Groundwater quality in Georgia for 2021

GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR2021
Anthony W. Chumbley and John R. Scroggs
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION WATERSHED PROTECTION BRANCH
WATERSHED PLANNING AND MONITORING PROGRAM
ATLANTA
2022
CIRCULAR 12AI

GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR 2021
Anthony W. Chumbley and John R. Scroggs
The preparation ofthis report was funded in part through a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions ofSection 106 ofthe Federal Water Pollution Control Act of1972, as amended.
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Mark Williams, Commissioner
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Richard E. Dunn, Director
WATERSHED PROTECTION BRANCH Anna Truszczynski, Branch Chief
ATLANTA 2022
CIRCULAR 12AI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................

1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE................................................................

1-1

1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY .......

1-2

1.3 HYDROGEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF GEORGIA...............................

1-3

1. 3. 1 Coastal Plain Province................................................................ 1-3

1.3.2 Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province......................................................

1-5

1.3.3 Valley and Ridge Province..........................................................

1-5

1.3.4 Appalachian Plateau Province......................................................

1-6

1.4 REGIONAL GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS....................................

1-6

CHAPTER 2 GEORGIA GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK.......

2-1

2.1 MONITORING STATIONS.............................................................. 2-1

2.2 USES AND LIMITATIONS............................................................. 2-1

2.3 ANALYSES AND DATA RETENTION.............................................. 2-3

CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA.......... 3-1

3.1 OVERVIEW................................................................................. 3-1

3.2 CRETACEOUS AQUIFER SYSTEM................................................. 3-3 3.2.1 Aquifer System Description........................................................... 3-3 3.2.2 Field Parameters......................................................................... 3-3 3.2.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds................ 3-5 3.2.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP).................. 3-5 3.2.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICPMS)............................................................................................ 3-5

3.3 CLAYTON AQUIFER.................................................................... 3-6 3.3.1 Aquifer System Description.......................................................... 3-6 3.3.2 Field Parameters........................................................................ 3-6 3.3.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds.............. 3-6 3.3.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)................. 3-8 3.3.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICPMS).......................................................................................... 3-8
3.4 CLAIBORNE AQUIFER................................................................. 3-8 3.4. 1 Aquifer Description...................................................................... 3-8 3.4.2 Field Parameters........................................................................ 3-9 3.4.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds.............. 3-9 3.4.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)................ 3-9 3.4.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICPMS).......................................................................................... 3-9
3.5 JACKSONIAN AQUIFER............................................................... 3-11 3.5.1 Aquifer Description..................................................................... 3-11 3.5.2 Field Parameters........................................................................ 3-11 3.5.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds............... 3-11 3.5.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)................ 3-13 3. 5. 5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICPMS)........................................................................................... 3-13
3.6 FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM....................................................... 3-13 3. 6. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics .. ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ..... .. .. .. 3-13 3.6.2 Field Parameters......................................................................... 3-14 3.6.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds............... 3-15
ii

3.6.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)................. 3-15 3. 6. 5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)............. ............................... ............................................... 3-17 3.7 MIOCENE/SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM....................................... 3-18 3. 7.1 Aquifer System Characteristics...................................................... 3-18 3. 7.2 Field Parameters........................................................................ 3-18 3. 7.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds............... 3-19 3. 7.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP).................. 3-19 3. 7. 5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICPMS)............................................................................................ 3-19
3.8. PIEDMONT/BLUE RIDGE AQUIFER SYSTEM................................... 3-21 3.8.1 Aquifer System Characteristics....................................................... 3-21 3.8.2 Field parameters......................................................................... 3-23 3.8.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds................ 3-24 3.8.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)..................... 3-24 3. 8.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)........................... ................................................................................... 3-25 3.9 VALLEY AND RIDGE/APPALACHIAN PLATEAU AQUIFER SYSTEM........................................................................................... 3-26 3.9.1 Aquifer System Characteristics....................................................... 3-26 3.9.2 Field Parameters......................................................................... 3-27 3.9.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds................ 3-27 3.9.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)................... 3-27 3.9.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(ICPMS)............................................................................................ 3-27
iii

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................... 4-1 4.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND pH................................................ 4-1
4.1.1 pH............................................................................................ 4-1
4. 1.2 Conductivity............................................................................... 4-2 4. 1.3 Temperature............................................................................... 4-3
4.2 ANIONS, NON-METALS AND voes................................................ 4-3
4.2.1 Chloride and Fluoride.................................................................. 4-3 4.2.2 Sulfate..................................................................................... 4-3 4.2.3 Nitrate/Nitrite............................................................................. 4-4 4.2.4 Phosphorus.............................................................................. 4-4
4.2.5 Dissolved Oxygen.................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds........................................................ 4-5 4.3 ICP METALS.............................................................................. 4-5 4.3.1 Aluminum................................................................................. 4-6 4.3.2 Iron and Manganese................................................................... 4-6 4.3.3 Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium................................. 4-6 4.4 ICPMS METALS........................................................................... 4-7 4.4.1 Chromium and Nickel.................................................................. 4-7 4.4.2 Arsenic, Selenium, Uranium, and Molybdenum................................ 4-7
4.4.3 Copper, Lead, and Zinc............................................................... 4-8 4.4.4 Barium.................................................................................... 4-8
4.5 CONTAMINATION OCCURRENCES............................................... 4-8 4.5.1 Primary MCL and Action Level Exceedances.................................... 4-9
iv

4.5.2 Secondary MCL Exceedances...................................................... 4-9 4.5.3 Volatile Organic Compounds................................................................. 4-10 4.6 GENERAL QUALITY.................................................................. 4-16 5.0 CHAPTER 5 LIST OF REFERENCES........................................... 5-1
V

APPENDIX Laboratory and Station Data............................................................... A-1 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. The Hydrogeologic Provinces of Georgia........................... 1-4 Figure 3-1. The Major Aquifers and Aquifer Systems of the Coastal Plain Province.................................................................................. 3-2 Figure 3-2. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Cretaceous Aquifer System............................................................................................... 3-4 Figure 3-3. Location of the Stations Monitoring the Clayton Aquifer....... 3-7 Figure 3-4. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Claiborne Aquifer....... 3-10 Figure 3-5. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Jacksonian Aquifer.... 3-12 Figure 3-6. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Floridan Aquifer System............................................................................................. 3-16 Figure 3-7. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Miocene/Surficial Aquifer System................................................................................. 3-20 Figure 3-8. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Piedmont/Blue Ridge AquiferSystem.................................................................................. 3-22 Figure 3-9. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Valley-and-Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Aquifer System................................................... 3-28 LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1. Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network, Calendar Year 2020................................................................................................. 2-2 Table 4-1. Contaminant Exceedances, Calendar Year 2021.... .... .. .... .. .... 4-11
Table 4-2. voe Detection Incidents, Calendar Year 2021....................... 4-15
Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous/ Providence Stations............................................................................. A-2
vi

Table A-2. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations............ A-6

Table A-3. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations........... Table A-4. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations......

A-8 A-10

Table A-5. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations......... A-12

Table A-6. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Miocene Stations........... A-18

Table A-7. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations........................................................................................... A-20
Table A-8. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Valley-and-Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Stations............................................................. A-28
Table A-9. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits....... A-30

Table A-10. Analytes, Primary MCLs, and Secondary MCLs.................... A-33

vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This report, covering the calendar year 2021, is the thirty-fifth of the Circular 12 series. The first 19 reports, Circulars 12A through 12S, summarized the chemical quality of groundwater statewide across Georgia and utilized a static array of sampling stations that were sampled periodically, typically on a semiannual, annual, or biennial basis. The next five reports, Circulars 12T through 12X, dealt with specialized chemical groundwater quality issues: water quality in the Coastal region, water quality available to small public water systems, water quality in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge physiographic province, groundwater uranium in Georgia and groundwater arsenic in Georgia. With this report and its predecessors, Circular 12Y, 12Z and 12AA through 12AH continuing to monitor the chemical quality of groundwater in Georgia using a static array of periodically sampled stations.
These summaries are among the tools used by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) to assess trends in the quality of the State's groundwater resources. EPD is the State organization with regulatory responsibility for maintaining and where possible, improving groundwater quality and availability. EPD has implemented a comprehensive statewide groundwater management policy of antidegradation (EPD, 1991; 1998). Four components comprise EPD's current groundwater quality assessment program:
1. The Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network: EPD's Watershed Protection Branch, Source Water Assessment Program, took over the Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network from the Regulatory Support Program when that program disbanded in 2012. The Monitoring Network is designed to evaluate the ambient groundwater quality of eight aquifer systems present in the State of Georgia. The data collected from sampling of the Groundwater Monitoring Network form the basis for this report.
2. Water Withdrawal Program (Watershed Protection Branch, Water Supply Section): This program provides data on the quality of groundwater that the residents of Georgia are using.
3. Groundwater sampling at environmental facilities such as municipal solid waste landfills, Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) facilities, and sludge disposal facilities. The primary agencies responsible for monitoring these facilities are EPD's Land Protection and Watershed Protection Branches.
1-1

4. The Wellhead Protection Program (WHP), which is designed to protect areas surrounding municipal drinking water wells from contaminants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved Georgia's WHP Plan on September 30, 1992. The WHP Plan became a part of the Georgia Safe Drinking Water Rules, effective July 1, 1993. The protection of public supply wells from contaminants is important not only for maintaining groundwater quality, but also fo_r ensuring that public water supplies meet health standards.
Analyses of water samples collected for the Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network during the period January 2021 through December 2021 and from previous years form the database for this summary. The Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network is presently comprised of 138 stations, both wells and springs. Twenty of the stations are scheduled for quarterly sampling; the remainder are scheduled to be sampled yearly. Each sample receives laboratory analyses for chloride, sulfate, fluoride, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, 26 metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Field measurements of pH, conductivity, and temperature are performed on the sample water from each station. Field dissolved oxygen measurements are made on sample water from wells.
During the January 2021 through December 2021 period, Groundwater Monitoring staff collected 196 samples from 126 wells and 12 springs. A review of the data from this period and comparison of these data with those for samples collected for preceding monitoring efforts indicated that groundwater quality at most of the 138 stations has remained good.
1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY
The chemical quality of groundwater is the result of complex physical, chemical, and biological processes. Among the more significant controls are the chemical quality of the water entering the groundwater flow system, the reactions of the infiltrating water with the soils and rocks that are encountered, and the effects of the well-and-pump system.
Most water enters the groundwater system in upland recharge areas and in areas of leakage from adjacent geologic units. Water seeps through interconnected pore spaces and fractures in the soils and rocks until discharged to a surface water body (e.g., stream, lake, or ocean). The initial water chemistry, the amount of recharge, and the attenuation capacity of soils have a strong influence on the quality of groundwater in recharge areas. Chemical interactions between the water and the aquifer host rocks have an increasing significance with longer residence times. As a result, groundwater from discharge areas tends to be more highly mineralized than groundwater in recharge areas.
1-2

The well-and-pump system can also have a strong influence on the quality of the well water. Well casings, through compositional breakdown, can contribute metals (e.g., iron from steel casings) and organic compounds (e.g., tetrahydrofurans from PVC pipe cement) to the water. Pumps can aerate the water being drawn up and discharged. An improperly constructed or failing well can offer a conduit that allows local pollutants to enter the groundwater flow system
1.3 HYDROGEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF GEORGIA
This report defines three hydrogeologic provinces by their general geologic and hydrologic characteristics (Figure 1-1). These provinces consist of:
1. The Coastal Plain Province of south Georgia;
2. The Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, which includes all of north Georgia but the northwestern corner;
3. The combined Valley and Ridge and Appalachian Plateau Provinces of northwest Georgia.
1.3.1 Coastal Plain Province
Georgia's Coastal Plain Province generally comprises a wedge of loosely consolidated sediments and limestone rock that gently dip and thicken to the south and southeast. Groundwater in the Coastal Plain flows through interconnected pore space between grains and through solution-enlarged voids in carbonate rock.
The oldest outcropping sedimentary formations (Cretaceous) are exposed along the Fall Line (Figure 1-1), which is the northern limit of the Coastal Plain Province. Successively younger formations occur at the surface to the south and southeast.
The Coastal Plain of Georgia contains several confined and unconfined aquifers. Confined aquifers are those in which the readily permeable layer of aquifer medium is interposed between two layers of poorly permeable material (e.g., clay or shale). If the water pressure in such an aquifer exceeds atmospheric pressure, the aquifer is artesian. Water from precipitation and runoff enters the aquifers and aquifer systems in their updip outcrop areas, where permeable sediments hosting the aquifer are exposed. Water may also enter the aquifers downdip from the recharge areas through leakage from overlying or underlying aquifers. Most Coastal Plain aquifers are unconfined in their updip outcrop areas, but become confined in downdip areas to the south and southeast, where they are overlain by successively younger rock formations. Groundwater flow through confined Coastal Plain aquifers is generally to the south and southeast, in the direction of dip of the sedimentary layers.
1-3

C) Appalachian Plateau Province @ Valley and Ridge Province @ Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province
Coastal Plain Province

GRADY

THOMAS


Figure 1-1. The Hydrogeologic Provinces of Georgia 1-4

The sediments forming the major aquifer systems in the Coastal Plain range in age from Cretaceous to Holocene. Horizontal and vertical changes in the sediment layers that form these aquifer systems determine the thickness and extent of the aquifer systems. Several aquifer systems may be present in a single geographic area forming a vertical "stack".
The Cretaceous and Jacksonian aquifer systems (primarily sands) are a common source of drinking water within a 35-mile wide band that lies adjacent to and south of the Fall Line. However, the aquifer systems do extend downdip of the band. A well has been planned to test the Cretaceous aquifer along the Atlantic Coast for water supply development. Southwestern Georgia relies on three vertically stacked aquifer systems plus the upper part of the Cretaceous aquifer system for drinking water supplies: the Clayton, the Claiborne, and the Floridan aquifer systems. The Miocene/Surficial aquifer system (primarily sands) is the principal shallow aquifer system occupying much of the same broad area occupied by the Floridan aquifer system in central and eastern Georgia. The system is unconfined over most of its inland extent but becomes partly confined both in the coastal area and in the Grady, Thomas, Brooks, and Lowndes County area of South Georgia.
1.3.2 Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province
Though the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces differ geologically and geomorphologically, the two physiographic provinces share common hydrogeological characteristics and thus can be treated as a single hydrogeologic province. A two-part aquifer system characterizes the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province (Daniel and Harned, 1997). The upper part of the system is the regolith aquifer, composed of saprolite and overlying soils and alluvium. The regolith aquifer is unconfined, and the water resides primarily in intergranular pore spaces (primary porosity). The lower aquifer in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system is the bedrock aquifer. This aquifer is developed in metamorphic and igneous bedrock (mostly Paleozoic and Precambrian in age); the water resides in fractures and, in the case of marbles, solution-enlarged voids (secondary porosity). In contrast to the regolith aquifer, no intergranular (primary) porosity exists in the bedrock aquifer. The bedrock aquifer is semi-confined with the overlying regolith aquifer media and the bedrock itself offering local confinement to the fractures and voids. The regolith aquifer also serves as the reservoir that recharges the bedrock aquifer.
1.3.3 Valley and Ridge Province
Faulted and folded consolidated Paleozoic sedimentary formations characterize the Valley and Ridge Province. The principal porosity present in aquifer media consists of fractures and solution-enlarged voids in the carbonate rocks; intergranular porosity may be important in some places. Locally, groundwater and surface-water systems closely interconnect. Dolostones and limestones of the Knox Group are the principal aquifers where they occur in fold axes at the centers of broad valleys. The greater hydraulic conductivities of the thick carbonate sections in this province permit higher yielding wells than in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province.
1-5

1.3.4 Appalachian Plateau Province
Rocks in this province consist of consolidated Paleozoic sediments inclusive of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian. Faulting and folding are less intense than in the Valley and Ridge province, and sediments tend to be flatter lying and more continuous areally. As in the Valley and Ridge Province, secondary porosity is the most important type of porosity. The highly fractured Fort Payne Chert and the Knox Group are major water-bearing units in this province.
Only a small part of this province extends into Georgia, at the State's far northwest corner (Dade County and parts of Chattooga and Walker Counties). Due to its small extent in Georgia and its lack of monitoring stations for the current project, the Appalachian Plateau Province is combined with the Valley and Ridge Province for the purposes of this report.
1.4 REGIONAL GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS
Data from groundwater investigations in Georgia, including those from the Groundwater Monitoring Network, indicate that virtually all of Georgia has shallow groundwater sufficient for domestic supply. Iron, aluminum, and manganese are the only constituents that occur routinely in concentrations exceeding drinking water standards. These metals are mostly naturally occurring and do not pose a health risk. Iron and manganese can cause reddish or yellowish-brown to dark brown or black stains on objects and can give water a bitter metallic taste. Aluminum can cause water to appear cloudy.
In the karstic carbonate terranes of the combined Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Province and the Coastal Plain Providence of southwest Georgia, interconnection between the surface water systems and the groundwater systems can be extensive enough such that waters supplying some wells and springs (e.g., Crawfish Spring and Cedartown Spring) have been deemed under direct surface influence, requiring surface water type treatment if used for public supplies.
In the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, water available to wells drilled into bedrock consisting of granitic intrusive rocks, granitic gneisses, or hornblende gneiss/ amphibolite assemblages occasionally may contain excessive naturally occurring uranium.
Aquifers in the outcrop areas of Cretaceous sediments south of the Fall Line typically yield acidic water that may require treatment. The acidity occurs naturally and results from the inability of the sandy aquifer sediments to neutralize acidic rainwater and from biologically influenced reactions between infiltrating water and soils. Groundwater from the Cretaceous along the coast is typically brackish but may be fresh at some locations.
1-6

Nitrate/nitrite concentrations in shallow groundwater from the farm belt in southern Georgia are usually within drinking water standards but are somewhat higher than levels found in other areas of the State.
Three areas of naturally reduced groundwater quality occur in the Floridan aquifer system. The first is the karstic Dougherty Plain of southwestern Georgia. The second is the Gulf Trough area. The third is in the coastal area of east Georgia.
In the Dougherty Plain, as with the carbonate terranes of northwestern Georgia, surface waters and the contaminants they entrain can directly access the aquifer through sink holes.
The Gulf Trough is a linear geologic feature extending from southwestern Decatur County through northern Effingham County and may represent a filled marine current channel (Huddleston, 1993). Floridan groundwater in and near the trough may be high in total dissolved solids and may contain elevated levels of sulfate, barium, radionuclides, and arsenic (Kellam and Gorday, 1990; Donahue et al., 2013).
In the Coastal area of east Georgia, the influx of water with high dissolved solids content can dramatically raise levels of sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and chloride. In the Brunswick part of the Coastal area, groundwater withdrawal from the upper permeable zone of the Floridan aquifer system results in the upwelling of groundwater with high dissolved solids content from the deeper parts of the aquifer system (Krause and Clarke, 2001). In the Savannah portion of the Coastal area, heavy pumping in and around Savannah and Hilton Head, South Carolina has caused a cone of depression which has induced seawater to enter the Floridan aquifer system in South Carolina and to flow down-gradient toward Savannah. The seawater has not yet reached Savannah and may not reach Savannah for many years. The seawater enters the aquifer system via breaches in the Miocene confining unit along the bottoms of waterways and sand-filled paleochannels offshore of the Beaufort/Hilton Head area of South Carolina in what is referred to as the Beaufort Arch; where the top of the Floridan aquifer system is closer to the ocean water (Foyle et al., 2001; Krause and Clarke, 2001).
1-7

CHAPTER 2 GEORGIA GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK
2.1 MONITORING STATIONS
For the period January 2021 through December 2021, attempts were made to place sampling stations in the Coastal Plain Province's six major aquifer systems, in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, and in the Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Province (Table 2-1). Stations are restricted to wells or springs that are for the most part tapping a single aquifer or aquifer system. Attempts were made to have some monitoring stations located in the following critical settings:
1. areas of recharge;
2. areas of possible pollution or contamination related to hydrogeologic settings (e.g., granitic intrusions, the Dougherty Plain, and the Gulf Trough);
3. areas of significant groundwater use.
Most of the monitoring stations are municipal, industrial, and domestic wells that have well construction data.
2.2 USES AND LIMITATIONS
Regular sampling of wells and springs of the Groundwater Monitoring Network permits analysis of groundwater quality with respect to location (spatial trends) and time of sample collection (temporal trends). Spatial trends are useful for assessing the effects of the geologic framework of the aquifer and regional land-use activities on groundwater quality. Temporal trends permit an assessment of the effects of rainfall and drought periods on groundwater quality and quantity. Both trends are useful for the detection of non-point source pollution. Non-point source pollution arises from broadscale phenomena such as acid rain deposition and application of agricultural chemicals on crop lands.
It should be noted that the data of the Groundwater Monitoring Network represent water quality in only limited areas of Georgia. Monitoring water quality at the 138 sites located throughout Georgia provides an indication of groundwater quality at the locality sampled and at the horizon corresponding to the open interval in the well or to the head of the spring at each station in the Monitoring Network. Caution should be exercised in drawing unqualified conclusions and applying any results reported in this study to groundwaters that are not being monitored.
2-1

Table 2-1. Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network, Calendar Year 2021.

