2007 ambient air surveillance report [Nov. 1, 2008]

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Air Protection Branch Ambient Monitoring Program
2007 Ambient Air Surveillance Report

This document is published annually by the Ambient Monitoring Program, in the Air Protection Branch of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division.
Date of Initial Publication November 1, 2008

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................... vi GLOSSARY..........................................................................................................................................viii INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................... 1 CHEMICAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES................................................................................................2
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) ...........................................................................................7 OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO, NO2, NOx and NOy)......................................................10 SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)..............................................................................................13 OZONE (O3)..................................................................................................................15 LEAD (Pb).....................................................................................................................24 PARTICULATE MATTER .............................................................................................26 PM10 ..............................................................................................................................27 PM2.5 .............................................................................................................................32 PM2.5 SPECIATION ......................................................................................................39 ACID PRECIPITATION.................................................................................................47 PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS)............................................52 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS .........................................................................................57 AIR TOXICS MONITORING................................................................................................................. 63 METALS .......................................................................................................................65 HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM (Cr6) ................................................................................72 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TO-14/15)........................................................73 SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ................................................................78 METEOROLOGICAL REPORT............................................................................................................ 82 STATE CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY OF 2007.................. 82 SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS (2007) ................................84 OZONE AND PM2.5 FORECASTING AND DATA ANALYSIS ...................................... 87 SELECT METEOROLOGICAL AND AIR QUALITY STUDIES FOR 2007 ...................91 QUALITY ASSURANCE....................................................................................................................... 94 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT ................................................. 95 GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ...........................................................................................96 PARTICULATE MATTER .............................................................................................99 AIR TOXICS ...............................................................................................................104 NATTS ........................................................................................................................109 PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING................................................... 112 METEOROLOGY ........................................................................................................ 116 QUALITY CONTROL REPORTS ...............................................................................117 STANDARDS LABORATORY ....................................................................................117 LABORATORY AND FIELD STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE..................... 117 SITING EVALUATIONS..............................................................................................118 RISK ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................................... 119 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................119 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION ..........................................................................119 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION .................................................................................130 OUTREACH AND EDUCATION ........................................................................................................135 MEDIA OUTREACH ...................................................................................................138 OTHER OUTREACH OPPORTUNITIES....................................................................138 Appendix A: Additional Criteria Pollutant Data ................................................................................... 141 Carbon Monoxide (CO)...............................................................................................141 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) ...............................................................................................141 Nitric Oxide (NO) ........................................................................................................141 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) ...........................................................................................142 Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen (NOy) ............................................................................142 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)....................................................................................................143
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Ozone (O3)..................................................................................................................144 Lead (Pb) ....................................................................................................................146 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)....................................................................................147 Appendix B: Additional PM2.5 Particle Speciation Data...............................................151 Appendix C: Additional Meteorological Data ...................................................................................... 156 Appendix D: Additional PAMS Data ................................................................................................... 176 PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2007)........................................ 176 PAMS 2007 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons .............................................................180 Appendix E: Additional Toxics Data ................................................................................................... 184 2007 Metals ................................................................................................................184 2007 Semi-Volatile Compounds .................................................................................188 2007 Volatile Organic Compounds .............................................................................194 2007 Carbonyl Compounds, 24-hour..........................................................................209 2007 Carbonyl Compounds, 3-hour (June-August) ...................................................210 Appendix F: Monitoring Network Survey ............................................................................................ 211 Appendix G: Siting Criteria ................................................................................................................. 216 Appendix H: Instrument and Sensor Control Limits ...........................................................................218 References ......................................................................................................................................... 219
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Georgia Air Monitoring Site Map ............................................................................................. 6 Figure 2: Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide (CO) .........................................................................7 Figure 3: Carbon Monoxide Site Monitoring Map................................................................................... 8 Figure 4: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Map ...............................................................................12 Figure 5: Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Site Map....................................................................................... 14 Figure 6: Typical Urban 1-Hour Ozone Diurnal Pattern .......................................................................15 Figure 7: Demonstration of Ozone Formation ...................................................................................... 15 Figure 8: Ozone Formation Process .................................................................................................... 16 Figure 9: Ozone Monitoring Site Map................................................................................................... 18 Figure 10: Georgia's 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area Map ............................................................20 Figure 11: Metro Atlanta Ozone- Number of Violation Days per Year .................................................21 Figure 12: Metro Atlanta Ozone Exceedance Map ..............................................................................22 Figure 13: Ozone Concentrations in ppm, 2006 (Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour
Concentrations) ............................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 14: Lead Monitoring Site Map ................................................................................................... 25 Figure 15: Analogy of Particulate Matter Size to Human Hair..............................................................26 Figure 16: PM10 Monitoring Site Map ...................................................................................................28 Figure 17: PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart ...................................................................................30 Figure 18: PM10 24-Hour Design Values ..............................................................................................31 Figure 19: PM2.5 Federal Reference Method Monitoring Site Map .......................................................34 Figure 20: PM2.5 Monitoring Site Map, Continuous and Speciation Monitors.......................................35 Figure 21: Georgia's PM2.5 Nonattainment Area Map ..........................................................................37 Figure 22: PM2.5 Annual and 24-Hour Concentrations across the United States, 2006 ....................... 38 Figure 23: 2003 PM2.5 Speciation.........................................................................................................39 Figure 24: 2004 PM2.5 Speciation.........................................................................................................40 Figure 25: 2005 PM2.5 Speciation.........................................................................................................40 Figure 26: 2006 PM2.5 Speciation.........................................................................................................41 Figure 27: 2007 PM2.5 Speciation.........................................................................................................41 Figure 28: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Ammonium Concentrations ....................................................43 Figure 29: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Elemental Carbon Concentrations..........................................43 Figure 30: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Organic Carbon Concentrations.............................................. 44 Figure 31: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Sulfate Concentrations ...........................................................44 Figure 32: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Nitrate Concentrations ............................................................45 Figure 33: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Crustal Matter Concentrations ................................................45 Figure 34: Process of Acid Rain Deposition......................................................................................... 47 Figure 35: Acid Rain Monitoring Site Map............................................................................................ 48 Figure 36: Acid Rain Trends, Statewide............................................................................................... 49 Figure 37: Acid Rain Trends, by Location ............................................................................................ 49 Figure 38: Comparison of DNR and NADP Annual Acid Rain Averages ............................................. 50 Figure 39: Three-year Average Precipitation of Sulfate Concentrations (SO42-) in 1989-1991 and
2004-2006...................................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 40: PAMS Monitoring Site Map ................................................................................................. 53 Figure 41: Isoprene Yearly Profile, 2003-2007..................................................................................... 54 Figure 42: Toluene Yearly Profile, 2003-2007...................................................................................... 55 Figure 43: Toluene & Isoprene, Typical Urban Daily Profile ................................................................56 Figure 44: Carbonyls Monitoring Site Map ........................................................................................... 58 Figure 45: Average South DeKalb 3-Hour Carbonyls, June-August, 2005-2007 ................................. 59 Figure 46: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration and Number of Detects, by Site, 2005-2007 .. 60 Figure 47: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration vs. Number of Detects, by Species, 2005-2007
....................................................................................................................................................... 61 Figure 48: Acrolein Concentrations and Number of Detections, 2007 ................................................. 62 Figure 49: Metals Monitoring Site Map................................................................................................. 67 Figure 50: Total Detections of Metals, by Site, 2005-2007 ..................................................................68 Figure 51: Average Concentration and Total Detections of Metals, by Species, 2005-2007 ............... 69
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Figure 52: Average Comparison of Zinc, by Site, 2005-2007 ..............................................................70 Figure 53: Zinc at Utoy Creek, 2005-2007 ........................................................................................... 71 Figure 54: Hexavalent Chromium at South DeKalb .............................................................................72 Figure 55: Total Volatile Organic Compounds Detected per Site, 2005-2007 .....................................73 Figure 56: Number of Volatile Organic Compounds (TO-14/15) Detected, Select Compounds, 2005
2007............................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 57: Total Volatile Organic Compound Loading all Species, by Site, 2005-2007 ....................... 75 Figure 58: Volatile Organic Compounds, Seasonal Effects, 2005-2007 ..............................................76 Figure 59: VOC and SVOC Monitoring Site Map .................................................................................77 Figure 60: Total Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Detections Per Site, 2005-2007 ......................... 78 Figure 61: Number of Semi-Volatile Organic Compound Detections, by Compound, 2005-2007 ....... 79 Figure 62: Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds at South DeKalb, 2007................................................80 Figure 63: Meteorological Site Map...................................................................................................... 86 Figure 64: Forecasted and Observed 8-hr Ozone for Metro Atlanta for May-Sept. 2007 ....................88 Figure 65: Forecasted and Observed PM2.5 for Metro Atlanta for January June 2007...................... 89 Figure 66: Forecasted and Observed PM2.5 for Metro Atlanta for July December 2007 .................... 90 Figure 67: Comparison of the Maximum Ozone and Particle Pollution Concentration Days Between
2006 and 2007............................................................................................................................... 91 Table 28: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Conyers ............................. 114 Figure 68: Formulas For Calculating Risk and Hazard Quotient........................................................124 Figure 69: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2005-2006 .................................... 128 Figure 70: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2007 .............................................128 Figure 71: Estimated County-Level Cancer Risk From the 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment
(NATA99)..................................................................................................................................... 134 Figure 72: The AQI............................................................................................................................. 136 Figure 73: Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map ...................................................................139
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Georgia Ambient Air Standards Summary ...............................................................................3 Table 2: 2007 Georgia Air Monitoring Network ...................................................................................... 5 Table 3: Common Oxides of Nitrogen Species and Terms ..................................................................10 Table 4: Comparison of Monthly Rainfall Amounts for 2007 and the 30 Year Average for Select Cities
in Georgia ...................................................................................................................................... 83 Table 5: Temperature and Rainfall Statistics for Select Georgia Cities in 2007................................... 84 Table 6: Meteorological Parameters Measured, 2007 .........................................................................85 Table 7: Audits Performed for Each Air Monitoring Program in 2007 ..................................................95 Table 8: NO Data Quality Assessment................................................................................................. 97 Table 9: NO2 Data Quality Assessment................................................................................................97 Table 10: NOX Data Quality Assessment .............................................................................................98 Table 11: CO Data Quality Assessment............................................................................................... 98 Table 12: SO2 Data Quality Assessment..............................................................................................98 Table 13: O3 Data Quality Assessment ................................................................................................99 Table 14: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for FRM Samplers............................................................ 101 Table 15: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for Semi-Continuous Samplers........................................ 102 Table 16: PM10 Data Quality Assessment of 24-Hour Integrated Samplers....................................... 103 Table 17: Summary of Unexposed Filter Mass Replicates ................................................................104 Table 18: Summary of Exposed Filter Mass Replicates.....................................................................104 Table 19: Metals Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek ...............................................................106 Table 20: Semi-VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek.......................................................107 Table 21: VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek ................................................................108 Table 22: NATTS Sites with EPA Region Numbers and AQS Site Codes.........................................110 Table 23: Measurement Quality Objectives for the NATTS Program................................................. 110 Table 24: MQO Data Sources for the Georgia NAATS Program .......................................................111 Table 25: 23 Selected HAPs and Their AQS Parameter Codes ........................................................112 Table 26: Percent Completeness of Georgia's 2006 AQS Data, Selected Compounds .................... 112 Table 27: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for South DeKalb..................... 113 Table 28: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Conyers ............................. 114 Table 29: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Yorkville ............................. 115 Table 30: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Ambient Monitoring Program
..................................................................................................................................................... 116 Table 31: Meteorological Measurements Accuracy Results ..............................................................117 Table 32: Compounds Monitored and Screening Values Used in Initial Assessment........................ 121 Table 33: Summary of Chemicals Analyzed in 2007..........................................................................122 Table 34: Site-Specific Detection Frequency and Mean Chemical Concentration, 2007 ................... 123 Table 35: Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient by Location and Chemical, 2007 ................................. 125 Table 36: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Indices for Each Site, Excluding Carbonyls, 2007.... 127 Table 37: Summary Data for Select VOCs at PAMS Sites, 2007 ......................................................129 Table 38: Summary Observations, Cancer Risk, and Hazard Quotient for Carbonyls, 2007............. 130 Table 39: AQI Summary Data, 2007 .................................................................................................. 137 Table 40: AIRNOW Participation Evaluation Results .........................................................................140
v

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Ambient Monitoring Program of the Air Protection Branch of the Environmental Protection Division (EPD) has monitored air quality in the State of Georgia for more than thirty years. The list of compounds monitored has grown over the thirty years to more than 200 pollutants using several types of samplers at sites statewide. This monitoring is performed to protect public health and environmental quality. The resulting data is used for a broad range of regulatory and research purposes, as well as to inform the public. This report is the summary of the monitoring data from 2007, and is an assessment of the data in conjunction with previous years' findings.
The Chemical Monitoring Activities, Photochemical Assessment Monitoring (PAMS), and Air Toxics Monitoring sections provide an in-depth discussion of the chemicals that are monitored with maps identifying individual monitoring sites. These sections also contain discussions on health effects, measurement techniques, and attainment designations for the chemicals that are monitored. Additionally, these sections discuss trends and common sources for the monitored pollutants.
Six (6) pollutants fall within the criteria pollutant list. These pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter (now regulated in two size categories). The ambient concentrations of these pollutants must meet a regulatory standard. The regulatory standard is health-based. Concentrations above the standard are considered unhealthy for sensitive groups. After several years of favorable weather patterns, though, Georgia's 2005 and 2006 data show an uptick in ozone concentrations. It is possible that, given the long-term trend toward improving air quality in the state, that this change is a result of natural variation in weather patterns. At the same time, this recent data is less favorable to Georgia's regulatory status with respect to the national standards. Also, in December 2006 the national limit on 24-hour averaged concentrations of fine particulate matter was reduced. No exceedances of the stricter 24-hour standard occurred before the end of the year, but several sites recorded design values that violate the annual standard.
Another set of compounds called air toxics are monitored throughout the state in the Air Toxics Network. The sources of these emitted compounds include vehicle emissions, stationary source emissions, and natural sources. These air toxic compounds do not have ambient air regulatory standards. However, the compounds monitored in the Air Toxics Network are analyzed annually for theoretical lifetime cancer risk and potential non-cancer health effects. This analysis is presented in the Risk Assessment section of this report. Estimates of theoretical cancer risk posed by these compounds are primarily driven by a small number of chemicals in the metals, volatile organic compounds, and carbonyls groups of the air toxics. The estimates of theoretical lifetime cancer risk related to air toxic pollutants in the areas monitored across the state ranged from 2 in 100,000 to 1 in 1,000,000. The potential risk of non-cancer health effects from air toxic pollutants is estimated differently, and most chemicals were well below the `acceptable' hazard quotient of 1.
The Ambient Monitoring Program also operates an extensive network of meteorological stations. The Meteorological Report section discusses Georgia's climatology based on the meteorological data captured at the PAMS sites and the sites located statewide. The meteorological sites provide, at a minimum, wind speed and wind direction data. Some stations are very sophisticated and provide information on barometric pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation. A discussion of the Georgia ozone and PM2.5 forecasting effort is also included in this section.
The Quality Assurance section shows the Ambient Monitoring Program's effort in producing quality data. The data has to be collected and measured in a certain manner to meet requirements that are set forth by the EPA. The requirements for each monitored pollutant is provided, including field and laboratory techniques, as well as results of the quality assurance audits.
The Outreach and Education section provides information concerning the efforts of the Clean Air Campaign to change the commuting habits of residents of Atlanta. The voluntary program partners with the public and private sector to reduce vehicle congestion and aid in reducing vehicle emissions. This section includes a description of educational and news media outreach activities, and explains
vi

how the Air Quality Index (AQI) is used to offer the public an easy to use indicator of air quality. The appendices of this document contain summary tables for the pollutants measured during 2007. Included in the summary tables is information on where air toxic compounds were detected, the number of samples collected, and average and maximum concentrations. Copies of this and previous annual reports are available in Adobe Acrobat format via the Ambient Monitoring Internet website at http://www.georgiaair.org/amp. A limited number of print copies are available and may be requested at 404-363-7006. Real time air monitoring information for the criteria pollutants may be found at the above website by selecting the pollutant of concern. In addition, the website also provides links to the Clean Air Campaign and the smog forecast.
vii

Aerosols AM APB AQCR Anthropogenic ARITH MEAN By-product BAM CAA
CFA CO CV DNR EPA EPD FRM
GEO MEAN HAP HI HQ IUR LOD g/m3 m/s MDL Mean MSA NAAQS NAMS NATTS NMHC NO2 NOx NOy NUM OBS NWS ODC O3 PAH PAMS Pb PM2.5 PM10 ppbC ppm Precursor PUF QTR Rawinsonde RfC Screening Value SLAMS SO2

GLOSSARY
A gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles Annual Mean Air Protection Branch Air Quality Control Region Resulting from human activity Arithmetic Mean Something produced in making something else; secondary result Beta Attenuation Monitor Clean Air Act
Code of Federal Regulations
Carbon Monoxide Coefficient of Variation Department of Natural Resources (state agency) Environmental Protection Agency (federal agency) Environmental Protection Division (state agency) Federal Reference Method- the official measurement technique for a given pollutant Geometric Mean Hazardous Air Pollutant Hazard Index Hazard Quotient Inhalation Unit Risk Limit of Detection Micrograms per cubic meter Meters per second Method Detection Limit Average Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the US Census Bureau National Ambient Air Quality Standard National Ambient Monitoring Site National Air Toxics Trends Station Non-Methane Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen Reactive oxides of Nitrogen Number of Observations National Weather Service Ozone depleting Chemicals Ozone Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station Lead Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or less Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less Parts per billion Carbon Parts per million A substance from which another substance is formed Polyurethane Foam Calendar Quarter A source of meteorological data for the upper atmosphere Reference Concentration Initial level of air toxic compounds used in risk assessment State and Local Air Monitoring Site Sulfur Dioxide
viii

SPMS TEOM TNMOC TRS TSP UV VOC w/m2

Special Purpose Monitoring Site Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance Total Non-Methane Organic Compounds Total Reduced Sulfur Total Suspended Particulates Ultraviolet Volatile Organic Compound Watts per square meter

ix

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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Introduction

INTRODUCTION

This report summarizes the air quality data collected by the State of Georgia during calendar year 2007. The Air Protection Branch is a subdivision of the state's Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Environmental Protection Division (EPD).

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates air quality standards nationwide through authority granted by Congress in the Clean Air Act. Few people realize, though, that the air quality monitoring that is required by the Act is performed almost entirely by state and local governments. The Ambient Monitoring Program conducts monitoring in Georgia, both to satisfy Clean Air Act monitoring requirements and to exceed them in cases where additional monitoring proves beneficial to the citizens and industries of the State. Monitoring is performed to facilitate the protection of public health, as well as to protect our natural environment. The data is collected and quality assured using equipment and techniques specified by EPA. Once the data is ready, it is submitted to EPA's national air quality database, where it is available to a broad community of data users.

Despite the technical nature of the information collected, every effort has been made to make the data relevant and useful to those who do not routinely study air quality data. To provide additional information for those who have interest in more detailed technical information, extensive Appendices are included. Further information about air quality in Georgia and nationwide is available from EPA.

1 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

CHEMICAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES

This section contains a summary of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and the monitoring techniques used to measure ambient air quality for comparison with these standards.

The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the EPA Administrator to identify pollutants that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. The Act also requires the Administrator to issue air quality criteria that reflect the latest scientific knowledge useful in indicating the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare that may be expected from the presence of such pollutant in ambient air. Under the CCA, the EPA Administrator establishes NAAQS for each pollutant for which air quality criteria have been issued. The EPA is to set standards where "the attainment and maintenance are requisite to protect public health" with "an adequate margin of safety." In 1971, the EPA established standards for five "criteria" pollutants as required by the Clean Air Act. The standards and pollutants have changed over time to keep up with improvements in scientific knowledge and now includes seven pollutants. The current list is summarized in Table 1.

As shown in Table 1, there are primary and secondary ambient air quality standards. Primary standards are designed to protect the most sensitive individuals in a population. These sensitive individuals include children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses. The secondary standards are designed to protect public welfare or quality of life. This includes visibility protection, limiting economic damage, damage to wildlife, the climate or man-made material.

The various averaging times are to address the health impacts of the pollutants. Short-term averages, such as the limit for 8-hour ozone averages, are to protect against acute effects. Long term averaging, such as the annual limit for fine particles, is to protect against chronic effects.

The Georgia ambient air monitoring network provides information on the measured concentrations of criteria and non-criteria pollutants at selected locations. The 2007 Georgia Air Sampling Network collects data at 62 locations in 36 counties. Monitoring takes place year-round, with the exception of ozone, which is sampled from March through October, and the continuous Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) volatile organic compounds that sample from June through August. For a list of all the sites in the monitoring network, detailing what pollutants are monitored at which sites, see Table 2. That information is followed by Figure 1, which is an overview map of all the air monitoring locations in the state. Not all pollutants are monitored at all sites. Maps of the monitoring locations for individual pollutants are provided in each pollutant's respective section.

The number and location of the individual sites varies from year to year, depending on: availability of long-term space allocation, regulatory needs, etc. Once a site is established, the most common goal for its use is to monitor for long-term trends.

All official monitoring performed in support of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) must use U.S. EPA-defined reference methods described in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A, or equivalent methods designated in accordance with Part 53 of that chapter. All the data collected in the networks undergoes extensive quality assurance review and is then submitted to the Air Quality System (AQS) database maintained by EPA.

In general, the basic monitoring objectives that govern the selection of sites are: 1) to measure the highest observable concentration; 2) to determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density; 3) to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on ambient pollution levels; 4) to determine the general background concentration levels; and 5) to determine the concentration of a number of compounds which contribute to the formation of ground level ozone. Data from EPD's continuous monitors are published on EPD's web site at http://www.georgiaair.org/amp. The data is updated hourly. Specific annual summary data for 2007 may be found in Appendix A of this document.

2 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Compound
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Carbon Monoxide Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide Lead

Primary Standard

Secondary Standard

Units

Time Interval



0.5

3 Hour

0.14



24 Hour

0.03



ppm

Annual Mean

Same as

15.0

Primary

Annual Arithmetic Mean (3 years)

98th percentile: 35.0
2nd Maximum: 150

Same as Primary
Same as Primary

micrograms per cubic meter
micrograms per cubic meter

24 Hour 24 Hour

2nd Maximum:

35.0



1 Hour

2nd Maximum: 9.0



ppm

8 Hour Average

4th Maximum: 0.085

Same as Primary

ppm

8 Hour Average

Same as

0.053

Primary

ppm

Annual Mean

Same as micrograms per Calendar Quarter

1.5

Primary cubic meter

Average

Table 1: Georgia Ambient Air Standards Summary

3 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

SITE ID

COMMON NAME

PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5

PM10 Acid PAMS

Carb- Meteoro- Aethal-

COUNTY O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. NO NOx NO2 NOy SO2 TRS Pb PM10 Cont. Rain VOC VOC SVOC onyls logy ometer Cr6 Metals

Rome MSA

131150003

Coosa Elementary

Floyd

S

131150004

Co. Health Dept.

Floyd

NR NR

NR

131150005

Coosa High

Floyd

S

X

S

Brunswick MSA

131270004

Arco Pump Station

Glynn

S

131270006

Risley Middle

Glynn S

S

S M

NR

131273001

Brunswick College

Glynn

NR NR NR

NR

Valdosta MSA

131850003

Mason Elem. Lowndes

S

NR NR

NR

Warner Robins MSA

131530001

Robins Air Base Houston

S

NR NR

NR

Dalton MSA

132130003

Fort Mountain

Murray S

NR

Albany MSA

130950007

Turner Elem. Dougherty

S

S

Gainesville MSA

131390003

Fair St. Elementary

Hall

S

NR NR

NR

Athens-Clark County MSA

130590002

College Station Rd.

Clarke S

S

S

X

Macon MSA

130210007

Allied Chemical

Bibb

S

X

S

130210012

Forestry

Bibb S

S

S

S

NR NR

NR

NR

130210013

Lake Tobesofkee

Bibb S

S

NR

Columbus Georgia- Alabama MSA

132150001

Health Dept. Muscogee

S

132150008

Airport Muscogee S

S

S

S

132150011

Cusseta Elementary Muscogee

S

X

S S

132151003

Crime Lab Muscogee S

NR

132155000

Columbus State Muscogee

NR NR

NR

Savannah MSA

130510014

Shuman Middle School Chatham

S

130510017

Market St. Chatham

S

130510021

E. President St. Chatham S

S

NR NR NR NR

NR

130510091

Mercer Middle Chatham

S

130511002 W. Lathrop & Augusta Ave. Chatham

S

S

NR

Augusta Georgia-South Carolina MSA

130730001

Riverside Park Columbia S

S

NR

131890001

Fish Hatchery McDuffie

G

132450005

Med. College GA Richmond

S

132450091

Bungalow Rd. Richmond S

S

S

X

S

NR

132450092

Clara Jenkins School Richmond

NR NR

NR

4 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

SITE ID

COMMON NAME

PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5

PM10 Acid PAMS

Carb- Meteoro- Aethal-

COUNTY O3 CO FRM Cont. Spec. NO NOx NO2 NOy SO2 TRS Pb PM10 Cont. Rain VOC VOC SVOC onyls logy ometer Cr6 Metals

Atlanta MSA 130630091 130670003

Georgia DOT

Clayton

S

National Guard

Cobb S

S

130670004 Macland Aquatic Center

Cobb

S

130770002

Univ. of West GA

Coweta S

S

NR

130850001

GA Forestry Dawson S

G

NR NR NR NR

NR

130890002

South DeKalb

DeKalb S/P S/P S

S

T S/P S/P S/P S/P

P

N N

P/N

P

N

N

N

130890003

DMRC

DeKalb

S

130892001 130893001

Police Dept.

DeKalb

S

Tucker

DeKalb

S NR

130970003

Beulah Pump Station Douglas

S

130970004

W. Strickland St. Douglas S

131130001

Georgia DOT

Fayette S

NR

131210001

County Health Dept

Fulton

S

131210020

Utoy Creek

Fulton

NR NR

NR

NR

131210032

E. Rivers School

Fulton

S

S

131210048

Georgia Tech

Fulton

S

SS S

S

S

131210055

Confederate Ave.

Fulton S

S

S

131210099

Roswell Road

Fulton

S

131350002

Gwinnett Tech Gwinnett S

S

S

131510002

County Extension

Henry S

S

132230003

Yorkville Paulding S/P S/P S

S

S/P S/P S/P

P NR NR

P

NR

132470001

Monastery Rockdale S/P

S/P S/P S/P

P

P

132550002 UGA Exp. Station-Griffin Spalding

S

132970001

Fish Hatchery

Walton

S

Chattanooga Tennessee-Georgia MSA

132950002

Co. Health Dept.

Walker

S

S

X

Not In An MSA

130090001

Baldwin Co. Airport Baldwin

S/M

NR NR

NR

130550001

Fish Hatchery Chattooga S

130690002 General Coffee State Park

Coffee

X

NR NR

NR

132611001

Union High

Sumter S

132810001

Lake Burton

Towns

G

133030001

Co. Health Dept. Washington

S

S

133190001

Police Dept. Wilkinson

S

Monitoring Types: S=SLAMS; P=PAMS; M=SPM; X=Supplemental Speciation; T=STN; N=NATTS; NR=Non-Regulatory; G=General Information

Table 2: 2007 Georgia Air Monitoring Network

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Figure 1: Georgia Air Monitoring Site Map
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CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

GENERAL INFORMATION Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, poisonous gas that is a by-product of the incomplete burning of fuels. The primary source of CO pollution in most large urban areas, including Metro Atlanta, is the vehicle, which contributes approximately 60% of CO emissions nationwide. Other sources include fires, industrial processes, cigarettes, and other sources of incomplete burning in the indoor environment (Figure 2). Higher concentrations of ambient CO may be present during the colder months of the year. In cool weather, weather patterns called inversion layers occur more frequently. These inversions trap pollutants near the surface.

Once CO is inhaled, it enters the blood stream, where it binds chemically to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the component of blood that is responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells. When CO binds to hemoglobin, it reduces the ability of hemoglobin to do its job, and in turn reduces the amount of oxygen delivered throughout the body. The percentage of hemoglobin affected by CO depends on the amount of air inhaled, the concentration of CO in air, and length of exposure. At the levels usually found in ambient air, CO primarily affects people with cardiovascular disease.

The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires that Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with a population greater than 500,000, as determined by the last census (2000), have at least two CO State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS). In Georgia, only the Atlanta MSA meets the population requirement. Currently, the SLAMS site is located at Roswell Road (Figure 3). The Roswell Road site was established to monitor for CO at a microscale level. The purpose of microscale measurements is to measure peak concentrations in major urban traffic areas. A microscale site monitors an air mass that covers a distance of several meters to about 100 meters.

In substitution for a second SLAMS monitor, high sensitivity CO monitors have been installed at the Yorkville and South DeKalb sites. The purpose of these monitors is to detect very small concentrations of CO in order to gain a more complete understanding of the background levels of CO and its role in atmospheric chemistry.

Figure 2: Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide (CO)
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Figure 3: Carbon Monoxide Site Monitoring Map
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HEALTH IMPACTS Health effects of CO include weakening the contractions of the heart, which reduces blood flow to various parts of the body, decreasing the oxygen available to the body. In a healthy person, this effect significantly reduces the ability to perform physical activities. In persons with chronic heart disease, these effects can threaten the overall quality of life, because their systems may be unable to compensate for the decrease in oxygen. CO pollution is also likely to cause such individuals to experience chest pain during activity. Adverse effects have also been observed in individuals with heart conditions who are exposed to CO pollution in heavy freeway traffic for one or more hours.

In addition, fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema are likely to be more susceptible to the effects of CO. For these individuals, the effects are more pronounced when exposure takes place at high altitude locations, where oxygen concentration is lower. CO can also affect mental function, visual acuity, and the alertness of healthy individuals, even at relatively low concentrations.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES CO is monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of CO in ambient air using the non-dispersive infrared analysis and gas filter correlation methods.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the Clean Air Act (CAA) 8-hour and 1-hour standard for CO. This standard requires that, for 8-hour averages, no concentration greater than 9 ppm may be observed more than once per year. For 1-hour averages, no concentration greater than 35 ppm may be observed more than once a year. If the data shows that these criteria are met, then the area is considered to be in attainment of the standard.

All of Georgia is in attainment of both the 8-hour and 1-hour standards for carbon monoxide. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.

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OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NO, NO2, NOx and NOy)

GENERAL INFORMATION Oxides of Nitrogen (see Table 3) exist in various forms in the atmosphere. The most common is nitric oxide (NO), but other forms such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric acid (HNO3) and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) are also present. The bulk of these compounds in the atmosphere are produced from high temperature combustion and lightning. Nitrogen is a very stable molecule and is essentially inert unless subjected to extreme conditions. The oxides of nitrogen are less stable, however, and are key participants in atmospheric chemistry, converting back and forth between numerous states under different conditions. Many of these reactions involve the conversion of oxygen atoms between their atomic (O2) and ozone (O3) forms. As such oxides of nitrogen are studied more intensely than their direct health impacts would imply; they are precursors of (and alternately by-products of) ozone formation. The many forms of oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere are the reason that they are sometimes referred to using the generic terms NOx or NOy.
NO is changed to NO2 in very rapid atmospheric reactions. During daylight hours, ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun breaks apart NO2 into NO and free oxygen (O). The free oxygen atom will attach itself to molecular oxygen (O2) creating an ozone (O3) molecule. This is the origin of all ground level ozone. Daytime levels of NO2 and N2O5 are low but their concentration rises rapidly in overnight. When the sun rises again in the morning, they are converted back to NO and ozone. Nitric acid (HNO3) is the most oxidized form of nitrogen in the atmosphere. This species is water-soluble and is removed from the atmosphere in the form of acidic raindrops.

Abbreviation NO
NO2
HNO3 PAN
NOx NOy

Full Name

Creation Processes

Elimination Processes

Nitrous Oxide

Result of ozone

Reacts with ozone to

photochemistry High-temperature

form NO2 and oxygen

combustion

Nitrogen Dioxide

High-temperature

Reacts with oxygen in

combustion

strong sun to form

Reaction of NO and

ozone plus NO

ozone

"Washes out" in rain

Nitric Acid

NO2 + H2O

"Washes out" in rain

Peroxyacetyl Nitrate Oxidation of hydrocarbons in

Slow devolution to NO2

sunlight

Name for NO + NO2

Name for all atmospheric oxides of nitrogen- mostly NO, NO2, HNO3, N2O5, and PAN

Table 3: Common Oxides of Nitrogen Species and Terms
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the important oxides of nitrogen. It is a light brown gas, and can be an important component of urban haze, depending upon local sources. Nitrogen oxides usually enter the air as the result of high-temperature combustion processes, such as those occurring in automobiles and power plants. Home heaters and gas stoves also produce substantial amounts of NO2. NO2 is formed from the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO), which has a pungent odor at high concentrations and a bleach smell at lower concentrations. NO2 is a precursor to ozone formation and can be oxidized to form nitric acid (HNO3), one of the compounds that contribute to acid rain. NO2 and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can react with other substances in the atmosphere to form acidic

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products that can be deposited in rain, fog, snow, or as particle pollution. Nitrate particles and NO2 can block the transmission of light, reducing visibility.

HEALTH IMPACTS Respiratory problems develop when individuals are exposed to high levels of NO2 for short durations (less than three hours). Asthmatics are especially sensitive to NO2. Changes in airway responsiveness have been observed in some studies of exercising asthmatics exposed to relatively low levels of NO2. Studies also indicate a relationship between indoor NO2 exposures and increased respiratory illness rates in young children, but definitive results are still lacking. Many animal studies suggest that NO2 impairs respiratory defense mechanisms and increases susceptibility to infection.

Several studies also show that chronic exposure to relatively low NO2 pollution levels may cause structural changes in the lungs of animals. These studies suggest that chronic exposure to NO2 could lead to adverse health effects in humans, but specific levels and durations likely to cause such effects have not yet been determined.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Oxides of Nitrogen, and in particular NO2, are monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of oxides of nitrogen in ambient air using the ozone-phase chemiluminescent method. There are two major instrument designs. While they are closely related, they do not monitor the same species. NOx analyzers measure NO, NO2, and NOx. NOy analyzers measure NO and NOy, but cannot measure NO2. The NOy analyzers are also specialized for measuring trace-level concentrations; as such they cannot measure higher concentrations. Because of these tradeoffs, it is necessary to operate a network of both instrument types to get a complete picture of local conditions.

Of the oxides of nitrogen, only NO2 is regulated under the NAAQS. As such only the NOx type analyzers produce data directly relevant to the standard. NO2 monitoring is required in urban areas with populations greater than 1,000,000. Atlanta is the only urban area in Georgia that meets that population requirement. Atlanta metro area has four NO2 sites. They are located at the South DeKalb, Georgia Tech, Conyers, and Yorkville sites. The complete oxides of nitrogen monitoring network, including NOx and NOy monitor locations, can be found in Figure 4.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS primary and secondary annual standards for NO2. This standard requires that a site's annual average concentration exceed 0.053 ppm no more than an average of once a year over a three-year period. The Atlanta MSA is in attainment of the NO2 standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.

