits of Rome and ending at North limits of Lindale.
Estimated cost, $96,332.39. Federal Aid, $48,166.19. Work to be done by contract or county forces. Engineering by J. B. McCrary Company.

NO. 55.

WALKER COUNTY.
23.3 miles chert road on Rock Springs and Alabama Road, between Chattooga County line and Catoosa County iine.
Estimated cost, $144,762.13. Federal Aid, $72,381.06. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Thomas & Hawkins.

NO. 56.

GWTNNETT COUNTY.
11.8 miles sand-clay road on Lawrenceville-Buford Road, beginning one-half mile from Lawrenceville and ending at Buford.
E~timated cost, $60,759.27. Federal Aid, $30,379.63. \York to be done by county forces. Engineering by Mitcham & Wright.

NO. 57.

BUTTS COUNTY.
4 miles sand-clay road, located between Jackson and Monticello, beginning at Ocmulgee River and ending 5 miles from Jackson, Ga.
Estimated cost, $19,976.00. Federal Aid, $9,988.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by B. M. Hall.

17

NO. 58.

BUTTS COUNTY.
Two 100 ft. steel bridge spans and 64 ft concrete approach on Jackson to Monticello Road across Ocmulgee River.
Estimated cost, $31,708.82. Federal Aid, $15,854.41. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by B. M. Hall.

NO. 59.

JACKSON COUNTY.
4 miles sand-clay road, located between. Jefferson and Commerce, beginning. at Jefferson and extending four miles towards Commerce.
Estimated cost, $21,769.00. Federal Aid, $10,884.50. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Mitcham & Wright.

NO. 60.

STEPHENS COUNTY.
11.2 miles top-soil road, located between Toccoa and Franklin County, beginning at Toccoa limits and ending at Frannklin County line.
Estimated cost, $51,218.24. Federa-l Aid, $2'5,000.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

NO. 61.

WfLKES COUNTY.
2.1 miles paved road extending East and West of city limits of Washington, Georgia.
Estimated cost, $58,167.67. Federal Aid, $29,083.83. Work .to be done by contract or county forces. Engineering by H. S. Jaudon Engineering Co.

NO. 62.

WILKES COUNTY .
.6 mile paved road beginning at end of present paving in Washington and ending .6 mile North, being Alexander Street extended.
Estimated cost $16,587.12'. Federal Aid, $8,293.56. Work to be done by contract or county forces. Engineering by H. S. Jaudon Engineering Co.

NO. 63.

WILKES COUNTY.
.6 miles paved road on Ruling Avenue in Tignall between Elberton and Eastern Railway on the South and Churct Street on the North.
Estimated cost, $15,869.37, Federal Aid, $7,934.68. Work to be done by contract or county forces. Engineering by H. S. Jaudon Engineedng Co.

NO. 64.

GLYNN COUNTY.
4.4 miles paved road on Dixie Highway, Eastern branch beginning at corporate limits of Brunswick and ending a entrance of Picric Acid Plant.
Estimated cost, $108,820.00. Federal Aid, $54,410.00. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by E. R. Conant.

18

NO. 65. NO. 66. NO. 67. NO. 68. NO. 69.
NO. 70. NO. 71. NO. 73.

DADE COUNTY. 2 miles chert road on Chattanooga and Birmingham High-
way, located between point one-quarter mile South of Wildwood and ending Tennessee State line. Estima-ted cost, $32,418.98. Federal Aid, $15,000.00. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

McDUFFIE COUNTY.
.8 miles sand-clay road and concrete bridge, on National Highway, beginning .35 miles East of Sweetwater Creek and ending .45 miles west of said creek, located between Thomson and Boneville.
Estimated cost, $11,073.96. Federal Aid, $5,536.98. County to do grading and let concrete work to contract. Engineering by Mitcham & Wright.

GREENE COUNTY.

Half-mile top-soil road and steel concrete bridge, on Greens-

boro-Eatonton Road.



Estimated cost, $63,176.48. Federal Aid, $31,588.24. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Mitcham & Wright.

WALTON COUNTY.
9 miles sand-clay road on Monroe-Logansville Road. Estimated cost, $69,982.00. Federal Aid, $34,991.00. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Garrett & Slack.

FRANKLIN COUNTY.
11.9 miles top-soil road. Part on Carnesville-Canon Road and renfainder on National Highway, first beginning 1.4 miles West of Starr's Br., ends at the line between School D'istricts 4 and 13; second begins Bracket's Br., ends Little River Br.
Estimated cost, $55,633.16. Federal Aid, $2'7,816.58. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

MORGAN COUNTY.
7 miles paved road on National Highway, beginning at Court House, Madison, and ending 7 miles West.
Estimated cost, $106,843.18. Federal Aid, $53,421.59. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

CATOOSA COUNTY.
7.7 miles chert road on Blue Ford Road, beginning at Ringgold and ending at Tennessee State line.
Estimated cost, $45,499.81. Federal Aid, $22,749.90. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

RICHMOND COUNTY.
2 concrete bridges over Spirit and l.Jittle Spirit Creek on Old Savannah Road, 14 miles South of Augusta.
Estimated cost, $14,880.13. Federal Aid, $7,440.06. Work to be done by county forces. Engineering by W. W. Hunter.

19

NO. 74. NO. 75.

SUMTER COUNTY.
3 concrete bridges about 10 miles north of Americus on Dixie Highway.
Estimated cost, $17,352'.50. Federal Aid, $8,676.25. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Thomas & Hawkins.
GILMER COUNTY.
Half mile of paved road in Ellijay from Court House to railroad sta:tion.
Estimated cost, $20,652.50. Federal Aid, $10,326.25. Work to be done by contract. Engineering by Johnston & Morgan.

20

Tbe mile post shown gives the route, number, distance and direction to the nearest town of any importance, and the distance and direction to the nearest large city through which the route passes.
ROUTf ROUTE
8 8
Cl4 Jll
- -- -M73 k3l
It has the advantage of fa-cing the direction from which the traveller is coming instead of facing the road, as is usually the case. The triangular shape gives a maximum face with a minimum of material. A pocket folder, issued by the Highway Department, will give the terminal points of each route and the towns through which it passes.
21

WHO AM I?
The foot that pattered in primeval slime gave me birth. Unchanged while the ages pass, I have endured. Time has but served to increase my infinite variety. Earth-born and without a soul, yet I have lived. From the beginning have I been ma-n's enemy. A dust-colored python am I, stretching my length across hills, awaiting my time to crush endeavor. I have snared caravans that left bleaching bones in land now desert. Empires have fallen because of me. I have turned victories into routs; I have trapped mighty leaders and have crushed enemies. I am without faith; and those who trust me I deceive. Today I am fair to look upon; tomorrow a steaming bog. I add difficulty to distance. With isolation do I conspire to unjoint the endeavors of man. tug at the wheels of the gristing cart, that bread may be dear. hamper those that would feed the race. I am an enemy of church and school. I mire the healer on his rounds and delay the coming that little ones may die. I am a disrupter of the home. I speed the first born to the cities when I am fair to see; and when, he would return I face him with my forbidden depths. I minister to bitterness and lay a tax on all the world. There is none who lives who does not pay me tribute. When man plowed with a crooked stick I was there. When the ancients c6vered me with stones I slipped away to other lands. I am the oldest line that lives today. Men count me cheap. I know the price they pay who count me so. I am the unimproved highway. My name is Mud.
22

FEDERAL AID ROAD ACT OF 1916.
Public Law No. 156-64th Congress.
(H. R. 7617)
An Act To Provide that the United States shall aid the States In the construction of rural post roads, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the secretary of Agriculture is authorized to cooperate with the states, through their respective State highway departments. in the construction of rural post roads; but no money apportioned under this act to the state shall be expended therein until its legislature shall have assented to the provisions of this act, except that, until the final adjournment of the first regular session of the legislature held after the passage of this act, the assent of the governor of the State shall be sufficient. The Secretary of Agriculture and the State highway department of each State shall agree upon the roads to be constructed therein and the character and method of construction: Provided, That all roads constructed under the provisions of this act shall be free from tolls of all kinds.
Sec. 2. That for the purpose of this act the term "rural post road" 1 shall be construed to mean any public road over which the United States mails are or may hereafter be transported, excluding every street and road in a place having a population, as shown by the latest available Federal census, of two thousand five hundred or more, except that portion of any such street or road along which the houses average mor.e than two hundred feet apart; the term "State highway department" shall be construed to include any department of another name, or commission, or official or officials, of a State empowered, under its laws, to exercise the functions ordinarily exercised by a State highway department; the term "construction" shall be construed to include reconstruction and improvement of roads; "properly maintained" as used herein shall be construed to mean the making of needed repairs and the preservation of a reasonably smooth surfa<;e considering the type of the road; but shall not be held to include extraordinary repairs, nor reconstructiQn; necessary bridges and culverts shall be deemed parts of the respective roads covered by the provisions of this act.
Sec. 3. That for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, the sum of $5,000,-
!Amended by Section 5 of. the act approved Feb. 28, 1919.
23

000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, the sum of $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and nineteen, the sum of $15,000,000; for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty, the sum of $20,000,000; and for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-one, the sum of $25,000,000. So much of the appropriation apportioned to any State for any fiscal year as remains unexpended at the close thereof shall be available for expenditure in that State until the close of the succeeding fiscal year, except that amounts apportioned for any fiscal year to any State which has not a State highway department shall be available for expenditure in that State until the close of the third fiscal year succeeding the close of the fiscal year for which such apportionment was made. Any amount apportioned under the provisions of this act unexpended at the end of the period during which it is available for expenditure under the terms of this section shall be reapportioned, within sixty days thereafter, to all the States in the same manner and on the same basis, and certified to the Secretary of the Treasury and to the State highway departments and to the governors of States having no State highway departments in the same way as if it were being apportioned under this act for the first time: Provided, That in States where the constitution prohibits the State from engaging in any work of internal i~ provements, then the amount of the appropriation under this\:'ct apportioned to any such State shall be turned over to the highway department of the State or to the governor of said State to be expended under the provisions of this act and under t,he rules and regulations of the Department of Agriculture, when any number of counties in any such State shall appropriate or provide the proportion or share needed to be raised in order to entitle such State to its part of the appropriation apportioned under this act.
Sec. 4. That so much, not to exceed three per centum, of the appropriation for any fiscal year made by or under this act as the Secretary of Agriculture may estimate to be necessary for administering the provisions of this act shall be deducted for that purpose, available until expended. Within sixty days after the close of each fiscal year the Secretary of Agriculture shall determine what part, if any, of the sums theretofore deducted for administering the provisions of this act will not be needed for that purpose and apportion such part, if any, for the fiscal year then current in the same manner and on the same basis, and certify it to the Secretary of the Treasury and to the State highway departments, and to the governors of States having no State highway departments, in the same way as other amounts
24

TOP -SOILE D ROAD IN H E NRY COU NTY.

