2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS
REPORT
2016 Georgia Tuberculosis Report
Georgia Department of Public Health..................... Pat O'Neal, M.D. Commissioner
Epidemiology Branch........................................Cherie Drenzek, D.V.M., M.S. State Epidemiologist
Tuberculosis Program.........................................Dr. Rose-Marie F. Sales TB Program Director Antoine Perrymon, M.P.H Epidemiologist Lauren DiMiceli, DrPH, MPH Epidemiologist
Acknowledgments: We thank the County Health Department staff, District Health Office TB coordinators, and state TB surveillance staff that collected and reported the data used in this annual report.
Further information on this report can be obtained by contacting: Dr. Rose-Marie F. Sales Georgia Department of Public Health Tuberculosis Program Division of Health Protection 2 Peachtree St., NW, Atlanta, GA 30303 Phone: (404) 657-2634 E-mail: RoseMarie.Sales@dph.ga.gov
Suggested citation: Georgia Department of Public Health, 2016 Georgia Tuberculosis Report, Atlanta, Georgia, October 2017.
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 1
Table of Contents
Executive Summary..................................................................3 TB Surveillance in Georgia............................................................4 Current Epidemiology of TB in Georgia...........................................5 High-Risk Populations................................................................6 Drug Resistance........................................................................7 Indicators of Infectiousness...........................................................7 Initial Diagnosis, Health Provider Data, And Directly Observed Therapy.......................................................8 TB Mortality............................................................................. 8 TB Treatment Outcomes...............................................................8 TB Contact Investigations and Latent TB Infection.................................8-9 Surveillance Summary of TB Genotype Clusters...................................9-10 Tables: Morbidity Trends and Program Performance Indicators By Health District..................................................................... 11-20 Figures: Descriptive Epidemiology..................................................21-29 Graphs: Tuberculosis Morbidity Trends by Health District, 1995-2015........30-39
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 2
Executive Summary
In 2016, a total of 301 new tuberculosis (TB) cases were reported in Georgia, representing a 6% decrease from 2015. The 2016 TB incidence of 2.9 cases per 100,000 persons represents a slight decrease from 3.1 cases per 100,000 persons in 2015.
TB incidence by Health District in 2016 ranged from 0.7 cases per 100,000 persons in District 5-1 (Dublin) to 7.8 in District 3-5 (DeKalb). Eight Health Districts (Districts 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 6, 7 and 8-2) reported TB incidence higher than the state incidence. Four counties (DeKalb, Fulton, Gwinnett and Cobb) reported >20 cases each in 2016, accounting for 53% of reported cases statewide.
Among 301 TB cases reported in Georgia in 2016, U.S.-born persons accounted for 158 (52%) cases, and 143 (48%) cases occurred among foreign-born persons. The top four countries of origin for foreign-born persons reported with TB disease in Georgia in 2016 were India, Mexico, Ethiopia and Nigeria. TB cases in persons born in these countries accounted for 53% of all cases among foreign-born persons.
HIV status was reported for 94% of TB cases in 2016; among these patients, 11% were HIV positive. Among TB cases living in congregate settings at risk for TB exposure, 9% were homeless in the year before diagnosis, 2% were correctional facility inmates at the time of diagnosis, and <1% were long-term care facility residents.
In 2016, three cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB or TB resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin) occurred. None of the MDR-TB cases had a previous episode of TB; two were born in countries with a high burden of TB.
The latest year with completed contact investigation data was in 2015. Among 4,322 identified contacts of TB cases reported in 2015 in Georgia, 3,749 (87%) completed a medical evaluation for TB. Among 587 contacts diagnosed with latent TB infection (LTBI), 361 (62%) started LTBI treatment and of those, 270 (75%) completed LTBI treatment.
Although TB incidence is decreasing in Georgia, epidemiologic modeling by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention project that the goal of TB elimination will not be attained in this century with the current rates of decline. Current program strategies such as early identification of TB cases, completion of TB treatment by directly observed therapy, and contact investigation should be maintained; but newer strategies such as targeted TB testing in high-risk individuals such as persons born in countries with a high prevalence of TB and persons who live or work in high-risk congregate settings; and treating LTBI should be implemented to accelerate progress toward TB elimination.
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 3
Tuberculosis (TB) Surveillance in Georgia
TB is a reportable disease in Georgia. All Georgia physicians, laboratories and other health care providers are required by law to immediately report clinical and laboratory confirmed TB cases under their care to Georgia public health authorities. TB cases may be directly reported to a County Health Department, a District Health Office, or to the state TB Program and TB Epidemiology Section of the Georgia Department of Public Health (DPH), which is responsible for the systematic collection of all reported TB cases in the state. Immediate reporting of TB cases enables public health staff to follow-up patients, administer directly observed therapy, monitor TB treatment until completion, evaluate and screen individuals exposed to a TB case, and control TB outbreaks.