Aquifer or Aquifer System
Cretaceous
Clayton Claiborne Jacksonian Floridan Miocene/Surficial PiedmonUBlue Ridge Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau

Number of Stations Visited
(Samples Taken)
21 stations (21 samples)
5 stations (5 sample) 3 stations (3 samples) 10 stations (10 samples)
36 stations (64 samples)
6 stations (6 samples)
49 stations (76 samples)
8 stations (11 samples)

Primary Stratigraphic Equivalents
Ripley Formation, Cusseta Sand, Blufftown Formation,
Eutaw Formation, Tuscaloosa Formation, Providence Sand, Steel Creek Formation, Gaillard
Formation, Pio Nono Formation
Clayton Formation
Claiborne Group
Barnwell Group
Ocala Group, Suwanee Limestone
Hawthorne Group, Miccosukee Formation, Cypresshead Formation
Various igneous and metamorphic complexes
Shady Dolomite, Knox Group, Conasauga Group

Age of Aquifer Host
Rocks
Late Cretaceous
Paleocene
Middle Eocene
Late Eocene Middle
Eocene to Early
OliQocene Miocene to
Recent
Precambrian and
Paleozoic Paleozoic,
mainly Cambrian, Ordovician

2-2

Stations of the Groundwater Monitoring Network are intentionally located away from known point sources of pollution. The stations provide baseline data on ambient water quality in Georgia. EPD requires other forms of groundwater monitoring for activities that may result in point source pollution (e.g., landfills, hazardous waste facilities, and land application sites) through its environmental facilities permit programs.
Groundwater quality changes gradually and predictably in the areally extensive aquifer systems of the Coastal Plain Province. The Monitoring Network allows for some definition of the chemical processes occurring in large confined aquifers. Unconfined aquifers in northern Georgia and in the surface recharge areas of southern Georgia are of comparatively small extent and more open to interactions with land use activities. The wide spacing of most monitoring stations does not permit equal characterization of water-quality processes in these settings. The quality of water from monitoring stations drawing from unconfined aquifers represents only the general nature of groundwater in the vicinity of the stations. Groundwater in the recharge areas of the Coastal Plain aquifer systems is one of the future drinking-water resources for down-flow areas. Monitoring stations in these recharge areas, in effect, constitute an early warning system of potential future water quality problems in confined portions of the Coastal Plain aquifer systems.
2.3 ANALYSES AND DATA RETENTION
Analyses are available for 196 water samples collected from 138 stations (126 wells and 12 springs) during the period January 2021 through December 2021. In 1984, the first year of the Groundwater Monitoring Network, EPD staff sampled from 39 wells in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain Provinces. Between 1984 and 2004, the network had expanded to include 128 stations situated in all three hydrogeologic provinces, with most of the stations being in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Provinces, the largest hydrogeologic provinces in Georgia.
Groundwater from all monitoring stations is tested for chloride, sulfate, fluoride, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, a variety of metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Testing for the VOCs was done using the Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method (EPA method 524.2). Testing for anions chloride, fluoride and sulfate was done using the Ion Chromatography method (EPA method 300.0). Testing for nitrite/nitrate as total nitrogen was done using the Automated Colorimetry method (EPA method 353.2). Testing for phosphorus was done using the Semi-Automated Colorimetry method (EPA method 365.1). Appendix Table A-9 lists the EPA methods used to test for these analytes along with a reporting limit for each analyte. The results of the chemical tests are reported in this Circular. Before collecting a sample, EPD personnel also observe and record certain field measurements; pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. This Circular also reports these measurements.
Testing for aluminum, beryllium, calcium, cobalt, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, titanium, and vanadium was undertaken using the inductively
2-3

coupled plasma (ICP) method (EPA method 200.7 in Table A-9). This method works well for most of the major metals listed above. This method was also used to test for silver, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, thallium, and zinc. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) method (EPA method 200.8 in Table A-9) was also used to test for the metals mentioned in the previous sentence as well as for molybdenum, silver, tin, and uranium. The ICPMS method generally gives better results for trace metals.
Pursuant to the Georgia Safe Drinking Water Act of 1977, EPD has established Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for certain analytes and other parameters, certain of which are included in analyses performed on Groundwater Monitoring samples (EPD, 2009). Primary MCLs pertain to analytes that can adversely affect human health if the maximum concentration for an analyte is exceeded for drinking water. Secondary MCLs pertain to parameters that may give drinking water objectionable, though not health-threatening, properties that may cause persons served by a public water system to cease using the water. Unpleasant taste and the ability to cause stains are examples of such properties. MCLs apply only to treated water offered for public consumption; nevertheless, they constitute useful guidelines for evaluating the quality of untreated (raw) water. Table A-10 in the Appendix lists the Primary and Secondary MCLs for Groundwater Monitoring Network analytes.
Most wells currently on the Monitoring Network have in-place pumps. Using such pumps to purge wells and collect samples reduces the potential for crosscontamination that would attend the use of portable pumps. Pumped wells may affect VOC concentrations of sample water. Two wells, the Miller Ball Park Northeast Well (PA9C) and the Springfield Egypt Road Test Well (Ml17), are flowing, which dispenses altogether with pumps and lessens the effects of the pump-well system on sample water.
Sampling procedures are adapted from techniques used by United States Geologic Survey (USGS) and EPA. For wells except PA9C and Ml17, EPD personnel purge the wells (EPA recommends removing three to five times the volume of the water column in the well) before collecting a sample to reduce the influence of the well, pump, and plumbing system on water quality. A purge of 15 to 20 minutes is usually sufficient to allow readings of pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen to stabilize and to allow corrosion films on the plumbing to be flushed away.
The apparatus used for monitoring field measurements and collecting samples consists of a garden hose with two branches at its end and a container. One branch conveys water to a container; the other branch allows the water to flow freely. On the container branch, water enters the bottom of the container, flows past the probe of the instrument taking field measurements, and discharges over the top of the container. Such an apparatus minimizes the exposure of the sample water to atmosphere. Once the field measurements have stabilized, sample containers are then filled with water discharging from the end of the free-flowing branch. Sample waters do not pass through a filter before collection. As a rule, trends for field measurements with increasing purge time include a lowering of pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. For
2-4

shallower wells, the temperature tends to approach the mean atmospheric temperature for the area. For deeper wells rising temperatures due to geothermal heating may become apparent.
Once the sample bottles are filled, they are promptly placed on ice to preserve water quality. EPD personnel transport samples to the laboratory on or before the Friday of the week during which the samples were collected, well before holding time for the samples lapse. Field measurements and analytical results are provided in Tables A-1 through A-8 in the Appendix.
Files at EPD contain records of the field measurements and chemical analyses. Owners of wells or springs receive copies of the laboratory analysis sheets as well as cover letters and laboratory sheet summaries. The cover letters state whether any MCLs were exceeded. The Drinking Water Program's Compliance and Enforcement Unit receives notification of Primary MCL exceedances involving public water supplies.
Station numbering assigns each station a two-part alphanumeric designation, the first part consisting of an alphabetic abbreviation for the aquifer being sampled and the second part consisting of a serial number, sometimes with an alphabetic suffix, the two parts separated by a dash. Some wells were also added from previous sampling and monitoring programs that were previously labeled with a County alphabetic abbreviation instead of an aquifer. In this case the previous identification number was retained for cross reference with previous samples. In order for the groundwater database to be compatible with the Georgia Environmental Monitoring and Assessment System (GOMAS), a Watershed Protection Branch branch-wide water database, the stations were also assigned a three-part alphanumeric designation; the first part being an alphabetic abbreviation "GW" (for groundwater), the second part numeric representing the local river basin and the third part a serial number.
2-5

CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA
3.1 OVERVIEW
Georgia's major aquifer systems are grouped into three hydrogeologic provinces for the purposes of this report: the Coastal Plain Province, the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, and the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province.
The Coastal Plain Province comprises six major aquifer systems that are restricted to specific regions and depths within the Province (Figure 3-1). These major aquifer systems commonly incorporate smaller aquifers that can be locally confined. Groundwater Monitoring Network wells in the Coastal Plain aquifer systems are generally located in three settings:
1. Recharge (or outcrop) areas that are located in regions that are geologically updip and generally north of confined portions of these aquifer systems;
2. Updip, confined areas that are located in regions that are proximal to the recharge areas, yet are confined by overlying geologic formations. These are generally south to southeast from the recharge areas;
3. Downdip, confined areas, located to the south or southeast in the deeper, confined portions of the aquifer systems, distal to the recharge areas.
The Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province comprises two regional aquifers, the regolith aquifer and the bedrock aquifer (Daniel and Harned, 1997). The regolith aquifer is composed of saprolite - bedrock that has undergone intense chemical weathering -- plus soil and alluvium. The regolith aquifer, highly porous and appreciably permeable, serves as the reservoir that recharges the bedrock. The igneous and metamorphic bedrock exhibits low porosity - nearly all of the porosity is secondary and consists of discontinuous fractures, but can be very permeable as fractures can locally transmit water rapidly. Despite the regional scale of these two aquifers, flow systems are small-scale and localized, in contrast to those of the Coastal Plain.
Paleozoic sedimentary formations characterize the combined Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province, although unlike in the Coastal Plain, these sedimentary formations are consolidated and have been subjected to faulting and folding. Also, in contrast to the Coastal Plain Province, the faulting and folding has resulted in the creation of numerous, small-scale localized flow systems in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province. The major water-bearing units in the province are carbonate rocks. Faulting and fracturing of the carbonates have led to the widespread development of karst features, which significantly enhance porosity and permeability and exert a strong influence on local flow patterns.
3-1

CLAIBORNE~

CLAYTON

A

\ ~

/FLORIDAN ~ MIOCENE

CRETACEOUS

E 8
MSL

JACKSONIAN


FLORIDAN
DJ

1000'

CRETACEOUS

CLAIBORNE

FLORIDAN

FLORIDAN

Figure 3-1. The Major Aquifers and Aquifer Systems of the Coastal Plain Province (after Davis, 1990).
3-2

3.2 CRETACEOUS AQUIFER SYSTEM
3.2. 1 Aquifer System Description
The Cretaceous aquifer system is a complexly interconnected group of aquifer subsystems developed in the late Cretaceous sands of the Coastal Plain Province. These sands outcrop in an extensive recharge area immediately south of the Fall Line in west and central Georgia (Fig. 3-2). In east Georgia, overlying Tertiary sediments restrict Cretaceous outcrops to valley bottoms. Five distinct subsystems of the Cretaceous aquifer system, including the Providence aquifer, are recognized west of the Ocmulgee River (Pollard and Vorhis, 1980). These merge into three subsystems to the east (Clarke et al, 1985; Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). The aquifer thickens southward from the Fall line, where the clays and sands pinch out against crystalline Piedmont rocks, to a column approximately 2,000 feet thick at the southern limits of the main aquifer use area (limit of current utilization, Figure 3-2). Below the limit of utilization some Cretaceous wells have reached depths of 4,000 feet.
The Providence aquifer, a prominent subsystem of the Cretaceous aquifer system in the western Coastal Plain, is developed in sands and coquinoid limestones at the top of the Cretaceous column. The permeable Providence Formation-Clayton Formation interval forms a single aquifer in the updip areas (Long, 1989) and to the east of the Flint River (Clarke et al., 1983). East of the Ocmulgee River, this joint permeable interval is termed the Dublin aquifer (Clarke et al., 1985). This report treats the Providence aquifer as a part of the Cretaceous aquifer system.
EPD used 21 wells to monitor the Cretaceous aquifer system. Reported depths ranged from 128 feet (K7) to 1025 feet (PD6). All wells except wells MAC 1, and MAR1 are local government owned public supply wells. Well MAC 1 provides water for a park and well MAR1 produces process water for a sand mining operation. All wells are sampled annually.
3.2.2 Field Parameters
The pHs of sample waters from all 21 wells ranged from 3.70 (K9A) to 9.01 (K15A), with a median of 5.48. As a rule, pHs of waters from the deeper wells are basic (pH>7.0), while those from shallower wells are acidic (pH<7.0). Well PD3 seems to be the exception. The sampling pH of 8.41 of well PD3 would be expected for a well about twice the reported depth of 456 feet. Conductivities are available for all 21 wells and ranged from 17 uS/cm (BUR2) to 479 uS/cm (K15A), with a median of 51 uS/cm. As a rule, the deeper wells gave water with the higher conductivities. The temperatures measured should be viewed as approximations of the temperature of the water in the aquifer. Temperatures over all 21 well samples ranged from 17.91 degrees C (K7) to 29.70 degrees C (K15A). Comparing well depths with sample water temperatures shows that the deeper wells generally tend to yield water with higher temperatures. The water temperature can also depend
3-3

N
A

25

50 Miles

Sampling Stations ~ General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-2. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Cretaceous Aquifer System. 3-4

somewhat on the time of year measured, since sample water must traverse a zone influenced by surface temperature on its way from the aquifer to the measurement point. Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for all 21 wells. Concentrations ranged from 0.37 mg/L (K15A) up to 8.68 mg/L (PD2A). Generally, the dissolved oxygen content of groundwater decreases with depth. Dissolved oxygen measurements can suffer from various interferences and processes that can expose the groundwater to air. An inadequately purged well may deliver water that has been in contact with air in the well bore. Pumping a well's water level down near the pump intake can entrain air into the pumped water. Also, pumping the water level in the well below a recharging horizon allows water to "cascade" or fall freely down the well bore and splash, thereby becoming aerated.
3.2.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Testing for chloride, sulfate, fluoride, combined nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done for samples from all 21 wells. None of the 21 samples contained detectable chloride. Three samples contained detectable fluoride: well PD3 0.72 mg/L, well K15A 0.50 mg/Land well PD6 0.23 mg/L. Well PD2A had detectable VOCs (chloroform 0.56 ug/L). Sulfate was detected in samples from five wells, with all concentrations at or below 48 mg/L (MAR1). Nitrate/nitrite was detected in 13 samples and ranged up to 2.1 mg/L (GLA1). Samples from 11 wells contained detectable phosphorus, with concentrations ranging up to 12.0 mg/L (K3).
3.2.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)
All 21 samples contained detectable sodium, which ranged from 1,000 ug/L (MAC1) to 79,000 ug/L (PD3). The current high reporting limit for analyzing potassium accounts for the lack of potassium detections. Three wells gave samples with detectable aluminum ranging up to 490 ug/L (K12). Thirteen wells yielded samples containing detectable calcium, and 12 wells gave samples containing detectable iron. Calcium levels ranged from undetected to 61,000 ug/L (WEB1 ). Iron levels ranged from undetected to 1,900 ug/L (CHT1 ), with samples from five wells exceeding the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. Eight samples contained detectable magnesium, with a maximum value of 3,700 ug/L (PD6). Seven wells gave samples with detectable manganese. None exceeded the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. Beryllium, cobalt, potassium, titanium and vanadium remained undetected.
3.2.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found detectable levels of copper, zinc, barium and lead. Barium was detected in 19 of 21 samples with a maximum concentration of 77 ug/L (CHT1). Copper was detected in samples from five wells with the maximum level at 18 ug/L (K11A); zinc was detected in samples from four wells, with the maximum level of 70 ug/L (STW2); lead was detected in samples from five wells, with the
3-5

maximum level at 2.2 ug/L (K9A). The copper and lead levels fell below their respective action levels of 1,300 ug/L and 15 ug/L and zinc below its secondary MCL of 5,000 ug/L. The highest concentrations for these three metals tend to occur in samples with the lowest pHs. These three metals commonly leach into sample water from plumbing and are not necessarily present naturally.
3.3 CLAYTON AQUIFER
3. 3. 1 Aquifer System Description
The Clayton aquifer system of southwestern Georgia is developed mainly in the middle limestone unit of the Paleocene Clayton Formation. Limestones and calcareous sands of the Clayton aquifer system crop out in a narrow belt extending from northeastern Clay County to southwestern Schley County (Figure 3-3). Aquifer thickness varies, ranging from about 50 feet in the outcrop area to 265 feet in southeastern Mitchell County (Clarke et al., 1984). Both the Flint River to the east and the Chattahoochee River, to the west are the areas of discharge for the aquifer in its updip extent. Leakage from the underlying Providence aquifer system and from overlying permeable units in the Wilcox Formation confining zone provides significant recharge in downdip areas (Clarke et al., 1984). As mentioned previously, permeable portions of the Clayton and Providence Formations merge to form a single aquifer in the updip area and east of the Ocmulgee River. East of that river these combined permeable zones are called the Dublin aquifer (Clarke et al., 1985).
3. 3. 2 Field Parameters
Five wells were sampled annually to monitor the Clayton aquifer system. Wells CT3, CT5A, SUM1 and SUM2 are public supply wells and well CT8 is a private well. These wells vary in depth from 80 feet (CT8) to 367 feet (CT3). The sample waters had a pH range of 4.34 (CT8) to 7.84 (CT5A), an electrical conductivity range of 40 uS/cm (CT8) to 255 uS/cm (CT3), a temperature range of 18.21 degrees C (CT8) to 21.23 degrees C (CT3) and a dissolved oxygen range of 0.69 mg/L (CT5A) to 5.89 mg/L (CT3).
3.3.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Testing for chloride, sulfate, fluoride combined nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done for samples from all five wells. No volatile organic compounds were detected in any of the five samples. Sulfate was detected in three samples and ranged from undetected up to 88 mg/L (SUM2). Nitrate/nitrite was detected in three samples and ranged from undetected up to 1.7 mg/L (SUM1 ). Fluoride was detected in well SUM2 at a level of 0.30 mg/L. No samples contained detectable chloride or phosphorus.
3-6

N
A

0

25

50 Miles

Sampling Stations ~ General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989) Figure 3-3. Location of the Stations Monitoring the Clayton Aquifer.
3-7

3.3.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
All five samples contained detectable sodium ranging from 1,600 ug/L (CT5A) to 9,100 ug/L (SUM1 ). The current high reporting limit for analyzing potassium accounts for the lack of potassium detections. Three wells gave samples with detectable aluminum ranging from undetected up to 1,200 ug/L (SUM2). Four wells yielded samples containing detectable calcium at levels ranging from undetected to 43,000 ug/L (CT5A) and two wells gave samples containing detectable iron at levels ranging from undetected to 2,200 ug/L (SUM2), which exceeded iron's 300 ug/L Secondary MCL. Three samples contained detectable magnesium from undetected to 9,100 ug/L (SUM2). Four wells gave samples with detectable manganese with one well (SUM2) exceeding the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L with a detection of 230 ug/L. Beryllium, cobalt, potassium, titanium and vanadium remained undetected.
3.3.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found detectable levels of nickel, copper, zinc, barium and lead. Nickel was detected at a concentration of 10 ug/L (SUM2). Barium was detected in all five samples with a maximum concentration of 87 ug/L (SUM2). Copper was detected in two samples at a maximum concentration of 7.2 ug/L (SUM1 ); zinc was detected in two samples with a maximum concentration of 30 ug/L (SUM2); and lead was detected in one sample at a concentration of 3.1 ug/L (SUM2). The copper and lead levels all fell below their respective action levels of 1,300 ug/L and 15 ug/L and the zinc levels were below their secondary MCL of 5,000 ug/L; these detections also occurred in the most acidic sample waters.
3.4 CLAIBORNE AQUIFER
3. 4. 1 Aquifer Description
The Claiborne aquifer is developed primarily in the sandy units in the middle and lower portion of the Middle Eocene Claiborne Group of southwestern Georgia. Claiborne Group sands crop out in a belt extending from northern Early County through western Dooly County. Recharge to the aquifer occurs both as direct infiltration of precipitation in the recharge area and as leakage from the overlying Floridan aquifer system (Hicks et al., 1981; Gorday et al., 1997). The discharge boundaries for the updip portion of the aquifer are the Ocmulgee River to the east and the Chattahoochee River to the west. The aquifer generally thickens to the southeast and is more than 350 feet thick near its downdip limit of utilization (Figure 3-4) (Tuohy, 1984).
The clay-rich upper unit of the Claiborne Group, the Lisbon Formation, acts as a confining layer and separates the Claiborne aquifer from the overlying Floridan aquifer system (McFadden and Perriello, 1983; Long, 1989; Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). The lower, water-bearing parts of the group had been
3-8

correlated with the Tallahatta Formation (e.g., McFadden and Perriello, 1983; Long, 1989: Clarke et al., 1996) or more recently, have been divided into two formations, the upper one termed the Still Branch Sand and the lower one correlated to the Congaree Formation (Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). East of the Ocmulgee River, permeable Congaree-equivalent sands are included in the Gordon aquifer (Brooks et al., 1985).
Three stations, all in or near the recharge area, were available to monitor the Claiborne aquifer. Wells CL2 and CL4A are municipal public supply wells, and well CL8 supplies water for drinking and other purposes for a State forestry nursery. Well CL2 is 315 feet deep, CL4A is 230 feet deep, and CL8 is not known precisely, but is about 90 feet deep.
3.4.2 Field Parameters
The pH of sample water from all the wells were mildly acidic or basic; CL2 at 7.18, CL4A at 6.40 and CL8 at 5.83. Conductivities registered at 80 uS/cm (CL8), 142 uS/cm (CL4A), and 210 uS/cm (CL2); and temperatures registered at 21.99 degrees C (CL2), 20.44 degrees C (CL4A) and 20.61 degrees C (CL8). Dissolved oxygen contents measured at 3.34 mg/L (CL2) and 0.27 mg/L (CL8). Since well CL4A exposes water to air, there was no measurement for dissolved oxygen for the water at this well.
3.4.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Well CL2 was the only station to give a sample with detectable nitrate/nitrite (0.59 mg/L as nitrogen). A sample from well CL4A contained detectable sulfate at 12 mg/L. Samples from two wells contained detectable phosphorus (CL4A at 0.39 mg/L and CL8 at 0.54 mg/L). None of the samples contained detectable chloride, fluoride or VOCs.
3.4.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)
Calcium and sodium were detected in samples from all three wells. The maximum and minimum calcium concentrations were 41,000 ug/L (CL2) and 11,000 ug/L (CL8). The maximum and minimum sodium concentrations were 1,900 ug/L (CL4A and CL8) and 1,500 ug/L (CL2). Detectable magnesium occurred only in the samples from well CL8 (1,200 ug/L) and CL4A (3,000 ug/L). Wells CL4A and CL8 gave samples with detectable iron at 2,200 ug/L and 540 ug/L respectively and manganese at 60 ug/L and 49 ug/L respectively. The CL4A and CL8 samples both exceeded the iron Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L and the CL4A sample exceeded the manganese Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L.
3.4.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analyses found barium in all three samples. The maximum and minimum barium concentrations were 36 ug/L (CL8) and 11 ug/L (CL2 and CL4A). Analysis found no other trace metals.
3-9

N
A

0

25

50 Miles

Sampling Stations
c=J General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-4. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Claiborne Aquifer.
3-10

3.5 JACKSONIAN AQUIFER
3. 5. 1 Aquifer Description
The Jacksonian aquifer system (Vincent, 1982) of central and east-central Georgia is developed primarily in sands of the Eocene Barnwell Group, though isolated limestone bodies are locally important. Barnwell Group outcrops extend from Macon and Crawford Counties (Hetrick, 1990) eastward to Burke and Richmond Counties (Hetrick, 1992). Figure 3-5 shows the extent and most significant Jacksonian recharge areas. Aquifer sands form a northern elastic facies of the Barnwell Group; the sands grade southward into less permeable silts and clays of a transition facies (Vincent, 1982). The water-bearing sands are relatively thin, ranging from 10 to 50 feet in thickness. Limestones equivalent to the Barnwell Group form a southern carbonate facies and are included in the Floridan aquifer system. The Savannah River and the Flint River are the eastern and western discharge boundaries for the updip parts of the Jacksonian aquifer system. The Jacksonian aquifer system is equivalent to the Upper Three Runs aquifer, as discussed by Summerour et al. (1994), page 2, and Williams (2007), "General Hydrogeology" table.
Ten wells were available to monitor the Jacksonian aquifer system. Wells J1 B, J8A, J9 and J10 are domestic wells, while all the other wells are public supply wells. All are drilled wells from 90 feet (J1B) to 660 feet (WAS1), where the depth is known, and each is scheduled for annual sampling.
3. 5. 2 Field Parameters
The pHs for all the wells were near neutral. The pHs range from 7.43 (J 1B and J10) to 8.16 (J9). Conductivities ranged from 173 uS/cm (J9) to 352 uS/cm (J5). Temperatures ranged from 19.12 degrees C for well J10 to 20.64 degrees C for well J6, with water from the deeper wells usually registering higher temperatures. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 0.54 mg/L for well J6 to 7.04 mg/L for well WAS1 and are usually lowest in the deeper wells.
3.5.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Sample waters from wells J5 and J6 contained detectable sulfate of 12 mg/L and 15 mg/L respectively. Nitrate/nitrite was detected in six of the ten samples ranging from undetected to 2.5 mg/Las nitrogen (J1 B), and all measurements were below the Primary MCL of 10 mg/L as nitrogen. Phosphorus was detected in water from nine of the ten wells and ranged from undetected to 0.17 mg/L (J 10). No sample waters contained detectable chloride. Fluoride was detected in a sample from well J4 at a concentration of 0.23 mg/L. The sample water from well J4 also had detectable trihalomethanes (disinfectant by-products possibly from leaky check valve) in the following concentrations: chlorodibromomethane 0.60 mg/L and bromoform 0.51 mg/L.
3-11