authorized by this act to be apportioned among all the States tor such current fiscal year. The Secretary of Agriculture, after making the deduction authorized by this section, shall apportion the remainder of the appropriation for each fiscal year among the several States in the following manner: One-third in the ratio which area of each State bears to the total area of all the States; one-third in the ratio which the population of each State bears to the total population of all the States, as shown by the latest available Federal census; one-third in the ratio which the mileage of rural delivery routes and star routes in each State bears to the total mileage of rural delivery routes and star routes in all the States at the close of the next preceding fiscal year, as shown by the certificate of the Postmaster General, which he is directed to make and furnish annually to the Secretary of Agriculture.
Sec. 5. That within sixty days after the approval of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall certify to the Secretary of the Treasury and to each State highway department and to the governor of each State having no State highway department the sum which he has estimated to be deducted for administering the provisions of this act and the sum which he has apportioned to each State for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and on or before January twentieth next preceding the commencement of each succeeding fiscal year shall make like certificates for such fiscal year.
Sec. 6. That any State desiring to avail itself of the benefits of this act shall, by its State highway department, submit to the Secretary of Agriculture project statements setting forth proposed construction of any rural post road or roads therein. If the Secretary of Agriculture approve a project, the State highway department shall furnish to him such surveys, plans, specifications, and estimates therefor as he may require; Provided, however, That the Secretary of Agriculture shall approve only such projects as may be substantial in character and the expenditure of funds hereby authorized shall be applied only to sl.tch improvements. Items included for engineering, inspection, and unforeseen contingencies shall not exceed ten per centum of the total estimated cost of the work. If the Secretary of Agriculture approve the plans, specifications, and estimates, he shall notify the State highway uepartment and immediately certify the fact to the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary of the Treasury shall thereupon set aside the share of the United States payable under this act on account of such project, which shall not exceed fifty per centum of the total estimated cost thereof. No payment of any money apportioned
25

under this act shall be made on any project until such statement of the project, and the plans, specifications, and estimates therefor, shall have been submitted to and approved by the Secretary of Agriculture.
When the Secretary of Agriculture shall find that any project so approved by him has been constructed in compliance with said plans and specifications he shall cause to be paid to the proper authority of said State the amount set aside for said project; Provided, That the Secretary of Agriculture may, in his discretion, from time to time make payments on said construction as the same progresses, but these payments including previous payments, if any, shall not be more than the United States' pro rata part of the value of the labor and materials which have been actually put into said construction in conformity to said plans and specifications; nor shall any such payment be in excess of $10,000 1 per mile, exclusive of the cost of bridges of more than twenty feet clear span. The construction work an<l labor in each State shall be done in accordance with its laws, and under the direct supervision of the State highway department, subject to the inspection and approval of the Secretary of Agriculture and in accordance with the rules and rC'gulations made pursuant to this act.
The Secretary of Agriculture and the State highway department of each State may jointly determine at what times, ana in what amounts, payments, as work progresses, shall 'oe made under this act. Such payments shall be made by the Secretary of the Treasury on warrants drawn by the Secretary of Agriculture, to such official, or officials, or depository, as may be designated by the State highway department and authorized under the laws of the State to receive public funds of the State or county.
Sec. 7. To maintain the roads constructed under the provisions of this Act shall be the duty of the States, or their civil subdivisions, according to the laws of the several States. If at any time the Secretary of Agriculture shall find that any road in any State constructed under the provisions of this act is not being properly maintained he shall give notice of such fact to the highway department of such State and if within four months from the receipt of said notice said road has not been put in a proper condition of maintenance then the Secretary of Agriculture shall thereafter refuse to approve any project for road construction in said State, or the civil subdivision thereof, as the fact may be, whose duty it is to maintain said road, until it has been put in a condition of proper maintenance.
Sec. 8. That there is hereby appropriated and made available
lAmended by Section 5 of the act approved Feb. 28, 1919.
26

until expended, out of any moneys in the National Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and each fiscal year thereafter, up to and including the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twenty-six, in all $10,-
ooo,ooo, to be available_ until expended under the supervision
of the Secretary of Agnculture, upon request from the proper officers of the State, Territory, or county for the survey, construction and maintenance of roads and trails within or only partly within the national forests, when necessary for the use and development of resources upon which communities within and adjacent to the national forests are dependent; Provided, That the State, Territory, or county shall enter into a cooperative agreement with the Secretary of Agriculture for the survey, construction, and maintenance of such roads or trails upon a basis equitable to both the State, Territory, or county, and the United States: And provided also, That the aggregate expenditures in any State, Territory, or county shall not exceed ten per centum of the value, as determined by the Secretary of Agriculture, of the timber and forage resources which are or will be available for income upon the national forest lands within the respective county or counties wherein the roads or trails will be constructed; and the Secretary of Agriculture shall make annual report to Congress of the amounts expended hereunder.
That immediately upon the execution of any cooperative agreement hereunder the Secretary of Agriculture shall notify the Secretary of the Treasury of the amount to be expended by the United States within or adjacent to any national forest thereunder, and beginning with the next fiscal year and each fiscal year thereafter the Secretary of the Treasury shall apply from any and all revenues from such forest ten per centum thereof to reimburse the United States for expenditures made under such agreement until the whole amount advanced under such agreement shall have been returned from the receipts from such national forest.
Sec. 9. That out of the appropriations made by or under
this act, the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to employ
such assistants, clerks, and other persons in the city of Wash-
ington and elsewhere, to be taken from the eligible lists of the
Civil Service Commission, to rent buildings outside the city of
Washington, to purchase such supplies, material, equipment,
office fixtures, and apparatus, and to incur such travel and
other expenses as he may deem necessary for carrying out the
purposes of this act.
27

Sec. 10. That the Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to make rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions ot this act.
Sec. 11. That this act shall be in force from the date of its passage.
Approved, July 11, 1916.
28

ON FEDERAL IJD PROJECT TOP 'OILED ROAD IN HALL COUNTY ON FEDERAL AID PROJECT

H. R. 13308--65th Congress.

An Act Making appropriations for the service of the Post Office Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, and for other

purPoses.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States \Of America in Congress assembled,

*

*

*

*

*

*

sec. 5. That the act entitled "An act to provide that the

United States shall' aid the States in the construction of rural

post roads, and for other purposes," approved July 11, 1916, is

hereby amended to provide that the term "rural post roads,"

as used in section 2 of said act, shall be construed to mean any

public road a major portion of which is nQw used, or can be

used, or forms a connecting link not to exceed ten miles in

length of any road or roads now or hereafter used for the trans-

portation of the United States mails, excluding every street and

road in a place having a population, as shown by the latest

available Federal census, of two thousand five hundred or more,

except that portion of any such street or road along which the

houses average more than two hundred feet apart: Provided,

That section 6 of said act be further amended so that the limita-

tion of payments not to exceed $10,000 per mile, exclusive of the

cost of bridges of more than twenty feet clear span, which the

Secretary of Agriculture may make, be, and the same is, in-

creased to $20,000 per mile.

Sec. 6. That for the purpose of carrying out the provisions

of said act, as herein amended, there is hereby appropriated,

out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated,

the following additional sums: The sum of $50,000,000 for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, and available immediately; the

sum of $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920;

and the sum of $75,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,

1921; said additional sums to be expended in accordance with

the provisions of said act: Provided, That where the constitu-

tion of any State prohibits the same from engaging upon in-

ternal improvements or from contracting public debts for extra-

ordinary purposes in an amount sufficient to meet the monetary

requirements of the act of July 11, Hl16, or any act amendatory

thereof, or restricts annual tax levies for the purpose of con-

structing and improving roads and bridges, and where a con-

stitutional alteration or amendment to overcome either or all

of such prohibitions must be submitted to a referendum at a

general election, the sum to which such State is entitled under

the method of apportionment provided in the act of July 11,

19] 6, or any act amendatory thereof, shall be withdrawn by the

29

Secretary of the Treasury from the principal fund appropriated by the act of July 11, 1916, or any act amendatory thereof, upon receipt of the certification of the governor of such State to the existence of either or all of said prohibitions, and such sum shaU be carried by the Secretary of the Treasury as a separate fund for future disbursement as hereinafter provided: Provided fur. ther, That when, by referendum, the constitutional alterations or amendments necessary to the enjoyment of the sum so with. drawn have been approved and ratified by any State, the Secretary of the Treasury, upon receipt of certification from the governor of such State to such effect, shall immediately make available to such State, for the purposes set forth in the act of July 11, 1916, or any act amendatory thereof, the sum withdrawn as hereinbefore provided: Provided further, That nothing herein shall be deemed to prevent any State from receiving such portion of said principal sum as is available under its existing constitution and laws: Provided further, That in the expenditure of this fund for labor preference shall be given, other conditions being equal, to honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines, but any other preference or discrimination among citizens of the United States in connection with the expenditure of thi~ appropriation is hereby declared to be unlawful.
Sec. 7. That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, authorized in his discretion to transfer to the Secretary of Agriculture all available war material, equipment, and supplies not needed for the purposes of the War Department, but suitable for use in the improvement of highways, and that the same be distributed among the highway departments of the several States to be used on roads constructed in whole or in part by Federal aid, such distribution to be made upon a value basis of distribution the same as provided by the Federal aid road act, approved July 11, 1916: Provided, That the Secretary of Agriculture, at his discretion, may reserve from such distribution not to exceed 10 per centum of such material, equipment, and supplies for use in the construction of national forest roads or other roads constructed under his direct supervision.
Sec. 8. That there is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otlterwise appropriated, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1919, the sum of $3,000,000, for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, the sum of $3,000,000, and for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, the sum of $3,000,000, avail~ble until expended by the Secretary of Agriculture in cooperation with the proper officials of the State, Territory, insular possession, or county, in the survey, construction, and maintenance of roads and trails within or partly within the national forests, when necessary for the use and development of resources of the same
30

or desirable for the proper administration, protection, and im-

provement of any such forest. Out of the sums so appropriated

the Secretary of Agriculture may, without the cooperation of

such officials, survey, construct, and maintain any road or trail within a national forest which he finds necessary for the proper

administration, protection, and improvement of such forest, or which in his opinion is of national importance. In the expend-

iture of this fund for labor preference shall be given, other con-

ditions being equal, to honorably discharged soldiers, sailors,

and marines.

The Secretary of Agriculture shall make annual report to Congress of the amounts expended hereunder.

Sec. 9. That no officer or enlisted man of the Army, Navy,

or Marine Corps shall be detailed for work on the roads which come within the provisions of this act except by his own con-

sent: And provided further, That the Secretary of Agriculture,

through the War Department, shall ascertain the number of

days such soldiers, saiiors, and marines have worked on the

public roads in the several States (other than roads within the

limits of cantonments or military reservations in the several

States) during the existing war and also the location where

they worked and their names and rank, and report to Congress at the beginning of its next regular session: Provided further, That when any officer or enlisted man in the Army, the Navy, or the Marine Corps shall have been or may be in the future detailed for labor in the building of roads or other highway con-

struction or repair work (other than roads within the limits of cantonments or military reservations in the several States)

during the existing war, the pay of such officer or enlisted man

shall be equalized to conform to the compensation paid to civilian employees in the same or like employment and the amount found to be due such officers, soldiers, sailors, and

marines, less the amount of his pay as such officer, soldier, sail-

or, or marine, shall be paid to him from the 1920 appropriation

herein allotted to the States wherein such highway construction

or repair work was or will be performed.