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Figure 4: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Map
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SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

GENERAL INFORMATION Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless reactive gas that is formed by burning of sulfur-containing material, such as coal, or by processing sulfur-containing ores. It is odorless at low concentrations, but pungent at very high concentrations. It can be oxidized in the atmosphere into sulfuric acid. When
sulfur-bearing fuel is burned or ores that contain sulfur are processed, the sulfur is oxidized to form SO2, which can react with other pollutants to form aerosols. In liquid form, SO2 may be found in clouds, fog, rain, aerosol particles, and in surface liquid films on these particles. Both SO2 and NO2 are precursors to the formation of acid rain and lead to acidic deposition. SO2 can also be a precursor for sulfate particles. Major sources of SO2 are fossil fuel-burning power plants and industrial boilers.

HEALTH IMPACTS Exposure to SO2 can cause impairment of respiratory function, aggravation of existing respiratory disease (especially bronchitis), and a decrease in the ability of the lungs to clear foreign particles. It can also lead to increased mortality, especially if elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) are present. Groups that appear most sensitive to the effects of SO2 are asthmatics, people with hyperactive airways, and individuals with chronic obstructive lung or cardiovascular disease. Elderly people and children are also likely to be sensitive to SO2.

Effects of short-term peak exposures have been evaluated in controlled human exposure studies. These studies show that SO2 generally increases airway resistance in the lungs, and can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics. These impacts have been observed in subjects engaged in moderate to heavy exercise while exposed to relatively high peak concentrations. These changes in lung function are accompanied by perceptible symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups.

The presence of particle pollution appears to aggravate the impact of SO2 pollution. Several studies of chronic effects have found that people living in areas with high PM and SO2 levels have a higher incidence of respiratory illnesses and symptoms than people living in areas without such a combination of pollutants. Figure 5 shows the locations of the Georgia SO2 monitoring stations for 2007.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Sulfur dioxide is measured in the ambient air using EPA-approved "equivalent method" instruments as defined in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A. Georgia's network consists of instruments using a pulsed UV fluorescence technique. In Brunswick, a variation of this instrument is configured to monitor for total reduced sulfur (TRS), which monitors for other sulfur-bearing compounds such as hydrogen sulfide.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION To determine if an SO2 monitor is in attainment, an annual average, a 24-hour average, and a 3-hour average are evaluated. The data has to be at least 75 percent complete in each calendar quarter. A 24-hour block average is considered valid if at least 75 percent of the hourly averages for that 24-hour period are available [61 FR 25579, May 22, 1996]. To be considered in attainment, an SO2 site must have an annual mean less than 0.03 parts per million (ppm), no more than one 24-hour average exceeding 0.14 ppm, and no more than one 3-hour average exceeding 0.50 ppm. All of Georgia is in attainment of the sulfur dioxide standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.

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Figure 5: Sulfur Dioxide Monitoring Site Map
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OZONE (O3)

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

GENERAL INFORMATION Ground level ozone, unlike the other gaseous air pollutants previously discussed, is not a primary pollutant. This means that ozone is not directly emitted by any sources, mobile or stationary. Ozone forms through a complex series of chemical reactions, which take place in the presence of strong sunlight (photochemical reactions). For these reactions to take place, certain ingredients (precursors) must be available. Since the reactions must take place in the presence of strong sunlight, ozone concentrations have a strong diurnal pattern (Figure 6).

Concentration

0.1

0.09

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0

0:00

2:00

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00

Hour

Figure 6: Typical Urban 1-Hour Ozone Diurnal Pattern
The precursors1 to ozone formation are oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and reactive organic substances (sometimes referred to as VOCs or hydrocarbons). Examples of such reactive organic substances include hydrocarbons found in automobile exhaust (like benzene and propane), vapors from cleaning solvents (like toluene), and biogenic emissions (like isoprene). Ozone is a colorless gas, but when mixed with particles and other pollutants, such as NO2, forms smog, a brownish, pungent mixture (see Figure 7 and Figure 8). This type of pollution first gained attention in the 1940's as Los Angeles photochemical "smog". Since then, photochemical smog has been observed frequently in many other cities. Figure 7: Demonstration of Ozone Formation
As indicated above, ozone is formed when its precursors come together in the presence of strong sunlight. This reaction only occurs when both precursors are present, and the reaction itself consumes the precursors as it produces ozone. The amount of ozone produced, assuming sufficient

1 For a more complete discussion on ozone precursors, please see the NO2 section and the PAMS section of this report.
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sunlight, is controlled by what is known as the "limiting reactant." This limiting reactant can be thought of in terms of household baking. You can only bake cookies until you run out of any one of the ingredients you need. If you run out of flour, it doesn't matter how much milk and sugar you have on hand; you can't make any more cookies without more flour. In the same way, ozone production can only occur until the process has consumed all of any one of the required ingredients. As it turns out, natural background hydrocarbon levels are quite low in Los Angeles, so in that area hydrocarbons are typically the reactant that limits how much ozone can be produced. The control measures that proved effective in reducing smog there involved reducing hydrocarbon emissions. These control measures and the science behind them have become relatively advanced because the Los Angeles ozone problem was so severe and developed so long ago. But many of the fundamental lessons learned about smog formation in Los Angeles over many years of research have proven not to apply in the same way in Georgia.

Figure 8: Ozone Formation Process
At the start of air quality control implementation in Georgia, the then-standard assumption was that Georgia was also hydrocarbon limited. However, the initial control measures seemed ineffective in actually reducing ozone levels. In time, researchers discovered that trees naturally emit large quantities of hydrocarbons. The solution to ozone control in Georgia, then, would have to focus on a different limiting reactant. Since there will always be strong sunshine in the summer, and there will always be oxygen, the only effective way left to control ozone production is to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen.
Air quality science had not, and still has not, had time to fully catch up with this discovery. The control technologies that reduce hydrocarbon emissions are generally not effective on oxides of nitrogen, so a whole new set of control technologies had to be developed. This area has been in some ways unable to take full advantage of the technologies developed for Los Angeles, then, because those technologies were not suited to local conditions. With respect to reducing emissions from automobile engines, for example, the addition of relatively simple and inexpensive catalytic converters to existing engine designs was a great leap forward in reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Catalytic converters have been used with great success since the early 1970s. Thus far, emissions of oxides of nitrogen have proven more difficult to control than hydrocarbon emissions, especially given that the control measures have not had forty years to mature. Research on the topic continues, and new emissions control equipment is always under development. For example, where catalytic converters could be added to existing engine designs to greatly reduce hydrocarbon emissions, solutions for reducing
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emissions of oxides of nitrogen have generally required far more reengineering of the engines themselves. There is no easy "bolt on" solution.

Ozone in Georgia, unlike other pollutants previously discussed, is only monitored during the "summer" months (March through October), according to EPA's 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 58 monitoring requirements. Many urban areas experience high levels of ground level ozone during the summer months. We also see high ozone levels in rural and mountainous areas. This is often caused by ozone and/or its precursors being transported by wind for many hundreds of miles.
A final difference between ozone and the other pollutants is that ozone is sometimes good. While ground level ozone is considered a hazardous pollutant, the ozone in the upper atmosphere, approximately 10-22 miles above the earth's surface, protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. This ozone is gradually being depleted due to man-made products called ozone depleting chemicals, including chloroflourocarbons (CFC), which when released naturally migrate to the upper atmosphere. Once in the upper atmosphere, the CFCs break down due to the intensity of the sun's UV rays, releasing chlorine and bromine atoms. These atoms react with the ozone and destroy it. Scientists say that one chlorine atom can destroy as many as 100,000 "good" ozone molecules. The destruction of this ozone may lead to more harmful ultraviolet rays reaching the earth's surface, causing increased skin cancer rates. This reduction in the protection provided by ozone in the upper atmosphere is usually referred to as the "ozone hole" and is most pronounced in polar regions.
The Georgia Environmental Protection Division monitors ground level ozone at 23 sites throughout the state (Figure 9).

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Figure 9: Ozone Monitoring Site Map
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HEALTH IMPACTS Ozone and other photochemical oxidants such as peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and aldehydes are associated with adverse health effects in humans. Peroxyacetyl nitrate and aldehydes cause irritation that is characteristic of photochemical pollution. Ozone has a greater impact on the respiratory system, where it irritates the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and airways; ninety percent of the ozone inhaled into the lungs is never exhaled. Symptoms associated with exposure include cough, chest pain, and throat irritation. Ozone can also increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. In addition, ozone impairs normal functioning of the lungs and reduces the ability to perform physical exercise. Recent studies also suggest that even at lower ozone concentrations some healthy individuals engaged in moderate exercise for 6 to 8 hours may experience symptoms. All of these effects are more severe in individuals with sensitive respiratory systems, and studies show that moderate levels may impair the ability of individuals with asthma or respiratory disease to engage in normal daily activities.

The potential chronic effects of repeated exposure to ozone are of even greater concern. Laboratory studies show that people exposed over a six to eight hour period to relatively low ozone levels develop lung inflammation. Animal studies suggest that if exposures are repeated over a long period (e.g. months, years, lifetime), inflammation of this type may lead to permanent scarring of lung tissue, loss of lung function, and reduced lung elasticity.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Ozone is monitored using specialized commercial instruments made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of ozone in ambient air using the U.V. photometric method and are EPA-approved for regulatory air monitoring programs. Data gained from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS ozone.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Ozone monitoring has been in place in the Atlanta area since 1980. The 1980 network consisted of two monitors located in DeKalb and Rockdale Counties. Currently the metro Atlanta ozone network includes eleven monitors located in ten counties.

In July 1997 the US EPA issued a new 8-hour ozone standard intended to eventually replace the older 1-hour standard. This 8-hour standard is attained when the average of the fourth highest concentration measured is equal to or below 0.08 ppm (0.085 ppm with the EPA rounding convention) averaged over three years (see Table 1; 62 FR 38894, July 18, 1997). Areas EPA has declared in attainment of 1-hour standard are immediately exempt from that standard, but thereafter are subject to the 8-hour standard. In the summer of 2005, metro Atlanta was declared in attainment of the 1hour standard. As of the printing of this report, then, only the 8-hour ozone standard is applicable in Georgia.

The Atlanta ozone nonattainment area currently consists of Bartow, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Paulding, Rockdale, Barrow, Carroll, Hall, Newton, Spalding, and Walton Counties. All other MSA's are currently in attainment. Catoosa County is party of the Chattanooga Earl Action Compact area. Figure 10, on the next page, shows the boundaries of these nonattainment areas.

A number of activities to aid in controlling the precursors to ozone formation have been implemented. As new areas are declared in nonattainment, these control measures may be expanded to include them. These activities could include a strict vehicle inspection program, controls on stationary emission sources, and the establishment of a voluntary mobile emissions reduction program. An example of such a program in metro Atlanta is called The Clean Air Campaign (CAC). Activities of The Clean Air Campaign include distributing daily ozone forecasts (as well as PM2.5 forecasts produced by EPD) during the ozone season to enable citizens in the sensitive group category as well as industries to alter activities on days that are forecasted to be conducive to ozone formation. This is

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also done for the Macon area. In addition to the daily forecasts, citizens have access to forecast and monitoring data on an as needed basis by either calling 1-800-427-9605 or by accessing our website at http://www.georgiaair.org/amp. For a more detailed discussion concerning the CAC, see the section titled "Outreach and Education".

Figure 10: Georgia's 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area Map
Figure 11 shows how past air quality would relate to the new standard and how current air quality relates to the old standard. This chart was produced by comparing measurement data against both ambient standards. This demonstrates the relative strictness of each standard and shows how our air quality has changed over time. Despite a great deal of fluctuation, over the course of the past twenty years we have seen a gradual reduction in the number of days exceeding either ozone standard. The trendline, produced by regression analysis, shows that the number of days that exceed the current 8hour ozone standard has fallen by about a half day each year over this time period. The most recent
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years of data show an upturn in the number of exceedance days. This is believed to be a result of natural variation in weather patterns, not a sign of a reversal of the long-term trend.

Exceedance Days

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year

1-Hour

8-Hour

Trendline of 8-Hour

Figure 11: Metro Atlanta Ozone- Number of Violation Days per Year

Figure 12, on the next page, maps each Metro Atlanta ozone monitor that exceeded the 8-hour ozone standard in 2007, and also indicates the monthly breakdown of the exceedances.

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Figure 12: Metro Atlanta Ozone Exceedance Map
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The following map was taken from the EPA document "Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006". It shows the fourth maximum reading for the 8-hour ozone readings across the United States. It is interesting to see the correlation of higher readings with the more populated areas across the United States. One can also see how Georgia's ozone readings compare with other states across the country.

(From EPA's "Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006") Figure 13: Ozone Concentrations in ppm, 2006 (Fourth Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Concentrations)
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LEAD (Pb)

GENERAL INFORMATION In the past, the Clean Air Act required extensive lead monitoring in order to detect the high levels of airborne lead that resulted from the use of leaded gasoline. With the phase-out of leaded gasoline, lead concentrations decreased to nearly zero by the late 1980s. Since then, the concentrations have hovered just above zero. Today, metals processing is the major source of lead emissions to the atmosphere. Other sources of lead emissions include the combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, emissions from iron and steel production, and the two remaining uses for lead in gasoline (aviation gasoline and racing gasoline).

Based on EPA guidance and the very small amounts of lead pollution remaining in Georgia, the lead monitoring network shrunk in 2005. Two lead monitoring sites in Columbus were closed. There are now two dedicated lead monitors remaining in Georgia for comparison to the NAAQS lead standard. One is in the Atlanta area for monitoring long-term trends in ambient lead levels. The other is in Columbus for industrial source monitoring, given the historical issues with lead pollution in the area.

The current criteria lead monitoring network is as indicated in Figure 14. For more information on criteria lead monitoring, see Appendix A. In addition to the criteria network sites, lead is also being monitored at 15 sites throughout Georgia as a trace metal in the Georgia Air Toxics Monitoring Network. The equipment used at those sites can detect far smaller concentrations. For additional summary data on lead as collected as an Air Toxics trace metal, see Appendix E.

HEALTH IMPACTS Exposure to lead occurs mainly through inhalation and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. It accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues. Lead can adversely affect the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other organs. Excessive exposure to lead may cause neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders. Even at low doses, lead exposure is associated with damage to the nervous systems of fetuses and young children, resulting in learning deficits and lowered IQ. Recent studies also show that lead may be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease. Lead can also be deposited on the leaves of plants, presenting a hazard to grazing animals. Lead deposition in soil puts children at particular risk exposure since they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths, which may come in contact with the leadcontaining dust and dirt.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Measurement for ambient air lead concentrations is performed using a manual method, unlike measurements for ozone, SO2, NO2 and CO. Samples are collected on 8" x 10" pre-weighed fiberglass filters with a high-volume sampler for 24 hours. The filter sample is shipped to a laboratory for analysis using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (commonly known as ICP-MS). Data gained from the lead sampler is used to determine compliance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for lead.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION The compliance with the national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds is determined based on the assumption that all lead is elemental lead. In order to comply with both the primary and secondary standard, the concentration of lead in the air must have an arithmetic mean no higher than 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter averaged over a calendar quarter. (See Secs. 109, 301(a) Clean Air Act as amended (42 U.S.C. 7409, 7601(a)) [43 FR 46258, Oct. 5, 1978]. All of Georgia is in attainment of the lead standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.

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Figure 14: Lead Monitoring Site Map
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PARTICULATE MATTER

GENERAL INFORMATION Particulate matter is a broad range of material that consists of solid particles, fine liquid droplets, or condensed liquids absorbed onto solid particles. Airborne particulates are not a single pollutant as discussed for the other criteria pollutants, but rather a mixture of many different air pollutants. Primary sources that emit particles include combustion, incineration, construction, mining, metals smelting, metal processing, and grinding. Other sources include motor vehicle exhaust, road dust, wind blown soil, forest fires, open burning of vegetation for land clearing or waste removal, ocean spray, and volcanic activity.

There are two ways that particulate matter is formed. Primary particulate is emitted directly from a source, like a vehicle's tailpipe or a factory's smokestack. But a great deal of particulate matter is not directly emitted from such sources. In fact, the vast majority of primary air pollution is in the form of gases. But those gaseous air pollutants readily react in the atmosphere with oxygen and with each other. While many of those reactions produce other gases, they frequently produce particles. Particles formed through this process are known as secondary particulate matter. Examples of secondary particulates include:
Atmospheric sulfate particles, formed from the oxidation of gaseous SO2. Atmospheric nitrate particles, such as ammonium nitrate, formed from a complex series of
reactions that transform gaseous NOx. Atmospheric calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate particulates formed from a series of atmospheric
reactions involving gaseous nitric acid (HNO3) reacting with sodium chloride/calcium carbonate.

Particulate pollution may also be categorized by size since there are different health impacts associated with the different sizes. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program monitors for two sizes of particles: PM10 (up to 10 microns in diameter) and PM2.5 (up to 2.5 microns in diameter). Both of these particles are very small in size. For example, Figure 15 shows how approximately ten (10) PM10 particles can fit on a cross section of a human hair, and approximately thirty (30) PM2.5 particles would fit on a cross section of a hair.

Maps of each of the

particulate

matter

networks (PM10, PM2.5

federal reference method,

PM2.5 continuous, and

PM2.5 speciation) are

included in the following

subsections that discuss

particulate matter.

Figure 15: Analogy of Particulate Matter Size to Human Hair

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PM10

Particulate matter (PM) less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter is defined as PM10. These particles can be solid matter or liquid droplets from smoke, dust, fly ash, or condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. PM10 represents part of a broad class of chemically diverse particles that range in size from molecular clusters of 0.005 microns in diameter to coarse particles of 10 microns in diameter (for comparison, an average human hair is 70-100 microns in diameter, as shown in the previous figure). PM results from all types of combustion. The carbonbased particles that result from incomplete burning of diesel fuel in buses, trucks, and cars are of particular concern. Another important combustion source is the burning of wood in stoves and fireplaces in residential settings. Also of concern are the sulfate and nitrate particles that are formed as a by-product of SO2 and NO2 emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-burning power plants and vehicular exhausts.

The U.S. national ambient air quality standard was originally based on particles up to 25-45 microns in size, termed "total suspended particles" (TSP). In 1987, EPA replaced TSP with an indicator that includes only those particles smaller than 10 microns, termed PM10. These smaller particles cause most of the adverse health effects because of their ability to penetrate deeply into the lungs. The observed human health effects of PM include breathing and respiratory problems, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue. Groups that appear to be most sensitive to the effects of PM include individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and children.

For a map of the PM10 network, refer to Figure 16 on the next page.

HEALTH IMPACTS Marked increases in daily mortality have been statistically associated with very high 24-hour concentrations of PM10, with some increased risk of mortality at lower concentrations. Small increases in mortality appear to exist at even lower levels. Risks to sensitive individuals increase with consecutive, multi-day exposures to elevated PM10 concentrations. The research also indicates that aggravation of bronchitis occurs with elevated 24-hour PM10 levels, and small decreases in lung function take place when children are exposed to lower 24-hour peak PM10 levels. Lung function impairment lasts for 2-3 weeks following exposure to PM10.

27 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Figure 16: PM10 Monitoring Site Map
28 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES The Georgia PM10 monitoring network consists of two types of monitors. The first is an event monitor in which samples are collected for 24 hours on a quartz microfiber filter. A specialized sample-sorting device is used so that the filter collects only particles 10 microns in size and smaller. The filters are weighed in a laboratory before and after the sampling period. The change in the filter weight corresponds to the mass of PM10 particles collected. That mass, divided by the total volume of air sampled, corresponds to the mass concentration of the particles in the air. Because of the need for manual filter loading and unloading, shipping back to the laboratory, and so forth, there is significant time lag between taking the measurement and obtaining data. The other monitor is fundamentally similar, but has been greatly modernized. It draws particle-laden air through a filter and analyzes how the mass of the filter changes on an hourly or nearly continuous basis. This monitor gives much more information about how PM10 concentrations vary over time, is less labor-intensive, and produces results almost instantly.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION The primary and secondary standards for PM10 are the same. In order for an area to be considered in compliance with the standard, the 99th percentile 24-hour concentration is less than or equal to 150 micrograms per cubic meter [62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. For example, if 100 PM10 samples were taken over the course of the year and one sample exceeded 150 micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), then the area would meet the standard. If two or more samples were over 150 micrograms per cubic meter, then the area would not be in attainment of the standard. There was also an annual average standard for PM10 until December 17, 2006. EPA revoked the standard because of a lack of evidence of chronic health effects resulting from long-term exposure to moderate levels of PM10.
The Albany site is currently the only site that is above the standard for PM10. The Georgia EPD believes that this site was affected by the Okefenokee Swamp wildfire that took place in the spring of 2007. For the previous five years, the Albany site's second highest annual PM10 averages ranged from 41 to 51 g/m3, consequently the rise in level to 187 g/m3 was thought to be exceptional (refer to Figure 18 on page 31). Therefore, Georgia EPD has requested from EPA to have the higher readings removed from the data set. If these numbers were removed from the dataset, the Albany site would be below the standard. The other areas of Georgia are currently in attainment of the PM10 standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.

29 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

40.0

35.0

30.0

Average Concentration (g/m3)

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0 2002

2003

Albany Metro Savannah*

Augusta Rome

* Average includes one site for 2007

2004
Brunswick Rossville

2005 Year
Columbus Sandersville

2006
Macon Summerville

2007 Metro Atlanta

Figure 17: PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart

Figure 17 shows how the metro areas in Georgia stand relative to the annual average PM10 standard. On an annual basis, PM10 levels in Georgia are relatively low. Most inland areas have similar annual average concentrations, and coastal areas typically have less PM10 than inland areas. Longer-term PM10 data generally suggest a slow decrease in PM10 concentrations overall.

Figure 18 shows how the same areas compare to the 24-hour standard for PM10, which remains set at 150 g/m3. The standard allows one exceedance per year averaged over a 3-year period, therefore this chart shows the 2nd highest 24-hour average for each site or metro area. Although there is a
great deal of variation from year to year at any given site, the statewide average is relatively stable. It
is believed that concentrations of PM10 in 2007 were above normal due to excessive smoke from the Okeefenokee Swamp wildfire.

30 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Statewide (avg)

Sandersville

Rossville

Augusta

Columbus

Brunswick

Site

Rome

Albany

Metro Atlanta

Summerville

Savannah Macon

150 g/m3 limit

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Second Highest 24-Hour PM10 Concentration (g/m3)

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

Figure 18: PM10 24-Hour Design Values

31 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

PM2.5

Particulate matter including PM2.5 consists of the solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Individually, these particles and droplets are invisible to the naked eye. Collectively, however, they can appear as clouds or a fog-like haze.

Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter is referred to as "fine" particles. In comparison, a human hair is 70-100 microns in diameter. Fine particles are produced by many different sources, including industrial combustion, residential combustion, and vehicle exhaust, so their composition varies widely. Fine particles can also be formed when combustion gases are chemically transformed into particles. Considerable effort is being undertaken by Georgia to analyze the fine PM2.5 particles for the chemical constituents that make up the particles, so pollution control efforts can be focused in areas that create the greatest reductions. We currently monitor fifty-three (53) particle species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon.

HEALTH IMPACTS Fine particles are of health concern because they can penetrate into the sensitive regions of the respiratory tract and they are linked to the most serious health effects. They can cause persistent coughs, phlegm, wheezing, and physical discomfort.

Several recently published community health studies indicate that significant respiratory and cardiovascular-related problems are associated with exposure to particle levels well below the existing particulate matter standards. These negative effects include premature death, hospital admissions from respiratory causes, and increased respiratory problems. Long-term exposure to particulate matter may increase the rate of respiratory and cardiovascular illness and reduce life span. Some data also suggests that fine particles can pass through lung tissues and into the bloodstream. Children, the elderly, and individuals with cardiovascular disease or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma are especially vulnerable.

Much new evidence of these health impacts is discussed in EPA's "Air Quality Criteria for Fine Particulate Matter" document. It indicates that fine particles are also thought to enhance the delivery of other pollutants and allergens deep into lung tissue, where their effects are more pronounced. The cancer risk alone of long-term exposure to elevated fine particle concentrations has been estimated to be similar to that of the additional risk to a non-smoker of living with a smoker. Early estimates of the impact of long-term exposure to elevated fine particle concentrations indicate an average life span reduction of one to two years (U.S. EPA, 2004a). Taking this information and that from many other studies into account, EPA strengthened the 24-hour PM2.5 standard effective December 17, 2006.

Fine particles can soil man-made materials, making them look sooty and speeding their deterioration. They also impair visibility and are an important contributor to haze, especially in humid conditions. The visibility effect is roughly doubled at 85% relative humidity as compared to humidities under 60% (U.S. EPA, 2004a).

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Measurement techniques for PM2.5 are very similar to those for PM10. The official reference method requires that samples are collected on Teflon filters with a PM2.5 sampler for 24 hours. A specialized sample-sorting device is used so that the filter collects only particles 2.5 microns in size and smaller. The filters are weighed in a laboratory before and after the sampling period. The change in the filter weight corresponds to the mass of PM2.5 particles collected. That mass, divided by the total volume of air sampled, corresponds to the mass concentration of the particles in the air for that 24-hour period. Only these reference method filters may be used for attainment determinations. But because of the delay in picking up each filter, shipping it to the laboratory, and weighing each filter, weeks pass before the results are known. As such this method is very accurate but is useless when trying to decide if it is safe to go jogging or to let children play outside.

32 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

As with PM10, continuous samplers for PM2.5 are also used to report "real time" data to support programs like air quality forecasting and public information efforts like the Air Quality Index (AQI). These instruments produce hourly averaged data that is available almost immediately after the end of each hour. By having information available so quickly, the public can make informed decisions about their levels of physical activity. It is important to note that the EPA does not certify these continuous samplers as being fully equivalent to the reference method when sampling PM2.5. This means that data from these continuous samplers cannot be used for determining if an area is in attainment of the NAAQS; only data from the reference method may be used. However, evaluation of another type of continuous PM2.5 sampler that has federal equivalency method is underway. It is possible that this type of continuous PM2.5 sampler could be used for attainment purposes in the future. Continuous PM2.5 data is reported every hour on the Ambient Air Monitoring web page located at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp.

Figure 19 shows the location of Georgia's PM2.5 FRM monitors and Figure 20 shows the location of PM2.5 continuous and speciation monitors.

33 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Figure 19: PM2.5 Federal Reference Method Monitoring Site Map
34 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Figure 20: PM2.5 Monitoring Site Map, Continuous and Speciation Monitors
35 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION For an area to be in attainment of the national primary and secondary annual ambient air PM2.5 standard, it must have an annual arithmetic mean concentration of less than or equal to 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter. In addition, there was a 24-hour primary and secondary standard that requires that the 98th percentile 24-hour concentration be less than or equal to 65 micrograms per cubic meter [62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. This 24-hour limit was reduced to a 35-microgram limit effective December 17, 2006. All sample analyses used for determining compliance with the standards must use a reference method based on information in 40 CFR Appendix L or an equivalent method as designated in accordance with Part 53.

Because the PM2.5 standard required three years of monitoring data before attainment or nonattainment could be determined, Georgia's attainment status was not determined until late 2004. As was expected, large portions of the United States were found to be in nonattainment of the standard when EPA made its initial attainment determinations. Based on the three years of data, EPA officially declared several areas of Georgia in nonattainment of the standard. Walker and Catoosa Counties are included in the metro Chattanooga nonattainment area. All of Bibb County and portions of Monroe County have been included in the Macon nonattainment area. Floyd County itself has been declared a nonattainment area. Finally, the metro Atlanta nonattainment area has been also declared. This includes Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Hall, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Rockdale, Spalding, and Walton Counties, along with portions of Heard and Putnam Counties.

Figure 21 illustrates the boundaries of Georgia's PM2.5 nonattainment areas.

36 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Figure 21: Georgia's PM2.5 Nonattainment Area Map
The PM2.5 FRM data for 2007 is currently under review. When this data is completely assessed, this
report will be updated.
Figure 22, on the next page, shows maps that were taken from the EPA document "Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006". The first map shows PM2.5 annual average concentrations across the United States for 2006, and the second map shows the 24-hour average concentrations. It appears that for Georgia, the annual average concentrations were in the 0-12 g/m3 range up to the 15.1-18 g/m3 range. The 24-hour average concentrations were primarily in the 16-35 g/m3 range across Georgia.
37 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Annual Concentrations

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Daily Concentrations

(From EPA's "Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006")
Figure 22: PM2.5 Annual and 24-Hour Concentrations across the United States, 2006
38 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

PM2.5 SPECIATION

As required by the National PM2.5 Speciation program (40 CFR 58), EPD monitors the mass concentration of fine particulate matter (in micrograms per cubic meter of air) along with the chemical composition of those particles. Refer to Figure 20 for a map of Georgia's PM2.5 Speciation monitors. Attempts to control the concentration of fine particulate matter are now a national priority through listings in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Therefore, regulations intended to reduce levels of fine particulate matter are now being implemented on a widespread basis. The desired reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations is expected to produce benefits in human health and assist in the improvement of visibility by reducing the presence of haze.

It is known that particlulate matter has varying health effects depending of their size and chemical composition. The particles that compose fine particulate matter are not uniform. While they are all smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, their size varies. Some fine particles are emitted into the air directly from engine exhaust, fossil fuel combustion, unpaved roads, and the tilling of fields; others are formed in the atmosphere through reactions between gaseous pollutants. Each individual particle, regardless of its source, has a distinct chemical composition. The overall composition of all particles that make up the fine particulate matter in a given volume of air may also vary, depending on local sources and a variety of other factors.

Georgia currently monitors fifty-three (53) species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon. However, there are only approximately six (6) chemicals that are detected frequently (the chemical elements typical of the Earth's crust are grouped together as "crustal"). Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations. Figure 23, Figure 24, Figure 25, Figure 26, and Figure 27 illustrate the average concentrations of these six chemicals from 2003 to 2007. Below the figures is a listing of the most significant chemical constituents of fine particulate matter.

6

5

Concentration (ug/m3)

4

3

2

1

0 Ammonium Ion

Elemental Carbon

Organic Carbon

Sulfate Species

Nitrate

Crustal

Macon Savannah Athens Douglas SDK Rome Columbus Augusta

Figure 23: 2003 PM2.5 Speciation
39 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

Other

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

6

5

Concentration (ug/m3)

4

3

2

1

0 Ammonium Ion

Elemental Carbon

Organic Carbon

Macon Savannah Athens

Sulfate
Species Douglas SDK

Nitrate

Crustal

Rome Columbus Augusta

Figure 24: 2004 PM2.5 Speciation

Other

6

5

Concentration (ug/m3)

4

3

2

1

0 Ammonium Ion

Elemental Organic Carbon Carbon

Sulfate Species

Nitrate

Crustal

Macon Athens Douglas Atlanta Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville

Other

Figure 25: 2005 PM2.5 Speciation
40 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

7

6

5

Concentration (ug/m3)

4

3

2

1

0 Ammonium Ion

Elemental Organic Carbon Carbon

Sulfate Species

Macon Athens Douglas Atlanta Rome

Nitrate

Crustal

Columbus Augusta Rossville

Figure 26: 2006 PM2.5 Speciation

Other

Concentration (ug/m3)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 Ammonium Ion

Elemental Carbon

Organic Carbon

Sulfate Species

Nitrate

Crustal

Macon Athens Douglas Atlanta Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville

Figure 27: 2007 PM2.5 Speciation
41 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

Other

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

PREDOMINANT SPECIES FOUND IN PM2.5

Ammonium Ion: commonly released by fertilizer production, livestock production, coke production, and some large refrigeration systems. Ironically, it can be emitted by NOx control systems installed on large fossil fuel combustion systems, which use ammonia or urea as a reactant.
Sulfate products: formed during the oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere. SO2 is primarily produced by coal burning boilers.
Nitrate products: formed through a complex series of reactions that convert NOx to nitrates. Vehicle emissions and fossil fuel burning produce NOx.
Crustal products: are components that are the result from the weathering of Earth's crust. They may include ocean salt and volcanic discharges. Crustal products include aluminum, calcium, iron, titanium, and silicon. These components are released by metals production, and can be resuspended in the atmosphere by mechanisms that stir up fine dust, such as mining, agricultural processes, and vehicle traffic.
Elemental carbon: carbon in the form of soot. Sources of elemental carbon include diesel engine emissions, wood-burning fireplaces, and forest fires.
Organic carbon: consist of hundreds of organic compounds that contain more than 20 carbon atoms. These particles may be released directly, but are also formed through a series of chemical reactions in the air, mostly as a result of the burning of fossil fuels and wood.

Data on the composition of fine particulate matter is a useful input to scientific models of air quality. Ultimately, it will help scientists and regulators track the progress and effectiveness of newly implemented pollution controls. The data will also improve scientific understanding of the relationship between particle composition, visibility impairment, and adverse human health effects.

Monitoring for the chemical speciation of fine particlulate matter began late in 2001, therefore, limited data is available. As the data set becomes more robust, other conclusions may be drawn. However, some general observations can already be made. The concentrations of sulfate and organic carbon are less at the General Coffee site than at the remaining seven (7) sites. This is expected since the sulfate and organic carbon fractions are mainly caused by human activities. The Douglas-General Coffee site is considered a rural background site and will be used in future comparisons between rural and urban areas.

Figure 28, Figure 29, Figure 30, Figure 31, Figure 32, and Figure 33 present a different view of the same data to facilitate visualization of trends. Note that because each chemical component presented appears in varying concentrations, each chart uses a different scale for the mass concentrations.

42 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Concentratin (ug/m3)

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0 Macon Savannah Athens

Douglas

Atlanta Site

Rome Columbus Augusta

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Rossville

Figure 28: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Ammonium Concentrations

1.4

1.2

1

Concentration (ug/m3)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 Macon Savannah Athens

Douglas

Atlanta Site

Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 29: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Elemental Carbon Concentrations

43 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Concentration (ug/m3)

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0 Macon Savannah Athens

Douglas

Atlanta

Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville

Site

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 30: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Organic Carbon Concentrations

6

5

Concentration (ug/m3)

4

3

2

1

0 Macon Savannah Athens

Douglas

Atlanta Site

Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 31: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Sulfate Concentrations

44 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

1.4

1.2

1

Concentration (ug/m3)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 Macon Savannah Athens

Douglas

Atlanta Site

Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 32: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Nitrate Concentrations

Concentration (g/m3)

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 Macon Savannah Athens

General Coffee

Atlanta

Rome Columbus Augusta Rossville

Site 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Figure 33: PM2.5 Speciation, Trends in Crustal Matter Concentrations

45 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Ammonium Ion concentrations are relatively even statewide, ignoring some unexplained high and low averages observed during 2005.

The Atlanta and Macon areas have the highest elemental carbon concentrations, which is no surprise given their location on major Interstate trucking corridors. Cities with less heavy vehicle traffic have lower concentrations, and the rural site (General Coffee) has the least elemental carbon.

Organic carbon concentrations are also relatively consistent throughout the state, although rural areas like General Coffee are slightly lower. Organic carbon concentrations are much higher than typical ammonium ion or elemental carbon concentrations, which means that organic carbon is a relatively large contributor to the total PM2.5 mass concentrations.

Sulfate concentrations can be described much the same as organic carbon concentrations. They are relatively consistent statewide, though somewhat lower in rural areas, and their relatively large observed mass means that they are also a major contributor to overall PM2.5mass concentrations.
Nitrate concentrations are relatively small, but are less consistent from site to site. However there is an increase in concentrations at Athens and Rossville. Their concentrations do seem to track somewhat with NOx emission patterns. The high concentrations at the Athens site could be attributed to industry in the area.

