Ground-water quality in Georgia for 2016

GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR2016
John C. Donahue and Anthony W. Chumbley
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION WATERSHED PROTECTION BRANCH
WATERSHED PLANNING AND MONITORING PROGRAM
ATLANTA 2019
CIRCULAR 12AD

GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA FOR 2016
John C. Donahue and Anthony W. Chumbley
The preparation ofthis report wasfunded in part through a grant.from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the provisions ofSection 106 ofthe Federal Water Pollution Control Act of1972, as amended.
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Mark Williams, Commissioner
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Richard E. Dunn, Director
WATERSHED PROTECTION BRANCH James A. Capp, Branch Chief
ATLANTA
2019
CIRCULAR 12AD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE................................................................ 1-1

1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY.......

1-2

1.3 HYDROGEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF GEORGIA............................... 1-3

1.3.1 Coastal Plain Province................................................................ 1-3

1.3. 2 Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province...................................................... 1-5

1.3.3 Valley and Ridge Province...-.......................................................

1-5

1.3. 4 Appalachian Plateau Province............................ ......................... 1-6

1.4 REGIONAL GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS....................................

1-6

CHAPTER 2 GEORGIA GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK.......

2-1

2.1 MONITORING STATIONS.............................................................. 2-1

2.2 USES AND LIMITATIONS............................................................. 2-1

2.3 ANALYSES AND DATA RETENTION.............................................. 2-3

CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA.......... 3-1

3.1 OVERVIEW. I ... I I . I I I I . I ' . . . . . . . . . . .

3-1

3.2 CRETACEOUS. AQUIFER SYSTEM................................................. 3-3

3.2.1 Aquifer System Description........................................................... 3-3
3.2.2Field Parameters... ...................................................................... 3-3

3.2.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds................ 3-5

3.2.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP).................. 3-5

3.2.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (/CPMS) .......................... ... I I I.

3-5

3.3 CLA'YTON AQUIFER...................................................................... 3-8

3.3.1 Aquifer Description...................................................................... 3-6
3.3.2 Field Parameters......................................................................... 3-6

3.3.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds.............. 3-6

3.3.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP).... .... ...... .. 3-8

(3I.C3P.5MMSe).t.a.l.sI.b..y..I.n..d.uI.cI.ti.v..e.l.y..-.C.Io.u..p..le..d..P..l.a..s.m...a./.M...a..s.s..S.IpI.e..c.t.r.o..m..e..t.r.y......I.......... 3-8

3.4 CLAIBORNE AQUIFER................ I II II II I. I II II...........

3-8

3.4. 1Aquifer Description...................................................................... 3-8

3.4.2 Field Parameters......................................................................... 3-9

3.4.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds.............. 3-9

3.4.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)................

3-9

3.4.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry
(ICPMS)............................................................................................ 3-9
3.6 JACKSONIAN AQUIFER.......I........I...........I..I....I.......................... 3-11 3.5. 1Aquifer Description..................................................................... 3-11
3.5.2 Field Parameters........................................................................ 3..11

3. 5. 3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds............... 3-11

3.5.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)................ 3-13

(3I.C5.P5MMSe).ta..l.s..b..y..I.n..dIu..cI.ti.v..e.l.y..-.C..o.u..p..le..d..P..l.a..s.m...a../M...a..s.s.IS..pI.e.Ic.t.r.o..m..e.It.r.y....II........IllI. 3-13

3.6 FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM....................................................... 3-13

3. 6. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics....................................................... 3-13
3. 6.2Field Parameters...............................................................I I 3-14

3.6.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds............... 3-14

ii

3.6.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)................. 3-15

3. 6. 5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(l~f'~~)......................................................................................... . . :S-17'

3.7 MIOCENE/SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM....................................... 3-17

3. 7.1 Aquifer System Characteristics...................................................... 3-17

3. 7.2 Field Parameters........ ....................................~.................. ... 3-18

3. 7.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds............... 3-18

3. 7.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)........ .... . .. ... 3-19

(3I.C7P.5MMSe)Ita..l.s..b..yI.I.n.Id..u.c.It.iv..e..ly..-.C.Io.u..p..l.e.dI.P...laI.s.m...a..M...a..sIs..S.Ip..e..cIt.r.oI.mI.e..t.r.y.....I............. 3-19

3.8. PIEDMONT/BLUE RIDGE AQUIFER SYSTEM................................... 3-19

3. B. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics....................................................... 3-19
3.8.2 Field Parameters......................................................................... 3-23

3.8.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds............ .... 3-23

3.8.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)..................... 3-24

3.8.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
(/CPMS).............................................................................................................. 3-25

3.9 VALLEY AND RIDGE/APPALACHIAN PLATEAU AQUIFER SYSTEM .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . I I I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""' .... . . I I I I I I II II I I I I.

3-25

3.9.1 Aquifer System Characteristics....................................................... 3-25

3 .9.2 Field Parameters. ~ ~~. I.~ I~ I I I I ........ ... ......

I

I



I I......

3..26

3.9.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds................ 3-26

3.9.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)................... 3-27

3.9.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) .......... I I " I I . . .

3-27

Ill

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................... 4-1

4.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND pH ................................................ 4-1

4.1.1pH............................................................................................ 4-1

4. 1.2 Conductivity.......................................... 4-2

4. 1.3 Temperature............................................... 4-3

4.2 ANIONS, NON-METALS AND VOCS................................................ 4-3

4. 2. 1 Chloride and Fluoride ........................................ 4-3

4.2.2 Sulfate....................................................... 4-3

4.2.3 Nitrate/Nitrite............................................................................... 4-4

4.2.4 Phosphorus.............. 4-4

4.2. 5 Dissolved Oxygen............................................................................ 4-4

4.2. 6 Volatile Organic Compounds......................................................... 4-5

4.3 ICP M E T A L S . I II I . I I I

4-5

4. 3. 1 Aluminum................................................................................... 4-5

4.3.2 Iron and Manganese....................................................................... 4-6 4.3.3 Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium.................................. 4-6

4.4 ICPMS METALS....................II I

4-7

4.4. 1 Chromium and Nickel...................................................... 4-7

4.4.2 Arsenic, Selenium, Uranium, and Molybdenum................................ 4-7

4. 4. 3 Copper, Lead, and Zinc.................. I I

4-8

4.4.4 Barium.....................................................................................

4.5 CONTAMINATION OCCURRENCES............................................... 4-8

4.5.1 Primary MCL and Action Level Exceedances..... 4-9

iv

4.5.2 Secondary MCL Exceedances.................................. ................. 49
4. 5.3 Volatile Organic Compounds.................................................................. 4-10 4.6 GENERAL QUALITY..................................................... 4-16 5.0 CHAPTER 5 LIST OF REFERENCES............................................ 51
v

APPENDIX
Laboratory and Station Data................................................................ A-1
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. The Hydrogeologic Provinces of Georgia........................... 1-4 Figure 3-1. The Major Aquifers and Aquifer Systems of the Coastal
Plain Province................................................................................... 3-2
Figure 3-2. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Cretaceous Aquifer Sys'tam.........................................~~ 3-4 Figure 3-3. Location of the Station Monitoring the Clayton A quifer........ 3-7 Figura 3-4. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Claiborne Ag uife~....... 3-10 Figure 3-5. J..ocations of Stations Monitoring the Jacksonian A quifer.... 3-12 Figure 3-6. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Floridan Aquifer
S,ystem............................................................................................ .. 3-16
Figure 3-7. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Miocene/Surficial A guifer SysteiJl.. .. ........................ ...... . . ......... ................. 3-20 Figura 3-8. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Piedmont/Blue Ridge A guiferSystem . ........ ..................... . . .. ..................... ............ 3-22 Figura 3-9. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Valley-and-Ridge/ A ppalachian Plateau Aquifer System................................................... 3-28 LIST OF TABLES Tabla 2-1. Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network, Calendar Year 2016. ............. .. ... . ...... .. ...... .... .. ..................... ... ....... .. .... ..... 2-2 Table 4-1. Contaminant Exceadancas, Calendar Year 2016... ....... ...... .... 4-11 Table 4-2. VOC Detection Incidents, Calendar Year 2016........... ...... ...... 4-15 Tabla A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous/
Providence Stations.............................................................................. A-2
vi

Table A-2. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations............ A-6 Table A-3. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations........... A-8 Table A-4. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations...... A-10 Table A-5. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations......... A-12 Table A-6. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Miocene Stations........... A-18 Table A-7. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations.................................................. ......................................... A-20 Table A-8. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Valley-and-Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Stations................. ... ......... ............ ..... ............ ... A-26 Table A-9. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits....... A-28 Table A-10. Analytes, Primary MCLs, and Secondary MCLs.................... A-31
vii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This report, covering the calendar year 2016, is the thirtieth of the Circular 12 series. The first 19 reports, Circulars 12A through 12S, summarized the chemical quality of groundwater statewide across Georgia and utilized a static array of sampling stations that were sampled periodically, typically on a semiannual, annual, or biennial basis. The next five reports, Circulars 12T through 12X, dealt with specialized chemical groundwater quality issues: water quality in the Coastal region, water quality available to small public water systems, water quality in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge physiographic province, groundwater uranium in Georgia, and groundwater arsenic in Georgia. Wrth this report and its predecessors, Circular 12Y, 12Z, 12AA, 12AB and 12AC, monitoring the chemical quality of groundwater continues using a static array of periodically sampled stations.
These summaries are among the tools used by the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) to assess trends in the quality of the State's groundwater resources. EPD is the State organization with regulatory responsibility for maintaining and where possible, improving groundwater quality and availability. EPD has implemented a comprehensive statewide groundwater management policy of antidegradation (EPD, 1991; 1998). Four components comprise EPD's current groundwater quality assessment program:
1. The Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network. EPD's Watershed Protection Branch, Source Water Assessment Program, took over the Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network from the Regulatory Support Program when that program disbanded in 2012. The Monitoring Network is designed to evaluate the ambient groundwater quality of eight aquifer systems present in the State of Georgia. The data collected from sampling of the Groundwater Monitoring Network form the basis for this report.
2. Water Withdrawal Program (Watershed Protection Branch, Water Supply Section). This program provides data on the quality of groundwater that the residents of Georgia are using.
3. Groundwater sampling at environmental facilities such as municipal solid waste landfills, Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA) facilities, and sludge disposal facilities. The primary agencies responsible for monitoring these facilities are EPD's Land Protection and Watershed Protection Branches.
1-1

4. The Wellhead Protection Program (WHP), which is designed to protect areas surrounding municipal drinking water wells from contaminants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved Georgia's WHP Plan on September 30, 1992. The WHP Plan became a part of the Georgia Safe Drinking Water Rules, effective July 1, 1993. The protection of public supply wells from contaminants is important not only for maintaining groundwater quality, but also for ensuring that public water supplies meet health standards.
Analyses of water samples collected for the Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network during the period January 2016 through December 2016 and from previous years form the database for this summary. The Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network is presently comprised of 124 stations, both wells and springs. Twenty-one of the stations are scheduled for quarterly sampling; the remainder are scheduled to be sampled yearly. Each sample receives laboratory analyses for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, 26 metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Samples from the mineral spring and main well at Indian Springs State Park (stations P12A and P23) also receive analysis for fluoride. Field measurements of pH, conductivity, and temperature are performed on the sample water from each station. Field dissolved oxygen measurements are made on sample water from wells.
During the January 2016 through December 2016 period, Groundwater Monitoring staff collected 187 samples from 115 wells and 9 springs. A review of the data from this period and comparison of these data with those for samples collected for preceding monitoring efforts indicated that groundwater quality at most of the 124 stations has remained good.
1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY
The chemical quality of groundwater is the result of complex physical, chemical, and biological processes. Among the more significant controls are the chemical quality of the water entering the groundwater flow system, the reactions of the infiltrating water with the soils and rocks that are encountered, and the effects of the well-and-pump system.
Most water enters the groundwater system in upland recharge areas and in areas of leakage from adjacent geologic units. Water seeps through interconnected pore spaces and fractures in the soils and rocks until discharged to a surface water body (e.g., stream, lake, or ocean). The initial water chemistry, the amount of recharge, and the attenuation capacity of soils have a strong influence on the quality of groundwater in recharge areas. Chemical interactions between the water and the aquifer host rocks have an increasing significance with longer residence times. As a result, groundwater from discharge areas tends to be more highly mineralized than groundwater in recharge areas.
1-2

The well-and-pump system can also have a strong influence on the quality of the

well water. Well casings, through compositional breakdown, can contribute metals

(e.g., iron from steel casings) and organic compounds (e.g., tetrahydrofurans from PVC

pipe cement) to the water. Pumps can aerate the water being drawn up and

discharged. An improperly constructed or failing well can offer a conduit that allows

local pollutants to enter the groundwater flow system



1.3 HYDROGEOLOGIC PROVINCES OF GEORGIA
This report defines three hydrogeologic provinces by their general geologic and hydrologic characteristics (Figure 1-1). These provinces consist of:
1. The Coastal Plain Province of south Georgia;
2. The Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, which includes all but the northwestern comer of north Georgia;
3. The combined Valley and Ridge and Appalachian Plateau Provinces of northwest Georgia.
1.3.1 Coastal Plain Province
Georgia's Coastal Plain Province generally comprises a wedge of loosely consolidated sediments that gently dip and thicken to the south and southeast. Groundwater in the Coastal Plain flows through in.terconn~cted pore space between grains and through solution-enlarged voids in rock.
The oldest outcropping sedimentary formations (Cretaceous) are exposed along the Fall Line (Figure 1-1), which is the northern limit of the Coastal Plain Province. Successively younger formations occur at the surface to the south and southeast.
The Coastal Plain of Georgia contains several confined and uncqnfined aquifers. Confined aquifers are those in which the readily permeable layer of aquifer medium is interposed between two layers of poorly permeable material (e.g. clay or shale). If the water pressure in such an aquifer exceeds atmospheric pressure, the aquifer is artesian. Water from precipitation and runoff enters the aquifers and aquifer systems in their updip outcrop areas, where permeable sediments hosting the aquifer are exposed. Water may also enter the aquifers downdip from the recharge areas through leakage from overlying or underlying aquifers. Most Coastal Plain aquifers are unconfined in their updip outcrop areas, but become confined in their updip outcrop areas, but become confined in downdip areas to the south and southeast, where they are overlain by successively younger rock formations. Groundwater flow through confined Coastal Plain aquifers is generally to the south and southeast, in the direction of dip of the sedimentary layers.

1-3

Cl) Appalachian Plateau Province (2) Vllley and Ridge Province Q) Piedmont/Blue Ridge Provlnee (!) Coastal Plain Province
Figure 1-1. The Hydrogeologic Provinces of Georgia 1-4

The sediments forming the major aquifer systems in the Coastal Plain range in age from Cretaceous to Holocene. Horizontal and vertical changes in the sediment layers that form these aquifer systems determine the thickness and extent of the aquifer systems. Several aquifer systems may be present in a single geographic area forming a vertical "stack".
The Cretaceous and Jacksonian aquifer systems (primarily sands) are a common source of drinking water within a 35-mile wide band that lies adjacent to and south of the Fall Line. However, the aquifer systems do extend downdip of the band. A well has been planned to test the Cretaceous aquifer along the Atlantic Coast for water supply development. Southwestern Georgia relies on three vertically stacked aquifer systems plus the upper part of the Cretaceous aquifer system for drinking water supplies: the Clayton, the Claiborne, and the Floridan aquifer systems. The Miocene/Surficial aquifer system (primarily sands) is the principal shallow aquifer system occupying much of the same broad area occupied by the Floridan aquifer system in central and eastern Georgia. The system is unconfined over most of its inland extent, but becomes partly confined both in the coastal area and in Grady, Thomas, Brooks, and Lowndes County area of South Georgia.
1.3.2 Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province
Though the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Physiographic Provinces differ geologically and geomorphologically, the two physiographic provinces share common
hydrogeological characteristics and thus can be treated as .a single hydrogeologic
province. A two-part aquifer system characterizes the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province (Daniel and Hamed, 1997). The upper part of the system is the regolith aquifer, composed of saprolite and overlying soils and alluvium. The regolith aquifer is unconfined, and the water resides primarily in intergranular pore spaces (primary porosity). The lower aquifer in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system is the bedrock aquifer. This aquifer is developed in metamorphic and igneous bedrock (mostly Paleozoic and Precambrian in age); the water resides in fractures and, in the case of marbles, solution-enlarged voids (secondary porosity). In contrast to the regolith aquifer, no intergranular (primary) porosity exists in the bedrock aquifer. The bedrock aquifer is semi-confined with the overlying regolith aquifer media and the bedrock itself offering local confinement to the fractures and voids. The regolith aquifer also serves as the reservoir that recharges the bedrock aquifer.
1.3.3 Valley and Ridge Province
Faulted and folded consolidated Paleozoic sedimentary formations characterize the Valley and Ridge Province. The principal porosity present in aquifer media consists of fractures and solution-enlarged voids in the carbonate rocks; intergranular porosity may be important in some places. Locally, groundwater and surface-water systems closely interconnect. Dolostones and limestones of the Knox Group are the principal aquifers where they occur in fold axes at the centers of broad valleys. The greater hydraulic conductivities of the thick carbonate sections in this province permit higher yielding wells than in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province.
1-5

1.3.4 Appalachian Plateau Province
Rocks in this province consist of consolidated Paleozoic sediments inclusive of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian. Faulting and folding are less intense than in the Valley and Ridge province, and sediments tend to be flatter lying and more continuous areally. As in the Valley and Ridge Province, secondary porosity is the most important type of porosity. The highly fractured Fort Payne Chert and the Knox Group are major water-bearing units in this province.
Only a small part of this province extends into Georgia, at the State's far northwest comer (Dade County and parts of Chattooga and Walker Counties). Due to its small extent in Georgia and its lack of monitoring stations for the current project, the Appalachian Plateau Province is combined with the Valley and Ridge Province for the purposes of this report.
1.4 REGIONAL GROUNDWATER PROBLEMS
Data from groundwater investigations in Georgia, including those from the Groundwater Monitoring Network, indicate that virtually all of Georgia has shallow groundwater sufficient for domestic supply. Iron, aluminum, and manganese are the only constituents that occur routinely in concentrations exceeding drinking water standards. These metals are mostly naturally occurring and do not pose a health risk. Iron and manganese can cause reddish or yellowish-brown to dark brown or black stains on objects and can give water a bitter metallic taste. Aluminum can cause water to appear cloudy.
In the karstic carbonate terranes of the combined Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Province, interconnection between the surface water systems and the groundwater systems can be extensive enough such that waters supplying some wells and springs (e.g., Crawfish Spring and Cedartown Spring) have been deemed under direct surface influence, requiring surface water type treatment if used for public supplies.
In the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, water available to wells drilled into bedrock consisting of granitic intrusive rocks, granitic gneisses, or hornblende gneiss/ amphibolite assemblages occasionally may contain excessive naturally occurring uranium.
Aquifers in the outcrop areas of Cretaceous sediments south of the Fall Line typically yield acidic water that may require treatment. The acidity occurs naturally and results from the inability of the sandy aquifer sediments to neutralize acidic rainwater and from biologically influenced reactions between infiltrating water and soils. Groundwater from the Cretaceous along the coast is typically brackish.
1-6

Nitrate/nitrite concentrations in shallow groundwater from the farm belt in south~rn Georgia are usually within drinking water standards, but are somewhat higher than levels found in other areas of the State.
Three areas of naturally reduced groundwater quality occur in the Floridan aquifer system. The first is the karstic Dougherty Plain of southwestern Georgia. The second is the Gulf Trough area. The third is in the coastal area of east Georgia.
In the Dougherty Plain, as with the carbonate terranes of northwestern Georgia, surface waters and the contaminants they entrain can directly access the aquifer through sink holes.
The Gulf Trough is a linear geologic feature extending from southwestern Decatur County through northern Effingham County and may represent a filled-in marine current channel (Huddleston, 1993). Floridan groundwater in and near the trough may be high in total dissolved solids and may contain elevated levels of sulfate, barium, radionuclides, and arsenic (Kellam and Gorday, 1990; Donahue et al., 2013).
In the Coastal area of east Georgia, the influx of water with high dissolved solids contents can dramatically raise levels of sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and chloride. In the Brunswick part of the Coastal area, groundwater withdrawal from the upper permeable zone of the Floridan aquifer system results in the upwelling of groundwater with high dissolved solids content from the deeper parts of the aquifer system (Krause and Clarke, 2001 ). In the Savannah portion of the Coastal area, heavy pumping in and around Savannah and Hilton Head, South Carolina has caused a cone of depression which has induced seawater to enter the Floridan aquifer system in South Carolina and to flow down-gradient toward Savannah. The seawater has not yet reached Savannah and may not reach Savannah for many years. The seawater enters the aquifer system via breaches in the Miocene confining unit along the bottoms of waterways and sand-filled paleochannels offshore of the BeauforVHilton Head area of South Carolina in what is referred to as the Beaufort Arch; where the top of the Floridan aquifer system is closer to the ocean water (Foyle et al., 2001 ; Krause and Clarke, 2001).
1-7

CHAPTER 2 GEORGIA GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK
2.1 MONITORING STATIONS
For the period January 2016 through December 2016, attempts were made to place sampling stations in the Coastal Plain Province's six major aquifer systems, in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, and in the Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Province (Table 2-1). Stations are restricted to wells or springs tapping a single aquifer or aquifer system. Attempts were made to have some monitoring stations located in the following critical settings:
1. areas of recharge;
2. areas of possible pollution or contamination related to hydrogeologic settings (e.g., granitic intrusions, the Dougherty Plain, and the Gulf Trough);
3. areas of significant groundwater use.
Most of the monitoring stations are municipal, industrial, and domestic wells that have well construction data.
2.2 USES AND LIMITATIONS
Regular sampling of wells and springs of the Groundwater Monitoring Network permits analysis of groundwater quality with respect to locatipn (spatial trends) and time of sample co.llection (temporal trends). Spatial trends are useful for assessing the effects of the geologic framework of the aquifer and regional land-use activities on groundwater quality. Temporal trends permit an assessment of the effects of rainfall and drought periods on groundwater quality and quantity. Both trends are useful for the detection of non-point source pollution: Non-point source pollution arises from broadscale phenomena such as acid rain deposition and application of agricultural chemicals on crop lands.
It should be noted that the data of the Groundwater Monitoring Network represent water quality in only limited areas of Georgia. Monitoring water quality at the 124 sites located throughout Georgia provides an indication of groundwater quality at the locality sampled and at the horizon corresponding to the open interval in the well or to the head of the spring at each station in the Monitoring Network. Caution should be exercised in drawing unqualified conclusions and applying any results reported In this study to groundwaters that are not being monitored.
2-1

Tabla 2-1. Georgia Groundwater Monitoring Network. Calendar Year 2016.