*

*

*

Approved February 28, 1919.

31

SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AID ROAD ACT OF 1916.
The Federal aid road act was signed by the President and became a law on July 11, 1916.
Principle of the Act is: Co-Operation. Purpose of the Act.-To promote construction of rural post roads by granting aid to the various States; to provide further money aid toward the construction of roads and trails wholly or partly within the national forests; to encourage supervision of roads within the State by competent State officials.
PROVISIONS OF THE ACT. Total amount appropriated, $85,000,000.-$75,000,000 to be expended on the rural post roads in .the several States during the five-year period ending June 30, 1921; $10,000,000 to be expended at the rate of $1,000,000 a year in connection with the national forest roads.
Amounts to be expended from the major appropriation are: $ 5,000,000 for the year ending June 30, 1917; $10,000,000 for the year ending June 30, 1918; $15,000,000 for the year ending June 30, 1919; $20,000,000 for the year ending June 30, 1920; $25,000,000 for the year ending June 30, 1921~
A deduction for administration not to exceed 3 per cent of the appropriation for any one fiscal year is to be made by the Secretary of Agriculture, after which
The remainder of each year's appropriation is to be apportioned among the States in the following manner:
One third of the ratio which the area of each State bears to the total area of all the States;
One-third in the ratio which the population of each State bears to the total population of all the States;
One-third in the ratio which .the mileage of rural delivery and star routes in each State bears to the total mileage of rural delivery routes and star routes in all the States.
Roads which may be constructed under the act are defined as those over which the United States mails are now or may hereafter be transported, excluding streets and roads in places having a population of 2,500 or more, except that portion of such thoroughfares along which the houses average more than 200 feet apart.
Federal money may be expended on construction only.-The term "construction" is construed to include reconstruction and improvement of existing roads, but expenditure of funds is authorized upon only such projects as may be substantial in character.
The limit of expenditure which may be made by the United States upon any road is $10,000 per mile, exclusive of the cost of bridges of more than 2'0 feet clear span. And in no event shal! the share of the United States exceed 50 per cent of the total cost.
The Secretary of Agriculture is required, within 60 days after the approval of the act, to certify to the Secretary of the Treasury, to each State highway department and to the governor of each State having no State higlnvay department, the sum which he has estimated to be deducted for administering the provisions of the act and the sum which he has apportioned to each State for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, and on or before January 20 next preceding the commencement
32

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of each succeeding fiscal year he is required to make like certificates for such fiscal year.
The balance of the annual apportionment remaining unexpended at the close of any fiscal year "in any State is to be available for expenditure in that State until the close of the succeeding fiscal year, except that an apportionment for any fiscal year to a State which has no State highway department is to be available for expenditure in that State until the close of the third fiscal year succeeding the close of the fiscal year for which the apportionment was made; in other words, in the absence of a highway department, it is to be available for fom years from the beginning of the fiscal year for which the appropriation is made. Any amount remaining unexpended at the end of the period during which it is available is to be reapportioned within 60 days to all the States in the same manner and on the same basis as if it were being apportioned for the first time; and in the same manner the Secretary of Agriculture is to certify to the Secretary of the Treasury, to the State highway departments, and to the governors of States h"aving no State highway departments, the amount of the apportionment to each State.
TO RECEIVE THE B,ENEFITS OF THE ACT.
I. A State must, through its legislature, assent to the provisions of the act, except that, until the final adjournment of the first regular sessions of the legislature held after the passage of tl:Ie act, the assent . of the governor of the State shall be sufficient.
Ir. A State must have a State highway department. The term "State highway department" is construed to include any department of another name, or any commission or official, or officials empowered under the laws, to exercise the ordinary functions of a State highway department.
III. A State must submit to the Secretary of Agriculture, by its State highway department, a definite and comprehensive program of construction for the five-year period, or as much thereof as practicable, and subsequently from time to time an application for Federal aid, known as a project statement, setting forth proposed construction of each rural post road.
IV. A State must furnish, through its State highway department to the Secretary of Agriculture, upon his approval of a project, such surveys, plans, specifications, and estimates as the Secretary may require. Items included for engineering, inspection, and unforeseen contingencies shaU not exceed 10 per cent of the total estimated cost of the work.
V. A State must agree, through its State highway department, with the Secretary of Agriculture upon the road to be constructed and the character and method of construction.
VI. A State must construct, under the supervision of its State highway department, the road or roads, including necessary bridges and culverts, approved by the Secretary of Agriculture. The work and labor are to be done in accordance with the laws of the State and rules and regulations made pursuant to the act, and subject to the inspection and approval of the Secretary of Agriculture.
VIr. A State must properly maintain the roads constructed under the provisions of the act, except that in such cases as State laws impose the duty of maintenance upon civil subdivisions of the State, these must maintain the roads constructed. Proper maintenance is construed to mean the making of needed repairs and the preservation
33

?f a reasonablY_ smooth surface considering the type of the road, but

Is not held to mclude extraordinary repairs or reconstruction. If at

any time the Secretary of Agriculture shall find that any road con.

structed under the provisions of the act is not being properly main-

tained, he is directed to g~ve notice of that fact to the highway de-

partment of the State. If within four months from the receipt of

such notice the road has not been put in a proper condition of main-

tenance the Secretary of Agriculture is required to refuse thereafter

to approve any project or road construction in the State, or civil sub-

division, as the case may be, whose duty it is to maintain the road

until it has been put in a condition of proper maintenance.

'

A State prohibited by its constitution from engaging in any work of
internal improvement may obtain its apportionment when any number of counties shall have appropriated or provided the proportion or share needed to be raised in order to entitle such State to its part of the appropriation.

Approval by the Secretary of Agriculture of the plans, specifications, and estimates submitted by a State highway department is followed by certification of the fact to the Secretary of the Treasury who thereupon is required to set aside the share of .the United States payable on account of the project.

Partial and final payments for approved work are to be made by the Se<:?retary of the Treasury, on warrants drawn by the Secretary of Agriculture, to the offkial, officials, or depository designated by the State highway department and authorized under the laws of the State receive public funds of the State or county, but

No payment shall be greater than the United States' pro rata part of the value of labor and materials which actually have been put into the construction in conformity with the plans and specifications.

Freedom from tolls of all kinds is provided for all roads constructed under the act.

The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized to make rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of the act; to employ assistants, clerks, and others from the eligible lists of the Civil Service Commission; to rent buildings outside the city of \Vashington, purchase supplies, materials, etc., and incur travel and other expenses such as he may deem necessary for carrying out the purposes of the act.

Inspection and approval by the Secretary of Agriculture at every stage of the proceedings is required. Except as to section 8 the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering will act for the Secretary in the routine administration of the act. The apportionment of funds and the selection of projects under section 8 will be handled by the Forest Service, while surveying and construction work will be under the supervision of the Office of Public Roads and Rural Engineering. General inquiries may be addressed accordingly.

NATIONAL FOREST ROADS.
The appropriation of $10,000,000 for the survey, construction, and maintenance of roads and trails wholly or partly within the national forests is to be available until expended under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture.
To receive aid a State, Territory, or county must make a formal request through its proper officer and must enter into a co-operative agreement with the Secretary of Agriculture for the .survey, con-

34

struction, and maintenance of the desired roads or trails upon a, basis equitable to both the State, Territory, or county and the United
states. The aggregate expenditures in any State, Territory, or county must
not exceed 10 per cent of the value, as determined by the Secretary of Agriculture, of the timber and forage resources which are or will be a.vailable for incoll1e up~n the na~ional forest lands within the respective county or counties wherem the roads or trails will be constructed. The Secretary of Agriculture is required to make annual report to Congress of the amounts expended for this purpose.
The United States is to be reimbursed for expenditures made under agreement between the Secretary of Agriculture and a State, Territory, or county by the application by the Secretary of the Treasury of 10 per cent of all revenues from the forest beginning with the next fiscal year after the making of the agreement. Tl1is reimbursement is ta continue until the whole amount advanced under the agreement shall have been returned to the United States from the receipts of the national forest within or adjacent to which the money is expended.

RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRI-
CULTURE FOR CARRYING OUT THE FEDERAL AID ROAD ACT. (EXCEPT SECTION 8 THEREOF.)
Regulation 1.-Definitions.
For the purpose of these regulations, the following terms shall be construed, respectfully, to mean:
Section 1. The Federal aid road act, or the act. An act of Con~ gress entitled "An act to provide that the United States shall aid the States in the construction of rural post roads, and for otheT purposes," approved July 11, 1916 (39 Stat., 355), as amended by the act of Congress approved February 28, 1919, entitled "An act making appropriations for the service of the Post Office De~ partment for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, and for other purposes" (Public, No. 299, 65th Cong.)
Sec. 2. The Secretary. The Secretary of Agriculture of the United States.
Sec. 3. Bureau of Public Roads. The Bureau of Public Roads of the United States Department of Agriculture.
Sec. 4. Ten per cent fund. Items for engineering, inspection, and unforeseen contingencies, not exceeding 10 per cent of the total estimated cost of the work.
Sec. 5. Authorized representatives of the Secretary. The Di~ rector of the Bureau of Public Roads and such other officials and employes thereof as he may designate from time to time.
Regulation 2.-Applications of Regulations.
Section 1. These regulations apply to all provisions, except section 8, of the act and shall not be applied to section 8 unless hereafter authorized or required by order of the Secretary.
Sec. 2. These regulations shall apply as fully where the State cannot constitutionally engage in any work of internal improvements as in any other case, when any number of counties in such State shall appropriate or provide the proportion or share needed to be raised in order to entitle such State to its part of the appropriation apportioned under the act.
Regulation 3.-lnformation for the Secretary.
Section 1. Before an agreement is made upon any road or roads to be constructed in a State, or the character and method. of construction upon request of the Secretary there shall be furnished to him, by or on behalf of the State, gm1eral information as to its laws affecting roads and the authority of the State and local officials in reference to the construction and maintenance of roads; as to schemes for future construction, and as to -provisions made, or to be made, for constructing and maintain-
36

fng roads upon which it is contemplated that the expenditure of inoney appropriated by or under the act will be proposed. ThP inforn'!ation furnished shall be sufficient to enable the SecretarY t;o determine wr.ether it is likely that the money apportioned to the State will 'oe expended, and the roads constructed will be properly maintained, in accordance with the terms of the act.
Sec. 2. Information requested by the Secretary or his authorIzed represedative relating to the maintenance of roads constrUcted under the provisions of the act shall be furnished, from tiJne to time, by the State highway departments, on forms sup. plied by the Bureau of Public Road.
Sec. 3. Data furnished by or on behalf of a Sta,te shall be sup plemented by such reports of the Bureau of Public Roads as th1~ secretary may from time to time require before he decideE whether the State has complied \Vith the terms of the act or has presented a project statement which should be approved.
Regulation 4.-Project Statements.
Section 1. A project statement shall contain all information necessary to enable the Secretary to ascertain (a) whether the project conforms to the requirements of the act; (b) whether adequate funds, or their equivalent, are or will be available by . or on behalf of the State for construction; (c) what purpose the project will serve and how it correlates with the other highway work of the State; (d) the administrative control of and responsibility for the project; (e) the adequacy of the plans and provisions for proper maintenance of roads; and (f) the approxi-
.mate amount of Federal aid desired. Sec. 2. Suitable forms for project statements will be supplied by the Bureau of Public Roads.
Sec. 3. Project statements may be submitted at any time, but not in excess of funds previously apportioned to the State
Sec. 4. Each project statement shall be accompanied by a sketch map, showing the location of the proposed project and all main contiguous transportation features.
Sec. 5. Where any part of the cost of a project is to be furnished by a county or other local subdivision or subdivisions of a State, the project statement shall be accompanied by certified copy of each resolution or order, if any, of the appropriate local officials respecting the funds which are or will be made available, or respecting the supervision of the construction of the road and of the expenditure of the money provided or to be provided for paying such cost.
37