Crustal matter concentrations are relatively low and consistent in most areas. Rome and Macon have in some years recorded unexpectedly high crustal matter concentrations. This may be a sign of poor dust control at agricultural, construction, or mining operations in those areas.

For additional PM2.5 speciation data, see Appendix B.

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Particle speciation measurements require the use of a wide variety of analytical techniques, but all generally use filter media to collect the particles to be analyzed. Laboratory techniques currently in use are gravimetric (microweighing); X-ray fluorescence and particle-induced X-ray emission for trace elements; ion chromatography for anions and selected cations; controlled combustion for carbon; and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for semi-volatile organic particles.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Particle speciation measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. There are no ambient air quality standards regarding the speciation of particles.

46 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
ACID PRECIPITATION

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

In 2007, acid precipitation was monitored in four counties. The samples were collected weekly and were weighed and analyzed for acidity, conductivity, and selected compounds. There are no national or state standards for acid precipitation, but it is generally desirable for rain to have a relatively neutral pH. However, in many regions of industrialized nations, rainfall absorbs air emissions that make it acidic, with lower pH numbers. Most of the culprits of this acidification are sulfur and nitrogen compounds, and the result is rain that contains excess acidity from sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The excess acidity in the rain causes damage to buildings and vehicles, and can acidify ponds and small lakes to the point of killing off all life in them. Figure 34 shows a diagram of the acid rain deposition process.

Figure 34: Process of Acid Rain Deposition Georgia's Acid Rain monitoring network is shown in Figure 35, on the following page.
47 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Figure 35: Acid Rain Monitoring Site Map
48 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Figure 36 shows an analysis of statewide average data back to 1982. It indicates a small but significant trend toward pH neutrality. The rate of this increase is a pH gain of 0.007 per year over the period shown.

Average pH

5.9 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Monitoring Year

pH of Pristine Rain

Statewide Avg.

Trendline

Figure 36: Acid Rain Trends, Statewide

5.2

5

4.8

pH

4.6

4.4

4.2

4 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year

Dawsonville

Hiawassee

McDuffie

Summerville

Figure 37: Acid Rain Trends, by Location

49 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Analysis of the same data set for individual areas (Figure 37) shows that through the 1990s Summerville was the most acidic and McDuffie the most neutral. In recent years, the difference between these areas has diminished and all of the sites have rainfall with roughly the same pH.

Figure 38 depicts a comparison between GA DNR acid rain monitoring sites and the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP) annual average pH readings for 2005 through 2007. As discussed above, Dawsonville, Hiawassee, McDuffie, and Summerville are in the DNR network. The sites that are in the NADP network are in Bellville, Chula, Okefenokee, and Sapelo Island. It appears that the annual averages for the NADP sites are slightly less acidic. These NADP sites are south of the Fall Line. The less acidic rain in the NADP monitoring areas may be related to South Georgia's greater proximity to sea breezes, which carry sodium ions that could affect the pH of rain in those areas.

Average pH Level

5

4.9

4.8

4.7

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.3 Dawsonville (DNR)

Hiawassee (DNR)

McDuffie (DNR) Summerville (DNR)

Bellville (NADP)

Site

Chula

(NADP)

Okefenokee

(NADP) Sapelo

Island

(NADP)

2005 2006 2007

Figure 38: Comparison of DNR and NADP Annual Acid Rain Averages

50 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Chemical Monitoring Activities

Dots show monitoring locations. (Data source: National Atmospheric Deposition Program, http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/) From EPA's "Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006"
Figure 39: Three-year Average Precipitation of Sulfate Concentrations (SO42-) in 1989-1991 and 2004-2006
Figure 39 shows the different levels of sulfate found in precipitation across the United States from a period of 1989 to 1991 compared to a period of 2004 to 2006. Sulfate is a contributor to acid rain levels. The levels of sulfate appear to have dropped from the first timeframe to the next timeframe by about 30% in most areas of the East. This reduction is more than likely due to a reduction in SO2 and NOX emissions from industrial power plants.
51 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING STATIONS (PAMS)

GENERAL INFORMATION
Ozone is the most prevalent photochemical oxidant and an important contributor to smog. The understanding of the chemical processes in ozone formation and the specific understanding of the atmospheric mixture in nonattainment areas nationwide became apparently essential to EPA. To better understand the chemical processes and develop a strategy for solving those problems, EPA revised the ambient air quality surveillance regulations. In February 1993, Title 40, Part 58 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Part 58) was developed to include provisions for enhanced monitoring of ozone, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), selected carbonyl compounds, and monitoring of meteorological parameters. These chemicals would be monitored at Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS).
According to EPA, PAMS monitoring was to be implemented in cities that were classified as serious, severe, or extreme for ozone nonattainment. The classifications were based on the number of exceedances of the ozone standard, and the severity of those exceedances. Nineteen areas nationwide were required to implement a PAMS network. In the Atlanta metropolitan area, a network of four sites was established beginning in 1993. The monitoring sites were selected depending on the pollutants monitored in relation to the prevailing winds in the area. The Yorkville site serves as a rural background site, upwind of the city, which aids in determining the role of transport of pollutants into the Atlanta area. The South DeKalb and Tucker sites were the primary and secondary wind directions for an urban core-type site. These sites are expected to measure the highest precursor concentrations of NOx and VOCs in the Atlanta area. The Conyers site is the downwind site where titration of the precursors has occurred and the ozone concentrations should be at their highest. Until the end of 2006, this was the set up of the PAMS network. At the end of 2006, the Tucker site was shut down. From that point, South DeKalb has served as the urban core-type site. The PAMS network as it was set up for the 2007 monitoring year can be seen in Figure 40.

52 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

Figure 40: PAMS Monitoring Site Map
53 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

An analysis of the PAMS data finds that the top ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for all sites contained the following species consistently across the years: isoprene, m/p xylene, toluene, propane, ethane, isopentane or isopentane/cyclopentane, n-butane and n-pentane. Propane, ethane, isopentane, n-butane, and n-pentane have a limited reactivity for ozone formation and therefore were the most prevalent of the volatile organic compounds measured. However, when the characterization of the top ten species is based upon contributions to ozone formation potential, we find that the list is slightly different. Isoprene, the tracer for VOC emissions from vegetation, is by far the largest contributor to ozone formation at every site.

The anthropogenic compounds detected at all sites with the highest ozone formation potential were toluene, m/p xylene, propylene, ethylene, and isopentane. The sources for these five compounds are varied. All five compounds are emitted by mobile sources, with ethylene being an important tracer for vehicle emissions. Toluene, the most abundant species in urban air, m/p xylene, and isopentane also are emitted by solvent use and refinery activities.

Isoprene is a 5 carbon organic compound naturally released in large quantities by conifer trees. These trees are very abundant in the Southeastern United States contributing a significant portion to the overall carbon loading of the atmosphere in this region. Isoprene's chemical structure makes it a highly reactive substance with a short atmospheric lifetime and large ozone forming potential. Toluene reaches the air from a variety of sources such as combustion of fossil fuels and evaporative emissions. It has a substituted benzene ring possessing modest atmospheric reactivity. This hydrocarbon is in motor vehicle fuel and is also used as a common solvent in many products such as paint.
35

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0 JanuaryM-0a3rch-0M3 ay-S0J3euplyte-0mN3boevre-m03bJear-n0u3aryM-0a4rch-0M4 ay-S0J4eupltye-0mN4boevre-m04bJear-n0u4aryM-0a5rch-0M5 ay-S0J5eupltye-0mN5boevre-m05bJear-n0u5aryM-0a6rch-0M6 ay-S0J6eupltye-0mN6boevre-m06bJear-n0u6aryM-0a7rch-0M7 ay-S0J7eupltye-0mN7boevre-m07ber-07
Date

South DeKalb

Yorkville

Conyers

Figure 41: Isoprene Yearly Profile, 2003-2007
Figure 41 and Figure 42 compare the seasonal occurrence of these two compounds from 2003 to 2007. They are a combination of the 6-day, 24-hour data from the three PAMS sites, and
54 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

concentrations are given in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC). Evidence of isoprene's natural origin is shown in Figure 41, where the ambient concentration is essentially non-existent from November to May. All three sites exhibit the seasonal cycle, with an occasional spike outside the consistent cycle. The site with the highest concentration of isoprene appears to vary year to year. With the Yorkville and Conyers sites being in a rural area, or semi-rural area, one would expect to see higher levels of isoprene. This has been true for most years. As part of the seasonal cycle, in 2003, Conyers had the highest concentration with 16 ppbC, in 2004 Yorkville had the highest with 17 ppbC, in 2005, South DeKalb had the highest with 18 ppbC, in 2006, Conyers had the highest concentration with 22 ppbC, and in 2007 Yorkville had the highest concentration with 35 ppbC. With the 2007 data, there appears to be a slight upward turn in the highest seasonal levels of isoprene data. However, since there are a limited number of years worth of data at this point, it would be hard to discern a distinguishable trend.

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JanuaryM-0a3rch-0M3 ay-0SJ3euplyte-0mN3boevre-0m3bJear-n0u3aryM-0a4rch-0M4 ay-0SJ4euplyte-0mN4boevre-0m4bJear-n0u4aryM-0a5rch-0M5 ay-0SJ5euplyte-0mN5boevre-0m5bJear-n0u5aryM-0a6rch-0M6 ay-0SJ6euplyte-0mN6boevre-0m6bJear-n0u6aryM-0a7rch-0M7 ay-0SJ7euplyte-0mN7boevre-0m7ber-07 Date

South DeKalb

Yorkville

Conyers

Figure 42: Toluene Yearly Profile, 2003-2007
The atmospheric levels of toluene are relatively constant throughout the year, suggesting a steady level of emissions year-round (Figure 42). There is an occasional spike in concentration, but no evident high or low pattern for the past five years. Overall, the PAMS site that is situated in the urban area (South DeKalb) has slightly higher levels of toluene, while the sites located on the outskirts of the Atlanta metropolitan area (Yorkville and Conyers) show lower levels of toluene. Yorkville appears to have an upward swing throughout 2006, but the levels decline in 2007. As data is collected in the future, this site can be examined for a possible trend. The jaggedness of these graphs is an artifact of the sampling frequency.

55 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

The daily profile plots for toluene and isoprene are found in Figure 43. This graph uses data gathered in the summer, and shows a constant background of toluene emissions with higher levels resulting from morning and evening rush hour traffic. The graph shows the typical diurnal, or daily, profile for a typical urban area. During morning hours, when the nocturnal inversion has not yet broken, emissions become trapped within the boundary layer, resulting in a temporary increase in atmospheric concentration. Nighttime toluene levels are constant from midnight to 5:00 am. From 6:00 am to 7:00 am, increased vehicular activity releasing emissions into an atmosphere with limited dispersing ability produces an increase in the ambient concentration. This behavior is typical of area source anthropogenic emissions with modest to long atmospheric lifetimes. Isoprene, on the other hand, exhibits very different behavior. At night, emission levels are at zero as photosynthesis ceases. At sunrise (about 6:00 am) concentrations begin to rise and continue to do so throughout the daylight hours. The vertical flux, or mass input per unit area, in the atmosphere of this substance is massive, being only slightly influenced by the enhanced mid-morning mixing. This effect can be seen at 9:00 am when slight drop in concentration occurs followed by a quick resumption in rise.

Concentration (ppbC)

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Toluene

Isoprene

Figure 43: Toluene & Isoprene, Typical Urban Daily Profile

56 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

Carbonyl compounds define a large group of substances, which include acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. These compounds can act as precursors to ozone formation. The majority of carbonyl compounds come from vehicle exhaust or the combustion of wood. Depending on the amount inhaled, exposure to these compounds can cause irritation to the eyes, ears, nose, and throat, dizziness, and damage to the lungs. Each of the seven carbonyls compounds that Georgia EPD monitors is discussed further in the following paragraphs. The South DeKalb site is part of both the PAMS network and the National Air Toxics Trends Stations (NATTS) network, and samples every six days throughout the year and every three hours throughout the summer. Savannah, Dawsonville, and Brunswick are part of the Air Toxics Network and sample every twelve days. For a map of monitoring locations, see Figure 44.

Acrolein is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacture of acrylic acid. It can be formed from the breakdown of certain organic pollutants in outdoor air, from forest fires and wildfires, as well as from vehicle exhaust. It is also found in cigarette smoke.

Acetaldehyde is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. Acetaldehyde is formed as a product of incomplete wood combustion (in fireplaces and woodstoves, forest fires, and wildfires), pulp and paper production, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, vehicle exhaust, and wastewater processing.

Formaldehyde is used mainly to produce resins used in particleboard products and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. The major sources of emissions to the air are forest fires and wildfires, marshes, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, pulp and paper plants, petroleum refineries, power plants, manufacturing facilities, incinerators, cigarette smoke, and vehicle exhaust.

Acetone is used industrially as a reactant with phenol to produce bisphenol A, which is an important component of polymers. It is used in nail polish removers, superglue removers, and as a drying agent. It is also used to dissolve plastic. Acetone is highly volatile and evaporates quickly. Inhalation of acetone can lead to liver damage.

Benzaldehyde is the simplest form of the aromatic aldehydes. It has an almond scent and is used in the food industry. It is also used as an industrial solvent, and is used in making pharmaceuticals, plastic additives, and aniline dyes. Liquid phase oxidation or chlorination of toluene can form benzaldehyde; so can a reaction between benzene and carbon monoxide. The combustion of gasoline, diesel fuel, wood burning, and incinerators emit benzaldehyde into the atmosphere.

Butyraldehyde is used in the manufacture of synthetic resins, solvents, and plasticizers. It is emitted into the air by combustion of gasoline, diesel fuel, and wood.

Propionaldehyde is a highly volatile compound that is produced or used in the making of propionic acid, plastics, rubber chemicals, alkyd resins, and is also used as a disinfectant and preservative. It is released into the atmosphere by combustion of gasoline, diesel fuel, wood, and polyethylene.

57 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

Figure 44: Carbonyls Monitoring Site Map
58 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

The 2007 average concentration (shown in micrograms per cubic meter) of all 3-hour samples of carbonyls collected during the summer months (June, July, and August) has been combined for a given hour and is shown in Figure 45 for the South DeKalb site. The early morning ambient concentrations are generally lower for all constituents. The concentrations appear to peak at the 12:00 hour for all the carbonyls components except benzaldehyde, which tends to peak at the 15:00 hour. There are a few noticeable changes when comparing the 2005 data through 2007. All of the concentrations seem to gradually increase year to year, except for acrolein. There were no detections of acrolein in 2006 or 2007 with the dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge method (a different collection method discussed later in this section). This is down from about 1 to 4 detections per hour and an average concentration of about 0.57 g/m3 at each hour in 2005. Acetyladehyde, acetone, and formaldehyde continue to be the biggest contributors, following the same pattern of the averages increasing from the 6:00 to 9:00, and again from the 9:00 to 12:00 hours, then decreasing at the 15:00 hour.

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Formaldehyde Acetone Acetaldehyde Benzaldehyde Propionaldehyde Butyraldehyde
Acrolein

Figure 45: Average South DeKalb 3-Hour Carbonyls, June-August, 2005-2007

59 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

As can be seen in Figure 46, when the average concentration of all carbonyls is compared with the
total number of detections at each of the sampling sites, the carbonyl detections and concentrations
tend to track each other directly. It should be noted that the South DeKalb site collects data every six
days with the PAMS network, while Savannah, Dawsonville, and Brunswick collect data every twelve
days with the Air Toxics Network (discussed in next section). All else being equal, by taking twice as
many samples at those locations, one would normally expect to see twice as many detections. To
compare the data collected from 2005 to 2007, there are some noticeable changes. The Dawsonville site had a visible increase in concentration from 2006 to 2007, almost tripling from 7.7 g/m3 to 21.3 g/m3. The Brunswick site shows a lower average concentration from 2005 to 2006 (18.4 g/m3 to 10.5 g/m3), but remained the same from 2006 to 2007. Overall, the number of detections are
roughly the same from 2005 to 2007.

Total Average Concentration (ug/m3) Total Number of Detections

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S. DeKalb Name of Site

0 Brunswick

Concentration

Detects

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007

Figure 46: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration and Number of Detects, by Site, 20052007
Figure 47 shows the seven species in the analyte group according to their statewide annual abundance, based on number of detections and average concentration. A gradient is evident from this graph, with formaldehyde as the most abundant carbonyl. For the most part, it appears that the number of detections track the average concentration. Acetaldehyde does not follow this pattern, however, having more detections compared to the concentration. For all the compounds, there appears to be a slight decrease from the 2005 to 2006 data, and then an increase from the 2006 to 2007 data. The proportion of each compound remained about the same throughout all three years of data, with the biggest contributors (formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde) remaining the same.

60 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

Total Average Concentration (g/m3) Total Number of Detections

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Figure 47: Average 24-Hour Carbonyls Concentration vs. Number of Detects, by Species, 20052007
Due to EPA research to improve acrolein sampling and analysis, a new method was developed using volatile organic compounds (VOCs) canister collection with gas chromatograph and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). Georgia EPD began using the new method for NATTS and at the 15 air toxics sites (discussed in the next section) in July of 2007. In previous years, acrolein was sampled only with the method of a dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis at five select sites. The DNPH/HPLC method was used on the data that is displayed in the three previous carbonyls graphs. With the canister collection and GC/MS analysis method and additional sampling locations, the number of acrolein detections drastically increased in 2007 (compare Figure 47 and Figure 48 on the next page). The total average concentration for all the sites was 9.656 g/m3, compared to an average concentration of 0.571 g/m3 in 2007 with the DNPH/HPLC method.
In Figure 48, on the next page, the average concentrations for the six month period from July through December ranged from 0.399 g/m3 at the Savannah site to 1.04 g/m3 at the Brunswick site (using half the detection limit for non-detected samples). This is over two times the difference between the lowest level of concentration to the highest level. This shows a variation of acrolein concentrations across the state. The number of detections seems to be mostly consistent across the state. Again, the South DeKalb site had more collection days, being on a 6-day schedule instead of a 12-day schedule like the other sites. When there is a full year of data in 2008, it may be possible to see more clearly how concentrations and detections would differ across the state. Acrolein may enter the environment as a result of combustion of trees and other plants, tobacco, gasoline, and oil. Additionally, it has a number of industrial uses as a chemical intermediate (ATSDR, 2005c). The potential for acrolein to cause health effects is not well understood. At very low concentrations, it is an upper respiratory irritant. At very high concentrations it may produce more serious damage to the lining of the upper respiratory tract and lungs (ATSDR, 2005c; U.S. EPA, 2003).

61 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

Total Average Concentration (ug/m 3)
Total Number of Detections

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations

1.1

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AugustaBrunsGwiecnkeral Coffee ColumbuDsawsonvilleGainesville

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RomeSavannSaohuth DeKalbU* toy Creek ValdWosatarner Robins Yorkville

Concentration Detects 2007 2007

Figure 48: Acrolein Concentrations and Number of Detections, 2007
MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES A number of methods are used to conduct the PAMS hydrocarbon portion of the analyses. Throughout the year, 24-hour integrated hydrocarbon samples are taken and analyzed in the EPD laboratory for 56 hydrocarbon compounds. A 24-hour integrated carbonyl sample is taken once every sixth day throughout the year and analyzed. During June, July, and August, four integrated threehour carbonyl samples are taken every third day. All analyses are conducted at the EPD Laboratory.
During June, July, and August, hydrocarbon samples are analyzed hourly on-site using a gas chromatography unit with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The gas chromatograph produces analyses of the ambient air for the same 56 hydrocarbons. Specific annual summaries for 2007 may be found in Appendix D.
The carbonyls are sampled with two types of methods. One type is an absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) coated silica that is attached to a pump to allow approximately 180 L of air to be sampled. The cartridge is analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The other method is the canister sampler that is used for sampling volatile organic compounds. Acrolein is analyzed using this method. A SUMMA polished canister is evacuated to a near-perfect vacuum and attached to a sampler with a pump controlled by a timer. The canister is filled to greater than 10 psig. The canister is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS).
ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION There are no specific ambient air standards for the hydrocarbon and aldehyde species measured. PAMS measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. By performing these measurements, we can better serve two major goals. First, by studying local atmospheric chemistry, we improve our ability to control the formation of secondary pollutants like ozone and particulate matter. Second, we are monitoring the concentration of pollutants (aside from the defined criteria air pollutants) expected to be harmful to human health, but are not well enough understood to be regulated. By making such data available, scientists who study human health as it relates to air quality can study how these pollutants may affect our health. When this understanding is further refined, their data can serve to guide policymakers toward making decisions that protect public health.
62 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
AIR TOXICS MONITORING

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

GENERAL INFORMATION The citizens of Georgia have demonstrated a long-term interest in the quality of Georgia's air. Since the 1970's, ambient ozone concentrations have been monitored in several communities throughout the state. As the state's population grew, more compounds have been monitored in ambient air as required by the Federal Clean Air Act. In 1993, the EPD began to monitor a number of compounds that have no established ambient air standard. The monitoring has been conducted under two efforts, the first being the previously discussed Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) project, a federally mandated program for areas in serious, severe, or extreme non-attainment of the ozone standard. The second effort is the EPD-sponsored monitoring activities for ambient concentration of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). That effort was undertaken since monitoring only criteria pollutants would not provide an adequate understanding of the quality of Georgia's air.
In 1994, the EPD conducted an intensive air quality study in Savannah (GADNR, 1996a). In 1996, the EPD conducted an intensive study in Glynn County as part of a multimedia event with EPA (GADNR, 1996b). These studies provided detailed pictures of the air quality in the communities, but the studies were not long-term studies and could not provide information on seasonal variation or trends. A reassessment of the toxic monitoring program occurred, and in 1996 the EPD embarked on establishing a statewide hazardous air pollutant-monitoring network. The network was not designed to monitor any one particular industry, but to provide information concerning trend, seasonal variation, and rural versus urban ambient concentration of air toxics. In order to evaluate the rural air quality, two background sites were proposed: one in North Georgia and one in South Georgia. The majority of the other sites were located in areas with documented emissions to the atmosphere of HAPs exceeding one million (1,000,000) pounds per year as indicated by the 1991 Toxic Release Inventory (GADNR, 1993).

After six years, by 2002, the Air Toxics Network (ATN) consisted of fourteen (14) sites statewide, including a collocated (where two sets of monitors sample side by side) site at Utoy Creek, monitoring for a common set of toxic compounds. From the list of 188 compounds identified by EPA as being HAPs, the toxic compounds include metals, volatile organic compounds, and semi-volatile organic compounds. In addition, three of the ATN sites (Brunswick, Dawsonville, and Savannah) monitor carbonyl compounds (as seen in the previous section).
In 2003, a National Air Toxics Trends site was added to the network at the South DeKalb site, bringing the total to fifteen (15) air toxics sites. The National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) network was established in 2003 and is intended for long-term operation for the purpose of discerning national trends. The NATTS Network consisted of 23 sites, 18 urban and 7 rural, with two of the urban sites added in 2007. At the South DeKalb site, the same compounds are monitored as at the other air toxics sites, as well as hexavalent chromium, black carbon, and carbonyls.
All of these air toxic pollutants can have negative effects on human health, ranging from causing headaches, nausea, dizziness, cancer, birth defects, problems breathing, and other serious illnesses. These effects can vary depending on frequency, length of time, health of the person that is exposed, along with the toxicity of the compound. These air pollutants also affect the environment. Wildlife experiences symptoms similar to those in humans. Pollutants accumulate in the food chain. Many air pollutants can also be absorbed into waterways and have toxic effects on aquatic wildlife. Some of the substances tend to have only one critical effect, while others may have several. Some of the effects may occur after a short exposure and others appear after long-term exposure or many years after being exposed. Exposure is not only through direct inhalation of the pollutant, but also through the consumption of organisms such as fish that have absorbed the pollutant.

Air toxic compounds are released from many different sources, including mobile sources (such as vehicles), stationary industrial sources, small area sources, indoor sources (such as cleaning

63 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

materials), and other environmental sources (such as wildfires). The lifetime, transportation, and make-up of these pollutants are affected by both weather (rain and wind) and landscape (mountains and valleys). They can be transported far away from the original source, or be caught in rain and brought down to waterways or land. The following section discusses air toxic compounds, possible sources, monitoring techniques, findings for 2007 and a comparison of 2007 data to previous years.

In 2004, the Air Toxics Network underwent changes to the detection limits and reporting limits of the chemicals in this network. Lowering the limit of detection helps the data better represent reality. Instead of only seeing the higher numbers that were detected and using those numbers for average concentrations, one is able to see both sides of the spectrum and have a truer average for each chemical. Also, including the lower concentrations for each chemical allows for a better understanding of what levels can cause chronic health problems. Seeing only the higher levels of concentration, or possibly spikes, only yields data useful for identifying acute health effects. However, with the lower concentration levels included in the data, there can be further assessment of potential chronic health effects. With the lower limits included in the data, one is able to see all possible effects of the chemicals analyzed.

64 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
METALS

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

The metals subcategory includes antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, nickel, selenium, and zinc.

Antimony is used as a hardener in lead for storage batteries, in matches, as an alloy in internal combustion engines, and in linotype printing machines. Antimony compounds are used in making materials flame-retardant, and in making glass, ceramic enamels, and paints. Forms of the antimony metal are also used in medicines, and can be found in gasoline and diesel exhaust.

Arsenic occurs naturally at trace levels in soil and water. Most people are not exposed to arsenic through air pollution, but it can be found in food. The arsenic found in air comes mainly from the burning of coal or fuel oil, from metal smelters or iron foundries, and from the burning of waste.

Beryllium is a lightweight and rigid metal and used in watch springs, computer equipment, and used in the production of beryllium-copper as an alloying agent. This strong alloy is used to conduct heat and electricity, in spot welding, electrical contacts, and high-speed aircraft. Until 1949, beryllium was used in fluorescent lighting, until it was determined to have caused berylliosis, a disease that primarily affects the respiratory system and skin. Beryllium in ambient air is mainly a result of the burning of coal or fuel oil.

Cadmium emissions, like beryllium and arsenic, are mainly from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil. The incineration of municipal waste and the operation of zinc, lead, or copper smelters also release cadmium to the air. For nonsmokers, food is generally the largest source of cadmium exposure.

Chromium sources include the combustion of coal and oil, electroplating, vehicle exhaust, iron and steel plants, and metal smelters. The emissions from these sources are a combination of elemental chromium and compounds including chromium ions. The most toxic form is hexavalent chromium.

Cobalt is used as a pigment (blue and green coloring agent), as a drying agent for paints, inks and varnishes, and as a catalyst for the petroleum and chemical industries. It is used as an alloy for parts in turbine aircraft engines, corrosion-resistant alloys, magnets, battery electrodes, and steel-belted tires. Cobalt also has a medicinal use as a radioactive metal in radiotherapy. It is also found in gasoline and diesel exhaust. Cobalt is actually necessary to many forms of life, when ingested through the digestive tract, in small amounts, as a micronutrient. It is a central component of vitamin B-12. As with most micronutrients, however, human activity can cause it to accumulate in unnatural locations or in unnatural concentrations. In those cases, it may be harmful and is considered a pollutant.

Lead is used in the manufacturing of batteries. The largest source of lead in the atmosphere used to be from the combustion of leaded gasoline. With the elimination of lead from gasoline, lead levels in the air have decreased considerably. Other sources of lead emissions include combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, emissions from iron and steel production, and lead smelters. Exposure to lead can also occur from food and soil. Children are at particular risk to lead exposure, because they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths that may come in contact with leadcontaining dust and dirt. Lead-based paints were commonly used for many years. Flaking paint, paint chips, and weathered paint powder may be a major source of lead exposure, particularly for children.

Manganese is a naturally occurring substance found in many types of rock and soil; it is ubiquitous in the environment and found in low levels in water, air, soil, and food. Manganese can also be released into the air by combustion of coal, oil, wood, the operation of iron and steel production plants.

65 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Nickel is found in the air as a result of oil and coal combustion, residential heating, nickel metal refining, lead smelting, sewage sludge incineration, manufacturing facilities, mobile sources, and other sources.

Selenium is a by-product of mining and smelting sulfide ores, such as silver, copper, and pyrite. It is found in soils, and can also be released by burning coal. Selenium has photovoltaic and photoconductive properties and is therefore used in photocells and solar panels. It is used as a pigment (red coloring agent) in enamels and glass. It is also used as a toner in photographs and in photocopying. Selenium is also found in gasoline and diesel exhaust. Selenium is a micronutrient, needed at very low levels for the health of all living creatures. It is normally absorbed through the digestive tract, though, and is not desirable in the air.

Zinc is found in gasoline and diesel exhaust. It is used to prevent corrosion of galvanized steel. It is also used in diecasting, and as part of battery containers. Zinc has been used as the primary metal in making the U.S. penny since 1982. Zinc compounds are used in making white pigment, sunscreen, deodorant, calamine lotions, and pigments for glow in the dark items. It is also used in the rubber industry. Like selenium, zinc is also a micronutrient needed for the health of living beings when consumed through the digestive system. When found in the air, though, it may be considered a pollutant.

See Figure 49 for a map of monitoring locations for metals.

66 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Figure 49: Metals Monitoring Site Map
67 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

550

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0 Augusta BrunswGicekneral Coffee ColumbusDawsonvilleGainesville*

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Valdostaarner Robins W

Yorkville

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2005 2006 2007

*The South DeKalb sampler runs twice as often as the other sites. Gainesville runs one extra sample a month.

Figure 50: Total Detections of Metals, by Site, 2005-2007
Figure 50 shows the total number of metal species detected at each site for the years 2005 to 2007. Unlike the rest of the network measuring metals, the equipment at South DeKalb collects only the PM10 fraction of the total suspended solids. The South DeKalb site also has data collected every six days, as opposed to every twelve days at the other sites. It should also be noted that that Gainesville site has one extra sampling collection a month. Therefore, it is understandable that these sites have the highest number of detections. Without these sites included in the graph, the distribution across the sites would be relatively similar. Lower limits of detection (LOD) were introduced in September of 2004, therefore to be consistent, the data represented in these figures starts with the 2005 data. There have been only three full years of data collected at the lower limits, therefore true trends may not be discernible at this time. However, there appears to be a downward trend in the number of metals detected across the state. With Figure 50, the distribution of metals at the various locations across the state can be examined as well as any changes in the past three years. The variability across the various sampling locations is modest, considering the vast geographic distribution of the sites, and climatological and anthropogenic influences from nearby urban development.

68 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Figure 51 shows the network's frequency of detection and total average concentration by metallic species at all Air Toxics sites during 2005 through 2007. As seen in the previous graph, the number of detections has shown a slight decrease in 2007. One point of interest when looking at data is to track the number of detections along with the concentration. When examining this aspect, it appears that most metals had several detections. Therefore, each metal detection contributes little concentration to the overall total concentration. This does not seem to be the case for zinc. While its detection frequency was almost the same as the other metals, zinc had the highest average concentration for all three years. This would indicate that for each zinc detection, there was a higher concentration of that metal. Some metals including zinc, nickel, antimony, lead, chromium, and cadmium have been associated with emissions from tires and brake linings. The use of vehicles on Georgia's roads could be a reason for higher levels associated with some of these metals. With the concentrations of zinc being much higher than the other metals, zinc is explored further in Figure 52.

Average Concentration Number of Detections

0.45

500

0.4

450

0.35

400

0.3

350

300 0.25
250 0.2
200

0.15

150

0.1

100

0.05

50

0

0

Antimony

Arsenic

Berrylium

Cadmium Chromium

Cobalt

Lead Manganese

Nickel

Selenium

Zinc

Name of Metal

Concentration

Detects

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007

Figure 51: Average Concentration and Total Detections of Metals, by Species, 2005-2007

69 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

With Figure 52, the total average concentrations of zinc are investigated more closely, divided by site, for 2005 through 2007. Several sites had a consistent level of zinc through the three years, and a few sites even had a decrease in zinc levels throughout the three years of data. The General Coffee, Columbus, Gainesville, and Valdosta sites, however, had a noticeable increase in zinc levels from 2005 to 2006. With the 2007 data, these four sites showed a slight decrease. Another change to take note of is the increase of zinc at the Brunswick site from 2006 to 2007. There was an increase of over two times the 2006 level of zinc at the Brunswick site. To look at the overall levels of zinc, the Utoy Creek site has consistently had the highest concentration from 2005 to 2007, with levels almost nine times as high as the lowest concentrations, which were at the South DeKalb site. It is surprising to see the South DeKalb site, which is situated in the metro Atlanta area, display such lower concentrations. The Utoy Creek site is situated at the Utoy Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility. Zinc can be used to help keep galvanized steel from corroding, and is possibly used for this reason on the pipes at the wastewater treatment facility. There are industries in the area that discharge their wastewater into the Utoy Creek Wastewater Treatment Facility. Also, the sludge that is produced at the wastewater treatment facility is incinerated. These circumstances provide more possibilities for seeing higher levels of zinc at the Utoy Creek site.


Average Concentration (ug/m3)

0.100

0.090

0.080

0.070

0.060

0.050

0.040

0.030

0.020

0.010

0.000 Augusta BrunswGicekneral Coffee ColumbusDawsonville Gainesville

MaconMilledgeville

Rome South

DeKalb

SavannahUtoy Creek

Site

2005 2006 2007

ValdoWstaarner Robins

Yorkville

Figure 52: Average Comparison of Zinc, by Site, 2005-2007
Utoy Creek's higher zinc levels, as well as the increase in concentration from 2006 to 2007, are further investigated in Figure 53, using a line graph to display the monthly data for these three years. The points represent data values, and the black line represents the moving average. The data was fairly consistent, with no apparent pattern, until zinc levels tripled during the months of September and October in 2007. In November and December, zinc levels appear to fall back into the range seen in the 2005 and 2006 data, though the 2008 data will hopefully reveal whether this data was simply outlying or the sign of a shift in the concentration of zinc found at the Utoy Creek site.

70 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

0.6

0.5

Concentration (ug/m3)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 January-05March-05 May-05 JulSy-e0p5temberN-0o5vember-0J5anuary-06March-06 May-06 JulSy-e0p6temberN-0o6vember-0J6anuary-07March-07 May-07 JulSy-e0p7temberN-0o7vember-07
Date

Figure 53: Zinc at Utoy Creek, 2005-2007

71 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM (Cr6)
Hexavalent chromium (chromium in its +6 oxidation state) in the environment is almost always related to human activity. Hexavalent chromium can be released into the atmosphere through the production of stainless steel, chrome plating, coating processes, and painting. It is also found in vehicle engines. The presence of chromium compounds is common at hazardous waste sites. From locations such as these, exposure of populations residing or working nearby can occur through exposure to air containing particulates or mists of chromium compounds. These particles can also find their way into drinking water if soluble forms of chromium leach into groundwater. Human exposure can also occur through skin contact with soil at hazardous waste sites. Hexavalent chromium is absorbed most readily thorough the lungs or digestive tract. Other forms of the metal, such as chromium in the +3 oxidation state, occur naturally in the environment and are not as efficient at entering the body. In general, hexavalent chromium compounds are more toxic than other chromium compounds. The toxicity of hexavalent chromium is in part due to the generation of free radicals formed when biological systems reduce hexavalent chromium to the +3 oxidation state. Effects in humans exposed occupationally to high levels of chromium or its compounds, primarily hexavalent chromium, by inhalation may include nasal septum ulceration and perforation, and other irritating respiratory effects. Cardiovascular effects, gastrointestinal and hematological effects, liver and kidney effects, and increased risks of death from lung cancer may also result from such exposure. In addition to the respiratory effects, exposure to chromium compounds can be associated with allergic responses (e.g., asthma and dermatitis) in sensitized individuals. Hexavalent chromium dioxide is a tetravalent chromium compound with limited industrial application. It is used to make magnetic tape, as a catalyst in chemical reactions, and in ceramics. Because of its limited industrial uses, the potential for human exposure is less for chromium dioxide than for the more industrially important hexavalent chromium and chromium +3 compounds.