N
A

0

25

50 Miles

Sampling Stations
c=J General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-5. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Jacksonian Aquifer.
3-12

3. 5.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)
All ten wells gave waters with detectable calcium from 32,000 ug/L (J9) to 69,000 ug/L (J5). Magnesium was detected in six of the ten wells and ranged from undetected to 2,500 ug/L (J5). Detectable sodium occurred in each sample and ranged from 1,500 ug/L (J9) to 4,000 ug/L (J1 B). Aluminum was not detected in any samples this year. Iron was detected in four of the ten wells and ranged from undetected to 420 ug/L (J6), which exceeded the Secondary MCL for iron of 300 ug/L. Wells J5, J8A, JEF1 and WAS1 gave a sample containing 65 ug/L, 18 ug/L, 54 ug/L and 15 ug/L manganese respectively. The sample from well J5 and JEF1 exceeded the manganese Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. According to Kellam and Gorday (1990), the high calcium/magnesium ratios for these wells signifies that they derive most of their recharge from local surface water.
3.5.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
Nine of the ten wells yielded waters containing detectable barium, with a range from undetected (JEF1) to 80 ug/L (WAS1). Copper was detected in well WAS1 at 13 ug/L and zinc was detected in two of the ten samples, at a maximum level of 32 ug/L (J6). The copper and lead levels fell below their respective action levels of 1,300 ug/L and 15 ug/L. Chromium was detected in well J6 at a level of 8.8 ug/L. Analysis found no other trace metals.
3.6 FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
3. 6. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics
The Floridan aquifer system is developed predominantly in Eocene and Oligocene limestones and dolostones that underlie most of the Coastal Plain Province (Figure 3-6). The aquifer is a major source of groundwater for much of its outcrop area and throughout its downdip extent to the south and east.
The upper water-bearing units of the Floridan are the Eocene Ocala Group and the Oligocene Suwanee Limestone (Crews and Huddlestun, 1984). These limestones and dolostones crop out in the Dougherty Plain (a karstic area in southwestern Georgia) and in adjacent areas along strike to the northeast. In parts of Camden and Wayne Counties, the Oligocene unit is absent and the upper portions of the Floridan are restricted to units of Eocene age (Clarke et al., 1990). The lower parts of the Floridan consist mainly of dolomitic limestone of middle and early Eocene age and pelletal, vuggy, dolomitic limestone of Paleocene age, but extend into the late Cretaceous in Glynn County. The lower portions of the Floridan are hydrologically connected with the upper parts but are deeply buried and not widely used except for some municipal and industrial wells in the Savannah area. From its updip limit, defined by clays of the Barnwell Group, the aquifer system thickens to well over 700 feet in coastal Georgia.
3-13

A dense limestone facies occupying the Gulf Trough locally limits groundwater quality and availability (Kellam and Gorday, 1990; Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, 2001 ). The Gulf Trough may be a filled marine-current channel extending across Georgia from southwestern Decatur County through northern Effingham County. The trough, active beginning in the early Eocene, had ceased operating and filled with sediment in the Miocene.
A groundwater divide separates a smaller southwestward flow regime in the Floridan aquifer system in the Dougherty Plain in southwestern Georgia from the larger southeastward flow regime characteristic for the aquifer system under the remaining part of Georgia's Coastal Plain. Rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and downward leakage from extensive surficial residuum recharge the Dougherty Plain flow system (Hayes et al., 1983). The main body of the Floridan aquifer system, lying to the east, is recharged by leakage from the Jacksonian aquifer and by rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and in areas where overlying strata are thin. Significant recharge also occurs in the area of Brooks, Echols, Lowndes, Cook and Lanier counties where the Withlacoochee River and numerous sinkholes breach the upper confining units (Krause, 1979).
Monitoring water quality in the Floridan aquifer system was done by using 35 wells and one spring, with 26 scheduled for sampling on a yearly basis and 10 on a quarterly basis. The total number of samples collected was 64. All 35 wells are drilled wells. Thirty-one wells are local-government-owned public supply wells. One well supplies industrial process water, one well is a former USGS test well, one a private residence well and the remaining well supplies water for a coastal marina. Depths range from 174 feet (PA25 municipal well) to 1,211 feet (PA9C test well). The one remaining site is Radium Spring in Albany.
3. 6. 2 Field Parameters
Measurements of pH are available for all samples from all 36 locations and ranged from 6.71 (PA25) to 7.82 (PA14A). The median pH is 7.42 and the mean is 7.41. Conductivities are also available for all the samples from all sites and ranged from 162 uS/cm (PA41A) to 2,908 uS/cm (PA9C) with a median of 324 uS/cm and a mean of 370 uS/cm. Temperatures are available for all sampling events and ranged from 20.24 degrees C for spring PA59 to 26.03 degrees C for well PA13 with a median of 22.75 degrees C and a mean of 22.77 degrees C. The high temperatures reflect the geothermal effect of the deeper wells. Fifty-three dissolved oxygen measurements are available from 31 wells. The available measurements range from 0.22 mg/L (PA23A) to 7.59 mg/L (PA60) with a median of 0.55 mg/Land a mean of 1.47 mg/L. No measurements were taken at spring PA59 or at wells PA5, PA9C, PA14A, and PA28 because the raw water outlets will not permit the attachment of the usual sampling apparatus and exposes sample water to air.
3-14

3.6.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Ten Floridan wells yielded 14 samples containing detectable chloride. Chloride concentrations ranged from undetected to 650 mg/L (PA9C), with the 650 mg/L sample exceeding the Secondary MCL of 250 mg/L. The measurement for well PA9C is more than 13 times the next highest concentration of 47 mg/L for well PA4. Well PA9C derives water from the lower part of the Floridan aquifer. Twentyeight samples from 16 wells contained detectable sulfate. Sulfate levels ranged from undetected to 240 mg/L (PA9C). Forty-five samples from 24 wells contained detectable fluoride at levels ranging from undetected to 0.77 mg/L (GLY4). Nineteen samples from nine wells and one spring contained detectable nitrate/nitrite. Concentrations ranged from undetected to 2.5 mg/L as nitrogen (PA59). There is a general tendency for shallower wells to give samples with higher levels of nitrate/nitrite. Nitrate/nitrite levels in the samples from each quarterly sampled well tend, as a rule, to be similar. Phosphorus was detected in 31 samples from 20 wells and one spring. Phosphorus levels ranged up to 0.74 mg/L (PA32) as total phosphorus. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), consisting entirely of trihalomethane compounds, were detected in one sample from well PA32; chloroform at a level of 9.5 ug/L. These compounds typically arise as byproducts from disinfection and their presence can indicate the reflux of treated water back down a well or result from sterilizing well plumbing following maintenance. The occasional nature of trihalomethane detections suggests a maintenance related origin. In the past Radium Spring has yielded samples with the VOC trichloroethylene, which is found in dry cleaning degreasers. Springs are subject to surface contaminations more so than deeper wells.
3.6.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)
ICP analyses found detectable levels of aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium and vanadium. Detectable potassium occurred in two samples from wells PA4 and PA9C at levels of 5,000 ug/L and 6,800 ug/L respectively. Failure to find detectable potassium in other samples results from the insensitivity of the testing procedure, as indicated by the high reporting limit of 5,000 ug/L for the metal. Detectable manganese occurred in 17 samples from nine wells. The maximum concentration of 91 ug/L occurred in one sample from well PA34B. All samples from quarterly-sampled well PA34D and samples from annually sampled wells PA18 and PA34B exceeded the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. The manganese levels in the samples from each of the quarterly sampled wells vary within a restricted range. Wells giving samples with manganese detections seem clustered in two areas: one in the Cook-Irwin-Lanier County area and the other in the Candler-Emanuel-Jenkins-Telfair-Toombs County area. Iron was detected in 22 samples from 14 wells. Of these, two samples exceeded the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L; annual wells PA9C (970 ug/L) and GLY2 (340 ug/L). The iron contents of samples from four quarterly wells (PA29, PA34AD and PA36) seemed to vary within restricted ranges. Detectable magnesium was found in all samples from all wells and spring except for those from quarterly well PA25 and
3-15

N
A

0

25

50 Miles

Sampling Stations
C=1 General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-6. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Floridan Aquifer System. Note: Point PA34A represents wells PA34A, PA34B, PA34C, and PA34D
3-16

annual well PA60. Magnesium concentrations ranged up to 61,000 ug/L (well PA9C), with a mean of 12,088 ug/L and a median of 11,500 ug/L. Wells PA25 and PA60 are Floridan recharge area wells. Kellam and Gorday (1990) have noted that Ca/Mg ratios are higher in groundwaters from Floridan recharge areas, as is the case with these wells. Magnesium levels in samples from each quarterly well seem to vary within relatively narrow ranges. Calcium was detected in all samples from the 36 Floridan wells and spring. Concentrations ranged from 22,000 ug/L (PA2 and THO2) to 89,000 ug/L (PA9C), with a mean of 39,172 ug/L and a median of 34,500 ug/L. For samples from quarterly wells, calcium concentrations seem to fall within a narrow range for each well. Aluminum was detected above the Secondary MCL of 50-200 ug/L in one sample from one well; PA41A (280 ug/L). Sodium was also found in all sample waters from all 36 wells and spring and ranged in concentration from 1,800 ug/L (PA27) to 320,000 ug/L (PA9C), with a mean of 15,478 ug/L and a median of 7,700 ug/L. Sodium concentrations generally increase with depth. Vanadium was detected in a sample from well PA22 at a level of 12 ug/L.
3.6.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found the following detectable metals in the Floridan samples: chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic, molybdenum and barium. Well PA23A gave four samples with detectable arsenic ranging from 5.4 ug/L to 6.0 ug/L. Quarterly well PA44 gave one sample out of four showing detectable chromium (5.0 ug/L) below the Primary MCL (100 ug/L). One sample from one well contained detectable copper; annual well PA28 (11 ug/L). Three samples from three wells contained detectable zinc. No samples contained detectable lead. Copper and lead detections were below the action levels of 1,300 ug/L for copper and 15 ug/L for lead. The zinc concentration fell below the Secondary MCL of 5,000 ug/L. Twelve samples drawn from quarterly wells PA23A, PA28 and PA56 contained detectable molybdenum. Well PA28 produced the sample with the highest concentration of 23 ug/L. All three wells are in the Gulf Trough area. Barium was detected in all samples from all wells and spring and ranged in concentration from 3.2 ug/L (PA60) to 230 ug/L (PA34D), all below the Primary MCL of 2,000 ug/L. The mean concentration of barium was 86.9 ug/L and the median was 75.0 ug/L. Barium seems to be more abundant in samples from wells of 400 foot to 700-foot depth range.
3-17

3.7 MIOCENE/SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM
3. 7. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics
The Miocene/Surficial aquifer system is developed in sands of the Miocene Hawthorne Group and of the Pliocene Miccosukee and Cypresshead Formations of the Georgia Coastal Plain (Figure 3-7).
The Hawthorne Group covers most of the Coastal Plain and consists predominantly of sand and clay (Huddlestun, 1988), although carbonate rocks and phosphorites may locally be significant (Huddlestun, 1988; Clarke et al., 1990). Clarke et al., 1990, note that three sequences consisting of a basal dense phosphatic limestone layer, a middle clay layer, and an upper sand layer typify the Miocene section in the coastal area. The sand layers in the two lowermost of the sequences host the lower and upper Brunswick aquifers, which are included in the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system of this report.
The Cypresshead Formation overlies the Hawthorne Group in the Coastal area (from the Atlantic coast to about 45 miles inland) and consists, in updip areas, predominantly of fine to coarse-grained quartz sand and, in downdip areas, interbedded fine sand and clay (Huddlestun, 1988). In the Coastal Plain of far south central and southwestern Georgia, the Miccosukee Formation overlies the Hawthorne Group (Huddlestun, 1988).
The Miccosukee Formation consists predominantly of sand but contains some clay. The characteristic lithology consists of thin-bedded to laminated fine to medium sand with scattered layers or laminae of clay. Also included in the aquifer system are Pleistocene arkosic sands and gravels interbedded with clays and Holocene sands and gravels interbedded with muds. The upper part of the aquifer system is unconfined, whereas the deeper parts of the system may be locally confined and under artesian conditions.
Six annually sampled wells were used to monitor the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system. Wells Ml1, Ml2A and Ml10B are private domestic wells, well WAY1 is a public supply well for a mobile home park and well Ml10B is no longer being used as a drinking water source. Well Ml16 is used for general purposes at a fire station. Well Ml17 originated as a geologic bore hole -- a hole drilled for investigating bedrock -- that became a flowing well. It is currently used both as a domestic water source and as an augmentation well for maintaining a pond. Well Ml2A is a bored well. The remainder are drilled wells. Depths, actual or approximate, have been determined for all six wells (70 feet to 400 feet).
3. 7.2 Field Parameters
The pHs of the sample waters from the six wells used to monitor the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system ranged from 4.92 (Ml2A) to 7.75 (Ml16). Two of the six wells sampled (Ml2A and Ml10B) produced acidic water. The remaining four
3-18

wells gave basic water. The acidic water-yielding wells included two of the shallowest, while the basic water-producing wells included the two deepest. Conductivities ranged from 95 uS/cm (Ml10B) to 321 uS/cm (Ml16). Water temperatures ranged from 19.34 degrees C (Ml17) to 24.17 degrees C (Ml1). Dissolved oxygen data are available for five of the six wells and range from 0.50 mg/L (WAY1) to 5.17 mg/L (Ml2A). Valid dissolved oxygen measurements cannot be made on well Ml17 since the water is exposed to air before sampling.
3. 7.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Chloride registered at 27 mg/L in a sample from the bored well Ml2A. The sample from the deepest Miocene well (Ml16) provided the only sulfate detection at 36 mg/L. Fluoride was detected in four of the six wells. The concentration ranged from undetected to 0.60 mg/L (Ml16). Nitrate/nitrite was detected in the sample water from bored well Ml2A at 6.4 mg/L as nitrogen, which lies in the range of likely human influence (~ 3.1 mg/L as nitrogen) (Madison and Brunett, 1984). Detectable phosphorus was found in samples from two of the six wells. The concentrations ranged from not detected to 0.31 mg/L (Ml10B). One of the samples contained detectable VOCs in the form of chloroform at 2.6 ug/L (Ml2A).
3. 7.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)
Samples from all six wells contained calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Calcium levels ranged from 4,100 ug/L (well Ml2A) to 43,000 ug/L (well Ml17). Magnesium levels ranged from 1,800 ug/L (well Ml17) to 14,000 ug/L (well Ml16). Sodium levels ranged from 6,100 ug/L (well Ml10B) to 16,000 ug/L (well Ml16). Potassium was detected in well Ml2A at a concentration of 7,000 ug/L. Iron was detected in the sample from well Ml2A at 25 ug/L and well Ml 1OB at 1,100 ug/L. This last value far exceeds the Secondary MCL for iron of 300 ug/L. Manganese was found in samples from four wells: Ml17 (11 ug/L), Ml2A (15 ug/L), Ml10B (49 ug/L), and WAY1 (100 ug/L). The 100 ug/L level exceed the Secondary MCL for manganese of 50 ug/L. The high iron and manganese levels in water from drilled well M11 OB are the reason the residents ceased using the water for household purposes, i.e., cooking, drinking, and laundering. Aluminum was detected in well Ml2A at a concentration of 160 ug/L, above the Secondary MCL range of 50-200 ug/L.
3. 7.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analyses found detectable copper, zinc, lead, selenium and barium in the Miocene aquifer samples. All six samples contained detectable barium, which ranged in concentration from 20 ug/L (M 11) to 130 ug/L (M 11 OB). The sample from drilled well Ml1 OB contained selenium at a level of 22 ug/L. Selenium at detectable levels is rare in Georgia's groundwater. Zinc was detected in three of the six water samples ranging from undetected to 93 ug/L (Ml 1OB). Copper was detected from well Ml2A at a level of 9.5 ug/L and lead was detected in well Ml2A at a level of 1.0 ug/L. The copper, lead, and zinc in the water samples were likely derived from
3-19

N
A

Ii

25

50 Miles

Sampling Stations
c=J General Recharge Area (from O'Connell and Davis, 1991)
Figure 3-7. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Miocene/Surficial Aquifer System.
3-20

plumbing. None of the metals exceeded applicable action levels (1,300 ug/L for copper and 15 ug/L for lead) or MCLs (5,000 ug/L Secondary for zinc).
3.8 PIEDMONT/BLUE RIDGE AQUIFER SYSTEM
3. 8. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics
The Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system in Georgia is part of the Piedmont and mountain aquifer system that extends from New Jersey into Alabama (Daniel and Harned, 1997). The system is unconfined or semiconfined and is composed of two major hydrogeologic units: a) regolith and b) fractured igneous and metamorphic bedrock (Heath, 1980; Daniel and Harned, 1997). Figure 3-8 shows the extent of the system in Georgia.
The regolith hydrologic unit is comprised of a mantle of soil, alluvium in and near stream bottoms and underlying saprolite. Saprolite is bedrock that has undergone extensive chemical weathering in place. Downward percolating, typically acidic, groundwater leaches alkali, alkaline earth and certain other divalent metals from micas, feldspars, and other minerals composing the original rock, leaving behind a clay-rich residual material. Textures and structures of the original rock are usually well-preserved, with the saprolite appearing as a highly weathered version of the original rock. The regolith unit is characterized by high mostly primary porosity (35% to 55%) (Daniel and Harned, 1998) and serves as the reservoir that feeds water into the underlying fractured bedrock. Though it can store a great deal of water, saprolite, owing to its clay content, is relatively impermeable. Saprolite grades downward through a transition zone consisting of saprolite and partially weathered bedrock with some fresh bedrock into fresh bedrock.
The fractured bedrock hydrologic unit is developed in igneous and metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the regolith, the porosity in such rocks is almost totally secondary, consisting of fractures and solution-enlarged voids. In the North Carolina Piedmont, Daniel and Harned (1997) found 1% to 3% porosity typical for bedrock. Fractures consist of faults, breaks in the rock with differential displacement between the broken sections, and joints, breaks in the rock with little or no differential displacement (Heath 1980). Fractures tend to be wider and more numerous closer to the top of the bedrock. Daniel and Harned (1997) noted that at a depth of about 600 feet, pressure from the overlying rock column becomes too great and holds fractures shut. Fracturing in schistose rocks consists mainly of a network of fine, hair-line cracks which yield water slowly. Fractures in more massive rocks (e.g. granitic rocks, diabases, gneisses, marbles, quartzites) are mostly open and are subject to conduit flow. Thus, wells intersecting massive-rock fractures are able to yield far larger amounts of water than wells in schistose rocks or even wells in regolith. Fractures can be concentrated along fault zones, shear zones, late-generation fold axes, foliation planes, lithologic contacts, compositional layers, or intrusion boundaries.
3-21

N
A

~5

50 Miles

Sampling Stations
c=i General Recharge Area (from O'Connell and Davis, 1991)
Figure 3-8. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Aquifer System.
3-22

Seventy-six samples from 43 wells and six springs were used to monitor water quality in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system. Forty-two of these wells are drilled. Thirty-three of the 43 wells are public supply wells, and the remaining ten are domestic. One of the 43 wells is bored (P43) and is in domestic use. Of the six springs, four (P12A, P44, HAS2 and TOW1) are mineral springs at State Parks, one (BR?) is free flowing beside a County Road and the last (BR5) is a public supply source. The State Park mineral spring P12A and the following wells are scheduled for sampling on a quarterly basis: P21, P23, P25, P32, P34, P35, P37 and BR1 B. Well P25 was added to the network on a quarterly basis, and per agreement with the State Park manager an annual filtered sample is to be collected in addition to the quarterly unfiltered ones. The remaining stations are sampled on a yearly basis. Where their depths are known, wells deriving water from the bedrock aquifer range in depth from 80 feet (P45) to 705 feet (P24). Domestic bored well P43 (unknown) is the only well drawing from the regolith aquifer.
3. 8. 2 Field Parameters
Seventy-six pH measurements from 49 stations are available for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system. The pHs ranged from 4.81 (HAS2) to 8.39 (BR9). Twenty-eight total samples were basic; all four samples from quarterly spring P12A and quarterly wells P32 and P35, two samples from quarterly well BR1 B and one sample from wells BR9, P20, P24, P30, P44, P46, P47, COU1, COU2, COU3, FAY1 18.8, MAD1, UPS1, and WAS3. The remaining samples were acidic. The mean pH was 6.72 and the median 6.71. Conductivity measurements are available for all 76 samples. Conductivities range from 13 uS/cm (HAS2) to 948 uS/cm (well P32). The mean conductivity was 217 uS/cm and the median was 177 uS/cm. Samples with the higher pHs generally tended to have higher conductivities and vice versa. Temperatures were available for all sampled waters and range from 9.86 degrees C (spring TOW1) to 27.85 degrees C (spring P44). The mean temperature was 17.39 degrees C and the median was 17.49 degrees C. Geothermally elevated temperatures are not readily apparent for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge. Latitude, ground elevation, and season appear to have more influence on the sampling temperature. Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for 63 of the 76 samples from 39 of 49 stations. The samples from quarterly spring P12A and annual springs P44, HAS2, BR5, BR? and TOW1; and wells P39, COU2, FRA1, and WHl1 received no dissolved oxygen measurements since exposure of the sample water to air can render the measurement inaccurate. Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 0.49 mg/L for well P46 to 7.89 mg/L for well BR8. The 7.89 mg/L high reading for well BR8 lies just below the oxygen saturation level (10.30 mg/L) for the temperature at sampling (13.97 degrees C). This reading suggests free-falling (cascading) water in the well or entrainment of air at the pump intake due to a low pumping water level and does not reflect the actual oxygen level in the groundwater.
3-23