!Regulation 5.-Surveys, Plans, Specifications, and Estimates.
Section 1. Surveys and plans shall show, in convenient forlll and sufficient detail, according to. accepted engineering practice necessary data, in connection with the specifications and esti~ mates, to enable the Secretary to ascertain and pass upon loca, tion, grades, drainage, bridges, other structures, special and unusual features, the work to be performed, and the probable cost thereof, all in conformity with the standards governing form and arrangement prescribed by the Secretary, except that State standard specifications submitted and approved prior to July 1, 1919, need not conform to the standards prescribed by the Secretary, and such approved State standard specifications may continue in force after July 1, 1919, so long as they remain unchanged.
Sec. 2. Specifications shall set forth the proposed method of construction, type of construction, materials to be used, and other essentials, in such detail as to afford complete knowledge of all steps to be taken in the construction of the project.
Sec. 3. The estimate for the proposed type or types of construction for each project shall show the estimated quantity and cost of each item of construction in detail and, separately, the 10 per cent fund, and shall not include any expense of advertising.
Sec. 4. Unless State standard contract and bond forms have been approved, there shall be submitted, with each set of specifications, for the approval of the Secretary copies of the form of contract, together with all documents referred to therein or made part thereof and of the contractor's bond which it is proposed to use on the project. No alteration of such form sl'lall be made until it is approved by the Secretary.
Sec. 5. Rights of way necessary for any project shall be provided, and any incidental damages to adjoining property due to construction work paid by or on behalf of the state, and the expenses thereof shall not be included in the estimate or paid in any part, directly or indirectly, by the Federal Government.
Sec. 6. Grade crossings shall be avoided where practicable. The estimated cost of eliminating a grade crossing shall not include any amount the State, county, or other civil subdivision has received, is to receive, or is entitled to receive, directly or indirectly, as reimbursement or payment from the owner- of a public utility, for or on account of such elimination.
Sec. 7. No part of the expense of making surveys, plans, specifications, or estimates, by or on behalf of the State prior to the beginning of construction work, shall be included in the estimate or paid by the Federal Government.
38

sec. 8. When plans, specifications, and estimates have been approved by the Secretary no alteration thereof shall be made Without his approval, except that minor alterations which will not involve an increase in the cost of the project to the Federal Government may be made with the approval of the Director of the Bureau of Public Roads or his authorized representative.
Regulation 6.-Project Agreements.
section 1. A project agreement between the State highway department and the Secretary shall be executed in triplicate on a form furnished by the Secretary. No payment shall be made by the United States unless or until such agreement has been executed, nor on account of work done prior to the recommendation by the district engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads that the project plans, specifications, and estimates be approved.
Regulation ?.-Contracts.
Section 1. No part of the Federal money set aside on account of any project shall be paid until it has been shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary that adequate means, either by advertising or by other devices appropriate for the purpose, were employed, prior to the beginning of construction, to insure the economical and practical expenditure of such money.
Sec. 2. Immediately on publication of advertisements copies thereof shall be furnished to the Bureau of Public Roads.
Sec. 3. Bids shall conform to the standard proposal form, and the items shall be the same as those contained in the estimate provided for in regulation 5, section 3.
Sec. 4. Copy of the tabulated bid prices, showing the unit prices and the totals of each bid for every project, shall be furnished promptly to the Bureau of Public Roads.
Sec. 5. In advance of the acceptance of any bid sufficient notice of the time and place the contract is to be awarded shall be given to the Bureau of Public Roads to enable it, if'it so desire, to have a representative present. When a bid bas been accepted prompt notice thereof shall be given to the Bureau of Public Roads.
Sec. 6. If the contract be awarded to any other than the lowest responsible bidder the Federal Government shall not pay more than its pro rata share of the lowest responsible bid, unless it be satisfactorily shown that it was advantageous to the work to accept the higher bid.
Sec. 7. A copy of each contract as executed shall be immediately certified by the State highway department and furnished to the Bureau of Public Roads.
39

Sec. 8. The specifications and plans shall be made a part Of the contract.
Sec. 9. No alteration in such contract shall be made without the approval of the Secretary.
Regulation B.-Construction Work and Labor.
Section 1. Suitable samples of materials to be used in construction work shall be submitted, by or on behalf of the State highway department, to the Bureau of Public Roads whenever requested.
Sec. 2. Unless otherwise stipulated in writing by the Secretary or his authorized representative, materials for the con.. struction of any project shall, prior to use, be tested for conformity with specifications, according to methods prescribed or approved by the Bureau of Public Roads.
Sec. 3. Unless otherwise specifically stipulated in the project agreement, bridges, viaducts, and underpasses shall have clear width of roadway of not less than 16 feet, and clear headroom of not less than 14 feet for a width of 8 feet at the center.
Sec. 4. No part of the money apportioned under the act shall be used, directly or indirectly, to pay or to reimburse a State, county, or local subdivision for the payment of any premium or royalty on any patented or proprietary material, specification, process, or type of construction unless purchased or obtained on open actual competitive bidding at the same or a less cost than unpatented articles or methods equally suitable for the same purpose.
Sec. 5. The supervision of each project by the State highway department shall include adequate engineering and inspection throughout the course of construction.
Sec. 6. Written notice of commencement and completion of work on any project shall be given promptly by the State highway department to the Bureau of Public Roads.
Sec. 7. Reports of the progress of construction, showing force employed and work done, shall be furnished, from time to time, whenever requested by the Secretary or his authorized representative.
Sec. 8. Force account work, or other labor, teams, material, and equipment furnished by or on behalf of the State highway department on construction work shall be used only on such terms and conditions as are set forth in the project agreement.
Regulation 9.-Records and Cost Keeping.
Section 1. Such records of the cost of the work, and of inspections and tests by or on behalf of the State, shall be kept, by or under the direction of the State highway department, as will enable the Secretary, or his authorized representative, at
40

anY time to determine the condition of the construction anu maintenance of, and the cost to the State and the Federal Government of the construction work and labor done on any project.
sec. 2. The accounts and records, together with all supporting documents, shall be open, at all times, to the inspection of the Secretary, or his authorized representative, and copies thereof shall be furnished when requested..
Sec. 3. Certified copies of pay rolls on force account work and of all vouchers for other expenditures shall be furnished whenever requested by the Secretary or his authorized representative.
Sec. 4. Whenever requested by the Secretary or his authorized representative unit costs on any project shall be kept on forms furnished by the Bureau of Public Roads.
Regulation 10.-Payments.
Section l. Vouchers, in the fonn provided by the Secretary and certified as therein prescribed, shO\ving amounts expended on any project and amount claimed to be due from the Federal Government on account thereof, shall be submitted by the State highway department to the Bureau of Public Roads, either after completion of construction of the project or, if the Secretary has determined to make payments as the construction progresses, at intervals of not less than one month.
'Regulation 11.-Bureau of Public Roads.
Section 1. Papers and documents required by the act or these regulations to be submitted to the Secretary may be delivered to the Bureau of Public Roads, and from the date of such delivery shall be deemed submitted.
41

AN ACT
To create a Prison Commission for the State of Georgia; to define their duties, powers and compensation.
Section 1. The General Assembly of Georgia do enact, That within thirty (30) days from the passage of this Act the Governor shall ap. point three (3) intelligent and upright citizens, from different sections of the State, who shall be known as the Prison Commission of the State of Georgia, and who shall hold office until their respectife successors are elected and qualified as hereinafter provided. At the next general election in October, 1398, one commissioner shall be elected, and at each following general election one commissioner fhall h<:: elected. The Commission so appointed by the Governor shall cast lots and determine which of the said commissioners shall hold office until the general election in October, 1898, which shall holrJ until the general election of 1900, and which shall hold until the general election of 1902, and until their respective successors are elect.ed and qualified.
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That before entering upon the discharge of the duties of their office, each commissioner shall take the oath required of all public officers, and shall erecute a bond, with good security, in the sum of five thousand dollars ($5,000.00), payable to the Governor of Georgia and his successors in office, conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties devolving upon him, which bond shall be approved by the Governor, and filed and recorded as other bonds.
Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the Commission shall have an office in the Capitol, and such books, stationery, stamps, and other office supplies as may be needed shall be provided as such supplies are now furnished as may be needed shall be provided as such supplies are now furnished to the other State House officers. They shall select a clerk, whose duty shall be determined by the board, whose compensation shall not erceed $1,200.00 per annum, and in addition thereto actual traveling expenses while in the discharge of his duties, and who shall hold office at the pleasure of the board.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That the Commission shall have complete management and control of the State convicts, shall regulate the hours of their labor, the manner and extent of their punishment, the variety, quality, and quantity of their food, the kind and character of their clothing, and shall make such other rules and regulations as will insure their safe keeping and proper care; and to appoint such officers, guards, and physicians as may be necessary.
Approved December 21, 1897.
42

AN ACT
To provide for the future employment of felony and misdemeanor male convicts upon the public roads of the several counties of the State, except certain classes, and to provide for the employment of those not used upon such roads; to amend Section 1039 of the Code so far as same relates to females, and to prevent the hiring of misdemeanor convicts to private persons, to make violations of certain provisions of this Act crimes, and to provide punishment therefor, and for other purposes.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That section 1039, Volume 3 of the Code of 1895 be amended by striking .therefrom the words "or on such other works as the county authorities may employ the chaingang," and inserting in lieu thereof the words "or on such other public works as the county or State authorities may employ the chaingang," and by adding to said section the following words: "If the convict be a female, the presiding judge may, in his discretion, sentence her to confinement and labor in the woman's prison on the State Farm in lieu of a chaingang sentence, not to exceed twelve months; provided, that the trial judge shall have the discretion also of sending any person convicted of a misdemeanor to the State Farm," so .that said section, as amended, shall read as follows: "Every crime declared to be a misdereanor is punishable by a fine not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000.00), imprisonment not to exceed six months, to work in the chaingang or the public roads, or on such other public works as the county or State authorities may employ the chaingang, not to exceed twelve months, any one or more of these punishments in the discretion of the judge; provided, that nothing herein contained shall authorize the giving the control to private persons, or their employment by the county or State authorities in such mechanical pursuits as will bring the products of their labor into competition with the products of free la-bor. If the convict be a female the judge may, in his discretion, sentence her to labor and confinement in the woman's prison on the State };'arm, in lieu of a chaingang sentence, not to exceed twelve months, provided that the trial judge shall have the discretion also of sending any person convincted of a misdemeanor to the State Farm."
Sec. 2. Be it further enaded, That all male felony convicts, except such as are now required by law to be kept at the State Farm may, after M8rch 31st, 1919, be employed by the authority of the several counties and municipalities upon the public roads, bridges and other public works of said counties or municipalities as hereinafter provided. Any two or more of said counties of this State may combine for the purpose of working and improving the roads of their respective counties, by and with the consent and approval of the Prison Commission. In proportioning the convicts to the several counties, the Prison Commission shall have the power, in their discretion, to award the convicts to other counties than the one in which the conviction was had. A county shall have the right, upon .the approval of the Prison Commission, to deliver its quota of felony convicts and also its misdemeanor convicts, if it so desires, to another county, to be used in the construction and repair of public roads, bridges or other public works, and the county so receiving such convicts, shall have the right to compensate the county from which the convicts come, with work upon the public roads, bridges or other public works, or by exch:mge of an equal number of convicts.
43

Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That any county which has not taken its quota of convicts may, at any time, apply to the Commission for them, and the Commission shall, as early as practicable, furnish the county with its quota of convicts.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted,That the Prison Commission is hereby authorized, when in funds; to purchase the road-working machinery, appliances and teams, and to equip and organize road-working forces,
the same to be used for the construction and repair of public roads, bridges, or other public works, in the counties not using their convicts under the foregoing sections when requested by the authorities of such counties so to do. The work to be done as far as practicable
in proportion to the convicts which would have been assigned to each
county in case the county had worked its convicts. The Commission may work in such counties as many more convicts in addition to said proportion as any county is willing to pay the expense of, and as the county may have at its disposal. When the Prison Commission works any force of convicts in any county, such county shall pay the expense thereof, including maintenance of equipment, to the Commission, of working the forces, and shall buy the material required for the work to be done in the county; the county authorities of such county are hereby authorized to pay said expense out of any funds raised for road purposes. Accurate books of account shall be kept by the Prison Commission of all work done and expenses incurred. in all cases, provided for in this section, the county authorities shall designate the roads to be so worked or constructed.
Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That if all convicts are not disposed of under the preceding sections, the Prison Commission is hereby authorized to place convicts in counties desiring to use them in excess of their quota; counties shall have the right to use as many convicts as they desire, upon the terms and conditions as in this Act provided; provided that in the event the request by counties should exceed the number of convicts on hand, they shall be prorated, between those counties making application for same. In such cases the Prison Commission shall keep an accurate account of such excess of convicts, charging them to each county receiving them and keeping an accurate account, showing the counties to which they would have gone had such county used its convicts, and crediting them to such counties, which excess shall be paid back in convicts when the county so credited with convicts desires to use its convicts in the construction and repair of its roads, bridges, or other public works.
Sec. 6. Be it further enacted, That any county may purchase, rent and maintain a farm, upon which to work any number of its convicts, in connection with working its convicts upon its public roads, bridges and other public works, and all products and supplies arising from said farm shall be used in the support of the convicts, improvement of its public roads, bridges and other public works, and in support of the county institutions.
Sec. 7. Be it further enacted, That this Act is not intended to repeal or a.Uer any of the provisions of the Act, approved December 21, 1897, as amended by Act approved August 17, 1903, as to the management, care and control of felony and misdemeanor convicts and the duties and liabilities of the Prison Commission in regard thereto, except such as are changed by this Act, and except that the Secretary of the Commission shall receive a salary of$1,800.00 per annum, and he shall give his entire <time to the service of the Commission, and shall be required to take an oath to faithfully discharge his duties,
44

and give a bond in such amount as may be fixed by the Prison Commission, payabe to the Governor, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties, and the pay of the guards shall not exceed $50.00 per month, and that of a warden $100.00 per rrionth; provided, that no person under the age of twenty-one years, and who does not furnish a certificate si~ned by three reputable citizens of his county, giving testimony of h1s good moral character, shall be employed as such warden, guard or other employee, and any such employee who shall make a false statement as to his age, in order .to procure such employment, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction shall be punished as provided lJy lay. No guard or warden shall be employed or retained who drinks intoficating liquors to excess, and no warden or guard shall be appointed who does not furnish a certificate from the ordinary of the county in Which he resides that he is, in .the opinion of said ordinary, a humane, sober and honest man.
Sec. 8. Be it further enacted, That all convicts, whether sentenced for felony or misdemeanor crimes, and all convict camps shall be under the direct supervision of the Prison Commission, which shall provide rules and regulations for the management, discipline and control of said convicts, and of said eonvict camps, subject to the approval 0f the Governor, and shall have lawful authority to summarily discharge for cause any employe having either care or charge of said convicts, or said convict camps, and it shall be the duty of the Prison Commission to require comtant and thorough disinfection of the quarters of the convicts, and the observance and maintenance of sanitary rules and appliances.
Sec. 9. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of some member of the Prison Commission to ma.ke personal visits to the various convict camps of the State, including the county road gangs, every six months, and to make a thorough inspection of every detail of management, plan and operation, and treatment of convicts; said visits to be made unawares to the authorities in charge of the various camps.
Sec. 10. Be it further enacted, That if the Prison Commission has on hand convicts not provided for under the foregoing sections of this Act, said Prison Commission may place upon said farms such convicts and work the same thereon. In connection with the handling of convicts upon farms, the Prison Commission shall employ such superintendents as in their discretion may be deemed necessary. The compensation of a superintendent shall not be more than twelve hundred dollars per annum and actual traveling expenses while in the discharge of his duties, together with a residence for himself and family to be located on the farm of which he is superintendent. No superintendent shall be allowed to keep any live stock at the State's expense. Superintendents shall be required to give their entire time and attention to the duties of their office and shall not engage in farming or any other business in their own behalf.
Sec. 11. Be it further enacted, That the Prison Commission is hereby authorized, if they deem it necessary, to employ not more than four supervisors, who shall visit the various counties, inspect the convicts and their work, and perform such other duties as may be required of them by the Commission. If practicable, civil engineers shall be selected for these positions. The salaries shall not exceed one hundred and fifty dollars per month and actual traveling expense:o:. The Commission shall also appoint such wardens and guards as may be necessary, and shall define their duties.
Sec. 12. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the
45

supervisors to inform themselves thoroughly upon the subject of road building and assist as far as possible those in different counties and municipalities in planning and constructing public roads, bridges and worl,s, and it shall be the duty of the Commission to furnish those representating the various counties of the State engaged in building roads, bridges and public works information on the subject of handling their convicts, economically and successfully, with reference to the construction of public roads, bridges and other public works in which said counties and municipalities may be engaged.
Sec. 13. Be it further enacted, The clerk of the court wherein any perwn may be convicted and sentenced for violation of the criminal laws of the State shall notify the Prison Commission immediately thereafter by mail, of the conviction and sentence together with a description of the person sentenced, which shall give the name, crime, sentence, age, sex, height, weight, and apparent physical condition of such person; and the disposition made or to be made of said person.
Sec. 14. Be it further enacted The Prison Commission shall keep a record of all convictions and sentences for violations of the crimi!lal laws and of the final disposition of each case.
Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved September 19, 1908.
46

ACT CREATING THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA.
HIGHWAY COMMISSION CREATED. An Act to designate the Prison Commission of Georgia, together with
the State Geologist, the Dean of the College of Civil Engineering of the State University, and the Professor of Highway Engineering at the Georgia School of Technology, as the Highway Department of Georgia; to assent to the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 11, 1916, known as the "Act to provide that The United States shall aid the States in the construction of rural post roads, and for other purposes," and for other purposes. Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act the Prison Commission of Georgia, together with the State Geologist, the Dean of the College of Civil Engineering of the State University, and the Professor of Highway Engineering at the Georgia School of Technology, shall constitute the Highway Department of the State of Georgia, and shall discharge all the duties prescribed by the Act of Congress approved July 11, 1916, known as the "Act to provide that the United States shall aid the States in the construction of rural post roads, and for other purposes," to be performed by such State Highway Department, which they shall do without additional compensation to that now paid them, and under the provisions of the Act of 1908, allowing said Prison Commission to employ such civil engineers as therein provided. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, and it is hereby enacted by the au.thority of the same, That the assent of the State of Georgia is hereby given to the terms and provisions of said Act of Congress referred to in Section 1. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act are hereby repealed. Approved August 16, 1916.
47

APPOPRIATION.
An Act to appropriate to the Highway Department of Georgia the sum of ten thousand dollars for the maintenance of said department, and for other purposes.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That the sum of ten thousand dollars be and the same is hereby appropriated to the Highway Department of Georgia to pay the expenses of said department and to maintain the same for the year 1918.
The sum of two thousand dollars of the above sum shall be available immediately for the payment of past due expenses of said department, including amount due for engineers, said sum to be paid by warrant of the Governor on itemized account approved by said Highway Department.
EXTRACT FROM THE AMENDED MOTOR VEHICLE LAW.

An Act to amend an Act to provide for the annual registration and

identification of motor vehicles and motor cycles, approved No-

vember 30, 1915

by authorizing the Secretary of State

to provide for expenses of State Highway Commission,

payment of engineers,

etc.

Section 2. Be it further enacted, That section 19 of said Act be amended by adding at the end of said section the following words: "And provided further, that not more than $15,000.00 of said funds so received may be used by the State Highway Commission for expenses and the employment of engineers, to be paid to said Commission by warrant of the Governor, upon itemized statement of !!).1 actual and necessary expenses of said Commission, so that said section as amended shall read:
"Section 19. Be it further enac.ted, That one dollar of the license fee collected under the provisions of this Act, all fees from the duplicate license numbers where originals are destroyed or lost, the transfer of license, and all chau_eur's licenses shall be retained by the Secretary of State to provide and furnish number plates, and seals, to pay clerks and inspectors in said Act, and pay the expenses of operation and enforcement of said law in said State; Provided, that in addition to the cost of the number plates and s-e:ifs provided in this Act, the Secretary of State shall not expend for inspectors, clerks, or ether expenses, more tban fifteen per centum of the total funds received and collected by said Secretary of State, under the provisions of this section, the balance of said fund, if any, shall be at the end of each year deposited in the State Treasury; provided, however, that the foregoing shall include cnly necessary and actual expenses, to be itemized and accounted for by said Secretary of State, and provided further, that not more than $15,000.00 of said funds so received may be m;ed by the State Highway Commission for expenses and the employment of engineers, to be paid by said Commission by warrant of the Governor upon itemized statement of all actual and necessary expenses of such commission."
Approved August 20, 1918.

48

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REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH TO BE BT'ILT OVER FOEKILLER CREEK, ~ffLTOX CO\'NTY.

[

II II

[I

II

REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH TO BE Bl:ILT OVER HOG WALI,OW CRJ<~EK, :\ULTON COl'NTY.