TB cases in Georgia can be reported electronically through the State Electronic Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (SendSS), secure web-based surveillance software developed by DPH, or by calling, mailing or faxing a report to public health authorities. Hospital infection control personnel as well as public health nurses, outreach staff, epidemiologists, and communicable disease specialists involved in disease surveillance are encouraged to report TB through SendSS and register to become a SendSS user by logging into the system's Web site at: https://sendss.state.ga.us then selecting TB from the list of reportable diseases.
Public health authorities collect data on reported TB cases that include demographic, clinical, risk factor, and contact information, which are analyzed to describe the distribution of the disease among Georgia's population, identify high risk groups and TB clusters, describe trends in morbidity, mortality, drug resistance patterns, treatment outcomes, and infection rates among contacts to TB cases. The data are used at state and local levels to guide policy and decision making, set priorities for program interventions, evaluate program performance for the prevention and control of TB in Georgia, and educate key stakeholders and the general public on TB. Georgia's TB surveillance data are transmitted electronically to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and become part of the national TB surveillance database.
TB Case Definition for Public Health Surveillance
Clinical case definition A case that meets all of the following criteria:
A positive tuberculin skin test or positive interferon gamma release assay for M. tuberculosis
Signs and symptoms compatible with TB (abnormal chest imaging study or clinical evidence of current disease)
Treatment with two or more anti-TB medications A completed diagnostic evaluation Laboratory criteria for diagnosis Isolation of M. tuberculosis complex on a culture from a clinical specimen, or Demonstration of M. tuberculosis complex from a clinical specimen by nucleic
acid amplification test Confirmed case: A case that meets the clinical case definition or is laboratory confirmed
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 4
Current Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Georgia
Georgia reported 301 new tuberculosis (TB) cases in 2016. This represents a 6% decrease from 321 TB cases reported in 2015. TB case numbers have decreased 67% since 1991 when the peak of a resurgent period of tuberculosis occurred in Georgia (Figure 1). The TB case rate in Georgia decreased from 3.1 cases per 100,000 persons during 2015 to 2.9 cases per 100,000 in 2016, which is equal to the U.S. case rate (Figure 2). According to the CDC, Georgia ranked sixth in the United States for number of new TB cases and ranked 10th for TB case rate among the 50 reporting states in 2016.
Geographic Distribution
Among the 159 counties in Georgia, four counties in the metropolitan Atlanta area reported the highest number of TB cases in 2016: DeKalb (58 cases), Fulton (44), Gwinnett (33), and Cobb (24) (Table 1). These four counties accounted for 53% of TB cases reported in Georgia in 2016.
Among Georgia's 18 Health Districts, which has oversight responsibility for public health in the state's 159 counties, DeKalb Health District had the highest TB case rate in 2016 (7.8 per 100,000) followed by the Columbus District (4.5 per 100,000). Fulton and Clayton District both had a TB case rate of 4.3 per 100,000 (Table 2).
Sex and Age Distribution
In 2016, TB in Georgia occurred predominantly among males (188 cases, 62%), compared to females (113, 38%). The highest proportion of TB cases by age group occurred among persons 45-64 years old (112 cases, 37%). Among the 45-64 age group, (86 cases, 77%) were male and (26 cases, 23%) were female (Figure 5). This age group also had the highest TB case rate (4.2 per 100,000) while the lowest was among children 5-14 years old (0.7 per 100,000) (Figure 6). The TB case rate for children younger than 5 years of age, an age group at high risk for developing deadly forms of TB, decreased from 2.1 per 100,000 in 2015 to 1.4 per 100,000 in Georgia during 2016.
Race/Ethnicity Distribution and TB Disparities
TB disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minorities in Georgia. In 2016, non-Hispanic Blacks, Asians and Hispanics, accounted for 49%, 23% and 15% of TB cases in Georgia respectively, but only represented 32%, 4% and 10% of Georgia's population respectively (Figure 7). Non-Hispanic whites constituted 13% of TB cases in 2016. The highest TB case rate among race/ethnic groups was among Asians (17.0 per 100,000), followed by non-Hispanic blacks (4.6 per 100,000) and Hispanics (4.5 per 100,000) (Figure 8). The black non-Hispanic TB case rate in 2016 represents an 85% decrease from the TB case rate in 1993 (30.6 per 100,000) in this population. The black nonHispanic TB case rate, however, was still more than six times higher than the white nonHispanic TB case rate (0.8 per 100,000) in Georgia during 2016 (Figure 9).