Aquifer or Aquifer System
Cretaceous
Clayton Claiborne Jacksonian Floridan
Miocene/Surficial Piedmont/Blue Ridge
'
Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau

Number of Stations Visited
(Samples Taken }
22 stations (22 samples)
3 stations (3 sample) 3 stations (3 samples) 8 stations (8 samples)
35 stations (65 samples)
7 stations (7 samples)
39 stations (69 samples)
7 stations (1 0 samples)

Primary Stratigraphic Equivalents
Ripley Formation, Cusseta Sand, Blufftown Formation,
Eutaw Formation, Tuscaloosa Formation, Providence Sand, Steel Creek Formation, Gaillard
Formation, Pio Nono Formation
Clayton Formation
Claiborne Group
Barnwell Group
Ocala Group, Suwanee Limestone
Hawthorne Group, Miccosukee Formation, Cypresshead Formation
Various igneous and metamorphic complexes
Shady Dolomite, Knox Group, Conasauga Group

Age of Aquifer Host
Rocks
Late Cretaceous
Paleocene
Middle Eocene
Late Eocene Middle
Eocene to Early
Oligocene Miocene to
Recent
Precambrian and
Paleozoic Paleozoic,
mainly Cambrian, Ordovician

2-2

Stations of the Groundwater Monitoring Network are intentionally located away from known point sources of pollution. The stations provide baseline data on ambient water quality in Georgia. EPD requires other forms of groundwater monitoring for activities that may result in point source pollution (e.g., landfills, hazardous waste facilities, and land application sites) through its environmental facilities permit programs.
Groundwater quality changes gradually and predictably in the areally extensive aquifer systems of the Coastal Plain Province. The Monitoring Network allows for some definition of the chemical processes occurring in large confined aquifers. Unconfined aquifers in northern Georgia and in the surface recharge areas of southern Georgia are of comparatively small extent and more open to interactions with land use activities. The wide spacing of most monitoring stations does not permit equal characterization of water-quality processes in these settings. The quality of water from monitoring stations drawing from unconfined aquifers represents only the general nature of groundwater in the vicinity of the stations. Groundwater in the recharge areas of the Coastal Plain aquifer systems is one of the Mure drinking-water resources for down-flow areas. Monitoring stations in these recharge areas, in effect, constitute an early warning system of potential future water quality problems in confined portions of the Coastal Plain aquifer systems.
2.3 ANALYSES AND DATA RETENTION
Analyses are available for 187 water samples collected from 124 stations (115 wells and 9 springs) during the period January 2016 through December 2016. In 1984, the first year of the Groundwater Monitoring Network, EPD staff sampled from 39 wells in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain Provinces. Between 1984 and 2004, the network had expanded to include 124 stations situated in all three hydrogeologic provinces, with most of the stations being in the Coastal Plain Province.
Groundwater from all monitoring stations is tested for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, a variety of metals, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Water from stations P12A and P23 also receive testing for fluoride. Testing for the VOCs was done using the Gas Chromatography I Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) method (EPA method 524.2). Testing for anions chloride, fluoride and sulfate was done using the lon Chromatography method (EPA method 300.0). Testing for nitrite I nitrate as total nitrogen was done using the Automated Colorimetry method (EPA method 353.2). Testing for phosphorus was done using the Semi-Automated Colorimetry method (EPA method 365.1). Appendix Table A-9 lists the EPA methods used to test for these analytes along with a reporting limit for each analyte. The results of the chemical tests are reported in this Circular. Before collecting a sample, EPD personnel also observe and record certain field measurements; pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. This Circular also reports these measurements.
Testing for aluminum, beryllium, calcium, cobalt, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, titanium, and vanadium was undertaken using the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method (EPA method 200.7 in Table A-9). This method works
2-3

well for most of the major metals listed above. This method was also used to test for arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, thallium, and zinc. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) method (EPA method 200.8 in Table A-9) was also used to test for the metals mentioned in the previous sentence as well as for molybdenum, silver, tin, and uranium. The ICPMS method generally gives better results for trace metals.
Pursuant to the Georgia Safe Drinking Water Act of 1977, EPD has established Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for certain analytes and other parameters, certain of which are included in analyses performed on Groundwater Monitoring samples (EPD, 2009). Primary MCLs pertain to analytes that can adversely affect human health if the maximum concentration for an analyte is exceeded for drinking water. Secondary MCLs pertain to parameters that may give drinking water objectionable, though not health-threatening, properties that may cause persons served by a public water system to cease using the water. Unpleasant taste and the ability to cause stains are examples of such properties. MCLs apply only to treated water offered for public consumption; nevertheless, they constitute useful guidelines for evaluating the quality of untreated (raw) water. Table A-10 in the Appendix lists the Primary and Secondary MCLs for Groundwater Monitoring Network analytes.
Most wells currently on the Monitoring Network have in-place pumps. Using such pumps to purge wells and collect samples reduces the potential for crosscontamination that would attend the use of portable pumps. Pumped wells also may affect VOC concentrations. Two wells, the Miller Ball Park North East Well (PA9C) and the Springfield Egypt Road Test Well (MI17), are flowing, which dispenses altogether with pumps and lessens the effects of the pump-well system on sample water. The pump on the Murphy Garden Well (MI9A), a shallow bored well formerly used for garden watering, is now out of operation and a bailer is used for sampling.
Sampling procedures are adapted from techniques used by United States Geologic Survey (USGS) and EPA. For wells except PA9C, MI9A, and Ml17, EPD personnel purge the wells (EPA recommends removing three to five times the volume of the water column in the well) before collecting a sample to reduce the influence of the well, pump, and plumbing system on water quality. A purge of 15 to 20 minutes is usually sufficient to allow readings of pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen to stabilize and to allow corrosion films on the plumbing to be flushed away.
The apparatus used for monitoring field measurements and collecting samples consists of a garden hose with two branches at its end and a container. One branch conveys water to a container; the other branch allows the water to flow freely. On the container branch, water enters the bottom of the container, flows past the probe of the instrument taking field measurements, and discharges over the top of the container. Such an apparatus minimizes the exposure of the sample water to atmosphere. Once the field measurements have stabilized, sample containers are then filled with water discharging from the end of the free-flowing branch. Sample waters do not pass through a filter before collection. As a rule, trends for field measurements with increasing purge time include a lowering of pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. For
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shallower wells, the temperature tends to approach the mean atmospheric temperature for the area. For deeper wells geothermal heating may become apparent.
Once the sample bottles are filled, they are promptly placed on ice to preserve water quality. EPD personnel transport samples to the laboratory on or before the Friday of the week during which the samples were collected, well before holding time for the samples lapse. Field measurements and analytical results are provided in Table A1 in the Appendix.
Files at EPD contain records of the f~eld measurements and chemical analyses. Owners of wells or springs receive copies of the laboratory analysis sheets as well as cover letters and laboratory sheet summaries. The cover letters state whether or not any MCLs were exceeded. The Drinking Water Program's Compliance and Enforcement Unit receives notification of Primary MCL exceedances involving public water supplies.
Station numbering assigns each station a two-part alphanumeric designation, the first part consisting of an alphabetic abbreviation for the aquifer being sampled and the second part consisting of a serial numeral, sometimes with an alphabetic suffix, the two parts separated by a dash. Some wells were also added from previous sampling and monitoring programs that were previously labeled with a County alphabetic abbreviation instead of an aquifer. In this case the previous identification number was retained for cross reference with previous samples. In order for the groundwater database to be compatible with the . Georgia Environmental Monitoring and Assessment System (GOMAS), a Watershed Protection Branch-wide water database, the stations were also assigned a three-part alphanumeric designation, the first part being an alphabetic abbreviation "GW' (for groundwater), the second part representing the local river basin and the third part being numeric.
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CHAPTER 3 CHEMICAL GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GEORGIA
3.1 OVERVIEW
Georgia's major aquifer systems are grouped into three hydrogeologic provinces for the purposes of this report: the Coastal Plain Province, the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, and the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province.
The Coastal Plain Province comprises six major aquifer systems that are restricted to specific regions and depths within the Province (Figure 3-1). These major aquifer systems commonly incorporate smaller aquifers that can be locally confined. Groundwater Monitoring Network wells in the Coastal Plain aquifer systems are generally located in three settings:
1. Recharge (or outcrop) areas that are located in regions that are geologically updip and generally north of confined portions of these aquifer systems;
2. Updip, confined areas that are located in regions that are proximal to the recharge areas, yet are confined by overlying geologic formations. These are generally south to southeast from the recharge areas;
3. Downdip, confined areas, located to the south or southeast in the deeper, confined portions of the aquifer systems, distal to the recharge areas.
The PiedmonUBiue Ridge Province comprises two regional aquifers, the regolith aquifer and the bedrock aquifer (Daniel and Harned, 1997). The regolith aquifer is composed of saprolite - bedrock that has undergone intense chemical weathering -- plus soil and alluvium. The regolith aquifer, highly porous and appreciably permeable, serves as the reservoir that recharges the bedrock. The igneous and metamorphic bedrock exhibits low porosity- nearly all of the porosity is secondary and consists of discontinuous fractures, but can be very permeable as fractures can locally transmit water rapidly. Despite the regional scale of these two aquifers, flow systems are small-scale and localized, in contrast to those of the Coastal Plain.
Paleozoic sedimentary formations characterize the combined Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province, although unlike in the Coastal Plain, these sedimentary formations are consolidated and have been subjected to faulting and folding. Also, in contrast to the Coastal Plain Province, the faulting and folding has resulted in the creation of numerous, small-scale localized flow systems in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province. The major water-bearing units in the province are carbonate rocks. Faulting and fracturing of the carbonates have led to the widespread development of karst features, which significantly enhance porosity and permeability and exert a strong Influence on local flow patterns.
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Figure 3-1. The Major Aquifers and Aquifer Systems of the Coastal Plain Province (after Davis, 1990).
3-2

3.2 CRETACEOUS AQUIFER SYSTEM
3.2.1 Aquifer System Description
The Cretaceous aquifer system is a complexly interconnected group of aquifer subsystems developed In the late Cretaceous sands of the Coastal Plain Province. These sands crop out in an extensive recharge area immediately south of the Fall Line in west and central Georgia (Fig. 3-2). In east Georgia, overlying Tertiary sediments restrict Cretaceous outcrops to valley bottoms. Five distinct subsystems of the Cretaceous aquifer system, including the Providence aquifer, are recognized west of the Ocmulgee River (Pollard and Vorhis, 1980). These merge into three subsystems to the east (Clarke et al, 1985; Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). The aquifer thickens southward from the Fall line, where the clays and sands pinch out against crystalline Piedmont rocks, to a column approximately 2,000 feet thick at the southern limits of the main aquifer use area (limit of utilization, Figure 3-2). . Below the limit of utilization some Cretaceous wells have reached depths of 4,000 feet.
The Providence aquifer, a prominent subsystem of the Cretaceous aquifer system in the western Coastal Plain, is developed in sands and coquinoid limestones at the top of the Cretaceous column. The permeable Providence Formation-Clayton Formation interval forms a single aquifer in the updip areas (Long, 1989} and to the east of the Flint River (Clarke et al., 1983). East of the Ocmulgee River, this joint permeable interval is termed the Dublin aquifer (Clarke et al. , 1985). This report treats the Providence aquifer as a part of the Cretaceous . aquifer system.
EPD used 22 wells to monitor the Cretaceous aquifer system. Reported depths ranged from 128 feet (K7) to 1025 feet (PD6). All except well MAC1, MAR1 and K6 are local government owned public supply wells. Well MAC1 provides water for a park, well MAR1 produces process water for a sand mining operation and well K6 produces process water for a kaolin mill. All wells are sampled yearly.
3.2.2 Field Parameters
The pHs of sample waters from all 22 wells ranged from 3.99 (K9A) to 8.83 (TAL1), with a median of 5.29. As a rule, pHs of waters from the deeper wells are
basic, while those from shallower wells are acidic. Well PD3 and TAL1 seem to be
the exceptions. Their sampling pH of 8.72 (PD3) and 8.83 (TAL1) would be expected for a well about twice their reported depth of 456 feet (PD3) and 300 feet
(TAL1). Conductivities are available for all 22 wells and ranged from 14 uS/em
(BUR2) to 387 uS/em (PD3), with a median of 49 uS/em. As a rule, the deeper wells gave water with the higher conductivities. The temperatures measured should be viewed as approximations of the temperature of the water in the aquifer. Temperatures over all 22 well samples ranged from 16.38 degrees C (K12) to 28.94 degrees C (K20). Comparing well depths with sample water temperatures shows that the deeper wells generally tend to yield water with higher temperatures. The
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A

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SamplingStations
[=:1 General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-2. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Cretaceous Aguifer System. 3-4

water temperature can also depend somewhat on the time of year measured, since sample water must traverse a zone influenced by surface temperature on its way from the aquifer to the measurement point. Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for 20 of the 22 wells. Concentrations ranged from 0.85 mg/L (1<20) up to 9.81 mg/L (BUR2). Generally, the dissolved oxygen content of groundwater decreases with depth. Dissolved oxygen measurements can suffer from various interferences, processes that can expose the groundwater to air. An inadequately purged well may deliver water that has been in contact with air in the well bore. Pumping a well's water level down near the pump intake can entrain air in the pumped water. Also, pumping the water level in the well below a recharging horizon allows water to "cascade" or fall freely down the well bore and splash, thereby becoming aerated.
3.2.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Testing for chloride, sulfate, combined nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done for samples from all 22 wells. None of the 22 samples Contained detectable chloride or VOCs. Sulfate was detected in samples from seven wells, with all concentrations at or below 37 mg/L. Nitrate/nitrite was detected in 13 samples and ranged up to 2.10 mg/L (GLA1). Samples from ten wells contained detectable phosphorus, with concentrations ranging up to 2.6 mg/L (K3).
3.2.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
All 22 samples contained detectable sodium, which ranged from 1,100 ug/L (K9A) and (MAC1) to 83,000 ug/L (PD3). The current high reporting limit for analyzing potassium accounts f~r the lack of potassium detections. Two wells gave samples with detectable aluminum ranging up to 350 ug/L (K12). Fourteen wells yielded samples containing detectable calcium, and 14 wells gave samples containing detectable iron. Calcium levels ranged from undetected to 63,000 ug/L (WEB1). Iron levels ranged up to 1,500 ug/L (STW1), with samples from five wells exceeding the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. Seven samples contained detectable magnesium, with a maximum value of 4,200 ug/L (PD6). Seven wells gave samples with detectable manganese. None exceeded the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. Beryllium, cobalt, potassium, vanadium, and titanium remained undetected.
3.2.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found detectable levels only of chromium, copper, zinc, selenium, barium and lead. Barium was detected in all 22 samples with a maximum concentration of 20 ug/L (K7). Copper was detected in samples from three wells with the maximum level at 9.3 ug/L (K11A); zinc was detected in samples from three wells, with the maximum level at 210 ug/L (STW2); lead was detected in samples from two wells, with the maximum level at 1.5 ug/L (K9A). The copper and lead levels fell below their respective action levels of 1,300 ug/L and 15 ug/L and zinc below its secondary MCL of 5,000 ug/L. The highest concentrations for these three
3-5

metals tend to occur in samples with the lowest pHs. These three metals commonly leach into sample water from plumbing and are not necessarily present naturally. Chromium was detected at a concentration of 7.0 ug/L and selenium was detected at a concentration of 14 ug/L, both from well K7.
3.3 CLAYTON AQUIFER
3.3. 1 Aquifer System Description
The Clayton aquifer system of southwestern Georgia is developed mainly in the middle limestone unit of the Paleocene Clayton Formation. Limestones and calcareous sands of the Clayton aquifer system crop out in a narrow belt extending from northeastern Clay County to southwestern Schley County (Figure 3-3). Aquifer thickness varies, ranging from about 50 feet in the outcrop area to 265 feet in southeastern Mitchell County (Clarke et al., 1984). Both the Flint River to the east and the Chattahoochee River, to the west are the areas of discharge for the aquifer in its updip extent. Leakage from the underlying Providence aquifer system and from overlying permeable units in the Wilcox Formation confining zone provides significant recharge in downdip areas (Clarke et al., 1984). As mentioned previously, permeable portions of the Clayton and Providence Formations merge to form a single aquifer in the updip area and east of the Ocmulgee River. East of that river these combined permeable zones are called the Dublin aquifer.
3. 3.2 Field Parameters
EPD sampled three wells annually to monitor the Clayton aquifer system. Wells SUM1 and SUM2 are public supply wells and well CTB is a private well. These wells vary in depth from 80 feet (CTB) to 230 feet (SUM2). The sample waters had a pH range of 3.69 (SUM2) to 5.20 (SUM1), an electrical conductivity range of 47 uS/em (CTB) to 220 uS/em (SUM2), a temperature range of 17.93 degrees C (CT8) to 19.61 degrees C (SUM1) and a dissolved oxygen range of 1.42 mg/L (SUM2) to 9.71 mg/L (SUM1).
3. 3.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Testing for chloride, sulfate, combined nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was done for samples from all three wells. One sample contained detectable chloride at a concentration of 10 mg/L (SUM1). Sulfate was detected in one sample with a concentration of 72 mg/L (SUM2). Nitrate/nitrite was detected in all three samples and ranged up to 2.0 mg/L (SUM1 ). No Samples contained detectable phosphorus.
3-6

25

5DMDu

1:=J General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Sampiing Stations Figure 3-3. Location of the Stations Monitoring the Clayton Aquifer.
3-7

3.3.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
All three samples contained detectable sodium, which ranged from 2,700 ug/L (SUM2) to 9,200 ug/L (SUM1). The current high reporting limit for analyzing potassium accounts for the lack of potassium detections. Two wells gave samples with detectable aluminum ranging up to 1,200 ug/L (SUM2). One well yielded a sample containing detectable calcium and two wells gave samples containing detectable iron. Calcium levels ranged from undetected to 17,000 ug/L (SUM2). Iron levels ranged up to 230 ug/L (SUM2). One sample contained detectable magnesium at a value of 8,600 ug/L (SUM2). All three wells gave samples with detectable manganese with one well (SUM2) exceeding the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. Beryllium, cobalt, potassium, vanadium, and titanium remained undetected.
3.3.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found detectable levels only of copper, zinc, lead and barium. Barium was detected in all three samples with a maximum concentration of 100 ug/L (SUM2). Copper was detected in three samples with the maximum level at 18 ug/L (SUM1); zinc was detected in samples from two wells, with the maximum level at 36 ug/L (SUM2); and lead was detected in samples from two wells, with the maximum level at 4.6 ug/L (SUM2). The copper and lead levels of all three wells fell below their respective action levels of 1,300 ug/L and 15 ug/L.
3.4 CLAIBORNE AQUIFER
3. 4. 1 Aquifer Description
The Claiborne aquifer is developed primarily in the sandy units in the middle and lower portion of the Middle Eocene Claiborne Group of southwestern Georgia. Claiborne Group sands crop out in a belt extending from northern Early County through western Dooly County. Recharge to the aquifer occurs both as direct infiltration of precipitation in the recharge area and as leakage from the overlying Floridan aquifer system (Hicks et al., 1981; Gorday et al., 1997). The discharge boundaries for the updip portion of the aquifer are the Ocmulgee River to the east and the Chattahoochee River to the west. The aquifer generally thickens to the southeast and is more than 350 feet thick near its downdip limit of utilization (Figure 3-4) (Tuohy, 1984).
The clay-rich upper unit of the Claiborne Group, the Lisbon Formation, acts as a confining layer and separates the Claiborne aquifer from the overlying Floridan aquifer system (McFadden and Perriello, 1983; Long, 1989; Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). The lower, water-bearing parts of the group had been correlated with the Tallahatta Formation (e.g., McFadden and Perriello, 1983; Long, 1989: Clarke et al., 1996) or more recently, have been divided into two formations, the upper one termed the Still Branch Sand and the lower one correlated to the Congaree Formation (Huddlestun and Summerour, 1996). East of the Ocmulgee
3-8

River, penneable Congaree-equivalent sands are included in the Gordon aquifer (Brooks et al., 1985).
Three stations, all in or near the recharge area, were available to monitor the Claiborne aquifer. Wells CL2 and CL4A are municipal public supply wells, and well CLB supplies water for drinking and other purposes for a State forestry nursery. Well CL2 is 315 feet deep, CL4A is 230 feet deep, and CL8 is not known precisely, but is about 90 feet deep.
3.4.2 Field Parameters
The pH of sample water from one well was mildly acidic (CL8 6.07), while the other two were mildly basic (CL2 at 7.34 and CL4A at 7.20). Conductivities registered at 88 uS/em (CL8), 154 uS/em (CL4A), and 208 uS/em (CL2); and temperatures registered at 19.65 degrees C (CL4A), 19.66 degrees C (CL2), and 19.81 degrees C (CL8).
Dissolved oxygen contents measured at 0.65 mg/L (CL8) and 6.84 mg/L (CL2). Since
well CL4A exposes water to air, there was no measurement for dissolved oxygen for the water at this well.
3.4.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Well CL2 was the only station to give a sample with detectable nitrate/nitrite (0.47 mg/L as nitrogen). A sample from well CL4A contained detectable sulfate at 11 mg/L. Samples from two wells contained detectable phosphorus (CL4A at 0.37 mg/L and CL8 at 0.53 mg/L) . None of the samples contained detectable chloride or VOCs
3.4.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
Calcium and sodium were detected in samples from all three wells. The maximum and minimum calcium concentrations were 42,000 ug/L (CL2) and 12,000 ug/L (CL8). The maximum and minimum sodium concentrations were 1,900 ug/L (CL8) and 1,400 ug/L (CL2). Detectable magnesium occurred only in the samples from well CL8 (1 ,400 ug/L) and CL4A (3,300 ug/L). Wells CL4A and CL8 gave samples with detectable iron at 2,000 ug/L and 570 ug/L respectively and manganese at 54 ug/L and 52 ug/L respectively. Both samples exceeded the iron and manganese Secondary MCLs of 300 ug/L and 50 ug/L respectively.
3.4.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analyses found barium in all three samples. The maximum and minimum barium concentrations were 40 ug/L (CL8) and 11 ug/L (CL2 and CL4A). The sample from well CLB contained zinc at 11 ug/L, which was below any applicable MCLs or action levels. Well CL8 also registered the lowest pH.
3-9

Iii] ..General recharge area (from Davis et al., 1989)
e Sampling station
Figure 3-4. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Claiborne Aquifer.
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3.5 JACKSONIAN AQUIFER

3:5. 1 Aquifer Description

The Jacksonian aquifer .system (Vincent, 1982) of central and east-central Georgia is developed primarily in sands of the Eocene Barnwell Group, though isolated limestone bodies are locally important. Barnwell Group outcrops extend from Macon and Crawford Counties (Hetrick, 1990) eastward to Burke and Richmond Counties (Hetrick, 1992). Figure 3-5 shows the extent and most significant Jacksonian recharge areas. Aquifer sands form a northern clastic facies of the Barnwell Group; the sands grade southward into less permeable silts and clays of a transition facies (Vincent, 1982). The water-bearing sands are relatively thin, ranging from 10 to 50 feet in thickness. Limestones equivalent to the Barnwell Group form a southern carbonate facjes and are included in the Floridan aquifer system. The Savannah River and the Flint River are the eastern and western discharge boundaries for the updip parts of the Jacksonian aquifer system. The Jacksonian aquifer system is equivalent to the Upper Three Runs aquifer, as discussed by Summerour et al. (1994), page 2, and Williams (2007), "General Hydrogeology" table.

Eight wells were available to monitor the Jacksonian aquifer system. Wells J1 B and J8A are domestic wells, while all the other wells are public supply wells. All are drilled wells, and each is scheduled for annual sampling.

3.5.2 Field Parameters

The pHs for all the wells were near neutral. The pHs range from 7.13 (J1B)

to 7.81 (J4). Conductivities ranged from 221 uS/em (J6) to 351 uS/em (J5).

Temperatures ranged from 18.12 degrees C for well JBA to 20.37 degrees C for



well JS, with water from the deeper wells registering higher temperatures. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 0.88 mg/L for well J6 to 9.98 mgll for

well WAS2 and are usually lowest in the deeper wells.

3.5.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds

Sample waters from wells J5 and J6 contained detectable sulfate of 12 mg/L and 13 mg/L respectively. Nitrate/nitrite was detected in four of the eight samples ranging from undetected to 2.3 mg/L as nitrogen (J1 B), and all measurements were below the Primary MCL of 10 mg/L as nitrogen. Phosphorus was detected in water from all eight wells and ranged from 0.02 mg/L (WAS2) to 0.15 mg/L (J6). No sample waters contained detectable chloride. The sample water from well J4 had detectable trihalomethanes (disinfectant by-products possibly from leaky check valve) in the following concentrations: chloroform 1.1 ug/L; bromodichloromethane 1.1 ug/L; dibromochloromethane 0.97 mgll.