The sum of three thousand dollars of above sum shall be for the salarY and expenses for a chief engineer, who shall be the office secretary of the department.
The sum of five thousand dollars of .the above sum shall be used by the department to pay the expenses of maintaining said department, including such supervisors and engineers as may be needed in making preliminary surveys and estimates in connection with project statements in application for Federal aid, and in defaying the expenses of the members of the Highway Department when in actual discharge of their duties in connection with the work of said depart-
ment. sec. 2. All laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act are
hereby repealed.
Approved August 19, 1918.

BY-LAWS OF THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA.
ARTICLE 1.
Name, Officers, Meetings, Etc.
Section 1. Under the Act of the General Assembly creating this department, a.pproved August 16, 1916, the legal title of this department is the Highway Department of Georgia. (For convenience the term "Board" where used in these by-laws shall mean the full legal title of the Highway Department of Georgia.
Sec. 2. The Board shall annually elect a chairman and a secretary, who shall hold office until their successors are elected.
Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the chairman of the Board to preside over all meetings thereof, regular and special; to call special meetings at his discretion, and to exercise such executive powers as the Board from time to time may determine.
Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend all meetings of the Board, to keep careful minutes of its proceedings, to preserve all documents, maps, etc., pertaining to its work, and to perform such other clerical and financial duties as the Board may order.
Sec. 5. The Board shaH meet in regular session on the third Tuesday in each month at the offices of the Board in the State Capitol. Regular meetings may be continued by adjournment to specified dates.
Sec. 6. Special meetings may be held upon call of the chairman, or three other members, by written notice specif:ying the business to be considered, and the date of the meeting. Such notice must be given at least five days in advance of the meeting.
Sec. 7. Until such time as the General Assembly shall provide fund for the direct maintenance of this Board, the salary of the secretary will be fixed and paid by the Prison Commission of Georgia.
ARTICLE' 2;
Engineering Staff.
Section 1. The engineering staff of the Board shall consist for the present of the permanent civil engineers now employed by the Prison Commission and of such other competent civil engineers skilled in road surveys and methods of road building as may be temporarily appointed to specific pieces of work by the formal action of the Board.
Sec. 2. Until such time as the General Assembly shall provide funds for the direct maintenance of this Board, the salary of said permanent engineer will be fixed and paid by the parties in whose service he is acting.
Sec. 3 The salary or fees of any temporary engineer, and the terms of his employment, shall be fixed by the Board at the time of his appointment
Sec. 4. The traveling and survey expenses of all engineers of the Board prior to employment on actual construction shall be paid by the parties in whose service they are acting. In the case of temporary engineers, the salaries of the engineers shall be included in the surveying expenses.
50

sec. 5. An engineer assigned by the Board to supervision of construction under a project agreement, will be paid his salary and field expenses out of the funds provided for said project. Said payments shall not exceed 10 per cent. of the total cost of the project.
sec. 6. The Board shall investigate in advance the qualifications or engineers for temporary appointments. At least one must be highly qualified in bridge designing
ARTICLE 3.
Relating to Projects and Action Thereon.
Section 1. Counties applying for Federal aid on road construction projects shall submit their applications to the Board 'in the manner prescribed by the Federal Aid Act of July 11, 1916, and the rules and regulations pursuant thereto as set forth by the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States. The orderly steps in such submission and subsequent progress are as follows:
(a) Application to the Board on prescribed forms, accompanied by agreement on part of applicant to pay the cost of all necessary reconnaissance and prelimim'try investigations and surveys.
(b) The Board acts on the application by placing it on file and ordering a reconnaissance by an engineer of the Board. The engineer shall, in making said reconnaissance, go over the route or routes feasible between terminal points, inspect the adjoining roadways, confer and advise with the local authorities concerned, and make report to the Board upon the feasibility, the R. F. D. service rendered, and the traffic importance of the project, and upon the asrendered, and the traffic importance of the project, and upon surances of cooperation by adjoining counties in co-ordinating the project with the sy'3tematic network of Federal aid roads as adopted by the Board.
(c) Upon the approval of the engineer's report by the Board, the applicant will be notified and aided to prepare in detail, through an engineer appointed by the Board, the "Project Statement" in the form required by the Federal authorities. The Project Statement must be accompanied by binding contracts making the Board the legal agent of the applicant in construction and maintenance of the project and providing the applicant's share of the estimated cos.t of labor, material and equipment required by the project. Proper forms of contract will be furnished by the Board. The cost of surveys must be included.
(d) The Project Statement, when properly submitted, is acted upon by the Board, and, if approved, is forwarded to the U. S. Office of Public Roads, through which the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture acts upon these matters.
(e) When the said Project Statement is returned to the Board with Federal approval, the applicant is instructed to make the necessary location, surveys, maps, and estimates through a. competent engineer appointed by the Board. Detailed instructions are given the engineer in accord with the Federal requirements as to how this survey shall be made and mapped. The expense of this survey is to be paid by the applicant.
(f) "When the above survey with maps, quantities, and close estimate of cost are approved by this Board and bids thereon secured if work is by contract, the papers are sent to the Office of Public Roads.
51

Upon final approval by that office, the "Project Agreement" is drawn up in the form prescribed by the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture; and when properly executed between the Board and the said Secretary ot Agriculture the applicant is notified that construction work will be started by the Board under the contract as made.
(g) The Project Agreement will set forth all the specifications terms of payment, system of vouchers to be used, and aU other con: trolling details.
Sec. 2. No project will be considered eligible for Federal aid unless it forms a part of the system of roads adopted officially by this Board and shown on the key map by them approved: Provided, that project~ of special importance and merit may be considered on other roads, if the assent of the Secretary of Agriculture be secured in advance of its submission.
Sec. 3. Until a more complete organization of the engineering staff is possible, a committee of this Board shall be raised to pass upon and a.pprove the engineering data, designs, specifications and esu. mates of cost connected with all Project Agreements before the same are transmitted to the Federal authorities.
Seq. 4 All papers, maps, etc., arising under the provisions of this article must bear the stamped certificate of the Secretary of the Board in evidence of the Board's action and approval.
ARTICLE 4.
Relating to Sessions and Order of Business.
Section 1. The Board shall meet in open session to receive applications, to give hearings upon proposed projects and other matters of interest, and to make announcements of important action.
Sec. 2. The Board shall meet in executive session for the transaction of the detail business which comes before it.
Sec. 3. All motions or proposals affecting the decision of business (outside of the ordinary mentions involving parliamentary procedure only) shall be 'lubmitted in writing before vote thereon is taken, to the end that accurate minutes may be kept of the actions of the Board.
Sec. 4. Order of Business: Roll Call. Reading and Approval of Minutes. Consideration of Special Orders. Report of Committees. Unfinished Business. New Business, including hearings in open session from parties at interest in the work of the Board. Adjournment.
ARTICLE 5.
Section 1. These bylaws can be changed only at a regular meeting of the Board, thirty days' notice in writing having been given by the Secreta-ry to each member of the change or changes proposed, and by a two-thirds vote of the membership of the Board, favorable to said change or changes.
ARTICLE 6.
Section 1. The presence of four members of the Board shall be necessary to constitute a quorum.
52

HISTORICAL.
Georgia as a British colony passed its first road law in tbe year 1755. Under the provisions of this Act the province was divided into nine districts, to each of which were appointed six surveyors, whose duty it was to lay out and keep in repair the highways of their respective districts. This work \Vas to be done by the road hands, who were required to work as many as twelve days each year. The surveyors were authorized to assess a tax on all male inhabitants within the road age.
After the War of Independence numerous acts were passed by the Legislature for the improvement of highways. The principal means of keeping the roads in repair since the Revolution is that known as the "Statutory Method," a method brought over by the first colonists from England. Under this method the counties of the colony were divided into road districts, and the male inhabitants between the ages of sixteen and sixty were required to work the roads to which they were assigned from five to fifteen days in the year. When a new road was to be built the.hands of the entire district were called out and required to bring their own tools, which usually consisted of mattocks, picks, shovels, axes, and ordinary farm plows. This resulted in very little good accomplished either in the construction of new roads, or in the maintenance of the old ones. Some counties in Georgia are still working under this antiquated system. In the year 1829 considerable interest was manifested throughout the State in the improvement of roads and rivers. The Legislature appropriated $70,000.00 for the purchase of negroes to be used in building roads. About two hundred slaves were bought by the State and placed in charge of two superintendents ap-pointed by the Governor. Considerable improvement was made under this plan, but dissatisfaction arose owing to the fact that road construction was confined mostly to the vicinity of the larger cities, such as Columbus, Macon, Milledgeville, and Augusta, and as a consequence the law was repealed. About this time numerous corporations throughout the State began making applications for charters for the purpose of constructing turn-pike roads. This continued to be the principal activity in road construction aside from the ordinary statutory method which has always been in use, until the Civil War. Charters were granted to many companies, particularly in North Georgia, where, owing to the mountainous condition of the territory, road construction was difficult. After the Civil War, as these
53

charters \Vould expire, the Legislature refused to renew them with very few exceptions. Road building again lapsed back to the old statutory method explained above, with the result that new roads were poorly laid out and constructed and the older ones poorly maintained.
The real forward movement in highway construction began in 1891, when an act was passed by the Legislature authorizing the county commissioners, upon recommendation of the grand jury, to levy _a special tax of two mills on the dollar, and also to require of each male inhabitant subject to road duty a commutation tax of fifty cents per dav for the number of days they were required to work during the year. Under this law the road authorities of the county were enabled to buy mules and suitable machinery and to employ labor at regular wages. As a result great improvement was made in the highways of the State. However, up to this time very little could be done in the matter of relocating the roads, but work was put on the old roads as originally laid out which was done in most cases by chance, and not by any engineering skill. In 1908 the convict lease system was abolished and the convicts turned over to the counties to be employed in road construction. With the special commutation tax provided for by different acts of the Legislature the county authorities were enabled to maintain convict gangs and secure admirable results in road construction. By this means the counties have been enabled to relocate many of their roads under competent engineering skill.
Added interest was given to road construction by the passage of the Federal Aid Road Act, approved July 11th, 1916, entitled "An Act to provide that the United States shall aid the State in the construction of rural post roads, and for other purposes." The State of Georgia, by an Act of the same year, gave assent to the provisions of the Federal law, and created in the same act the State Highway Commission. The Engineering Department of the Highway Commission was created on January, 1918, and was charged with the duty of making surveys and providing plans and specifications for the numerous projects submitted by the several counties of the State. Under these laws it is hoped to construct many miles of the most improved types of road throughout the State in the near future.
We are now entering a new and higher stage in road building, which requires special and immediate attention. The motor vehicle is here to stay. It demands a hard surfaced road, built on easy grades. Many millions of dollars
54