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 5
High-Risk Populations
Foreign-Born
TB cases among persons born outside of the United States accounted for 48% of TB cases in Georgia in 2016. Most foreign-born cases reported in 2016 came from India (21%), Mexico (17%), and Ethiopia (8%) - countries where TB is an endemic disease (Figures 10-11). Among 143 foreign-born cases in 2016, 51 (36%) were diagnosed in the first five years of their arrival in the U.S. This represents a slight decrease from 62 (42%) of foreign-born cases being diagnosed within first five years in 2015.
In 2016, four Health Districts reported 72% of the total number of foreign-born TB cases in Georgia: DeKalb (37 cases), Gwinnett (30), Cobb (22) and Fulton (14). Among these Health Districts, foreign-born TB cases accounted for more than half of the TB cases in Gwinnett (81%), Cobb (79%) and DeKalb (64%). Foreign-born TB cases in the Fulton Health District accounted for 32% of reported TB cases.
HIV Co-Infection
All TB patients need to be tested for HIV infection because TB treatment may change when antiretroviral therapy for HIV is given, and active TB often accelerates the natural progression of HIV infection. Among 283 TB cases in Georgia with known HIV status in 2016, 11% were HIV-positive compared to 9% in 2015 (Figure 12). Among 30 HIV coinfected TB cases in 2016, 80% were non-Hispanic blacks, 73% were male and 50% were 45-64 years old.
HIV status was reported in 94% of TB cases in 2016. In the high-risk age group of adults 25-44 years of age, the percentage of TB cases for which HIV was reported was 94% in 2016 compared to 98% in 2015. Among 18 TB cases whose HIV status was not reported, HIV testing was not offered to 8 cases (44%), the HIV test result was unknown in seven cases (39%), and three (17%) refused testing. The proportion by age group among the TB cases that were not offered the HIV test was highest among adults 65 years and older (4 cases, 50%).
Congregate Settings and Substance Abuse
Persons residing in crowded congregate settings such as homeless shelters, prisons, and nursing homes are at risk for acquiring TB. In 2016, 26 (9%) TB cases in Georgia were homeless, 6 (2%) were residents of correctional facilities, and 1 (<1%) were residents of long-term care facilities. Of the 6 TB cases incarcerated in correctional facilities, five (83%) were inmates in county jails and one was an inmate of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) facility. Substance abuse is the most commonly reported behavioral risk factor among patients with TB in the United States. TB patients who abuse substances often experience treatment failure and remain infectious longer because treatment failure presumably extends periods of infectiousness. In Georgia, abuse of
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 6
either illicit drugs or alcohol was reported in 63 (21%) of TB cases in 2016 (Table 3, Figure 13).
Pediatric TB
TB in children is considered a sentinel public health event because it often indicates recent transmission from an infectious adult case. Additionally, potentially lethal forms of TB such as TB meningitis or disseminated TB can develop in very young children. In 2016, children younger than 15 years old comprised 6% of Georgia TB cases; 9 cases (1.4 per 100,000) were reported in children younger than 5 years old, 10 cases (0.7 per 100,000) were reported in children 5-14 years old. There were no cases of TB meningitis among children younger than 15 in 2016.
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in children younger than five years old is also a reportable disease in Georgia. When LTBI in a child less than five years of age is reported, public health personnel will initiate contact investigations to identify the source of the infection, recommend treatment for latent TB infection, follow up with the child to ensure completion of treatment and monitor for development of active TB disease. Early identification of TB infection and treatment in children can prevent progression to active disease and identify a previously undiagnosed and untreated case of active TB.
In 2016, 28 children younger than five years old were reported to have LTBI in Georgia; 21 (75%) were identified by TB screening by non-public health providers and 7 (25%) were identified by contact investigations performed by county health department staff.
Drug Resistance
Among 214 culture-positive TB cases in Georgia during 2016, 100% were tested for initial drug susceptibility to the three first-line anti-TB medications: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), and ethambutol (EMB). Of 202 tested isolates from Georgia cases with no previous history of TB, 15 (7%) had primary resistance to INH, three (1%) to RIF, and none to EMB (Table 4). There were three reported cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB, i.e. TB resistant to at least INH and RIF) in 2016 compared to none in 2015. The percentage of cases with primary INH resistance (INH-R) ranged from 7% to 22% in the past five years while an average less than two MDR-TB cases per year was reported in Georgia over that same time period (Figure 14).