3-11

N
A

25

50 I\1Ues

"
Sam piing Stations
r==J General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-5. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Jacksonian Aquifer. 3-12

3.5.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
All eight wells gave waters with detectable calcium from 45,000 ug/L (J1B) to' 68,000 ug/L (J8A). Magnesium was detected in seven of the eight wells and ranged from undetected in J1B to 2,600 ug/L (J5). Detectable sodium occurred in each well sample and ranged from 2,100 ug/L (J6) to 3,300 ug/L (J1B and J4). Iron was detected in three of the eight wells and ranged from undetected to 170 ug/L (J6). Well J5, J8A and JEF1 gave a sample containing 62 ug/L, 13 ug/L and 67 ug/L manganese respectively. The sample from well J5 and JEF1 exceeded the manganese Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. According to Kellam and Gorday (1990), the high calcium /magnesium ratios for these wells signifies that they derive most of their recharge from local surface water.
3. 5. 5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
Seven of the eight wells yielded waters containing detectable barium, with a range from undetected (JEF1) to 88 ug/L (WAS1). Well J5 yielded sample water containing detectable zinc at a concentration of 53 ug/L. Analysis found no other trace metals.
3.6 FLORIDAN AQUIFER SYSTEM
3.6.1 Aquifer System Characteristics
The Floridan aquifer system is developed predominantly in Eocene and Oligocene limestones and dolostones that underlie most of the Coastal Plain Province (Figure 3-6). The aquifer is a major source of groundwater for much of its outcrop area and throughout its downdip extent to the south and east.
The upper water-bearing units of the Floridan are the Eocene Ocala Group and the Oligocene Suwanee Limestone (Crews and Huddlestun, 1984). These limestones and dolostones crop out in the Dougherty Plain (a karstic area in southwestern Georgia) and in adjacent areas along strike to the northeast. In parts of Camden and Wayne Counties, the Oligocene unit is absent and the upper portions of the Floridan are restricted to units of Eocene age (Clarke et al., 1990). The lower parts of the Floridan consist mainly of dolomitic limestone of middle and early Eocene age and pelletal, vuggy, dolomitic limestone of Paleocene age, but extend into the late Cretaceous in Glynn County. The lower portions of the Floridan are hydrologically connected with the upper parts but are deeply buried and not widely used except for some municipal and industrial wells in the Savannah area. From its updip limit, defined by clays of the Barnwell Group, the aquifer system thickens to well over 700 feet in coastal Georgia.
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A dense limestone facies occupying the Gulf Trough locally limits groundwater quality and availability {Kellam and Gorday, 1990; Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, 2001). The Gulf Trough may be a filled marine-current channel extending across Georgia from southwestern Decatur County through northern Effingham County. The trough, active beginning in the early Eocene, had ceased operating and filled with sediment in the Miocene.
A groundwater divide separates a smaller southwestward flow regime in the Floridan aquifer system in the Dougherty Plain in southwestern Georgia from the larger southeastward flow regime characteristic for the aquifer system under the remaining part of Georgia's Coastal Plain. Rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and downward leakage from extensive surficial residuum recharge the Dougherty Plain flow system {Hayes et al., 1983). The main body of the Floridan aquifer system, lying to the east, is recharged by leakage from Jacksonian aquifer and by rainfall infiltration in outcrop areas and in areas where overlying strata are thin. Significant recharge also occurs in the area of Brooks, Echols, Lowndes, Cook and Lanier counties where the Withlacoochee River and numerous sinkholes breach the upper confining units (Krause, 1979).
Monitoring water quality in the Floridan aquifer system made use of 34 wells and one spring, with 25 scheduled for sampling on a yearly basis and 10 on a quarterly basis. The total number of samples collected was 65. All 34 wells are drilled wells. Thirty wells are local-government-owned public supply wells. One well supplies industrial process water, one well is a former USGS test well, one a private residence well and the remaining well supplies water for a coastal marina. Depths range from 174 feet {PA25 municipal well) to 1,211 feet (PA9C test well). The one remaining site is Radium Spring in Albany.
3. 6.2 Field Parameters
Measurements of pH are available for all samples from all 35 locations and ranged from 7.33 (PA25) to 8.35 (PA41A). The median pH is 7.90 and the mean is 7.88. Conductivities are also available for all the samples from all sites and ranged from 164 uS/em (PA41A) to 1900 uS/em (PA9C) with a median of 316 uS/em and a mean of 344 uS/em. Temperatures are available for all sampling events and ranged from 20.23 degrees C for well PA27 to 25.67 degrees C for well GLY4 with a median of 22.55 degrees C and a mean of 22.61 degrees C. The high temperatures reflect the geothermal effect of the deeper wells. Sixty dissolved oxygen measurements are available from 32 wells and the one spring. The available measurements range from 0.52 mg/L (LIB2) to 9.11 mg/L (PA23) with a median of 3.54 mg/L and a mean of 3.93 mg/L. No measurements were taken at well GLY3 and PA14A because the raw water outlet will not permit the attachment of the usual sampling apparatus and exposes sample water to air.
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3.6.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Nine Floridan wells yielded 14 samples containing detectable chloride. Chloride concentrations ranged from undetected to 660 mg/L (PA9C). The measurement for well PA9C is more than 20 times the next highest concentration of 41 mg/L for well PA4. Well PA9C derives water from the lower part of the Floridan aquifer. Twenty-eight samples from 16 wells gave samples containing detectable sulfate. Levels ranged from undetected to 270 mg/L (PA9C). Twenty-two water samples from 12 wells and one spring contained detectable nitrate/nitrite. Concentrations ranged from undetected to 2.2 mg/L as nitrogen (PA59). There is a general tendency for shallower wells to give samples with higher levels of nitrate/nitrite. Nitrate/nitrite levels in the samples from each quarterly sampled well
tend, as a rule, to be similar to one another. Phosphorus was detected in 33
samples from 24 wells and one spring. Phosphorus levels ranged up to 0.17 mg/L (PA14A) as total phosphorus. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), consisting entirely of trihalomethane compounds, were detected in six samples from four wells (PA17, PA23 PA28 and PA39). These compounds typically arise as byproducts from disinfection and their presence can indicate the reflux of treated water back down a well or result from sterilizing well plumbing following maintenance. For well PA23, samples regularly register detectable trihalomethanes, suggestive of leaky valves allowing treated water back down the well. For the remaining wells, the occasional nature of trihalomethane detections suggests a maintenance related origin . Radium spring also yielded a water sample with a VOC detection. This VOC was trichloroethylene a degreaser commonly used in factories and dry cleaners. Springs are subject to surface contaminations more so than deeper wells.
3.6.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
ICP analyses found detectable levels of potassium, manganese, iron, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, titanium and sodium. DeteCtable potassium occurred in only two samples from two wells (PA4 and PA9C). Failure to find detectable potassium in other samples results from the insensitivity of the testing procedure, as indicated by the high reporting limit (5,000 ug/L) for the metal. Detectable manganese occurred in 14 samples from seven wells. The maximum concentration of 100 ug/L occurred in two samples from well PA34A. All four samples from quarterly-sampled well PA34A and samples from annually sampled well PA16 and PA18 exceeded the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L. The manganese levels in the samples from each of the quarterly sampled wells vary within a restricted range. Wells giving samples with manganese detections seem clustered in two areas: one in the Cook-lrwin-Lanier County area and the other in the Candler-EmanueiJenkins-Telfair-Toombs County area. Iron was detected in 26 samples from 15 wells. Of these, two samples exceeded the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L; annual wells PA9C (1 ,000 ug/L) and GLY2 (1 ,200 ug/L). The iron contents of samples from three quarterly wells (PA34A and PA36) seemed to vary within restricted ranges. Detectable magnesium was found in all samples from all wells and spring except for those from quarterly well PA25. Magnesium concentrations ranged up to 85,000 ug/L (well PA9C), with a mean of 13,805 ug/L and a median of 14,000 ug/L.
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N
A
,. Sampling Stations
c=J General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-6. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Floridan Aquifer System.
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Well PA25 is a Floridan recharge area well. Kellam and Gorday (1990) have noted that Ca/Mg ratios are higher in groundwaters from Floridan recharge areas, as is the case with this well. Magnesium levels in samples from each quarterly well seem to vary within relatively narrow ranges. Calcium was detected in all samples from the 35 Floridan wells and spring. Concentrations ranged from 18,000 ug/L (PA41A) to 110,000 ug/L (PA9C), with a mean of 39,338 ug/L and a median of 36,000 ug/L. For samples from quarterly wells, calcium concentrations seem to fall within a narrow range for each well. Aluminum was detected above the Secondary MCL of 50-200 ug/L in one sample from one well, PA38 (130 ug/L). Sodium was also found in all sample waters from all 35 wells and spring and ranged in concentration from 1,500 ug/L (PA41A) to 460,000 ug/L (PA9C), with a mean of 18,026 ug/L and a median of 7,900 ug/L. Sodium concentrations generally increase with depth. Titanium was detected in one sample from one well (PA56) at a concentration of 11 ug/L.
3.6.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found the following detectable metals in the Floridan samples: copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, thallium and barium. Four samples from quarterly well PA23 and one sample from well PA28 registered arsenic detection below the Primary MCL (1 0 ug/L). Well PA23 has given intermittent samples with detectable arsenic before. Annual well PA9C and PA18 gave samples showing detectable selenium below the Primary MCL (50 ug/L). One sample from well PA27 registered detectable thallium below the Primary MCL (2.0 ug/L). Three samples contained detectable copper, one from annual well PA17 and two from quarterly well PA14A. Unlike most other wells, quarterly well .PA14A furnishes sample water through a small diameter copper tube. Annual well PA9C and PASO along with quarterly well PA14A gave samples with detectable zinc. Quarterly wells PA14A and PA36, along with annual well PA17, contained detectable lead. Copper and lead detections were below the aCtion levels of 1,300 ug/L for copper and 15 ug/L for lead. The zinc concentration fell below the Secondary MCL of 5,000 ug/L. Twelve samples drawn from quarterly.wells PA23, PA28 and PA56 contained detectable molybdenum. Well PA28 produced the sample with the highest concentration of 41 ug/L. All three wells are in the Gulf Trough area. Barium was detected in all samples from all wells and spring and ranged in concentration from 3.3 ug/L (PA60) to 190 ug/L (PA39), all below the Primary MCL of 2,000 ug/L. The mean concentration of barium was 78.6 ug/L and the median was 72 ug/L. Barium seems to be more abundant in samples from wells of 400 foot to 700-foot depth range.
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3.7 MIOCENE/SURFICIAL AQUIFER SYSTEM
3. 7. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics
The Miocene/Surficial aquifer system is developed in sands of the Miocene Hawthorne Group and of the Pliocene Miccosukee and Cypresshead Formations of the Georgia Coastal Plain (Figure 3-7).
The Hawthorne Group covers most of the Coastal Plain and consists predominantly of sand and clay (Huddlestun, 1988), although carbonate rocks and phosphorites may locally be significant (Huddlestun, 1988; Clarke et al., 1990). Clarke et al., 1990, note that three sequences consisting of a basal dense phosphatic limestone layer, a middle clay layer, and an upper sand layer typify the Miocene section in the coastal area. The sand layers in the two lowermost of the sequences host the lower and upper Brunswick aquifers, which are included in the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system of this report.
The Cypresshead Formation overlies the Hawthorne Group in the Coastal area (from the Atlantic coast to about 45 miles inland) and consists, in updip areas, predominantly of fine to coarse- grained quartz sand and, in downdip areas, interbedded fine sand and clay (Huddlestun, 1988). In the Coastal Plain of far south central and southwestern Georgia, the Miccosukee Formation overlies the Hawthorne Group (Huddlestun, 1988).
The Miccosukee Formation consists predominantly of sand but contains some clay. The characteristic lithology consists of thin-bedded to laminated fine to medium sand with scattered layers or laminae of clay. Also included in the aquifer system are Pleistocene arkosic sands and gravels interbedded with clays and Holocene sands and gravels interbedded with muds. The upper part of the aquifer system is unconfined, whereas, the deeper parts of the system may be locally confined and under artesian conditions.
Seven annually sampled wells were used to monitor the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system. Wells Ml1, MI2A, MI9A and MI10B are private domestic wells, well WAY1 is a public supply well for a mobile home park and MI9A and MI10B are no longer being used as drinking water sources. Well Ml16 is used for general purposes at a fire station. Well Ml17 originated as a geologic bore hole-- a hole drilled for investigating bedrock --that became a flowing well. It is currently used both as a domestic water source and as an augmentation well for maintaining a pond. Wells MI2A and MI9A are bored wells. The remainder are drilled wells. Depths, actual or approximate, have been determined for all seven wells.
3. 7. 2 Field Parameters
The pHs of the sample waters from the seven wells used to monitor the Miocene/Surficial aquifer system ranged from 3.93 (MI2A) to 7.94 (MI18). Three of the seven wells sampled (MI2A, MI9A and Ml1 08) produced acidic water. The
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remaining five wells gave basic water. The acidic water-yielding wells included the two shallowest, while the basic water-producing wells included the two deepest. Conductivities ranged from 108 uS/em (MI10B) to 309 uS/em (MI16). Water temperatures ranged from 19.06 degrees C (MI17) to 23.92 degrees C (MI9A). Dissolved oxygen data are available for five of the seven wells and range from 1.03 mg/L (MI16) to 4.67 mg/L (MI2A). Valid dissolved oxygen measurements cannot be made on well MI9A and Ml17 since one must be sampled with a bailer and the other is exposed to air before sampling.
3.7.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Chloride registered at 13 mg/L in samples from the two bored wells MI2A and MI9A. The sample from the deepest Miocene well (MI16) provided the only sulfate detection at 33 mg/L. Nitrate/nitrite was detected in sample waters from the bored wells MI2A and MI9A, both wells lying in the range of likely human influence(~ 3.1 mg/L as nitrogen) (Madison and Brunett, 1984). The former well registered 7.8 mg/L as nitrogen and the latter 20.0 mg/L. Detectable phosphorus was found in samples from frve of the seven wells. The concentrations ranged from 0.02 mg/L (MI16) to 0.91 nig/L (MI10B). None of the samples. contained detectable VOCs.
3. 7.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
Samples from all seven wells contained calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Calcium levels ranged from 4,700 ug/L (well MI2A) to 43,000 ug/L (well Ml17). Magnesium levels ranged from 1,900 ug/L (well M117) to 17,000 ug/L (well Ml16). Sodium levels ranged from 3,300 ug/L (well MI9A) to 18,000 ug/L (well Ml16). Potassium was detected in well MI2A (6,800 ug/L) and well MI9A (7,900 ug/L). Iron was detected in the sample from well MI2A at 20 ug/L, well MI9A at 23 ug/L and well MI10B at 11,000 ug/L. This last value far exceeds the Secondary MCL for iron of 300 ug/L. Manganese was found in samples from five wells: Ml1 (12 ug/L), MI2A (11 ug/L), Ml108 (190 ug/L), Ml17 (12 ug/L) and WAY1 (93 ug/L). The 93 ug/L and 190 ug/L levels exceed the Secondary MCL for manganese of 50 ug/L. The high iron and manganese levels in water from drilled well Ml1 08 are the reason the residents ceased using the water for household purposes, i.e. , cooking, drinking, and laundering. Aluminum was detected in well MI2A at a concentration of 190 ug/L and well MI9A at a level of 65 ug/L, both above the Secondary MCL range of 50-200 ug/L.
3. 7.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma/Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analyses found detectable copper, zinc, selenium, barium, and lead in the Miocene aquifer samples. All seven samples contained detectable barium, which ranged in concentration from 18 ug/L (MI1 and Ml17) to 210 ug/L (MI10B). The sample from drilled well MI10B contained selenium at a level of 23 ug/L. Selenium at detectable levels is rare in Georgia's groundwater. Zinc was detected in samples from well Ml1 (42 ug/L), MI2A (14 ug/L), MI10B (100 ug/L) and Ml16 (41 ug/L). Detectable lead occurred in the sample from bored well MI2A (3.1 ug/L) and
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25

SOMJes

Sampling Stations c:::JGeneral Recharge Area (from O'Connell and Davis, 1991)
Figure 3-7. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Miocene/Surficial A guifer System. 3-20

well MI10B (4.3 ug/L). The samples from wells MI2A and MI10B also contained copper at levels of 9.6 ug/L and 27 ug/L respectively. The copper, lead, and zinc in the water samples were likely derived from plumbing. None of the metals exceeded applicable action levels (1,300 ug/L for copper and 15 ug/L for lead) or MCLs (5,000 ug/L Secondary for zinc).
3.8 PIEDMONT/BLUE RIDGE AQUIFER SYSTEM
3. 8.1 Aquifer System Characteristics
The Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system in Georgia is part of the Piedmont and mountain aquifer system that extends from New Jersey into Alabama (Daniel and Hamed, 1997). The system is unconfined or semiconfined and is composed of two major hydrogeologic units: a) regolith and b) fractured igneous and metamorphic bedrock (Heath, 1980; Daniel and Harned, 1997). Figure 3-8 shows the extent of the system in Georgia.
The regolith hydrologic unit is comprised of a mantle of soil, alluvium in and near stream bottoms and underlying saprolite. Saprolite is bedrock that has undergone extensive chemical weathering in place. Downward percolating, typically acidic, groundwater leaches alkali, alkaline earth and certain other divalent metals from micas, feldspars, and other minerals composing the original rock, leaving behind a clay-rich residual material. Textures and structures of the original rock are usually well-preserved, with the saprolite appearing as a highly weathered version of the original rock. The regolith unit is characterized by high mostly primary porosity (35% to 55%) (Daniel and Hamed, 1998) and serves as the reservoir that feeds water into the underlying fractured bedrock. Though it can store a great deal of water, saprolite, owing to its clay content, is relatively impermeable. Saprolite grades downward through a transition zone consisting of saprolite and partially weathered bedrock with some fresh bedrock into fresh bedrock.
The fractured bedrock hydrologic unit is developed in igneous and metamorphic rocks. In contrast to the regolith, the porosity in such rocks is almost totally secondary, consisting of fractures and solution-enlarged voids. In the North Carolina Piedmont, Daniel and Harned (1997) found 1% to 3% porosity typical for bedrock. Fractures consist of faults, breaks in the rock with differential displacement between the broken sections, and joints, breaks in the rock with little or no differential displacement Heath (1980). Fractures tend to be wider and more numerous closer to the top of the bedrock. Daniel and Hamed (1997) noted that at a depth of about 600 feet, pressure from the overlying rock column becomes too great and holds fractures shut. Fracturing in schistose rocks consists mainly of a network of fine, hair-line cracks which yield water slowly. Fractures in more massive rocks (e.g. granitic rocks, diabases, gneisses, marbles, quartzites) are mostly open and are subject to conduit flow. Thus, wells intersecting massive-rock fractures are able to yield far larger amounts of water than wells in schistose rocks
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25

50 M~aa

Sampling Stations
c=J General Recharge Area (from oconnell and Davis, 1991)
Figure 3-8. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Aquifer
S ~stem.
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or even wells in regolith. Fractures can be concentrated along fault zones, shear zones, late-generation fold axes, foliation planes, lithologic contacts, compositional layers, or intrusion boundaries.
Sixty-nine samples from 35 wells and four springs were used to monitor water quality in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system. Thirty-four _of these wells are drilled. Thirty of the 35 wells are public supply wells, and the remaining five are domestic. One of the 35 wells is bored {P33} and is in domestic use. .Of the four springs, three (P12A, HAS2 and TOW1) are mineral springs at State parks, and the other spring (BR5) is a public supply source. The State park mineral spring P12A and the following wells are scheduled for sampling on a quarterly basis: P21 , P23, P25, P32, P33, P34, P35, P37 and BR1B. Well P25 was added to the network on a quarterly basis, and per agreement with the State Park manager an annual filtered sample is to be colleCted in addition to the quarterly unfiltered ones. The remaining stations are sampled on a yearly basis. Where their depths are known, wells deriving water from the bedrock aquifer range in depth from 150 feet to 705 feet. Domestic bored well P33, the only well drawing from the regolith aquifer, is 47 feet deep.
3. 8. 2 Field Parameters
Sixty-nine pH measurements from all 39 stations are available for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system. The pHs ranged from 4.75 (HAS2) to 8.21 (BAN1A). Twenty-four total samples were basic; all four samples from quarterly well P32, four samples from quarterly spring P12A, three samples from quarterly well P35 and BR1B, and one sample from annual wells P20, P24, BAN1A, COU1, COU2, COU3, HAL1, MAD1, UPS1 and WAS3. The remaining samples were acidic, including all samples from quarterly regolith well P33. The mean pH was 6.71 and the median 6.67. Conductivity measurements are available for all 69 samples. Conductivities range from 13 uS/em (HAS2) to 1060 uS/em (well P32). The mean conductivity was 235 uS/em and the median was 180 uS/em. Samples with the higher pHs generally tended to have higher conductivities and vice versa. Temperatures were available for all sampled waters and range from 11 .82 degrees C (spring TOW1} to 21.06 degrees C {well COU2). The mean temperature was 17.65 degrees C and the median was 17.74 degrees C. Geothermally elevated temperatures are not readily apparent for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge. Latitude, ground elevation, and season appear to have more influence on the sampling temperature. Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for 59 of the 69 samples from 32 of 39 'stations. The samples from quarterly spring P12A and annual springs HAS2, BR5, and TOW1 and wells P39, COU2 and FRA1 received no dissolved oxygen measurements since exposure of the sample water to air can render the measurement inaccurate. Dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 0.60 mg/L for quarterly well P35 to 9.58 mg/L for quarterly well P37. The. 9.58 mg/L reading lies just under the oxygen saturation level for the temperature at sampling (16.40 degrees C). This reading suggests free-falling (cascading} water in the well or entrainment of air at the pump intake due to a low pumping water level and does not reflect the actual oxygen level in the groundwater.
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3. 8.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
All samples received testing for chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, and VOCs. Four samples each from spring P12A and well P23, both located at Indian Springs State Park, received testing for fluoride. Five stations yielded 10 samples with detectable chloride: quarterly well P37 with all four samples; quarterly spring P12A with three samples; and annual wells P30, COU4 and WAS3 with one sample each. Well P37 gave the sample with the highest level at 120 mg/L. Detectable fluoride occurred in all four samples from well P23 at levels of 1.1 mg/L. Detectable fluoride also occurred in all four samples from quarterly spring P12A at levels ranging from 4.5 mg/L to 4.7 mg/L. This last range of levels exceeds the Primary MCL of 4 mg/L for fluoride; the spring water from this station has consistently done so in the past. Historical fluoride levels have ranged from slightly above 4 mg/L to slightly above 5 mg/L. Sulfate was detected in 33 samples from seven quarterly and eight annual stations, with the highest concentration (620 mg/L) occurring in a sample from quarterly well P32. Spring P12A and quarterly wells P32, P37, P34, P21 and BR1B each have sulfate values that vary within narrow ranges. Nitrate/nitrite was detected in 51 of 69 samples from 30 stations with a high concentration of 3.5 mg/L as nitrogen for annual well WKE1. This level is well below the Primary MCL of 10 mg/L as nitrogen. Detectable phosphorus occurred in 48 samples from 30 stations, with the highest concentration of 0.18 mg/L being found for quarterly well P34. Phosphorus concentrations vary within narrow ranges within the quartets of samples from quarterly spring P12A and from quarterly wel~s P21, P23, P25, P33, P34 and P35. Detectable VOCs occurred in samples from wells COU4 (chloroform 0.69 ug/L and methyl tert-butyl ether 1.1 ug/L) and UPS1 (chloroform 1.0 ug/L). Chloroform is a disinfectant by-product.
3. 8.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
ICP analysis found detectable aluminum, calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, and sodium. No beryllium, cobalt, titanium, or vanadium was detected. Calcium was found in all samples except springs HAS2 and TOW1. These two springs are located in FD Roosevelt State Park (HAS2) and Brasstown Bald Recreation Area (TOW1 ). The reason for no detectable calcium in these two springs is probably because these two springs flow through a homogeneous quartzite rock. The highest calcium levels (260,000 ug/L, 120,000 ug/L, 200,000 ug/L and 160,000 ug/L) occurred in the quarterly samples from well P32. The mean calcium concentration was 29,1 04 ug/L and the median concentration was 19,000 ug/L. As a rule, calcium levels of samples from each quarterly station tend to cluster closely. Magnesium was detected in 60 samples from 33 stations. Magnesium contents of sample waters ranged from not detected up to 39,000 ug/L (well P30). As with calcium, magnesium levels in samples from each quarterly well generally tend to cluster. All samples from the quarterly regolith well P33 and samples from annual bedrock wells P38 and BAN1A and annual springs BR5, HAS2 and TOW1 contained no detectable magnesium. Sodium was present in all samples and ranged from 1,100 ug/L in the samples from springs HAS2 and TOW1
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to 42,000 ug/L in a sample from well P12A. Sodium levels for each quarterly well have a general tendency to cluster. The mean sodium concentration was 13,286 ug/L and the median was 11 ,000 ug/L. Detectable potassium was found in all four samples from one station (well P35) in a range of 6,600 ug/L to 7,300 ug/L. The low sensitivity of the current laboratory testing procedure for potassium probably accounts for the apparent scarcity of this metal. Aluminum was detected in seven samples from wells P30, P33, P37, P38 and TOW1. Well P33 registered the highest level at 470 ug/L. Aluminum levels exceeded the Secondary MCL range of 50-200 ug/L. Iron was detected in 35 samples from 20 wells and one spring, with a range from not detected up to 1,700 ug/L (well COU3). This concentration exceeds the Secondary MCL for iron of 300 ug/L. Five other wells produced samples with an iron level equal to or greater than the Secondary MCL; P30 (510 ug/L), P33 (360 ug/L and 570 ug/L), COU1 (970 ug/l), FRA1 (350 ug/l), and MAD1 (590 ug/l). Manganese was detected in 39 samples from 18 wells and one spring, with a maximum concentration of 340 ug/l (well COU3). Twenty-three samples from wells P20, .P21, P25, P33, P35, P37, COU1, COU2, COU3, COU4, FRA1, HAS1, MAD1 and WAS3 equaled or exceeded the Secondary MCL of 50 ug/L.
3.8.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis of water samples detected the following metals: chromium, copper, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, barium, thallium, lead and uranium. None of the following metals were found in detectable amounts: nickel, arsenic, silver, cadmium, tin and antimony. Chromium and selenium were both detected in only one sample from the same well (P28). Molybdenum was detected in only one sample from well BAN1A. Thallium was detected in only one sample from well UPS1. Copper occurred in 13 samples from 8 wells, with a maximum level of 110 ug/l in the sample from well P22. This sample also had one of the lowest pHs. All copper detections occurred in acidic waters, with the highest pH for a samp1e containing detectable copper registering at 6.90. No detectable copper occurred in neutral or basic waters. Zinc was detected in 23 samples from 15 wells, with the maximum level at 300 ug/L from well WKE1. All zinc detections except for wells P20 (pH 7.79), P24 (pH 7.28), COU1 (pH 7.05) and COU3 (pH 7.09) occurred in acidic waters. lead was detected in four samples from four wells. All lead detections occurred in acidic water. All lead detections occurred with zinc or copper detections. Again, these three metals commonly leach into sample water from plumbing and are not necessarily present naturally. Barium, as elsewhere in the State's groundwater, was a nearly ubiquitous trace metal, being detected in 64 samples from 35 wells and three springs. Four samples from quarterly spring P12A and one sample from quarterly well P32 contained no detectable barium. The maximum concentration was 230 ug/L from a sample from annual well P20. No samples exceeded the Primary MCL of 2,000 ug/L. Uranium was detected in five samples from four wells. Uranium detections were down from previous years due to the reporting limit of the lab going from the previous 1.0 ug/L to 10 ug/L. Uranium concentrations ranged from not detected up to 13.5 ug/L found in a sample from well P25. Granitic bedrock is present where these wells are drilled and is the most common bedrock type to host uraniferous water.
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3.9 VALLEY AND RIDGE/APPALACHIAN PLATEAU AQUIFER SYSTEM
3.9. 1 Aquifer System Characteristics
Since Georgia's portion of the Appalachian Plateau Province extends over such a small area of the State, i.e., its northwestern corner, this report includes that province with the Valley and Ridge Province for purposes of discussion. Bedrock in the combined province is sedimentary, comprising limestones, dolostones, shales, siltstones, mudstones, conglomerates and sandstones (Figure 3-9).
Primary porosity in the province's bedrock is low, leaving fractures and solution-enlarged voids as the main water-bearing structures. The bedrock in the province is extensively faulted and folded, conditions that have served to proliferate fracturing and to segment water-bearing strata into numerous local flow systems, in contrast to the expansive regional flow regimes characteristic of the Coastal Plain sediments. Fractures in limestones and dolostones can become much enlarged by solution, greatly increasing their ability to store water.
Zones of intense fracturing commonly occur in carbonate bedrock along such structures as fold axes and fault planes and are especially prone to weathering. Such zones of intense fracturing give rise to broad valleys with gently sloping sides and bottoms covered with thick regolith. The carbonate bedrock beneath such valleys presents a voluminous source of typically hard groundwater.
As in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge Province, the regolithic mantle of soil and residuum derived from weathered bedrock blankets much of the Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau Province. The water table lying within the regolithic mantle yields soft water ("freestone" water) sufficient for domestic and light agricultural use (Cressler et al., 1976; 1979). The regolithic mantle also acts as a reservoir, furnishing water to the underlying bedrock, which supplies most of the useful groundwater in the province.
Monitoring water quality in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifers made use of four springs and three drilled wells (Figure 3-9). Springs VR2A, VR8 and VR10 are public supply springs. Spring VR3 is a former public supply spring now serving ornamental purposes in a public park. Well VR1 is a public supply well, well VR6A is an industrial process water source and well VR11 is a private domestic well. Spring VR8 is scheduled for quarterly sampling, while all the other stations are sampled on an annual basis. All stations tap carbonate bedrock aquifers.
3.9.2 Field Parameters
Sample water pHs ranged from 7.08 for well VR11 to 7.87 for well VR1. Conductivities ranged from 220 uS/em (spring VR10) to 454 uS/em (well VR11). Dissolved oxygen measurements are available for well VR1 (7.24 mg/L) and well VR11 (1.87 mg/L). Dissolved oxygen measurements were made on spring waters