This is the third year hexavalent chromium has been monitored at the South DeKalb site. The data for 2005 through part of 2007 is presented in Figure 54. The sampler did not operate the last quarter of 2007. Observed concentrations range over an order of magnitude, from 0.01 to 0.3 ng/m3 (nanograms per cubic meter). The observed concentrations are represented with the points, while the black line represents a moving average across the data set. At this point, true trends are hard to define, but there may be a suggestion of a seasonal trend with lower concentrations in the winter months. As the data set grows, possible seasonal variation in its concentration, the magnitude of its health risk, and which wind directions are most associated with elevated concentrations will be investigated.

Concentration (ng/m3)

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00 February-05

April-05

June-05 August-05October-D05ecember-05February-06

April-06

June-06 August-06October-D06ecember-06 March-07

Date

May-07

JulyS-0e7ptember-07

Figure 54: Hexavalent Chromium at South DeKalb

72 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TO-14/15)

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) make up a group of chemicals from various industrial, stationary, and mobile sources. Chlorinated compounds are very stable in the atmosphere, with lifetimes of several years. Dichlorodifluoromethane, a chlorinated compound, was the refrigerant of choice for automotive cooling. This material has not been manufactured since the mid-1990s (cars now use R-134a), yet it remains prevalent in the environment. Chloromethane is a volatile industrial solvent. Toluene is major component of paints, solvents and is also present in gasoline. It reaches the atmosphere by way of evaporative emissions as well as incomplete combustion processes. Benzene is found with burning coal and oil, gasoline service stations, and vehicle emissions. Carbon tetrachloride and the Freons are generally used as refrigerants, industrial solvents, and as fire suppressants (though generally known as Halon in that application). The atmospheric reactivity of aromatic compounds is relatively high, with lifetimes in the weeks to months range. Except for the chlorinated compound, all others are by-products of burning gasoline.

Figure 55 shows the statewide detection distribution of toxic (TO-14/15) type volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 2005, 2006, and 2007 across the state's Air Toxics Network. Again, the South DeKalb site has samples collected every six days, and Gainesville has an extra monthly sampling, compared to the other sites which have samples collected every twelve days. If South DeKalb is excluded, the distribution is relatively even across the state, with the more urban or industrial sites near the upper extreme and the more rural sites near the lower extreme. Except for the Dawsonville, Macon, and Yorkville sites with a slight increase, the number of detections appear to have decreased from 2006 to 2007. With more VOCs data collected in the future, a continuation of this possible trend will be examined.

400

350

300

Number of Detects

250

200

150

100

50

0 Augusta BrunswGicekneral Coffee ColumbusDawsonville Gainesville

MaconMilledgeville Site

Rome SavannaShouth DeKalb Utoy Creek

ValdoWstaarner Robins

Yorkville

2005 2006 2007

Figure 55: Total Volatile Organic Compounds Detected per Site, 2005-2007

73 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Total Average Concentration (g/m3) Number of Detections

40

600

35 500
30 400
25

20

300

15 200
10 100
5

0

0

TDCriichchhlolloororroomfdleuiftolhuraoonrmoeemtheathnaen(eFmre/MopneXt1yh1lye)lnTceoh(llmuoer/opnf-eoDBrimemn(ez1te,h1ny,e1lb-eTnrizcehnloer)oe1th,2oCa,-Nny4Xec-aT)lyomrlheimeenxeeoa(thonfy-eDClbioemnmeztephnyoelbuenndzEetnhTeyel)tbreanchzelonreoethyleCnaerbSotnyrteentreachloriCdehloroform

Concentration

Detects

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007

Figure 56: Number of Volatile Organic Compounds (TO-14/15) Detected, Select Compounds, 20052007
When looking at the make up of samples collected, one relationship to consider is that between the concentrations observed compared to the number of detections of that compound. Figure 56 compares this relationship, showing the top fifteen compounds of the VOCs group that were detected for 2005-2007. Although there are 42 species in this analyte group, only a relatively smaller subset is typically detected with any regularity. The number of detections was derived using any detection that was above half of the method detection limit. To obtain the average concentration for compounds with at least one detection, the half method detection limit for that compound was substituted for any number lower than that compound's half method detection limit. Chloromethane and trichlorofluoromethane consistently had the same pattern of some of the highest detection rates, but the total average concentrations were the third or fourth highest over the three years. This would indicate that the concentrations of chloromethane and trichlorofluoromethane are relatively low per detection. Conversely, toluene had the third or fourth highest detection rate, but one of the top average concentrations for 2005 through 2007. This would indicate that each detection of toluene has a relatively high concentration compared to the other VOCs. Dichlorodifluoromethane had one of the highest levels of concentration and one of the highest detection rates. This would indicate that for each detection the concentration had a consistent, average weight.

74 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Concentration (ppb)

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 Augusta BrunswGicekneral Coffee ColumbusDawsonville Gainesville

MaconMilledgeville

Rome SavannaShouth DeKalbUtoy Creek

ValdoWstaarner Robins

Yorkville

Site

2005 2006 2007

Figure 57: Total Volatile Organic Compound Loading all Species, by Site, 2005-2007
Figure 57 shows the total volatile organic compound concentration, or loading, at each site for 2005 through 2007. This "total loading" measurement is produced by adding all the detected concentrations of all VOCs, even those below half of the detection limit as discussed earlier. It is intended as a surrogate measure showing general trends in overall VOC concentrations. When considering Figure 57, it is important to note that the South DeKalb and Gainesville sites would appear elevated since these two sites have a larger number of scheduled samplings than the rest of the sites in the network. South DeKalb samples on a 6-day schedule, and Gainesville has an additional sample collected per month over the network's regular sample days. VOC levels at sites located close to or within urban centers (South DeKalb, Utoy Creek, and Augusta) show higher levels of these pollutants, while sites in smaller communities or rural areas (General Coffee, Dawsonville, and Yorkville) show lower levels. When adding the 2007 data to the graph, most of the data did not show dramatic differences, but there are a couple notable changes from the 2006 data. The South DeKalb site had about a 30% decrease in the concentration of VOCs from 2006 to 2007. The Milledgeville site had almost a twofold decrease in VOCs concentration from 2005 to 2006, but the concentration remained almost the same from 2006 to 2007. The Augusta site showed an increase of almost double VOCs concentration from 2005 to 2006, but remained almost the same from 2006 to 2007, with one of the highest concentrations. Referring to Figure 55, the Augusta site had the highest number of detections after South DeKalb and Gainesville. The Augusta site is located in an urban industrialized area, near an interstate. As more data is collected, these sites will be examined for possible trends.

75 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

To look at the VOCs loading concentrations in a different way, Figure 58 shows the seasonal concentration of all volatile organic compounds (TO-14/15) throughout the Air Toxics Network for 2005 through 2007. With a consistent method detection limit for the 2005 data, the higher concentration is found in the third quarter. It is somewhat surprising to see the highest concentration in the third quarter of 2005, since these compounds are usually degraded in chemical activity in the warmer months. For the 2006 and 2007 data, the pattern of lower concentration is seen in the third quarter. In 2006 and 2007, the second and fourth quarters are also almost identical, with the fourth quarter showing the highest concentration of the year, by a slight measure. With such a small dataset, it is hard to say there is a trend, but one is indicated with the 2006 and 2007 data. As more data is collected in the coming years, this will be observed for a trend.

Concentration (ppb)

400 350 300
250 200 150
100 50 0 1st

2nd
3rd Quarter

2007 2006
2005 4th

Figure 58: Volatile Organic Compounds, Seasonal Effects, 2005-2007 For a map of VOC and SVOC monitoring locations, see Figure 59 on the next page.

76 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Figure 59: VOC and SVOC Monitoring Site Map
77 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), also called semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) are chemical compounds that consist of fused, six-carbon aromatic rings. They are formed by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels such as wood, coal, diesel fuel, fat or tobacco. Over 100 different chemicals are comprised within this designation. Many of them are known or suspected carcinogens. Some environmental facts about this class of compounds are mentioned below.
PAHs enter the air mostly as releases from volcanoes, forest fires, burning coal, and automobile exhaust.
PAHs can occur in air attached to dust particles. Some PAH particles can readily evaporate into the air from soil or surface waters. PAHs can break down by reacting with sunlight and other chemicals in the air over a period of
days to weeks. PAHs can enter water through discharges from industrial and wastewater treatment plants. Most PAHs do not dissolve easily in water. They stick to solid particles and settle to the
bottoms of lakes or rivers. Microorganisms can break down PAHs in the soil or water after a period of weeks to months. In soils, PAHs are most likely to stick tightly to particles. Certain PAHs move through soil to
contaminate groundwater. PAH content of plants and animals may be much higher than the PAH content of the soil or
water in which they live.
For a map of SVOC monitoring locations, see Figure 59.
6

5

Number of Detections

4

3

2

1

0 Augusta BrunswGickeneral Coffee Columbus Dawsonville Gainesville

MaconMilledgeville Site

Rome Savannah Utoy Creek

ValdosWtaarner Robins

Yorkville

2005 2006 2007

Figure 60: Total Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Detections Per Site, 2005-2007
Figure 60 displays the number of detections according to site for 2005 through 2007 for all semivolatile organic compounds combined in the Air Toxics Network. Detections were counted for any number that was above half of the method detection limit. As can be seen from this graph, the semivolatile organic compounds are detected much less frequently than the other groups of compounds in the Air Toxics Network. Of the three years represented in this graph, 2005 had the most detections.

78 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

Figure 61 shows the total number of times each of the semi-volatile organic compounds were detected and the total average concentration of those compounds across the statewide network of sites from 2004 through 2006. The number of detections was derived using any detection that was above half of the method detection limit. To obtain the average concentration for compounds with at least one detection, the half method detection limit for that compound was substituted for any number lower than that compound's half method detection limit. Even with the few detections and low concentrations, the relationship between these two measures can still be examined. With the 2005 data, the compound with the highest number of detections was benzo(g,h,i)perylene, but this compound had one of the lowest detectable concentrations of the group. This would show that each detection of benzo(g,h,i)perylene had a low concentration. The compound with the highest average concentration was phenanthrene, but this compound had one of the lowest detection rates. In 2006, phenanthrene again had the highest average concentration, though at about half the 2005 concentration level, and had the fewest detections of the compounds detected. This would mean that for the each detection of phenanthrene, there was a higher concentration. In 2007, no detections occurred for phenanthrene above the detection limit for these sites. Overall, detections have ceased for all but one of the semi-volatile compounds, leaving fluoranthene as the only compound that was found to be present above the detection limit at these sites in 2007.

Concentration (g/m3) Number of Detections

0.007

18

0.006

16

14 0.005
12

0.004

10

0.003

8

6 0.002
4

0.001

2

0

0

Phenanthrene

FluoranthBeennezo(a)anthraBceennzeo(b)fluoranBtheennzeo(k)fluorantheneBenzo(e)pyBreennezo(g,h,i)peryleneBenzo(a)pyrene Name of Compound

Concentration

Detects

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007

Figure 61: Number of Semi-Volatile Organic Compound Detections, by Compound, 2005-2007
In April of 2007, South DeKalb added the semi-volatile organic compounds to its list of compounds to sample. Instead of the EPD laboratory analyzing this data as it does with the other Air Toxics sites, the South DeKalb site is part of the National Air Toxics Trends Sites (NATTS) Network, which uses The Eastern Research Group (ERG) to analyze this data. ERG is a multidisciplinary consulting firm, and in the laboratory at ERG, gas chromatography is used to separate and measure a number of pollutants detected in the troposphere. This differs drastically from the EPD's laboratory methods, in which liquid chromatography is instead used to sort out the compounds of interest. As a result of the dilution of pollutants necessary for liquid chromatography, several of the compounds analyzed by the ERG laboratory are not detected by the EPD laboratory. Furthermore, the detection limits used vary quite a bit from one laboratory medium to the other.
Figure 62 is a pie graph produced from the results of the South DeKalb monitor that were analyzed at ERG. For simplicity, the concentration values are represented as a percentage of the whole average concentration. Actual numbers can be found in Appendix E. The graph suggests that naphthalene
79 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

comprises almost 90% of the semi-volatile organic compounds collected at the South DeKalb site. The next largest contributors are phenanthrene found at 5%, fluorene at 3%, and acenaphthene at 2%. The other pollutants trail behind with values below 1%. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as these are found in the air from the burning of coal, oil, gas, and garbage, and are found in dyes, cigarette smoke, coal tar, plastics, and pesticides. They have been found to bother the skin and mucous membranes and have even been linked to cancer. According to ERG's results, naphthalene appears to be the largest threat of the semi-volatile organic compounds.

Naphthalene 86.34%

Chrysene

0.11%

Benzo[A]Pyrene 0.21%

Anthracene 0.38%

Phenanthrene

Fluoranthene

5.11%

0.95%
*All compounds less than 0.1% were removed from the graph

Acenaphthene 2.09%
Acenaphthylene 0.64%
Fluorene 3.04%

Figure 62: Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds at South DeKalb, 2007
MONITORING TECHNIQUES In 2007, samples were collected from a total of fifteen (15) sites, including a collocated site (a site that has two monitors of each type and acts as a quality assurance site for precision and accuracy calculations), a NATTS site, and two background (rural) sites.
The compounds sampled at the ATN sites are shown in Appendix E. The list was derived from the 188 compounds EPA has designated as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Many of the HAPS do not have standardized ambient air sampling and analytical methods. In order to collect the compounds of interest for the Georgia network, three types of samplers are used at all locations: the HIVOL, PUF, and canister. Also, carbonyls are monitored at three of the air toxics sites (as well as one PAMS site).
This equipment samples for metals, semi-volatile organic compounds, and volatile organic compounds once every twelve days following a pre-established schedule that corresponds to a nationwide sampling schedule. The South DeKalb site collects samples every six days, as part of the National Air Toxics Trends (NATTS) network. On the run day, the sampler runs midnight to midnight and takes a 24 hour composite sample.
The HIVOL sampler used for sampling metals is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 1300 to 2000 liters of air per minute. Particulate material is trapped on an 8.5" x 11" quartz fiber filter. The particulates include dust, pollen, diesel fuel by-products, particulate metal, etc. The filters are pre-weighed at a remote laboratory prior to use and weighed again after sampling. The filters are subjected to a chemical digestion process and are analyzed on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer.
80 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Air Toxics Monitoring

The PUF (polyurethane foam) sampler used for sampling semi-volatile organic compounds is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 198 to 242 liters (L) of air per minute. A multi-layer cartridge is prepared which collects both the particulate fraction and the volatile fraction of this group of compounds. The plug, filter and absorbent are extracted at a remote laboratory and analyzed using a gas chromatograph with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD).
The canister sampler used for sampling volatile organic compounds is a timed sampler. A SUMMA polished canister is evacuated to a near-perfect vacuum and attached to a sampler with a pump controlled by a timer. The canister is filled to greater than 10 psig. The canister is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS).

The carbonyl sampler at both PAMS and ATN sites is also a timed sampler. An absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) coated silica is attached to a pump to allow approximately 180 L of air to be sampled. The cartridge is analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography.

As part of the National Air Toxics Trends network, South DeKalb monitors the above listed compounds, as well as hexavalent chromium and black carbon. The South Dekalb metals are sampled on a PM10 sampler.
The hexavalent chromium sampler used for sampling Cr+6 is a timed sampler. Samples are collected at a flow rate of 15 liters of air per minute using a 37 mm diameter substrate of bicarbonate impregnated cellulose. The filter is controlled by an auto cover remains closed until sampling and fully exposes the filter when the sampler is running. The sample is analyzed using the modified California Air Resources Board (CARB) SOP 039. The filters are extracted in deionized water via sonication, which is analzyed by ion chromatography. Cr+6 is separated through a column, forming a complex with diphenylcarbohydrazide. Dianex Peaknet chromatography software is used to determine the peak analysis.

The aethalometer is a continuous sampler used for sampling black and organic carbon. Operating at 60 watts / 110V AC, the aethalometer uses quartz tape to perform an optical analysis to determine the concentration of carbon particles passing through an air stream. The analysis is conducted using spectrophotometry, measuring the wavelength of the light energy absorbed and plotting the results on the site computer.

The PM10 sampler used for sampling toxic metal particles less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter is a timed sampler. Collecting 1020 to 1240 liters of air per minute, the sampler uses a 8.5" x 11" quartz glass fiber filter to trap particulate matter. The sample is analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In ICP-MS, an argon gas is used to atomize and ionize the elements in a sample. The resulting ions are used to identify the isotopes of the elements and a mass spectrum is used to identify the element proportional to a specific peak formed from an isotope.

ATTAINMENT DESIGNATION Currently, there are no attainment standards for the air toxics compounds, with the exception of lead, which has its designation as a criteria pollutant. Air toxics measurements are performed to support the regulatory, analytical, and public health purposes of the program. While it is understood that these compounds are toxic, it is not well understood what airborne concentrations of each compound may be harmful. By collecting data about their current concentrations, researchers can later compare our data with health data to determine what levels of each compound may be safe.

81 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT

STATE CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGICAL SUMMARY OF 2007

The climate of central Georgia, which includes the metropolitan areas of Atlanta and Macon, involves summers of warm, humid weather, and variable temperatures during the winter months. The average date of first freeze is in mid-November. The average date of the last freeze in the spring is mid to late March. Average amounts of rainfall reach between 45 and 50 inches, with September and October averaging as the driest months and the wettest being March. The climate across Northern Georgia is largely a function of terrain.

The National Weather Service (NWS) office in Peachtree City, Georgia has summarized the climate across north and central Georgia during 2007 as predominantly characterized by a nearly historic drought in Atlanta and Athens (Table 4 and Table 5). This second consecutive year of drought was also accompanied by frequent near record or record warmth, especially during January, March, August, and December. A relatively mild January only produced two record high temperatures, in Columbus and Macon. In February, temperatures briefly reversed this trend and actually posted negative departures from average, ranging from -0.6 degrees F in Athens to -1.8 degrees F in Columbus. However, very mild conditions returned in March, with late March experiencing consecutive high temperatures in the mid to upper 80s in Atlanta. The first three months of the year were also quite dry, as rainfall deficits rose quickly to 7.20 inches in Atlanta, 6.56 inches in Columbus, 5.42 inches in Macon, and 3.78 inches in Athens.

The NWS office reported drought conditions intensifying from moderate and severe to extreme over much of north and central Georgia by late spring. In April, both Atlanta and Athens received less than half their average rainfall of 3.62 and 3.35 inches, respectively. This was followed by record and near record drought in May, as Macon received just a trace of rainfall for the month. Similarly, Columbus experienced their second driest May on record when only 0.26 inches fell on two separate days. Despite near or above average rainfall in June at Atlanta, Columbus, and Macon, early heat waves beginning on the 4th of June in Macon, and on the 6th elsewhere, significantly reduced any relief from the drought. This heat contributed to all four cities posting above average monthly temperatures with departures ranging from +0.6 degrees in Columbus, to +2.7 degrees F in Atlanta. In comparison, July temperatures were fairly moderate. July proved to be another drier than average month for Atlanta and Athens, while Columbus and Macon recorded above average rainfall by 0.15 and 1.90 inches, respectively.

In August, temperatures soared to unprecedented levels. On the 8th, the high temperature reached 100 F in Atlanta for the first time in nearly seven years. Then, on the 13th, while reaching the century mark for the fifth time, Atlanta tied July of 1980 for the most 100-degree temperatures in any month. By the end of the month, Atlanta had experienced its warmest month ever with an average monthly temperature of 85.6 degrees. With respect to precipitation, both Columbus and Macon recorded surpluses of 0.63 and 2.36 inches, respectively, while Atlanta and Athens posted deficits of 0.19 and 2.06 inches, respectively. This oppressive heat combined with spotty and infrequent late day convective activity led to much of north and west Georgia being upgraded to an exceptional drought by the end of August.

Milder than average temperatures and below average precipitation dominated through September and October. A series of polar fronts arriving in November finally brought a return to seasonable temperatures for northern and central Georgia. However, these fronts interacted with rather dry air masses and produced generally light amounts of precipitation. By the end of November, yearly rainfall deficits were approaching 20 inches in Atlanta and Athens, challenging 1954 for the driest year on record.

82 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

The dry conditions continued into early December as unseasonably mild temperatures once again returned to Georgia. Temperatures cooled to more seasonable readings by mid-December, but generally remained above average through the end of the year. One remarkable change occurred by mid-month that brought a reprieve to the drought conditions. A fast westerly flow with a series of upper level waves began to periodically tap gulf moisture, which resulted in extended bands of precipitation crossing Georgia. In the last seventeen days of December, Atlanta and Athens recorded 4.59 and 5.18 inches of rainfall, respectively. It was just enough to prevent Atlanta from establishing their driest year on record, while Athens missed the same fate by 2.90 inches.

Atlanta
19712000

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Yearly

+/-

2007 3.9

2.63

1.31

1.79

2.05

3.66

1.85

3.48

2.92

2.47

0.96

4.78

-18.35

30 yr avg

5.0

4.68

5.38

3.62

3.95

3.63

5.12

3.67

4.09

3.11

4.10

3.82

Athens
19712000

2007 3.4

2.92

3.89

1.64

1.56

2.17

3.48

1.72

0.53

2.35

2.35

5.42 -16.32

30 yr avg

4.6

4.39

4.99

3.35

3.86

3.94

4.41

3.78

3.53

3.47

3.71

3.71

Macon
19712000

2007 4.43 2.19

1.49

2.15 Trace 4.69

6.32

6.15

3.10

1.29

1.19

6.86 -5.14

30 yr avg

5.0

4.55

4.90

3.14

2.98

3.54

4.32

3.79

3.26

2.37

3.22

3.93

Columbus
19712000

2007 3.7

2.33

2.36

4.03

0.26

4.70

5.19

4.41

1.90

1.49

3.11

4.30 -10.73

30 yr avg

4.7

4.48

5.75

3.84

3.62

3.51

5.04

3.78

3.07

2.33

3.97

4.40

(Data compiled by National Weather Service at Peachtree City)

Table 4: Comparison of Monthly Rainfall Amounts for 2007 and the 30 Year Average for Select Cities in Georgia

83 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

City

Mean Temperature for
2007 (F)

Normal Mean Temperature (F)

Mean Temperature Departure from Normal (F)

Total Rainfall for 2007

Normal Total
Rainfall

Atlanta

64.5

62.1

+2.4

31.85"

50.20"

Athens

64.0

61.5

+2.5

31.51"

47.83"

Macon

65.3

63.7

+1.6

39.71"

45.00"

Columbus

66.6

65.1

+1.5

37.84"

48.57"

(Data compiled by National Weather Service at Peachtree City)

Total Rainfall Departure from
Normal
-18.35
-16.32
-5.29"
-10.73"

Table 5: Temperature and Rainfall Statistics for Select Georgia Cities in 2007

SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS (2007)

A complete suite of meteorological instrumentation is used to characterize meteorological conditions around metropolitan Atlanta. The basic surface meteorological parameters measured at the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Sites (PAMS) are shown in Table 6. The PAMS sites are Conyers, South Dekalb, Tucker (only collecting meteorological data as of 2007), and Yorkville. All PAMS sensors measure hourly-averaged scalar wind speed and vector-averaged wind direction at the 10-meter level, and hourly-averaged surface temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure at the 2-meter level. Several sites include instruments to record hourly-averaged precipitation, global solar radiation and total ultraviolet radiation. The standard deviation of the wind direction is also computed at one of the PAMS sites (South Dekalb). Other surface meteorological measurements were made across the state in 2007 and are also shown in Table 6. All the meteorological sites are mapped in Figure 63. Upper air meteorological observations (primarily wind speed and direction) are made at Peachtree City using a PA5-LR SODAR system.

84 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

Statewide Monitoring
Sites

Wind Speed (m/s)

Wind Direction
(deg)

Sigth (deg)

Relative Humidity
(%)

Solar Radiation
(W/m2)

Total Ultraviolet Radiation
(W/m2)

Barometric Pressure
(mb)

Precip. (in)

Temp. (C)

Conyers

a

a

a

a

South Dekalb a

a

a

a

Tucker

a

a

Yorkville

a

a

Fort

a

a

Mountain

Brunswick

a

a

Confederate

a

a

Avenue

Dawsonville

a

a

Savannah

a

a

E. President

Macon SE

a

a

Douglasville

a

a

Fayetteville

a

a

Newnan

a

a

Savannah

a

a

L&A

Augusta

a

a

Macon West

a

a

Columbus

a

a

Evans

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a a a a

Table 6: Meteorological Parameters Measured, 2007

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

85 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

Figure 63: Meteorological Site Map
86 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

OZONE AND PM2.5 FORECASTING AND DATA ANALYSIS
Each day a team of meteorologists from Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division (EPD) and Georgia Tech scientists meet at 1330 EST to issue an air quality forecast for Atlanta, Macon, Columbus, and Augusta metropolitan areas. The forecasts are determined based upon several meteorological factors, such as the synoptic regime, surface and upper air meteorology, satellite imagery, as well as the ambient concentration of pollutant. Multiple 2D and 3D forecasting models generated by Georgia Tech are utilized, in addition to National Weather Service (NWS) synoptic forecasting models.

The air quality forecast is then relayed to the Clean Air Campaign and EPA, which disseminate the forecast to important national outlets, such as NWS, USA Today, and The Weather Channel. Air quality forecasting proved particularly useful and critical in warning the public of health risks during the fire/smoke episodes in SE Georgia and northern Florida during spring 2007, and aided the Emergency Response Team (ERT) of EPD in making critical decisions concerning evacuations.

Metropolitan Atlanta had 29 ozone violations during ozone season (May through September) in 2007, while Macon had 5 ozone violations, and Augusta exceeded the ozone standard on 3 days. This was considered to be a fairly typical ozone season for Metro Atlanta, similar to the ozone season in 2006. Monthly time series plots of ozone predictions and observations for Metro Atlanta during 2007 ozone season are shown in Figure 64. The dark squares shown in the figure indicate days where an ozone violation occurred, but was not forecasted, or didn't occur and was forecasted. Most violations occurred during June and August, with the highest concentration days occurring during the heat wave in early August. Overall team forecasting performance for the 2007 ozone season was 83% on an event to a non-event basis (binary error) and 57% on an AQI basis (color category).

Overall performance for PM2.5 forecasting in 2007 for Metro Atlanta was 81% on an AQI basis. A total of 13 PM2.5 violations were observed in Metro Atlanta, three of which were code red and the other ten were code orange. Columbus exceeded the PM2.5 standard on 10 days in 2007. Monthly time series plots of PM2.5 predictions and observations for Metro Atlanta during 2007 are given in Figure 65 and Figure 66. Interestingly, most of the highest particle concentration days occurred during the months of April, May, and early June, and could be attributed to the smoke/fires in SE Georgia and northern Florida. These episodes were analyzed to be exceptional events, due to large fire activity in the Ware County area, followed by subsequent transport of smoke plume from SE Georgia across the Metro Atlanta area. The influence of particle pollution from the South Georgia fires with respect to ozone concentration for the Metro area is illustrated well in Figure 67. If one compares the maximum ozone and particle pollution concentration days between 2006 and 2007, generally good agreement can be found. If the smoke events are neglected, as shown by the red boxes in the lower figure, there is a striking similarity between ozone and PM2.5 concentrations for both years.

87 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

Maximun O concentrations (ppbv) 3

2007
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
120

O3 observed O3 predicted
MAY

100

80

60

40

JUN

20

110

100

JUL

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

1

3

5

7

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Day of the month

(Data compiled by Georgia Tech Dr. Carlos Cardelino)

Maximun 8-hrs O3 concentrations (ppbv)

O3 observed O3 predicted

2007

120

100

80

60

AUG

40

100
80
60
40
SEP
20
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Day of the month

(Data collected and graphed by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 64: Forecasted and Observed 8-hr Ozone for Metro Atlanta for May-Sept. 2007

88 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

20

15

10

5

0

5

10

40

Predicted

30

Observed

20

10

0

5

10

40

Predicted

30

Observed

20

10

0

5

10

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

JANUARY 2007

Section: Meteorological Report
Predicted Observed

15

20

25

30

FEBRUARY 2007

15

20

25

30

MARCH 2007

15

20

25

30

days

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

40

Predicted

30

Observed

20

10

APRIL 2007

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

80

Predicted

60

Observed

MAY 2007

40

20

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

JUNE 2007 60

50

Predicted

40

Observed

30

20

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

days

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

(Data collected and graphed by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech) Figure 65: Forecasted and Observed PM2.5 for Metro Atlanta for January June 2007

89 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

50

Predicted

40

Observed

30

20

10

0

5

60 50 40 30 20 10

0

5

50 40 30 20 10

0

5

JULY 2007

10

15

20

AUGUST 2007

10

15

20

SEPTEMBER 2007

10

15

20

days

P M 2.5 (ug/m 3)

Section: Meteorological Report

25

30

Predicted Observed

25

30

Predicted Observed

25

30

PM 2.5 (ug/m 3)

PM2.5 (ug/m3)

OCTOBER 2007 40

Predicted

30

Observed

20

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

NOVEMBER 2007 40

Predicted

30

Observed

20

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

DECEMBER 2007 40
Predicted 30
Observed
20

10

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

days

PM2.5 (ug/m3)

(Data collected and graphed by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech)
Figure 66: Forecasted and Observed PM2.5 for Metro Atlanta for July December 2007

90 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report 150

2006

Section: Meteorological Report

Max 8-hrs Ozone (ppbv)

100

50

0 0
150 100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2007

Smoke events

Max 8-hrs Ozone (ppbv)

50

0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Max 24-hrs PM2.5 (ug/cm)

(Data collected and graphed by Dr. Carlos Cardelino of Georgia Tech)

Figure 67: Comparison of the Maximum Ozone and Particle Pollution Concentration Days Between 2006 and 2007

SELECT METEOROLOGICAL AND AIR QUALITY STUDIES FOR 2007

Historical fire activity occurred in South Georgia and North Florida in 2007. The "Bugaboo Scrub Fire" of 2007 was the largest in the history of both Georgia and Florida, burning over 600,000 acres from combined fires caused by a tree falling on a power line (April 20th), and a lightning strike on Bugaboo Island (May 8th). EPD meteorologists conducted several case studies to evaluate the effect of the fire activity on air quality across the state. Given below are a few select studies from the Atlanta, Macon, and Brunswick areas of Georgia. Refer to Appendix C for relevant imagery.
Feb 28, 2007 (Atlanta) - On February 26th, a relatively clean, dry airmass was over central Georgia following passage of a cold front. Morning PM2.5 values read in the single digits for all sites with mostly zonal flow aloft, as reflected on the 1200 UTC FFC sounding. Weak upper level ridging and a broad surface high built in on the 27th, with infrared (IR) satellite imagery showing mostly clear skies under dry, stable conditions. PM2.5 levels reflected a minor increase overnight on the 27th as surface winds relaxed, allowing for good radiational cooling and a strong surface inversion. The South Dekalb monitoring site reached hourly values near 25 g/m3 on the morning of the 28th before the breaking of the morning inversion. PM2.5 levels climbed into the moderate range during the rest of the day on the 28th with diminished boundary layer flow and accumulation ahead of an amplifying upper level trough and deep low-pressure system over the Central Plains. This type of pooling up effect of PM2.5 ahead of an approaching upper level trough has been observed on other occasions, such as a May 16th, 2003 episode at the South Dekalb site.
A surface ridge continued to hold across north GA on the 28th as an 850mb surface high centered over the Great Lakes shifted eastward off the Atlantic coast. The presence of the high-pressure ridge

91 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

placed Metro Atlanta in a SE to SSE flow by 1800 UTC as warm air advection increased across the region, as seen by Peachtree City rawinsonde data. Surface analysis by UNISYS at 1200 UTC reflects a smoke symbol for Atlanta and the surrounding area. HYSPLIT backward trajectory analysis on the 28th at the 200, 500, and 1000-meter levels show a southeasterly trajectory from Monticello to Atlanta for a 12-hour duration. Elevated hourly readings at the McDonough site beginning at 1500 local time correspond with southeasterly backward trajectories from the direction of a controlled burn 50 miles southeast of Atlanta. Forward time trajectory analysis and rawinsonde data show southeasterly flow on the 28th moving the smoke airmass over the metro Atlanta air monitoring sites by 1900 local time. A cumulative 3-hour view from the GOES-12 satellite confirms fire activity over the state of Georgia, with smoke identified by the NRL Monterey Aerosol Modeling group.

Widespread precipitation and convection was observed on March 1st as southwesterly flow allowed for a moisture increase in advance of the upper level trough and accompanying cold front. By March 2nd,
the 1200 UTC surface chart shows the front southeast of Atlanta, as a cleaner air mass was
introduced with northwesterly flow.

Through upper air, surface and trajectory analysis, it seems reasonable to expect that the smoke from fire activity southeast of Metro Atlanta had a major contribution to the large increases in PM2.5 levels observed around the Metro Atlanta area in late afternoon on February 28.

April 29, 2007 (Brunswick) A high pressure ridge dominated the southeast, with a surface high drifting eastward over Alabama. As the ridge axis moved closer to Georgia, winds shifted from NNW to NW through the day. Peachtree City and Jacksonville 12z soundings, show prevailing northwesterly flow at all levels with dry, stable conditions and a strong morning inversion, indicating a shallow mixing depth. Upper air analysis at the 850mb and 500mb levels support this NNW flow with an upper level Gulf ridge and retreating trough over the east. Backward low-level trajectories at the 500, 1000, and 1500 meter levels show a west-northwest transport pathway from the northern edge of the plume in Atkinson and Ware County towards Brunswick over a 12-hour period. Smoke particles from the Waycross fire may have progressed eastward affecting Brunswick, especially if the plume had expanded slightly to the north. As the Jacksonville 00z sounding shows, winds became more WNW by the afternoon with forward trajectory analysis depicted a more southeastward motion. Therefore, it is possible that the Waycross and Atkinson County fires had a potential contribution to elevated PM2.5 readings in Brunswick.

May 26 - May 28, 2007 (Atlanta) - This particular episode had 12 PM2.5 monitoring stations across much of northwest and western Georgia showing elevated readings. The overall synoptic pattern was characterized by a strong Atlantic high pressure system over the Southeast. North Georgia was positioned along the western flank of the Atlantic Subtropical ridge, whose center was located offshore the coast of North Carolina on May 26, with light to calm surface winds becoming more southeasterly as the center of the high drifted eastward. A low-pressure system over the Upper Midwest lifted a warm front across the Great Lakes with widespread convection remaining well north of the ridge. FFC 1200 UTC sounding data showed very dry, stable conditions with a strong morning inversion and calm winds turning more ESE with height around a 850mb ridge centered over the MidAtlantic states. Terra MODIS satellite imagery shows smoke along the Georgia/Alabama border with high aerosol optical depth over the same region, and visible satellite imagery confirms this. Backward trajectory analysis at the 500 and 1000m levels from Rome, where elevated PM2.5 values were observed, supports the progression of smoke from the South Georgia fires wrapping around the surface high into central Alabama and wrapping back around into the western portions of Georgia.