3. 8.3 Major Anions oxygen, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
All samples received testing for chloride, sulfate, fluoride, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and VOCs. Four stations yielded eight samples with detectable chloride: quarterly spring P12A with two samples and quarterly well P37 with all four samples; and annual wells P30 and WAS3 with one sample each. Well P30 gave the sample with the highest level at 34 mg/L. Detectable fluoride occurred in 23 samples from 14 stations. Most prominent of these samples were quarterly wells P23 with four samples at levels between 0.94 mg/L and 1.20 mg/L and P32 with four samples at levels between 2.0 mg/L and 2.1 mg/L (equal to or above the Secondary MCL of 2.0 mg/L) and quarterly spring P12A with four samples at levels ranging from 4.5 mg/L to 4.8 mg/L. This last range of levels exceeds the Primary MCL of 4 mg/L for fluoride; the spring water from this station has consistently done so in the past. Historical fluoride levels for spring P12A have ranged from slightly above 4 mg/L to slightly above 5 mg/L. Sulfate was detected in 35 samples from seven quarterly and ten annual stations, with the highest concentration (490 mg/L) occurring in a sample from quarterly well P32. Quarterly spring P12A and quarterly wells P21, P25, P32, P37 and BR1 B each have sulfate values that vary within narrow ranges. Nitrate/nitrite was detected in 52 of 76 samples from 34 stations with high concentrations of 4.20 mg/L, 3.40 mg/Land 3.0 mg/Las nitrogen for wells HAL 1, WKE1 and P30 respectively. These levels are well below the Primary MCL of 10 mg/L as nitrogen, but two are within the range of likely human influence (~ 3.1 mg/L as nitrogen) (Madison and Brunett, 1984). Detectable phosphorus occurred in 48 samples from 33 stations, with the highest concentration of 0.21 mg/L being found in a sample from well BR 10. Phosphorus concentrations vary within narrow ranges within the samples from quarterly spring P12A and from quarterly wells P21, P23, P25, and P34. Detectable voes occurred in samples from wells COU4 (methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) 1.3 ug/L), P5 (chloroform 0.51 ug/L) and UPS1 (chloroform 1.2 ug/L). Chloroform, bromodichloromethane and dichloromethane are disinfectant by-products; MTBE and toluene are fuel additives.
3. 8.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)
ICP analysis found detectable aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium and titanium. No beryllium, cobalt, or vanadium was detected. Calcium was found in all samples except springs HAS2 and TOW1. The probable explanation for no detectable calcium in these springs are probably because the springs flow through a homogeneous quartzite rock. The highest calcium levels ranging from 150,000 ug/L to 190,000 ug/L occurred in the quarterly samples from well P32. The mean calcium concentration was 26,617 ug/L and the median concentration was 17,000 ug/L. As a rule, calcium levels of samples from each quarterly station tend to cluster closely. Magnesium was detected in 69 samples from 42 stations. Magnesium contents of sample waters ranged from not detected up to 38,000 ug/L (well P30). As with calcium, magnesium levels in samples from each quarterly well generally tend to cluster. Samples from annual bedrock wells P38, P43, FRA1 and BR8; and annual springs HAS2, BR5 and TOW1 contained no detectable magnesium. Sodium was present in 75 of 76
3-24

samples and ranged from not detected in the sample from spring HAS2 to 40,000 ug/L from spring P12A. Sodium levels for each quarterly well have a general tendency to cluster. The mean sodium concentration was 11,233 ug/L and the median was 8,250 ug/L. Manganese was detected in 48 samples from 26 wells and three springs, with a maximum concentration of 310 ug/L (well COU3). Detectable potassium was found in all four samples from one station (well P35) in a range of 6,400 ug/L to 6,800 ug/L. The low sensitivity of the current laboratory testing procedure for potassium probably accounts for the apparent scarcity of this metal. Aluminum was detected in two samples from wells P28 BR10. Well P28 registered the highest level at 580 ug/L. Aluminum levels exceeded the Secondary MCL range of 50-200 ug/L in both samples. Iron was detected in 36 samples from 25 wells and two springs, with a range from not detected up to 3,400 ug/L (well HAL1). This concentration exceeds the Secondary MCL for iron of 300 ug/L. Eight other wells produced nine samples with an iron level greater than the Secondary MCL; P28 (670 ug/L}, P37 (310 ug/L and 1,300 ug/L), P47 (450 ug/L}, COU1 (950 ug/L), COU2 (320 ug/L), COU3 (2,600 ug/L), MAD1 (580 ug/L) and BR10 (1,400 ug/L). Titanium was detected in well P28 at a concentration of 12 ug/L.
3. 8.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis of water samples detected the following metals: chromium, copper, zinc, barium, lead and uranium. None of the following metals were found in detectable amounts: nickel, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, antimony and thallium. Chromium was detected in two samples from wells P24 (5.2 ug/L) and P28 (11 ug/L). Copper occurred in eight samples from eight wells, with a maximum level of 71 ug/L in the sample from well BR8. All copper detections occurred in mostly acidic waters, with the highest pH for a sample containing detectable copper registering at 6.29 (HAL1). No detectable copper occurred in any neutral or basic waters. Zinc was detected in 16 samples from 13 wells, with the maximum level at 1,300 ug/L from well STE1. All zinc detections except for wells P46 (pH 8.06), COU3 (pH 7.11), MAD1 (pH 7.41) and BR9 (pH 8.39) occurred in acidic waters. Lead was detected in eight samples from seven wells. All lead detections occurred in acidic water and all lead detections occurred with zinc or copper detections. These three metals commonly leach into sample water from plumbing and are not necessarily present naturally. Barium was a nearly ubiquitous trace metal, being detected in 70 samples from 42 wells and five springs. Four samples from quarterly spring P12A and two samples from quarterly well P32 contained no detectable barium. The maximum sample concentration was 230 ug/L from well P20. No samples exceeded the Primary MCL of 2,000 ug/L. Uranium was detected in 16 samples from five wells. Uranium detections were down from previous years due to the reporting limit of the lab going from the previous 1.0 ug/L to 10 ug/L. Uranium concentrations ranged from not detected up to 26.2 (well P32). No detections of uranium exceeded the Primary MCL of 30 ug/L for uranium. Granitic bedrock is present where these wells are drilled and is the most common bedrock type to host uraniferous water.
3-25

3.9 VALLEY AND RIDGE/APPALACHIAN PLATEAU AQUIFER SYSTEM
3. 9. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics
Since Georgia's portion of the Appalachian Plateau Province extends over such a small area of the State, i.e., its northwestern corner, this report includes that province with the Valley and Ridge Province for purposes of discussion. Bedrock in the combined province is sedimentary, comprising limestones, dolostones, shales, siltstones, mudstones, conglomerates and sandstones (Figure 3-9).
Primary porosity in the province's bedrock is low, leaving fractures and solution-enlarged voids as the main water-bearing structures. The bedrock in the province is extensively faulted and folded, conditions that have served to proliferate fracturing and to segment water-bearing strata into numerous local flow systems, in contrast to the expansive regional flow regimes characteristic of the Coastal Plain sediments. Fractures in limestones and dolostones can become much enlarged by dissolution, greatly increasing their ability to store water.
Zones of intense fracturing commonly occur in carbonate bedrock along such structures as fold axes and fault planes and are especially prone to weathering. Such zones of intense fracturing give rise to broad valleys with gently sloping sides and bottoms covered with thick regolith. The carbonate bedrock beneath such valleys presents a voluminous source of typically hard groundwater.
As in the PiedmonUBlue Ridge Province, the regolithic mantle of soil and residuum derived from weathered bedrock blankets much of the Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Province. The water table lying within the regolithic mantle yields soft water ("freestone" water) sufficient for domestic and light agricultural use (Gressler et al., 1976; 1979). The regolithic mantle also acts as a reservoir, furnishing water to the underlying bedrock, which supplies most of the useful groundwater in the province.
Monitoring water quality in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifers made use of five springs and three drilled wells (Figure 3-9). Springs VR2A, VR8, VR10 and VR12 are public supply springs. Spring VR3 is a former public supply spring now serving ornamental purposes in a public park. Well VR1 is a public supply well, well VR6A is an industrial process water source and well VR13 is a private domestic well. Spring VR8 is scheduled for quarterly sampling, while all the other stations are sampled on an annual basis. All stations tap carbonate bedrock aquifers.
3-26

3.9.2 Field Parameters
Sample water pHs ranged from 7.26 for spring VR2A to 8.14 for well VR6A. Conductivities ranged from 213 uS/cm (spring VR12) to 361 uS/cm (well VR13). Dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.32 mg/L (well VR13) to 5.82 mg/L (well VR1). Dissolved oxygen measurements were made on spring waters at or downstream of spring heads; however, due to atmospheric exposure at the spring heads, these measurements may not validly represent oxygen levels in the water prior to discharge. The temperature measurements ranged from 14.84 degrees C (spring VR3) to 17.47 degrees C (well VR6A). For spring waters, contact with the surface environment may have altered actual water temperatures present at the spring heads, since water temperatures were measured downstream from the springheads.
3.9.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Neither chloride, sulfate nor fluoride were detected in any of the sample waters. Detectable nitrate/nitrite was present in all sample waters and ranged from 0.38 mg/L as nitrogen in spring VR12 to 1.70 mg/L as nitrogen in spring VR10. Phosphorus was detected in two wells: well VR6A (0.02 mg/L) and well VR13 (0.04 mg/L). The sample from well VR6A was the only one to contain detectable VOCs. The compounds were 1, 1-dichloroethylene at 1.4 ug/L (Primary MCL = 7 ug/L) and tetrachloroethylene at 1.9 ug/L (Primary MCL = 5 ug/L). These compounds, particularly the chlorinated ethylenes, are used primarily as solvents. The owner/user of well VR6A manufactures barium and strontium compounds and anthraquinone.
3.9.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (/GP)
ICP analysis found calcium and magnesium in all samples, sodium in all samples but one and iron in four samples. Iron was detected in the samples from well VR13 (36 ug/L), spring VR10 (170 ug/L) and two of the four samples from spring VR8 (both samples 20 ug/L), all below the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. Calcium levels ranged from 25,000 ug/L (spring VR12) to 60,000 ug/L (well VR13). Magnesium levels ranged from 9,100 ug/L (well VR13) to 16,000 ug/L (wells VR1 and VR6A). Sodium levels ranged from undetected (spring VR12) to 12,000 ug/L (well VR6A).
3.9.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found zinc and barium. Detectable barium was present in all 11 samples and ranged from 9.9 ug/L (well VR1) to 450 ug/L (well VR6A). All samples save the one from VR6A have barium levels below 100 ug/L. Well VR6A furnishes process water to a firm that manufactures barium and strontium compounds and is situated in an area that sees the mining and processing of barite. Spring VR10 had a sample with a zinc detection (18.0 ug/L).
3-27

N
A

0

25

50 Miles

Sampling Stations ~ General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-9. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Valley-and-Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Aquifer System.
3-28

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
EPD personnel collected 196 water samples from 126 wells and 12 springs on the Groundwater Monitoring Network during the calendar year 2021. The samples were analyzed for VOCs, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, 14 trace metals by ICPMS analysis, and 23 major metals by ICP analysis. All stations now receive analyses for fluoride because one of the stations was known to produce water with excessive levels of fluoride. These wells and springs monitor the water quality of eight major aquifers and aquifer systems as considered for this report in Georgia:
Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system,
Clayton aquifer,
Claiborne aquifer,
Jacksonian aquifer
Floridan aquifer system,
Miocene/Recent aquifer system,
Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system,
Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifer system.
4.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND pH
4.1.1 pH
The Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system, developed in Coastal Plain sands, furnished waters with the overall lowest pHs. This aquifer system featured only six of 21 wells yielding waters with basic pHs.
Not many stations were available to sample wells tapping the Clayton, Claiborne, or Jacksonian aquifers. However, the results are these: 1) Clayton acidic as expected for updip portions of the aquifer and basic for downdip deeper portions 2) Claiborne - the two acidic wells are fairly shallow and updip in sands; and the basic well is deeper and probably penetrates some limey sand or limestone and is almost neutral; 3) Jacksonian - all eleven wells were basic or nearly neutral basic and neutral waters should be expected from limey sands.
The Floridan aquifer system, as might be expected for carbonate-rock aquifers, gave waters with mildly basic pHs. Waters from the Floridan are the most basic in pH of any in the study.
4-1

The Miocene aquifer system is developed in sands. However, these may include shelly detritus in some places (evident at surface excavations near well Ml17 and at coastal well Ml16). Dissolution of such detritus can raise the pHs of groundwaters in such areas, giving water from these wells a nearly neutral to mildly basic pH. In places where such shelly matter is not available, waters emerge with low pHs, as at well Ml2A.
Sample-water pHs in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge are generally mildly acidic, with 28 out of 76 sample measurements exceeding or equaling a pH of 7.00.
The Valley-and-Ridge/Appalachian Plateau sampling stations are all located in the Valley-and-Ridge sector. With carbonate rocks being the major aquifer media, samples from the sector would be expected to be mildly basic, which all eleven samples taken in the sector were found to be basic. In the past, some of these samples were found to be slightly acidic. The incidence of past acidic waters was probably due to a larger amount of typically acidic precipitation entering the springs' flow systems than the carbonate bedrock can neutralize.
The very acidic pHs of the sample waters in the updip portions of the Miocene, Clayton, Claiborne, and, particularly, the Cretaceous/Providence can face metal plumbing with leaching and corrosion problems. Such waters may contain elevated or excessive, but not naturally occurring, levels of lead, copper, and zinc.
4. 1.2 Conductivity
Conductivity in groundwaters from the sandy Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system seems to be highest for the deeper wells in the Providence sands near the Chattahoochee River. Overall, conductivities are relatively low, in the range of lower tens of microsiemens.
Similar conductivities can be found in waters from the updip portions of the Clayton and Claiborne aquifers, where the media consist mostly of sand; then higher conductivities in the deeper downdip portions. For the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system, low conductivities could be associated with groundwaters hosted by quartzites or quartz veins. High conductivities may arise in waters in deep flow regimes where waters are long in contact with granitic and other reactive host rocks.
Conductivities of groundwaters in the Floridan and other carbonate rock aquifers are generally higher than those in siliceous rocks. This condition results from the dissolution of carbonate minerals, in cases augmented by dissolution of intergranular sulfate, where dissolved sulfate will also be present in the water.
4-2

4.1.3 Temperature
Groundwater temperatures measured under the current sampling procedure are only approximations of the actual groundwater temperature, as some heating can result from the action of pumping and heating or cooling can result from exposure to ambient surface conditions. Nevertheless, groundwaters from shallower wells in the northern part of the State are overall somewhat cooler than those from the southern part; and those from wells much deeper than about 400 to 500 feet show effects from geothermal warming.
4.2 ANIONS, NON-METALS AND voes
4.2.1 Chloride and Fluoride
Chloride at currently detectable levels is not too common in ambient groundwaters. Abundance seems to be largest in the deeper Floridan waters, which had detections at ten out of 36 stations. The Floridan occurrences seem restricted to the Gulf Trough and Coastal areas, with the Coastal area sample from well PA9C giving the study's only Secondary MCL exceedance for chloride. The Miocene/Surficial aquifer had one of six stations of less than 100 feet depth giving water with detectable chloride. Chloride is also relatively abundant in PiedmonUBlue Ridge waters, detected at four out of 49 stations.
All water samples now receive testing for fluoride. Abundance seems to be largest in the Floridan waters with 24 detections at 36 stations. Miocene sample waters had four detections at six stations and PiedmonUBlue Ridge sample waters had 14 detections at 49 stations. The PiedmonUBlue Ridge station P12A, a mineral spring, had the only Primary MCL exceedance and well P32 had the only Secondary exceedance. The lowest incidences of detectable fluoride were in the Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system (3 of 21 stations), the Jacksonian aquifer (1 of 10 stations) and the Clayton aquifer (1 of 5 stations).
4.2.2 Sulfate
Sulfate is more widespread than chloride. Sulfate is more abundant in deeper waters, with the shallowest occurrence from Piedmont/Blue Ridge mineral spring P12A (0 feet-deep), along with Cretaceous well MAR1 150 feet-deep. Sulfate seems more abundant in Floridan sample waters, detectable at 16 out of 36 stations. Sulfate is also abundant in the PiedmonUBlue Ridge, occurring in detectable amounts in waters from 17 of 49 stations. The Cretaceous aquifer yielded samples containing detectable sulfate in five out of 21 stations. The Clayton aquifer yielded samples containing detectable sulfate in three out of five stations. Jacksonian sample waters yielded two out of ten stations with detectable sulfate. The sample from Piedmont well P32 yielded the study's highest overall sulfate content and Secondary MCL exceedances. The lowest incidences of detectable
4-3

sulfate were in the Miocene/Surficial aquifer at one of six stations, the Claiborne aquifer with one of three stations and the Valley and Ridge aquifer with none of eight stations.
4.2.3 Nitrate/Nitrite
One hundred six (106) samples from 76 of the 138 stations sampled for this project contained detectable nitrate/nitrite. At least one sampling station drawing from each of the aquifers and aquifer systems discussed in this report gave a sample with detectable nitrate/nitrite. The combined substances are most widespread among the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau, where all stations gave samples containing detectable amounts. The combined substances are also widespread in Cretaceous, Jacksonian, Piedmont/Blue Ridge and Floridan waters. The three highest concentrations of nitrate/nitrite (6.4 mg/L well Ml2A, 4.2 mg/L well HAL1 and 3.4 mg/L well WKE1) occurred at Miocene/Surficial and Piedmont stations. All three samples exceeded the naturally occurring maximum level of 3 mg/L (as nitrogen), a level generally considered to indicate human influence (Madison and Brunett, 1984; Gaskin et al., 2003).
Since nitrate/nitrite, an oxidant, becomes depleted the farther water travels away from oxidizing near-surface environments and into reducing ones, a crude inverse relation exists between the concentration of the combined substances and well depths. The nitrate/nitrite concentrations in Floridan samples illustrate this: the combined substances are undetected in most wells deeper than about 400 feet and reach a maximum concentration of 2.5 mg/Lin spring PA59 and 1.8 mg/Lin four of four samples from well PA25, 174 feet deep. The situation in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge is less straightforward, as springs P12A and HAS2 lack detectable nitrate/nitrite in all five samples, and well P24 at 705 feet and wells P39 and P20 at 600 feet each gave water with concentrations of 0.34 mg/L, 1.00 mg/L and 0.59 mg/L respectively.
4.2.4 Phosphorus
Analyses determine only total phosphorus; the method used (EPA Method 365.1) for testing cannot determine how the element is bound. There were only three samples from three stations collected for the Claiborne, however this aquifer registered the second highest mean phosphorus content of 0.31 mg/L. Of the more extensively sampled Piedmont/Blue Ridge and Floridan aquifer systems, the former registered a mean phosphorus content of 0.04 mg/Land the latter a content of 0.03 mg/L. The high phosphorus value for the Floridan was .74 mg/L (well PA32) and the high for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge was 0.21 mg/L (well BR10). The highest value for all the aquifers was in the Cretaceous aquifer system at a level of 12.0 mg/L detected in the sample from station K3. Which caused the Cretaceous aquifer system to have the highest mean phosphorus content of 0.62 mg/L. The apparent low phosphorus content occurred for the Clayton aquifer with no detections from five stations.
4-4

4.2.5 Dissolved Oxygen
The measurement of dissolved oxygen contents is beset with some difficulties that can cause spurious values: instrument malfunction; aeration of well water due to cascading or to a pump's entraining air at low pumping water levels; measuring at spring pools or at sampling points that cannot be isolated from the atmosphere. Nevertheless, measured dissolved oxygen generally decreases with well depth.
4.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found in eight samples from eight wells (see Table 4-2). No station exceeded the trihalomethane Primary MCL of 80 ug/L. The trihalomethanes; chloroform, bromoform and chlorodibromomethane were the most widely occurring of the VOCs. These compounds result from halogen-bearing disinfectants reacting with organic matter naturally present in the water. Two scenarios accompany the occurrence of the compounds. The first involves disinfection of the well and plumbing components incident to maintenance or repairs, as took place in well Ml2A. The second scenario involves leaking check valves or foot valves that allow disinfectant-treated water to flow back down the well when pumps are off, as apparently happened with wells UPS1 and J4.
Well VR6A yielded water containing chlorinated ethylene compounds. Sample water from VR6A has also contained detectable chlorinated benzene compounds in the past. The former are used as solvents; in addition to solvent uses, the latter can be used as disinfectants, fumigants, pesticides, and starters for manufacturing other compounds. The owner of well VR6A, Chemical Products Corporation, manufactures barium and strontium compounds.
Well COU4 yielded water containing methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE; 2methoxy-2-methyl-propane), which has no MCL. An advisory range of 20 ug/L to 40 ug/L has preliminarily been set due to offensive taste and smell. The compound has been added to motor fuels as an oxygenate (promotes cleaner burning). That use is being curtailed due to the greater water solubility of the compound compared to other fuel components thus its heightened ability to contaminate groundwater. Data on the long-term health effects of the compound are sparse.
4.3 ICP METALS
Analysis using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) works well for metals that occur in larger concentrations in groundwater samples. Samples in this study were not filtered, so the method measured analytes that occurred in fine suspended matter as well as those occurring as solutes. The laboratory used the technique to test for aluminum, beryllium, calcium, cobalt, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, titanium, and vanadium. No beryllium or cobalt occurred in any samples at detectable levels.
4-5

4.3.1 Aluminum
Aluminum, a common naturally occurring metal in the State's groundwater may be present in particulate form or as a solute. Current sampling procedures do not allow separate analyses of particulates and solutes. For its Secondary MCL, aluminum is subject to a range of concentrations from 50 ug/L to 200 ug/L, depending on the ability of a water system to remove the metal from water undergoing treatment. The EPD laboratory's reporting level for the metal of 60 ug/L lies within the Secondary MCL range, therefore placing any sample with detectable aluminum within the MCL range.
The metal appears to be most abundant in water samples with acidic pHs and, as a rule, is more concentrated the higher the acidity. The Miocene/Recent aquifer system, updip portions of the Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system, and updip terrigenous elastic-rich portions of the Clayton aquifer are examples. The metal is also abundant in particulate water samples. Aquifers giving mildly basic samples such as the carbonate hosted Floridan aquifer and carbonate portions of the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifers produce few sample waters containing any detectable aluminum. The metal's abundance in bedrock waters from the Piedmont Blue Ridge aquifer system seems also low. Samples from deeper wells with more strongly basic pHs (approaching 8.00) may contain some detectable aluminum.
4.3.2 Iron and Manganese
Iron and manganese are also two more naturally occurring metals in Georgia's groundwater. Both, like aluminum, may occur as fine particulates or as solutes. Both seem more abundant in acidic waters. Manganese also seems more abundant in waters with low dissolved oxygen contents. Sand units (e.g., the Cretaceous and updip Clayton) and shallower igneous/metamorphic bedrock give waters with the highest iron or manganese concentrations. Waters with the lowest concentrations are drawn from carbonate units (e.g., the Floridan and the carbonates in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau province), which also usually have the higher pH waters.
4.3.3 Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium
Calcium is most abundant in sample waters from the Jacksonian aquifer with an average calcium content of 54,600 ug/L for ten samples. Sample waters from the Floridan, the Valley and Ridge and the PiedmonUBlue Ridge aquifer systems also contain high calcium levels. The metal could be considered least abundant in samples from the Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system with an average calcium content of 6,752 ug/L for 21 samples.
Magnesium appears most abundant in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifer system with a 14,191 ug/L average and least abundant in the Cretaceous/Providence system with a 524 ug/L average.
4-6