at or downstream of spring heads; however, due to atmospheric exposure at the spring heads, these measurements may not validly represent oxygen levels in the water prior to discharge. The temperature of sample waters from well VR1 was 16.17 degrees C, 17.91 degrees C from well VR6A and 17.14 degrees C from well VR11. For spring waters, contact with the surface environment may have altered actual water temperatures present at the spring heads, since water temperatures were measured downstream from the springheads.
3.9.3 Major Anions, Non-Metals, and Volatile Organic Compounds
Neither chloride, sulfate nor phosphorus was detected in any of the sample waters. Detectable nitrate/nitrite was present in all of the sample waters and ranged from 0.68 mg/L as nitrogen in spring VR8 to.2.60 mg/L as nitrogen in well VR11. 1he sample from well VR6A was the only one to contain detectable VOCs. The
= compounds consisted of: 1,1-dichloroethylene at 1.8 ug/L (Primary MCL 7 ug/L)
and tetrachloroethylene at 2.1 ug/L (Primary MCL = 5 ug/L). These compounds, particularly the chlorinated ethylenes, are used primarily as solvents. The owner/user of well VR6A manufactures barium and strontium compounds and anthraquinone.
3.9.4 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Spectrometry (ICP)
ICP analysis found calcium, magnesium, and sodium in all samples, aluminum in one sample and iron in four samples. Aluminum was detected in one sample from spring VR8 at a level of 110 ug/L. This aluminum level exeeeded the Secondary MCL range of 50-200 ug/L. Detectable iron was present in the sample from well VR6A (29 ug/L), one of the four samples from spring VR8 (29 ug/L), from spring VR10 (35 ug/L) and from well VR11 (70 ug/L), all at levels below the Secondary MCL of 300 ug/L. Neither manganese nor potassium was detected in any of the samples. Calcium levels ranged from 28,000 ug/L from well VR1 to 65,000 ugll from well VR11 . Magnesium levels ranged from 14,000 ug/L from well VR11 to 18,000 ug/L from well VR6A. Sodium levels ranged from 1,400 ug/L from springs VR3 and VR8 to 8,700 ug/L from well VR6A.
3.9.5 Metals by Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)
ICPMS analysis found barium and zinc. Detectable barium was present in all samples and ranged from 10.0 ug/L from well VR1 to 540 ug/L from well VR6A. All samples save the one from VR6A have barium levels below 100 ug/L. Well VR6A furnishes process water to a firm that manufactures barium and strontium compounds and is situated in an area that sees the mining and processing of barite. Zinc at levels of 18.0 ug/L and 16.0 ug/L was detected in two samples from well VR6A and spring VR10 respectively. A spigot in the treatment house near the spring head or related plumbing may have contributed the zinc at spring VR10. This spigot is the only source of untreated water from the spring.
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N
A
SO MUes
Sampling Stations
Cl General Recharge Area (from Davis et al., 1989)
Figure 3-9. Locations of Stations Monitoring the Valley-and-Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Aquifer System.
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CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
EPD personnel collected 187 water samples from 115 wells and nine springs on the Groundwater Monitoring Network during the calendar year 2016. The samples were analyzed for VOCs, chloride, sulfate, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, 15 trace metals by ICPMS analysis, and 11 major metals by ICP analysis. Waters from two neighboring stations in the central Piedmont received analyses for fluoride because one of the stations was known to produce water with excessive levels of fluoride. These wells and springs monitor the water quality of eight major aquifers and aquifer systems as considered for this report in Georgia:
Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system,
Clayton aquifer,
Claiborne aquifer,
Jacksonian aquifer
Floridan aquifer system,
Miocene/Recent aquifer system,
Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system,
Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifer system.
4.1 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS AND pH
4.1.1 pH
The Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system, developed in Coastal Plain sands, furnished waters with the overall lowest pHs. This aquifer system featured only five of 22 wells yielding waters with basic pHs.
Not many stations were available to sample wells tapping the Clayton, Claiborne, or Jacksonian aquifers. However, the results are these: 1) Clayton acidic - as expected for updip portions of the aquifer, downdip portions should be basic; 2) Claiborne - two basic, one acidic - one acidic-yielding well is shallow and updip in sands; the two basic-yielding wells are deeper and probably penetrate some limey sand or limestone; 3) Jacksonian - all eight wells were basic - basic and neutral waters should be expected from limey sands.
The Floridan aquifer system, as might be expected for carbonate-rock
aquifers, gave waters with mildly basic pHs. Waters from the Floridan are the most basic in pH of any in the study.
4-1

The Miocene aquifer system is developed in sands. However, these may include shelly detritus in some places (evident at surface excavations near well Ml17 and at coastal well Ml16). Dissolution of such detritus can raise the pHs of groundwaters in such areas, giving water from this well a mildly basic pH. In places where such shelly matter is not available, waters emerge with low pHs, as at well MI2A.
Sample-water pHs in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge are generally mildly acidic, with 24 out of 69 sample measurements exceeding or equaling a pH of 7.00.
The Valley-and-Ridge/Appalachian Plateau sampling stations are all located in the Valley-and-Ridge sector. With carbonate rocks being the major aquifer media, samples from the sector would be expected to be mildly basic, which all ten samples taken in the sector were found to be basic with some samples close to neutral. In the past, some of these samples were found to be slightly acidic instead of all samples being basic. The seeming incidence of past acidic waters was probably due to a larger amount of typically acidic precipitation entering the springs' flow systems than the carbonate bedrock can neutralize.
The very acidic pHs of the sample waters in the updip portions of the Jacksonian, Clayton, Claiborne, and, particularly, the Cretaceous/Providence can face metal plumbing with leaching and corrosion problems. Such waters may contain elevated or excessive, but not naturally occurring, levels of lead, copper, and zinc.
4.1.2 Conductivity
Conductivity in groundwaters from the sandy Cretaceous/ Providence aquifer system seems to be highest for the deeper wells near the Chattahoochee River. Overall, conductivities are relatively low, in the range of lower tens of microsiemens.
Similar conductivities can be found in waters from the updip portions of the Clayton and Claiborne aquifers, where the media consist mostly of sand. For the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer system, low conductivities could be associated with groundwaters hosted by quartzites or quartz veins. High conductivities may arise in waters in deep flow regimes where waters are long in contact with granitic and other reactive host rocks.
Conductivities of groundwaters in the Floridan and other carbonate rock aquifers are generally higher than those in siliceous rocks. This condition results from the dissolution of carbonate minerals, in cases augmented by dissolution of intergranular sulfate, where dissolved sulfate will also be present in the water.
4-2

4.1.3 Temperature
Groundwater temperatures measured under the current sampling procedure are only approximations of the actual groundwater temperature, as some heating can result from the action of pumping and heating or cooling can result from exposure . to ambient surface conditions. Nevertheless, groundwater& from shallower wells in the northern part of the State are overall somewhat cooler than those from the southern part; and those from wells much deeper than about 400 to 500 feet show effects from geothermal warming.
4.2 ANIONS, NON-METALS AND VOCS
4.2.1 Chloride and Fluoride
Water samples receive testing for fluoride only at PiedmonUBiue Ridge stations P12A, a mineral spring and w~ll P23, a nearby well. All four samples from spring P12A exceeded the Primary MCL for fluoride. Testing more stations for fluoride could provide a better base level assessment of fluoride contents in the State's ambient groundwater&.
Chloride at currently detectable levels is not too common in ambient groundwater&. Abundance seems to be largest in the deeper Floridan waters, which had detections at nine out of 39 stations. The Floridan occurrences seem restricted to the Gulf Trough and Coastal areas, with the Coastal area sample from well PA9C giving the study's only Secondary MCL exceedance for chloride. The Miocene/Surficial aquifer is the next most abundant with two of seven stations of less than 100 feet depth giving water with detectable chloride. Chloride is also relatively abundant in PiedmonUBiue Ridge waters, detected at five out of 39 stations.
4.2.2 Sulfate
Sulfate is more widespread than chloride. Sulfate is more abundant in deeper waters, with the shallowest occurrence, aside from PiedmonUBiue Ridge mineral spring P12A, being 150 feet-deep well MAR1 in the Cretaceous aquifer. Sulfate seems more abundant in Floridan sample waters, detectable at 15 out of 35 stations. Sulfate is also abunqant in the PiedmonUBiue Ridge, occurring in detectable amounts in waters from 15 of 39 stations. The Cretaceous aquifer yielded samples containing detectable sulfate in seven out of 22 stations. Jacksonian sample waters yielded two out of eight stations with detectable sulfate. The sample from Piedmont well P32 yielded the study's highest overall sulfate content ~nd a Secondary MCL exceedance. The lowest incidences of detectable sulfate were in the Miocene/Surficial at one of seven stations.
4-3

4.2.3 Nitrate/Nitrite
Ninety-six (96) samples from 66 of the 124 stations sampled for this project contained detectable nitrate/nitrite. At least one sampling station drawing from each of the aquifers and aquifer systems discussed in this report gave a sample with detectable nitrate/nitrite. The combined substances are most widespread among the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau samples, where all stations gave samples containing detectable amounts. The combined substances are also widespread in Piedmont/Blue Ridge and Floridan waters. The three highest concentrations of nitrate/nitrite (20.0 mg/L at well M19A, 7.8 mg/L at well MI2A and 3.3 mg/L at well P30) occurred at Miocene/Surficial and Piedmont stations. All three samples exceeded the naturally occurring maximum level of 3 mg/L (as nitrogen), a level generally considered to indicate human influence (Madison and Brunett, 1984; Gaskin et al., 2003).
Since nitrate/nitrite, an oxidant, becomes depleted the farther water travels away from oxidizing, near-surface environments and into reducing ones, a crude inverse relation exists between the concentration of the combined substances and well depths. The nitrate/nitrite concentrations in Floridan samples illustrate this: the combined substances are undetected in wells deeper than about 650 feet and reach a maximum concentration of 1.8 mg/L in four of four samples from well PA25, 174 feet deep. The situation in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge is less straightforward, as mineral spring P12A lacks detectable nitrate/nitrite in three of four quarterly samples and well P24 at 700 feet gives water with a concentration of 0.24 mg/L.
4.2.4 Phosphorus
Analyses determine only total phosphorus; the method used (EPA Method 365.1) for testing cannot determine how the element is bound. There were only three samples from three stations collected for the Claiborne, however this aquifer registered the highest mean phosphorus content of 0.30 mg/L. Of the m9re extensively sampled Piedmont/Blue Ridge and Floridan aquifer systems, the former regjstered a mean phosphorus content of 0.047 mg/L and the latter a content of 0.018 mg/L. The high phosphorus value for the Floridan was .17 mg/L and the high for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge was 0.18 mg/L. The highest value for all the aquifers was in the Cretaceous aquifer system at a level of 2.60 mg/L detected in the sample from station K3. However, the Cretaceous still only registered a mean phosphorus content of 0.16 mg/L. The apparent low phosphorus content occurred for the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifer system with no detections.
4.2.5 Dissolved Oxygen
The measurement of dissolved oxygen contents is beset with some difficulties that can cause spurious values: instrument malfunction; aeration of well water due to cascading or to a pump's entraining air at low pumping water levels; measuring at spring pools or at sampling points that cannot be isolated from atmosphere. Nevertheless, measured dissolved oxygen generally decreases with well depth.
4-4

4.2;6 Volatile Organic Compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found in 11 samples from 10 wells and one spring (see Table 4-2). None exceeded their respective Primary MCLs. The trihalomethanes - chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane, and bromoform -- were the most _widely occurring of the VOCs. These compounds result from halogen-bearing disi.nfectants reacting with organic matter naturally present in the water. Two scenarios accompany the occurrence of the compounds. The first involves disinfection of the well and plumbing components incident to maintenance or repairs, as took place in 2012 with well PA44. The second scenario involves leaking check valves or foot valves that allow disinfectant-treated water to flow back down the well when pumps are off, as apparently happened with well PA23.
Well VR6A and spring PA59 yielded water containing chlorinated ethylene compounds. Sample water from VR6A has also contained detectable chlorinated benzene compounds in the past. The former are used as solvents; in addition to solvent uses, the latter can be used as disinfectants, fumigants, pesticides, and starters for manufacturing other compounds. The owner of well VR6A, Chemical Products Corporation, manufactures barium and strontium compounds.
Well COU4 yielded water containing methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE; 2methoxy-2-methyl-propane), which has no MCL. An advisory range of 20 ug/L to 40 ug/L has preliminarily been set due to offensive taste and smell. The compound has been added to motor fuels as an oxygenate (promotes cleaner burning). That use is being curtailed due to the greater water solubility of the compound compared to other fuel components thus its heightened ability to contaminate groundwater. Data on the long-term health effects of the compound are sparse.
4.3 ICP METALS
Analysis using inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) works well for metals that occur in larger concentrations in groundwater samples. Samples in this study were not filtered, so the method measured analytes that occurred in fine suspended matter as well as those occurring as solutes. The laboratory used the technique to test for aluminum, beryllium, calcium, cobalt, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, titanium, and vanadium. No beryllium, cobalt or vanadium occurred in any samples at detectable levels.
4.3.1 Aluminum
Aluminum, a common naturally occurring metal in the State's groundwater may be present in particulate form or as a solute. Current sampling procedures do not allow separate analyses of particulates and solutes. For its Secondary MCL, aluminum is subject to a range of concentrations from 50 ug/L to 200 ug/L,
depending on the ability of a water system to remove the metal from water
4-5

undergoing treatment. The EPD laboratory's reporting level for the metal, 60 ug/L lies within the Secondary MCL range, placing any sample with detectable aluminum within the MCL range.
The metal appears to be most abundant in water samples with acidic pHs and, as a rule, is more concentrated the higher the acidity. The Miocene/Recent aquifer system, updip portions of the Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system, and updip terrigenous clastic-rich portions of the Clayton aquifer are examples. Aquifers giving mildly basic samples such as the carbonate hosted Floridan aquifer and carbonate portions of the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifers produce few sample waters containing any detectable aluminum. The metal's abundance in bedrock waters from the Piedmont Blue Ridge aquifer system seems also low. Samples from deeper wells with more strongly basic pHs (approaching 8.00) may contain some detectable aluminum.
4.3.2 Iron and Manganese
Iron and manganese are also two more naturally occurring metals in Georgia's groundwater. Both, like aluminum, may occur as fine particulates or as solutes. Both seem more abundant in acidic waters. Manganese also seems more abundant in waters with low dissolved oxygen contents. Sand units (e.g., the Cretaceous and updip Clayton) and shallower igneous /metamorphic bedrock give waters with the highest iron or manganese concentrations. Waters with the lowest concentrations are drawn from carbonate units (e.g., the Floridan and the carbonates in the Valley and Ridge/ Appalachian Plateau province), which also usually have the higher pH waters.
4.3.3 Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, and Potassium
Calcium is most abundant in sample waters from the Jacksonian aquifer. Sample waters from the Floridan and the Piedmont/Blue Ridge aquifer systems also contain high calcium levels. The metal could be considered least abundant in samples from the Cretaceous/Providence aquifer system. Only three, updip samples are available from the Clayton aquifer, making this lowest average calcium content hardly representative.
Magnesium appears most abundant in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau aquifer system and least abundant in the Cretaceous/Providence system. Again, the average magnesium value for the Clayton aquifer depends on three samples and is not representative for the aquifer.
Detectable sodium is nearly ubiquitous. The metal is most abundant in waters from the Floridan and the Piedmont/Blue Ridge and least so in waters from the more updip Cretaceous.
4-6

The testing method used by the EPD laboratory to analyze for potassium is not very sensitive (reporting limit 5,000 ug/L), therefore detectable potassium was found in only eight samples from five stations- two samples from two stations in the Miocene, two samples from two stations in the Floridan and four samples from one station in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge.
Kellam and Gorday (1990) observed that Ca/Mg ratios are highest in the Floridan where recharge areas are closest. Their observation also applies to the Floridan in this study, and a wide range of Ca/Mg ratios from indefinitely large (division by zero or a very small number) to 1.2 exists. However, for carbonate or carbonate-bearing aquifer media in the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau, the Jacksonian, the Claiborne, the Miocene/Surficial aquifers and aquifer systems the rule does not seem to apply. The ratios seem to cluster around 2.00 for the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau samples, and to range from 21 .6 up to indefinitely large for the Jacksonian. The low number of sampling stations situated in these other aquifers or aquifer systems might cause the differences between Floridan Ca/Mg ratios and ratios for the other aquifers and aquifer systems to be apparent.
4.4 ICPMS METALS
The JCPMS method works well for most trace metals. Sample waters undergoing testing by this method, as with the samples subject to ICP testing, were unfiltered. The EPD laboratory tested for the following trace metals: chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, tin, antimony. barium, thallium and lead; uranium testing was performed by the Soil, Plant and Water Analysis Laboratory at the University of Georgia. Silver, cadmium, tin, and antimony remained below detection in all samples. No metals analyzed under the ICPMS method registered any levels above the Primary or Secondary MCLs or action levels.
4.4. 1 Chromium and Nickel
Detectable chromium occurred in one sample from one Cretaceous station and one sample from one Piedmont station. Nickel occurred in one sample from one Clayton station. These metals do occur naturally occasionally in the sedimentary rocks of the Floridan aquifer sysytem. However, in this study the chromium and nickel occurrences were in the Cretaceous, Piedmont and Clayton aquifer systems and not the Floridan.
4.4.2 Arsenic, Selenium, Uranium, and Molybdenum
Arsenic was detected in two samples from the Floridan (quarterly well PA23 and PA28). The Floridan samples came from the Gulf Trough area of Grady County, the scene of other groundwater arsenic detections, some above the Primary MCL (10 ug/L} (Donahue et al., 2012). Selenium was found in samples from the Piedmont, Cretaceous, Miocene and Floridan aquifer systems (wells P28,
4-7

K7, MI10B, PA9C and PA18). The element may accompany uranium in deposits formed from the reduction of oxic groundwaters. Twelve samples from three Floridan stations and one sample from one Piedmont station contained detectable molybdenum. The stations - PA23, PA28, and PA56 - are all Gulf Trough area wells. The lone sample to contain molybdenum in the Piedmont was from well BAN1A, which is a well that has had detectable uranium in the past. Like selenium, molybdenum can be associated with uranium in deposits formed through the reduction of oxic groundwaters (Turner-Peterson and Hodges, 1986). Uranium appears to be most abundant in the Piedmont/Blue Ridge, with four stations giving five samples containing detectable uranium. Uranium detections were down from previous years due to the reporting limit of the lab going from the previous 1.0 ug/L to 10 ug/L. Uranium minerals, sometimes accompanied by molybdenum and selenium minerals, can precipitate from oxic groundwaters subjected to strong reduction.
4.4.3 Copper, Lead, and Zinc
Copper, lead, and zinc detections are more numerous in acidic samples. Copper and lead did not exceed their action level nor zinc its Secondary MCLin any samples. Out of a total of 187 samples taken for the study, 33 samples with pHs below 7.00 contained detectable amounts of at least one of these metals. In contrast, only 14 samples with basic pHs contained detectable amounts of any of these metals. Past experiences where two samples, each drawn from a different spigot, had different copper, zinc, and lead values, suggest that these metals are, at least in part, derived from plumbing. Therefore, the copper, lead, and zinc levels in the samples are not necessarily representative of those in the ambient groundwater.
4.4.4 Barium
A possible effect of the sensitivity of the testing method, barium detections
occur in almost every sample. Because, perhaps, nearby barite deposits and associated mining and processing activities greatly increased the barium level in groundwater at station VR6A, a sample from that station has caused the Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau samples to have one of the highest average barium levels along with samples from the Floridan and Miocene/Surficial aquifer systems. Groundwater containing excessive barium (Primary MCL of 2,000 ug/L) has not been a problem since the in-town public well field, drawing from the Floridan at Fitzgerald, Ben Hill County, closed in 1995.
4.5 CONTAMINATION OCCURENCES
According to the Safe Drinking Water Act (Public Law 93-523, section 1401, Dec. 16, 1974) a "contaminant" is any "physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance in water"- almost anything except water itself. Some contaminants can be innocuous or even beneficial; others can be undesirable or harmful.
4-8