Indicators of Infectiousness
Persons with pulmonary or laryngeal TB have the potential to infect others with TB, and infectiousness is higher if their sputum smears are positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), sputum cultures are positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or cavitary lesions are present on chest radiography. In 2016, 78% of all Georgia TB cases had pulmonary TB, 52% had sputum cultures that were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 31% were sputum AFB smear-positive, and 29% showed cavitary lesions on chest radiography.
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 7
Initial Diagnosis, Health Provider Data, and Directly Observed Therapy
In Georgia, the majority of TB patients are initially diagnosed in a hospital or clinic and patients are followed up by county health departments after discharge to continue their TB treatment. In 2016, 200 (66%) of the 301 TB cases in Georgia were reported initially by a hospital or clinic. Eight hospitals in Georgia reported five or more TB cases in 2016: Grady Memorial Hospital (18 cases), Gwinnett Hospital (14 cases), Piedmont Hospital (10 cases), VA Medical Center (6 cases), Athens Regional, Medical Center of Central GA, Memorial Health University and Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital reported 5 cases each.
Among TB cases with available data on type of outpatient healthcare provider, county health departments provided case management for 93% of all Georgia TB cases, 8% of cases were treated by health department and private physician, 3% of cases were cared for solely by a private physician and managed solely as in-patients, and less than 1% were treated at correctional facilities. County health department staff provides directly observed therapy (DOT) to TB patients, which entails watching a patient swallow every dose of their TB medications for at least 6 months. Among 222 Georgia TB cases reported in 2016 with available case completion data, 91% received TB treatment entirely by DOT and 9% were treated by a combination of DOT and self-administered therapy.
TB Mortality
Eighteen persons died of TB in Georgia in 2016, where the age-adjusted TB mortality rate in 2016 was 0.2 per 100,000. From 2012 to 2016, an average of 14 people died of TB in Georgia each year. Within these years, the highest number of deaths from TB was reported in 2012 with 20 deaths.
TB Treatment Outcomes
Among 286 TB cases in Georgia who started treatment for TB in 2015, (the most recent year with completed treatment outcome data), 279 (97.6%) completed treatment, 5 (1.7%) were lost to follow-up, and 2 (0.7%) cases from Health District 7 have unknown treatment outcomes as of this writing (one of these cases was being treated at a nursing home and the other case was being treated for TB meningitis from Gwinnett County then patient moved to another county before completing treatment).
TB Contact Investigations and Latent TB Infection
Public health authorities routinely conduct a contact investigation among persons exposed to a TB case to identify secondary TB cases and contacts with latent TB infection (LTBI). Index TB cases with positive acid-fast bacillus (AFB) sputum-smear results or pulmonary cavities have the highest priority for investigation. During a contact investigation, public health staff ask recent contacts to a case if they have TB-like symptoms, administer a TB skin test (TST) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA),
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 8
repeat the TST or IGRA 8-10 weeks after the last exposure to the index case if the initial TST or IGRA is negative, and have a chest radiology exam performed if the TST or IGRA is positive. Persons with LTBI have a positive TST or IGRA, but are asymptomatic and have a normal chest radiology exam. They are not contagious but have a 10% chance of developing TB disease if they do not receive treatment for LTBI.
Among 4,322 identified contacts of Georgia TB cases reported in 2015 (the latest year with completed contact investigation data), 3,749 (87%) were completely evaluated for TB. Of the completely evaluated contacts, 587 (16%) had LTBI and 21 (0.6%) had TB disease. Among the 587 contacts with LTBI, 361 (62%) started LTBI treatment and of those, 270 (75%) completed LTBI treatment, 34 (10%) chose to stop LTBI treatment on their own, 32 (9%) were lost to follow-up, 12 (3%) had adverse side-effects, 5 (1%) moved elsewhere, and 5 (1%) discontinued treatment due to a provider's decision.
Surveillance Summary of TB Genotype Clusters
TB Genotyping
TB genotyping is a laboratory method that determines the genetic relatedness of TB strains among different patients with culture-positive TB disease. Identical genotypes among persons with TB disease suggest recent person-to-person transmission. The state TB program routinely analyzes TB genotype clusters, which are comprised of two or more TB cases with identical genotypes, to identify recent TB transmission, to describe risk factors for transmission, to identify possible sources of transmission, and to determine ways to stop transmission.