are being wasted in tires, gasoline, and wear of machinery in our attempts to drive these machines over the very imperfect roads of the State. From actual tests lately made in the State of California, it has been conclusively shOWil that the hard surfaced roads in that State save to each automobile the sum of ninety dollars per year in the two items of tire and gasoline, to say nothing of adding to the life of the machine itself. The United States Government has granted Federal Aid to the State of Georgia in the sum of approximately $7,400,000.00, on condition that the State supply an equal amount. -It is encouraging to note that the counties of the State are enthusiastically issuing bonds to match this money. From present indications they will without doubt raise a great deal in excess of the amount provided for by the Government. While the engineering department of the Highway Commission has been in existence only since January, 1918, we have under way seventy-two projects in the State, and many more in process of development. I am pleased to report that county authorities are working in harmony with this Department in building these roads according to approved engineering methods. It has been and shall be our endeavor to have these roads properly laid out, graded, and surfaced to such width as shall take care of the traffic in each particular case.
It is apparent that the motor vehicle will become the principal means of transportation over the highways of the State. Owing to its increased velocity over that of horse-drawn vehicles, its range of travel is greater in the same proportion. People \vho lived many miles apart scarcely knew each other under the regime of the horsedrawn vehicle, but since the introduction of the motor vehicles, have become close neighbors and have established business connections with each other. For this and other reasons no main :road in a county can be classed as a local road. Not only the county, but the State as a whole, has an interest in such road. Therefore, a State system of Highways has become a necessity. There is no danger of our making the mistake that our forefathers made in 1829 when they attempted a State system and confined their improvements to the vicinity of a few of the larger cities as mentioned above under this head.
Our forefathers are not to be censured for attempting a State system in 1829, but are to be commended for their excellent foresight in planning this great State. Their plan was good, but they did not have the means to carry it to a
55

successful conclusion. It is different now. Population has increased, wealth has increased, and a new and better mode of transportation has been found. The State as a whole has become interested in highways in the most inaccessible parts of its territory, as well as in the vicinity of its great cities. The inaccessible portions of the State are sparsely settled and unable financially to build a main thoroughfare through their territory. In such cases the State should have the means and authority to open up such territory with well built State roads. This would encourage settlers to build up such territory and in this manner add to the taxable property of the State.
56

CONVICT SYSTEM IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION. By the act of the General Assembly of 1908 the Convict Lease System was abolished and the option was granted the different counties of the State of taking the convicts and using them in the construction and maintenance of their roads. When the opportunity was given, the counties took all of the able-bodied ones that were available and have used them continuously until the present time. The plan has proven to be a success. The counties have provided equipment for housing, feeding, guarding, and working them in a manner that has resulted in great benefit to the convicts themselves, as compared with their former health and treatment under the Lease System. They are well clothed and well fed and are given wholesome work in the open. An inspection of the different road camps throughout the State shows them to be in excellent physical condition. When sick they are given the best medical attention and the authorities in charge always treat them in a humane manner. Convict labor in road construction has, in general, proven more reliable and satisfactory than that of hired day labor. In some few instances counties have undertaken to maintain camps with such a small number of convicts that in such instances it can scarcely be said to pay. It would be better for a number of small counties having few convicts allotted to them to combine their forces, allowing these counties to work them alternately. With aJl the difficulties encountered it must be said to the credit of the system that it has been a success.
57

COUNTY BONDS.
The steadily increasing number of counties voting bonda. for the paving of their highways will attract a large number of men to enter the contracting business, many of whom will not be qualified, either by previous experience and knowledge of the business, or by financial resources to engage in the work. All of these requisites are necessary for the successful handling of a contract involving large sums of money, and require the exercise of great skill and judgment in the manipulation of labor.
In addition to this danger there is a greater one, that of employing engineers who have had little experience with the different types of pavements and who will not be qualified to give the right kind of advice and direction to this important undertaking.
Added to these dangers confronting us, will be the failure of a great many of our counties to make any provision for the proper maintenance of these expensive roads, which should be carefully designed, properly constructed, and adequately maintained. Unless we do these things we may expect a reaction from the present enthusiasm of our people, which will again throw our State far behind in this most important and necessary development of building adequate highways.
"Let us make haste slowly." The price of labor and material now is largely in excess of the price prevailing prior to 1916, and the cost of paving our highways has increased accordingly. Unless great skill and intelligence is used in the selections of the types of pavements and in the execution of the work, it will be impossible to complete the designated roads in the various counties. The money should be expended in such a manner as will provide the greatest possible amount of improved mileage, consistent with good construction principles.
Experience in other States has shown us that unless some law is passed which will limit the weight of the motor trucks, tractors, etc., which will operate over our paved highways, they will l:J.e surely destroyed. If the large investment which is contemplated is to be properly conserved, some well defined and reasonable regulations must be prescribed.
58

HOW FEDERAL AID IS OBTAINED BY THE COUNTIES.
When a county has decided to make application for Federal Aiel, having available sufficient funds, or a combination of funds, and county forces, to meet fifty per cent of the cost of the proposed work; resolutions are passed (1) authorizing the State Highway Department to act as the county's agent in connection with Federal Aiel; (2) Agreeing that the work shall be done under the supervision and approval of the Department; (3) Agreeing to furnish money, or money, materials and labor sufficient to meet the county's share of the cost of the work; and (4) further agreeing to properly maintain the road for a period of five years.
A copy of these resolutions, together with an application for Federal Aid, is filed with the State Highway Engineer. In the application, the name, length, and terminal points of the road, and the length and location of each bridge over twenty feet in length upon which it is proposed to apply the Federal Aid, is shown.
An inspection of the proposed project is made by the State Highway Engineer or his representative, and a report made. The application is then brought up at a meeting of the Highway Commission and, if acted upon favorably, the amount granted is set aside and an engineer who has properly qualified with the Department is assigned to the project.
The engineer prepares the necessary data to present the project to the Federal authorities, also prepares plans and estimates and supervises construction and makes estimates of amount of work done to submit to the Federal Government for payment to the county.
All of the above requirements are called for by the terms of the Federal Aid Road_ Act of July 11, 1916, and amendments thereto.
59

DUTIES AND CONTRACT OF THE PROJECT
ENGINEER.
The contract under which the Project Engineer operates is set forth in full on page 68. It will be observed that it is first an agreement between the Highway Department and the Project Engineer, whereby the latter becomes an employee of the Department and is subject to the instructions of the State Highway Engineer. Upon being assigned to a. certain county the Project Engineer visits the county authorities and enters into a contract to do all the engineering work on the proposed Federal Aid Project, from the preliminary report, or project statement, to the completion of highway. The original agreement between the State Highway Department and the Project Engineer forms a part of the contract between the county and the Project Engineer, and it is from the county that the engineer receives his compensation or fees for work performed. However, during the construction stage, the Government bears its proportional part of the engineering fees.
After being shown over the road upon which the county expects to receive federal aid, the Project Engineer prepares a project statement to be submitted to the Federal Government in order to obtain Federal approval of the work. The Project statement consists of: a sketch map showing the proposed improvement and contiguous roads, stream, railroads, etc., and giving mail route data; a copy of the resolutions passed by the County, authorizing the Highway Department to act; a copy of the application for Federal Aid; an estimate of the cost of the project; and a statement setting forth all facts in connection with the road, the amount of traffic, length, type, and width of surfacing, lengths of bridges and other information in regard to the proposed improvement. The project statement is submitted to the Federal Government and when approved, funds are set aside in the Treasury, at Washington, for the construction.
The Project Engineer makes surveys and prepares plans and specifications in accordance with the standards prescribed by the Bureau of Public Roads, showing all details entering into the construction and giving approximate quantities of materials to be moved and required. At this stage an inspection is made by an engineer of the Bureau of Public Roads who, in company with the Project Engineer, goes over the ground with the plans in hand and goes into every detail very carefully in order that there may
60

be no mistakes made in the location. Upon rece1vmg his approval the plans are submitted to the Highway Engineer's office where they are reviewed very carefully for any omissions or errors which, if found, are corrected by the Project Engineer who then makes blue prints and prepares a tabulation of the quantities and estimated prices which, together with the blue prints, are re-submitted to the State Highway Engineer who forwards them to the Federal Engineer for approval. If found to be satisfactory, they are recommended to the Secretary of Agriculture for approval and the work is permitted to start.
After the plans have received the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture the project agreement is prepared, and executed by the State Highway Commission and the U. S. Secretary of Agriculture. This agreement completes the approval of the entire project and permits the payment of the Federal Aid funds.
If the project is to be constructed by contract the Project Engineer prepares a formal advertisement required by law, attends the opening of the bids and the letting of the contract and acts in an advisory way, assisting the county in the selection of the contractor. Upon award and execution of the contract and bond the contractor proceeds tO build the road or bridge according to stakes set by the engineer and under his supervision. Where the road is simply reconstruction, this supervision is not complicated, but in almost every case there are bridges or other structures which require constant attention from skilled and efficient engineers. When the highway is to have a hard surface, the duties of the Project Engineer are still more exacting and he is required to insure the best of workmanship at the hands of the contractor. This necessitates the services of many experienced inspectors and assistant engineers.
From time to time, as the work progresses, the Project Engineer makes an estimate of the amount of work done and material incorporated in the work. This estimate is verified by a government engineer and is submitted to the Highway Department where a voucher is prepared and forwarded to the Federal Government which makes payment direct to the county of its proportional share of the estimate.
61

PROJECT ENGINEER'S CONTRACT.
In view of the volume of Federal Aid Projects impending and the strict requirements imposed by the Federal Authorities, the Highway Department of Georgia finds it desirable to secure the services of competent engineers or engineering firms who will master the details of the Federal requirements and who are equipped and organized to carry through promptly and satisfactorily a considerable amount of such work within the specified time limits.
The terms proposed are as follows: 1. Applicants shall file with the State Highway Engineer for his report and for the approval of the Board a showing of competency, experience, organization and probable volume of work per month which can be handled on road surveys, and their facilities for handling bridge designs including large bridge projects. 2. Applicants approved by the Board will bear the title of Project Engineers for the Highway Department of Georgia and will furnish bond in the sum of Three Thousand ($3,000.00) Dollars for the faithful performance of duty in connection with any one or all of the projects with which they may be entrusted; said bond, when approved, to be deposited with the State Treasurer, and to be of force so long as said Engineers continue Federal Aid work in this State. 3. Applicants must have an office located within the State of Georgia at some convenient and accessible point. 4. It is agreed that any time keeper, checker, or similar employee shall be paid for by the County. where piling is to be driven, the services of an Inspector is required, and shall be paid for by the Engineer in bridge projects and by the County in road projects. where concrete is used and ordinary supervision is not sufficient the service of an inspector, when required, shall be paid for by the Engineer in bridge projects and by the county in road projects. The cost of necessary borings and soundings of foundations of important masonry, shall be paid for by the counties. The cost of necessary test of materials, and inspection shall be paid for by the engineer in bridge projects, and roads costing over $15,000.00 per mile, and paid for by the counties in other projects. All inspectors shall be approved by the State Highway Engineer. 5. The status and duties of Project Engineers are as follows:
62

They are employees of the Highway Department and will perform all the engineering duties from the inception of a project to its finished construction as are required under the Federal Aid Road Act, July 11th, 1916, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder by the United States Secretary of Agriculture.
Their work must be satisfactory to the Highway Department and to the proper Federal Authorities and subject to inspection at all stages by the State and Federal Authorities.
6. In view of the peculiar conditions in Georgia, arising under the said Federal Act, and of the specified rules and regulations controlling engineering services required; and .in view of experience and practice in other states, the Highway Department fixes the schedule of fees explained below as, in its judgment, reasonable for the service to be rendered.
The variation of the projects in size, in type of construction, in amount and character of bridge designs, is necessarily great.
Projects must be handled by the Project Engineers through three stages, to-wit:
(a) Project Statement Stage. (b) Project Agreement Stage. (c) Construction Stage.
The Project Statement Stage embraces surveys, investigations, maps and all data needed for the presentation of a Project Statement satisfactory to the State and Federal Authorities.
The Project Agreement Stage embraces elaborate final surveys, maps, plans and specifications, work connected with contract letting and all other data needed for the presentation of a Project Agreement satisfactory to the State and Federal Authorities.
The Construction Stage embraces additional engineering services during construction, close and effective supervision and the preparation of estimates and records.
For full services as above outlined and more fully defined in Federal Aid Road Act of July 11, 1916, and the rules and regulations issued pursuant thereto, the fee allowed the Project Engineers shall be in accordance with the scheduh~ set forth below for road projects.
63

SCHEDULE F01R PAYMENT OF PROJECT ENGINEERS.