The strong upper level ridge continued to dominate the east on the 27th, while the 500mb ridge axis shifted further east. 1200 UTC surface analysis depicts haze and smoke reports over metro Atlanta with ESE low level flow continuing around the high pressure system. Dry, stable conditions prevailed, with some midlevel moisture creating scattered cloud cover by afternoon. NOAA trajectories show the lowest levels indicating transport from the Ware County fires towards the northwest areas of the state.

92 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Meteorological Report

The position of the Atlantic High center was situated east enough of north Georgia to promote some
return flow from the SSW, S, and SE. Upper air sounding data on 27 May at 1200 UTC from
Peachtree City (FFC) indicates this return flow to be light southerly to south-southeasterly near 850mb
with good drying aloft, which agrees with the SODAR data from FFC for that time. Fire detection imagery maps from NOAA for May 27th show the extent, along with westward and northward drift of
the plume. Visible satellite imagery supports the NW drift of the smoke plume from the wildfires in Ware County on the 27th. An image of smoke over Metro Atlanta (Appendix C) shows reduced
visibility due to elevated levels of particle pollution.

Surface to upper level ridge begins to build back westward by the 28th with 1200 UTC FFC sounding showing increased upper level moisture with southeasterly flow aloft. This SE flow was also verified by SODAR profile. Low-level flow remained southeasterly around the high pressure system with surface analysis showing haze reports over the southeast. A low-pressure system over eastern Canada lifted its cold front and accompanying convection northeast of the ridge. Back trajectory analysis continues to support direct contribution from South Georgia wildfires with 24-hour analysis bringing boundary layer smoke particles into northern Georgia.

In summary, with high pressure control aloft and near the surface, it is reasonable to expect the elevated levels of particle pollution observed over portions of NW and W Georgia, including Metro Atlanta, were due to smoke transported from Ware County wildfire areas in Southeast Georgia and in northern Florida.

June 22nd June 23rd, 2007 (Macon) - The predominant synoptic feature for the period of June 22nd 23rd included high pressure at the surface and aloft providing dry, subsidence conditions for the Macon area. Visible satellite imagery at 1415Z on the 22nd show clear conditions over the southeast, which is supported by the dry airmass reflected in 12z rawinsonde data for FFC.
Forward wind trajectories from Ft. Mountain State Park, starting at 18z on June 21st and 00z on the 22nd, show that Atlanta's local air quality sources may have had some impact on Macon's air quality, due to the generally southeasterly direction of the particle motion, at least for the first part of the period. Back trajectories ending 18z on June 22nd for Macon show local circulation closer to the ground, and northerly entrainment at the 850mb level, thus more impact from Macon local sources, but with a component from the Atlanta area. Back trajectories ending 18z on June 23rd show direct impact from the Atlanta and Columbus regions, at all levels.

Boundary layer depth was extremely limited for most of Georgia for these two days, as temperatures at 850mb were between 16 and 18 degrees Celsius, indicating a strong inversion both days, and thus a shallow mixing layer. Evidence of these inversion conditions can also be seen on the FFC sounding, with increased temperatures at 850mb.

The 500mb ridge axis remained west of the state on the 22nd, which provided good northwesterly flow
aloft with light and variable surface winds. METAR observations for Macon for the period showed
calm to light and variable winds, with early morning haze reported on both mornings. The upper level ridge continued to build on the 23rd with residual ozone in recirculation over the state, allowing Macon to reach code orange for the 2nd day in a row.

93 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

QUALITY ASSURANCE

The purpose of this report is to provide ambient air quality users and the general public with a summary of the quality of the 2007 ambient air monitoring data in quantifiable terms. This is the second edition of the report and presents an overview of various quality assurance and quality control activities. The tables included in this report provide summary data for ambient air monitoring stations in the statewide network.
The Georgia Air Protection Branch mission is to promote and protect public health, welfare, and ecological resources through effective and efficient reduction of air pollutants while recognizing and considering the effects on the economy of the state. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program provides a key element of that mission through collecting and reporting on quality information on a large number of pollutants and for a vast air-monitoring network. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program, directed by state law, conducts various monitoring projects in support of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR), Environmental Protection Division (EPD), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). The monitoring projects include gaseous criteria and non-criteria pollutants, particulate matter, air toxics, non-methane hydrocarbons, and meteorological parameters. Data from these monitoring sources provide the means to determine the nature of the pollution problem and assess the effectiveness of the control measures and programs.

It is the goal of the Ambient Monitoring Program to provide accurate, relevant, and timely measurements of air pollutants and their precursors associated with the corresponding meteorological data to support Georgia's Air Protection Branch for the protection of environment and public health. The Quality Assurance Unit conducts various quality assurance activities to ensure that data collected comply with procedures and regulations set forth by the U.S. EPA and can be considered good quality data and data for record.
What is quality assurance? Quality assurance is an integrated system of management activities that involves planning, implementing, assessing, and assuring data quality through a process, item, or service that meets users needs for quality, completeness, representativeness and usefulness. Known data quality enables users to make judgment about compliance with quality standards, air quality trends and health effects based on sound data with a known level of confidence. The objective of quality assurance is to provide accurate and precise data, minimize data loss due to malfunctions, and to assess the validity of the air monitoring data to provide representative and comparable data of known precision and accuracy.
Quality assurance (QA) is composed of two activities: quality control and quality assessment. Quality control (QC) is composed of a set of internal tasks performed routinely at the instrument level that ensures accurate and precise measured ambient air quality data. Quality control tasks address sample collection, handling, analysis, and reporting. Examples include calibrations, routine service checks, chain-of-custody documentation, duplicate analysis, development and maintenance of standard operating procedures, and routine preparation of quality control reports.
Quality assessment is a set of external, quantitative tasks that provide certainty that the quality control system is satisfactory and that the stated quantitative programmatic objectives for air quality data are indeed met. Staff independent of those generating data perform these external tasks. Tasks include conducting regular performance audits, on site system audits; inter-laboratory comparisons, and periodic evaluations of internal quality control data. Table 7 illustrates the types of performance audits currently performed by the QA program in 2007. Field and laboratory performance audits are the most common. System audits are performed on an as needed basis or by request. Whole air sample comparisons are conducted for the toxic air contaminants and non-methane hydrocarbons.

94 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Air Monitoring Program
Gaseous Pollutants
Particulate Matter
Air Toxic Contaminants
Non-Methane Hydrocarbons

Field Performance
Audit X
X
X
X

Laboratory Performance
Audit

System Audit

Whole Air
Audit

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Meteorology

X

X

Table 7: Audits Performed for Each Air Monitoring Program in 2007
QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT
The Quality Assurance Unit supports all ambient monitoring programs undertaken by Georgia EPD, which in 2007 includes gaseous pollutants, particulate pollutants, air toxics contaminants, nonmethane hydrocarbons and meteorological sensors run by the Ambient Monitoring Program. There are approximately 62 air monitoring sites operating in Georgia. Appendix F provides information about the air-monitoring network (i.e., sampling schedules, number of instruments, collection/analysis method, etc.).
The air quality monitors collect data in both real-time and on a time integrated basis. The data is used to define the nature, extent, and trends of air quality in the state; to support programs required by state and federal laws; and to track progress in attaining air quality standards. The precision and accuracy necessary depends on how the data will be used. Data that must meet specific requirements (i.e., criteria pollutants) are referred to as controlled data sets. Criteria for the accuracy, precision, completeness, and sensitivity of the measurement in controlled data sets must be met and documented. The process by which one determines the quality of data needed to meet the monitoring objective is sometimes referred to as the Data Quality Objectives Process. Data quality indicators associated with measurement uncertainty include:
Precision. A measurement of mutual agreement among individual measurements of the same property usually under prescribed similar conditions, expressed generally in terms of the standard deviation.
Bias. The systematic or persistent distortion of a measurement process, which causes errors in one direction.
Accuracy. The degree of agreement between an observed value and an accepted reference value. Accuracy includes a combination of random error (imprecision) and systematic error (bias) components that are due to sampling and analytical operations.
Completeness. A measure of the amount of valid data obtained from a measurement system compared to the amount that is expected to be obtained under correct, normal conditions.
Detectability. The low critical range value of a characteristic that a method specific procedure can reliably discern.
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Data without formal data quality objectives (i.e., toxics) are called descriptive data sets. The data quality measurements are made as accurately as possible in consideration of how the data are being used. Quantified quality assessment results describe the measurement variability in standard terminology, but no effort is made to confine the data set to values within a predetermined quality limit.

The Georgia Air Sampling Network's (GASN) Quality Assurance Unit is outlined in a five-volume Quality Assurance Manual. The volumes, listed below, guide the operation of the quality assurance programs used by the GASN.

Volume I: Quality Assurance Plan Volume II: Standard Operating Procedures for Air Quality Monitoring Volume III: Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures Volume IV: Monitoring Methods for the State Ambient Air Quality standards Volume V: Audit Procedures for Air Quality Monitoring

Volume I lists the data quality objectives and describes quality control and quality assessment activities used to ensure that the data quality objectives are met.

GASEOUS POLLUTANTS

Sampling Cone

Ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and total reduced sulfur (TRS) are continuously monitored by an automated network of stations run by the Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program. Exposure to these pollutants may cause adverse health effects such as: respiratory impairment, fatigue, permanent lung damage, and increased susceptibility to infection in the general population. Gaseous criteria and non-criteria pollutant data are a controlled data set and are subject to meeting mandatory regulations.

Accuracy (field): Annually, EPA conducts field through-the probe (TTP) performance audits for gaseous pollutants to verify the system accuracy of the automated methods and to ensure the integrity of the sampling system. Accuracy is represented as an average percent difference. The average percent difference is the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected accuracy of 95 percent of all the single analyzer's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site. Overall, the responses of the individual analyzers indicate that as a whole, the network is providing accurate data. Ninety-five percent of the gaseous pollutant instruments audited in 2007 were found to be operating within the Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring control limits (15%). The most common causes for audit failure are malfunctions within the instrument and leaks in the sampling system. The following tables summarize the 2007 performance audit results for NO, NO2, NOX, CO, SO2, O3. UL stands for upper limit and LL stands for lower limit.
Precision (field): On a weekly basis, site operators confirm the linear response of the instrument by performing zero, precision and span checks. The zero precision check confirms the instrument's ability to maintain a stable reading. The span precision check confirms the instrument's ability to respond to a known concentration of gas. The degree of variability in each of these weekly measurements is computed as the precision of that instrument's measurements.
Annually, the Quality Assurance Unit conducts a precision data analysis as an overall indicator of data quality. The analysis addresses three parameters: precision data submission, precision data validity, and a combination of the two referred to as data usability rates. The precision performance goal for all three parameters is 85%. The submission rate is the number of precision points submitted for a pollutant divided by the expected number of bi-weekly submissions. Data validity is the percent difference of the actual and indicated values of each precision check. These differences should not exceed 15% for gaseous analyzers. Usable data rates are determined by multiplying the data submission and data validity rates. They indicate the completeness of verifiable air quality data on the

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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

official database. The tables below show the Georgia annual Data Quality Assessment summary for the gaseous pollutants (NO, NO2, NOX, CO, SO2, O3).

NO Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary

Site Code
13-089-0002 13-121-0048 13-223-0003 13-247-0001 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program:

Site Name

Validation of Bias

Validation of Bias

Absolute

Number Precision Bias of Obs. CV (%) Estimate
(%)

Avg (%)

Lower Probability Limit (%)

Upper Probability Limit (%)

Number of Obs.

Annual Performance
Evaluation (%)

Completeness (%)

Decatur - S. Dekalb

52 6.99 7.71 -5.09 -17.01

6.83

8

-0.87

90

Atlanta - Georgia Tech

50 5.61 7.53 -6.23 -15.77

3.31

8

-1.48

93

Yorkville - King's Farm

53 4.64 9.69 -8.72 -16.64

-0.79

4

-2.51

97

Conyers - Monastery

55 7.02 6.71 -4.54 -16.56

7.48

4

5.14

95

210 6.08 7.90 -6.13 -16.65

4.38 24

-0.34

94

Table 8: NO Data Quality Assessment

NO2 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary

Site Code
13-089-0002 13-121-0048 13-223-0003 13-247-0001 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program:

Site Name

Validation of Bias

Validation of Bias

Absolute

Number Precision Bias of Obs. CV (%) Estimate
(%)

Avg (%)

Lower Probability Limit (%)

Upper Probability Limit (%)

Annual Completeness

Number Performance

(%)

of Obs. Evaluation

(%)

Decatur - S. Dekalb

51 5.54 4.34 -0.62 -10.04

8.81

7

-0.30

90

Atlanta - Georgia Tech

50 3.12 3.45 1.22

-4.08

6.52

8

4.88

93

Yorkville - King's Farm

52 4.12 3.45 -1.63

-8.66

5.39

4

-2.07

97

Conyers - Monastery

55 4.20 3.04 0.81

-6.38

7.99

4

-0.94

95

208 4.25 3.56 -0.05

-7.44

7.33

23

1.08

94

Table 9: NO2 Data Quality Assessment

97 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

NOx Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary

Site Code

Site Name

Validation of Bias

Validation of Bias

Absolute

Number Precision Bias of Obs. CV (%) Estimate
(%)

Avg (%)

Lower Probability Limit (%)

Upper Probability Limit (%)

Number of Obs.

Annual Performance
Evaluation (%)

Completeness (%)

13-089-0002

Decatur - S. Dekalb

52 6.88 7.03 -4.16 -15.89

7.56

7

-1.43

90

13-121-0048

Atlanta - Georgia Tech

50 5.29 6.45 -5.26 -14.24

3.73

8

-0.68

93

13-223-0003

Yorkville - King's Farm

53 3.76 7.98 -7.23 -13.65 -0.81

4

-3.16

97

13-247-0001

Conyers - Monastery

55 5.00 4.39 -2.16 -10.72

6.40

4

5.10

95

Georgia Ambient Air

Monitoring Program:

210 5.22 6.44 -4.67 -13.77

4.43 23

-0.33

94

Table 10: NOX Data Quality Assessment

CO Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary

Site Code

Site Name

Validation of Bias

Validation of Bias

Absolute

Number Precision Bias of Obs. CV (%) Estimate
(%)

Avg (%)

Lower Probability Limit (%)

Upper Probability Limit (%)

Number of Obs.

Annual Performance
Evaluation (%)

Completeness (%)

13-089-0002

Decatur - S. Dekalb

52 4.12 3.45 -0.91

-7.93

6.11

3

6.26

95

13-121-0099

Atlanta - Roswell Rd.

58 2.66 3.19 -2.23

-6.80

2.35

12

0.24

94

13-223-0003

Yorkville - King's Farm

41 3.54 2.89 0.57

-5.34

6.48

3

-7.53

99

Georgia Ambient Air

Monitoring Program:

151 3.40 3.20 -1.01

-6.88

4.86

18

-0.05

96

Table 11: CO Data Quality Assessment

SO2 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary

Site Code

Site Name

Validation of Bias

Validation of Bias

Absolute

Number Precision Bias of Obs. CV (%) Estimate
(%)

Avg (%)

Lower Probability Limit (%)

Upper Probability Limit (%)

Number of Obs.

Annual Performance
Evaluation (%)

Completeness (%)

13-021-0012

Macon - Forestry

62 4.13 3.58 -1.54 -8.67

5.60

6

-3.86

97

13-051-0021

Savannah - East President St. 54 5.14 4.18 -2.40 -11.18

6.38

3

7.83

93

13-051-1002

Savannah - L & A

57 2.07 8.94 -8.54 -12.09 -5.00

3

-6.08

99

13-111-0091

McCcaysville - Elementary

41 4.31 4.98 -3.53 -10.73

3.67

3

-6.78

98

13-115-0003

Rome - Coosa Elementary

56 2.29 2.19 1.11 -2.81

5.04

6

0.29

98

13-121-0048

Atlanta - Georgia Tech

49 2.03 5.12 -4.70 -8.15 -1.25

3

-7.30

97

13-021-0012

Atlanta - Confederate Ave.

51 5.01 4.36 -1.77 -10.30

6.76

3

-0.71

96

13-127-0006

Brunswick - Risley School

45 2.31 2.18 -0.97 -4.86

2.92

3

-0.76

95

Georgia Ambient Air

Monitoring Program:

415 3.41 4.47 -2.79 -9.42

3.84 30

-2.09

97

Table 12: SO2 Data Quality Assessment

98 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

O3 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary

Site Code

Site Name

Validation of Bias

Validation of Bias

Number of Obs.

Precision Estimate CV (%)

Absolute Bias
Estimate (%)

Avg (%)

Lower Probability Limit (%)

Upper Probability Limit (%)

Number of Obs.

Annual Performance
Evaluation (%)

Completeness (%)

13-021-0012

Macon - Forestry

38 2.46 1.98 -0.05 -4.14

4.03

6

0.25

99

13-021-0013

Macon - West

37 0.65 1.07 0.92 -0.16

2.00

3

-1.03

99

13-051-0021

Savannah - East President St.

35 1.49 1.65 -1.21 -3.65

1.24

3

-2.87

97

13-055-0001

Summerville - DNR Fish Hatchery

35 7.51 4.16 -0.38 -12.73 11.97

3

1.57

99

13-059-0002

Athens - Fire Station 7

36 0.96 0.67 -0.18 -1.76

1.40

3

0.56

97

13-067-0003

Kennesaw - National Guard

36 0.79 0.91 0.64 -0.66

1.94

3

0.68

99

13-021-0012

Evans - Riverside Park

35 2.09 1.80 0.41 -3.03

3.86

3

3.02

92

13-077-0002

Newnan - U of W. Georgia

37 0.65 0.63 0.48 -0.61

1.56

3

1.69

99

13-085-0001

Dawsonville - GA Forestry

36 0.95 1.23 -1.01 -2.58

0.57

3

0.87

99

13-089-0002

Decatur - S. Dekalb

38 2.00 1.86 1.17 -2.15

4.49

3

-0.95

95

13-097-0004

Douglasville - W. Strictland St.

36 0.97 0.91 0.49 -1.10

2.09

6

0.93

99

13-113-0001

Fayetteville - GA DOT

36 1.64 2.11 1.65 -1.05

4.34

3

-0.83

99

13-021-0012

Atlanta - Confederate Ave.

37 5.13 4.61 1.59 -6.90 10.08

3

-2.74

95

13-127-0006

Brunswick - Risley School

37 1.99 2.42 1.80 -1.50

5.10

3

1.33

99

13-135-0002

Lawrenceville - Gwinnett Tech

41 2.34 2.35 1.39 -2.51

5.30

3

4.03

97

13-151-0002

McDonough - County Extension

36 0.62 0.38 0.06 -0.97

1.09

3

0.55

99

13-213-0003

Chatsworth - Fort Mountain

35 1.49 1.45 -0.96 -3.41

1.50

3

-0.66

99

13-215-0008

Columbus - Airport

40 2.19 2.21 -1.68 -5.33

1.97

3

0.76

99

13-215-1003

Columbus - Crime Lab.

37 0.92 0.77 0.46 -1.06

1.99

3

-0.41

95

13-223-0003

Yorkville - King's Farm

39 1.93 1.56 0.32 -2.88

3.53

3

0.59

97

13-245-0091

Augusta - Bungalow Rd.

34 1.68 1.15 0.03 -2.73

2.79

3

0.07

99

13-247-0001

Conyers - Monatery

33 1.42 3.55 3.20

0.89

5.52

3

3.20

95

13-261-1001

Laslie - Union High School

Georgia Ambient Air

Monitoring Program:

40 4.38 3.95 -2.14 -9.44

5.15

3

12.40

97

844 2.02 1.89 0.29 -3.96

4.54 75

0.97

98

Table 13: O3 Data Quality Assessment

PARTICULATE MATTER

Particulate matter is a mixture of substances that include elements such as carbon, metals, nitrates, organic compounds and sulfates; complex mixtures such as diesel exhaust and soil. Particles with an
aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or smaller pose an increased health risk because they can deposit deep in the lung and contain substances that are particularly harmful to human health. Respirable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increase the chance of respiratory disease, lung damage, cancer, and premature death.

Particulate matter monitoring is conducted using both manual and continuous type samplers. Manual samplers are operated on a six-day sampling schedule for PM10, and a similar, or more frequent schedule, for PM2.5. The Georgia Ambient Monitoring particulate program also includes total suspended particulates (TSP) sulfate, mass and lead monitoring.

99 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Particulate matter is a controlled data set, and as such is subject to formal data quality objectives and federal and state regulations.

Accuracy (field): The accuracy of particulate samplers is determined by comparing the instrument's flow rate to a certified variable orifice (PM10 and TSP), or a calibrated mass flow meter (TEOM, BAM, and PM2.5 samplers) that is certified against a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable flow device or calibrator. Since an accurate measurement of particulate matter is dependent upon flow rate, the Ambient Monitoring Program conducts annual flow rate audits at each site. The average percent difference between the sampler flow rates and the audit flow rates represents the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points for each sampler. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected flow rate accuracy for 95 percent of all the single analyzer's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site.

Overall, the 2007 flow audit results indicate that the flow rates of samplers in the network are almost all within bounds. Approximately ninety-eight percent of the instruments audited in 2007 operated within the Georgia Ambient Monitoring Program's control limits. The 2007 PM2.5 yearly data quality assessment summary of integrated and analyzation using federal reference method, PM2.5 yearly data quality assessment summary semi-continuous measurements, PM2.5 yearly data quality assessment of semi-continuous measurements, PM10 yearly data quality assessment summary of 24-hour integrated measurements are shown in the tables below.

100 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

PM2.5 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary of Integrated Sampling and Analyzation Using Federal Reference Method

Site Code

Site Name

Collocated (g/m3)

One-Point Flow Rate (L/min)

Check

Semi-Annual Flow Check (L/min) (Bias
%)

Complete-

No. Precision No. of Estimate of Obs. CV (%) Obs.

Avg (%)

Absolute Bias (%)

Signed Bias (%)

No. of Obs.

Avg (%)

95% 95% LPL UPL (%) (%)

ness (%)

13-021-0007 13-021-0012 13-051-0017 13-051-0091 13-059-0001 13-063-0091 13-067-0003 13-067-0004 13-089-0002 13-089-2001 13-095-0007 13-115-0005 13-121-0032 13-121-0048 13-127-0006 13-135-0002 13-139-0003 13-153-0001 13-185-0003 13-215-0001 13-215-0008 13-215-0011 13-223-0003 13-245-0005 13-245-0091
13-295-0002 13-303-0001 13-319-0001 Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Program

Macon - Allied Chemical

51 7.78 11 0.25 1.08 +/-1.08 3 0.33 -2.23 2.89

92

Macon - Macon SE

NA NA 12 -0.38 1.11 -1.11 3 -0.78 -4.34 2.78

96

Savannah - Market Street (Scott)

78 10.49 12 -0.07 1.10 +/-1.1 3 0.41 -2.24 3.06

93

Savannah - Mercer Jr. High School

NA NA 12 0.25 0.37 +0.37 3 0.66 0.03 1.30

93

Athens - Fire Station 7

NA NA 12 -0.51 0.71 -0.71 4 -1.78 -5.96 2.40

94

Forest Park - D.O.T.

NA NA 12 -0.51 1.32 -1.32 3 -0.52 -1.56 0.52

99

Kennesaw - National Guard

NA NA 12 -0.12 2.08 +/-2.08 4 -0.41 -1.99 1.16

99

Powder Springs - Macland Aquatic Center NA NA 11 0.25 0.57 +/-0.57 3 0.46 0.28 0.64

96

Decatur - South DeKalb

NA NA 12 -0.07 0.67 +/-0.67 4 -0.22 -2.04 1.61

95

Doraville - Health Department

43 20.49 12 -0.42 0.65 -0.65 3 -2.13 -3.95 -0.31

82

Albany - Turner Elem. School

NA NA 12 0.29 1.26 +/-1.26 4 0.04 -1.93 2.01

93

Rome - Coosa High School

NA NA 12 1.13 1.84 +1.84 3 -1.37 -4.05 1.31

92

Atlanta - E. Rivers School

59 9.15 11 -0.97 1.66 -1.66 3 -0.86 -3.55 1.83

98

Atlanta - Georgia Tech

NA NA 12 -0.43 0.76 -0.76 2 -1.27 -2.00 -0.54

98

Brunswick - Risley Middle Sch.

NA NA 12 0.08 1.42 +/-1.42 3 -0.02 -0.90 0.86

90

Lawrenceville - Gwinnett Tech

NA NA 12 -0.48 0.72 -0.72 5 -1.11 -4.11 1.89

94

Gainesville - Fair St. Elem. Sch.

NA NA 12 -0.60 0.80 -0.8 3 -0.21 -2.18 1.75

99

Warner Robins - Warner Robins

NA NA 12 0.25 0.90 +/-0.9 3 -0.14 -1.42 1.15

93

Valdosta - S. L. Mason School

NA NA 11 0.30 0.91 +/-0.91 3 0.10 -0.66 0.86

89

Columbus - Health Department

NA NA 12 0.19 1.02 +1.02 2 0.21 -0.37 0.80

96

Columbus - Airport

NA NA 12 0.02 0.84 +/-0.84 3 0.33 -1.52 2.17

97

Columbus - Cussetta Rd. Sch.

NA NA 11 0.29 1.18 +/-1.18 3 0.30 -0.89 1.49

96

Yorkville - King's Farm

NA NA 11 0.29 1.00 +/-1 3 -0.50 -1.02 0.03

98

Augusta - Med. Col. Of GA

58 5.04 12 0.06 0.96 +/-0.96 3 -0.48 -1.06 0.11

98

Augusta - Bungalow Rd. Sch.

NA NA 12 0.68 1.09 +1.09 3 0.34 -1.00 1.69

99

Rossville - Health Department+

NA NA 7 -0.67 0.97 -0.97 1 -1.30 NA NA

93

Sandersville - Health Department

NA NA 11 0.92 1.28 +1.28 3 -0.18 -0.59 0.23

95

Gordon - Police Dept

NA NA 12 -0.06 1.07 +/-1.07 3 -2.11 -5.50 1.27

93

289 10.13 324 0.01 1.05

86 -0.44 -2.76 1.88

95

+: Site was relocated between June and November 2007

95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

Table 14: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for FRM Samplers

101 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

PM2.5 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary of Semi-Continuous Measurements

Site Code

Site Name

One-Point Flow Rate Check (L/min)

Semi-Annual Flow Check (L/min) (Bias %)

No. of Obs.

Avg (%)

Absolute Signed Bias (%) Bias (%)

No. of Obs.

Avg (%)

Complete-

95% LPL 95% UPL ness (%)

(%)

(%)

13-021-0012

Macon - Macon SE

12 -0.11

0.77 +/-0.77

2 1.55

-0.43

3.53

96

13-051-1002

Savannah - W. Lathrop & Augusta Ave. 12 -1.60

2.52 -2.52

2 -3.25

-13.42

6.93

95

13-059-0002

Athens - Fire Station 7

12 0.01

0.14 +/-0.14

2 0.88

-0.39

2.15

94

13-077-0002

Newnan - University of West Georgia 12 1.54

1.97 +1.97

2 0.67

-1.18

2.52

95

13-089-0002

Decatur - South DeKalb

12 -1.12

2.29 +/-2.29

2 -0.03

-0.11

0.05

95

13-121-0055

Atlanta - Confederate Ave.

12 -0.28

0.70

-0.7

2 -1.45

-1.85

-1.04

98

13-135-0002

Lawrenceville - Gwinnett Tech

12 -0.05

0.12 +/-0.12

2 0.79

-0.39

1.97

94

13-151-0002

McDonough - County Extension Office 12 0.72

1.01 +1.01

2 0.24

-0.26

0.74

95

13-215-0008

Columbus - Airport

12 4.33

5.21 +5.21

2 3.64

2.66

4.62

97

13-223-0003

Yorkville - King's Farm

11 0.05

1.22 +/-1.22

2 1.40

1.23

1.57

94

13-245-0091

Augusta - Bungalow Rd. Sch.

12 -0.23

1.07 +/-1.07

2 0.27

-4.24

4.77

94

13-297-0001

Social Circle - DNR Fish Hatchery

12 0.90

1.52 +1.52

2 0.76

-2.02

3.55

93

Georgia AmbientAir

Monitoring Program

143 0.35

1.55

24 0.46

-3.59

4.50

95

95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

Table 15: PM2.5 Data Quality Assessment for Semi-Continuous Samplers

102 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

PM10 Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary of 24-Hour Integrated Measurements

Site Code

Site Name

Collocated (g/m3)

One-Point

Flow Rate (L/min)

Check

Semi-Annual

Flow

Check

(L/min)

Complete-

ness (%)

No. Precision No. of Estimate of Obs. CV (%) Obs.

Avg (%)

Absolute Bias (%)

Signed Bias (%)

No. of Obs.

Avg (%)

95% LPL 95% UPL

(%)

(%)

13-027-0007

Macon - Allied Chemical

58 20.89 12 -1.11 2.45 -2.45 2 0.82

0.06

1.57

100

13-051-0014

Savannah - Shuman School

NA

NA 10 0.19 0.50 +/-0.5 1 -2.53

NA

NA

98

13-055-0001

Summerville - DNR Fish Hatchery

NA

NA 12 -1.20 1.94 -1.94 2 -1.81

-4.85

1.23

95

13-089-2001

Doraville - Police Department

NA

NA 12 -1.21 1.80 -1.8 1 -1.45

NA

NA

93

13-095-0007

Albany - Turner Elem. School

NA

NA 12 -0.01 2.28 +/-2.28 1 -2.35

NA

NA

98

13-097-0003

Douglasville - Beulah Pump Station

58

4.89 10 0.10 0.94 +/-0.94 2 0.01

-2.98

3.01

98

13-115-0005

Rome - Coosa High School

NA

NA 12 0.22 0.59 +/-0.59 1 -0.60

NA

NA

93

13-121-0001

Atlanta - Fulton County Health Dept.

NA

NA 11 -0.35 0.84 -0.84 2 0.42

-0.42

1.26

98

13-121-0032

Atlanta - E. Rivers School

NA

NA 11 -2.12 2.85 -2.85 2 -1.61

-5.07

1.85

98

13-115-0005

Brunswick - Arco Pump Station

NA

NA 12 -0.57 0.87 -0.87 1 0.54

NA

NA

87

13-121-0039

Columbus - Cussetta Rd. Element School NA

NA 11 -0.44 1.80 +/-1.8 2 -0.44

-2.65

1.78

98

13-245-0091

Augusta - Bungalow Rd. Elem. School NA

NA 12 -0.75 1.32 -1.32 1 0.60

NA

NA

97

13-255-0002

Griffin - U. of W. GA Experiment Station NA

NA 11 -0.13 0.82 +/-0.82 2 0.52

-1.58

2.62

100

13-303-0001

Sandersville - Health Department

Georgia Ambient Air

Monitoring Program:

NA

NA 11 2.12 2.68 +2.68 1 0.67

NA

NA

95

116 10.45 159 -0.40 1.56

21 -0.44

-3.40

2.18

95.3

NA: Not Applicable

95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

Table 16: PM10 Data Quality Assessment of 24-Hour Integrated Samplers

Precision (field): Precision data for non-continuous particulate samplers is obtained through collocated sampling whereby two identical samplers are operated side-by-side and the same laboratory conducts filter analyses. Collocated samplers are located at selected sites and are intended to represent overall network precision. Validity of the data is based on the percent difference of the mass concentrations of the two samplers. In 2007, collocated PM2.5 samplers were operated at Augusta Medical College, Atlanta E. Rivers, Columbus Health Department, Atlanta Doraville Health Department, Savannah Scott School and Macon Allied. Collocated PM10 samplers were operated at Macon Allied and Douglasville Beulah Pump Station. Collocated TSP samplers were operated at Atlanta Utoy Creek and Atlanta DMRC.

Particulate samplers (collocated PM10 and TSP) must have mass concentrations greater than or equal to 20 g/m3 to be used in data validity calculations. The difference between the mass concentrations must be no greater than 5 g/m3. If the mass concentrations are greater than 80 g/m3, the difference
must be within 7% of each other. TSP (lead) samplers must have both mass concentrations greater than or equal to 0.15 g/m3 to be used in data validity calculations. For collocated PM2.5 samplers,
data probability limits validity is based on the sampler's coefficient of variation, which cannot exceed 10%. Both sample masses must also be greater than 6 g/m3.

Precision for continuous PM2.5 monitors is based on the comparison of the sampler's/analyzer's indicated and actual flow rates. The differences between the flow rates must be within 15.

103 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Accuracy (lab): Annual performance audits for PM10 and PM2.5 mass analysis programs include an onsite check and assessment of the filter weighing balance, relative humidity and temperature sensors, and their documentation. The performance audits conducted in 2007 found that the Ambient Monitoring Program was operating in accordance with U.S. EPA guidelines and that the data were of good quality and should be considered data-for-record.
Precision (lab): Laboratories perform various quality control tasks to ensure that quality data are produced. Tasks include duplicate weighing on exposed and unexposed filters, replicate analysis on every tenth filter, and a calibration of the balance before each weighing session. Upon receipt of particulate matter filters from the field, laboratory staff has up to 30 days to analyze the PM10 and PM2.5 samples. Filters are visually inspected for pinholes, loose material, poor workmanship, discoloration, non-uniformity, and irregularities, and are equilibrated in a controlled environment for a minimum of 24 hours prior to the filters being weighed. If room conditions are not within the established U.S. EPA control limits, weighing is done only after the proper environment is reestablished and maintained for 24 hours.
In 2007, there were no occurrences in which the Georgia's Ambient Monitoring laboratory balance room was outside of control limits. The analytical precision results indicate that the Ambient Monitoring Program is providing precise particulate matter data. Table 17 and Table 18 show the unexposed and exposed filter replicate results for the Air Protection Branch's (APB) laboratory in 2007.

QC Checks for Pre-weighed Filters

PM10

PM2.5

Total # of sample analyzed

974

Total # of replicates

49

Total % replicated

5%

Total # out-of-range

0

5162 380 7%
0

Source: Laboratory Section, Quality Control Report

Table 17: Summary of Unexposed Filter Mass Replicates

QC Checks for Pre-weighed Filters

PM10

PM2.5

Total # of samples analyzed Total # of replicates Total % replicated Total # out-of-range

1199 60 5% 0

5239 350 6.67%
0

Source: Laboratory Section, Quality Control Report

Table 18: Summary of Exposed Filter Mass Replicates

AIR TOXICS

In 1996, the Air Protection Branch established an Air Toxics Network in major urban areas of the state to determine the average annual concentrations of air toxics. The program was established to assess the effectiveness of control measures in reducing air toxics exposures. Compounds identified as air toxics vaporize at ambient temperatures, play a critical role in the formation of ozone, and have adverse chronic and acute health effects. Sources of air toxics include motor vehicle exhaust, waste burning, gasoline marketing, industrial and consumer products, pesticides, industrial processes, degreasing operations, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and dry cleaning operations. Under the current air toxic sampling schedule, ambient air is collected in a stainless steel canister (or cartridge)
104 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

every 12 days over a 24-hour sampling period at each of the network stations. Toxic particulate samples are also collected and analyzed for air toxic contaminants to support the Georgia Air Toxic and Control Unit. By using a low-flow multi-channel sampler capable of sampling onto filters or cartridges, ambient air is collected and analyzed for carbonyl and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds (also called semi-volatile organic compounds) and toxic metals. The quality of the air toxic data set is governed by a series of quality assurance activities, including audits. However, because this is a descriptive data set, no mandatory corrections are made to the data based on audit results. The laboratory and monitoring staff are made aware of any exceedance found during an audit, and every effort is made to ensure that the data collected is as accurate as possible.