Modeled after limits USEPA has established concerning the quality of water offered for public consumption, the State established limits on certain contaminants in water for public use (Table 4-1). Some contaminants may endanger health, if present in sufficient concentrations. Two types of limits apply to such contaminants. The first, the Primary MCL, imposes mandatory limits applying to treated water at the point of its production. The second, the action level, sets forth mandatory limits that regulate copper and lead contents and apply to water at the point where the consumer can partake of it.
Secondary MCLs (Table 4-1) are suggested limits established for substances imparting only unpleasant qualities to water. The unpleasant qualities include bad taste and staining ability - such as with iron and manganese - and cosmetic effects - such as with silver.
4.5.1 Primary MCL and Action Level Exceedances
One well and one spring produced samples with substances that exceeded Primary MCLs or action levels (Table 4-1). Mineral spring P12A gave four samples that exceeded the Primary MCL for fluoride (4 mg/L). The spring has, in the past, regularly given samples that fall in a range from 4 mg/L to a little above 5 ug/L fluoride. The fluoride is almost certainly natural.
Nitrate/nitrite exceeded its Primary MCL of 10 mg/L as nitrogen in well MI9A. The well, a former garden well, 22 feet deep and located adjacent to a row-crop field , has yielded water with excessive nitrate/nitrite before.
4. 5.2 Secondary MCL Exceedances
Substances occurring in excess of Secondary MCLs (Tabl~ 4-1) consisted of manganese, aluminum, iron, sulfate, and chloride. Manganese, aluminum, and iron are common naturally occurring metals in Georgia's groundwater.
Manganese exceeded its MCL in 36 samples from 24 wells. Five of the wells were quarterly (P21, P25, P33, P35, P37 and PA34A); four gave four samples and two gave one of four samples with excessive manganese.
The Secondary MCL for aluminum is established as a range, varying from 50 ug/L to 200 ug/L. The range is designed to accommodate varying ability of water
treatment facilities at removing aluminum from treated water. This is a
consequence of a tradeoff between introducing into treated water coagulants, which contain soluble aluminum, versus impaired removal of suspended aluminumbearing contaminants. The aluminum present in waters covered by this study is naturally occurring rather than introduced. Of additional note, water in shallow wells may experience an increase in suspended matter (turbidity) during prolonged rain events, which may result in an increased aluminum value because of suspended material. Aluminum excesses, those which exceeded the 50 ug/L level (most groundwater used for public consumption lacks measureable suspended matter),
4-9

were found in 15 samples from 13 wells. Aluminum excesses were the most consistent in the domestic bored Piedmont regolith well P33.
Iron equaled or exceeded its Secondary MCLin 17 samples from 16 wells. Iron is another common naturally occurring contaminant in Georgia's groundwater. One of the wells was quarterly well P33 which had detectable iron in two of the quarterly samples. Well P33 is a shallow bored well and sample water from this well is typically murky with suspended particulates.
Well P32 gave four samples with excessive sulfate and well PA9C gave a sample with excessive sulfate and excessive chloride.
4.5.3 Volatile Organic Compounds
Trihalomethanes are the most common of the VOCs detected (Table 4-2). Chloroform, the most commonly detected of the VOCs, was present in nine samples from seven stations. Bromodichloromethane and dibromochloromethane were the next most common with each having five detections from four stations and bromoform with three detections from two stations. In groundwater, these compounds originate as by-products when halogenous disinfectants react with naturally-occurring organic matter present in the water. The disinfectants are introduced to the water through cleaning processes incident to well maintenance or through leaky check valves or foot valves allowing treated water down a well during normal operation.
One station (VR6A) gave a sample containing detectable tetrachloroethylene and 1,1-dichloroethylene. Well VR6A, an industrial process water well, is in an industrial area and is within about two miles of former and current landfills. The former landfills utilized unlined exhausted barite pits. Cressler et al. (1979) had warned of the danger of using these sorts of pits for waste disposal in the Cartersville area because of the karstic bedrock. However, the source of the VOCs at station VR6A is uncertain.
Well COU4 also gave a sample with a detection of MTBE, a fuel additive, and. spring PA59 gave a sample with a trichloroethylene detection. Trichloroethylene is commonly used as a solvent or degreaser for metals parts, as a dry-cleaning solvent and in the manufacturing of a range of fluorocarbon refrigerants.
4-10

Table 4-1. Contaminant Exceedances, Calendar Year 2016.

Station

Contaminant

MCL

[ Type Source

Date Sampled

Primaty MCL and Copper/Lead Action Level Exceedances

MI9A P12A P12A P12A P12A

Nitrate/nitrite = 17 mg/L as N Fluoride= 4.7 mg/L Fluoride = 4.5 mg/L
Fluoride = 4.5 mg/L
Fluoride= 4.51'!lg/L

10 mg/L 4 mg/L 4 mg/L 4 mg/L 4 mg/L

domestic well mineral spring mineral spring mineral spring mineral spring

09/13/16 02/10/16 05/04/16 08/23/16 11/02116

i-
COU3
WAS3
COU4

Secondary MCL Exceedances

Manganese = 340 ug/L Manganese = 270 ug/L Manganese = 260 ug/L

50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

02/24/16

- public well

03/09/16

public well

.08/22/16

MI10B

Manganese= 190 ug/L 50 ug/L

domestic well 09/13/16

COU1

HAS1

1--

MAD1

1--

-

P35

P35

P35

P35

P37

-

P37

SUM2

1-

PA34A

f-

PA34A

PA34A

PA34A

Manganese = 160 ug/L Manganese= 150 ug/Lr Manganese= 140 ug/L Manganese = 140 ug/L

50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L

I public well
public well public well domestic well

05/03/16
04/20/16
-
05/17/16
-
01/20/16

Manganese = 130 ug/L
I
Manganese = 130 ug/L

50 ug/L 50 ug/L

domestic well domestic well

07/13/16 10/18/16

Manganese = 120 ug/L 50 ug/L

domestic well 04/06/16

Manganese= 120 ug/L 50 ug/L
- 1-

Manganese= 120 ug/L

50 ug/L
- ~-

Manganese = 11 0 ug/L

-- 50 ug/L

Manganese = 100 ug/L 50 ug/L

Manganese = 100 ug/L

I 50 ug/L

Manganese = 97 ug/L 50 ug/L

Manganese = 96 ug/L 50 ug/L
.1

public well public well public well public well public well public well public well

01/20/16
10/18/16
-
01/26/16
-
09/07/16
-
12/07/16
- 03/22/16
- 06/14/16

4-11

Table 4-1. Contaminant Exceedances. Calendar Year 2016.

I Station
I
I P37
I P25 I WAY1
P25
P20
P25

Contaminant

MCL

Type Source

Secondary MCL Exceedances Continued

Manganese = 96 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

Manganese= 95 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 93 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

Manganese = 89 ug/L
IManganese = 82 ug/L
IManganese = 77 ug/L

50 ug/L 50 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well public well public well

P33

Manganese = 72 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

JEF1 PA18

Manganese = 67 ug/L Manganese = 64 ug/L

50 ug/L

domestic well

--

50 ug/L

public well

I Date
Sampled
07/13/16 08/23/16
I 07/27/16
11/02/16 07/22/16 05/04/16
I 10/18/16
06/02/16 06/02/16

J5

Manganese = 62 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

03/22/16

COU2 Manganese = 62 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

05/03/16

P25

Manganese = 58 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

02/10/16

--

- !---

-

P37

Manganese= 57 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

04/06/16

P21

Manganese= 55 ug/L 50 ug/L

public well

05/04/16

FRA1

Manganese= 54 ug/L

50 ug/L - - public well

01/20/16

- - - CL4A

:--------

-

Manganese= 54 ug/L - 50 ug/L

- public well

01/26/16 r-

CL8

Manganese= 52 ug/L

- 50 ug/L - - public well -r- 01/27/16

PA16

Manganese= 51 ug/L

- - - 50 ug/L

public well -

06/02/16

SUM2

Aluminum=1,200ug/L 50-200 ug/L

- public well -

01/26/16 -

-

P33

Aluminum= 470 ug/L 50-200 ug/L

- r--

- r--

- - domestic well

01/20/16

P30

- Aluminum = 380 ug/L 50-200 ug/L : -dome- stic w- ell r-- 02/09/16

K12

- - - Aluminum = 350 ug/L 50-200 ug/L

public well
-

01127/16 -

- - K9A - Aluminum = 330 ug/L 50-200 ug/L

public well

01127/16 -

-

- - - - - P33

Aluminum = 280 ug/L 50-200 ug/L domestic well

r--

04/06/16

MI2A

Aluminum = 190 ug/L 50-200 ug/L domestic well
'-

- 09/13/16

4-12

Table 4-1 Continued. Contaminant Exceedances, Calendar Year 2016.

I Station

Contaminant

MCL

I j Type Source Date Sampled

Secondary MCL Exceedances Continued

1--
VRB

Aluminum= 110 ug/L

TOW1 -

Aluminum= 99 ug/L

- CTB

Aluminum = 90 ug/L

P33

Aluminum = B1 ug/L

50-200 ug/L 50-200 ug/L 50-200 ug/L 50-200 ug/L

spring

spring

I

I

I domestic well

domestic well

05/16/16
08/09/16
04/20/16 -
07/13/16

P3B

Aluminum = 76 ug/L 50-200 ug/L

public well

P37

Aluminum = 69 ug/L 50-200 ug/L

public well

MI9A

Aluminum = 65 ug/L 50-200 ug/L domestic well

PA25
MI10B
-
CL4A
- COU3
STW1 r-
CHT1
STW2

I Aluminum = 65 ug/L 50-200 ug/L I public well

- Iron= 11,000 ug/L

300 ug/L

Iron= 2,000 ug/L

300 ug/L

domeslcwell public well

I Iron= 1,700 ug/L

300 ug/L

I Iron= 1,500 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well
I public well

Iron = 1,400 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well

= Iron 1,300 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well

GLY2

Iron= 1,200 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well

K3
PA9C
1-
- COU1 - MAC1
MAD1
CL8
I P33
P30
P33
-
- FRA1

Iron = 1,100 ug/L

300 ug/L

I Iron= 1,000 ug/L

300 ug/L

Iron = 970 ug/L

300 ug/L

public well former test public well

Iron = 940 ug/L Iron = 590 ug/L Iron = 570 ug/L Iron = 570 ug/L

300 ug/L
300 ug/L
I 300 ug/L
300 ug/L

public well
-
public well
i public well
domesicwell

Iron= 510 ug/L

300 ug/L

-~

Iron = 360 ug/L

300 ug/L

domesicwell domesicwell

Iron = 350 ug/L

-- 300 ug/L

public well

08/10/16
-
- 01/20/16 - 09/13/16
06/28116 09/13/16 01/26/16 02/24/16 03/08116 09/27/16
-
- 06/28/16 - 06/15/16
03/09/16 06/15/16 05/03/16 03/23/16
- 05/17/16 -
- 01/27/16
- 10/18/16
02/09/16 01/20/16 01/20/16

4-13

Table 4-1 Continued. Contaminant Exceedancea, Calendar Year 2016.

I Station

I Contaminant

MCL

Type Source I Date Sam~l~

Secondary MCL Exceedances Continued

P32 P32 P32 PA9C P32 PA9C

Sulfate= 620 mg/L

250 mg/L

t-

- - Sulfate = 460 mg/L

250 mg/L

Sulfate = 430 mg/L

250 mg/L

Sulfate = 270 mg/L

250 mg/L

Sulfate = 260 mg/L

250 mg/L

Chloride = 860 mg/L 250 mg/L

domestic well domestic well domestic well
former test domestic well
I former test

01/20/16 07/13/16 10/18/16 06/15/16 04/06/16 06/15/16

(The alphabetic prefix In a station number indicates the aquifer/aquifer system tapped: CL=Ciaibome, J--Jacksonlan, K=Cretaceous, P=Piedmont/Biue Ridge, PAFiorldan, CT=Ciayton, VR=Valley and Ridge, M=Miocene)
4-14

Table 4-2. VOC Detection Incidents, Calendar Year 2016.

Station

Constituents

Primary MCL

Type

Date

Source ! Sampled

GWN-J4

chloroform= 1.1 ug/L -----------------------------------------------
bromodichloromethane = 1.1 ug/L
~------------------------~M----------------
dibromochloromethane = 0.97 ug/L

See note

public 03/09/16

GWN-PA17

chloroform = 0.67 ug/L ------------------------------------------------
bromodichloromethane = 0.64 ug/L
------------~----------------------------- - -----
dibromochloromethane = 0.68 ug/L

= chloroform 2.2 ug/L
-----------------------------------------------bromodichloromethane = 1.2 ug/L
GWN-PA23 ------------------ --- -------------------- ---- --dibromochloromethane = 1.3 ug/L
----------------------------------------------
bromoform= 0.62 ug/L

chloroform= 3.0 ug/L

------------------------------------

bromodichloromethane = 1.7 ug/L

GWN-PA23 ------------------------------------------------

dibromochloromethane = 1.8 ug/L

------------------------------------------------

GWN-PA23

bromoform= 0.50 ug/L chloroform= 0.82 ug/L

'

See note See note See note See note

public 06/02/16
public 01/12/16
I
public 04/05/16 public 07/12/16

chloroform= 1.9 ug/L
--------------------- ------- ----------- ---------
brorriodichloromethane = 1.6 ug/L GWN-PA28 ------------------------------------------------
dibromochloromethane = 2.0 ug/L -------------------------- -- ----------- ---------
bromoform = 1.1 ug/L

GWN-PA39

chloroform= 0.61 ug/L

I

1- ----------- = GWN-PA59

trichloroethylene= 0.63 ug/L -

GWN-COU4 r------- ---c-h-l-oMr;o:fBorEm-~ -1~0.6~99itu:-g-/L

See note
-
See note See note See note

public
public public public

I
04/05/16
05/19/16 05/19/16 08/22/16

-GWN-UPS1

chloroform= 1.0 ug/L
1,1 dichloroethylene =1.8 ug/L

GWN-VR6A ------------------------------------------------

tetrachloroethylene = 2.1 ug/L

See note 7 ug/L 5 ug/L

public public

06/01/16
J 06/29/16

4-15

4.6 GENERAL QUALITY
A review of the analyses of the water samples collected during calendar year 2016 indicates that the chemical quality of groundwater sampled for most of the Groundwater Monitoring Network stations is quite good.
However, as mentioned in Chapter 1, areas of elevated risk for low-quality groundwater exist:
1) Valley and Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Province - surface influence;
2) PiedmonUBiue Ridge Province - in areas excluding the eastern metavolcanic terranes - uranium:
3) Coastal Plain agricultural areas - high nitrate/nitrite; 4) Coastal Plain, Dougherty Plain- surface influence; 5) Coastal Plain, Gulf Trough - high total dissolved solids, especially
sulfate- high radionuclides, high barium, high arsenic; 6) Coastal Plain, Atlantic coast area- saline water influx.

CHAPTER 5 LIST OF REFERENCES

Applied Coastal Research Laboratory, Georgia Southern University, 2002, Gulf Trough and Satilla Line Data Analysis, Georgia Geologic Survey Project Report 48, 14 p., 1 pl.

Brooks, R., Clarke, J.S. and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrology of the Gordon Aquifer System of East-Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 75, 41 p., 2 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R., 1983, Hydrogeology ofthe Providence of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey HydrologicAtlas 11, 5 pl.

Aquifer

Clarke, J.S., Faye, R.E., and Brooks, R. , 1984, Hydrogeology of the Clayton Aquifer of Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 13, 6 pl. Midville Aquifer Systems of East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 74, 62p., 2 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Brooks, R., and Faye, R.E., 1985, Hydrogeology of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems of East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 74, 62 p., 2 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Hacke, C.M., and Peck, M.F., 1990, Geology and Ground-Water Resources of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 113, 116 p., 12 pl.

Clarke, J.S., Falls, .w.F., Edwards, L.E., Fredriksen, N.D., Bybell, L.M., Gibson, T.G., Gohn, G.S., and Fleming, F., 1996, Hydrogeologic Data and Aquifer
Interconnection in a Multi-Aquifer System in Coastal Plain Sediments Near
Millhaven, Screven County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 99, 49 p., 1 pl.

Cressler, C.W., Franklin, M.A., and Hester, W.G., 1976, Availability of Water Supplies in Northwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 91, 140 p.

Cressler, C.W., Blanchard, Jr., H.E., and Hester, W.G., 1979, Geohydrology of Bartow, Cherokee, and Forsyth Counties, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 50, 45 p., 5 pl.

Crews, P.A. and Huddlestun, P.F., 1984, Geologic Sections of the Principal Artesian Aquifer System, in Hydrogeologic Evaluation for Underground Injection Control in the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 10, 41 pl.

5-1

Davis, K.R., Donahue, J.C., Hutcheson, R.H., and Waldrop, D.L., 1989, Most Significant Ground-Water Recharge Areas of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 1 pl.
Davis, K.R., 1990, Water Quality in Georgia for 1988: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 12E, 99 p.
Daniel Ill, C.C., and Harned, D., 1997: Ground-Water Recharge to and Storage in the Regolith-Crystalline Rock Aquifer System, Guilford County, North Carolina: USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 97-4140, 65 p.
Donahue, J.C., Kibler, S.R., and Chumbley, A.W., 2012, An Investigation of the Occurrence of Uranium in Ground Water in Georgia: Watershed Protection Branch Circular 12W, 105 p.
Donahue, J.C., Kibler, S.R., and Chumbley, A.W.,2013, An Investigation of the Occurrence of Arsenic in Ground Water in the Gulf Trough Area of Georgia: Watershed Protection Branch Circular 12X, 69 p.
EPD, 1991, A Ground-Water Management Plan for Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 11 (1991 edition).
EPD, 1998, A Ground-Water Management Plan for Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 11 (1998 edition).
EPD, 2009, State of Georgia Environmental Rule 391-3-5: Rules for Safe Drinking Water.
Foyle, A.M., Henry, V.J., and Alexander, C.R., 2001, The Miocene Aquitard and the Floridan Aquifer of the Georgia/South Carolina Coast: Geophysical Mapping of Potential Seawater Intrusion Sites: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 132, 61 p., 4 pl.
Gaskin, J., Vendrell, P. F., and Atiles, J. H., 2003, Your Household Water Quality: Nitrate in Water. Univ. of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Circular 858-5,
1 p.
Gorday, L.L., Lineback, J.A., Long, A.F., and Mclemore, W.H., 1997, A Digital Model Approach to Water-Supply Management of the Claiborn,Ciayton, and Providence Aquifers in Southwestern Georgia, Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 118, 31 p., Appendix, Supplements and II.
Hayes, L.R., Maslia, M.L., and Meeks, W.C, 1983, Hydrology and Model Evaluation of the Principal Artesian Aquifer, Dougherty Plain, Southwest Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 97, 93 p.
5-2

Heath, R.C., 1980, Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology with Reference to Conditions in North Carolina: USGS Open File Report 80-44, 87 p.

Hetrick, J.H., 1990, Geologic Atlas of the Fort Valley Area: Georgia Geologic Survey Geologic Atlas 7, 2 pl.

Hetrick, J.H., 1992, Geologic Atlas of the Wrens-Augusta Area: Georgia Geologic Survey Geologic Atlas 8, 3 pl.

Hicks, D.W., Krause, Clarke, J.S., 1981 , Geohydrology of the Albany Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 57,31 p.

Huddlestun, 1988, A Revision of the Lithostratigraphic Units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: The Miocene through Holocene, Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 104, 162 p., 3 pl.

Huddlestun, P.F., 1993, A Revision of the Lithostratigraphic Units of the Coastal Plain of Georgia: the Oligocene: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 104, 152 p. 5 pl.

Huddlestun, P.F., and Summerour, J., H., 1996, The Lithostratigraphic Framework of the Uppermost Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary of Burke County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin 127, 94 p., 1 pl.

Kellam, M.F., and Gorday, L.L., 1990, Hydrogeology of the Gulf Trough- Apalachicola

Embayment Area, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Bulletin

94, 74 p., 15 pl.

Krause, R.E., 1979, Geohydrology of Brooks, Lowndes, and Western Echols Counties, Georgia: United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 78-117, 48 p., 8 pl.

Krause, R.E., and Clarke, J.S., 2001 , Coastal Ground Water at Risk - Saltwater Contamination at Brunswick, Georgia, and Hilton Head Island, South Carolina: United States Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4107, 1 pl.

Long, A.F., 1989, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifer Systems: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 19, 6 pl.

McFadden, S.S., and Perriello, P.D., 1983, Hydrogeology of the Clayton and Claiborne Aquifers of Southwestern Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 55, 59 p., 2 pl.

5-3

Madison, R.J., and Brunett, J.O., 1984, Overview of the Occurrence of Nitrate in Ground Water of the United States in National Water Summary 1984 Hydrologic Events, Selected Water-Quality Trends, and Ground-Water Resources:, United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2275, p. 93-105.

O'Connell, D.B., and Davis, K.R., 1991, Ground-Water Quality in Georgia for 1989: Georgia Geologic Survey Circular 12F, 115 p.

Turner-Peterson, C.E. and Hodges, C. A.,1986, Descriptive Model of Sandstone U, Model 30c, in Mineral Deposit Models: Deposits in Clastic Sedimentary Rocks, Cox, D.P. and Singer, D. E., eds., USGS Bulletin 1693, on-line pdf. publication.

Pollard, L.D., and Vorhis, R.C., 1980, The Geology of the Cretaceous Aquifer System in Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 3, 5 pl.

Summerour, J.H., Shapiro, E.A., Lineback, J.A., Huddlestun, P.F., and Hughes, A.C.,

1994, An Investigation of Tritium in the Gordon and Other Aquifers in

Burke

County, Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Information Circular 95,

93 p.

Tuohy, M.A., 1984, Isopach Map of the Claiborne Aquifer. in Hydrogeologic Evaluation for Underground Injection Control in the Coastal Plain of Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 10, 41 pl.

Vincent, R.H., 1982, Geohydrology of the Jacksonian Aquifer in Central and East Central Georgia: Georgia Geologic Survey Hydrologic Atlas 8, 3 pl.

Williams, L.J., 2007, Hydrology and Potentiometric Surface of the Dublin and Midville Aquifer Systems in Richmond County, Georgia, January 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 2983, 1 sheet.

5-4

LABORATORY AND STATION DATA

Tables A-1 through A-8 list the values for both laboratory parameters and field
parameters for each well or spring. The following abbreviations are used on these
tables:

Parameters and Units of Measure

Cl cond.

=chloride
=conductivity .

diss 02

= dissolved oxygen

F

=fluoride

ICP

= inductively coupled

plasma (emission)

spectroscopy

ICPMS

= Inductively coupled

plasma/mass

spectrometry

mg/l

= milligrams per liter

mgNIL

= milligrams per liter as

nitrogen

NA

=not available; ryot

analyzed

NO NG NOx p
804
Temp.
ug/L uS/em
voc

= not detected =not given = nitrate/nitrite = total phosphorus =sulfate
= tempe,.t'ure
== micrograms per liter microSiemenses per centimeter
= volatile organic
compound

Volatile O rganic Com pounds

1,1dce bdcm dbcm pee cb MTBE

= 1,1-dichloroethylene = bromodichloromethane = dibromochloromethane = tetrachloroethylene = chlorobenzene = methyl tert-butyl ether

mdcb odcb pdcb tbm tcm tee

= m-dichloroberizene
=a-dichlorobenzene
= p-dichlorob~nzene
=bromoform
= chloroform
=trichloroethylene

Table A-9 gives the reporting limits for the various analytes. The abbreviations used for Tables A-1 through A-8 also apply to Table A-9.