From 2012-2016, 92 small (2-3 TB cases), 22 medium (4-9 cases), and nine large ( 10 cases) TB genotype clusters were identified in Georgia. Figure 17 displays the proportion of small, medium, and large TB genotype clusters per year from 2012-2016. Some genotype clusters such as the cluster associated with a TB outbreak among homeless persons (G05625) persisted, but decreased, throughout this 5-year time period. Seven cases associated with the homeless outbreak strain were reported in 2016 compared to the upsurge of 42 TB cases associated with this strain that occurred in 2014. Table 10 summarizes the distribution of ten medium TB genotype clusters and nine large TB genotype clusters across several counties in Georgia from 2012-2016. TB cases associated with these clusters were predominantly reported from Fulton County (104/316 cases or 33%) and DeKalb County (34/316 cases or 11%).
Genotype Cluster G03953 in Jefferson County with Infected Pediatric Contacts
From 2012-2016, CDC's TB Genotyping Information Management System (TBGIMS) alerted the GA DPH TB Program of a small genotype cluster (G03953) consisting of three TB cases from Jefferson County. All three cases were US-born African-American males ranging in ages from 45-64. One case was smear positive and had pulmonary
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 9
cavitary disease, reported a history of intravenous drug use, and was HIV positive. Another case died during treatment for TB. From these two cases, 38 contacts were identified of which two children developed clinical TB disease, a third child had LTBI, nine other relatives had LTBI and one relative was diagnosed with culture positive TB and was the third case in this cluster. The county health department extended the contact investigation to include social and workplace contacts; and attempted to find an epidemiologic link between the case that died and the HIV positive case. All three cases reported by the TBGIMS alert were relatives. All nine adult contacts that had LTBI, started LTBI treatment and of these, six completed LTBI treatment and three refused treatment. The three pediatric contacts that developed active TB completed TB treatment.
Genotype Cluster G10063 in Muscogee County Involving Drug Abuse and Excessive Alcohol Use
From 2012 through 2016, 13 TB cases with genotype G10063 were reported primarily from Health District 7 (Columbus Health District). Of these 13 cases, 12 were reported from Muscogee County and one from Talbot County. The clustered cases were primarily US-born (100%), African-American (92%) and male (62%). Of the 13 cases, 9 (69%) reported a history of substance abuse, 6 (46%) reported a history of excessive alcohol use, 5 (38%) died during treatment for TB, 2 (15%) were homeless, and 2 (15%) were HIV positive. We analyzed the contact investigation data and observed that one of the cases was reported as a contact and listed as a relative to that case. These two cases had six mutual contacts, and all of these contacts were relatives. There were 142 contacts reported and of these contacts, 19 (13%) were children under 15 years of age. All pediatric contacts completed medical evaluation, and 8 (62%) children had LTBI; two additional contacts were counted as clinical TB cases. All eight pediatric contacts with LTBI began treatment. Among the 142 named contacts, a total of 20 contacts had LTBI. GA DPH TB staff conducted a site visit to the Columbus Health District with CDC Division of TB Elimination epidemiologists participating by conference call to review the clustered cases and contact investigation with the Health District staff. The Columbus Health District planned and implemented a health fair in the neighborhood where most of the TB cases were reported, close to a liquor store where some of the cases in this cluster reportedly frequented, collaborating with a local hospital to use their community outreach van to offer HIV, STD and TB, blood pressure screening and flu shots to the community. No secondary TB cases were found through the health fair.
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 10
Table 1. Number of TB Cases and TB Case Rates* per 100,000 population by County, Georgia, 2015-2016
COUNTY
Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia *excludes Augusta State Medical Prison (ASMP) ASMP only Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp
2015
Number of Case Rate
cases
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
8
2.9
< 5
--
26
3.5
< 5
--
0
0
<5
--
2016
Number of Case Rate
cases
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
7
4.6
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
7
2.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
12
4.3
0
0
24
3.2
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
<5
na
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 11
COUNTY
Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin *excludes Irwin County Detention Center (ICDC) ICDC only Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson
2015
Number of Case Rate
cases
0
0
0
0
0
0
56
7.6
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
7
3.3
0
0
64
6.3
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
29
3.1
< 5
--
6
3.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
6
4.0
0
0
2016
Number of Case Rate
cases
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
58
7.8
0
0
0
0
5
5.6
5
3.5
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
44
4.3
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
33
3.6
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
<5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
5
31.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 12
COUNTY
Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding
2015
Number of Case Rate
cases
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
5.5
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
7
3.5
5
5.6
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
< 5
--
2016
Number of cases
Case Rate
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
5.6
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
4.0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 13
COUNTY
Stephens Stewart *excludes Stewart ICE Detention Center (SDC) SDC only Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth GEORGIA
2015
Number of Case Rate
cases
0
0
2016
Number of Case Rate
cases
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
< 5
--
< 5
--
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
321
3.1
301
2.9
Note: In counties where one to four cases were reported and the county population is less than 100,000, "< 5" is used to represent the number of reported cases, and the case rate is not calculated.