Detectable sodium is nearly ubiquitous. The metal is most abundant in waters from the Floridan and the Piedmont/Blue Ridge and least so in waters from the more updip Cretaceous, Jacksonian, Clayton and Claiborne.
The testing method used by the EPD laboratory to analyze for potassium is not very sensitive (reporting limit 5,000 ug/L), therefore detectable potassium was found in only seven samples from four stations - one sample from one station in the Miocene, two samples from two stations in the Floridan and four samples from one station in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge.
Kellam and Gorday (1990) observed that Ca/Mg ratios are highest in the Floridan where recharge areas are closest. Their observation also applies to the Floridan in this study, and a wide range of Ca/Mg ratios from indefinitely large (division by zero or a very small number) to 1.3 exists. However, for carbonate or carbonate-bearing aquifer media in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau, Jacksonian, Claiborne, and Miocene/Surficial aquifers and aquifer systems the rule does not seem to apply. The ratios seem to average around 2.5 for the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau samples, and to range from 22.6 up to indefinitely large for the Jacksonian. The low number of sampling stations situated in the other aquifers or aquifer systems might cause the differences between Floridan Ca/Mg ratios and ratios for the other aquifers and aquifer systems to be apparent.
4.4 ICPMS METALS
The ICPMS method works well for most trace metals. Sample waters undergoing testing by this method, as with the samples subject to ICP testing, were unfiltered. The EPD laboratory tested for the following trace metals: chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, antimony, barium, thallium and lead; uranium testing was performed by the Soil, Plant and Water Analysis Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Silver, cadmium, tin, antimony and thallium remained below detection in all samples. No metals analyzed under the ICPMS method registered any levels above the Primary or Secondary MCLs or action levels.
4.4. 1 Chromium and Nickel
Detectable chromium occurred in one sample from one Jacksonian station, one sample from one Floridan station and two samples from two Piedmont stations. Detectable Nickel occurred in one sample from one Clayton station. These metals do occur naturally occasionally in the sedimentary rocks of the Floridan and Clayton aquifer systems.
4.4.2 Arsenic, Selenium, Uranium and Molybdenum
Arsenic was detected in four samples from the Floridan quarterly well PA23A. The Floridan samples came from the Gulf Trough area of Grady County,
4-7

the scene of other groundwater arsenic detections, some above the Primary MCL (10 ug/L) (Donahue et al., 2012). Selenium was found in a sample from the Miocene aquifer system (well Ml10B). The element may accompany uranium in deposits formed from the reduction of oxic groundwaters. Twelve samples from three Floridan stations contained detectable molybdenum. The stations - PA23A, PA28 and PA56 - are all Gulf Trough area wells. Like selenium, molybdenum can be associated with uranium in deposits formed through the reduction of oxic groundwaters (Turner-Peterson and Hodges, 1986). Uranium appears to be most abundant in the PiedmonUBlue Ridge, with five stations giving 16 samples containing detectable uranium. Uranium detections were down from previous years due to the reporting limit of the lab going from the previous 1.0 ug/L to 10 ug/L. Uranium minerals, sometimes accompanied by molybdenum and selenium minerals, can precipitate from oxic groundwaters subjected to strong reduction.
4.4.3 Copper, Lead, and Zinc
Copper, lead, and zinc detections are more numerous in acidic samples. Copper and lead did not exceed their action level nor zinc its Secondary MCL in any samples. Out of a total of 196 samples taken for the study, 28 samples with pHs below 7.00 contained detectable amounts of at least one of these metals. In contrast, only 15 samples with basic pHs contained detectable amounts of any of these metals. Past experiences where two samples, each drawn from a different spigot, had different copper, zinc, and lead values, suggest that these metals are, at least in part, derived from plumbing. Therefore, the copper, lead, and zinc levels in the samples are not necessarily representative of those ,,n the ambient groundwater.
4.4.4 Barium
A possible effect of the sensitivity of the testing method, barium detections occur in almost every sample. Because, perhaps, nearby barite deposits and associated mining and processing activities greatly increased the barium level in groundwater at station VR6A, a sample from that station has caused the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau samples to have one of the highest average barium levels along with samples from the Floridan and Miocene/Surficial aquifer systems. Groundwater containing excessive barium (Primary MCL of 2,000 ug/L) has not been a problem since the in-town public well field, drawing from the Floridan at Fitzgerald, Ben Hill County, closed in 1995.
4.5 CONTAMINATION OCCURENCES
According to the Safe Drinking Water Act (Public Law 93-523, section 1401, Dec. 16, 1974) a "contaminant" is any "physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance in water" - almost anything except water itself. Some contaminants can be innocuous or even beneficial; others can be undesirable or harmful.
4-8

Modeled after limits the EPA has established concerning the quality of water offered for public consumption, the State established limits on certain contaminants in water for public use (Table 4-1). Some contaminants may endanger health if present in sufficient concentrations. Two types of limits apply to such contaminants. The first, the Primary MCL, imposes mandatory limits applying to treated water at the point of its production. The second, the action level, sets forth mandatory limits that regulate copper and lead contents and apply to water at the point where the consumer can partake of it.
Secondary MCLs (Table 4-1) are suggested limits established for substances imparting only unpleasant qualities to water. The unpleasant qualities include bad taste and staining ability as with iron and manganese, and cosmetic effects as with silver.
4. 5. 1 Primary MCL and Action Level Exceedances
One mineral spring produced samples with a substance that exceeded Primary MCLs or action levels (Table 4-1). The Piedmont mineral spring P12A gave four samples that exceeded the Primary MCL for fluoride (4 mg/L). The spring has, in the past, regularly given samples that fall in a range from 4 mg/L to a little above 5 mg/L fluoride. The fluoride is almost certainly natural.
4.5.2 Secondary MCL Exceedances
Substances occurring in excess of Secondary MCLs (Table 4-1) consisted of manganese, aluminum, iron, sulfate, fluoride and chloride. Manganese, aluminum, and iron are common naturally occurring metals in Georgia's groundwater.
Manganese equaled or exceeded its MCL in 30 samples from 19 wells. Three of the Piedmont wells were quarterly (P25, P35 and P37); all three wells gave four samples each with excessive manganese. Two wells (quarterly wells PA34B and PA34D) in and around McRae gave four samples that exceeded the MCL for manganese.
The Secondary MCL for aluminum is established as a range, varying from 50 ug/L to 200 ug/L. The range is designed to accommodate varying ability of water treatment facilities at removing aluminum from treated water. This is a consequence of a tradeoff between introducing into treated water coagulants, which contain soluble aluminum, versus impaired removal of suspended aluminumbearing contaminants. The aluminum present in waters covered by this study is naturally occurring rather than introduced. Of additional note, water in shallow wells may experience an increase in suspended matter (turbidity) during prolonged rain events, which may result in an increased aluminum value because of suspended
4-9

material. Aluminum excesses, those which exceeded the 50 ug/L level (most groundwater used for public consumption lacks measureable suspended matter) were found in 10 samples from 10 wells.
Iron exceeded its Secondary MCL in 22 samples from 21 wells. Iron is another common naturally occurring contaminant in Georgia's groundwater.
Well P32 gave four samples with Secondary MCL exceedances or equivalences; sulfate and fluoride. Well PA9C gave a sample with excessive chloride.
4.5.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
Trihalomethanes are the most common of the voes detected (Table 4-2). Chloroform, the most commonly detected of the VOCs, was present in five samples from five stations. The next most common trihalomethanes was bromoform and chlorodibromomethane with one detection each from one station each. In groundwater, these compounds originate as by-products when halogenous disinfectants react with naturally-occurring organic matter present in the water. The disinfectants are introduced to the water through cleaning processes incident to well maintenance or through leaky check valves or foot valves allowing treated water down a well during normal operation.
One station (VR6A) gave a sample containing detectable tetrachloroethylene and 1, 1-dichloroethylene. Well VR6A, an industrial process water well, is in an industrial area and is within about two miles of former and current landfills. The former landfills utilized unlined exhausted barite pits. Gressler et al. (1979) had warned of the danger of using these sorts of pits for waste disposal in the Cartersville area because of the karstic bedrock. However, the source of the VOCs at station VR6A is uncertain.
Well COU4 gave a sample with a detection of MTBE, a fuel additive, and in the past spring PA59 has given a sample with a trichloroethylene detection. Trichloroethylene and 1,2 dichloroethylene are commonly used as solvents or degreasers for metal parts, as dry-cleaning solvents and in the manufacturing of a range of fluorocarbon refrigerants.
4-10

Table 4-1. Contaminant Exceedances, Calendar Year 2021.

Station

Contaminant

MCL

Type Source

Date Sampled

Primary MCL and Copper/Lead Action Level Exceedances

P12A P12A P12A P12A
COU3 COU4 WAS3 SUM2 COU1 MAD1
P35 P35 P35 P35 HAS1 WAY1 P37 PA34B P37 PA34D PA34D PA34D HAL1

Fluoride = 4.8 mg/L

4 mg/L

mineral spring

Fluoride= 4.5 mg/L

4 mg/L

mineral spring

Fluoride = 4.5 mg/L Fluoride= 4.5 mg/L

4 mg/L 4 mg/L

mineral spring mineral spring

Secondary MCL Exceedances

Manganese = 310 ug/L Manganese = 300 ug/L Manganese = 270 ug/L Manganese = 230 ug/L Manganese = 160 ug/L Manganese = 140 ug/L Manganese = 130 ug/L Manganese = 130 ug/L Manganese = 120 ug/L Manganese = 120 ug/L Manganese = 11 O ug/L Manganese = 100 ug/L Manganese = 92 ug/L Manganese= 91 ug/L Manganese = 88 ug/L Manganese = 84 ug/L Manganese = 84 ug/L Manganese = 83 ug/L Manganese = 76 ug/L

50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well public well public well public well public well public well domestic well domestic well domestic well domestic well public well public well public well public well public well public well public well public well public well

2/10/2021 5/12/2021 8/12/2021 11/4/2021
06/23/21 06/23/21 02/23/21 01/13/21 06/23/21 03/10/21 04/13/21 01/12/21 07/14/21 10/07/21 02/09/21 11/17/21 07/14/21 03/10/21 01/12/21 06/23/21 09/09/21 12/02/21 03/10/21

4-11

Table 4-1. Contaminant Exceedances, Calendar Year 2021.

Station
P37 P25 P25 P25 JS P20 P25 CL4A P37 PA18 JEF1 SUM2 SUM1 P28 K12 K9A PA41A BR10 Ml2A PD2A CT8 HAL1 COU3 SUM2 CL4A

Contaminant

MCL

Type Source

Secondary MCL Exceedances Continued

Manganese= 74 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 68 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 68 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 65 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 65 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 65 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 60 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 60 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 59 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 54 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 54 ug/L

50 ug/L

public well

Aluminum = 1,200 ug/L 50-200 ug/L public well

Aluminum = 830 ug/L 50-200 ug/L public well

Aluminum = 580 ug/L 50-200 ug/L public well

Aluminum = 490 ug/L 50-200 ug/L public well

Aluminum = 300 ug/L 50-200 ug/L public well

Aluminum = 280 ug/L 50-200 ug/L public well

Aluminum = 190 ug/L 50-200 ug/L domestic well

Aluminum = 160 ug/L 50-200 ug/L domestic well

Aluminum = 140 ug/L 50-200 ug/L public well

Aluminum = 120 ug/L 50-200 ug/L domestic well

Iron = 3,400 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well

Iron = 2,600 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well

Iron = 2,200 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well

Iron = 2,200 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well

Date Sampled
04/13/21 08/12/21 11/04/21 05/12/21 01/26/21 07/13/21 02/10/21 01/26/21 10/07/21 06/23/21 01/26/21 01/13/21 01/13/21 10/21/21 01/27/21 01/27/21 05/27/21 03/09/21 07/29/21 01/26/21 01/13/21 03/10/21 06/23/21 01/13/21 01/26/21

4-12

Table 4-1 Continued. Contaminant Exceedances, Calendar Year 2021.

Station
CHT1 STW1
K3 BR10 P37 Ml108 STW2 PA9C COU1 MAC1 P28 MAD1 CL8 P47
J6 GLY2 COU2 P37 PA9C P32 P32 P32 P32 P32 P32

Contaminant

MCL

Type Source Date Sampled

Secondary MCL Exceedances Continued

Iron = 1,900 ug/L Iron= 1,500 ug/L Iron = 1,500 ug/L Iran = 1,400 ug/L Iron= 1,300 ug/L Iron = 1,100 ug/L Iron = 1,000 ug/L Iron = 970 ug/L Iron= 950 ug/L Iron = 920 ug/L Iron= 670 ug/L
Iron = 580 ug/L Iron= 540 ug/L Iron = 450 ug/L Iron= 420 ug/L Iron = 340 ug/L Iron= 320 ug/L Iron = 310 ug/L Chloride = 650 mg/L Sulfate= 490 mg/L Sulfate = 449 mg/L Sulfate= 340 mg/L Sulfate = 320 mg/L Fluoride = 2.1 mg/L Fluoride= 2.0 mg/L

300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 300 ug/L 250 mg/L 250 mg/L 250 mg/L 250 mg/L 250 mg/L 2 mg/L 2 mg/L

public well public well public well domestic well public well domestic well public well former test public well public well public well public well public well domestic well public well public well public well public well former test domestic well domestic well domestic well domestic well domestic well domestic well

10/20/21 10/20/21 02/09/21 03/09/21 07/14/21 07/29/21 10/20/21 11/17/21 06/23/21 02/24/21 10/21/21 03/10/21 01/26/21 11/30/21 02/23/21 11/18/21 06/23/21 04/13/21 11/17/21 07/14/21 01/12/21 10/07/21 04/13/21 07/14/21 04/13/21

4-13

Table 4-1 Continued. Contaminant Exceedances, Calendar Year 2021.

Station
P32 P32

Contaminant

MCL

Type Source Date Sampled

Secondary MCL Exceedances Continued

= Fluoride 2.0 mg/L = Fluoride 2.0 mg/L

2 mg/L 2 mg/L

domestic well domestic well

01/12/21 10/07/21

(The alphabetic prefix in a station number indicates the aquifer/aquifer system
tapped: CL=Claiborne, J=Jacksonian, K=Cretaceous, P=Piedmon'l/B/ue Ridge, PA=Floridan, CT=Clayton, VR=Val/ey and Ridge, M=Miocene)
4-14

Station PD2A J4 Ml2A PA32 PS COU4 UPS1 VR6A

Table 4-2. voe Detection Incidents, Calendar Year 2021.

Constituents

Primary MCL

Type Source

chloroform = 0.56 ug/L bromoform = 0.51 uQ/L chlorodibromomethane = 0.60 ug/L chloroform = 2.6 ug/L
chloroform = 9.5 ug/L
chloroform = 0.51 ug/L

See note (Page A-31)
See note (Page A-31)
See note (Page A-31)
See note (Page A-31)
See note (Page A-31)

public public domestic public public

MTBE = 1.3 ug/L

No MCL

public

chloroform = 1.4 ug/L 1, 1 dichloroethylene = 1.4 ug/L tetrachloroethylene = 1.9 ug/L

See note (Page A-31)
7 ug/L
5 ug/L

public industrial

Date Sampled 01/26/21
01/26/21 07/29/21 03/25/21 07/13/21 06/23/21 04/14/21
03/25/21

4-15

4.6 GENERAL QUALITY A review of the analyses of the water samples collected during calendar year
2021 indicates that the chemical quality of groundwater sampled for most of the Groundwater Monitoring Network stations is quite good.
However, as mentioned in Chapter 1, areas of elevated risk for low-quality groundwater exist:
1) Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province - surface influence;
2) PiedmonUBlue Ridge Province - in areas excluding the eastern metavolcanic terranes - uranium:
3) Coastal Plain agricultural areas - high nitrate/nitrite; 4) Coastal Plain, Dougherty Plain - surface influence; 5) Coastal Plain, Gulf Trough - high total dissolved solids, especially
sulfate - high radionuclides, high barium, high arsenic; 6) Coastal Plain, Atlantic coast area - saline water influx.
4-16

CHAPTER 5 LIST OF REFERENCES

Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, Georgia Southern University, 2002, Gulf Trough and Satilla Line Data Analysis, Georgia Geologic Survey Project Report 48, 14 p., 1 pl.

Brooks, R., Clarke, J.S. and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrology of the Gordon Aquifer System of East-Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 75, 41 p., 2 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R., 1983, Hydrogeology of the Providence of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 11, 5 pl.

Aquifer

Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R., 1984, Hydrogeology of the Clayton Aquifer of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 13, 6 pl. Midville Aquifer Systems of East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 74, 62p., 2 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Brooks, R., and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrogeology of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems of East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 74, 62 p., 2 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Hacke, C.M., and Peck, M.F., 1990, Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 113, 116 p., 12 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Falls, W.F., Edwards, LE., Fredriksen, N.O., Bybell, L.M., Gibson, T.G., Gohn, G.S., and Fleming, F., 1996, Hydrogeologic Data and Aquifer Interconnection in a Multi-Aquifer System in Coastal Plain Sediments Near Millhaven, Screven County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 99, 49 p., 1 pl.

Gressler, C.W., Franklin, M.A., and Hester, W.G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.

Gressler, C.W., Blanchard, Jr., H.E., and Hester, W.G., 1979, Geohydrology of Bartow, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 50, 45 p., 5 pl.

Crews, P.A. and Huddlestun, P.F., 1984, Geologic Sections of the Principal Artesian Aquifer System, in Hydrogeologic Evaluation for Underground Injection Control in the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 10, 41 pl.

5-1

Davis, K.R., Donahue, J.C., Hutcheson, R.H., and Waldrop, D.L., 1989, Most Significant Ground-Water Recharge Areas of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 1 pl.
Davis, K.R., 1990, Water Quality in Georgia for 1988: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 12E, 99 p.
Daniel Ill, C.C., and Harned, D., 1997: Ground-Water Recharge to and Storage in the Regolith-Crystalline Rock Aquifer System, Guilford County, North Carolina: USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 97-4140, 65 p.
Donahue, J.C., Kibler, S.R., and Chumbley, AW., 2012, An Investigation of the Occurrence of Uranium in Ground Water in Georgia: Watershed Protection Branch Circular 12W, 105 p.
Donahue, J.C., Kibler, S.R., and Chumbley, AW.,2013, An Investigation of the Occurrence of Arsenic in Ground Water in the Gulf Trough Area of Georgia: Watershed Protection Branch Circular 12X, 69 p.
EPD, 1991, A Ground-Water Management Plan for Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 11 (1991 edition).
EPD, 1998, A Ground-Water Management Plan for Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 11 (1998 edition).
EPD, 2009, State of Georgia Environmental Rule 391-3-5: Rules for Safe Drinking Water.
Foyle, AM., Henry, V.J., and Alexander, C.R., 2001, The Miocene Aquitard and the Floridan Aquifer of the Georgia/South Carolina Coast: Geophysical Mapping of Potential Seawater Intrusion Sites: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 132, 61p.,4pl.
Gaskin, J., Vendrell, P. F., and Atiles, J. H., 2003, Your Household Water Quality: Nitrate in Water. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Circular 858-5, 1 p.
Gorday, L.L., Lineback, J.A, Long, AF., and Mclemore, W.H., 1997, A Digital Model Approach to Water-Supply Management of the Claiborn,Clayton, and Providence Aquifers in Southwestern Georgia, Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 118, 31 p., Appendix, Supplements and II.
Hayes, L.R., Maslia, M.L., and Meeks, W.C, 1983, Hydrology and Model Evaluation of the Principal Artesian Aquifer, Dougherty Plain, Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 97, 93 p.
5-2

Heath, R.C., 1980, Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology with Reference to Conditions in North Carolina: USGS Open File Report 80-44, 87 p.

Hetrick, J.H., 1990, Geologic Atlas of the Fort Valley Area: Georgia Geologic Survey Geologic Atlas 7, 2 pl.

Hetrick, J.H., 1992, Geologic Atlas of the Wrens-Augusta Area: Georgia Geologic Survey Geologic Atlas 8, 3 pl.

Hicks, D.W., Krause, Clarke, J.S., 1981, Geohydrology of the Albany Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 57, 31 p.

Huddlestun, 1988, A Revision of the Lithostratigraphic Units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: The Miocene through Holocene, Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 104, 162 p., 3 pl.

Huddlestun, P.F., 1993, A Revision of the Lithostratigraphic Units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: the Oligocene: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 104, 152 p. 5 pl.

Huddlestun, P.F., and Summerour, J., H., 1996, The Lithostratigraphic Framework of the Uppermost Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary of Burke County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 127, 94 p., 1 pl.

Kellam, M.F., and Gorday, L.L., 1990, Hydrogeology of the Gulf Trough- Apalachicola

Embayment Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin

94, 74 p., 15

pl.

Krause, R.E., 1979, Geohydrology of Brooks, Lowndes, and Western Echols Counties, Georgia: United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 78-117, 48 p., 8 pl.

Krause, R.E., and Clarke, J.S., 2001, Coastal Ground Water at Risk - Saltwater Contamination at Brunswick, Georgia, and Hilton Head Island, South Carolina: United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4107, 1 pl.

Long, AF., 1989, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifer Systems: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 6 pl.

McFadden, S.S., and Perriello, P.O., 1983, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifers of Southwestern Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 55, 59 p., 2 pl.

5-3

Madison, R.J., and Brunett, J.O., 1984, Overview of the Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water of the United States in National Water Summary 1984 Hydrologic Events, Selected Water-Quality Trends, and Ground-Water Resources: United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2275, p. 93-105.

O'Connell, D.B., and Davis, K.R., 1991, Ground-Water Quality in Georgia for 1989: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 12F, 115 p.

Turner-Peterson, C.E. and Hodges, C. A., 1986, Descriptive Model of Sandstone U, Model 30c, in Mineral Deposit Models: Deposits in Clastic Sedimentary Rocks, Cox, D.P. and Singer, D. E., eds., USGS Bulletin 1693, on-line pdf. publication.

Pollard, L.D., and Vorhis, R.C., 1980, The Geology of the Cretaceous Aquifer System in Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 3, 5 pl.

Summerour, J.H., Shapiro, E.A., Lineback, J.A., Huddlestun, P.F., and Hughes, AC.,

1994, An Investigation of Tritium in the Gordon and Other Aquifers in

Burke

County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 95,

93 p.

Tuohy, M.A., 1984, lsopach Map of the Claiborne Aquifer, in Hydrogeologic Evaluation for Underground Injection Control in the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 10, 41 pl.

Vincent, R.H., 1982, Geohydrology of the Jacksonian Aquifer in Central and East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 8, 3 pl.

Williams, L.J., 2007, Hydrology and Potentiometric Surface of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems in Richmond County, Georgia, January 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2983, 1 sheet.

5-4

LABORATORY AND STATION DATA

Tables A-1 through A-8 list the values for both laboratory parameters and field parameters for each well or spring. The following abbreviations are used on these tables:

Parameters and Units of Measure

Cl

= chloride

cond.