A-1

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyaee for CretaceoutiiProvlclenc:e Stations.
P8t A: Stltlon Identification, Date of SampUng, Field Parametars. VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.
W..Nime

G~

SandalwviiiiMIII fiB

11117

NG

NG 031011ftll 8.39 184 11.53 111.81

M)

W.lllngllln

GWN-1(8 ~

Kalal Welte

400

NG

NG 081011111 5.32 48 7.34 20.20

NO

GWN-K7

.JanM CIU'Ily 1M

128

NG

NG 08101118 4.88 33 5.87 17.84

NO

J-

.._. GWN.KIIA

Mlnl1llllvlle1M11112

550

NG

NG 011271111 3.98 48

NA 18.48

NO

GWK-t(108

FOil lhlttlt VN 18

liDO

NG

NG 01127118 4.118 20 11.07 18.07

NO

PwKh

GWN-K11A

w.ra RabnlWelll2

540

NG

NG 081D1118 4.111 25 7.01 111.75

NO

Haatlan

GWN-K12

~*-YinnWII

550

NG

NG 011271111 5 .25 45 11.13 16.38

NO

HouiiiDn

~

GWN-K11t Aldnnond

HephzlbaiVMwphy SIIWI Will

484

NG

NG 051031111 4.81

18 7Jrl 19.88

NO

GWN-K211 su....r

l'tlinl Well WT

10011

NG

NG 0112111111 7.811 120 0.85 28.84

NO

GWN-8UR2 Bulb

~lt'l

NG

NG

NG lll!mfl8 4.78 14 9.81 20.47

NO

GWN-CHT1

c.qt Darbr 'WIII1

NG

NG

NG llllf271111 11.011 55 1.88 21.70

ND

Chdlllloai:M.

GWN-GI.A1

MIIIMIIS

NG

NG

NG IIZI:MIIII 4.511 35 8.111 19.48

ND

~

-~1

Y'Jhiiiii--Qeek PK 1t1

NG

NG

NG

03/23118 8.1111

110

NA 18.84

NO

GWN:MAR1

llr*l*llt'l

1SI

NG

NG 041211118 5.31 134 3.52 20m

NO

Mrton

GWN-STW1

l..alMIII! ComnulllyWel

NG

NG

NG 03111111111 4.74 35 7.311 1&.38

NO

se....t

GWM-TAL1

Janc:IDn Cly VMI2

3DD

NG

NG 03123/18 11.83 218 1.02 21.14

NO

Tlllot

GWM-TAY1

Pcllllnlle ean.nnty Wild

310

NG

NG 03123118 451 211 8.58 18.72

ND

T.,W

ND

11

0.52 2.110

NO

NO 0,03 NO

NO

ND 0.110 ND

ND

10 O.IM NO

NO

ND 0.73 NO

NO

NO 11.84 NO

NO

NO ND 0.1111

NO

ND 0.13 ND

NO

ND ND 0.18

M)

ND D.08 NO

ND

10

NO 0.05

ND

NO 2.10 NO

NO

NO NO 0.28

ND

35 0.37 NO

ND

NO NO NO

ND

37

ND

NO

ND

NO 0.311 NO

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous Stations. Part 8: Metals.

GWN-1<3 Whlngton

NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 19 NO NO NA NO NO 21,000 NO 1,1110 NO 1AOO 37 8.900 NO NO

GWN-K8 Twiggs

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 18 NO NO NA NO NO 4,300 NO 80 NO NO !'10 3,300 ND NO

GWN-K7 Jorw.

7.0 NO NO NO NO 14 NO NO NO NO NO 20 NO NO NA NO NO 2,500 NO NO NO NO 17 2,400 NO NO

GWN-KIIA Macan

NO ND NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 3.4 NO 1.5 NA 330 NO ND NO 220 NO NO NO 1,100 NO NO

GWN-K108 Peach

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 4.7 NO NO NA NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1,300 NO NO

GWNK11A Hauellon

NO NO 8.3 11 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 0.3 NO NO NA ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1,900 NO NO

GW~12

NO NO 10 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 5.8 NO NO NA 350 NO 5,400 NO 110 NO NO NO 1.300 NO NO

Houstan

> I

GV\IN-K19

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND 5.8 NO NO NA NO NO NO NO 23 NO NO NO 1,200 NO NO

(..)

RIC:h~

GWN-1<20 Su..,._

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NA NO NO 3,000 NO NO NO NO NO 28,000 NO NO

GWN-BUR2 Bui'U

NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 8.4 NO NO NA NO NO NO NO 24 NO NO NO 1,200 NO NO

GWN-CHT1

NO NO 8.7 21 NO NO

c...ttahocii:Me

NO NO NO NO NO 71

NO 1.3 NA NO NO 3,500 NO 1,400 NO 1,2110 23

1,800 NO NO

GWN-GLA1 Glllscock

NO NO 7.3 NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 9.5 NO NO NA NO NO 1,200 NO NO NO NO NO 5,000 NO NO

GWN-MAC1 M8COI'I

NO ND NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 47 NO NO NA NO NO 11,500 NO 940 NO NO 17 1,100 NO NO

GWN-MAR1 M8rton

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 32 NO NO NA NO NO NO NO 38 NO NO NO 28,000 NO NO

GWN-S1W1 S.W.rt

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO ND NO 31 NO NO NA NO NO NO NO 1,500 NO NO 20 1,800 NO NO

GWN-TAL1 T81bol

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4.7 NO NO NA NO NO 14,000 NO NO NO NO 10 31,000 NO NO

GWNTAY1 T8YIOI'

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3.8 NO NO NA NO NO NO NO 140 NO NO NO 1,300 NO NO

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analysa for CretaceousiProvldence Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field ParameC&ra, VOCa, Anions, and Non-lleta18.

w.l,_,.,
I

(-:1 ~ 1 ~ 1 ~~~1 I IuSicm ~.,~~

GWN-PD2A 'Wellllllr

Pl'eetan WellM

205

NG

NG D3123118 5.27 42 8.85 19.28

ND

GWN-f'D3

Fart Gl*les Will t:Z

458

NG

NG OMJM8 8 .72 387 8 .02 21.58

ND

Cllly

GWIU'08 Early

BlaloalyWei 1M

1025

NG

NG 113108118 8.82 348 0.811 25A8

ND

GWN-8TW2

Prvvldeia c.,an SP Well

NG

NG

NG 0111211M8 8.83 144 8.115 20.98

NO

.........rt
~WEB1

w.lanWel~

NG

NG

NG 0112M8 7AS 315 2.71 18.311

ND

Aqulf8r ~ Rllnge
Aqulf8r High - . .
Aqulf8r.._...n IND-Cil
A q u l f 8 r - . . (NI)oO}

3.118

14

0 .811 18.38

8.83 387 11.81 28.94

5.211 48 1 .fi1 111.82

5.BB 108 8.211 20.11

t

NO

ND 2.00 0 .02

ND

ND ND 0.03

ND

13

ND 0.02

NO

11

NO 0.15

NO

NO 0.38 O.D4

NO

NO ND ND

ND

1t1 2.10 2.80

NO

ND o.oa NO

ND

8

o.1t1 0.18

Table A-1. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Cretaceous S1ations. Part B: Metals.

GWM-P02A Webnor
c.., GWN-PD3

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO f) NO NO flO 19.9 NO NO NA NO NO 3,700 NO 52 NO 1,100 NO 1.500 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 4.2 NO NO NA NO NO 8,300 NO 34 NO 1.200 NO 83,000 NO NO

GWN~OB
Early

NO ND NO NO NO ND

GWN-STW2 St.w.lt

NO NO NO 210 NO NO

GWN-WEB1 Wet.t.r

NO NO NO NO NO NO

Aqulfef Low Range Aquifer High Range Aqulflll' Medlin (NI>O) Aquifer MMn (ND=DJ

NO NO NO NO NO 6.3 NO NO NA NO NO 8,200 NO NO NO

NO NO NO NO ND 714 NO NO NA NO NO 21,000 NO 1,300 NO

NO f) NO NO NO 17 NO NO NA NO NO 63,000 NO NO NO

NO

NO

NO

NO NO

71.0

360

83,000

1,500 NO

6.9

NO

3,250

36 NO

14.3

31

7,436

316 NO

4.200
1,100
1,8110
NO 4,200
ND
536

NO 68,000 NO NO
12 9,200 NO NO
NO 1,8110 NO NO
NO 1,100 37 83,000 NO 1,850 8 12,823

)>
I
C1l

Table A-2. Groundwater Quality Analpee for Clayton Stations.
Part A: Station Identification, Date of Sampling, Field ParameCel8, VOCs, Anions, and Non-Metals.

GWN-CTB

~Houle

811

NG

NG 04rav18 4.311 47 8.37 17.93

NO

Sc:hlllr Well

GWN-SlAI1 SIIII'IW
GWN-SUM2

....... Brialpeldl MHP W1111
~ ,.,

NG

NG

NG 031231'18 5.20 71 11.71 19.81

230

NG

8

01128f18 3 .118 220 1.4.2 111.51

ND ND

Sumllr

AquW.rl.Gw -.ge
Aquw.rHigll Rup Aquw.riiiMI... (NO=OI Aquw.rMeen(ND=G)

3.111 47 1.42 17..83
5.20 220 9.71 19.81 4.311 71 8.37 111.51 4.43 113 8.50 19..Q2

NO

NO 1.8 NO

10

ND 2.0 ND

ND

72 0.37 NO

ND

ND 0.37 NO

10

72 2.00 ND

NO

ND 1.110 ND

3

24 1.32 ND

l.>
0)

Table A-2. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Clayton Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-CTB Schley

NO NO 17 NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 17 NO NO NA 110 NO NO NO NO NO NO 18 3,000 NO NO

GWN-SUM1 Sumter

NO NO 18 18 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 18 NO 15 NA NO NO NO NO 35 NO NO 21 8,2110 NO NO

GWN-SUM2 Sumter

NO 10 5.2 36 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 100 NO 4.8 NA 1,200 NO 17,000 NO 2311 NO 8,1100 110 2,700 NO NO

Aqulr.r La. Range
Aqu~r Hlah Alina Aquifer Mldian (NO=OI Aqulfllr MNn (ND=Gl

17

NO

NO

NO NO NO 18 2,700

1110

1,2110

17,1100

230 NO 8,800 110 8,2110

18

110

NO

35 NO NO 21 3,000

45

430

5,667

88 NO 2J!Jif7 50 4,967

)>
I
........

Table A-3. Groundwaf8r QuaUty Analyus for Claiborne Stations. Part A: Station Identification, Datllt of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOC., Anlona, and Non-Metala.

IWIIIIN-
I

IWII:! ~ - I ~ lnnc

GWN-Cl2
~
GWN-ClAA
sunn.r

u--.Wall.a
~Well-

315

315

24 011271111 7 .34 208 11.84 1V.811

ND

230

NG

NG 011281'18 7:1D 154 NA 19.85

NO

GWN-CLB

F1nt RiverN..-y Olllce

90

NG

NG 01rz71UI 11.07 88 0.85 19.81

NO

~

Wall

Aqulllr L.u.Rm9
Aq..._.HIII!RIInae AquWw ...Sian (NDoG) Aqutrw - n (ND=G)

11.07 Ill 0.85 19.85 7.34 208 8.84 19..81 12D 154 3.75 19.111 8..87 150 3.75 19.71

NO

NO OA7 NO

ND

11

NO 0.37

NO

NO NO 0 .53

NO

NO NO ND

NO

11

OA7 0..53

NO

ND NO 0..37

NO

4

0.18 0.30

~

Table A-3. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Claiborne Stations. Part B: lletals.

GWM-CL2 Dooly

NO ND NO NO NO NO

GWN-CLAA Sundar

NO NO NO NO NO ND

GWN-Cl8 Dooly

NO NO NO 11 NO NO

Aqulfar l,ow Rug Aqulfar Hlgll Range Aqulfar Mediln (ND=O) Aquifer ..... (ND=O)

NO NO NO NO NO 11
ND ND NO ND NO 11
NO ND NO NO NO 40
11 4D 11 21

ND NO NA NO ND 42,000 NO NO NO

NO ND NA NO ND 22,000 NO 2,000 NO

NO NO NA NO NO 12,000 NO 570 NO

NO

12,000

ND ND

NO

42,000

2,000 NO

NO

22,000

570 NO

NO

25,333

667 NO

NO NO
3,300 54
1.400 52
ND ND 3 ,300 54 1,400 52 1,Sifl 35

1.400 NO NO
1.800 NO ND
1,900 NO NO
1.400 1,900 1.800 1.700

~
U)

"

Table A4 Groundwater Quality Analpes for Jacaonlan Stations.
Part A: Station Identification, Data of Sampling, Field Paramebtra, VOC., Anions, and Non-Metal.