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 14
Table 2. Number of TB Cases and TB Case Rates* per 100,000 population
by Health District, Georgia, 2015- 2016
2015
2016
Health District
Number Case rate Number
Case rate
of Cases
of Cases
1.1 Rome
8
1.2
5
0.8
1.2 Dalton
4
1.2
5
1.1
2.0 Gainesville
20
3.0
9
1.3
3.1 Cobb
26
2.9
29
3.3
3.2 Fulton
64
6.3
44
4.3
3.3 Clayton
8
2.9
12
4.3
3.4 Lawrenceville
35
3.2
37
3.4
3.5 DeKalb
56
7.6
58
7.8
4.0 LaGrange
15
1.8
13
1.5
5.1 Dublin
2
1.3
1
0.7
5.2 Macon
11
2.1
9
1.7
6.0 Augusta
12
2.5
18
3.7
*excludes Augusta State
Medical Prison (ASMP)
ASMP only
2
n/a
0
n/a
7.0 Columbus
17
4.5
17
4.6
8.1 Valdosta
2
0.8
7
2.7
*excludes Irwin County
Detention Center (ICDC)
ICDC only
0
n/a
1
n/a
8.2 Albany
10
2.8
13
3.7
9.1 Coastal
13
2.1
10
1.6
9.2 Waycross
10
2.7
5
1.4
10 Athens
6
1.2
8
1.6
Total
321
3.1
301
2.9
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 15
Table 3. Percentage of TB Cases with Risk Factors for TB by Health District,
Georgia, 2016
HEALTH
Foreign-
HIV
Homeless Inmate Nursing
DISTRICT
born % Infected %
%
%
Home %
1.1 Rome
60
20
0
0
0
1.2 Dalton
60
0
0
0
0
2.0 Gainesville
22
0
0
0
0
3.1 Cobb
76
7
10
7
0
3.2 Fulton
32
30
23
2
0
3.3 Clayton
58
0
0
0
0
3.4 Lawrenceville
81
11
3
0
3
3.5 DeKalb
64
9
3
0
0
4.0 LaGrange
38
0
0
0
0
5.1 Dublin
0
0
0
0
0
5.2 Macon
22
11
11
11
0
6.0 Augusta
22
17
6
0
0
ASMP only
0
0
0
0
0
7.0 Columbus
6
6
24
6
0
ICE only
0
0
0
0
0
8.1 Valdosta
50
0
13
13
0
8.2 Albany
8
0
15
0
0
9.1 Coastal
30
0
0
0
0
9.2 Waycross
20
0
0
0
0
10 Athens
50
0
13
0
0
Georgia
48
11
9
2
0.3
Substance Abuse %
40 20 0 14 34 0 16 14 15 0 22 17 0 41 0 13 62 20 0 25 21
Table 4. Primary Resistance to First-line Anti-TB Medications by Health District
Georgia, 2016
TB Drug
Isoniazid
Rifampin
Ethambutol
HEALTH DISTRICT
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
1.1 Rome
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.2 Dalton
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.0 Gainesville
1
17
0
0
0
0
3.1 Cobb
2
13
1
7
0
0
3.2 Fulton
4
19
1
5
0
0
3.3 Clayton
1
13
0
0
0
0
3.4 Lawrenceville
2
6
0
0
0
0
3.5 DeKalb
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.0 LaGrange
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.1 Dublin
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.2 Macon
2
22
0
0
0
0
6.0 Augusta & ASMP
2
17
0
0
0
0
7.0 Columbus & ICE
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.1 Valdosta
1
14
1
14
0
0
8.2 Albany
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.1 Coastal
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.2 Waycross
0
0
0
0
0
0
10 Athens
0
0
0
0
0
0
Georgia Total
15
7
3
2
0
0
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 16
Table 5. Completion of TB Treatment by Health District, Georgia, 2014-2015
2014
2015
HEALTH DISTRICT
No. Cases that Completed % No. Cases that Completed
%
Tx/No. Cases Started Tx*
Tx/No. Cases Started Tx*
1.1 Rome
11/11
100
7/7
100
1.2 Dalton
6/6
100
4/4
100
2.0 Gainesville
12/12
100
18/18
100
3.1 Cobb
18/19
95
24/24
100
3.2 Fulton
65/66
98
54/55
98
3.3 Clayton
9/9
100
5/5
100
3.4 Lawrenceville
33/34
97
28/30
93