Cost Per Mile
I $6,000 and under.............
$6,000 to $8,000................
$8,000 to $10,000.............. I
$10,000 to $12,500 ............ $12,500 to $15,000............ $15,000 to $16,500............ $16,500 to $20,000............ $20,000 and over..............

Project Agreement
3% 2%% 2%% 2% 1%%
Ph%
11;.1% 1%

Construction Rate
41h% 4%% 4%% 4%% 4%% 4% 4% 4%

Total Rate
7%%
71;~%
7% 6%% 6% 5%% 5'\i% 5%

The actual cost of preparing project statement is payable upon its completion and approval by State Highway Engineer.
The project agreement percentage set forth above, less the amount paid for the project statement is payable upon completion of satisfactory project agreement requisites or approval of the plans by the State Highway Engineer.
The remainder is payable monthly based on monthly payments to the Contractor.
The fee allowed the Project Engineer shall be in accordance with the schedule set forth below for bridge projects.

Project
II Agreement

Under $40,000...................

3%

$40,000 up to $65,000.....

2.3%

$65,000 up to $90,000.....

2.4%

$90,000 up to $115,000....

2'.1%

$115,000 up to $140,000..

1.8%

$140,000 up to $165,000..

1.5%

Construction ! Rate
4.5% 4.3% 4.1% 3.9% 3.7% 3.5%

Total Rate
7.5% 7.0% 6.5% 6.0% 5.5% 5.0%

The actual cost of preparing project statement is payable upon its completion and approval by State Highway Engineer.
The Project Agreement percentage set forth above, less the amount paid for the project statement is payable upon completion of satisfactory project agreement requisites or approval of the plans by the State Highway Engineer.
The remainder is payable monthly based on monthly payments to the Contractor.
For bridge projects exceeding one hundred and sixty-five thousand ($165,000.00) Dollars, in cost, and for those over navigable streams, the fee will be fixed by special agreement. The fees include careful supervision.

64

REINFORCED CONCRETE BRTDCm TO RE BUILT OVER ALCOVY RIVER, WALTON COUNTY.

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REINFORCED CONCRETE BRlDGE TO BE BUILT OVER GUM SW"\ MP, BLJ: CKLEY COUNTY.

7. On or before beginning construction, whether the work is done by contract or by the County, a reasonable time shall be fixed between the State Highway Engineer, County and Project Engineers, in which the work contemplated shall be completed. Should the work be delayed beyond this time. all expense .of engineering and inspection incurred by the Project Engineers shall be paid by the County in addition to fees set forth in this Exhibit.
8. The Project Engineer assigned to a given project will enter into a contract prepared by the Highway Department with the County concerned and consistent with this agreement. Said contract shall show the condition of payments of fees and shall include the provisions that such payments shall be paid upon drafts in his favor by the State Highway Engineer.
9. The Project Engineer entering upon this agreement recognizes that all field notes, original data, plans and specifications and other essential paper prepared in connection with the Federal Aid Projects are the property of the Highway Department of Georgia, and \Viii be delivered to said Engineer upon completion of the project or upon its abandonment at any stage.
Moreover, he agrees to furnish for each project agreement five (5) complete sets of plans and specifications, and in case of a separate bridge project, six (6) such sets.
10. Field notes are to be taken on standard sheets or note books in a manner consistent with good engineering practices approved by the State Highway Engineer.
Similarly all maps and plans are to be drawn on standard sheets according to approved standards.
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA.
By T. E. PATTERSON, Chairman.
The undersigned hereby applies to the Highway Department of Georgia to be employed as Project Engineers, submitting herewith evidence of competency, experience and capacity for promptly carrying through work of this class, together with bond in the sum of Three Thousand ($3,000) Dollars, and hereby agree to the foregoing contract.
By_________________________________
APPROVED BY THE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT OF GEORGIA
This______~_day of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1919
By-------------------------------------
65

This contract entered into this________,day of

_____________, 1919, between the Commis-

sioners of -------~-----------County

and

, as Proje~

Engineers, and agree to the stipulations and compensation

as set forth in this agreement entered into on the,_ _ __

day of

, 1919, between

the Highway Department of Georgia and the aforesaid

Project Engineers which said agreement, a copy of which

is attached hereto and made a part of, marked Exhibit "A,"

is mutually agreed upon to form a part of this contract.

Said Project Engineers agree to complete the Project Statement Stage on or before fifteen (15) days after signing this contract, and
Said Project Engineers further agree to complete the Project Agreement Stage on or before:________ days after signing contract.
Witness our hand and seal this day above written.

By_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Witness: Witness:

B y_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

66

A GUAPHl DE ~ION 'TRATION OF THE J' OWEU 0 T OF H EAVY G RADr~S.
A load that can be h a ul ed on a level road by n. s in g le horse wi ll cu ll .for two
h orse on a two-per -cent inclin e, und n1 or e as steepn ess in creases,
until n in e a re n ecessa r y on a slope or fift een p e r cent. rrhe sam e
proportion apply in llte cuse of motor-driven vehi c) s.

GRADES.
From careful experiments the tractive forces necessary to draw a load of one ton over a road paved with very hard and smooth macadam is forty-six pounds on level ground. To draw the same load on the same kind of pavement up a four per cent grade requires one hundred and eighteen pounds of tractive force; up a five per cent grade, one hundred and thirty-eight pounds; up a six and two-thirds per cent grade, one hundred and seventy-one pounds; up a ten per cent grade, two hundred and thirty-eight pounds. To draw a load of one ton on a very hard and smooth macadam road up a four per cent grade a distance of one mile is equivalent to drawing the same load on the same pavement on a level a distance of three and sixty-three hundredths miles. To draw a load one ton upon a pavement of a very hard and sn1:ooth macadam up a ten per cent grade is equivalent to drawing the same load on the same kind of pavement on a level a distance of six and twentysix hundredths miles. It has also been shown by careful experiment that the tractive power of an average horse in good condition, traveling at the rate of three miles per hour is eighty-three and thirty-three hundredths pounds. Such a horse could draw about two tons on a very hard and smooth macadam road on a level; seven-tenths of a ton up a four per cent grade; thirty-five hundredths of a ton up a ten per cent grade. From the foregoing it is clearly seen that two main factors enter into the tractive force necessary to draw a given load over our highways, namely: surfacing and gradients. If the grade is reduced and the surface hardened the tractive force is reduced approximately ten fold. The subject of grade is a very important one in the northern part of the State, owing to its mountainous condition; ho-wever, by skillful engineering, the steeper grades can be avoided and reduced to at least a maximum of six per cent. The roads of this portion of the State are still pretty much on the same grades as originally laid out, following the old Indian trails. Many of these roads have grades ranging from six to twenty-five per cent. This has been a great hindrance to the development of that portion of our State, so rich in scenic beauty, climate and possibilities.
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THE VALUE OF HARD SURFACING.
From careful experiments it has been shown that the tractive force necessary to draw a load of one ton over 1 road of loose sand is four hundred and forty-eight pounds; of loose gravel, three hundred and twenty pounds; of ordinary dirt road, two hundred and twenty-four pounds; of hard clay, one hundred and twelve pounds; of common macadam, sixty-four pounds; on very hard and smooth macadam, forty-six pounds; of asphalt, seventeen pounds; of concrete, thirteen pounds; of iron rail, eight pounds. From the foregoing it is plainly seen that as the road bed is hardened and the surface made smooth the tractive force is greatly reduced. By comparison it is seen that the tractive force necessary to draw a load of one ton over a loose sand road would draw thirty-four and a half tons over a concrete road, or twenty-six and a third tons over an asphalt road, or four tons over a hard clay road.
The question as to what kind of surface shall be given to a road after it has been properly graded is at present one of great economic importance. From an engineering standpoint it is not a difficult matter to determine the kind of paving a road should have. The amount of funds available for this purpose generally, in the estimation of county authorities charged with the duty of raising these funds, necessarily governs the type of paving for a road in a given county. The engineer in every instance would prefer putting down the very best known type of paving. Some of the richer counties in the State are able, financially, to lay the very best type, while the poorer counties can scarcely do more than grade their roads and put down the necessary drainage structures. For these reasons it is apparent that a State system is needed whereby at least two \veil graded and well paved highways in each county of the State can be built of uniform width and paving.
68

EXCESS WAR DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT FOR STATE
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION.
Under Article Seven of the Post Office Appropriation Bill the Secretary of War is authorized to transfer, through the secretary of Agriculture, such excess war material, equipment and supplies as are not necessary for the operation of the War Department, and would be useful in constructing highways. This equipment, etc., is to be used on roads constructed in whole or in part by Federal Aid, and distributed upon a value basis of distribution the same as provided by the Federal Road Act, approved July 11, 1916.
The equipment to be allotted includes trucks, trailers, tractors, tools, and all kinds of materials and supplies for highway construction.
In tendering this equipment to the State, the Bureau of Public Roads requires the retention of title and control of equipment in the State, and that the equipment shall be used only on Federal Aid Projects or on roads designated for improvement by Federal or State Aid by this Department. These roads are shown on the key map of proposed highway development, gotten out by this department.
Equipment is allotted to the Department with the understanding that it will be used in compliance with the law within a reasonable time and that it will not be sold or title thereto encumbered or transferred while in serviceable condition. Title to all articles, subject to the conditions above mentioned, accepted by the Department, shall pass upon payment of loading and freight charges.
The Highway Department will loan this equipment to the several counties of the State for use on construction of its proposed system of roads, upon payment of costs of loading and freight, and of distribution. An agreement will be signed by the Department and the county guaranteeing the proper use and maintenance of the equipment.
Apportionment will be made according to area, population, mileage of post roads, and needs of the counties.
69

REJNFOR ED CON RE TE Al3(1'J':I II:NT AND APPROA('H '1'0 FLJNT RIVF:R BR I 00}~ lN i\I ACON CO NTY.