Flow audits of the toxic metal, VOCs, semi-VOCs and carbonyl samplers are typically conducted annually at each site to ensure the accuracy of measuring toxic metals and carbonyl compounds. Flow rates are a determining factor in calculating concentration and are included as part of the Quality Assurance Unit. Overall, the 2007 results indicate that the samplers maintained stable flows. Although toxics data are a descriptive data set, completeness is issued based on the operating parameters of the sampler. Corrections are made to the data if an audit is found to be outside the Air Toxic Program control limits.

Precision (field and lab): As part of the Air Toxic Program laboratory analyses, internal QC techniques such as blanks, control samples, and duplicate samples are applied to ensure the precision of the analytical methods and that the toxics data are within statistical control. Precision data for noncontinuous toxics particulate samplers are obtained through collocated sampling whereby two identical samplers operate side-by side simultaneously and the same laboratory conducts filter analyses. The collocated toxic sampler located at Utoy Creek is intended to represent overall network precision.

In 2007, all compounds analyzed were within their respective control limits and results for blanks, spikes, and duplicate samples as established in the Laboratory QC Manual. Duplicate analyses were performed on 10% of the toxic samples. In 2007, all duplicate results (concentrations must be greater than five times the published limit of detection) were within the established limits for all target analytes. Data exceeding duplicate criteria of three times the assigned percent relative standard deviation (from control samples collected during the control limit evaluation) are deleted from the toxics database and samples reanalyzed. Table 19 shows the yearly data quality total assessment summary for Metals at the Atlanta- Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site.

.

105 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Metals Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary (Atlanta-Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site)

AQS Parameter Code

Parameter Name

12102

Antimony

12103

Arsenic

12105

Berrylium

12110

Cadmium

12112

Chromium

12113

Cobalt

10128

Lead

13132

Manganese

13136

Nickel

12154

Selenium

12167

Zinc

NA: Not Applicable

Collocated Check (g/m3)

Completeness (%)

No.

of

Obs.

Precision Estimate CV (%)

Avg (%)

95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%)

27

43.23 -5.46

-74.56

63.65

93

17

23.03 -7.28

-41.72

27.16

93

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

26

35.93 14.62

-42.55

71.79

93

25

27.90 -5.18

-49.36

39.00

93

15

20.70

7.53

-22.73

37.79

93

28

53.59

6.54

-79.49

92.57

93

28

53.55 15.98

-69.99

101.95

93

28

34.18

5.81

-49.06

60.69

93

25

34.49 -8.48

-63.08

46.12

93

28

39.34

0.20

-62.95

63.34

93

95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

Table 19: Metals Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek

Stainless steel canisters used to collect ambient air samples are also checked for contamination. Canisters are analyzed for aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons. One canister per batch of eight is assayed to ensure individual compound measurements fall below the limit of detection. In the event a compound exceeds canister cleanliness criteria, the canister and all other canisters represented in the batch are re-cleaned until compounds meet the cleanliness criteria. In addition, Xontech 910A air samplers are checked for cleanliness. Failed air collection media are re-cleaned and re-tested until they pass Xontech 910A cleanliness criteria. Overall, the network is providing precise air toxic contaminants data.

Accuracy (field): The accuracy of air toxic samples is determined by comparing the instrument's flow rate to a certified variable orifice (PM10 and TSP), or a calibrated mass flow meter (PM2.5 samplers) that is certified against a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable flow device or calibrator. Since an accurate measurement of particulate matter is dependent upon flow rate, the Ambient Monitoring Program conducts annual flow rate audits at each site. The average percent difference between the sampler flow rates and the audit flow rates represents the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points for each sampler. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected flow rate accuracy for 95 percent of all the single analyzer's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site.

Overall, the 2007 flow audit results indicate that the flow rates of samplers in the network are almost all within bounds. Approximately ninety-eight percent of the instruments audited in 2007 operated within the Georgia Air Toxics Network control limits. The tables below show the yearly data quality measurements summary for the semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for the Atlanta-Utoy Creek Air Toxic Site.

106 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) Yearly Data Quality Measurements Summary (Atlanta-Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site)

AQS Parameter Code Parameter Name

No. of Run

*No. of Obs.

Collocated Check (g/m3)

Precision Estimate CV Avg

(%)

(%)

95% LPL (%)

95% UPL (%)

Completeness (%)

17141

Naphthalene

28

0

17147

Acenaphthene

28

0

17149

Fluorene

28

0

17150

Phenanthrene

28

0

17151

Anthracene

27

0

17201

Fluoranthene

27

0

17204

Pyrene

28

0

17208

Chrysene

28

0

17215

Benzo(a)Anthracene

28

0

17220

Benzo(b)Fluoranthene 28

0

17223

Benzo(k)Fluoranthene

28

0

17224

Benzo(e)Pyrene

28

0

17231

Benzo(a-h)Anthracene 28

0

17237

Benzo(g,h,I)Perylene

28

0

17242

Benzo(a)Pyrene

28

0

17243

Indeno(1-2-3-cd)Pyrene 28

0

*: Concentrations Below Method Detection Limits

NA: Not Applicable

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

Table 20: Semi-VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek

107 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary (Atlanta-Utoy Creek Air Toxics Site)

AQS Parameter
Code

Parameter Name

43207 Freon 113 43208 Freon 114 43248 Cyclohexane 43801 Chloromethane 43802 DiChloromethane 43803 Chloroform 43804 Carbon Tetrachloride 43811 Trichlofuromethane 43812 Chloroethane 43813 1,1-Dichloroethane 43814 Methyl Chloroform 43815 Ethylene Dichloride 43817 Tetrachloroethylene 43818 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 43819 Bromomethane 43820 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 43823 Dichlorodifluromethane 43824 Trichloroethylene 43826 1,1-Dichloroethylene 43829 1,2-Dichloropropane 43830 Trans-1,3-Dichloropropylene 43831 Cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene 43843 Ethylene Dibromide 43844 Hexachlorobutadiene 43860 Vinyl Chloride 45109 M/p Xylene 45201 Benzene 45202 Toluene 45203 Ethylbenzene 45204 O-Xylene 45207 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 45208 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 45220 Styrene 45228 1-Ethenyl-4-Methyl-Benzene 45801 Chlorobenzene 45805 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 45806 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 45807 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 45809 Benzyl Chloride 45810 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene NA: Not Applicable 95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

No. of Run

Collocated Check (g/m3)

No. of Obs.

Precision Estimate CV (%)

Avg (%)

95% LPL (%)

95% UPL (%)

27

24

18.20 -3.00

-31.66

25.66

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

27

12.99

0.96

-19.80

21.72

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

20

15.23 -2.67

-26.05

20.72

27

27

15.62

2.81

-22.15

27.77

27

27

12.86 -1.49

-22.04

19.07

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

9

26.81 -10.66

-45.37

24.05

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

27

8.31 -0.43

-13.71

12.86

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

10

26.05

1.63

-33.11

36.37

27

21

21.68

3.54

-29.97

37.06

27

27

22.51

6.09

-29.90

42.07

27

7

35.82

2.85

-39.70

45.40

27

10

26.07

2.21

-32.57

36.99

27

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

10

27.08

7.20

-28.92

43.32

27

4

31.83

5.93

-21.60

33.46

27

1

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

27

0

NA

NA

NA

NA

Completeness (%)
90 NA NA 97 NA 97 97 97 NA NA NA NA 97 NA NA NA 97 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 97 97 97 97 97 NA 97 97 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

Table 21: VOCs Data Quality Assessment for Utoy Creek

108 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

NATTS

There are currently 188 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), or air toxics, identified by EPA. These compounds have been associated with a wide variety of adverse human health and ecological effects, including cancer, neurological effects, reproductive effects, and developmental effects. According to the Government Performance Results Act (GPRA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is committed to reducing air toxics emissions by 75 percent from 1993 levels in order to significantly reduce Americans' risk of cancer and of other serious health effects caused by airborne toxic chemicals. Early efforts toward this end have focused on emissions reductions through the assessment of technical feasibility. However, as new assessment tools are developed, more attention is being placed on the goal of risk reduction associated with exposure to air toxics.

To meet the GPRA goals, the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) network has been established, consisting of 23 stations in the contiguous 48 states, with one in Georgia. Having data of sufficient quality is paramount for a network such as the NATTS. As such, Georgia has closely followed the Quality System (QS) for the NATTS, established by U.S. EPA, two aspects of which are Technical Systems Audits (TSAs) and Instrument Performance Audits (IPAs) of each network station and its affiliated sample analysis laboratory. Another integral part of the QS is the quarterly analysis of performance evaluation (PE) samples. Furthermore, the sampling and analytical techniques selected to collect and quantify the air toxics of concern must demonstrate acceptable analytical and overall sampling precision as well as suitable overall method detection limits that are compatible with expected ambient air toxics concentrations.

There are 23 sites in the NATTS network. Georgia joined the network with one site established in Decatur at the South DeKalb Monitoring Station. The EPA Region in which the sites are located, the location of the sites (site identifier), whether the site is located in an urban or rural area, and the unique AQS identification code (site code) for all the sites are given in Table 22.

109 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Region I I I II II III IV IV IV
IV
IV V V V VI VI VII VIII

Site Identifier Boston-Roxbury, MA Chittenden City, VT Providence, RI Bronx, NY Rochester, NY Washington, DC Chesterfield, SC Decatur, GA Hazard, KY Hillsborough City, Tampa, FL Pinellas City, Tampa, FL Dearborn, MI Mayville, WI Northbrook, IL Deer Park, TX Harrison County, TX St. Louis, MO Bountiful, UT

VIII Grand Junction, CO

IX Phoenix, AZ IX San Jose, CA X La Grande, OR X Seattle, WA

Type Urban Rural Urban Urban Urban Urban Rural Urban Rural
Urban
Urban Urban Rural Urban Urban Rural Urban Urban
Rural
Urban Urban Rural Urban

AQS Site Code 25-025-0042 50-007-0007 44-007-0022 36-005-0110 36-055-1001 11-001-0043 45-025-0001 13-089-0002 21-193-0003
12-057-3002
12-103-0026 26-163-0033 55-027-0007 17-031-4201 48-201-1039 48-203-0002 29-510-0085 49-011-0004 08-077-0017,
-0018 04-013-9997 06-085-0005 41-061-0119 53-033-0080

Table 22: NATTS Sites with EPA Region Numbers and AQS Site Codes

Several Measurement Quality Objectives (MQOs) have been established for the NATTS network in order to ensure that only data of the highest quality are collected by the NATTS network, and to meet the NATTS Data Quality Objective (DQO): "to be able to detect a 15 percent difference (trend) between two consecutive 3-year annual mean concentrations within acceptable levels of decision error"2. The four compounds of primary importance to the NATTS program are benzene, 1,3butadiene, formaldehyde, and arsenic. The MQOs for these four compounds are summarized in Table 23 below.

Compound
Benzene 1,3-Butadiene Formaldehyde Arsenic

Completeness
> 85 % > 85 % > 85 % > 85 %

Precision (Coefficient of
Variation) < 15 %
< 15 %
< 15 %
< 15 %

Laboratory Bias
< 25 % < 25 % < 25 % < 25 %

Method Detection Limit
(MDL) 0.044 g/m3
0.020 g/m3
0.014 g/m3
0.046 ng/m3

Table 23: Measurement Quality Objectives for the NATTS Program

2 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement System. Volume 1. Principles. EPA-600/R94/038A, January 1994.
110 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

The MQOs require that (1) sampling occurs every sixth day and is successful 85 percent of the time; (2) precision as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) be controlled to less than 15 percent; and (3) that laboratory (measurement) bias be less than 25 percent. Data acquired to assess compliance with the above stated MQOs are derived from a variety of sources. These sources are given in Table 24.

Criteria Completeness
Precision Bias Laboratory Bias - Field
MDL

Data Source Air Quality System (AQS)
AQS and Proficiency Testing
Proficiency Testing
Audits of sampler flowrates
Laboratories

MQO Limit < 15 %
< 15 %
< 25 %
< 10 % 0.046 ng/m3 to
0.044 g/m3

Table 24: MQO Data Sources for the Georgia NAATS Program
The Air Quality System (AQS) database contains raw data that is used to assess data completeness, and to estimate precision from results of replicate analyses and collocated sampling. In addition, results from the analysis of proficiency testing samples allow one to calculate laboratory precision and bias. Field bias is evaluated by measurement of sampler flow rates during on-site Instrument Performance Audits.
Completeness (of NATTS Data): The AQS database was accessed and the raw data records analyzed 23 compounds having the AQS codes given in Table 25. The completeness of the 2007 AQS dataset was assessed for four compounds: benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and arsenic. The results are shown in Table 26. The presence of 61 concentration values in the database indicates 100 percent completeness, since sampling is to occur every sixth day. Furthermore, the completeness data presented here are composite values for both the primary and collocated sampler at the South DeKalb site. Primary and collocated data are differentiated in AQS by use of parameter occurrence codes (POCs).

111 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

Compound Name AQS Code

Benzene

45201

1,3-Butadiene

43218

Carbon Tetrachloride

43804

Chloroform

43803

1,2-Dibromoethane

43843

1,2-Dichloropropane

43829

1,2-Dichloroethane

43815

Dichloromethane

43802

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 43818

Tetrachloroethylene

43817

Trichloroethylene

43824

Vinyl Chloride

43860

Cis-1,3-Dichloropropene 43831

Trans-1,3-Dichloropropene 43830

Formaldehyde

43502

Acetaldehyde

43503

Arsenic

82103

Beryllium

82105

Cadmium

82110

Lead

82128

Manganese

82132

Mercury

82142

Nickel

82136

Table 25: 23 Selected HAPs and Their AQS Parameter Codes

Completeness of Compound by AQS Number and by Name

45201

43218

43502

82103

Site

benzene 1,3-butadiene formaldehyde arsenic

Decatur, GA 97%

90%

93%

93%

Table 26: Percent Completeness of Georgia's 2006 AQS Data, Selected Compounds

PHOTOCHEMICAL ASSESSMENT MONITORING

In 1996, the Air Protection Branch began a routine seasonal sampling program to gather information about non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) species that were precursors to ozone formation in high ozone areas. In 1994, Federal regulations required states to establish photochemical assessment monitoring stations (PAMS) as part of their State Implementation Plan monitoring networks in areas designated as serious or higher for ozone. Monitoring is to continue until the ozone standard is reached. The PAMS program is intended to supplement ozone monitoring and add detailed sampling for its precursors. PAMS sites collect data on real-time total NMHC, PAMS speciated VOCs, carbonyls, and various meteorological parameters at ground level and aloft. As this is a descriptive data set, there are currently no mandatory data quality objectives or regulations for the data.

112 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

However, efforts are made to ensure that accurate data are collected and that the analyzers are operating within PAMS audit standards.

Accuracy (field and lab): Laboratory performance audits are conducted annually to assess the laboratory's ability to measure ambient levels of hydrocarbons. Through the probe sampler performance audits are typically conducted annually at each monitoring site to assess the integrity of the sampling, analysis, and transport system. The 2007 PAMS speciated VOCs yearly data quality assessment summary for the three PAMS sites on the tables below show that the results were within the PAM's control limits of 20% (shown in the following tables).

PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for Decatur - South Dekalb Site

Parameter Code

Parameter Name

2-Comp. Std. Weekly Check

Validation of Bias

Annual Perform, Evaluation Bias

No. of Obs.

Precision Estimate CV (%)

Absolute Bias
Estimate (%)

Avg (%)

95% LPL (%)

95% UPL (%)

No. of Obs.

Avg (%)

95% LPL (%)

95% CompleteUPL ness (%) (%)

43202 43204 43214 43216 43220 43285 43243 43231 45201 43232 45202 45203 43238 45225

Ethane+

NA

Propane*

12

Isobutane+

NA

Trans-2-Butene+

NA

N-Pentane+

NA

2-Methylpentane+

NA

Isoprene+

NA

N-Hexane+

NA

Benzene*

12

N-Heptane+

NA

Toluene+

NA

Ethylbenzene+

NA

N-Decane+

NA

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene+ NA

NA 15.24 NA NA NA NA NA NA 19.12 NA NA NA NA NA

NA 12.35 NA NA NA NA NA NA 19.23 NA NA NA NA NA

NA 3.22 NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.82 NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA

3

-18.05 24.49 3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

-15.87 37.5

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

NA NA

3

33.80 25.38 42.23 92 19.37 12.29 26.44 92 18.59 14.37 22.80 92 -6.81 -27.21 13.59 92 0.88 -19.39 21.15 92 -28.60 -41.84 -15.36 92 -29.42 -40.63 -18.21 92 19.96 13.94 25.97 92 11.20 5.21 17.18 92 16.05 4.98 27.11 92 8.14 4.23 12.05 92 3.75 -0.14 7.65 92 -16.85 -22.85 -10.85 92 -13.91 -28.33 0.50 88

Table 27: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for South DeKalb

113 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for Conyers-Monastery Site

Parameter Code

Parameter Name

No. Precision

of Estimate CV

Obs.

(%)

Absolute Bias Estimate (%)

Validation of Bias Annual Performance Evaluation Bias

Avg (%)

95% LPL (%)

95% UPL (%)

No. of Obs.

Complete-

Avg 95% LPL 95% UPL ness (%)

(%) (%)

(%)

43202 43204 43214 43216 43220 43285 43243 43231 45201 43232 45202 45203 43238 45225

Ethane+

NA

Propane*

11

Isobutane+

NA

Trans-2-Butene+

NA

N-Pentane+

NA

2-Methylpentane+

NA

Isoprene+

NA

N-Hexane+

NA

Benzene*

12

N-Heptane+

NA

Toluene+

NA

Ethylbenzene+

NA

N-Decane+

NA

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene+ NA

NA 8.28 NA NA NA NA NA NA 19.26 NA NA NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA

6

36.51 10.79 62.23

95

11.46

8.18 -3.38 19.74

6

19.65 12.91 26.39

95

NA

NA NA NA

6

27.14 17.08 37.19

95

NA

NA NA NA

6 21.51 -27.21 28.44

95

NA

NA NA NA

6

30.85 25.70 36.00

95

NA

NA NA NA

6 -16.08 -50.24 18.08

95

NA

NA NA NA

6 -19.04 -40.94 2.85

95

NA

NA NA NA

6

19.96 14.48 25.45

95

13.4

-0.89 -27.77 25.99 6

9.99 3.12 16.85

95

NA

NA NA NA

6

14.77 5.22 24.33

95

NA

NA NA NA

6

6.33 -2.52 15.17

95

NA

NA NA NA

6

-4.88 -14.35 4.58

95

NA

NA NA NA

6 -10.19 -17.91 -2.47

95

NA

NA NA NA

6 -10.19 -24.33 0.67

95

Table 28: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Conyers

114 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for Yorkville - King's Farm Site

Parameter Code

Parameter Name

No. of Precision Obs. Estimate CV (%)

Absolute Bias Estimate (%)

Validation of Bias Annual Performance Evaluation Bias

Avg

(%)

95% LPL (%)

95% UPL (%)

No. of Obs.

Complete-

Avg 95% LPL 95% UPL ness (%)

(%) (%)

(%)

43202 43204 43214 43216 43220 43285 43243 43231 45201 43232 45202 45203 43238 45225

Ethane+

NA

Propane*

12

Isobutane+

NA

Trans-2-Butene+

NA

N-Pentane+

NA

2-Methylpentane+

NA

Isoprene+

NA

N-Hexane+

NA

Benzene*

13

N-Heptane+

NA

Toluene+

NA

Ethylbenzene+

NA

N-Decane+

NA

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene+ NA

NA 2.60 NA NA NA NA NA NA 10.38 NA NA NA NA NA

NA

NA NA NA

3 25.45 11.95 38.95

93

5.61

4.65 1.02 8.29

3 15.85 6.62 25.07

93

NA

NA NA NA

3 16.16 14.93 17.40

93

NA

NA NA NA

3

6.49 2.08 10.90

93

NA

NA NA NA

3 21.05 21.05 21.05

93

NA

NA NA NA

3 13.79 10.01 17.57

93

NA

NA NA NA

3 -11.23 -21.97 -0.50

93

NA

NA NA NA

3 16.56 10.45 22.66

93

17.24

-13.58 -28.32 1.17

3

0.73 -1.75

3.21

93

NA

NA NA NA

3 13.50 6.69 20.31

93

NA

NA NA NA

3

6.22 0.21 12.22

93

NA

NA NA NA

3

0.50 -1.19

2.19

93

NA

NA NA NA

3 -24.63 -29.78 -19.48

93

NA

NA NA NA

3

-0.91 -17.46 15.63

93

Table 29: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Yorkville

115 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Quality Assurance

PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for GA EPD Ambient Air Monitorining Program (as a PQAO)

Parameter Code

Parameter Name

No. of Obs.

Validation of Bias Annual Performance Evaluation Bias

Precision Estimate CV
(%)

Absolute Bias Estimate (%)

Avg (%)

95% LPL (%)

95% UPL (%)

No. of Obs.

Complete-

Avg 95% LPL 95% UPL ness (%)

(%) (%)

(%)

43202 Ethane+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

33.07 12.48 53.65

93

43204 Propane*

35

8.72

9.76

5.27 -9.08 19.62 12 18.63 11.20 26.06

93

43214 Isobutane+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

22.26 14.48 30.03

93

43216 Trans-2-Butene+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

10.67 -0.44 21.79

93

43220 N-Pentane+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

20.91 10.61 31.20

93

43285 2-Methylpentane+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12 -11.74 -38.02 14.53

93

43243 Isoprene+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12 -19.69 -37.57 -1.80

93

43231 N-Hexane+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

19.11 13.36 24.86

93

45201 Benzene*

37

16.09

16.64 -1.55 -24.81 21.706 12

7.97 2.02 13.93

93

43232 N-Heptane+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

14.77

5.38 24.17

93

45202 Toluene+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

6.75 -0.66 14.16

93

45203 Ethylbenzene+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

-1.38 -8.71

5.95

93

43238 N-Decane+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12 -15.46 -22.32 -8.61

93

45225 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene+

NA

NA

NA

NA NA NA

12

-8.80 -22.72

5.12

91

95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

PQAO: Primary Quality Assurance Organization
* NIST traceable
+ Only NIST traceable by weight

Table 30: PAMS Speciated VOCs Yearly Data Quality Assessment for Ambient Monitoring Program

METEOROLOGY
The Ambient Monitoring Program monitors meteorological parameters such as wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, total ultra violet radiation, precipitation and total solar radiation. Real-time meteorological data are generated to characterize meteorological processes such as transport and diffusion, and to make air quality forecasts and burnday decisions. The data are also used for control strategy modeling case study analysis and urban airshed modeling. A state/local meteorology subcommittee of the Air Monitoring Technical Advisory Commission (AMTAC) agreed to define the level of acceptability for meteorological data as those used by the U.S. EPA for both the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) programs. The Quality Assurance Unit audits to those levels.
The data variability collected by this element of the monitoring program is generally described as meeting or not meeting the PSD requirements. No mandatory corrections are made to the data. However, station operators are notified whether they passed the audit or not. Most operators make an effort to meet the audit standards. The wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature and

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relative humidity data sets are controlled data sets, and subject to meeting PAMS objectives. Since the inception of the meteorological audit program, the data quality has improved significantly.

Accuracy (field): The accuracy of meteorological sensors is checked by annual performance audits. Table 31 summarizes the 2006 audit results. The average difference (average degree difference with respect to ambient temperature) represents the combined differences from the certified value of all the individual audit points for each sensor. The upper and lower probability limits represent the expected accuracy of 95 percent of all the single sensor's individual percent differences for all audit test levels at a single site.

Meteorological Measurements Yearly Data Quality Assessment Summary for GA EPD Ambient Air Monitorining Program (as a PQAO)

Annual Audit (Bias %)

Parameter Code

Parameter Name

No. of Obs. No. of Site

Completeness (%) Avg (%) 95% LPL (%) 95% UPL (%)

61101 61102 62101 64101 62201

Wind Speed Wind Direction Ambient Temperature Baromatric Pressure Relative Humidity

52

13

0.58

-1.18

2.35

52

13

0.13

-0.46

0.71

9

9

-1.48

-6.58

3.62

6

6

0.16

-0.20

0.53

9

9

3.55

-12.48

19.57

98.5 98.4 94.8 100.0 94.8

95% LPL: 95% Lower Probability Limit

95% UPL: 95% Upper Probability Limit

PQAO: Primary Quality Assurance Organization
Table 31: Meteorological Measurements Accuracy Results
QUALITY CONTROL REPORTS
Quality Control (QC) reports are summaries of the quality control activities conducted by the laboratory to support accurate and precise measurements. These activities include: blanks, duplicates, controls, spiked samples, limits of detection, calibrations, and audit results.

STANDARDS LABORATORY
The U.S. EPA Region IV Standards Laboratory yearly performs technical support and certification services for Georgia's ozone primary standard. Flow rate transfer standards and certification of compressed gas cylinders are sent to the manufactures for re-certification to ensure that all are traceable to standards of the NIST. A calibration establishes a correction factor to adjust or correct the output of an instrument; a certification establishes traceability of a transfer standard to a NISTtraceable standard; and verification establishes comparability of a standard to a NIST-traceable standard of equal rank.
LABORATORY AND FIELD STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are guidance documents for the operation of quality assurance programs used by the Georgia Ambient Monitoring Program. The SOPs are intended for field operators and supervisors; laboratory, data processing and engineering personnel; and program managers responsible for implementing, designing, and coordinating air quality monitoring projects. Each SOP has a specific method that must be followed to produce data-for-record. The SOPs are

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developed and published to ensure that, regardless of the person performing the operation, the results will be consistent.

SITING EVALUATIONS

To generate accurate and representative data, ambient monitoring stations should meet specific siting requirements and conditions. It is assumed that the stations meet the siting criteria in place at the time initial operation began. The siting requirements of the AMP Quality Assurance Manual Volume II; 40 CFR 58, Appendix E; U.S. EPA's Quality Assurance Handbook Volume IV: U.S. EPA's Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD); and U.S. EPA's PAMS guidelines, present siting criteria to ensure the collection of accurate and representative data. The siting criterion for each pollutant varies depending on the pollutant's properties, monitoring objective and intended spatial scale. The U.S. EPA's siting criteria are stated as either "must meet" or "should meet". According to 40 CFR 58, Appendix E, the "must meet" requirements are necessary for high quality data. Any exception from the "must meet" requirements must be formally approved through the Appendix E waiver provision. The "should meet" criteria establish a goal for data consistency. Siting criteria are requirements for locating and establishing stations and samplers to meet selected monitoring objectives, and to help ensure that the data from each site are collected uniformly. There are four main monitoring objectives: to determine highest concentrations expected to occur in the area covered by the network; to determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density; to determine the impact on ambient pollution levels of significant sources or source categories; and to determine general background concentration levels. Typical siting designations are: micro, middle, neighborhood, and regional. These designations represent the size of the area surrounding the monitoring site which experiences relatively uniform pollutant concentrations. Typical considerations for each of these site designations are, for example, the terrain, climate, population, existing emission sources, and distances from trees and roadways. The Quality Assurance Unit conducts siting evaluations annually. Physical measurements and observations include probe/sensor height above ground level, distance from trees, type of ground cover, residence time, obstructions to air flow, and distance to local sources. These measurements and observations are taken to determine compliance with 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix E requirements.

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RISK ASSESSMENT

INTRODUCTION

In 2007, Air Toxic Network (ATN) samples were collected from a total of fifteen sites, including a collocated site (a site that has two monitors of each type and acts as a quality assurance site for precision and accuracy calculations), and two background (rural) sites. The compounds sampled at the ATN sites are shown in Table 32. The list was derived from the 188 compounds EPA has designated as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Many of the HAPS do not have standardized ambient air sampling and analytical methods. In order to collect the compounds of interest for the Georgia network, at least three types of samplers are used at all locations: HIVOL, PUF, and canister. A carbonyls sampler is located at the Brunswick, Dawsonville, Savannah, South DeKalb (NATTS and PAMS) sites. This equipment samples for metals, semi-volatile organic compounds, volatile organic compounds, and carbonyls once every twelve days following a pre-established schedule that corresponds to a nationwide sampling schedule. On the twelfth day the sampler runs midnight to midnight and takes a 24-hour composite sample. Exceptions to this sampling schedule are the South DeKalb and Gainesville sites. The South DeKalb site samples every 6 days as part of the National Air Toxics Trends Station (NATTS) and PAMS network. The Gainesville site has an extra sample once a month.

Some of the chemicals monitored in the Air Toxics Network (ATN) are also monitored at sites in the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) network. While the monitoring schedule and some analysis methods are different at the PAMS sites and ATN sites, several of the compounds from the PAMS sites were also evaluated and compared to concentrations measured at nearby ATN sites for this report.

To provide an idea of the size of risks from environmental hazards as risk analysts will describe them, the continuum below presents risk statistics for some familiar events. Risk analysts describe risks numerically in scientific notation, for example 1 x 10[-5] or 1 x 10-5 or 1.00E-05, which means that there is one chance in 100,000 of an event occurring. It is important to note that these risk statistics are population averages, while risk analysts usually estimate risk to the maximum exposed individual.

Putting Risks in Perspective

RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
The air toxic data ((volatile organic compounds (VOC), semi-volatile organic compounds, and metals)) collected during 2007 from the Air Toxics Network was evaluated to assess the potential for health concerns. The data collected for the group of chemicals known as carbonyls were assessed separately from the other air toxics because those chemicals were only monitored at three of the ATN sites and one of the PAMS locations.
The initial evaluation consisted of a comparison of the monitored results to "health based" screening values. These values were calculated using procedures recommended in EPA's latest guidance on risk assessment for air toxics (U.S. EPA, 2006). Briefly, EPA's prioritized chronic dose-response
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values for both noncancer (reference concentrations, RfC) and cancer (inhalation unit risks, IUR) were used to generate screening air concentrations. To screen for noncancer effects, the reference concentration was used as a starting point. However, to account for possible exposure to multiple contaminants, the screening air concentration was obtained by dividing the RfC by 10. Screening values for the cancer endpoint were determined by calculating air concentrations equivalent to a risk level of one in one million. Most screening values utilized in this assessment are listed in Appendix A of the previously mentioned guidance document (U.S. EPA, 2006). These screening values and the chemicals monitored are displayed in Table 32. For a limited number of chemicals, other resources such as toxicity values from the Regional Screening Table (http://www.epa.gov/region4/waste/ots/) were used to calculate conservative screening values. These compounds are indicated with an asterisk. When available, both the name derived from the International Union of Chemistry (IUC) and the common names are given. It is important to emphasize that the screening values were calculated in a very conservative manner. Assumptions were made that accounted for the potential for continuous exposure to air toxics for 24 hours per day for 70 years. The conservative screening process was utilized so that the chance of underestimating the potential for health impacts would be minimized, as chemicals were excluded from further quantitative analysis.

Because results for many of the chemicals assessed were routinely below detection limits of the analytical methods available, the initial review of the data was based on an assessment of the number of chemicals detected and the frequency with which they were detected. The process included determining how often (if at all) a chemical was detected (present), if it was present above detection limits, and if those concentrations were above screening values of concern.

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Chemical

Screen Value Chemical (g/m3)

Screen Value (g/m3)

Metals

Antimony

0.02 Cobalt

0.01

Arsenic

0.00023 Lead

0.15

Beryllium

0.00042 Manganese

0.005

Cadmium

0.00056 Nickel

0.0021

Chromium (Total)

0.000083 Selenium

2

Chromium VI

0.000083 Zinc

N/A

Semi-Volatiles

Acenaphthene

0.3 Coronene

N/A

Acenaphthylene

0.3 Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

0.00083

Anthracene

0.3 Fluoranthene

0.3

Benzo(a)anthracene

0.0091 Fluorene

0.3

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

0.0091 Ideno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene

0.0091

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

0.0091 Naphthalene

0.029

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene

0.3 Phenanthrene

0.3

Benzo(a)pyrene

0.00091 Perylene

N/A

Benzo(e)pyrene

0.3 Pyrene

0.3

Chrysene

0.091

Volatile Organic Compounds

Benzene

0.13 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene)

10

Benzenecarbonal (Benzaldehyde)

N/A 1,3 and 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (m/p-Xylene)

10

Benzyl chloride

0.02 Ethanal (Acetaldehyde)

0.45

Bromomethane (Methyl bromide)

0.5 Ethylbenzene

100

1,3-Butadiene

0.03 Ethenylbenzene (Styrene)

100

Butanal (Butyraldehyde)

N/A 1-Ethyl,4-methyl benzene (4-Ethyltoluene)

N/A

Chlorobenzene (Phenyl chloride)

100 Freon 113

31000*

Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)

1000 Hexachloro-1,3-Butadiene(Hexachlorobutadiene) 0.045

Chloroethene (Vinyl chloride)

0.11 Methanal (Formaldehyde)

0.98

Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)

9.0 Methybenzene/Phenylmethane (Toluene)

5000

Cyclohexane

6300* Propanal (Propionaldehyde)

N/A

1,2-Dibromoethane (Ethylene bromide)

0.002 2-Propanone (Acetone)

32000*

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

0.091 Propenal (Acrolein)

0.002

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

N/A 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

0.017

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

0.091 Tetrachloroethene (Perchloroethylene)

0.17

Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon 12)

210* Tetrachlormethane (Carbon tetrachloride)

0.067

1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene chloride)

0.63 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

20

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

370 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

7.3*

1,1-Dichloroethene (1,1-Dichloroethylene)

210* 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

N/A

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)

2.10 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methylchloroform)

100

1,2-Dichloropropane (Propylene chloride)

0.3 1,1,2-Trichloroethane

0.063

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

N/A Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)

0.5

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

N/A Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)

730*

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane(Freon114) N/A Trichloromethane (Chloroform)

9.8

*From Regional Screening Table (http://www.epa.gov/region4/waste/ots/)

Table 32: Compounds Monitored and Screening Values Used in Initial Assessment

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Table 33 summarizes the total number of chemicals monitored at each site (excluding carbonyls), the number of chemicals detected, and the number of chemicals detected above the health based screening values for 2007. Seventy-one chemicals were monitored at all the ATN sites, except the South DeKalb site, where 74 air toxic chemicals were monitored. In 2007, thirty-two of the 71 sampled compounds were not detected at the sites, and an additional 17 compounds had 3 or fewer sites with detections. The number of chemicals that were detected at concentrations above the screening levels was even less, with a mean value of 5.1. Of the three categories of chemicals measured at all sites (VOC, semi-VOC, metals), most of the chemicals that were detected above screening values belonged to the metals group.

Location

County

Number of Compounds
Monitored

Number of Compounds
Detected

Number Greater than Screening
Value

Augusta

Richmond

71

26

5

Brunswick

Glynn

71*

22

4

Columbus

Muscogee

71

25

5

Dawsonville

Dawson

71*

17

4

Douglas

Coffee

71

15

4

Gainesville

Hall

71

20

5

Macon

Bibb

71

19

5

Milledgeville

Baldwin

71

19

4

Rome

Floyd

71

20

6

Savannah

Chatham

71*

18

5

South DeKalb

DeKalb

74*

29

6

Utoy Creek

Fulton

71

20

7

Valdosta

Lowndes

71

18

6

Warner Robins

Houston

71

21

6

Yorkville

Paulding

71

17

4

* 7 additional chemicals were monitored at these locations, but that information is summarized in Table 38.