3.5 DeKalb
53/55
96
52/55
94
4.0 LaGrange
5/6
83
14/14
100
5.1 Dublin
2/2
100
1/1
100
5.2 Macon
9/11
91
8/8
100
6.0 Augusta
6/6
100
12/12
100
ASMP
3/3
100
2/2
100
7.0 Columbus
12/14
86
13/14
93
8.1 Valdosta
4/4
100
1/1
100
8.2 Albany
11/11
100
9/9
100
9.1 Coastal
17/17
100
11/11
100
9.2 Waycross
3/3
100
10/10
100
10 Athens
2/2
100
6/6
100
Georgia Total
284/292
97
279/286
98
*Cases who died or who left the U.S. while on TB treatment are excluded
Table 6. Completion of TB Treatment (Tx) within 12 months among TB cases eligible for
12-month TB Treatment by Health District, Georgia, 2014-2015
2014
2015
HEALTH DISTRICT
No. Cases Completed Tx in % No. Cases Completed Tx in %
12 months/ No. Started Tx
12 months/ No. Started Tx
1.1 Rome
11/11
100
7/7
100
1.2 Dalton
6/6
100
4/4
100
2.0 Gainesville
10/12
83
16/17
94
3.1 Cobb
14/16
88
15/19
79
3.2 Fulton
58/64
91
48/52
94
3.3 Clayton
9/9
100
5/5
100
3.4 Lawrenceville
30/32
94
26/28
93
3.5 DeKalb
50/52
96
48/54
89
4.0 LaGrange
3/5
60
14/14
100
5.1 Dublin
2/2
100
1/1
100
5.2 Macon
9/11
91
8/8
100
6.0 Augusta ASMP
5/6
83
3/3
100
5/10
50
2/2
100
7.0 Columbus
12/14
86
9/13
69
8.1 Valdosta
4/4
100
1/1
100
8.2 Albany
11/11
100
9/9
100
9.1 Coastal
17/17
100
10/10
100
9.2 Waycross
3/3
100
10/10
100
10 Athens
2/2
100
6/6
100
Georgia Total
260/281
93
244/270
90
*Cases who died or who left the U.S. during TB treatment, rifampin-resistant cases, meningeal TB, TB of the bone, joint or central nervous system, and children < 15 years old with miliary TB are excluded
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 17
Table 7. Completely Evaluated Contacts of TB Cases by Health District,
Georgia, 2014-2015
2014
2015
HEALTH DISTRICT No. Contacts Evaluated/ % No. Contacts Evaluated/ %
No. Contacts Identified
No. Contacts Identified
1.1 Rome 1.2 Dalton 2.0 Gainesville 3.1 Cobb 3.2 Fulton 3.3 Clayton 3.4 Lawrenceville 3.5 DeKalb 4.0 LaGrange 5.1 Dublin 5.2 Macon 6.0 Augusta 7.0 Columbus 8.1 Valdosta 8.2 Albany 9.1 Coastal 9.2 Waycross 10 Athens Georgia Total
48/52
92
58/103
56
137/141
97
265/279
95
172/201
86
388/440
88
117/143
82
115/127
91
993/1088
91
1112/1228
91
42/45
93
22/22
100
200/224
89
127/140
91
509/624
82
402/427
94
19/52
36
169/238
71
1/1
100
8/16
50
128/246
52
116/132
88
468/625
75
255/291
88
139/159
87
229/264
87
12/21
57
24/24
100
327/383
85
55/59
93
148/161
92
88/115
76
25/35
71
244/322
76
10/10
100
72/95
76
3495/4211
83
3749/4322
87
Table 8. Infected Contacts started on LTBI Treatment by Health District,
Georgia, 2014-2015
2014
2015
HEALTH DISTRICT No. Infected Contacts
% No. Infected Contacts
%
on LTBI Treatment /
on LTBI Treatment /
No. Infected Contacts
No. Infected Contacts
1.1 Rome
3/5
60
6/7
86
1.2 Dalton
41/43
95
8/8
100
2.0 Gainesville
35/47
74
65/86
76
3.1 Cobb
29/37
78
22/29
76
3.2 Fulton
71/101
70
48/96
50
3.3 Clayton
7/9
78
0/4
0
3.4 Lawrenceville
21/35
60
38/47
81
3.5 DeKalb
83/120
69
50/105
48
4.0 LaGrange
5/8
62
13/16
81
5.1 Dublin
0/1
0
2/2
100
5.2 Macon
7/11
64
3/7
43
6.0 Augusta
26/38
68
45/94
48
7.0 Columbus
44/52
85
10/18
56
8.1 Valdosta
3/12
25
1/1
100
8.2 Albany
17/21
81
13/19
68
9.1 Coastal
51/55
93
9/15
60