WeiNIIma

I lw.l:l ~ J ~ l ~~u l I ~rL u&tm Luc I

u2~

GWN.-.J.1..B..._.
GWN-.14 Jah-

MeNU fQM Well WIUbowlle M

-110

NG

NG 02Q41111 7.13 225 4.83 18.03

520

NG

8

031011t111 7.B1 2811 2.32 19.82

ND
_,_,
bdmp1,1 dban=0.97

GWN-..15 B!Kidlry

Codnnft

3liT

NG

NG 031221111 7.83 351 1.19 20.37

NO

~
.IIIII'MMn

IMwwlM

200

NG

NG 021241111 7..29 221 0 .88 19.31

ND

GWN--IIIA

Kam Houle Willi

100

NG

NG C12124118 7.45 224 2.27 18.12

ND

Jlllll..-

GWN-JEF1 J..,._
GWN-WAS1 w.hlngiDn

~~~naw.-.
Han!-..,

345

NG

NG 0Ml21'18 7.49 317 11.84 19.111

NO

NG

NG

NG 031011t111 7.71 2SI8 3.58 18.80

NO

GVVN-WAS2

RlcldiBviiB .,

~

W.'*'lltllln

NG

NG

NG 031D11t16 7.B4 3011 9.88 19.1J6

NO

..,)I,

0

Aqulfw ~ "-118

Aqulfllt'HighRnge

7,13 221 O.BS 111.12
7.B1 351 us 20.37

Aqulfw Medlin (ND=O)

7.511 291 2.1115 19.81

Aqulfw._n (ND=O)

7.52 279 4 .1111 19.54

I I I l'li!;!L 1:11'1 !:!2Nll llllll!

ND

ND

2.3 0.011

ND

NO 0.31 0.03

NO

12

NO 0.03

NO

13

1m 0.15

ND

NO ND 0 .03

ND

NO ND 0.03

NO

NO 0.31 D.03

ND

NO 0.08 0.112

ND

ND NO 0.02

NO

13 2..30 0 .15

NO

ND 11.04 0.03

ND

3

0.38 0.05

Table A-4. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Jacksonian Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-.118
J...,rson
GWN.J4 Johnson

NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO ND NO 19 NO NO NA NO NO 45,000 NO 34 NO NO NO 3..300 NO NO
NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO :zo NO NO NA NO NO 54,000 NO NO NO 2,500 NO 3.,300 NO NO

GWN-.15 Bleckley

NO NO NO 53 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 9.0 NO NO NA NO NO 67,000 NO ND NO 2,800 B2 3,200 NO NO

GWN-J8 .Jefferson

NO NO NO ND NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 6.9 ND NO NA NO NO 56,000 NO 170 NO 1,11011 NO 2,100 NO NO

GWN-J8A Jeft'erson

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 92 NO NO NA NO NO 88,000 NO NO NO 1,100 13 3,200 NO NO

GWN-JEF1
.Jeii'M'Min

NO ND NO NO NO ND NO NO ND NO NO NO i'IO NO NA ND NO 82,000 NO 99 NO 2.200 ff1 3,200 NO NO

GWN-WAS1 Washington

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 88 NO NO NA NO NO 58,000 NO NO NO 2,300 NO 3,200 NO ND

)>

GWN-WAS2

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 31 NO NO NA NO NO 81,000 NO NO NO 1,300 ND 2,o400 NO NO

...I ....

washington

.......

Aquifttr Low Range

NO

NO

45,000

NO NO NO NO 2.100

Aquifer High R.lnge

88.0

NO

88,000

170 ND 2,1100 67 3,300

Aquifer Mecrn (ND=DJ

14.1

NO

59,500

NO NO 1,1100 NO 3.200

Aquifer MMn (No-G)

22.11

NO

58,750

38 NO 1,700 18 2,1188

Table A-5. Groundwater Quality Analyus for Floridan Stations. Part k Station Identification , Data of Sampling, Field Parametara, VOCs, Anlona, and No~ls.

I~~

IWeiiNime

!Wol: c-:.c . I--. I3ame~ I

I I i":i~ u&lan

"C

GWM-PA2

Savllnnah Wall13

1004

NG

NG 07128M8 8 .04 252 0.72 23.32

NO

Clatllnt

GWN-4>M

Tybee lllllnd Wlllll1

402

NG

NG 07128M8 7.98 1135 0.73 Zl.Jt1

NO

CM!tllllll

GWN-f>A!i

~ P....-Welll1

810

NG

NG 07fZ7118 7.110 318 0.73 24.47

NO

Uberty

GWN-PM

H~WaiiS

808

NG

NG 071Z7/18 7.94 283 3.28 24.72

ND

u.tr

GWN-PAIIC

Miler Bill Plllc North

1211

NG

NG 011115118 8.04 1,1100 0.73 25.58

NO

Glynn

ElllltWal

GWN-PA13
w.,.

Wayaua Welll3

775

NG

NG 041111t18 7.Jfl 405 0.88 25.41

NO

GWN-PA14A
Bullac:h

Slillamoro Wlll4

.~......

N

GWM-PA18

MI... WIIIII1

. . . . .I l l .

GWN-PA17 E ' I M n. . .

Swali...,o Wal t11

GWN-PA18 c.ndlar
.., GWN-P..A...2.0

Mallar Waii:Z l..akaland Waii:Z

413

NG

NG 11312W18 8.01 240

NA 21.58

0111141115 8.13 247 NA 23.82

DIMJ71115 7.98 244 NA 22.74

1ZV7118 7.114 251

NA 22.78

500

NG

NG DM12118 7.74 2111 0.72 21.44

280

NG

NG DM12118 7.72 253 3.411 U .11

540

NG

NG oam/18 8.05 221 8.08 21.711

340

NG

NG 041111t18 7.94 358 8.78 22.13

ND ND ND NO
NO I
~
IJclcmoCUI4 clx:m=O.II8
NO
NO

GWN-4>A22

l11cln--. WellS

400

NG

NG 041111118 7.93 412 4.24 22.20

ND

n-.

NO

NO

NO O.CD

41

130 ND D.02

NO

32

NO

0.1)2

NO

22

NO O.ll2

880

270 ND o.oz

13

48

NO O.ll2

NO

ND 0.04 0.17

NO

NO

NO

O.CD

NO

NO

ND

0.08

NO

NO ND D.CD

ND

NO

NO 0 .02

NO

ND 0.04 DJI5

NO

ND

NO 0,02

NO

84

NO 0.08

NO

88 0.22 0 .02

Table A-5. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-PA2 Cba!Mm

NO NO NO NO ~ NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 9.6 NO NO NA NO NO 24,000 NO NO NO 9,900 NO 18,000 NO Ml

GWN.PM Ch8lllllrll

NO ND NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 8.5 NO NO NA NO NO 37,1100 NO NO 5,300 32,000 NO 110.000 NO NO

GW,.._PA5 Uberty

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 36 NO NO NA NO NO 27,000 NO NO NO 17,0110 NO 18,000 NO NO

GWN-PAB Uberty

NO NO NO NO NO ND NO N> NO NO NO Z7 NO ND NA NO NO 28,000 NO NO NO 14,000 NO 111.000 NO N>

GW~A9C
Glynn

NO NO NO 310 NO 12.0 NO Ml NO NO NO 53 NO NO NA NO NO 110,000 NO 1,000 9,400 85.000 NO 4110,000 NO NO

GWPU'A13 Ware

NO NO NO NO NO N> NO NO NO NO NO 72 NO NO NA NO NO 43,000 NO NO NO 19,000 NO 17.000 NO NO

GWN.PA1<!A Bulloch

NO NO 35 24 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO . NO

NO NO NO NO NO 6.9 NO 1.1 NA NO NO 35,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 3.6 NO NO NA NO NO 32,000 NO NO

NO 8,1100 NO NO 8,1100 NO

7,1100 NO N>
7.400 NO NO

NO NO 7.3 NO NO NO NO N> NO NO NO 7.7 NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO NO NO 7,000 NO 8,000 NO N>

=!>

NO NO NO NO NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO

" NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO NO

NO

8,900

NO

7,'Jt NO NO

...Jo.

(,)

GWN-PA16

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Nil NO NO NO 4.2 NO NO NA NO NO 50,000 NO NO NO 3,700 51 11.1!00 NO NO

.Jenkins

GWN-PA17 Emanul
GWN.PA18 Cand..r

NO NO 5 .6 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 170 NO 2.2 NA NO NO 48,000 NO 43 NO 1,800 NO 3,.300 NO NO NO N> NO NO NO 5.11 NO NO NO NO NO 25 NO NO NA NO ND 32,000 NO NO NO 3.1!00 84 11.000 NO NO

GW~A20
unler

NO ND NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 25 NO NO NA NO NO 46.000 NO 100 NO 19.000 11 4,900 NO NO

GWN-PA22 1bomH

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 2' NO NO NA NO NO 47,000 NO NO NO 23,000 NO 8,000 NO NO

Table A-5, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analysea for Floridan Stations. Part A:. Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Parametars, VOCs, Anions, and No~ls.

Wool . . . .

i:! ~ I--. 1~m~ I l ~l ~ll "C I

~II!

I mt'lil I ~ ImgNIL I1~2'

GWN-PA23 GrMy

Cairol8

486'

NG

NG 01112118 7.85 373 8.11 22.58

laiP2.2 -1.2
_.,..3 -112

NO

45 0.02 NO

0W5118 7.113 345 2.98 22.88

-D
-1.7
-1.11 lllnF0.511

ND

'$1

NO

NO

07112/18 7..81 312 OJIII 23..30

tcnFG.II:l

NO

48 NO NO

1ot13118 7.711 358 11.34 23.00

ND

NO

38 NO ND

GWN-PA25 Seminole

174

NG

NG D3o'D8118 7.112 318 7,07 21.14

NO

011128118 7.58 'Z77 7.48 21.:11

Ml

oat27118 7.88 3111 4.21 21.02

ND

1210M8 7.33 313 8.88 20.82

ND

NO

ND 1.8 NO

NO

ND 1.8 NO

NO

NO 1.8 NO

ND

NO 1.7 ND

GWN-PAZT MII:MI

C....lndullllll P8tr Wei

l.>
~

G1r'VN-PA28 Colqult

M!Mirla Well'!

~

3110

NG

NG 04118tt8 7.88 235 1.115 211.23

750

NG

NG 01112118 a.oe 483 e.ee 23.40

OW!il18 8.00 554 5.15 23.47

ND
__,NO
-1.11 lldc:mo1.8 clban-2.0

ND

ND 0.25 NO

11

911 NO ND

14

180 NO ND

GWN-PA211 CooII

Adel welll8

GWN-PA31 Till
G'MII-PA32 Irwin
GWN-A34A Telfair

Tlfllln Wllll8 Oc:llll Wool13 MI:R88 Will t3

GWN-PA38
T~

VIdalia Wei #1

071121'18 7.1111 4411 1.85 24.D3

NO

10f13fUI 7 .77 480 8 .311 23.411

NO

-405

NG

NG 01112118 7.88 381 3.48 21.84

ND

0W5118 7 .110 378 1.12 21.85

NO

07112118 7 .110 370 5 .14 22.04

ND

10113118 7.Bta '$15 0.78 21.81

ND

852

NG

NG 051111116 7.82 27'11 5.33 21.73

NO

831

NG

NG 0511W18 e.m 212 6.59 20.118

ND

1100

NG

NG 113122118 7.88 335 8.08 22.'$1

ND

08114118 7.89 321 0.110 22.40

ND

091U7116 7A7 343 7.84 22.15

ND

12A17118 7.40 333 5.53 22.05

NO

8D8

NG

NG 03122118 8.14 231 1.14 22.11:11

NO

08f14fl8 8 .18 228 461 ZU2

NO

0111'07118 7 .88 2'$1 0.82 22.80

ND

12.07118 7.81 233 0.55 22.72

NO

11

110 NO NO

NO

118 NO NO

ND

74

NO 0.1111

NO

71

Ml 0,05

ND

71

NO 0.05

NO

1111 NO 0.05

NO

ND ND o.m

ND

NO NO O.o:.!

NO

ND NO NO

NO

NO ND ND

NO

NO ND ND

ND

NO ND NO

NO

NO NO ND

NO

ND NO O.o:.!

NO

NO ND 0.02

NO

NO NO 0.02

Table A.S, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part B: lletals.

GWN-PA23 Grady

NO ND NO NO 7.6 NO
NO NO NO NO 9.2 NO NO NO NO NO 52 NO NO NO NO NO 8.0 NO

38 NO NO NO NO 120 NO NO NA NO NO 38,000 NO 58 38 NO NO NO NO 110 NO NO NA NO ND 37,000 NO 54
:ze I'm NO NO NO 120 NO NO NA NO NO 38,000 NO NO
38 NO NO NO NO 120 NO NO NA NO NO 38,000 NO 51

NO 19,000 NO NO 19,olio NO NO 19.000 NO NO 18.000 NO

14.000 NO NO 13.000 NO NO 1S,OOO NO NO
12.000 NO NO

GWN-A25 Seminol

NO I'm NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 6 .9 NO NO NA NO NO 63,000 NO NO NO NO NO 3,700 NO NO NO ND ND NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO 8.9 NO NO NA 65 NO 60,000 NO NO NO NO NO 3,700 NO ND
NO NO NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO 8.5 NO NO NA NO NO 83,000 NO NO .NO NO NO 3,800 NO NO .NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 7.9 NO NO NA NO NO !59,000 NO NO NO NO NO 3,400 NO NO

GWN-PA27 Mltchltll

NO NO NO NO NO NO ND ND NO NO NO 12 1.4 NO NA NO NO 44,000 NO NO NO 1,400 NO 1,800 NO NO

.=..t>..

GWN-PA28 Colqultl

NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO 5.3 . ND

31 NO NO NO NO rn NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO NO
41 NO NO NO NO 76 ND NO NA NO NO !115,000 NO 27

NO 22,000 NO 25,000 NO ND NO 30,ooo NO 29.000 NO NO

0'1

NO NO NO NO NO ND 39 NO NO NO NO rTT NO NO NA NO NO 39,000 NO NO NO 24,000 NO 28.000 NO NO

NO NO NO ND NO NO 27 NO NO NO NO 89 NO NO NA NO I'm 38,000 NO NO NO 22,000 NO 28.000 NO NO

GWN-PA29 Cook
GWN-A31 Tift GWN-PA32 llwin GWN-PA34A Talflllr
GWN-A36 Toombs

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 12 NO NO NA NO NO 52,000 NO 32 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 12 NO NO NA NO NO 51,000 NO 56 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 13 NO NO NA NO NO 48,000 NO 39 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO 12 NO NO NA NO NO 48,000 NO 38
NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 52 NO NO NA NO NO 37,000 ND NO

NO 19,000 15 NO 19,000 16 NO 18,000 NO NO 18,1100 NO
NO 7,400 NO

3,500
3.400 3,1100
3,900

ND ND NO ND NO NO NO NO

2,100 NO M)

NO NO NO I'm NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 58 NO NO NA NO ND 31 ,000 NO 120 NO 5.400 :ze 2,200 NO NO

NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO !ijo NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO 180 NO NO NA NO NO 49,000 NO 240 ND ND NO NO NO 130 NO NO NA NO NO 48,000 NO 250 NO M> NO NO NO 180 NO NO NA NO NO 51,000 NO 280 NO NO NO NO NO 180 NO NO NA NO NO 50,000 NO 240
NO NO NO NO NO 130 NO NO NA NO ND 29,000 NO 39 NO NO NO NO NO 110 NO NO NA NO NO 27,000 NO 45 NO M> NO NO NO 130 NO 1.0 NA NO NO 29,000 NO 39 NO NO NO NO NO 130 NO NO NA ND NO 28,000 NO 29

NO 11.000 f17 NO 11,000 9& ND 12,0011 100
NO 12,1100 100
NO 6,1100 38 NO 5,900 37 NO 5,900 40 NO 5,900 38

4,800 4,700 6,0011 4,1100

NO NO NO ND NO ND NO ND

12.000 NO NO 12,1100 NO NO
12,000 NO NO 11,000 NO ND

Table A-5, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analpee for Floridan Stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field ParameteN, VOCs, Anlone, and Non-Metale.

GWN-PA38 Dodge

Ealn&IWeiiM

410

NG

NG 031221111 7.80 238 BA4 20..56

GWN-PA311 Wcwlll

SVIvwk:WII~

11111

NG

NG 05MMII 1.51 3111 7.111 22:l9

GWN-P.M1A T-
, . _ GWN-P.M4

AlhlunM
Sycana1l WeiG

1100

NG

NG OMMil 8.35 184 0.99 22.40

501

NG

NG 01112/t8 7.77 197 8.11 21.11

OW5flll 8.03 188 7.71 21.19

07112118 7J11 187 3.80 21..34

1fYI31'18 7.80 1911 7.38 21.03

GWN-PA511

'MiiglanI o.vll"--

1104

NG

NG 0311181111 7.98 4(11 1.112 22.81

Grady

Well

08128f111 7.99 3111 1.311 23JJ7

DBI271111 8.14 403 4.77 22.1111

121081111 7.75 405 1.07 22.48

GWN-PA'!il CofJM

ArnbraM Well G

.'...>....

(J)

GWN-PA58

Radium Sclrina

Dougllert;r

11110

485

0

NA

10 01112118 8.18 254 4.118 22.33 0410M8 8.07 24i 0.88 2251 07112118 8 .02 24i 0.71 22.55 10f131111 7.72 253 1.911 22.55
NA 05(111.118 7.411 320 7.93 20.48

GWN-PA80 8emlnDie
GV\fN.GLY2 Glynn

Sa--. HeMe Will Horw,llln8llllld Well

NG

NG

NG Ollflllltll 7.83 185 8.82 21.18

NG

NG

NG 0811111111 a.os 5211 3.05 24..23

GV\fN.GLV3 Glynn

Jekolllllllnd15

850

NG

NG 0811111111 8.13 408 NA 22.88

GWN-Gt.Y4
Glynn

Hlm1JIIDn Rivet ......

750

NG

NG 08115118 8.10 500 1.411 25.87

GWtHJB2
Uberty

Fort Manis Wall

500

NG

NG 071281111 8.10 329 Q..52 22.43

GWN-MCI1
llclnlaeh

SapeiDGlrdlna so~

8110

NG

NG 071Xl/18 7,56 385 0.73 25..32

GWN-TH02 Th-

W8loedy Feu ear-.~
Aqulllr Low AMIIe Aqulllr High rt.nge
AquiiWIIIediM (ND=G) Aquii'W ...... (ND=O)

BOO

NG

NG 0411MII 8.18 254 3.80 25.57

7.33 1114 0.52 20..23 ll35 1,900 i .11 25.87 7.80 3111 3..!14 22.ll5
7.118 344 3..83 22.111

NO
lci!F0.81
NO
NO
NO
NO NO
ND ND
NO NO NO
NO NO NO lce=0.83
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
ND
NO

NO

Nil 0.28 O.D2

ND

NO Cl.04 0.05

NO

NO NO NO

NO

NO 0..23 NO

NO

NO 0.24 NO

NO

NO G.24 ND

NO

NO 0.24 0.112

31

18 0.08 O.D2

34

1i 0.08 NO

33

18 Cl.04 NO

32

19 D.08 NO

ND

NO ND NO

NO

NO NO NO

NO

NO NO NO

NO

NO NO NO

NO

NO 2.2 0.03

NO

NO 1.0 NO

2tl

100 NO 0.112

14

71 NO 0.112

24

94

ND

NO

NO

40 0.04 0.()2

12

111 NO 0.112

NO

NO NO NO

NO

NO NO NO

8110

270 2.20 o:11

NO

NO NO O.D2

18

31 0.111 0.112

Table A-5, Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Floridan Stations. Part 8 : Metals.

GWN-PA38 Dodge

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 100 NO NO NA 130 ND 45,000 NO NO NO 1,500 NO 2,100 NO NO

GWN-PA38 Worth
GWN-PA41A Turner
GWN-PM4
Turner

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 190 NO NO NA NO NO 411,000 NO NO NO 8,000 NO 3,1100 NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 65 NO NO NA NO NO 18,000 NO NO NO 6,500 NO 1,500 NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 140 NO NO NA NO NO 32,000 NO NO NO 4,1110 NO 2,300 NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 140 NO NO NA NO NO 30,000 NO NO NO 4,400 NO 2,200 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 150 NO NO NA NO NO 31,000 NO NO NO 4,700 NO 2,500 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 140 NO NO NA NO NO 32,000 NO NO NO 4,1110 NO 2,500 NO NO

GWN-PA!i8
G'idJ

NO NO NO NO NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO

82 NO NO NO NO 130 NO NO NA NO NO 23,000 NO NO 9.0 NO NO ND NO 150 NO NO NA NO NO 32,000 NO NO 8.2 NO NO ND NO 1<10 NO NO NA NO NO 34,000 NO NO 9.3 NO NO NO NO 150 NO NO NA NO NO 32,000 NO NO

NO 15,000 NO NO 21.000 NO NO 22,000 NO NO 20.000 NO

14,000 11 NO 22,000 ND NO 23,000 NO NO
22.000 NO NO

GWN.PA57

NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 150 NO NO" NA NO NO 24,000 NO NO NO 15,000 NO 7.1100 NO NO

Colfee

NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 150 NO NO NA NO NO 25,000 NO NO NO 15,000 NO 7,900 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 190 NO NO NA NO ND 25,000 NO NO NO 15,000 NO 7,500 NO NO

~

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 150 NO NO NA NO NO 24,000 NO NO NO 15,000 NO 8AOO NO NO

...a. ........

GWNPA59 Doughrty

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 19 NO NO NA NO ND 54,000 NO NO NO 1,<100 NO 2,300 NO NO

GWN-PA60 Seminole

NO NO NO 26 NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 3.3 NO NO NA NO NO 40,000 NO NO NO NO NO 2,500 NO NO

GWN-GLY2
Glynn

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 38 NO NO NA NO NO 43,000 NO 1,200 NO 28,000 NO 28,000 NO NO

GWN-GLY3
Glynn
GWN-GLY4
Glynn
GWN-LIB2 Uberty
GW~CI1
Mclnlxh

NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 34 NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO 59 NO 24,000 NO 1S.000 NO NO
NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 8.3 NO NO NA NO ND 38,000 NO 41 NO 28,000 NO 28.00D NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 28 NO NO NA NO NO 29,000 NO 250 NO 18,DOO NO 18,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 80 NO NO NA NO NO 34,000 NO 58 NO 24.000 NO 20,000 NO NO

~ GWN-TH02 Thomas

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 120 NO NO NA NO NO 22,000 NO 170 NO 15.000 NO 12,000 NO NO

Aquifer Low Rug Aquifer High Rm1ge Aqulfwr Medlin (No-D) AqulferM- (ND=O)

~0

NO

9.2

41.0

NO

NO

0.5

4.8

3.3 190.0 72.0 78.6

18,000 110,000 36,000 39,338

NO NO NO NO 1,500 1,200 9 ,<100 85,000 100 <4811,000
NO NO 14,000 NO 7JilX) 71 226 13,805 11 18,(126

Table A-6. Groundwater Quality Analys for Miocene stations. Part A: Station Identification , Date of Sampling, Field Paramete,., VOCe, Anions, and Non-Metals.

lcv-n~
G'NN-WI Cook

IWeiiNmle
~

I I 1-:1 ~ I ~ :t!'Cd [ ~ ! ~yrt_ l t~ I

::i::l

220

NG

NG Ollt13Mtl 7.83 242 2.011 23..1111

..,

GWN-MI2A

8uulwllll Hell.- Well

70

NG

NG 0111131111 3.93 131 4.87 21.90

NO

LIMnMa

GWN-MIM

Mllphy Glnlan Well

Z2

NG

NG Dlll1311tl 8.82 304 NA 23.82

NO

Tham

GWM-MI108

C.UUn HouleWei

150

NG

NG 011113118 8.04 108 1.50 21.73

NO

Calqull

GWM-MI18

LIB!y~e.t 0..

400

NG

NG 07/2111111 7.114 309 1.03 .23.111

NO

Ubettr

lltct Fire 8llllioll o.p W1ll

GWN-M117

~ EIMJIRoecl

120

NG

NG

0111'141111 7.81 261

NA 19.08

NO

Eftlnghmn T..tw.ll

GNN-WAY1

RD11ree TP Main Will

400

NG

NG 071271111 7.72 21ll 1.22 22.15

NO

w.,n.

:p-

Aq..... law Allng

~

Aquii'W Hlah Rana-

Q)

Aquii'W IIMIIM (NDoG)

Aqull'w .....(NDoO)

3.83 108 1.D3 19.08 7.94 3111 4JR 23JIZ 7.72 242 1.79 22.15 8.84 224 2.24 22.211

l !.. !l:ll~

~~~I ~

NO

NO NO 0-03

13

ND 7.8 NO

13

NO 20.0 0.10

NO

NO NO 0.91

NO

33

NO 0.02

ND

NO ND M>

ND

M> NO 0.07

NO 13
NO

.., NO NO ND

33 20.00 0.91

ND

0.02

4

s

3.911 0.18

Table A-6. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Miocene Stations. Part B: Metals.

GWN-M11
Cook

NO NO NO 42 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 18 NO NO NO NO NO 23,000 NO NO NO 15.000 12 7,000 NO NO

GWN-MI2A Lowndes

NO NO 9.11 14 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 28 NO 3.1 NO 190 NO 4,700 NO 20 8,800 3,400 11 5,100 NO NO

GWN-MI9A
Thomas

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 11!0 NO NO NO 65 NO 31 ,000 NO 23 7,900 9,800 NO 3,300 NO NO

GWN-M110B Colqullt

NO NO 27 100 NO 23 NO NO NO ND NO 210 NO u NO NO NO 7,11110 NO 11.000 NO 5.500 190 8,900 ND NO

GW~MI16
Liberty

NO NO NO 41 NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 26 NO NO NO NO NO 27,000 NO ND NO 17,000 NO 18,000 NO NO

GW~MI17
Emngham

NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO 18 NO NO NO NO NO 43,000 NO NO NO 1,900 12 8 ,300 NO NO

GWN-WAY1 wayne

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 29 NO NO NO NO NO 23,000 NO NO NO 8,800 93 11.000 ND NO

)>

Aqodfw Low Range

...I ...

Aqulfw High Range

co

Aqulfw .._..n (NOoO)

Aqulfw 11-. (ND=G)

18.0 210.0
29.D 70.0

NO

4,700

NO NO 1,900 NO 3,300

190

43,000

11 ,000 7,900 17,000 190 18,000

NO

23,000

ND NO 8,800 12 7,000

36

22,757

1,578 2,100 8.771 45 8,514

Table A-7. GroundWater Quality Analyea for Piedmont-Slue Ridge Statlone. Pllrt A: StatJon Identification, Date of Sampling, Field Parametera, VOCs, Anlona, and Non-Metals.
Well MIRa

............ G\'VtU'1A

lulhlnde Wei t3

185

NG

NG OllftM8 8.40 94 8.81 17.311

NO

GWM-P5

F1cMery ar.ldl Wei t1

240

NG

NG fnl%2/18 8.83 181 4lf7 ta.!O

NO

Hall

GWN-P12A Bulls

lndilln s.xq

GWN-P20 Gwlnnd

s.-.,

0

NG

NG 02/1M8 7A4 280 NA 15.118

NO

OIIIIMI111 7.52 256 NA 17.54

NO

081231111 7.50 :l64 NA 21.04

NO

11mt111 7.33 270 NA 18.15

NO

8110

NG

NO 07m118 7.78 3811 0.96 17.40

ND

G\'VtU'21 J-

~Wei

405

NO

NG 02/1ot111 8.az 3211 9.11 19.o1

NO

051041'18 8.14 304 7.14 111.311

NO

081231111 8.82 307 3.42 19.311

NO

11117118 8.21 347 1.87 18.88

NO

GWN-P22

RIINiarw.l

Fulllan

l.>
1\)

GWM-P23

Indian Sprql stal8

0

Bub

Pint New Mit! Will

200

NG

NG 07!.211111 5.18 :r1 8.84 17.47

NO

NG

NG

NG 02/1M6 8.81 153 2.42 17.74

NO

05.'04118 8.82 1:r1 2..35 18.18

ND

08123118 8.84 150 8.86 18..36

ND

11102118 8.47 152 5.10 17.118

NO

GWN-P24
c--.

1he Gala Will t1

705

NG

NG 0111211118 7.28 255 1.94 18.85

NO

GWN-P25
~

.18n811PIIdallon Slatl' ....._ Willi

GWN-f>28
c--.
GWN-P30
Unaaln
GWN-P32 E. .rt

Willow Ccul Well
Fizar~Well
CeCict*1l Deep Well

GWN-P33 E l. . . .

Cec:d*1l Bend Wall

NG

NG

NG 0211ot18 8.24 181 3.88 17.87

ND

05.'04118 8.42 2112 8.42 18.31

NO

08123118 8.38 221 3.07 18.48

NO

11102118 8.22 2011 7.D8 18.15

ND

NG

NG

NG 1111121111II 5.94 138 3.58 18.88

NO

220

NG

NG 02.Wit8 8..89 475 5.88 18.75

NO

400

NG

NG 01120118 7.80 10110 0.71 15.28

NO

OWMII 7.87 B20 11.42 17.38

NO

071131'18 7.87 PJ17 0.114 20.78

NO

1M8118 7.87 81111 0.81 18..80

NO

47

NG

NG 0112Dt18 8.14 130 a.oa 18.73

NO

OWMII 8.110 130 7.115 17.14

NO

071131'111 8.09 74 9.03 18.18

NO

10118118 8.38 131 8.47 17.85

NO

NA

NO

NO 1.20 0.011

NA

NO

NO 1.10 0.03

4.7

10

23

NO 0.00

4.5

NO

24 0.112 0.112

4.5

10

24

NO 0 .02

4.5

10

22

ND 0.02

NA

ND

12 0.18 ND

NA

NO

2:i 0.18 0 .03

NA

NO

'Z1 0.14 Q.03

NA

NO

24 0.15 0.03

NA

ND

:r1 0.34 0.03

NA

NO

NO 0.94 NO

1.1

ND

NO 0.23 Q.07

1.1

NO

M> 0.27 O.D7

1.1

NO

NO 0 .20 Q.07

1.1

NO

NO 0 .21 0.07

NA

NO

13 Cl.24 0.04

NA

NO

NO 0 .19 0.11

NA

NO

NO 0 .111 0.09

NA

NO

12 0 .12 O.OS

NA

NO

12 0.17 D.D8

NA

NO

NO

1.5

0.07

NA

25

23 3.3 o.oe

NA

NO

620 NO NO

NA

NO

280 NO NO

NA

NO

480 NO NO

NA

NO

430 NO NO

NA

NO

NO 1.20 0.03

NA

NO

ND 2.110 0.03

NA

NO

NO 1.70 NO

NA

NO

NO 1.110 0.04

'
Table A-7. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations.
Part B: lletals.

GWN-P1A Meriwetller

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 53 NO NO NA NO NO 9,800 NO ND NO 2,1100 NO 4,800 NO NO

GWN-P5 Hall

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 38 NO ND NA ND NO 27,000 NO ND NO 5,400 NO 3,000 NO NO

GWN~12A
Butts

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NA NO NO 17,000 NO NO NO 2,91l0 21 40,000 NO NO
NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NA NO NO 16,000 NO NO NO 2,800 20 39,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NA NO NO 16,000 NO NO NO 2,800 21 40,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO. NO NO NO NO NO NA NO NO 18,000 NO NO NO 3,100 24 42,000 NO NO

GWN~20
Gwinnell:

NO NO NO 35 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 230 NO NO NA NO NO 54,000 NO NO NO 13,000 82 11,000 NO NO

GWN-P21

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 15 NO NO NO NO NO 38,000 NO NO NO 8,800 44 17,000 NO NO

.loMs
~
........

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 28 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO 18 NO NO NO ND NO 14 NO NO NO NO NO 11

NO NO NO NO NO 36,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 36,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 41,000 NO NO

NO 8,200 55 18,000 NO NO NO 8,400 48 18,000 NO NO NO 12,000 NO 16,000 NO NO

GWN-P22

NO NO 110 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 23 NO 1.8 NA NO NO 1,200 NO NO NO 1,400 NO 2,500 NO NO

Fulton

GWN~23
Butts

NO NO NO 10 NO NO NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO ND NO ND
NO NO NO NO NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO 5.5 NO NO NA NO NO 12,000 NO 20 NO NO NO NO NO 6A NO NO NA NO NO 11,000 NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 4.8 NO NO NA NO NO 12,000 NO :rT NO NO NO NO NO 5.7 NO NO NA NO NO 13,000 NO 34

NO 3,9llO NO 14,000 NO NO NO 3,700 NO 14,000 ND NO NO 3,900 NO 15,000 NO NO
NO 4,300 NO 15,000 NO NO

GWN-P24 Cowell!

NO NO NO 10 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 7 .8 NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO NO NO 5,300 NO 12,000 NO NO

G'AN-P25 Jones

NO NO 8.8 12 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

NO ND NO NO NO 23 NO NO NO NO NO 21

NO NO 13.!5 NO NO 13,000 NO 110 NO NO NO NO . NO 16,000 NO 110

NO NO

5,1100 6,800

58
n

17,000 NO NO 17,000 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 19 NO NO NO NO NO 16,000 NO 110 NO 7,300 95 18,000 NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 21 NO NO 13.0 NO NO 16,000 NO 100 NO 8.1100 89 17,000 NO NO

GWN-P28 COWftl

6.0 NO NO NO NO 5.5 NO NO NO NO NO 25 NO NO NA NO NO 10,000 NO NO NO 3.700 NO 10,000 NO NO

GWN-P30 Lincoln

NO NO 9.4 17 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 4.2 NO 1.8 NA 360 NO 27.000 NO 510 NO 39,000 35 :ZO,OOO NO NO

GWN-P32 Elbert
GWN-P33 Elbert

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N> NO 4.1 NO NO NO NO NO 260,000 NO NO NO 1,400 16 33,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 120,000 NO 27 NO 2,500 18 21,000 NO NO
NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 2.8 NO NO NO NO NO 200,000 NO ND NO 1,800 18 29,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO No NO NO 2 NO NO NO NO NO 180,000 NO NO NO 2,100 19 27,000 NO NO

NO NO 27 NO NO 14 NO NO 9

14 10 14

NO NO
,., NO NO
NO

NO NO NO .-> NO 2<4
NO ND NO NO NO 28 NO NO NO NO NO 31

NO 2.9 NA 470 NO 23,000 NO 360 NO NO NA 280 NO 21,000 NO 240 NO NO NA 81 NO 8,500 NO 65

NO NO NO

NO NO NO

NO 2,200 NO NO NO 3,600 NO NO NO 4,200 ND NO

NO NO 13 18 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 28 NO NO NA NO ND 19,000 NO 570 NO

NO

72 4,500 NO NO

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analy8es for Placlmont-Biue Ridge Stltlone. Part A: Station ldentlftcatlon, Date of S.mpllng, Field Parameters, VOC., Aniona, and Non-Metal8.