= conductivity

diss 02

= dissolved oxygen

F

= fluoride

ICP

= inductively coupled

plasma (emission)

spectroscopy

ICPMS

= inductively coupled

plasma/mass

spectrometry

mg/L

= milligrams per liter

mgN/L

= milligrams per liter as

nitrogen

NA

= not available; not

analyzed

ND NG NOx
p
S04
Temp.
ug/L uS/cm
voe

= not detected = not given = nitrate/nitrite = total phosphorus = sulfate
= temperature
= micrograms per liter = microSiemenses per
centimeter = volatile organic
compound

Volatile Organic Compounds

1, 1dce bdcm dbcm pee cb MTBE TTHM

= 1, 1-dichloroethylene = bromodichloromethane = dibromochloromethane = tetrachloroethylene = chlorobenzene =methyl tert-butyl ether =total trihalomethanes

mdcb odcb pdcb tbm tern tee dcm

= m-dichlorobenzene = o-dichlorobenzene = p-dichlorobenzene = bromoform = chloroform =trichloroethylene =dichloromethane

Table A-9 gives the reporting limits for the various analytes. The abbreviations used for Tables A-1 through A-8 also apply to Table A-9.

A-1

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous/Providence Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

voes
u /L

GWN-K2A Wilkinson

Irwinton Well #4

400

NG

NG

1017/2021 4.37

50

1.16 19.35

ND

GWN-K3

Sandersville Well #78

697

NG

NG

2/9/2021 5.73 145 3.34 19.04

ND

Washington

GWN-K7 Jones

Jones County #4

128

NG

NG 1017/2021 4.59

31

6.84 17.91

ND

GWN-K9A

Marshallville Well #2

550

NG

NG

1/27/2021 3.70

49

0.98 18.95

ND

Macon

GWN-K108

Fort Valley Well #6

600

NG

NG 1/27/2021 4.43

20

8.35 18.36

ND

Peach

GWN-K11A

Warner Robins Well #2

540

NG

NG

10/7/2021 7.72

25

6.98 19.76

ND

Houston

GWN-K12

Perry/Holiday Inn Well

550

NG

NG 1/27/2021 3.92

51

0.56 19.49

ND

Houston

)>

GWN-K15A

Georgetown Well #3

NG

NG

NG

9/8/2021

9.01

479

0.37 29.70

ND

I

Quitman

I\.)

GWN-K19

Hephzibah/Murphy

484

NG

NG 8/24/2021 4.81

18

8.11 19.96

ND

Richmond

Street Well

GWN-K20 Sumter

Plains Well #7

1000

NG

NG 1/26/2021 7.49 123 2.99 28.79

ND

GWN-BUR2 Burke

Keysville#1

NG

NG

NG 8/24/2021 4.79

17

6.26 20.48

ND

GWN-CHT1

Camp Darby Well

Chattahoochee

NG

NG

NG 10/20/2021 5.48

50

0.50 21.77

ND

GWN-GLA1 Glascock

Mitchell#3

NG

NG

NG 12/14/2021 4.39

37

8.57 19.95

ND

GWN-MAC1

Whitewater Creek PK #1

NG

NG

NG 2/24/2021 5.62

63

0.59 19.39

ND

Macon

GWN-MAR1 Marion

Unimin#1

150

NG

NG 2/24/2021 524 160 1.44 20.31

ND

GWN-STW1

Louvale Community Well

NG

NG

NG 10/20/2021 4.60

30

0.57 18.75

ND

Stewart

GWN-PD2A Early

Preston Well #4

205

NG

NG

1/26/2021 5.73

53

8.68 19.47

chloroform=0.56

Cl m /L

SO4 m /L

F

NOx

p

m /L m NIL m

ND

ND

ND

0.34

ND

ND

12

ND

0.16

12

ND

ND

ND

0.79

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.08

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.83

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.1

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.50

ND

0.07

ND

ND

ND

0.09

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.18

ND

ND

ND

0.07

ND

ND

10

ND

ND

0.05

ND

ND

ND

2.1

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.27

ND

48

ND

0.44

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

1.3

0.10

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous Stations. Part B: Metals.

Salen- Molyb-
ic ium denum
u /L u /L

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga-1 Sodium sium sium nese
u /L u /L u /L u /L u /L

GWN-K2A
Wilkinson

ND ND 9.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.4 ND ND NA ND ND 4,600 ND 110 ND ND ND 2,200 ND ND

GWN-K3
Washington

ND ND 8.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 24 ND ND NA ND ND 19,000 ND 1,500 ND 1,500 42 13,000 ND ND

GWN-K7 Jones

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 18 ND ND NA ND ND 2,300 ND 81 ND ND 16 2,500 ND ND

GWN-K9A Macon

ND ND 5.9 12 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.2 ND 2.2 NA 300 ND ND ND 190 ND ND ND 1,300 ND ND

GWN-K108 Peach

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.6 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1,400 ND ND

GWN-K11A Houston

ND ND 18 33 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 9.4 ND 1.7 NA ND ND ND ND 200 ND ND 10 2,200 ND ND

GWN-K12 Houston

ND ND 17 23 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.5 ND 1.7 NA 490 ND ND ND 130 ND 12 ND 1,100 ND ND

)>

I

GWN-K15A

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NA ND ND 1,000 ND ND ND ND ND 11,000 ND ND

(.,J

Quitman

GWN-K19 Richmond

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.7 ND 1.1 NA ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1,200 ND ND

GWN-K20 Sumter

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NA ND ND 3,400 ND ND ND ND ND 25,000 ND ND

GWN-BUR2
Burke

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.6 ND 1.0 NA ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1,300 ND ND

GWN-CHT1

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 77 ND ND NA ND ND 3,000 ND 1,900 ND 1,100 23

Chattahoochee

1,400 ND ND

GWN-GLA1
Glascock

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 9.3 ND ND NA ND ND 1,200 ND ND ND ND ND 4,600 ND ND

GWN-MAC1
Macon

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 51 ND ND NA ND ND 6,300 ND 920 ND ND 17 1,000 ND ND

GWN-MAR1
Marion

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.7 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 31,000 ND ND

GWN-STW1
Stewart

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 35 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND 1,500 ND ND 18 1,500 ND ND

GWN-PD2A
Webster

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 20 ND ND NA 140 ND 4,500 ND ND ND 1,100 ND 4,600 ND ND

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous/Providence Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

GWN-PD3 Clay

Fort Gaines Well #2

456

NG

GWN-PD6 Early

Blakely Well #4

1025

NG

GWN-STW2

Providence Canyon SP Well

NG

NG

Stewart

GWN-WEB1 Webster

Weston Well #1

NG

NG

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=0) Aquifer Mean (ND=0)

NG

2/25/2021 8.41

372

0.49 21.71

NG 2/25/2021 8.20 348 0.44 25.90

NG 10/20/2021 6.28 162 0.51 21.30

NG

2/24/2021 7.18

322

2.79 18.81

3.70

17

0.37 17.91

9.01

479

8.68 29.70

5.48

51

1.44 19.76

5.79 124 3.36 20.91

voes
u ND
ND
ND
ND

Cl m /L
ND

SO4 m /L
ND

F

NOx

p

m /L m NIL m /L

0.72

ND

0.03

ND

13

0.23 0.03 0.02

ND

11

ND

ND

0.14

ND

ND

ND

0.33 0.05

0

0

0

48

0

0

0

4

0 2.1 0.08 0.36

0 12 0.02 0.62

)>
I
~

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous Stations. Part B: Metals.

Selen- Molybium denum u /l u /l

Calcium Co- Iron P~tas-1 Magne- , Manga-1 Sodium

bait

s1um s1um nese

u /L u /L u /L uQ/L ug/L ug/L I ug/l

GWN-PD3 Clay

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.7 ND ND NA ND ND 5,800 ND 21

ND 1,100 ND 79,000 ND ND

GWN-PD6 Early

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.7 ND ND NA ND ND 7,700 ND 48

ND 3,700 ND 64,000 ND ND

GWN-STW2 Stewart

ND ND ND 70 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.2 ND ND NA ND ND 22,000 ND 1,000 ND 1,000 10 9,500 ND ND

GWN-WEB1 Webster

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 18 ND ND NA ND ND 61,000 ND ND ND 1,500 ND 1,700 ND ND

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=0) Aquifer Mean (ND=0)

0

0

0

0

0

1,000

77

61,000

1,900

3,700 42 79,000

7.6

2,300

48

0

0

2,200

15.1

6,752

362

524

6

12,405

:p,
0,

Table A-2. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. County
GWN-CT3 Terrell
GWN-CT5A Randolph
GWN-CT8 Schley
GWN-SUM1 Sumter
GWN-SUM2 Sumter

Well Name
Dawson Crawford Street Well Cuthbert Well #3
Weathersby House Well Briarpatch MHP Well #1
Andersonville #1
Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=0) Aquifer Mean (ND=0)

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sampled

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
"c uS/cm m /L

367

NG

NG

7/29/2021 7.81

255

5.89 21.23

355

NG

NG 7/29/2021 7.84 252 0.69 20.05

80

NG

NG

1/13/2021 4.34

40

NA 18.21

NG

NG

NG

1/13/2021 5.07

66

5.69 19.58

230

NG

8

1/13/2021 4.77

245

1.98 19.12

4.34

40

0.69 18.21

7.84 255 5.89 21.23

5.07

245

3.84 19.58

5.97

172

3.56 19.64

voes
u /L ND ND
ND ND
ND

)>
I
0)

NOx

p

m

mQN/L mQ/L

ND

13

ND

ND

ND

ND

12

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.1

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.7

ND

ND

88

0.30 0.28

ND

0

0

0

88

0

12

0

23

0

0

1.7

0

0.28

0

0.62

0

Table A-2. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations. Part B: Metals.

Selen- Molybium denum u /L u /L

Calcium u /L

Iron Palas- Magne- Manga- Sodium

sium sium nese

u /L u /L u /L u /L

u /L

GWN-CT3 Terrell

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.7 ND ND NA ND ND 38,000 ND 24

ND 4,200 ND 7,000 ND ND

GWN-CT5A Randolph

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 16 ND ND NA ND ND 43,000 ND ND

ND 3,700 23

1,600 ND ND

GWN-CT8 Schley

ND ND 6.6 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 15 ND ND NA 120 ND ND

ND ND

ND

ND

17 3,000 ND ND

GWN-SUM1 Sumter

ND ND 7.2 14 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 22 ND ND NA 830 ND 2.400 ND ND ND

ND

16 9,100 ND ND

GWN-SUM2 Sumter

ND 10 ND 30 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 87 ND 3.1 NA 1,200 ND 20,000 ND 2,200 ND 9,100 230 2,600 ND ND

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=O) Aquifer Mean (ND=O)

8.7

0

0

0

0

1,600

87

43,000

2,200

9,100 230 9,100

16

20,000

0

3,700 17 3,000

29.7

20,680

445

3,400 57 4,660

)>
I
-.J

Table A-3. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun
GWN-CL2 Dooly
GWN-CL4A Sumter
GWN-CLB Dooly

Well Name
Unadilla Well #3
Plains Well #8
Flint River Nursery Office Well Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=0) Aquifer Mean (ND=0)

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm mg/L "c

315

315

24

5/27/2021 7.18 210 3.34 21.99

230

NG

NG

1/26/2021 6.40

142

NA 20.44

90

NG

NG 1/26/2021 5.83

80

027 20.61

5.83

80

0.27 20.44

7.18 210 3.34 21.99

6.40 142 1.81 20.61

6.47 144 1.81 21.01

voes
ug/L ND
ND
ND

Cl mg/L

S04 J F J NOx J P mg/L mg/L mg NIL mg/L

ND

ND

ND

0.59

ND

ND

12

ND

ND

0.39

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.54

0

0

0

12

0

0

0

4

0

0

0.59 0.54

0

0.39

0.20 0.31

=!>
CX)

Table A-3. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations. Part B: Metals.

Coun

Selenium u /L u /L

GWN-CL2 Dooly

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NO ND ND 11

GWN-CL4A Sumter

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11

GWN-CLB Dooly

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NO ND ND 36

Aquifer Low Range

11

Aquifer High Range

36

Aquifer Median (ND=0)

11

Aquifer Mean (ND=0J

19

ND ND NA ND ND NA ND ND NA

ND ND 41,000 ND

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga-1 Sodium

sium sium nese

u /L u /L u /L u /L

u /L

NO

ND

ND

ND 1,500 NO ND

ND ND 21,000 ND 2,200 ND 3,000 60

1,900 ND ND

ND ND 11,000 ND 540 ND 1,200 49 1,900 ND ND

11,000 41,000 21,000 24,333

0 2,200 540 913

0

0

3,000 60

1,200 49

1,400 36

1,500 1,900 1,900 1,767

)>
I (0

Table A-4. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

voes
u

Ci

S04

F

m /L m /L m

NOx

p

m NIL m /L

GWN-J1B Jefferson
GWN-J4 Johnson
GWN-J5 Bleckley

McNair House Well Wrightsville #4 Cochran#3

-90

NG

NG 5/25/2021 7.43 293 4.09 19.25

ND

ND

ND

ND

2.5

0.05

520

NG

8

1/26/2021 7.91 280 1.56 19.22 chlorodibromomethane=0.60 ND

ND

0.23 0.31

0.03

bromoform=0.51

307

NG

NG 1/26/2021 7.56 352 0.79 20.31

ND

ND

12

ND

ND

0.02

GWN-J6 Jefferson

Wrens#4

200

NG

NG 2/23/2021 7.49 282 0.54 20.64

ND

GWN-J8A

Kahn House Well II

100

NG

NG 2/23/2021 7.82 307 0.61 19.28

ND

Jefferson

GWN-J9

Henley 1 Louisville

175

NG

NG 5/25/2021 8.16 173 5.91 20.19

ND

Jefferson

GWN-J10 Jefferson

Henley 2 Bartow

175

NG

NG 5/25/2021 7.43 248 6.08 19.12

ND

GWN-JEF1

Bartow#1

Jefferson
)>

I ->.

GWN-WAS1

Harrison#1

0

Washington

GWN-WAS2 Washington

Riddleville #1

345

NG

NG 1/26/2021 7.72 328 0.58 19.48

ND

660

NG

NG 5/25/2021 7.77 302 7.04 19.68

ND

NG

NG

NG 1/26/2021 7.74 305 4.98 19.47

ND

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median {ND=0J Aquifer Mean {ND=0J

7.43 173 0.54 19.12 8.16 352 7.04 20.64 7.73 298 2.83 19.48 7.70 287 3.22 19.66

ND

15

ND

ND

0.16

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

1.8

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.46 0.17

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

0.09 0.02

ND

ND

ND

0.11

0.02

0

0

0

15

0

0

0

3

0

0

2.50 0.17

0.10 0.02

0.53 0.05

Table A-4. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations. Part B: Metals.

Selenic lum denum
u /L u /L

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium

sium sium nese

u /L u /L u /L u /L

u /L

GWN-J1B Jefferson

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 22 ND ND NA ND ND 54,000 ND ND

ND

ND

ND

4,000 ND ND

GWN-J4 Johnson

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 16 ND ND NA ND ND 52,000 ND ND ND 2,300 ND 3,300 ND ND

GWN-J5 Bleckley

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 ND ND NA ND ND 69,000 ND 140 ND 2,500 65

3,200 ND ND

GWN-J6 Jefferson

8.8 ND ND 32 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.1 ND ND NA ND ND 52,000 ND 420 ND 1,400 ND 1,800 ND ND

GWN-J8A Jefferson

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 ND ND NA ND ND 59,000 ND ND

ND

ND

18 2,400 ND ND

GWN-J9 Jefferson

ND ND ND 13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.1 ND ND NA ND ND 32,000 ND ND

ND

ND

ND 1,500 ND ND

GWN-J10 Jefferson

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 24 ND ND NA ND ND 47,000 ND ND

ND

ND

ND 2,300 ND ND

GWN-JEF1

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NA ND ND 65,000 ND 68

ND 1,800 54

3,100 ND ND

)>

Jefferson

I

->.

->.

GWN-WAS1

ND ND 13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 80 ND ND NA ND ND 56,000 ND 45

ND 2,200 15

2,900 ND ND

Washington

GWN-WAS2 Washington

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 33 ND ND NA ND ND 60,000 ND ND ND 1,100 ND 2,500 ND ND

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=O) Aquifer Mean (ND=O)

0

32,000

0

0

0

1,500

80

69,000

420

2,500 65 4,000

13

55,000

0

1,250 0

2,700

20.8

54,600

67

1,130 15 2,700

Table A-5. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, voes, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

voes
u /L

GWN-PA2

Savannah Well #13

1004

NG

NG

6/10/2021 7.73

274

0.44 25.21

ND

Chatham

GWN-PA4

Tybee Island Well #1

402

NG

NG 6/10/2021 7.70 669 0.50 23.13

ND

Chatham

GWN-PA5

Interstate Paper Well #1

810

NG

NG

6/10/2021 7.74 326

NA 24.70

ND

Liberty

GWN-PA6

Hinesville Well #5

806

NG

NG 11/17/2021 7.30 297 0.47 24.87

ND

Liberty

GWN-PA9C

Miller Ball Park North

1211

NG

NG 11/17/2021 6.90 2908 NA 23.16

ND

Glynn

East Well

GWN-PA13

Waycross Well #3

n5

NG

NG 3/25/2021 7.54 423 0.44 26.03

ND

Ware

GWN-PA14A

Statesboro Well #4

413

NG

NG 3/10/2021 7.82 252

NA 22.62

ND

Bulloch

6/23/2021 7.69 241

NA 23.51

ND

9/9/2021 7.65 250

NA 23.94

ND

)>

12/2/2021 7.47 255

NA 23.37

ND

_I,._

N

GWN-PA16

MillenWell#1

Jenkins

500

NG

NG

2/9/2021 7.24 308 0.34 21.40

ND

GWN-PA17

Swainsboro Well #7

260

NG

NG 12/14/2021 6.80 228 3.35 2122

ND

Emanuel

GWN-PA18 Candler

MetterWell#2

540

NG

NG 6/23/2021 7.58 214 0.50 21.79

ND

GWN-PA20 Lanier

Lakeland Well #2

340

NG

NG 3/25/2021 7.45 360 0.59 21.62

ND

GWN-PA22

Thomasville Well #6

400

NG

NG 5/26/2021 7.35 428 4.12 22.75

ND

Thomas

GWN-PA23A Grady

Cairo#11

465'

NG

NG 1/13/2021 7.65 339 0.22 22.38

ND

4/14/2021 7.50 332 0.48 22.81

ND

7/14/2021 7.46 330 0.50 22.96

ND

10/21/2021 7.21

340

0.50 22.74

ND

GWN-PA25

Donalsonville / 7th

174

NG

NG 2/25/2021 7.17 315 4.72 21.39

ND

Seminole

Street Well

5/13/2021 728 314 4.75 21.49

ND

9/8/2021

6.71

316

5.03 21.45

ND

11/4/2021 7.21

321

5.04 21.37

ND

Cl m /L

SO4 m /L

F J NOx J P m /L mg NIL mg/L

12

ND

0.5

ND

0.02

47

150

0.74

ND

ND

ND

37

0.55

ND

0.02

ND

24

0.53

ND

ND

650

240

0.53

ND

ND

13

51

0.39

ND

0.02

ND

ND

0.25

ND

0.04

ND

ND

0.28

ND

0.05

ND

ND

0.26

ND

0.04

ND

ND

0.26

ND

0.03

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

0.13

ND

ND

ND

0.22

ND

0.03

ND

53

0.41

ND

0.10

ND

75

0.39 0.26 0.02

ND

28

0.38

ND

ND

ND

29

0.40

ND

ND

ND

30

0.37

ND

ND

ND

30

0.40

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.8

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.8

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.8

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.8

ND

Table A-5. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: Metals.

Coun

;en- Selen-
ic ium denum u /L u /L

Calcium Co- Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium

bait

sium sium nese

u /L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L ug/L I ug/L

GWN-PA2 Chatham
GWN-PA4 Chatham
GWN-PA5 Liberty

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.3 ND ND NA ND ND 22,000 ND ND ND 9,700 ND 19,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.3 ND ND NA ND ND 35,000 ND ND 5,000 27,000 ND 55,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 31 ND ND NA ND ND 26,000 ND ND ND 15,000 ND 16,000 ND ND

GWN-PAS Liberty

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 25 ND ND NA ND ND 26,000 ND ND ND 13,000 ND 15,000 ND ND

GWN-PA9C Glynn

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 57 ND ND NA ND ND 89,000 ND 970 6,800 61,000 14 320,000 ND ND

GWN-PA13
Ware

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 70 ND ND NA ND ND 41,000 ND ND ND 17,000 ND 15,000 ND ND

GWN-PA14A

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.8 ND ND NA ND ND 34,000 ND ND ND 6,300 ND 7,300 ND ND

Bulloch

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6.0 ND ND NA ND ND 36,000 ND ND ND 6,100 ND 7,600 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.1 ND ND NA ND ND 35,000 ND ND ND 6,300 ND 7,300 ND ND

)>

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.1 ND ND NA ND ND 34,000 ND ND ND 6,300 ND 7,400 ND ND

I

....>.

uJ

GWN-PA16

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.4 ND ND NA ND ND 52,000 ND 38 ND 3,500 45 5,800 ND ND

Jenkins

GWN-PA17 Emanuel

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 170 ND ND NA ND ND 47,000 ND ND ND 2,500 ND 3,800 ND ND

GWN-PA18
Candler

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 25 ND ND NA ND ND 31,000 ND ND ND 3,400 54 11,000 ND ND

GWN-PAZO
Lanier

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 28 ND ND NA ND ND 43,000 ND 110 ND 15,000 11 4,700 ND ND

GWN-PA22 Thomas

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 25 ND ND NA ND ND 49,000 ND ND ND 22,000 ND 8,200 ND 12

GWN-PA23A
Grady

ND ND ND ND 5.6 ND ND ND ND ND 5.4 ND
ND ND ND ND 6.0 ND ND ND ND ND 6.0 ND

14 ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND ND 19 ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 31,000 ND ND
21 ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 32,000 ND ND 21 ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 34,000 ND ND

ND 16,000 ND ND 16,000 ND ND 15,000 ND ND 17,000 ND

12,000 ND ND 11,000 ND ND 11,000 ND ND
12,000 ND ND

GWN-PA25 Seminole

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.5 ND ND NA ND ND 60,000 ND ND ND ND ND 3,400 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.1 ND ND NA ND ND 62,000 ND ND ND ND ND 3,500 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.0 ND ND NA ND ND 61,000 ND ND ND ND ND 3,600 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.8 ND ND NA ND ND 53,000 ND ND ND ND ND 3,100 ND ND

Table A-5, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun
GWN-PA27 Mitchell
GWN-PA2B Colquitt

Well Name
Camilla Industrial Park Well Moultrie Well #1

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

360

NG

NG 3/24/2021

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c
7.34 243 1.39 20.44

750

NG

NG

1/13/2021 7.B0 454

NA 23.59

4/14/2021 7.65 523

NA 23.74

7/14/2021 7.77 365

NA 23.74

10/21/2021 7.30 594

NA 24.52

voes
u /L
ND
ND ND ND ND

GWN-PA29 Cook

AdeIWell#6

405

NG

NG

1/13/2021 7.50

404

0.47 22.02

ND

4/14/2021 7.37 390 0.52 22.22

ND

7/29/2021 7.18 3B5 0.57 22.30

ND

10/21/2021 7.29 409 0.5B 22.24

ND

GWN-PA31 Tift

TrftonWell#6

GWN-PA32 Irwin

OcillaWell#3

GWN-PA34B

McRaeWell#1

I

Telfair

~

~

GWN-PA34D

McRaeWell#4

Telfair

652

NG

NG

5/26/2021 729

2B1

0.84 22.03

637

NG

NG

3/25/2021 7.50

221

0.61 21.22

NG

NG

NG

3/10/2021 7.28

346

0.54 22.54

NG

NG

NG

6/23/2021 7.10

336

0.54 22.23

9/9/2021 7.01

344

0.55 22.23

12/2/2021 6.97 352 0.52 22.09

ND
chloroform=9.5
ND
ND ND ND

GWN-PA36 Toombs

Vidalia Well #1

808

NG

NG

3/10/2021 7.57

244

0.4B 23.43

ND

6/23/2021 7.50 234 0.4B 23.55

ND

9/9/2021 7.39

231

0.50 23.39

ND

12/2/2021 7.29 236 0.50 23.27

ND

GWN-PA3B Dodge

Eastman Well #4

410

NG

NG

5/27/2021 7.41

233

4.30 20.95

ND

GWN-PA39 Worth

SvlvesterWell #1

196

NG

NG 3/24/2021 7.29 30B 1.44 22.32

ND

GWN-PA41A Turner

Ashbum#4

600

NG

NG 5/27/2021 7.77 162 0.50 22.B6

ND

GWN-PA44

Sycamore Well #2

501

NG

NG

1/13/2021 7.7B

197

3.15 21.35

ND

Turner

4/14/2021 7.50 196 3.20 21.53

ND

7/14/2021 7.31

195 3.14 21.59

ND

10/21/2021 7.19 199 3.21 21.62

ND

Cl m /L

SO4 m /L

F

NOx

p

m /L m N/L m /L

ND

ND

ND

0.34 0.02

ND

92

0.61

ND

ND

11

130

0.64

ND

ND

ND

64

0.59

ND

ND

11

160

0.3B

ND

ND

ND

77

025

ND

0.05

ND

75

0.27

ND

0.05

ND

7B

0.26

ND

0.04

ND

B2

0.2B

ND

0.05

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.74

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.31

ND

0.02

ND

ND

0.32

ND

0.02

ND

ND

0.35

ND

0.02

ND

ND

0.38

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.2B 0.02

ND

ND

ND

0.05 0.05

ND

ND

0.41

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.30

ND

ND

ND

0.21

026

0.02

ND

ND

ND

0.26

ND

ND

ND

0.21

0.26 0.02

Table A-5, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: Metals.