9.2 Waycross
2/2
100
19/21
90
10 Athens
na
na
11/72
15
Georgia Total
445/588
76
361/587
62
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 18
Table 9. LTBI Treatment Completion of Infected Contacts exposed TB Cases
by Health District, Georgia, 2014-2015
2014
2015
HEALTH DISTRICT
No. Contacts that % Completed LTBI
No. Contacts that % Completed LTBI
Treatment
Treatment
/ Contacts Treated
/ Contacts Treated
1.1 Rome
3/3
100
5/6
83
1.2 Dalton
32/41
78
7/8
88
2.0 Gainesville
25/35
71
49/65
75
3.1 Cobb
16/29
55
17/22
77
3.2 Fulton
42/71
59
39/48
81
3.3 Clayton
4/7
57
na
na
3.4 Lawrenceville
17/21
81
29/38
76
3.5 DeKalb
66/83
80
38/50
76
4.0 LaGrange
5/5
100
9/13
69
5.1 Dublin
na
na
0/2
0
5.2 Macon
3/7
43
3/3
100
6.0 Augusta
10/26
38
34/45
76
7.0 Columbus
26/44
59
6/10
60
8.1 Valdosta
3/3
100
1/1
100
8.2 Albany
14/17
82
9/13
69
9.1 Coastal
43/51
84
7/9
78
9.2 Waycross
1 /2
50
12/19
63
10 Athens
na
na
5/11
46
Georgia Total
310/445
70
270/361
75
Table 10. Frequency of Medium and Large TB Genotype Clusters in
Counties of Georgia, 2012-2016
Medium Clusters (4 9 TB cases)
Large Clusters ( 10 TB Cases)
G00518 DeKalb (n=6) Gwinnett (n=2) Chatham (n=1)
G10773 DeKalb (n=5) Fulton (n=1) Jasper (n=1) Muscogee (n=1) Richmond (n =1)
G15727 Fulton (n=7) Bibb (n=1)
G13198 McIntosh (n=4) Fulton (n=1) Glynn (n=1) Lowndes (n=1)
G05625 Fulton (n=47) DeKalb (n=4) Chatham (n=1)
G10763 Richmond (n=9) Hart (n=5) Stephens (n=5) Franklin (n=1)
G00013 Fulton (n=16) Clayton (n=2) DeKalb (n=2) Spalding (n=2) Coweta (n=1)
G12352 Hall (n=10) Clarke (n=2) Columbia (n=2) Jackson (n=2)
Cobb (n=1) Paulding (n=1) Rockdale (n=1)
Gwinnett (n=1) Haralson (n=1) Houston (n=1) Newton (n=1)
Dawson (n=1) Douglas (n=1) Glynn (n=1) Gwinnett (n=1)
Fulton (n=1) Stephens (n=1)
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 19
Medium Clusters (4 9 TB cases)
G15085 Macon (n=4) Fulton (n=3)
G16216 Houston (n=3) Bibb (n=2) Laurens (n=2)
G0401 DeKalb (n=4) Gwinnett (n=3)
G07486 Liberty (n=4) Cobb (n=1) Columbia (n=1)
GG03895 Atkinson (n=2) Coffee (n=2) Catoosa (n=1) Terrell (n=1)
G10345 Cobb (n=2) Coweta (n=2) Bibb (n=1) Gwinnett (n=1)
Large Clusters ( 10 TB Cases)
G10265 Dougherty (n=6) Troup (n=4)
DeKalb (n=2) Lee (n=2) Upson (n=2) G00010 Terrell (n=5) Lee (n=2) Clayton (n=1) Cobb (n=1)
Chatham (n=1) Fulton (n=1)
Mitchell (n=1)
DeKalb (n=1) Dougherty (n=1) Effingham (n=1) Fulton (n=1)
G10063 Muscogee (n=12) Talbot (n=1)
G05614 Fulton (n=7) DeKalb (n=2) Cobb (n=1) Spalding (n=1)
G13324 Fulton (n=4) Bulloch (n=1) Fayette (n=1) Gwinnett (n=1)
Richmond (n=1) Tombs (n=1) Troup (n=1)
Of the medium-sized genotype clusters, only clusters with 6-9 cases per cluster are reported in this Table.
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 20
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Figure 17. Proportion of Small, Medium, and Large TB Genotype Clusters, Georgia, 2012-2016
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
10 cases 4-9 cases 2-3 cases
2016 GEORGIA TUBERCULOSIS REPORT 29
Tuberculosis Morbidity Trends by Health District Georgia, 1996-2016
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