Table 33: Summary of Chemicals Analyzed in 2007

Table 34, on the following pages, show only the chemicals that were detected above screening values at each site in 2007. They also provide detailed information on how often they were detected (frequency), and the overall average (mean) in micrograms per cubic meter. The number of detects were counted as any number that was above half the method detection limit. The average was computed using the sample concentration when it was above half the method detection limit and substituting half the method detection limit if the sample concentration was below this limit.

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Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville Macon Milledgeville Rome
Savannah South DeKalb

Chemical Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Tetrachloroethene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Nickel Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Naphthalene

Mean (g/m3) 9.4 x 10-4 2.06 x 10-3 1.36 x 10-2
1.04 5.86 x 10-1 1.08 x 10-3 1.56 x 10-3 5.97 x 10-1 1.04 x 10-1 6.6 x 10-4 1.74 x 10-3 7.73 x 10-3 6.8 x 10-1 8.68 x 10-1 5.2 x 10-4 1.31 x 10-3 4.45 x 10-1 7.82 x 10-1
9 x 10-4 1.6 x 10-3 4.23 x 10-1 5.61 x 10-1 5.7 x 10-4 1.5 x 10-3 6.32 x 10-3
1.65 5.90 x 10-1 5.7 x 10-4 1.58 x 10-3 5.73 x 10-3 5.04 x 10-1 5.79 x 10-1 5.7 x 10-4 1.48 x 10-3 5.26 x 10-1 7.03 x 10-1 7.7 x 10-4 1.43 x 10-3 6.94 x 10-3 7.52 x 10-1
1.02 8.33 x 10-1 7.7 x 10-4 1.93 x 10-3 2.31 x 10-3 4.78 x 10-1 3.99 x 10-1 6.6 x 10-4 1.21 x 10-3 8.29 x 10-2

Detection Frequency 19/29 25/29 29/29 23/27 13/13 15/24 21/24 16/25 12/12 18/25 22/25 25/25 11/26 12/12 15/26 22/26 11/30 15/15 26/26 22/26 4/29 15/15 27/38 32/38 38/38 31/39 16/17 18/29 24/29 29/29 16/25 12/12 21/28 24/28 14/28 14/14 22/27 22/27 27/27 18/25 8/25 13/13 18/30 25/30 30/30 10/30 12/15 39/56 48/56 31/41

Table 34: Site-Specific Detection Frequency and Mean Chemical Concentration, 2007

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South DeKalb (continued) Utoy Creek
Valdosta
Warner Robins
Yorkville

Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloroethene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Nickel Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Tetrachloroethene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein

8.61 x 10-1 7.87 x 10-1 6.09 x 10-1 7.3 x 10-4 1.21 x 10-3 7.84 x 10-3 7.68 x 10-1 7.92 x 10-1 8.56 x 10-1 5.19 x 10-1 8.3 x 10-4 2.28 x 10-3 7.01 x 10-3 2.2 x 10-3 9.77 x 10-1 5.25 x 10-1 5.8 x 10-4 1.63 x 10-3 6.06 x 10-3 5.57 x 10-1 8.71 x 10-1 5.28 x 10-1 6.6 x 10-4 1.41 x 10-3 4.76 x 10-1 5.32 x 10-1

45/55 1/55 23/26 23/28 26/28 28/28 21/29 1/29 1/29 13/14 18/27 22/27 27/27 27/27 19/30 14/15 15/28 23/28 28/28 12/25 1/25 12/12 18/27 23/27 10/30 12/15

Table 34: Site-Specific Detection Frequency and Mean Chemical Concentration, 2007 (continued)

Formula For Calculating Risk Using IUR For Carcinogens
Risk = IUR*Conc
Formula For Calculating Hazard Quotient Using RfC For Noncarcinogens
HQ = Conc RfC
Equation Parameters Risk Theoretical lifetime cancer risk (unitless probability) HQ Hazard quotient (unitless ratio) Conc Measured ambient air concentration in g/m3 IUR Inhalation unit risk (1/(g/m3)) RfC Reference concentration (g/m3)

Figure 68: Formulas For Calculating Risk and Hazard Quotient
Figure 68 shows the formulas used to calculate cancer risk and non-cancer hazard for chemicals that were carried beyond the screening process into the quantitative assessment.
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On the following pages, Table 35 show the theoretical cancer risk and non-cancer hazard that would result from an individual breathing air containing the detected chemicals at the estimated concentrations daily for seventy years, or a full lifetime. These cancer risk and hazard quotient estimates are likely conservative because they were calculated assuming continuous exposure to outdoor air at breathing rates typical of moderate exertion. Real risk cannot be calculated, but may be substantially lower. Lifetime cancer risks for the limited number of chemicals exceeding screening values (and excluding that from carbonyls) exceeded 1 x 10-6 or one in one million, a value generally deemed as insignificant. However, lifetime cancer risks for these chemicals did not exceed 1 x 10-4 or one in ten thousand. This value is generally taken as a crude upper limit for "allowable" risk in many regulatory contexts.
Individual hazard quotients (HQs) are ratios that relate daily exposure concentrations, or dose, to a concentration or an amount thought to be without appreciable risks of causing deleterious non-cancer effects in sensitive individuals as well as the general population. HQ values less than 1.0 indicate the air "dose" is less than the amount required to cause toxic effects other than cancer. In July of 2007, Georgia EPD changed the analysis method for acrolein. The sampling method changed from a dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis to the VOCs canister collection with gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis. With this GC/MS analysis method, there were several more detections of acrolein than has been seen in previous years, with the HPLC cartridge method. These results are shown along with the other hazard quotients for the ATN sites. The HQ numbers for acrolein are much higher than for the other air toxic compounds. This may be due to methodological changes. Potential reasons for differences are still being investigated.

Location

Chemical

Cancer Risk

Hazard Quotient

Augusta

Arsenic Chromium

4 x 10-6 2 x 10-5

0.03 0.02

Manganese Benzene

8 x 10-6

0.3 0.03

Brunswick

Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene

5 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 5 x 10-6

29 0.04 0.02 0.02

Columbus

Acrolein Arsenic Chromium

3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5

52 0.02 0.02

Manganese Benzene

5 x 10-6

0.2 0.02

Dawsonville

Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene

2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-6

43 0.02 0.01 0.01

Acrolein

39

Douglas

Arsenic Chromium Benzene

4 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 3 x 10-6

0.03 0.02 0.01

Gainesville

Acrolein Arsenic Chromium

2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5

28 0.02 0.02

Manganese Benzene

1 x 10-5

0.1 0.06

Acrolein

30

Table 35: Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient by Location and Chemical, 2007

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Macon Milledgeville Rome Savannah South DeKalb Utoy Creek
Valdosta Warner Robins Yorkville

Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Tetrachloroethene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Nickel Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Naphthalene Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloroethene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Nickel Benzene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Manganese Benzene Tetrachloroethene Acrolein Arsenic Chromium Benzene Acrolein

2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5
4 x 10-6
2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 4 x 10-6
3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5
6 x 10-6 6 x 10-6
3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 1 x 10-6 4 x 10-6
3 x 10-6 1 x 10-5 3 x 10-6 7 x 10-6 1 x 10-5
3 x 10-6 1 x 10-5
6 x 10-6 1 x 10-5 5 x 10-6
4 x 10-6 3 x 10-5
1 x 10-6 7 x 10-6
2 x 10-6 2 x 10-5
4 x 10-6 5 x 10-6
3 x 10-6 2 x 10-5 4 x 10-6

0.02 0.02 0.1 0.02 29 0.02 0.01 0.02 35 0.03 0.01 0.1 0.03 0.004 42 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02 20 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.004 30 0.02 0.01 0.2 0.03 0.004 0.003 26 0.03 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.03 26 0.02 0.02 0.1 0.02 0.003 26 0.02 0.01 0.02 27

Table 35: Cancer Risk and Hazard Quotient by Location and Chemical, 2007 (continued)

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Table 36 shows total or aggregate theoretical cancer risk and hazard indices (added hazard
quotients) for the chemicals (VOCs, semi-VOCS, and metals) carried through the quantitative
assessment. It is considered appropriate to treat the potential for effects in an additive manner and to
sum cancer risk and hazard quotients. For example, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 x 10-4 and 2 x 10-4, then the sum or aggregate cancer risk would equal 3 x 10-4. Likewise, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 x 10-4 and 1 x 10-5, then total cancer risk for the two would equal 1.1 x 10-4, or rounded to 1 x 10-4. Similarly, if hazard quotients were 0.6 and 0.5 for two different
chemicals it would indicate that each chemical alone is not likely to result in detrimental effects.
However, summing the two would yield a Hazard Index (HI) of 1.1 or rounded to 1. Comparing this
value to the threshold value of 1.0, this HI suggests at least the potential for detrimental effects from
the combination of the two chemicals.

In 2007, the aggregate theoretical cancer risk (excluding carbonyls) for all ATN sites exceeded 1 x 10-6, with risks ranging from 3 x 10-5 to 4 x 10-5. Both the Hazard Indices (HIs) calculated without the
acrolein data and calculated with the acrolein data are shown. The HIs ranged from 0.04 to 0.4
without the acrolein data, and the HIs ranged from 20 to 52 with the acrolein data.

Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville Macon Milledgeville Rome Savannah South DeKalb Utoy Creek Valdosta Warner Robins Yorkville

Cancer Risk 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 4 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 4 x 10-5 3 x 10-5 3 x 10-5

Hazard Index without Acrolein 0.4 0.08 0.3 0.04 0.06 0.2 0.2 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.09 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.05

Hazard Index with Acrolein 29 52 43 39 28 30 29 35 42 20 30 26 26 26 27

Table 36: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Indices for Each Site, Excluding Carbonyls, 2007

The information from Table 36 is summarized in Figure 69 and Figure 70. The first graph shows the combined or aggregate hazard index and theoretical cancer risk for each site from 2005 to 2006, and the second graph shows the data from 2007. There seems to be more variation for cancer risk from site to site for 2005 and 2006, but for 2007 the cancer risk numbers appear to be almost identical from site to site across the state. Overall, the theoretical cancer risk appears lower in 2007, compared to the 2005 and 2006 data. With the GC/MS analysis used for the acrolein compound, the hazard indices significantly increased with the 2007 data. The lowest hazard index was 20, at the Savannah site, and the highest was 52, at the Brunswick site. These numbers increased from a range of 0.04 to 0.4 before the acrolein data was added to the hazard index.

127 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Risk Assessment

Cancer Risk

Hazard Index

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

AugustaBrunswickColumbuDsawsonville DouglaGs ainesville

MacMonilledgevilSleiteRomeSavanSnoauhth DeKalUbtoy Creek ValdWoasrtnaer Robins Yorkville

Hazard Index Cancer Risk 2005 2006 2005 2006

9.00E-05 8.00E-05 7.00E-05 6.00E-05 5.00E-05 4.00E-05 3.00E-05 2.00E-05 1.00E-05 0.00E+00

Cancer Risk

Figure 69: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2005-2006

Hazard Index

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

AugustaBrunswickColumbuDsawsonville DouglasGainesville

MacoMnilledgeville Site

Rome

SavannSaohuth

DeKalbUtoy

Creek

Valdosatraner Robins W

Yorkville

Hazard Index Cancer Risk 2007 2007

4.50E-05 4.00E-05 3.50E-05 3.00E-05 2.50E-05 2.00E-05 1.50E-05 1.00E-05 5.00E-06 0.00E+00

Figure 70: Aggregate Cancer Risk and Hazard Index by Site for 2007
Some data collected from the PAMS network was evaluated in conjunction with the ATN data. The PAMS network is a federally mandated network required to monitor for ozone precursors in those areas classified as serious, severe, or extreme for ozone non-attainment. Fifty-four (54) chemicals are monitored on six-day intervals at these sites. In Georgia, as of 2007, PAMS sites are located in Conyers, South DeKalb, and Yorkville. Of the 54 chemicals monitored at these sites, many are ozone precursors, and are not truly comparable to the chemicals monitored at the ATN sites, or appropriate to evaluate as air toxics. Therefore, for this study, only twelve chemicals were assessed for their
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Section: Risk Assessment

potential to have detrimental effects on human health if present in ambient air. Those twelve chemicals were benzene, cyclohexane, ethyl benzene, p-ethyltoluene, n-hexane, 1,2,3trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene.

Of those twelve chemicals evaluated from the PAMS network, only benzene, m/p xylenes, and 1,2,4-
trimethylbenzene were found in concentrations above the screening values in 2007. Table 37 shows the number of samples collected, first and second highest sample concentrations (1st and 2nd Max), averages (means) in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), hazard quotients (HQ) and cancer risk (CR)
for chemicals evaluated in the quantitative assessment at each of the three PAMS sites for 2007.
Benzene was detected consistently and when evaluated as a potential carcinogen, produced theoretical cancer risks as great as 5 x 10-5 and hazard quotient of 0.2 at the South DeKalb site.
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was detected above the screening value at South DeKalb, and when
evaluated as a non-cancer hazard, produced a HQ of 1. The m/p-xylenes were found at the South
DeKalb site and produced a HQ of only 0.1.

Location Conyers South DeKalb
Yorkville

Chemical Benzene Benzene m/p Xylenes 1,2,4-Trimethybenzene Benzene

# Samples 57 55 55 53 56

1st Max 8.9 18.5 38.2 32.9 7.3

2nd Max 8.6 15.3 30.8 24.1 4.8

Mean (g/m3)
3.16 6.77 11.86 8.26 1.50

HQ 0.1 0.2 0.1 1 0.05

CR 2 x 10-5 5 x 10-5
1 x 10-5

Table 37: Summary Data for Select VOCs at PAMS Sites, 2007

The carbonyls (acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, benzaldehyde, butyraldehyde, formaldehyde, and propionaldehyde) were measured at only three of the ATN sites (Brunswick, Savannah, and Dawsonville) and one PAMS site (South DeKalb). For that reason, their results are displayed separately from the rest of the data. Detection frequency, average (mean) concentration in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3), cancer risk, and non-cancer HQs for the carbonyls are shown in Table 38. This table also shows the sum of the cancer risk and hazard quotients, which are the aggregate cancer risk and hazard index (HI), per site. Of the seven carbonyls sampled, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein were detected above the screening value for 2007. These numbers were produced using the DNPH method, with HPLC as discussed earlier. With this method, acrolein was detected once, only at the Dawsonville site. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were evaluated as carcinogens, and acrolein as a non-carcinogen. All the sites monitoring for acetaldehyde and formaldehyde detected these compounds with a relatively high detection frequency. Acetaldehyde was detected 72% to 98% of the time, and formaldehyde was detected 76% to 100% of the time, with the Savannah site having the lowest detection rates and the South DeKalb site having the highest. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde had relatively low theoretical cancer risks, ranging from 1 x 10-8 to 7 x 10-6, and relatively low hazard quotients, ranging from 0.1 to 1. Acrolein was detected only at the Dawsonville site in 2007. The detection frequency of acrolein was low, at 3%. However, when acrolein was detected, the hazard quotient was quite high, at 29.

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Section: Risk Assessment

Location Brunswick Dawsonville
Savannah South DeKalb

Chemical
Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM Acetaldehyde Acrolein Formaldehyde SUM Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM

Detection Frequency
22/25 25/25
24/29 1/29 27/29
21/29 22/29
54/55 55/55

Mean (g/m3) Cancer Risk

1.73 3.18
2.24 0.57 10.28
1.25 2.50
3.40 7.39

4 x 10-6 2 x 10-8 4 x 10-6 5 x 10-6
6 x 10-8 5 x 10-6 3 x 10-6 1 x 10-8 3 x 10-6 7 x 10-6 4 x 10-8 7 x 10-6

Hazard Quotient
0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 29 1 30 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 1

Table 38: Summary Observations, Cancer Risk, and Hazard Quotient for Carbonyls, 2007

SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

In 2007, there were 71 air toxics compounds monitored at the 15 sites across the state, with the exception of the South DeKalb site that monitored 73 air toxic compounds. Of these compounds monitored, 32 were not detected and 17 compounds were detected at three sites or less. 64.5% of the compounds detected above the screening value were in the metals category, 33.9% were in the volatile organic compounds category, and 1.6% were in the semi-volatile organic compounds category. For the 2007 data, there was an average of 5 compounds per site that were above the screening value.
In 2007, four volatile organic compounds, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethene, and acrolein, were evaluated in the quantitative assessment. (Acrolein is discussed along with the carbonyls, as it was previously detected with the carbonyls). Benzene was found above the screening value at fifteen ATN sites. Average benzene concentrations at the ATN sites ranged from 0.42 to 1.65 g/m3. These concentrations correspond to the predicted theoretical lifetime cancer risk in the range of 3 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-5. Average concentrations of benzene measured in the PAMS network ranged from 1.50 to 6.77 g/m3. These concentrations correspond to predicted theoretical lifetime cancer risks in the range of 1 x 10-5 to 5 x 10-5 for the PAMS sites. Major sources of benzene to the environment include automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions (ATSDR, 1997). Most data relating effects of long-term exposure to benzene are from studies of workers employed in industries that make or use benzene, where people were exposed to amounts hundreds or thousands of times greater than those reported herein. Under these circumstances of high exposure, benzene can cause problems in the blood, including anemia, excessive bleeding, and harm to the immune system. Exposure to large amounts of benzene for long periods of time may also cause cancer of the blood-forming organs, or leukemia (ATSDR, 1997). The potential for these types of health effects from exposure to low levels of benzene, as reported in this study, are not well understood. Benzene has been determined to be a known carcinogen (U.S. EPA, 2000) and was evaluated as such in this study.
Another volatile organic compound found above the screening value was carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). It was detected above the screening value at only two sites (South DeKalb and Utoy Creek) and with a low detection frequency, approximately 2% to 3%. Lifetime theoretical cancer risks calculated from the mean concentrations of CCl4 were in the range of 1 x 10-5, with non-cancer hazard quotients of 0.004. CCl4 was used to produce refrigeration fluids, as propellants for aerosol cans, as a pesticide,
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Section: Risk Assessment

in fire extinguishers, as a spot cleaner, and as a degreasing agent (ATSDR, 2005a). Because of concerns regarding CCl4's toxicity, these uses have been stopped or severely restricted. When exposures to CCl4 are relatively large, it can damage the liver, the kidneys, and the nervous system. U.S. EPA has classified CCl4 as a probable human carcinogen (U.S. EPA, 1991a).
Tetrachloroethene, the third volatile organic compound found above screening values, was detected at three of the fifteen sites, with a relatively low frequencies. At two sites there was only one detection, with 3% detection frequency, and the other site's detection frequency was 32%. Tetrachloroethene is used for dry cleaning fabrics, where it is often called perchloroethylene, referred to as "perc". It is also used as a metal degreaser. In the body, it acts as a central nervous system depressant. For this study, the chemical was evaluated as a carcinogen. Theoretical cancer risk calculated from the mean ambient air concentrations (accounting for non-detected samples) was approximately 5 x 10-6 to 6 x 10-6 for 2007. It should be noted that almost half of these contributions arise from measurements made on one day of sampling. With that in mind, the estimate may not be a reasonable estimate of risk considering the low frequency of detection.

In 2007, one compound in the semi-volatile organic compound group was found above the screening value. Naphthalene was the only semi-volatile organic compound found above the screening value. It was detected at the South DeKalb site, with a detection frequency of 76%. The theoretical lifetime cancer risk was approximately 3 x 10-6, which includes adding the half detection limit for the nondetected samples. The non-cancer hazard quotient was 0.03. Naphthalene is found in moth repellents, petroleum, coal, and is used in making polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. Exposure to large amounts can cause hemolytic anemia (ATSDR, 2005e).

Four metals, manganese, arsenic, chromium, and nickel, were evaluated in the quantitative assessment. Manganese was detected above the screening value for eight of the fifteen ATN sites. Manganese is a trace element, and small amounts are needed to support good health. However, exposure to very large amounts through inhalation can result in neurological effects (ATSDR, 2000a). Manganese was evaluated as a neurotoxin, but did not contribute significantly in the quantitative assessment with HQs of 0.3 or less. These HQs suggest that there is little potential for neurological effects from ambient air concentrations of manganese.

Arsenic was found at all fifteen ATN sites. Arsenic occurs naturally in soil and rocks, and was used extensively in the past as a pesticide on cotton fields and in orchards (ATSDR, 2005b). However, the majority of arsenic found in the atmosphere comes from the burning of coal and oil, incineration, and smelting operations. Arsenic has been recognized as a human poison since ancient times. Inhalation of large quantities of some forms of arsenic may cause irritation of the throat and upper respiratory tract. Long-term exposure either by inhalation or ingestion may result in a unique pattern of skin changes, and circulatory and peripheral nervous disorders (ATSDR, 2005b). Inhalation of some forms of arsenic may also cause cancer, so arsenic was evaluated as a carcinogen in this assessment. Theoretical lifetime cancer risks estimated from the data collected in 2007 ranged from 2 x 10-6 to 5 x 10-6.

In 2007, total chromium was detected at all fifteen ATN sites, with a detection frequency ranging from 81% to 93%. The theoretical cancer risk ranged from 1 x 10-5 to 3 x 10-5. The site with the highest theoretical cancer risk was Valdosta, with 3 x 10-5. Chromium is a naturally occurring element and is
common in low amounts in foodstuffs (ATSDR, 2000b). Natural processes such as wind generating
dust and even volcanoes may release chromium into the atmosphere. However, many human
activities such as coal and oil combustion, electroplating, smelting, and iron and steel production also
release it into the atmosphere.

The chemistry of chromium is complex. It may occur in different forms or oxidation states in the environment, having very different degrees of toxicity. Chromium+3 is the form that often predominates in the natural environment, and is also an essential element required for good nutrition.

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Section: Risk Assessment

Hexavalent chromium (chromium+6) is the most toxic form of chromium and is often related to releases from industrial activities (ATSDR, 2000b). Inhaling large amounts of chromium+6 may cause upper respiratory track irritation, and chromium+6 has also been shown to be a carcinogen, causing increases in the risk of lung cancer (ATSDR, 2000b).

Studies have shown that in ambient air, even near industrial sites, chromium+6 is usually only a small portion of total chromium, with measured concentrations for chromium+6 accounting for a range of values from 1 to 25% of total chromium (ATSDR, 2000b). As part of the NATTS network, sampling for chromium+6 has begun at the South DeKalb site. When the 2007 concentration of chromium+6 is compared to the total chromium concentration (comparing the same timeframe), it shows that the chromium+6 is 1.74% of the total chromium accounted for at the South DeKalb site. However the concentrations of chromium+6 detected were below the screening value and were not evaluated further as a potential cancer risk. The South DeKalb site is located within and representative of an urban area. Since the chromium+6 concentrations were below the screening value for the South DeKalb site, this could indicate that chromium+6 levels are low throughout the network. The other sites that measure for chromium, measure for the total form. Therefore, the measurements used in this study were for the total form, and distinctions cannot be made as to how much of the different states are present at the other ATN sites. In the interest of conservativeness, chromium was evaluated with the most stringent toxicity index as chromium+6, even though the chromium metal measured was not in this most toxic form. Data collected on the ratio of chromium+6 to total chromium (ATSDR, 2000b) indicates that this process may appreciably overestimate risk. Further work is needed to better understand chemical forms of chromium in Georgia's air, and determine if chromium is an important contributor to risk.

In 2007, nickel was detected above the screening value at two of the fifteen ATN sites, with theoretical lifetime cancer risk of 1 x 10-6 for both sites. When detected, nickel had a high detection frequency, occurring in 100% of the collected samples. Nickel is a naturally occurring element used in many consumer and industrial products such as stainless steel, alloys, and coins, and is also released in the burning of oil and coal. If large amounts are breathed, nickel can cause damage to the lungs and nasal cavities, and can be carcinogenic (ATSDR, 2005d).

Carbonyls were monitored at four sites in Georgia in 2007. Three sites, Brunswick, Dawsonville and Savannah are ATN sites, while the other site, South DeKalb, is in the PAMS network. Three carbonyls- formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein- were detected with sufficient frequency, and have sufficient potential for toxicity to be included in the quantitative assessment.

Formaldehyde, the simplest of the aldehydes, is produced by natural processes, and from the fertilizer, paper, and manufactured wood products industries (ATSDR, 1999). It is also found in vehicle emissions. Formaldehyde is a health concern because of its respiratory irritancy and potential as a carcinogen. It may cause irritation of the eye, nose, throat, and skin, and has the potential under certain exposure scenarios to cause cancers of the nose and throat (ATSDR, 1999). Acetaldehyde, as an intermediate product of plant respiration and a product of incomplete combustion, is ubiquitous in the environment. Acetaldehyde, like formaldehyde, is also a concern as an upper respiratory irritant, and because of its potential to cause nasal tumors in animal studies. However, research has shown it to be significantly less potent than formaldehyde (U.S. EPA, 1987; U.S. EPA 1991b).

In 2007, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were detected at all four locations where carbonyls were
assessed. As noted in past studies, concentrations of these aldehydes were higher at the PAMS site
(South DeKalb) compared to the ATN sites. However, in 2007, the Dawsonville site showed the greatest formaldehyde concentration of all sites, with a concentration of 10.28 g/m3. The South DeKalb site was not far behind, with an average concentration of 7.39 g/m3. The major sources of
formaldehyde are forest fires, marshes, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, pulp and
paper plants, petroleum refineries, power plants, manufacturing facilities, incinerators, cigarette
smoke, and vehicle exhaust. Historically, the PAMS site had higher levels of concentration possibly

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Section: Risk Assessment

related to differences in siting criteria between the two networks. Type II PAMS sites are intentionally
located in "urban core" locations to monitor precursors of ozone, but ATN sites are not. The
Dawsonville site is located in a Georgia Forestry area. Historically, the difference could be that
vehicle emissions play a greater role in measurements made at PAMS sites compared to ATN sites.
The level at Dawsonville will need to be observed as future samples are collected to see if this is a
trend for this site and possible causes for the higher concentrations. When the theoretical cancer risk for formaldehyde was evaluated, the risk ranged from 1 x 10-8 to 6 x 10-8 for 2007. When acetaldehyde was evaluated for theoretical cancer risk, the risk ranged from 3 x 10-6 to 7 x 10-6.

It should be noted that the current guidance used by EPD for the air toxics evaluation recommends
using a cancer toxicity value for formaldehyde developed by U.S. EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards (OAQPS). This value, which takes into account physiologically based pharmacokinetic
modeling for formaldehyde, is less restrictive by a factor of 2400 compared to the cancer toxicity value
available in U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). If the more conservative toxicity factor were used, the original theoretical risk found (1 x 10-8 to 6 x 10-8) would result in theoretical formaldehyde risk values in the range of 1 x 10-6 to 6 x 10-6 for 2007, with formaldehyde contributing
much more significantly to overall risk.

In 2007, acrolein began to be collected with the other VOCs in a canister and analyzed using a GC/MS method. This method was started in July of 2007, drastically changing the number of detections that were found across the state. In previous years, acrolein was analyzed along with the carbonyls, at select sites. With the GC/MS and canister method, this allowed acrolein to be sampled at all of the fifteen air toxics sites. It was detected at all the sites, with the detection frequency ranging from 80% to 100% of samples. Acrolein was evaluated as a non-carcinogen, and the hazard quotients ranged from 20 to 52. The average concentrations for the six month period from July through December ranged from 0.399 g/m3 to 1.04 g/m3 (using half the detection limit for nondetected samples). With the DNPH collection method and HPLC analysis method, acrolein was detected at one site (Dawsonville), with the detection frequency of 3%. The concentration for the annual average (using half the detection limit for non-detected samples) was around 0.57 g/m3. This concentration was sufficient to yield a HQ of approximately 29. Acrolein may enter the environment as a result of combustion of trees and other plants, tobacco, gasoline, and oil. Additionally, it has a number of industrial uses as a chemical intermediate (ATSDR, 2005c). The potential for acrolein to cause health effects is not well understood. At very low concentrations, it is an upper respiratory irritant. At very high concentrations it may produce more serious damage to the lining of the upper respiratory tract and lungs (ATSDR, 2005c; U.S. EPA, 2003).

At the PAMS sites, benzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and m/p-xylenes were detected above the screening value. Benzene was detected at all three sites, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and m/pxylenes were detected at the South DeKalb site. When evaluated as a theoretical cancer risk, benzene's levels ranged from 1 x 10-5 at Yorkville to 5 x 10-5 at South DeKalb. As stated earlier, major sources of benzene to the environment include automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions (ATSDR, 1997). 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum crude oil. It is a component of gasoline, and has other uses in industry as an intermediate in the production of dyes, drugs, and coatings. Exposure to very large amounts of 1,2,4trimethylbenzene may cause skin and respiratory irritancy and nervous system depression, fatigue, headache, and drowsiness. However, risks resulting from exposure to low ambient concentrations of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene have not been studied extensively (U.S. EPA, 1994a). For this study, 1,2,4trimethylbenzene was evaluated as a non-carcinogen with potential to cause central nervous system and irritant effects (U.S. EPA, 2004b). 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene HQ was approximately 1 for the South DeKalb site. M/p-xylenes were also evaluated as a non-carcinogen, and the HQ was 0.1. M/pxylenes are released into the air from auto exhaust, industrial emissions, and used as solvents. It also has the potential to cause harm to the central nervous system with long-term exposure (ATSDR, 2006b).

133 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Risk Assessment

In Figure 71 below, a map is shown of the most recent official National Air Toxics Assessment that was done with 1999 data. The estimated risk levels are given per county across the United States. The map indicates that in more populated areas, the estimated cancer risk levels are higher. There is currently an ongoing assessment of the 2002 data. It will be interesting to see if and how these numbers will change with the next air toxics assessment.

(From EPA's "Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006")
Figure 71: Estimated County-Level Cancer Risk From the 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA99)
As stated previously, the estimates of risk presented herein are likely overestimates due to conservative assumptions used in this exercise. Conservative assumptions were used to estimate the potential for possible exposures (high inhalation rates and long term exposure) and toxicity values. In the absence of good exposure information, this practice is warranted to decrease the potential for underestimating risk.
The results presented herein suggest that the majority of calculated risk is due to a small number of chemicals. The risk values presented in this report should not be interpreted as indicators of true or "real" risk, but for relative comparisons of a chemical's contribution to aggregate risk, or for comparisons of risk between locations within the monitoring network or in other areas of the country.
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Section: Outreach and Education

OUTREACH AND EDUCATION

One of the most important tasks of the Ambient Monitoring Program is maintaining effective public outreach and education. The program seeks to address the air quality issues that are most vital to the citizens of Georgia by identifying the pollutants that represent the greatest risks, continually monitoring them, and communicating the monitoring results directly with the public. The goal is to provide an understanding of the presence of air pollution throughout the state and to educate the public on the steps they can take to improve air quality. This is done by issuing smog alerts and information provided in the Air Quality Index (AQI), maintaining a partnership with the Clean Air Campaign in the metro Atlanta nonattainment area, and other outreach strategies aimed at keeping the public up to date on air quality issues.
What is the Clean Air Campaign? The Clean Air Campaign (CAC) is a not-for-profit organization that works to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality in the metro Atlanta nonattainment area through a variety of voluntary programs and services, including free employer assistance, incentive programs, public information and children's education. EPD is a proud funding sponsor of the CAC.
The CAC works with more than 300 public and private sector employers, representing several hundred thousand employees, to reduce the number of single-occupancy vehicle commuters in metro Atlanta year-round. The program has helped reduce emissions and vehicle miles traveled by encouraging people to alter their commuting habits and to reconsider behaviors-driving in particular.
In addition to addressing commuters' driving habits, CAC utilizes the Air Quality Index (AQI) to relay air quality information to metro Atlanta residents.
The Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI) is a national air standard rating system developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The AQI is used state wide to provide the public, on a daily basis, with an analysis of air pollution levels and possible related health risks. Generally, an index scale of 0 to 500 is used to assess the quality of air, and these numbers are synchronized with a corresponding descriptor word such as: Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy and Very Unhealthy. To protect public health the EPA has set an AQI value of 100 to correspond to the NAAQS for the following pollutants: Ozone (O3), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5), and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). The AQI for a reporting region equates to the highest rating recoded for any pollutant within that region. Therefore, the larger the AQI value, the greater level of air pollution present, and the greater expectation of potential health concerns. However, this system only addresses air pollution in terms of acute health effects over time periods of 24 hours or less and does not provide an indication of chronic pollution exposure over months or years. Figure 72 shows how the recorded concentrations correspond to the AQI index values, descriptors and health advisories.

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Section: Outreach and Education

Maximum Pollutant Concentration

PM2.5 PM10 SO2

O3

O3 CO NO2

(24hr) (24hr) (24hr) (8hr) g/m3 g/m3 ppm ppm

(1hr) (8hr) (1hr) ppm ppm ppm AQI
Value

0 15.4

0 54

0 0.034

0 0.064

None

0 4.4

None 0 to 50

15.5 40.4

55 154

0.035 0.144

0.065
0.084

None

4.5 9.4

None

51 to 100

Descriptor Good (green)
Moderate
(yellow)

EPA Health Advisory
Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.
Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people. For example, people who are unusually sensitive to the condition of the air may experience respiratory symptoms.

40.5 65.4

155 254

0.145 0.224

0.085
0.104

0.125
0.164

Unhealthy for Members of sensitive groups (people with lung or heart disease)

9.5 12.4

None

101 to 150

Sensitive Groups
(orange)

are at greater risk from exposure to particle pollution. Those with lung disease are at risk from exposure to ozone. The general public is not likely to be affected in this range.

65.5 150.4

255 354

0.225 0.304

0.105
0.124

0.165
0.204

12.5
15.4

None

151 to 200

Unhealthy (red)

Everyone may begin to experience health effects in this range. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.

150.5 250.4

355 424

0.305 0.604

0.125
0.374

0.205
0.404

15.5
30.4

0.65 201 to 1.24 300

Very Unhealthy
(purple)

AQI values in this range trigger a health alert. Everyone may experience more serious health effects. When the AQI is in this range because of ozone, most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours to avoid high ozone exposures.

250.5 500.4

425 604

0.605 1.004

None

0.405
0.604

30.5
50.4

1.25 301 to 2.04 500

Hazardous (maroon)

AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.

Figure 72: The AQI

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Section: Outreach and Education

Each day the AQI value for metropolitan areas in Georgia are available to the public through the Environmental Protection Division's website http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/. An analysis of AQI values for the 2007 monitoring year is listed in Table 39.

AQI Summary by Region Number of Days

AQI Category

Unhealthy

for

Sensitive

Very

Good Moderate Groups Unhealthy Unhealthy Hazardous

(0-50) (51-100) (101-150)** (151-200)** (201-300)** (>300)**

Athens

Pollutants Monitored
in 2007

2007 212 136

13

0

0

Atlanta

2007 128 180

42

14

1

Augusta

20007 188 152

7

0

0

Brunswick*

2007 163 172

28

2

0

Columbus

2007 213 139

10

3

0

Macon

0

O3, PM10, PM2.5

O3, SO2, CO,

0

NO2, PM10, PM2.5

O3, SO2, PM10,

0

PM2.5

O3, SO2, PM10,

0

PM2.5

O3, SO2, PM10,

0

PM2.5

2007 210 136

15

4

0

0

O3, PM10, PM2.5

Savannah

O3, SO2, PM10,

2007 247 111

7

0

0

0

PM2.5

*Values do not add up to 365 because of limited monitoring in cool-weather months. Air quality in this area is

likely cleaner during these months than during the warmer months.