Selen-
ium
u /L u /L

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium
sium sium nese
u IL u /L u /L u /L u /L

GWN-PA27 Mitchell

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 14 ND ND NA ND ND 46,000 ND ND ND 1,300 ND 1,800 ND ND

GWN-PA28 Colquitt

ND ND ND ND ND ND 15 ND ND ND ND 97 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND ND ND 18,000 ND 27,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 23 ND ND ND ND 98 ND ND NA ND ND 42,000 ND ND ND 22,000 ND 25,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6.6 ND ND ND ND 100 ND ND NA ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND 14,000 ND 25,000 ND ND ND ND 11 19 ND ND 20 ND ND ND ND 92 ND ND NA ND ND 54,000 ND 96 ND 25,000 ND 26,000 ND ND

GWN-PA29
Cook

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND NA ND ND 51,000 ND 54 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND NA ND ND 49,000 ND 34
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND NA ND ND 49,000 ND 34
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND NA ND ND 51,000 ND 39

ND 17,000 14 ND 17,000 13
ND 17,000 13 ND 18,000 13

3,500 3,300 3,500 3,600

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

GWN-PA31
mt

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 69 ND ND NA ND ND 46,000 ND ND ND 8,200 ND 2,600 ND ND

GWN-PA32
Irwin

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 74 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND 130 ND 5,100 27 4,400 ND ND

GWN-PA34B

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 220 ND ND NA ND ND 49,000 ND 100 ND 9,800 91 4,500 ND ND

)>

Telfair

I .....>.

0,

GWN-PA34D

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 230 ND ND NA ND ND 52,000 ND 240 ND 10,000 84 5,000 ND ND

Telfair

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 230 ND ND NA ND ND 51,000 ND 240 ND 9,900 84 4,800 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 230 ND ND NA ND ND 51,000 ND 230 ND 10,000 83 4,800 ND ND

GWN-PA36 Toombs

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 30,000 ND 42 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 31,000 ND 30 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 28,000 ND 26
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140 ND ND NA ND ND 28,000 ND 25

ND 5,300 39 10,000 ND ND ND 5,500 41 11,000 ND ND ND 5,400 37 11,000 ND ND
ND 5,400 36 11,000 ND ND

GWN-PA38 Dodge
GWN-PA39
Worth
GWN-PA41A Turner
GWN-PA44 Turner

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 110 ND ND NA ND ND 47,000 ND ND ND 1,400 ND 2,100 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 210 ND ND NA ND ND 47,000 ND ND ND 7,300 ND 3,500 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 76 ND ND NA 280 ND 23,000 ND ND ND 7,300 ND 1,900 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA ND ND 32,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA ND ND 32,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA ND ND 31,000 ND ND 5.0 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA ND ND 30,000 ND ND

ND 4,400 ND ND 4,300 ND ND 4,200 ND ND 4,200 ND

2,400 2,200 2,200 2,200

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Table A-5, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
"c uS/cm mQ/L

GWN-PA56

Whigham / Davis Avenue

604

NG

NG 2/25/2021 7.50 419 1.22 23.02

Grady

Well

5/13/2021 7.61

417

1.23 22.96

9/8/2021 7.33 416 121 22.98

11/4/2021 7.20 420 1.20 22.94

GWN-PA57 Coffee

Ambrose Well #2

600

465

10

3/25/2021 7.62 262 0.78 22.67

5/26/2021 7.65 259 0.48 22.73

7/14/2021 7.68 255 1.18 22.95

voes
UQ/L
ND ND ND ND
ND ND ND

GWN-PA59 Dougherty

Radium SprinQ

0

NA

NA 5/13/2021 7.00 332

NA 20.24

ND

GWN-PA60 Seminole

Smith House Well

NG

NG

NG 5/13/2021 7.39 215 7.59 20.60

ND

GWN-GLY2

Hofwyl Broadfield Well

NG

NG

NG 11/18/2021 7.43 569 0.45 25.94

ND

Glynn

GWN-GLY3

Jekyll Island #5

)>

Glynn

_I,,_

850

NG

NG 11/18/2021 7.25 438 0.51 22.78

ND

0)

GWN-GLY4

Hampton River Marina

750

NG

NG 11/18/2021 7.12 533 0.48 23.70

ND

Glynn

GWN-LIB2 Liberty

Fort Morris Well

500

NG

NG

6/10/2021 7.69

337

0.45 23.50

ND

GWN-MCl1

Sapelo Gardens SD #1

660

NG

NG

6/10/2021 7.69

415

0.48 25.35

ND

McIntosh

GWN-THO2

Wavertv Four Comers #1

900

NG

NG

5/26/2021 7.76

261

0.56 25.96

ND

Thomas

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=0) Aquifer Mean (ND=0)

6.71 7.82 7.42 7.41

162 2,908 324 370

0.22 7.59 0.56 1.55

20.24 26.03 22.75 22.77

Cl mQ/L

SO4 mg/L

35

20

0.22 0.08 0.02

36

21

0.24 0.08 0.02

36

20

0.25 0.09

ND

36

20

0.24 0.09

ND

ND

ND

0.26

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.26

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.23

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

2.5

0.03

ND

ND

ND

0.82 0.02

27

100

0.60

ND

ND

15

73

0.56

ND

ND

18

66

0.77

ND

ND

ND

45

0.60

ND

ND

13

70

0.60

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.38

ND

ND

0

0

650

240

0

0

15

30

0

0

2.5

0.74

0

0

020 0.03

Table A-5, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: Metals.

Selen- Molybium denum u /L u /L

GWN-PA56
Grady

ND ND ND 10 ND ND 8.7 ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.6 ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.7 ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND ND ND 8.9 ND ND ND ND 150 ND ND NA

ND ND 32,000 ND ND ND 33,000 ND ND ND 32,000 ND ND ND 31,000 ND

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium
sium sium nese
u /L u /L u L ugil I ug/L
ND ND 19,000 ND 21,000 ND ND ND ND 19,000 ND 22,000 ND ND ND ND 19,000 ND 22,000 ND ND ND ND 19,000 ND 21,000 ND ND

GWN-PA57
Coffee

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 170 ND ND NA ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 170 ND ND NA ND ND 26,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 170 ND ND NA ND ND 24,000 ND ND

ND 14,000 ND ND 14,000 ND ND 13,000 ND

7,800 ND ND 8,000 ND ND 7,500 ND ND

GWN-PA59 Dougherty

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 23 ND ND NA ND ND 65,000 ND ND ND 1,500 ND 2,700 ND ND

GWN-PA60 Seminole

ND ND ND 71 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 3.2 ND ND NA ND ND 40,000 ND ND ND ND ND 2,600 ND ND

GWN-GLY2 Glynn

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 48 ND ND NA ND ND 41,000 ND 340 ND 24,000 ND 26,000 ND ND

GWN-GLY3

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 42 ND ND NA ND ND 35,000 ND 51 ND 22,000 ND 14,000 ND ND

I

Glynn

~
-..J

GWN-GLY4 Glynn

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 9.3 ND ND NA ND ND 36,000 ND ND ND 25,000 ND 24,000 ND ND

GWN-LIB2
Liberty

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 26 ND ND NA ND ND 26,000 ND 110 ND 15,000 ND 16,000 ND ND

GWN-MC11 McIntosh

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 56 ND ND NA ND ND 32,000 ND 46 ND 20,000 ND 18,000 ND ND

GWN-TH02
Thomas

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 120 ND ND NA ND ND 22,000 ND 100 ND 14,000 ND 11,000 ND ND

Aquifer Low Range
Aquifer High Range
Aquifer Median (ND=O)
Aquifer Mean (ND=O)

3.2

22,000

0

0

0 1,800

230

89,000

970

61,000 91 320,000

75

34,500

0

11,500 0 7,700

86.9

39,172

48

12,088 11 15,478

Table A-6. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Miocene Stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

voes
u /L

GWN-Ml1 Cook

Adel/McMillan

220

NG

NG 7/29/2021 7.38 239 2.11 24.17

GWN-Ml2A Lowndes

Boutwell House Well

70

NG

NG 7/29/2021 4.92 166 5.17 21.90

GWN-Ml108 Colquitt

Calhoun House Well

150

NG

NG

7/29/2021 6.37

95

1.55 23.67

GWN-MI16

Liberty County East Dis-

400

NG

NG

6/9/2021 7.75

321

0.52 22.94

Liberty

trict Fire Station Deep Well

GWN-Ml17 Effingham

Springfield Egypt Road Test Well

120

NG

NG

6/9/2021 7.29 260

NA 19.34

GWN-WAY1 Wayne

Raintree TP Main Well

400

NG

NG 11/17/2021 7.27 227 0.50 22.02

Aquifer Low Range

Aquifer High Range

Aquifer Median (ND=0)

)>

Aquifer Mean (ND=0)

I

.....>.

00

4.92

95

0.50 19.34

7.75

321

5.17 24.17

726 233 1.55 22.48

6.83 218 1.97 22.34

ND chloroforrn=2.6
ND ND ND ND

Cl

S04

I F J NOx

P

m

m /L m /L mg NIL mg/L

ND

ND

0.45

ND

ND

27

ND

ND

6.4

ND

ND

ND

0.45

ND

0.31

ND

36

0.60

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.21

ND

0.07

0

0

27

36

0

0

5

6

0

0

6.4

0.31

0

0

1.1

0.06

Table A-6. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Miocene Stations. Part B: Metals.

Station No. Coun

Selen- Molybic ium denum
u /L u /L

calcium u /L

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium
sium sium nese
u /L . ug/L ug/L ug/L I ug/L

GWN-Ml1 Cook
GWN-MI2A Lowndes

ND ND ND 46 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 20 ND ND NA ND ND 23,000 ND ND ND 13,000 ND 6,700 ND ND ND ND 9.5 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 30 ND ND NA 160 ND 4,100 ND 25 7,000 2,500 15 15,000 ND ND

GWN-Ml108 Colquitt

ND ND ND 93 ND 22 ND ND ND ND ND 130 ND 1.0 NA ND ND 6,800 ND 1,100 ND 4,400 49 6,100 ND ND

GWN-Ml16 Liberty

ND ND ND 22 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 26 ND ND NA ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND 14,000 ND 16,000 ND ND

GWN-Ml17 Effingham

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 22 ND ND NA ND ND 43,000 ND ND

ND 1,800 11

7,700 ND ND

GWN-WAY1 Wayne

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 32 ND ND NA ND ND 23,000 ND ND ND B,000 100 11,000 ND ND

Aquifer Low Range

Aquifer High Range

Aquifer Median (ND=O)

)>

Aquifer Mean (ND=O)

I

.....>.

CD

20

4,100

0

1,800 0

6,100

130

43,000

1,100

14,000 100 16,000

2B

23,000

0

6,600 13 9,350

43

20,817

18B

7,283 29 10,417

Table A-7. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, voes, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. County

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

voes
u /L

GWN-P1A Meriwether
GWN-P5 Hall
GWN-P12A Butts

Luthersville Well #3 Flowery Branch Well #1 Indian Spring

185

NG

240

NG

0

NG

NG

4/14/2021 6.73

100

6.14 17.37

NG 7/13/2021 6.78 200 4.54 16.50

NG 2/10/2021 7.47 279

NA 15.53

5/12/2021 7.59 267

NA 17.11

8/12/2021 7.57 272

NA 19.08

11/4/2021 7.59 293

NA 17.40

ND
chloroforrn=0.51
ND ND ND ND

GWN-P20 Gwinnett
GWN-P21 Jones

Suwanee#1 Gray/Bragg Well

600

NG

NG

7/13/2021 7.74 391

5.13 17.47

ND

405

NG

NG

2/10/2021 6.74

321

1.34 18.68

ND

5/12/2021 6.83 309 2.19 18.67

ND

8/12/2021 6.82

311

5.05 18.83

ND

11/4/2021 6.77 302 1.12 18.63

ND

)>

GWN-P22

RahbarWell

I
N

Fulton

200

NG

NG

7/13/2021 5.05

45

4.68 16.89

ND

0

GWN-P23

Indian Springs State

NG

NG

NG

2/10/2021 6.58

144

2.09 17.76

ND

Butts

Parl< New Main Well

5/12/2021 6.58 141, 2.38 18.06

ND

8/12/2021 6.54 142 2.02 18.18

ND

11/4/2021 6.51

141

1.87 17.68

ND

GWN-P24

The Gates Well #1

705

NG

NG 10/21/2021 7.55 269 0.92 18.85

ND

Coweta

GWN-P25 Jones

Jarrell Plantation Staff House Well

NG

NG

NG 2/10/2021 6.27 208 3.32 18.04

ND

5/12/2021 6.35 210 3.35 18.21

ND

8/12/2021 6.35 218 2.94 18.52

ND

11/4/2021 6.21

212

2.87 18.09

ND

GWN-P28 Coweta

Willow Court Well

NG

NG

NG 10/21/2021 6.04 135 5.63 17.43

ND

GWN-P30 Lincoln

Fizer House Well

220

NG

NG 5/11/2021 7.16 518 1.73 19.24

ND

GWN-P32

Cecchini Deep Well

400

NG

NG 1/12/2021 8.19 836 0.65 15.35

ND

Elbert

4/13/2021 8.16 948 3.94 1728

ND

7/14/2021 8.09 918 3.32 20.16

ND

10/7/2021 8.17 864 0.63 19.44

ND

Cl

SO4

F

m /L m /L m

NOx

p

m NIL m /L

ND

ND

ND

0.94 0.07

ND

19

ND

1.4

0.03

10

24

4.8

ND

0.02

ND

26

4.5

ND

0.02

ND

26

4.5

ND

0.02

10

26

4.5

ND

0.02

ND

13

ND

0.59

ND

ND

30

ND

0.25

0.03

ND

31

ND

0.27

0.04

ND

24

ND

0.16

0.03

ND

25

ND

0.22

0.03

ND

ND

ND

1.00

ND

ND

ND

1.2

028

0.06

ND

ND

0.94 023 0.07

ND

ND

0.98 0.24 0.06

ND

ND

1.0

0.23

0.06

ND

12

0.50 0.34 0.04

ND

15

ND

0.13 0.11

ND

17

ND

0.13 0.10

ND

18

ND

0.12 0.10

ND

17

0.21 0.12 0.10

ND

ND

ND

2.7

0.09

34

26

ND

3.0

0.05

ND

449

2.0

ND

ND

ND

320

2.0

ND

ND

ND

490

2.1

ND

ND

ND

340

2.0

ND

ND

Table A-7. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part B: Metals.

Ura-
nium
uq/L

GWN-P1A
Meriwether
GWN-P5
Hall
GWN-P12A
Butts

ND ND ND 36 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 47 ND ND NA ND ND 10,000 ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 41 ND ND NA ND ND 26,000 ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NA ND ND 17,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NA ND ND 16,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NA ND ND 16,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND NA ND ND 17,000 ND

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium
sium sium nese
u /L u /L u /L u /L u /L
ND ND 2,100 ND 4,300 ND ND
ND ND 4,900 ND 3,300 ND ND
ND ND 2,600 20 40,000 ND ND ND ND 2,600 19 38,000 ND ND ND ND 2,600 21 39,000 ND ND ND ND 2,800 22 39,000 ND ND

GWN-P20
Gwinnett

GWN-P21

)>

Jones

I

N_,,

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 230 ND ND NA ND ND 52,000 ND ND ND 9,200 65 11,000 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND 17.5 ND ND 35,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 ND ND 16.1 ND ND 36,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND 11.9 ND ND 35,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND 14.6 ND ND 34,000 ND ND

ND 8,100 ND 15,000 ND ND
ND 8,600 ND 14,000 ND ND ND 7,800 11 15,000 ND ND ND 8,000 ND 14,000 ND ND

GWN-P22
Fulton
GWN-P23
Butts

ND ND 42 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 28 ND 1.8 NA ND ND 1,400 ND ND ND 1,400 ND 2,600 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6.1 ND ND NA ND ND 11,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.2 ND ND NA ND ND 11,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.6 ND ND NA ND ND 11,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 7.5 ND ND NA ND ND 11,000 ND ND

ND 3,400 ND 13,000 ND ND ND 3,400 ND 13,000 ND ND ND 3,300 ND 13,000 ND ND ND 3,400 ND 13,000 ND ND

GWN-P24
Coweta
GWN-P25 Jones

5.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 5.7 ND ND NA ND ND 37,000 ND ND ND 5,400 ND 11,000 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND 23 ND ND 13.2 ND ND 16,000 ND 140 ND ND ND ND ND 21 ND ND 10.7 ND ND 17,000 ND 130
ND ND ND ND ND 23 ND ND 11.8 ND ND 17,000 ND 110 ND ND ND ND ND 21 ND ND 10.8 ND ND 16,000 ND 160

ND 5,300 60 ND 5,600 65
ND 5,700 68 ND 5,800 68

17,000 ND ND 17,000 ND ND 17,000 ND ND 17,000 ND ND

GWN-P28
Coweta
GWN-P30
Lincoln
GWN-P32
Elbert

11 ND 8.9 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 24 ND 1.9 NA 580 ND 11,000 ND 670 ND 4,400 11 8,800 12 ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 32,000 ND 58 ND 38,000 ND 19,000 ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.1 ND ND 26.2 100 ND 160,000 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.1 ND ND 18.1 ND ND 190,000 ND 21 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 24.8 ND ND 150,000 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 21.7 ND ND 170,000 ND ND

ND 1,700 17 25,000 ND ND ND 1,800 19 26,000 ND ND ND 1,800 16 24,000 ND ND ND 1,900 19 26,000 ND ND

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, voes, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun
GWN-P34 Columbia

Well Name
Mistletoe State Park Cottage Area Well

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

NG

NG

NG 2/23/2021 5.66

69

5.54 18.07

5/11/2021 6.44 157 6.29 18.33

8/24/2021 5.85

68

5.32 18.49

11/17/2021 5.48

67

6.46 18.18

voes
u /L
ND ND ND ND

GWN-P35 Franklin

O'Connor Well

150

NG

NG

1/12/2021 7.43

211

0.59 16.45

ND

4/13/2021 7.23 217 0.63 16.86

ND

7/14/2021 7.25 203 0.53 17.26

ND

10/7/2021 7.28 202 0.61 17.12

ND

GWN-P37

Mt Airy/City Hall Well

500

NG

NG 1/12/2021 6.74 290 3.84 16.49

ND

Habersham

4/13/2021 6.08 285 4.76 16.66

ND

7/14/2021 6.47

291

4.09 16.75

ND

10/7/2021 6.44 277 5.09 16.81

ND

)>

GWN-P38

Roopville Well #1

I
N

Carroll

N

GWN-P39

GayWell#1

Meriwether

230

NG

NG 4/14/2021 5.01

47

4.93 18.38

ND

600

NG

NG 4/14/2021 6.68

73

NA 17.58

ND

GWN-P40 Greene

SiloamWell#2

300

NG

NG 5/11/2021 6.07

87

7.48 1921

ND

GWN-P43

Reeves House Well

NG

NG

NG 2/10/2021 5.84

86

1.41 16.94

ND

Lamar

GWN-P44

Warm Spring

0

NG

NG

2/9/2021 7.34 198

NA 27.85

ND

Meriwether at FD Roosevelt SP

GWN-P45

Wilson Family Well

80

NG

NG 7/14/2021 6.12 109 6.09 17.51

ND

Franklin

GWN-P46 Madison

Ward House Well

400

NG

NG

10/7/2021 8.06 228

0.49 17.65

ND

GWN-P47

Voudy House Well

525

NG

NG 11/30/2021 7.51

187 0.59 16.61

ND

Cherokee

GWN-COU1

Windy Acres Mobile Home

180

NG

NG

6/23/2021 7.26

127

0.90 19.56

ND

Columbia

ParkWell#1

GWN-COU2

Grovetown Well #1

NG

NG

NG 6/23/2021 7.66 153

NA 19.83

ND

Columbia

GWN-COU3 Columbia

HarlemWell#1

250

NG

NG

6/23/2021 7.11

169 2.57 20.23

ND

Cl m /L

SO4 m /L

F m /L

I NOx

P

mg NIL mg/L

ND

ND

ND

0.57

0.10

ND

17

ND

0.44 0.17

ND

ND

ND

0.66 0.07

ND

ND

ND

0.64 0.06

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

21

24

ND

0.62

ND

22

23

ND

0.84

ND

23

24

ND

0.52

ND

24

26

ND

0.93

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.6

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.0

0.05

ND

ND

0.28

1.5

0.09

ND

ND

ND

0.17

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.22 0.02

ND

ND

ND

028 0.06

ND

10

0.76 0.04 0.02

ND

ND

0.32

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.16

ND

14

ND

ND

0.09

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.16

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-P34 Columbia
GWN-P35 Franklin