Wei Name
I

GWN-P34 Columlllll

IIIII8IDe biB Pin Collllgii..V.. Wei

NG

NG

NG 02AIIII18 8.14 133 8.18 18.13

05t'03118 8.S7 141 11.04 18.72

08122118 8.32 148 0.()11 18.85

11117/UI 5.85 125 8.34 18.30

GWN-P36 F. .n l d l n

O'CannorWel

........... GYt'N-P37

Ml M'/ICllt ...Wei

1!10

NG

NG

01/2WI8 7.11

201

0.98 18.58

OWIII'I8 7.25 192 7.74 18.80

07/131'18 724 1113 4.92 17.23

1W181'18 8.110 195 0.80 18.86

!100

NG

NG 01120118 5.58 587 8.20 18.28

0WIIf18 5..78 D1 8.58 18.40

011131'18 8.48 348 4.54 18.811

1MB/1ll &.a 3110 3.411 18.38

GWM.f'38 C.mill

Raapvlla w.l.,

........... l>

GWN-P38

Glly'Wal.,

N

N

GWN-P40

Sbm!Welll2

Gtwne

230

NG

NG 01111Mt1 4JIII 48 7.13 11U4

BOO

NG

NG

011110(18 8.18

88

NA 17.58

300

NG

NG

0211111118 5 .88

118

8 .18 18.58

GWM-BAN1A ElllniiS

YCIIlllh HanwRIB! Well

445

NG

NG

0&'17118 8.21

321

1.01 19.52

'Will., GWN-COU1 Ccllumbill

Windykr-. Mobile ...... Pin

1110

NG

NG 05103118 7.115 118 Q.81 19.50

GWN-COU2 Ccllumbla
GWN-COUS Calumbll
GWN-COU4 Ccllumblll

GroveiDwn Wei., Hallen! Will., T1111111Whte M8fllll Well

NG

NG

NG 05103118 7.18 141

NA 21.0S

250

NG

NG 02/Z4118 7.DII 133 0.88 2024

NG

NG

NG

011122118 8.83

m

1.114 18.!58

GWN-ELB1

BMverdam Mabie Home

250

NG

NG

0WIIf18 8.41

178

9.42 18.77

El'*l

Pm:Well.,

~RA1

Vlclarill BlynS.... PIR

NG

NG

NG

011Z0118 8.01

73

NA 1BJI8

F..'*fln W811.,01

GWN-JW.1
Hill
..... GWN-HAS1

Well., lalalft l..lllleW8ga
V8lley lm'Wal

380

NG

NG 05117118 7.08 241 8.011 11Z1

NG

NG

NG 0412M8 8.73 1112 7.88 18.Cl4

NO NO NO ND ND NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO
ND
NO
NO
NO
ND
--ND
~1 .1
NO
ND
NO
NO

NO

11

0.42 0.14

NO

13 OAS 0.17

NO

13 0.52 0.18

NO

ND D.ll3 0.17

NO

ND

ND 0 .02

ND

NO

ND 0 .02

NO

ND

ND

NO

NO

ND

NO

ND

120

25

1.80

ND

80

111 2.00 NO

41

25 0.85 o.m

30

25

0.30

ND

ND

ND

1.8

ND

NO

ND 1.1 o.oa

NO

ND

1.11 0.10

NO

83

0.115

NO

ND

NO

ND

0 .1 8

ND

13

NO o.DII

NO

ND

ND 0.14

11

NO 0.10 0 .03

NO

15

1.!10 0.10

NO

ND 0.01 0.08

ND

28

1.3 0 .03

NO

NO 0.02 o.m

Table A-7 .Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part 8: lletals.

GWN-P34 Columbia
GWN-P35 Franklin

NO NO 9.3 17 NO NO NO NO 11 17 NO NO NO NO NO 14 NO NO NO NO 5.9 10 NO NO
NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO ND

NO NO NO NO NO 19 NO ND NO NO NO Z2 NO NO NO NO NO 17 NO NO NO NO NO 18
NO NO NO ND NO 33 NO NO NO NO NO 30 NO NO NO NO NO 37 NO NO NO NO NO 34

NO NO 10.4 NO NO 8,700 NO NO NO NO NO NO 10,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO 10,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO 7 ,1100 NO
NO NO NO NO NO 23,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO 19,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO 20,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO 21,000 NO

NO NO 4.700 NO NO 5,400 NO NO 5,400 NO NO 4,500
45 7,200 7.300 33 6,600 6.100 39 6,800 6.600 55 7,300 6,800

NO 10,000 NO NO NO 12,000 NO NO NO 12,000 NO NO NO 11.000 NO NO
140 8 ,000 NO NO 120 6.900 NO NO 130 7,600 NO NO 130 8,000 NO NO

GWN-P37 Hbershm

NO NO NO 48 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 83 NO NO NA 88 NO 44,000 NO 73
NO NO NO 83 NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 63 NO NO NA NO NO 25,000 NO 34 NO NO NO 11 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 24 NO NO NA NO NO 42,000 NO 39 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 22 NO NO NA NO NO 45,000 NO 88

NO 15,000 120 38,000 NO NO NO 10,000 57 18,000 NO NO NO 9,8110 98 10,000 NO NO NO 10,000 120 9,700 NO NO

GWN-P38 Crrall

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 28 NO NO NA 711 NO 1,200 NO NO NO NO 25 5,200 NO NO

GWN-P39

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 39 NO NO NA NO NO 5,100 NO NO NO 1,300 NO 7,000 NO NO

-~-

~

GWN~40
GI"Hne

NO NO NO 73 NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 21 NO NO NA NO NO 6,500 NO NO NO 1,500 NO 9,700 NO NO

w

GWN-BAN1A

NO NO NO NO NO NO 5.8 NO NO NO NO 18 NO NO 12.5 NO NO 36,000 NO No NO NO NO 26,000 NO NO

Blinks

GWN-COU1 Columbia

NO NO NO 14 NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 33 NO NO NA NO NO 9.100 NO 970 NO 3,1100 160 7,'500 NO NO

GWN.COU2
Columbia
GWN-COU3 Columbi
GWN-COU4 Columbia

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 811 NO NO NA NO NO 11,000 NO 81 NO 3,500 112 11 ,000 NO NO NO NO NO 180 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 73 NO NO NA NO NO 17,000 NO 1,700 NO 1,800 340 18,000 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 11 NO NO NO NO NO 47,000 NO 180 NO 8,100 2flO 111,000 NO NO

GWN-ELB1 Elber1

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 42 NO NO NO NO NO 21 ,DOD NO NO NO 4,000 NO 12,000 NO NO

GWN-FRA1 fl'lnklln

NO ND 40 240 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 7.7 NO 3.8 NO NO ND 7,200 NO 350 NO 1,200 54 5,800 NO NO

GWN-HAL1 HiiU

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 33 NO NO NA NO NO 31,000 NO NO NO 5.500 NO 7,300 ND NO

GWN-HA$1 Harris

ND NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 10 NO NO NA NO NO 21 ,000 NO 82 NO 2,1100 150 7.400 NO ND

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part A: S1ation ld.mtflcatlon, Date of Sampling, Field Parameters, VOCs, Anions, and Non-llatals.

t~ti

lWei Nine

1-:1~ Inm.l Sbm~ l usan l ~l "c

GWN-I-W>2

F 0 ~ St.l8 Pllrll

0

Hmria

s.nv

NA

NA 041211ftll 4.75

13

NA 111.811

~
Midleon
....... GWN-STE1

118Wel.,
Lllb Hllrbar 8lloree W e l l 1M

1150

NG

NG 05f17111l 7113 185 7.52 17.78

378

NG

NG 0810M8 &All 146 4.811 17.33

GWN-UPS1 Upeon

CcudryWIIge Wllll.13

NG

NG

NG OMI1118 7118 171 7.19 19.39

GWM-WAS3

Htlmbl.rg 8111111 Plull

W..l*lgton

200

NG

NG o:wane 7.118 246 1.20 19.00

GWN-WHI1

9iellllllllrCCII"-.a..

NG

NG

NG 0MIIIt'l8 8.37 911 5.35 18.19

Wlln.

GWN-WKE1 Wllals

Rar~e1

NG

NG

NG DZGII18 8A8 159 7.113 18.22

GWN-BR1B

YClU111 Hlnlll

:r>

T - sw.n.an Real Wei

N

~

GWN-BR5
Munr

ChmMII1hl Nile $piing

GWN-TOW1
TCMII

Brulan Bllld Stmll

GWN-UNI1 Union

111ytn CCM1 Well2
AAAqqquuullffwl.r,..Hr.'l-a.-l.l.AR.Ml(lNniago--G)
Aq..._..._n IM>olll

2115

NG

NG 02125t18 7.09 144 3.D4 15AII

DM7118 7.14 180 7A7 15.81

0MIIIfl8 7.18 180 1A7 15.88

11.G1/IIl 8.92 177 1A1 15.38

0

NA

NA 02125t18 5.51

24

NA 13.84

0

NA

NA OMIMil 5.24

14

NA 11.82

1105

411

NG 112125rtll 8.87 90 3.75 15.88

4.75 13 0.80 11.82 821 1.0110 8.58 21JIII 8..87 180 5.35 17.74 IL71 235 5.11 17.85

NO
NO
NO
tl:nP1 .0
NO
ND
NO
NO NO
NO
NO NO
NO
NO

NO

ND

NO

NO

NO

11

NO 0.04

NO

NO 0.22 0.04

NO

NO o.oa 0.117

12

ND

NO

ND

NO

NO 0.80 om

ND

NO 3.5 0.13

NO

21 D.D4 NO

NO

21 O.D2 NO

ND

20 O.D5 NO

ND

20 D.07 NO

ND

NO 0.32 0.04

ND

NO 11.111 NO

ND

NO

NO 0.04

NO

NO NO NO

120

8.20 3.50 0.18

NO

ND 0.18 o.m

5

35 0.52 O.D5

Table A-7 Continued. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Piedmont-Blue Ridge Stations. Part 8: Metals.

GWN-HAS2 Hams

NO NO NO NO NO ND NO ND NO ND NO 11 NO NO NA NO NO NO NO 85 NO ND NO 1.100 NO NO

GWN-MADt MIMliloon

N8 NO NO ND NO ND NO NO ND NO NO 8.7 NO NO NA NO NO 22,000 NO 5liO NO 4.400 140 10,000 NO NO

GWN-STE1 ~

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 38 NO NO NA NO NO 14,000 NO 21 NO 8,000 NO 8,100 NO NO

GWN..UPS1 u.-on

NO NO NO ND NO ND NO NO NO ND NO 5.5 1.0 NO NA NO NO 23,000 NO NO NO 4,100 NO 8,800 NO NO

GWNWAS3 Washington

NO Nlil NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 83 NO NO 10.6 NO NO 28,000 NO 45 NO 2,900 270 17,000 NO NO

GWN-WHI1 Whb

NO NO 5.5 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 73 NO NO NA NO NO 8,500 NO 200 NO 1,700 NO 11,300 NO NO

GWN-WKE1 Wilkes

NO NO NO 300 NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 56 NO NO NO NO NO 14,000 NO 88 NO 2,000 NO 12.000 NO NO

~

GWN--BR1B
Town

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO 72 NO NO NO NO NO 25,000 NO 56 NO NO NO ND NO 118 NO NO NO NO NO 22,000 NO NO

NO 5,700 21 NO 5,000 17

4,600 NO NO 4,300 NO NO

(11

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 83 NO NO NO NO NO 22,000 NO NO NO 5,300 14 4,200 NO NO

NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 88 NO NO NO NO NO 22,000 NO NO NO 5,500 13 4,200 NO NO

GWN..SR.5 Murray

NO ND NO ND NO ND NO. NO NO NO NO 13 NO NO NA NO NO 2,700 NO NO NO NO NO 2.400 NO NO

GWN-TOW1
Town
GWN--UNI1 UniDn

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 8.0 NO NO NO liB NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 1,100 NO NO NO NO 5.0 66 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 11 NO NO NO NO NO 12,000 NO 180 NO 1,800 NO 7,800 NO NO

Aquifer Low ~nge Aqulr.r High Rllng Aqulr.r ......, (NDoCI) Aquifer ,._n (ND=O)

NO 230.0 21.0 29.6

NO NO 14.0 470 NO NO 2.4 21

NO 280,000 111,000 29,104

NO NO NO NO 1,100 1,700 7.300 311,000 340 42,000
20 NO 4,000 17 11,000
105 404 4JfTT 47 13,288

Table A-8. Groundwater Quality Analpee for Vallay-and~RidgeiAppalachian PlatHu Statlona.
Part A: Station ldentillcaUon, Date of Sampling, Field Paramebtra, VOCa, Anions, and Non-Metals.

WeiNIIM

[w.l:lc-:.. 1 ~ 1~~~ 1 I l uSicm l~ "C

GWN-\IR1 fk1

f111Colny
~Ra.!Wel

GWN-VR2A w.Jarp

LIIF.._L.-
Big~

GV'o'N-VR3
wa. .r
...... GV'o'N-VRM

adc:lalrMuga CnMIIIh Spfng
a-.:.1 Ploduels Ccxp. Saulh Wei

GWM-VRB Polk

Cedlrluwn~

'.>

N

0)

GV'o'N-VR10

Eb!Spflng

Margy

GV'o'N-VR11 Polk

Davll Howe Will

AqultW'--Rllnae AqultW HiGh Allnge AquiiW lledlan (NDooll)
AquiiW ...." (NI)IO)

2110

NG

NG 01112W18 7.fY 231 7.24 18.17

0

NG

NG 01112W18 7.35 21!8 4 .311 18.0t

0

NG

NG 011129118 7.88 240 7 .01 15.89

300

NG

NG 011129118 7.88 270 NA 17.91

0

NG

NG 02112118 7.81 2110 8.111 18.411

urz 051111118 7..53 273

18..53

08t'lllt18 7.51 275 7.34 18.57

11J01118 7:J7 272 7.51 18.31

0

NG

NG 02125118 7.13 220 4.37 15.67

200

20

NG 051111118 7.Q8 454 1.87 17,14

T.OS 220 1.87 15.67 1Jfl 454 8.111 17..81
7.52 271 7.CIZ 18.40 7.48 2711 8.10 18.45

ND
ND
ND
1,1ckP1.8 pcp2.1 ND ND
NO NO ND
ND

NO

NO 0.70 ND

ND

NO 1.40 NO

ND

ND D..88 NO

ND

ND 1.00 NO

ND

NO OJIII ND

ND

NO 0.74 NO

ND

NO 0..88 NO

ND

NO 0.88 NO

ND

NO 1.80 NO

ND

NO 2.80 ND

ND

NO 0.88 ND

ND

NO 2.80 ND

ND

NO 0.88 ND

ND

ND 1.11 ND

Table A-8. Groundwater Quality Analyses for Valley-and-Ridge/Appalachian Plateau Stations.

Part B: Metals.

- .

GWN-VR1 Floyd

NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 10 NO NO NA NO NO 28,000 NO NO NO 17,000 NO 1,900 NO NO

GWN-VR2A Walker

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 91 NO NO NA NO NO 41,000 NO NO NO 15,000 NO 1,600 NO NO

GV'JN-VR3
Walker

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 111 NO NO NA NO NO 32,000 NO NO NO 18,0110 NO 1 ,400 NO NO

GWN-VRM BIII1Dw

NO NO NO 18 NO NO NO NO NO ND NO 540 NO NO NA NO NO 30,0110 NO 29 NO 18.0110 NO 8,700 NO NO

GWN-VRB

NO ND NO ND NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 13 NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO 29 NO 17,000 NO 1,700 NO NO

Polk

NO ND NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 17 NO NO NA 110 NO 32,000 NO NO NO 18,0110 NO 1,600 NO NO

NO ND NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 12 NO NO NA NO NO 33,000 NO NO NO 111,000 NO 1.400 NO NO

)>

NO ND NO NO NO ND NO NO NO NO NO 12 NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO NO NO 18,000 NO 1,700 NO NO

I

I\)

.......

GWN-VR10

NO ND NO 18 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO 45 NO NO NA NO NO 35,000 NO 35 NO 17,000 NO 2.500 NO NO

lllurny

GW...VR11 Polk

NO NO NO NO NO NO NO ND NO NO NO 66 NO NO NA NO NO 60,0110 NO 70 NO 14,0110 NO 5,400 NO NO

Aquifer Low Range Aquifer High Range
Aqulfw Medlin (NO.O)
Aqulfw Meen (ND=O)

10.0 540..0 31.0 89.7

28,0110 60,000 34,000 38,800

NO NO 14,000 NO 1,400
70 NO 18,0110 NO 8,700
NO NO 18.500 NO 1,700 18 NO 18,400 NO 2.7110

Table A-9. Analytea, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Umits.

Analyta
-
Vinyl Chloride 1,1-Dichloroethvlene

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method
0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll 1524.2

Analyte
Dichlorodifluoromethane Chloromethane

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method
0.5 ug/L I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Dichloromethane

0.5 ugll 1524.2

Bromomethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Trans-1,2Dichloroethy_lene

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Chloroethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Cis-1,2. Dichloroethvlene

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Fluorotrichloromethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2

1,1,1-Trichloroethane Carbon Tetrachloride

0.5 ugll 1524.2

1,1-Dichloroethane 0.5 ugll I 524.2

-

I

0.5 ugll I 524.2

2,2-Dichloropropane 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Benzene

0.5 ugll 1524.2

Bromochloromethane

0.5 ugll 1524.2

1,2-Dichloroethane 0.5 ugll 1524.2
-

Trichloroethylene
-

0.5 ugll 1524.2

1,2-Dichloropropane 0.5 ugll 1524.2

Toluene

0.5 ugll 1524.2

1,1,2Trichloroethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Tetrachloroethylene 0.5 ugll 1524.2
-

Chlorobenzene -

0.5 ugll 1524.2

Ethyl benzene

0.5 ugll I 524.2
-

Total Xylenes

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Styrene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1--
o-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

0.5 ugll I 524.2
-
0.5 ugll 1524.2
0.5 ug/L I 524.2 -
0.5 ugll I 524.2

Chloroform

0.5 ugll I 524.2

1,1-Dichloropropene 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Dibromomethane

J 0.5 ugll 1524.2

Bromodichloromethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Cis-1 ,3-Dichloropropene

0.5 ugll 1524.2

Trans-1,3Dichloropropene

0.5 ug/L I 524.2

1,3-Dichloropropane 0.5 ugll 1524.2

Chlorodibromomethane

0.5 ug/L 1524.2

1,2-Dibromoethane 0.5 ugll I 524.2

1'1 '1 ,2Tetrachloroethane
Bromoform

0.5 ugll I 524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Isopropyl benzene
1,1 ,2,2Tetrachloroethane

0.5 ugll I 524.2
--
0.5 ug/L 1524.2

A-28

Table A-9, Continued. Analytes, EPA Analytical Methods, and Reporting Limits.

Analyte
-
Bromo benzene 1,2,3-Trlchloro_Qro_pane n-Propylbenzene

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method
0.5 ugll 1524.2 0.5 ugll I 524.2
0.5 ug/L I 524.2

Analyte
Total Phosphorus Fluoride Silver

o-Chlorotoluene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
p-Chlorotoluene

0.5 ug/L /524.2 0.5 ug/L /524.2
0.5 ugll I 524.2

Aluminum Arsenic Barium

Tert-Butylbenzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Sec-Butyl benzene

- 0.5 ug/L I 524.2

Beryllium

0.5 ug/L I 524.2

Calcium

0.5 ugll /524.2

Cadmium

p-lsopropyltoluene 0.5 ugll I 524.2

Cobalt

Reporting Limit/ I EPA Method
-
0.02 mgll /365.1

0.20 mgll I 300.0

10 ug/L (ICP}

/2.0. 0.7

60 ug/L 1200.7

80 ugll /200.7

10 ug/L /200.7
-
10 ug/L 1200.7

1000 ug/L /200.7

10 ug/L /200.7

10 ugll 1200.7

m-Dichlorobenzene n-Butylbenzene

0.5 ug/L 1524.2
-
0.5 ugll I 524.2

Chromium Copper

1,2-Dibromo-3chloroero2ane Hexachlorobutadiene

0.5 ug/L I 524.2 0.5 ug/L I 524.2

Iron Potassium

Naphthalene

0.5 ugll I 524.2

Magnesium

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene Methyl-tert-butyl ether {MTBEl

0.5 ugiL /524.2 0.5 ug/L I 524.2

Manganese Sodium

Chloride

10 mg/L I 300.0

Nickel

Sulfate* Nitrate/nitrite

10 mg/L I 300.0
0.02 mg/Las Nitrogen 1353.2

Lead Antimony

20 ug/L /200.7
20 ug/L 1200.7
20 ug/L I 200.7
5000 ug/L I 200.7
- 1000 ug/L 1200.7
10 ug/L /200.7 -
1QOO ug/L /200.7
20 ug/L 1200.7 -
90 ug/L /200.7
120 ug/L J 200.7
-

A-29

Table A-9. Continued. Analytes. EPA Analytical Methods. and Reporting Limits.

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Analyte

Reporting Limit/ EPA Method

Selenium

190 ug/L /200.7

Selenium

5 ug/L /200.8

Titanium

10 ugll /200.7

Molybdenum

5 ug/L I 200.8

Thallium Vanadium

200 ugll 1200.7 10 ugiL /200.7

Silver Cadmium

5 ugll 1200.8
-
0.7 ugll I 200.8

Zinc rChromium
Nickel

20 ug/L I 200.7
-
5 ug/L /200.8 (ICPMS)
10 ugll /200.8

Tin Antimony Barium

30 ug/L I 200.8 5 ug/L I 200.8 2 ugll/ 200.8

Copper

5 ug/L /200.8

Thallium

1 ug/L 1200.8

Zinc

10 ug/L /200.8

Lead

1 ug/L /200.8

Arsenic
'--

5 ug/L /200.8

Uranium

10 ug/L /200.8

* Nota: Reporting limits for sulfate and nitrate/nitrite are subject to change. A
sample with a concentration of either analyte greater than certain ranges may need to be diluted to bring the concentration within the analytical ranges of the testing instruments. This dilution results in a proportional increase in the reporting limit.

A-30

Table A-10. Al'lalytes, Primary MCLs (A), and Secondary MCLs (B). I

Analyte

Primary MCL

Secondary MCL

Analyte

Primary Second-

MCL

arv MCL

Vinyl Chloride 1I 1-Dichloroethylene
Dlchloromethane
Trans-1,2Dichloroethylene
Cis-1,2Dichloroethylene
1I 1, 1-Trichloroethane

2 ug/L 7 ug/L 5 ug/L

None None None

100 ug/L None

70 ug/L None

200 ug/L None

p-Dichlorobenzene
a-Dichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Chloroform (1)
Bromodichloromethane (2)
Chlorodibromomethane (3)

Carbon Tetrachloride 5 ug/L None

Bromoform (4)

Benzene 1,2-Dichloroethane

5 ug/L 5 ug/L

None None

Chloride Sulfate

Trichloroethylene 112-Dichloro-propane

5 ug/L None
-r
5 ug/L None

'-
Toluene

1,000 ug/L

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

5ug/L

'
1 Tetrachloroethylene 5 ug/L

i-

None None None

Chlorobenzene

100 ug/L None

Nitrate/nitrite
Fluoride Aluminum Antimony Arsenic Barium

Ethyl benzene Total Xylenes Styrene

700 ug/L
10,000 ug/L
100 ug/L

None None None

Beryllium Cadmium
-
Chromium

75 ug/L None 600 ug/L None

70 ug/L None

= Total
1,2,314

None

- 80 ug/L
Total
= 1,2,3,4 None
80 ug/L

= Total
1,2,3,4

None

80 ug/L

Total
= 1,2,314 None

80 ugfl

None

250 mg/L

None

250 mg/L

10 mg/L

as

None

Nitrogen

-

4 mgll 2 mg/L

None 6 ug/L

50-200 ug/L
None

10 ug/L 2000 ug/L 4ugll
5 ug/L

None
~
None
None -
None

100 ug/L None

A-31

Table A-10, Continued. Analytea, Primary MCLa (A), and Secondary MCLa (B).

' Analyte
Copper
Iron r--
Lead
I
~Manganese
kel

Primary Second-

MCL

ary MCL

I

Action

level= 1000

1,300 ug/L

ug/L(C)

Analyte Selenium

None
~
A ction level= 15 ug/L(C)
None

300 ug/L None 50 ug/L

Silver
Thallium
-
Zinc

1 100 ug/L None f

Primary Second- ,

MCL

ary MCL 1

I

50 ug/L None

-

None

100 ug/L

I

2ug/L None

I
None

5,000
- ~glb_

Notes:

(A) Primary MCL = Primary Maximum Contaminant Level, a maximum
concentration of a substance (other than lead or copper) allowed in public drinking water due to adverse health effects.
= (B) Secondary MCL Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level, a maximum
concentration of a substance suggested for public drinking water due solely to unpleasant characteristics such as bad flavor or stain-causing ability.

(C) Acti.on Level = the maximum concentrations of lead or copper permitted for
public drinking water as measured at the user's end of the system. Water issuing from at least ninety percent of a representative sample of user's end outlets must contain copper or lead concentrations at or below their respective action levels.

mg/L

= milligrams per liter.

ug/L

= micrograms per liter.

A-32

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