ND ND ND 23 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 26 ND ND ND ND ND 6,200 ND ND ND ND 10 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 14 ND ND 19.2 ND ND 12,000 ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 29 ND 1.5 ND ND ND 3,300 ND ND ND 6.5 15 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 32 ND 2.1 ND ND ND 2,300 ND

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND ND ND ND 32 ND ND ND ND ND 35 ND ND ND ND ND 33
ND ND ND ND ND 32

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND ND 21,000 ND ND ND 22,000 ND ND ND 20,000 ND ND ND 20,000 ND

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium

sium sium nese

u /L u /L u /L u /L

u /L

ND ND 3,300 11 7,900 ND ND ND ND 5,400 ND 11,000 ND ND ND ND 2,100 16 6,000 ND ND ND ND 1,700 17 5,600 ND ND

-

230 6,800 6,300 130 85 6,700 6,400 130 210 6,400 5,900 120 200 6,700 6,300 120

7,900 7,200 7,400 7,500

ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND

GWN-P37
Habersham

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 16 ND ND NA ND ND 34,000 ND 37 ND 6,300 88 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 18 ND ND NA ND ND 32,000 ND 310 ND 6,500 74 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 16 ND ND NA ND ND 34,000 ND 1,300 ND 6,400 92
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 20 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND 45 ND 7,100 59

7,900 6,500 6,000 7,600

ND ND
ND ND
ND ND ND ND

GWN-P38
Carroll

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 27 ND ND NA ND ND 1,200 ND ND ND ND 22 4,300 ND ND

)>

GWN-P39

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 39 ND ND NA ND ND 4,900 ND ND ND 1,100 ND 6,400 ND ND

I
N

Meriwether

c,J

GWN-P40

ND ND ND 12 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 19 ND ND ND ND ND 5,600 ND ND ND 1,200 ND 8,600 ND ND

Greene

GWN-P43 Lamar

ND ND ND 13 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 25 ND ND NA ND ND 8,600 ND 250 ND ND 22 5,500 ND ND

GWN-P44
Meriwether

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 50 ND ND NA ND ND 19,000 ND 29 ND 11,000 ND 2,000 ND ND

GWN-P45 Franklin

ND ND 23 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 21 ND ND ND ND ND 9,500 ND 57 ND 3,000 ND 6,800 ND ND

GWN-P46
Madison

ND ND ND 330 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 2.2 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND ND ND 3,500 ND 11,000 ND ND

GWN-P47
Cherokee

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND ND ND ND 22,000 ND 450 ND 4,600 36 10,000 ND ND

GWN-COU1 Columbia

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 32 ND ND NA ND ND 9,400 ND 950 ND 3,400 160 7,300 ND ND

GWN-COU2 Columbia

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 87 ND ND NA ND ND 12,000 ND 320 ND 3,800 34 11,000 ND ND

GWN-COU3 Columbia

ND ND ND 400 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND NA ND ND 16,000 ND 2,600 ND 1,600 310 14,000 ND ND

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, YOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
"c uS/cm m /L

voes
u /L

GWN-COU4 Columbia

Tradewinds Marina Well

NG

NG

NG

6/23/2021 6.81

385

0.76 18.51

MTBE=1.3

GWN-ELB1

Beaverdam Mobile Home

250

NG

NG

1/12/2021 6.59

209

2.67 16.42

ND

Elbert

ParkWell#1

GWN-FAY1 18.8 Fayette

Lone Oak Well

NG

NG

NG 10/21/2021 7.26 267 0.55 19.12

ND

GWN-FRA1

Victoria Bryant State Park

NG

NG

NG

3/10/2021 5.53

45

NA 16.29

ND

Franklin

Well#101

GWN-HAL1

Leisure Lake Village

380

NG

NG

3/10/2021 6.29

157

3.18 12.38

ND

Hall

Well#1

GWN-HAS1 Harris

Valley Inn Well

NG

NG

NG

2/9/2021 6.59 142 2.97 18.69

ND

GWN-HAS2

F D Roosevelt State Park

0

NA

NA

2/9/2021 4.81

13

NA 16.48

ND

Harris

Spring

p

GWN-MAD1 Madison

llaWell#1

650

NG

NG

3/10/2021 .7.41

186 1.24 17.55

ND

I

N

~

GWN-STE1

Lake Harbor Shores

378

NG

NG

3/10/2021 6.24

139

3.61 16.96

ND

Stephens

Well#4

GWN-UPS1 Upson

Country Village Well#13

NG

NG

NG

4/14/2021 8.11

176 2.34 18.50

chlorofonn=1.4

GWN-WAS3

Hamburg State Park

200

NG

NG

2/23/2021 7.93

246

0.63 18.84

ND

Washington

GWN-WHl1

Sweetwater Coffee House

NG

NG

NG

6/22/2021 6.64 102

NA 15.85

ND

White

GWN-WKE1 Wilkes

Rayle#1

NG

NG

NG

4/13/2021 6.56

159

7.62 18.44

ND

GWN-BR1B

Young Harris/

265

NG

NG

3/9/2021 6.86

171

1.13 15.35

ND

Towns

Swanson Road Well

6/22/2021 721

184 2.21 15.45

ND

9/23/2021 7.27 179 0.95 15.43

ND

11/30/2021 6.91

174 4.59 15.38

ND

GWN-BR5 Murray
GWN-BR6 Towns

Chatsworth/ Nix Spring
Young Harris College Well

0

NA

NA

6/8/2021 5.19

36

NA 13.32

ND

NG

NG

NG

9/23/2021 5.34

86

3.56 20.14

NO

Cl Ill /L
ND

SO4 m /L
ND

F

NOx

p

m /L rn NIL m /L

0.40 O.Q7 0.03

ND

25

0.21

1.4

0.10

ND

40

0.59

ND

0.02

ND

ND

ND

0.64 0.02

ND

ND

ND

4.2

0.08

ND

ND

ND

0.08 0.06

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

11

0.30

ND

0.04

ND

ND

ND

0.26 0.04

ND

ND

0.32 0.08 0.06

12

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.87 0.07

ND

ND

ND

3.4

0.12

ND

20

ND

0.06

ND

ND

22

ND

0.05

ND

ND

21

ND

0.03

ND

ND

22

ND

0.03

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.32 0.05

ND

ND

ND

1.30

ND

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part B: Metals.

>en- Selen-
ic ium denum /L u /L u /L

Iron Potas- Magne- Manga- Sodium

num

sium sium nese

u /L

u /L u /L ug/L ug/L ug/L

GWN-COU4 Columbia

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 10 ND ND NA ND ND 51,000 ND 210 ND 6,000 300 19,000 ND ND

GWN-ELB1 Elbert

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 41 ND ND ND ND ND 22,000 ND ND ND 3,100 ND 12,000 ND ND

GWN-FAY118.8 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 17 ND ND NA ND ND 31,000 ND 170 ND 3,700 25 17,000 ND ND
Fayette

GWN-FRA1 Franklin

ND ND ND 64 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 16 ND ND ND ND ND 2,400 ND 45 ND ND ND 3,700 ND ND

GWN-HAL1
Hall

ND ND 41 50 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND BO ND 12 NA ND ND 15,000 ND 3,400 ND 6,200 76 5,400 ND ND

GWN-HAS1
Harris

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 ND ND NA ND ND 17,000 ND 56 ND 2,000 110 7,700 ND ND

GWN-HAS2
Harris

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 ND ND NA ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

)>

GWN-MAD1

ND ND ND 78 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 6.7 ND ND NA ND ND 22,000 ND 580 ND 4,100 140 9,700 ND ND

I
N

Madison

01

GWN-STE1

ND ND ND 1,300 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 37 ND 1.0 NA ND ND 12,000 ND ND ND 5,200 ND 7,400 ND ND

Stephens

GWN-UPS1
Upson

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.1 ND ND NA ND ND 22,000 ND ND ND 3,500 ND 6,000 ND ND

GWN-WAS3 Washington
GWN-WHl1
White
GWN-WKE1
Wilkes
GWN-BR18
Towns

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 100 ND ND ND ND ND 27,000 ND 78 ND 2,700 270 18,000 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 63 ND ND NA ND ND 8,900 ND 130 ND 1,600 ND 9,000 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 64 ND ND NA ND ND 14,000 ND ND ND 1,700 ND 11,000 ND ND
ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 89 ND ND ND ND ND 22,000 ND ND ND 4,700 ND 3,900 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 84 ND ND 12.1 ND ND 22,000 ND ND ND 4,800 12 4,100 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 82 ND ND 11.3 ND ND 22,000 ND ND ND 4,800 14 3,900 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 82 ND ND 8.1 ND ND 23,000 ND 21 ND 4,800 14 4,100 ND ND

GWN-BR5
Murray
GWN-BR6
Towns

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND NA ND ND 2,700 ND ND ND ND ND 2,800 ND ND ND ND 5.9 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 50 ND 2.7 ND ND ND 5,200 ND ND ND 2,000 30 5,500 ND ND

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp

uS/cm m /L

uc

GWN-BR6A Towns

Young Harris Main Street Well

NG

NG

NG 6/22/2021 6.48 169 4.01 15.01

GWN-BR7 Pickens

Jasper Spring

0

NG

NG 6/22/2021 5.53

94

NA 15.91

GWN-BR8 Rabun

Goldmine Landing Well

NG

NG

NG

9/23/2021 5.75

24

7.89 13.97

GWN-BR9 Gilmer

Jacobs House Well

NG

NG

NG 11/30/2021 8.39 149 0.89 14.58

GWN-BR10 Union

Willer House Well

NG

NG

NG

3/9/2021 6.21

60

7.43 14.30

GWN-TOW1 Towns

Brasstown Bald Spring

0

NA

NA

3/9/2021 4.97

16

NA 9.86

GWN-UNl1 Union

Bryant Cove Well #2

605

48

NG

3/9/2021 6.35 104 3.27 15.99

Aquifer Low Range

)>

Aquifer High Range

I I'-)

Aquifer Median (ND=0)

CJ)

Aquifer Mean (ND=0)

4.81

13

0.49 9.86

8.39 948 7.89 27.85

6.71

177 2.94 17.49

6.72 217 3.14 17.39

voes
u /L ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Cl

SO4

F

NOx

p

m /L m /L m

m NIL m /L

ND

25

ND

0.69 0.03

ND

ND

ND

12

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.55

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.21

ND

ND

ND

0.34

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.03

0

0

34

490

0

0

2

30

0

0

4.2

0.21

0.20 0.03

0.49 0.04

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Rid~e Stations. Part B: Metals.

Selen- Molybium denum u /L u /L

Uranium num u /L u /L

Iron Palas- Magne- Manga- Sodium

sium sium nese

u /L u /L u /L u /L

u /L

GWN-BR6A Towns

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 38 ND ND ND ND ND 22,000 ND 53

ND 2,400 27

6,500 ND ND

GWN-BR7 Pickens

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 27 ND ND NA ND ND 9,000 ND 23

ND 3,700 14

2,900 ND ND

GWN-BRB Rabun

ND ND 71 89 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 27 ND ND ND ND ND 2,100 ND 22

ND

ND

10

1,800 ND ND

GWN-BR9 Gilmer

ND ND ND 11 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 4.0 ND ND ND ND ND 19,000 ND 68

ND 2,500 17

9,300 ND ND

GWN-BR10 Union

ND ND 8.9 20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 45 ND 3.1 ND 190 ND 5,200 ND 1,400 ND 1,700 33 5,200 19 ND

GWN-TOW1 Towns

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 14 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

ND

20

1,000 ND ND

GWN-UNl1 Union

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND NA ND ND 12,000 ND ND ND 1,300 ND 6,400 ND ND

)>

Aquifer Low Range

I
N

Aquifer High Range

--.I

Aquifer Median (ND=OJ

Aquifer Mean (ND=OJ

0

0

0

0

0

0

230

1go,ooo

3,400

38,000 310 40,000

21

17,000

0

3,400 17 8,250

29.0

25,617

192

4,224 40 11,233

Table A-8. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Valley-and-Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, voes, Anions, and Non-Metals.

Station No. Coun

Well Name

Well Depth Casing Depth Well Size Date

feet

feet

Inches sam led

pH cond. diss 02 Temp
uS/cm m /L "c

voes
u /L

Cl

SO4

F

NOx

p

m

m /L m /L m NIL m

GWN-VR1 Floyd

Floyd County Kingston Road Well

GWN-VR2A Walkerp

LaFayette Lower Big Spring

GWN-VR3 Walker

Chickamauga Crawfish Spring

GWN-VR6A Bartow

Chemical Products Corp. South Well

GWN-VR8 Polk

Cedartown Spring

)>

I
Nco

GWN-VR10

Eton Spring

Murray

GWN-VR12 Floyd

Cave Spring

GWN-VR13 Chattooga

Lively House Well

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range Aquifer Median (ND=O) Aquifer Mean (ND=O)

280

NG

NG

9/9/2021 7.78

271

5.82 16.11

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.77

ND

0

NG

NG

6/8/2021 726 327

NA 15.26

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.4

ND

0

NG

NG

6/8/2021 7.75 277

NA 14.84

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.83

ND

300

NG

NG

3/25/2021 8.14

322

NA 17.47 1,1 - dichloroethylene = 1.4

ND

ND

ND

1.0

0.02

tetrachloroethylene = 1.9

0

NG

NG

3/25/2021 7.89

282

NA 16.28

ND

6/8/2021 7.50 273

NA 16.25

ND

9/9/2021 7.55 282

NA 16.38

ND

12/1/2021 7.78 269

NA 16.35

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.70

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.77

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.79

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.74

ND

0

NG

NG

3/25/2021 7.56

277

3.58 15.96

ND

ND

ND

ND

1.7

ND

0

NG

NG

6/8/2021 7.80 213

NA 15.70

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.38

ND

337

NG

NG

9/9/2021 7.31

361

3.32 16.24

ND

ND

ND

ND

0.54 0.04

7.26 213 3.32 14.84

8.14

361

5.82 17.47

7.75 277 3.58 16.24

7.67 287 4.24 16.08

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0.38 1.7 0.77 0.87

0 0.04
0 0.01

Table A-8. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Valley-and-Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Stations. Part B: Metals.

Selen- Molyb-
ium denum
u /L u /L

Calcium Cobait
u /L u /L

Iron Palas- Magne- Manga- Sodium

sium sium nese

u /L u /L u /L u /l

u /L

GWN-VR1
Floyd

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 9.9 ND ND NA ND ND 30,000 ND ND ND 16,000 ND 1,800 ND ND

GWN-VR2A Walker

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 85 ND ND NA ND ND 46,000 ND ND ND 14,000 ND 1,600 ND ND

GWN-VR3
Walker

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 90 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND ND ND 15,000 ND 1,200 ND ND

GWN-VR6A
Bartow

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 450 ND ND NA ND ND 29,000 ND ND ND 16,000 ND 12,000 ND ND

GWN-VR8

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND NA ND ND 34,000 ND 20 ND 15,000 ND 1,500 ND ND

Polk

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND ND ND 15,000 ND 1,400 ND ND

I

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 13 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND 20 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 12 ND ND NA ND ND 33,000 ND ND

ND 15,000 ND ND 15,000 ND

1,400 ND ND 1,400 ND ND

cN o

GWN-VR10

ND ND ND 18 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 55 ND ND NA ND ND 32,000 ND 170 ND 14,000 ND 2,200 ND ND

Murray

GWN-VR12 Floyd

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 11 ND ND NA ND ND 25,000 ND ND ND 12,000 ND ND ND ND

GWN-VR13 Chattooga

ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 26 ND ND NA ND ND 60,000 ND 36 ND 9,100 ND 1,300 ND ND

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range
Aquifer Median (ND=O) Aquifer Mean (ND=O)

9.9

25,000

a

9,100 0

0

450

60,000

170

16,000 0 12,000

13

33,000

0

15,000 0 1,400

70.7

35,273

22

14,191 0 2,345

Table A-9. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits.

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Vinyl Chloride
1, 1-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Trans-1,2Dichloroethylene Cis-1,2Dichloroethvlene 1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane Carbon Tetrachloride
Benzene

0.5 ug/L I 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

1,2-Dichloroethane 0. 5 ug/L / 524. 2

Trichloroethylene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Dichlorodifluoromethane
Chloromethane

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2,

Bromomethane

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Chloroethane
Fluorotrichloromethane
1, 1-Dichloroethane

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

2,2-Dichloropropane 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Bromochloromethane

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Chloroform

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

1, 1-Dichloropropene 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

1,2-Dichloropropane 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Toluene
1, 1,2-Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Chlorobenzene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Ethyl benzene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Total Xylenes

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Styrene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

p-Dichlorobenzene 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

o-Dichlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Dibromomethane

0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Bromodichloromethane Cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Trans-1,3Dichloropropene
1,3-Dichloropropane
Chlorodibromomethane
1,2-Dibromoethane
1,1,1,2Tetrachloroethane
Bromoform

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L I 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

lsopropylbenzene
1, 1,2,2Tetrachloroethane

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

A-30

Table A-9, Continued. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits.

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Bromobenzene
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
n-Propylbenzene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

o-Chlorotoluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Chlorotoluene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

Tert-Butylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene
Sec-Butyl benzene

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

p-lsopropyltoluene 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

m-Dichlorobenzene 0.5 ug/L / 524.2

n-Butylbenzene
1,2-Dibromo-3chloropropane Hexachlorobutadiene
Naphthalene
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
Chloride

0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 0.5 ug/L / 524.2 10 mg/L / 300.0

Sulfate* Nitrate/nitrite*

10 mg/L / 300.0
0.02 mg/Las Nitrogen / 353.2

Total Phosphorus Fluoride Silver Aluminum Arsenic Barium Beryllium Calcium Cadmium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Potassium Magnesium Manganese Sodium Nickel Lead Antimony

0.02 mg/L / 365.1 0.20 mg/L / 300.0 10 ug/L / 200.7 (ICP) 60 ug/L / 200.7 80 ug/L / 200. 7 10 ug/L / 200.7 10 ug/L / 200. 7 1000 ug/L / 200.7 10 ug/L / 200.7 10 ug/L / 200.7 20 ug/L / 200.7 20 ug/L / 200.7 20 ug/L / 200.7 5000 ug/L / 200.7 1000 ug/L / 200. 7 10 ug/L / 200.7 1000 ug/L / 200. 7 20 ug/L / 200.7 90 ug/L / 200. 7 120 ug/L / 200. 7

A-31

Table A-9, Continued Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits.

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Selenium Titanium Thallium Vanadium Zinc Chromium Nickel Copper Zinc Arsenic

190 ug/L / 200.7
10 ug/L / 200.7
200 ug/L / 200. 7 10 ug/L / 200.7 20 ug/L / 200. 7 5 ug/L / 200.8 (ICPMS) 10 ug/L / 200.8 5 ug/L / 200.8 10 ug/L / 200.8 5 ug/L / 200.8

Selenium Molybdenum Silver Cadmium Tin Antimony Barium Thallium Lead Uranium

5 ug/L / 200.8 5 ug/L / 200.8 5 ug/L / 200.8 0.7 ug/L / 200.8 30 ug/L / 200.8 5 ug/L / 200.8 2 ug/L / 200.8 1 ug/L / 200.8 1 ug/L / 200.8 1 ug/L / 200.8

* Note: Reporting limits for sulfate and nitrate/nitrite are subject to change. A
sample with a concentration of either analyte greater than certain ranges may need to be diluted to bring the concentration within the analytical ranges of the testing instruments. This dilution results in a proportional increase in the reporting limit.

A-32

Table A-10. Analytes, Primary MCLs (A), and Secondary MCLs (B).

Analyte

Primary MCL

Secondary MCL

Analyte

Primary Second-

MCL

ary MCL

Vinyl Chloride 1, 1-Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
Trans-1,2Dichloroethylene
Cis-1,2Dichloroethylene
1, 1, 1-Trichloroethane

2 ug/L 7 ug/L 5 ug/L

None None None

100 ug/L None

70 ug/L None

200 ug/L None

Carbon Tetrachloride 5 ug/L None

Benzene 1,2-Dichloroethane

5 ug/L 5 ug/L

None None

Trichloroethylene

5 ug/L None

1,2-Dichloro-propane 5 ug/L

Toluene
1, 1,2-Trichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene

1,000 ug/L 5 ug/L
5 ug/L

None None None None

Chlorobenzene

100 ug/L None

Ethyl benzene Total Xylenes Styrene

700 ug/L
10,000 ug/L
100 ug/L

None None None

p-Dichlorobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Chloroform (1)
Bromodichloromethane (2) Chlorodibromomethane (3)
Bromoform (4)
Chloride Sulfate
Nitrate/nitrite
Fluoride Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Cadmium Chromium

75 ug/L None 600 ug/L None

70 ug/L None

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 ug/L

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 ug/L

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 ug/L

Total
= 1,2,3,4 None

80 ug/L

None

250 mg/L

None

250 mg/L

10 mg/L

as

None

NitroQen

4 mg/L 2 mg/L

None

50 -200 ug/L

6 ug/L None

10 ug/L
2000 ug/L
4 ug/L

None None None

5 ug/L None

100 ug/L None

A-33

Table A-10, Continued. Analytes, Primary MCLs (A), and Secondary MCLs (8).

Analyte

Primary MCL

Secondary MCL

Analyte

Primary Second-

MCL

ary MCL

Copper Iron Lead Manganese Nickel

Action level= 1,300 ug/L(C)
None
Action level= 15 ug/L(C)
None

1000 ug/L

Selenium

300 ug/L Silver

None

Thallium

50 ug/L Zinc

100 ug/L None

Uranium

50 ug/L None

None

100 ug/L

2 ug/L None

None 30 ug/L

5,000 ug/L
None

Notes:

(A) Primary MCL = Primary Maximum Contaminant Level, a maximum concentration of a substance (other than lead or copper) allowed in public drinking water due to adverse health effects.

(B) Secondary MCL = Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level, a maximum concentration of a substance suggested for public drinking water due solely to unpleasant characteristics such as bad flavor or stain-causing ability.

(C) Action Level = the maximum concentrations of lead or copper permitted for public drinking water as measured at the user's end of the system. Water issuing from at least ninety percent of a representative sample of user's end outlets must contain copper or lead concentrations at or below their respective action levels.

mg/L

= milligrams per liter.

ug/L

= micrograms per liter.

A-34

The Department of Natural Resources is an equal opportunity employer and offers all persons the opportunity to compete and participate in each area of DNR employment regardless of race, color, religion, national origin, age, handicap, or other non-merit factors.