**AQI numbers above 100 may not be equivalent to a violation of the standard.

Table 39: AQI Summary Data, 2007

How does Georgia's Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP) Cooperate with The Clean Air Campaign (CAC)? The Ambient Monitoring Program is responsible for measuring air pollutant levels in metro Atlanta and throughout the state. Equipment at fourteen continuous monitoring stations across metro Atlanta is used for these measurements of particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). This data is reported hourly on a website which is maintained and updated by the Ambient Monitoring Program. Based on these levels, AMP calculates the Air Quality Index (AQI), which represents overall air quality in a way that is quick and easy for the general public to understand. The Ambient Monitoring Program's website is linked to a website maintained by CAC. The AQI is then displayed on The Clean Air Campaign's website. The CAC also distributes AQI information to people who have signed up to receive daily air quality

137 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Outreach and Education

forecasts via e-mail. When a smog alert is forecasted, an automated fax blast informs all local media as well. Through these connections, thousands of metro Atlanta citizens and businesses keep abreast of current air quality conditions. The Ambient Monitoring Program also encourages the public to access the CAC's website and become aware of what voluntary measures they can take to improve local air quality.

MEDIA OUTREACH

The Ambient Monitoring Program is in constant touch with citizens as well as the news media through phone calls, the AMP web site and media interviews. At many times throughout the year, the demand for a story puts AMP in the limelight. The program manager and staff of the Ambient Monitoring Program make themselves available to television and newspaper reporters, thus educating the public
about the AQI, the statewide air monitors, and the Clean Air Campaign.

OTHER OUTREACH OPPORTUNITIES

Meteorologists
In cooperation with The Clean Air Campaign, forecasters from the ambient monitoring program visit the weather centers of Atlanta's top four commercial television stations. During these visits, the group is briefed on how each station's weather team receives and uses ambient monitoring information in their daily smog forecasts. The EPD/Clean Air Campaign team provides input and direction to the weathercasters as to how they can best use the data to maximize the usefulness of this information for their viewers.

Elementary and Middle Schools Educating school children and incorporating air quality information into the classroom-learning environment is also an outreach strategy for the Ambient Monitoring Program. AMP staff visits Georgia classrooms to discuss air quality, forecasting, and monitoring. Each program presented by the AMP is designed to supplement grade-specific curricula. Learning opportunities include meteorological lessons, such as weather patterns and conditions, as well as forecasting techniques.

In many situations, these lessons involve hands-on activities and mini-field trips to the monitoring sites. High School students simulate forecasting conditions and use scientific methods to create their own forecasts. AMP Staff also participate in Career Days at both elementary and high schools to draw excitement into environmental and meteorological careers.

Colleges and Universities The Ambient Monitoring Program works with colleges and universities in several capacities. Utilizing a more technical, advanced approach, AMP has participated in several college-level seminars, providing scientific expertise on the subject of meteorology and forecasting. Through this close contact with university staff, AMP staff have co-authored scientific papers in peer-reviewed scientific journals. AMP Staff provide technical data to professors as well as students, thus incorporating realtime data into college courses and projects. Additionally, AMP contracts with Georgia Institute of Technology in a joint forecasting effort.

Monitoring Data Requests AMP also regularly receives requests for specific, detailed monitoring data from members of the research community and the broader public. Completely fulfilling the needs of these data users often also requires not just providing such data, but also providing guidance on how the data can be

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Section: Outreach and Education

interpreted and what the limitations of the data set may be. We welcome these opportunities to serve the public and the research community and to ensure that the data we collect is put to its fullest and most advantageous use in protecting the health and welfare of Georgia's citizens and the state's natural environment.

EPA AIRNOW Website Georgia supplies ozone and particulate matter data to the US EPA every hour for pollution mapping activities. AIRNOW is a cooperative effort between EPA, states, and local air pollution control agencies to provide near real-time information on ground level ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. EPA uses the data to produce maps that display ozone and PM2.5 contours covering the Midwest, New England, Mid-Atlantic, southeastern, south central and Pacific coastal regions of the country. Colorcoded, animated concentration gradient ozone maps are created that show daily ozone formation and transport at various spatial scales. The information is available on the EPA's AIRNOW website at: http://airnow.gov. See Figure 73 for a sample map.

Figure 73: Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map
The AIRNOW Data Management Center (DMC) regularly evaluates the performance of monitoring agencies that participate in the AIRNOW project based on three criteria:
1. Percent of hourly data files received 2. Average arrival time (earlier in the hour is better) 3. Percent completeness of the data within the submission files There is a three-tier system set up to evaluate each agency based on these performance criteria. An agency is placed in a tier based on how it performs these three criteria, with respect to all participating agencies. The three tiers are top, middle, and bottom. Georgia's evaluation results are as shown in Table 40.
139 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Outreach and Education

Evaluation Criteria Percent of Data Files Received Average Data Arrival Time (minutes) Percent Completeness of Files Source: AIRNOW DMC, 2008

Ozone Season (May 1-September 30, 2007)
Top Tier (96%) Top Tier (14 minutes)
Top Tier (100%)

PM2.5 Season (whole year)
Top Tier (97%) Top Tier (13 minutes)
Middle Tier (99%)

Table 40: AIRNOW Participation Evaluation Results

While these results are already a relatively strong showing, we believe that the larger monitoring networks are at a relative disadvantage given how these evaluation criteria were implemented. These results are among the best evaluations given to monitoring networks of Georgia's size.

EPD Website and Call-In System The Ambient Monitoring Program also provides a public-access web site with Georgia-specific current and historical air quality data more promptly and with more detail than what is available at the AIRNOW web site. AMP's web site provides hourly information about current pollutant concentrations from Georgia's continuous and semi-continuous monitoring equipment, and is updated with each hour's data only 15 minutes after the hour ends. The site also offers downloads of bulk data, and electronic copies of archived Annual Reports such as this one, on a self-serve basis to facilitate research projects and satisfy public interest on these topics. Finally, the Ambient Monitoring Program also maintains an automated dial-in system that provides current air quality information for those who may not have ready access to the Internet. These resources are listed below.

Ambient Monitoring Program Web Site: http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp

Call-In System: (800)427-9605 (statewide) (404)362-4909 (metro Atlanta free calling zone)

140 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix A

Appendix A: Additional Criteria Pollutant Data

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

1-Hour and 8-Hour Maximum Observations

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City County Site Name

130890002 Decatur DeKalb 131210099 Atlanta Fulton 132230003 Yorkville Paulding

South DeKalb Roswell Road
Yorkville

Hours Measured
5588
8267 8647

Max

1 - Hour

1st

2nd

2.027 1.970

Obs. > 35
0

2.1

2.1

0

1.786 1.584 0

Max 8 -

Hour

1st

2nd

1.8 1.7

Obs. > 9
0

1.5 1.4 0

1.2 1.2 0

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130890002 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

South DeKalb Georgia Tech
Yorkville Monastery

Hours Measured
7911 8103 8538 8331

Annual Arithmetic
Mean
0.0145 0.0171
0.0031
0.0053

Obs. > Std. (0.053)
0 0 0 0

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130890002 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

DeKalb South DeKalb Fulton Georgia Tech Paulding Yorkville Rockdale Monastery

Hours Measured
7911 8103 8538 8331

1st Max
0.415 0.479 0.038 0.056

Annual Arithmetic Mean
0.0289 0.0102 0.0050 0.0054

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

130890002 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

Site Name
South DeKalb Georgia Tech
Yorkville Monastery

Section: Appendix A

Hours Measured
8587 8103 8538 8331

1st Max
0.614 0.572 0.069 0.074

Annual Arithmetic Mean
0.0444 0.0238
0.0056
0.0071

Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen (NOy)

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

Hours Measured 1st Max

130210013 130730001 130890002

Macon Evans Decatur

Bibb Lake Tobesofkee Columbia Riverside Park DeKalb South DeKalb

8451 6707 7958

0.1445 0.1097 0.2074

Annual Arithmetic Mean
0.00488
0.00650
0.04002

* The NOy instrument is specialized for measurement of trace concentrations, so its range is only 0-0.200 ppm. Actual 1st Max appears to have exceeded the instrument's measurement range. Since all ambient concentrations exceeding the instrument's range are recorded as 0.200 instead of the actual (higher) value, the reported annual arithmetic mean may be biased slightly downward from the true concentration.

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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

130210012

Macon

Bibb

130510021 130511002 131110091

Savannah Savannah McCaysville

Chatham Chatham Fannin

131150003 131210048 131210055 131270006

Rome Atlanta Atlanta Brunswick

Floyd Fulton Fulton Glynn

*sampler was shut down October 2007

3-Hour and 24-Hour Maximum Observations

Site Name
Georgia Forestry Comm.
East President St. W. Lathrop & Augusta Ave.
Elementary School
Coosa Elem. School
Georgia Tech
Confederate Ave.
Risley Middle School

Hours Measured
8506 8104 8630 6452* 8621 8530 8446 8299

Max 24 - Hour

1st

2nd

0.011 0.010

0.024 0.024 0.027 0.023

0.012 0.007

0.037 0.026 0.021 0.018 0.017 0.013 0.005 0.005

Obs. > 0.14
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max 3 - Hour

1st

2nd

0.022 0.022

0.066 0.060 0.079 0.062

0.040 0.023

0.147 0.111 0.077 0.067 0.062 0.055 0.014 0.012

Section: Appendix A

Obs. > 0.5

Annual Arithmetic
Mean

0

0.019

0

0.0025

0

0.0030

0

0.0016

0

0.0038

0

0.0034

0

0.0027

0

0.0013

143 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Ozone (O3)

1-Hour Averages

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130210012 130210013 130510021 130550001 130590002 130670003 130730001 130770002 130850001 130890002 130970004 131130001 131210055 131270006 131350002 131510002 132130003 132150008 132151003 132230003 132450091 132470001 132611001

Macon Macon Savannah Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan Dawsonville Decatur Douglasville Fayetteville Atlanta Brunswick Lawrenceville McDonough Chatsworth Columbus Columbus Yorkville Augusta Conyers Leslie

Bibb Bibb Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fayette Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Muscogee Paulding Richmond Rockdale Sumter

GA Forestry Comm. Lake Tobesofkee E. President Street DNR Fish Hatchery College Station Rd.
Georgia National Guard Riverside Park
Univ. of West Georgia GA Forestry Comm.
South DeKalb W. Strickland St.
Georgia DOT Confederate Ave. Risley Middle School
Gwinnett Tech. County Extension Office
Fort Mountain Columbus Airport Columbus Crime Lab
Yorkville Bungalow Road Elementary School
Conyers Monastery Leslie Community Center

Days Measured
244 244 238 243 237 242 226 245 245 235 245 245 232 245 239 245 244 243 234 239 245 236 237

Section: Appendix A

1st Max
0.107 0.105 0.083 0.124 0.101 0.113 0.106 0.123 0.104 0.139 0.104 0.123 0.130 0.077 0.115 0.125 0.149 0.110 0.093 0.103 0.106 0.131 0.089

2nd Max
0.104 0.102 0.083 0.091 0.098 0.107 0.087 0.109 0.097 0.118 0.103 0.120 0.119 0.073 0.110 0.119 0.097 0.101 0.090 0.099 0.100 0.129 0.086

Number of Days > 0.125
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0

144 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix A

Ozone (O3)

8-Hour Averages

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

130210012 130210013 130510021 130550001 130590002 130670003 130730001 130770002
130850001 130890002 130970004 131130001 131210055 131270006 131350002 131510002 132130003 132150008 132151003 132230003 132450091 132470001 132611001

Macon Macon Savannah Summerville Athens Kennesaw Evans Newnan
Dawsonville Decatur
Douglasville Fayetteville
Atlanta Brunswick Lawrenceville McDonough Chatsworth Columbus Columbus Yorkville Augusta Conyers
Leslie

Bibb Bibb Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Columbia Coweta
Dawson DeKalb Douglas Fayette Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry Murray Muscogee Muscogee Paulding Richmond Rockdale Sumter

Site Name

Days Measured

GA Forestry Comm.

244

Lake Tobesofkee

242

E. President Street

236

DNR Fish Hatchery

243

College Station Road

238

Georgia National Guard

241

Riverside Park

225

Univ. of West Georgia

245

GA Forestry Comm.

245

South DeKalb

233

W. Strickland St.

245

Georgia DOT

245

Confederate Ave.

232

Risley Middle School

245

Gwinnett Tech.

235

County Extension Office

245

Fort Mountain

241

Columbus Airport

242

Columbus Crime Lab.

233

Yorkville

238

Bungalow Road Elementary School

245

Conyers Monastery

235

Community Center

237

1st Max
0.096 0.096 0.068 0.098 0.087 0.094 0.091 0.106 0.090 0.124 0.096 0.104 0.116 0.071 0.099 0.106 0.089 0.087 0.089 0.087 0.091 0.112 0.083

2nd Max

3rd Max

0.091 0.088 0.067 0.085 0.085 0.091 0.077 0.094
0.080 0.102 0.093 0.097 0.102 0.064 0.095 0.105 0.085 0.086 0.080 0.087 0.090 0.105 0.082

0.086 0.085 0.066 0.081 0.084 0.090 0.077 0.093
0.078 0.099 0.086 0.097 0.101 0.064 0.092 0.105 0.083 0.084 0.075 0.087 0.085 0.104 0.080

4th Max
0.080 0.084 0.065 0.080 0.083 0.089 0.074 0.091 0.078 0.096 0.086 0.092 0.098 0.062 0.091 0.102 0.082 0.083 0.074 0.084 0.080 0.098 0.076

Number of Days > 0.085 3 3 0 2 2 6 1
8 1 16 7 7 13 0 9 11 2 2 1 3 3 9 0

4th max used in 3-year average, therefore if number above 0.085 is more than 4 per site, it is shown in bold

145 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
Lead (Pb)

Section: Appendix A

Units: micrograms per cubic meter

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130890003 Atlanta DeKalb DMRC

132150011

Columbus

Muscogee

Cusseta School

Quarterly Composite Averages

Number of Observations
(months) 12
12

1st Quarter Composite
Avg. 0.10
0.10

2nd Quarter Composite
Avg. 0.10
0.10

3rd Quarter Composite
Avg. 0.10
0.10

4th Quarter Composite
Avg.
0.10

Number of Values
> 1.5
0

0.10

0

Note: The analysis method used for lead cannot reliably distinguish values smaller than 0.20. This is known as the Method Detection Limit (MDL). In cases where the analysis results in a raw data value less than the MDL for that method, EPA requires us to report a concentration of one half the MDL. For many purposes, however, these values could alternatively be interpreted as "Not Detected".

146 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

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Section: Appendix A

Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Annual Arithmetic Mean Integrated Sampling (midnight to midnight) Using Federal Reference Method

The PM2.5 FRM data for 2007 is currently under review. When this data is completely assessed, this
report will be updated.

147 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

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Section: Appendix A

Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Annual Arithmetic Mean Semi-Continuous Measurements

Units: micrograms per cubic meter

Site ID

Hours

City

County Site Name Meas-

ured

130210012 130511002 130590002 130770002 130890002 131210055 131350002 131510002 132150008

Macon Savannah
Athens Newnan Decatur Atlanta Lawrenceville McDonough Columbus

Bibb Chatham
Clarke Coweta DeKalb Fulton Gwinnett Henry Muscogee

GA Forestry Comm. Market Street
College Station Rd.
Univ. of West
Georgia South DeKalb
Confederate Avenue
Gwinnett Tech County
Extension Office
Columbus Airport

8522 8477 8369 8274 8502 8533 8132 8555 8562

132230003

Yorkville

Paulding Yorkville 8588

132450091 132950002 132970001

Augusta Rossville Social Circle

Richmond Walker Walton

Bungalow Rd. School
Health Department
DNR Fish Hatchery

7937 1397** 8517

1st Max
341.5 278.7 175.6 264.2 250.1 272.0 159.1 364.8 242.5 185.9 137.4 65.1 227.9

2nd Max
295.7 189.7 165.1 218.7 226.8 215.9 147.7 364.5 236.5 167.6 125.9 61.5 201.6

Annual Arithmetic Mean 13.79 13.86 13.57
14.79
17.17 18.02 15.04
14.49
14.78 13.98 14.83 16.35 13.16

Arithmetic mean in bold indicates value above the 15.0 g/m3 standard. These semi-continuous methods for measuring PM2.5 are not approved for use in making attainment determinations.
* The daily standard was reduced from 65 to 35 g/m3 effective December 17, 2006. ** Sampler ran partial year.

148 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix A

Particulate Matter (PM10)

24-Hour Integrated Measurements

Units: micrograms per cubic meter

Site ID

City

County

130210007 Macon

Bibb

130510014 Savannah Chatham

130550001 Summerville Chattooga

Site Name
Allied Chemical Shuman
School DNR Fish Hatchery

Days Measured

1st Max

Number Values >150

58

133

0

59

42

0

57

50

0

Annual Arithmetic Mean 35.5
24.5
25.6

130892001 Doraville

DeKalb Police Dept.

56

58

0

28.3

130950007 Albany

Dougherty

Turner Elementary

60

189

2

33.6

130970003 Douglasville

Douglas

Beulah Pump Station

59

44

0

22.4

131150005 Rome

Floyd

Coosa High School

56

81

0

31.4

131210001 Atlanta

Fulton

Fulton Co. Health Dept.

55

54

0

24.2

131210032 Atlanta

Fulton

E. Rivers School

59

59

0

29.1

131270004 Brunswick

Glynn

Arco Pump Station

60

68

0

25.5

132150011 Columbus

Muscogee

Cusseta Rd. Elem. School

59

94

0

28.1

132450091 Augusta

Richmond

Bungalow Rd. Elem. School

58

60

0

29.3

Univ. of GA

132550002 Griffin

Spalding Experiment

60

43

0

22.1

Station

133030001 Sandersville Washington Health Dept.

57

63

0

27.6

149 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix A

Particulate Matter (PM10)

Hourly Averages of Semi-Continuous Measurements

Units: micrograms per cubic meter

Site ID

City County Site Name

131210048 Atlanta Fulton

Georgia Tech

Hours Measured
7355

1st Max 108

Annual Arithmetic
Mean
27.7

150 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix B

Appendix B: Additional PM2.5 Particle Speciation Data

Particle Speciation- 2007 Statewide Average

Organic Carbon 42%

Sulfate 26%

Elemental Carbon 5%
Ammonium Ion 9%

Other 11%

Nitrate 5%
Crustal 2%

151 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix B

Particle Speciation - Macon 2007

Organic Carbon 50%

Sulfate 21%

Other 10%

Elemental Carbon 4%

Ammonium Ion 7%

Nitrate 4%
Crustal 4%

Particle Speciation - Athens 2007

Organic Carbon 36%

Sulfate 25%

Other 13%

Nitrate 9%

Elemental Carbon 5%

Ammonium Ion 11%

Crustal 1%

152 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
Particle Speciation - Douglas 2007

Section: Appendix B

Organic Carbon 42%

Sulfate 28%

Other 13%

Elemental Carbon

4%

Ammonium Ion

8%

Nitrate 3%
Crustal 2%

Particle Speciation- Atlanta 2007

Organic Carbon 40%

Sulfate 31%

Elemental Carbon 9%

Ammonium Ion 11%

Other 1%

Nitrate 6%
Crustal 2%

153 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
Particle Speciation - Rome 2007

Section: Appendix B

Organic Carbon 37%

Sulfate 29%

Other 14%

Elemental Carbon 4%

Ammonium Ion 10%

Nitrate 5%
Crustal 1%

Particle Speciation - Columbus 2007

Organic Carbon 49%

Sulfate 24%

Elemental Carbon 4%
Ammonium Ion 8%

Other 11%

Nitrate 3%
Crustal 1%

154 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
Particle Speciation - Augusta 2007

Section: Appendix B

Organic Carbon 39%

Sulfate 26%

Other 13%
Elemental Carbon 5% Ammonium Ion 10%

Nitrate 5%
Crustal 2%

Particle Speciation - Rossville 2007

Organic Carbon 37%

Sulfate 26%

Other 12%

Elemental Carbon 5%

Ammonium Ion 11%

Nitrate 8%
Crustal 1%

155 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

Appendix C: Additional Meteorological Data

Case Study February 28, 2007

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Section: Appendix C

157 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix C

Case Study April 29, 2007

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Section: Appendix C

159 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

160 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

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Section: Appendix C

161 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix C

162 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
Case Study May 26th May 28th, 2007

Section: Appendix C

163 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

164 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

165 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

166 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

167 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

168 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

169 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

170 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix C

171 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report
Case Study June 22nd June 23rd, 2007

Section: Appendix C

172 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

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Section: Appendix C

173 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

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Section: Appendix C

174 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

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Section: Appendix C

175 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

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Section: Appendix D

Appendix D: Additional PAMS Data

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2007)

(concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC))

Name

Site #Samples

Avg.

1st Max

2nd Max

PAMSHC

S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville

1921 1532 1956

63.59 43.51 21.22

526.0 159.5 143.1

359.3 157.6 141.2

TNMOC

S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville

1921 1532 1956

75.04 55.08 24.58

403.9 179.5 15.01

368.6 174.9 148.0

Ethane

S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville

1912 1467 1847

4.822 2.866 2.492

330.90 11.90 6.28

214.40 7.70 5.89

Ethylene Propane Propylene Acetylene n-Butane

S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville

1912 1471 1847 1912 1473 1847 1912 1488 1847 1912 1484 1847 1912 1480 1847

2.634 0.668 0.471 5.469 3.427 2.961 1.374 0.714 0.422 1.36 0.20 0.34 2.622 1.240 0.842

15.30 5.10 4.44 72.20 14.40 47.30 6.53 2.80 4.97 14.8 2.4 8.0 28.20 8.00 20.41

14.59 3.10 2.57 52.46 13.70 25.98 6.50 2.50 3.03 14.5 1.7 4.4 20.80 7.60 8.59

Isobutane

S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville

1912 1482 1847

1.518 0.611 0.374

22.20 6.20 2.58

14.60 3.60 2.40

trans-2-Butene

S. DeKalb

1912

0.056

1.30

0.90

Conyers

1489

0.011

0.40

0.30

Yorkville

1162

0.007

0.63

0.56

cis-2-Butene

S. DeKalb

1912

0.041

3.75

3.59

Conyers

1490

0.008

1.20

0.70

Yorkville

1162

0.006

0.75

0.01

n-Pentane

S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville

1912 1490 1207

2.363 1.595 0.642

23.84 16.80 5.29

18.50 10.70 5.00

Isopentane

S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville

1912 1488 1847

4.680 2.403 1.211

44.00 14.60 14.04

32.50 14.00 13.03

1-Pentene

S. DeKalb

1912

0.068

1.02

0.90

Conyers

1490

0.016

0.40

0.40

Yorkville

1847

0.006

1.08

0.27

176 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix D

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2007)(continued)

Name

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site #Samples

Avg.

1st Max

2nd Max

trans-2-Pentene

S. DeKalb

1912

0.93

1.50

1.11

Conyers

1490

0.012

0.60

0.40

Yorkville

1847

0.008

1.27

0.77

cis-2-Pentene

S. DeKalb

1912

0.040

0.80

0.55

Conyers

1465

0.047

1.60

1.30

Yorkville

1847

0.006

0.54

0.40

3-Methylpentane

S. DeKalb

1912

0.579

5.30

5.00

Conyers

1489

0.278

2.30

1.70

Yorkville

1847

0.104

3.04

2.28

n-Hexane

S. DeKalb

1231

1.265

11.80

9.70

Conyers

1516

0.534

2.70

2.70

Yorkville

1775

0.242

3.61

1.52

n-Heptane

S. DeKalb

1836

0.605

4.45

3.70

Conyers

1529

0.190

1.60

1.20

Yorkville

1775

0.044

1.92

1.61

n-Octane

S. DeKalb

1843

0.184

3.25

1.64

Conyers

1528

0.034

1.20

1.10

Yorkville

1775

0.014

8.35

0.48

n-Nonane

S. DeKalb

1843

0.203

1.40

1.30

Conyers

1530

0.105

1.20

0.90

Yorkville

1775

0.016

2.81

0.81

n-Decane

S. DeKalb

1843

0.297

3.58

3.44

Conyers

1530

0.071

0.80

0.80

Yorkville

1775

0.014

3.28

3.21

Cyclopentane

S. DeKalb

1912

0.192

1.50

1.20

Conyers

1489

0.105

1.00

0.60

Yorkville

1847

0.018

2.20

1.84

Isoprene

S. DeKalb

1912

6.194

43.19

38.84

Conyers

1490

9.080

133.80

98.90

Yorkville

1847

7.848

124.42

115.49

2,2-Dimethylbutane

S. DeKalb

1912

0.071

0.90

0.75

Conyers

1489

0.132

0.80

0.70

Yorkville

1846

0.017

0.94

0.91

2,4-Dimethylpentane

S. DeKalb

1836

0.305

2.43

2.37

Conyers

1526

0.072

1.30

0.80

Yorkville

1775

0.008

1.13

0.62

Cyclohexane

S. DeKalb

1836

0.181

1.60

1.50

Conyers

1530

0.045

0.70

0.50

Yorkville

1775

0.009

0.64

0.42

3-Methylhexane

S. DeKalb

1836

1.171

5.05

4.70

Conyers

1529

0.554

2.10

2.10

Yorkville

1775

0.38

1.79

1.37

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb

1837

1.908

18.88

11.35

Conyers

1530

0.715

4.50

4.30

Yorkville

1775

0.716

23.27

7.71

177 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix D

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2007)(continued)

Name

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site #Samples

Avg.

1st Max

2nd Max

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb

1828

0.666

6.99

3.61

Conyers

1527

0.200

1.30

1.30

Yorkville

1775

0.028

1.94

0.67

3-Methylheptane

S. DeKalb

1843

0.242

2.69

2.20

Conyers

1530

0.034

0.70

0.50

Yorkville

1775

0.008

1.63

0.71

Methylcyclohexane

S. DeKalb

1842

0.336

2.72

2.41

Conyers

1524

0.204

0.80

0.80

Yorkville

1775

0.013

1.04

0.49

Methylcyclopentane

S. DeKalb

1836

0.550

3.80

3.51

Conyers

1523

0.217

1.40

1.40

Yorkville

1775

0.027

2.08

0.80

2-Methylhexane

S. DeKalb

1836

0.542

4.05

3.40

Conyers

1529

0.187

1.50

1.50

Yorkville

1775

0.012

1.20

0.73

1-Butene

S. DeKalb

1912

0.251

5.11

4.26

Conyers

1489

0.205

0.60

0.60

Yorkville

1847

0.006

0.28

0.28

2,3-Dimethylbutane

S. DeKalb

1912

0.178

1.46

1.42

Conyers

1489

0.063

0.80

0.80

Yorkville

1847

0.044

1.57

0.97

2-Methylpentane

S. DeKalb

1912

0.655

4.42

4.40

Conyers

1489

0.351

2.50

2.30

Yorkville

1847

0.246

4.79

2.34

2,3-Dimethylpentane

S. DeKalb

1836

0.539

2.85

2.83

Conyers

1529

0.176

1.10

1.00

Yorkville

1775

0.020

1.77

0.87

n-Undecane

S. DeKalb

1843

0.268

6.79

3.99

Conyers

1511

0.213

3.00

3.00

Yorkville

1774

0.175

3.98

3.86

2-Methylheptane

S. DeKalb

1843

0.155

1.98

1.90

Conyers

1529

0.030

0.60

0.50

Yorkville

1775

0.009

2.20

0.56

m & p Xylenes

S. DeKalb

1843

2.209

19.15

14.88

Conyers

1529

0.790

6.30

6.10

Yorkville

1775

0.240

15.56

3.96

Benzene

S. DeKalb

1836

1.713

9.80

9.21

Conyers

1523

0.922

4.20

3.90

Yorkville

1775

0.137

1.28

1.25

Toluene

S. DeKalb

1843

5.792

45.25

35.40

Conyers

1525

2.118

13.40

12.90

Yorkville

1775

0.806

9.94

6.80

Ethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.753

6.97

5.24

Conyers

1529

0.303

2.20

2.10

Yorkville

1775

0.059

4.65

1.56

178 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix D

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June-August 2007)(continued)

Name

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples

Avg.

1st Max

2nd Max

o-Xylene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.889

5.80

5.30

Conyers

1530

0.308

2.10

2.00

Yorkville

1775

0.070

3.88

3.54

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb

1843

0.356

2.65

2.60

Conyers

1530

0.192

6.90

2.70

Yorkville

1774

0.018

0.75

0.72

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb

1843

1.064

8.23

7.42

Conyers

1530

0.531

2.70

2.00

Yorkville

1775

0.065

1.28

1.13

n-Propylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.189

1.69

1.40

Conyers

1530

0.129

1.80

1.40

Yorkville

1775

0.009

0.58

0.32

Isopropylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.021

0.80

0.70

Conyers

1530

0.009

0.60

0.50

Yorkville

1775

0.005

0.26

0.21

o-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.342

2.20

2.12

Conyers

1530

0.081

0.80

0.60

Yorkville

1774

0.016

0.67

0.67

m-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

1843

2.654

15.33

14.97

Conyers

930

3.705

20.10

18.10

Yorkville

1775

0.713

5.44

4.82

Pinene and p-

S.DeKalb

1843

0.345

3.24

2.88

Ethyltoluene

Conyers

930

0.219

2.10

1.80

Yorkville

1775

0.012

0.64

0.60

m-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.228

2.76

2.67

Conyers

1530

0.225

1.50

1.00

Yorkville

1774

0.006

0.59

0.59

p-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.257

2.40

1.75

Conyers

1530

0.209

1.70

0.90

Yorkville

1774

0.007

0.46

0.45

Styrene

S. DeKalb

1843

0.255

4.15

3.89

Conyers

1530

0.219

1.40

1.20

Yorkville

1775

0.038

1.02

1.02

Beta Pinene and 1,2,3- S. DeKalb

1843

3.753

27.31

25.53

Trimethylbenzene

Conyers

1530

6.500

33.30

32.40

Yorkville

1775

1.373

10.16

9.91

179 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix D

PAMS 2007 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons

(concentrations in parts per billion Carbon (ppbC))

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2nd Max

PAMSHC

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

56

Yorkville

55

55

85.25 250.0 250.0

56

40.46 230.0 100.0

55

26.89 74.0 63.0

TNMOC

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

55 337.11 1200.0 980.0 57 241.65 660.0 600.0 56 207.86 440.0 430.0

Ethane

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

55

5.70 11.0 10.0

57

3.85 7.4 7.0

56

3.27 7.4 7.0

Ethylene

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

15

0.89 6.4 5.9

13

0.36 3.6 2.8

18

0.28 2.3 1.2

Propane

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

55

6.45 24.0 19.0

57

3.74 12.0 9.9

56

3.29 9.2 7.2

Propylene

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

47

1.29 4.6 3.7

34

0.56 3.6 1.9

3

0.13 1.2 0.4

Acetylene

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

54

2.69 7.7 7.1

51

0.88 3.5 3.1

38

0.56 3.4 1.8

n-Butane

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

55

7.36 31.0 27.0

55

3.20 39.0 9.7

52

1.64 10.0 5.0

Isobutane

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

53

2.76 9.3 8.9

41

1.58 47.0 3.6

28

0.41 2.9 1.6

trans-2-Butene

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

8

0.15 0.6 0.5

1

0.16 3.3

DL

ND

cis-2-Butene

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

10

0.14 0.5 0.5

4

0.12 0.6 0.5

5

0.13 0.8 0.6

n-Pentane

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

55

3.71 10.0 9.2

53

1.41 5.6 5.2

41

0.60 4.2 2.0

Isopentane

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

55

7.98 24.0 22.0

57

5.28 140.0 14.0

55

1.86 7.5 4.3

1-Pentene

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

13

0.16 0.6 0.6

2

0.11 0.3 0.3

ND

trans-2-Pentene

S. DeKalb

55

Conyers

57

Yorkville

56

23

0.34 1.7 1.5

1

0.11 0.4

1

0.11 0.4

180 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix D

PAMS 2007 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued)

Name

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2nd Max

cis-2-Pentene

S. DeKalb

55

7

0.13 0.5

0.4

Conyers

57

ND

Yorkville

56

ND

3-Methylpentane

S. DeKalb

55

43

0.98 3.4

2.9

Conyers

57

26

0.33 3.0

1.6

Yorkville

56

5

0.14 0.9

0.7

n-Hexane

S. DeKalb

55

47

1.11 3.2

2.8

Conyers

57

32

0.57 11.0 1.6

Yorkville

56

8

0.18 1.8

1.3

n-Heptane

S. DeKalb

55

36

0.45 1.6

1.5

Conyers

57

20

0.28 1.4

0.9

Yorkville

56

2

0.11 0.5

0.2

n-Octane

S. DeKalb

55

7

0.13 0.5

0.4

Conyers

57

7

0.12 0.4

0.3

Yorkville

56

ND

n-Nonane

S. DeKalb

55

7

0.13 0.5

0.5

Conyers

57

ND

Yorkville

56

ND

n-Decane

S. DeKalb

55

18

0.20 0.8

0.8

Conyers

57

2

0.11 0.3

0.2

Yorkville

56

ND

Cyclopentane

S. DeKalb

55

6

0.12 0.5

0.3

Conyers

57

ND

Yorkville

56

ND

Isoprene

S. DeKalb

55

32

3.37 19.0 19.0

Conyers

57

33

4.36 24.0 24.0

Yorkville

56

28

3.89 35.0 21.0

2,2-Dimethylbutane

S. DeKalb

55

20

0.23 0.9

0.9

Conyers

57

19

0.96 6.3

5.3

Yorkville

56

ND

2,4-Dimethylpentane

S. DeKalb

55

8

0.14 0.6

0.4

Conyers

57

ND

Yorkville

56

ND

Cyclohexane

S. DeKalb

55

1

0.11 0.5

Conyers

57

8

0.22 4.4

0.8

Yorkville

56

53

5.61 13.0 13.0

3-Methylhexane

S. DeKalb

55

54

1.27 3.1

2.6

Conyers

57

49

2.16 8.7

8.5

Yorkville

56

47

0.49 1.3

1.0

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb

55

49

1.79 5.7

5.2

Conyers

57

37

0.41 3.3

1.2

Yorkville

56

9

0.16 1.4

0.6

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane S. DeKalb

55

33

0.46 1.7

1.7

Conyers

57

14

0.22 1.6

0.9

Yorkville

56

ND

181 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix D

PAMS 2007 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued)

Name

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2ndMax

3-Methylheptane

S. DeKalb

55

5

0.11 0.4

0.3

Conyers

57

ND

Yorkville

56

ND

Methylcyclohexane

S. DeKalb

55

10

0.13 0.5

0.4

Conyers

57

2

0.11 0.7

0.3

Yorkville

56

ND

Methylcyclopentane

S. DeKalb

55

35

0.49 2.1

1.6

Conyers

57

19

0.35 2.8

1.0

Yorkville

56

4

0.12

0.6

0.4

2-Methylhexane

S. DeKalb

55

34

0.57 2.4

2.0

Conyers

57

20

1.21 5.3

4.5

Yorkville

56

26

0.31

1.9

0.9

1-Butene

S. DeKalb

55

19

0.26 1.6

1.2

Conyers

57

18

1.19 7.9

7.4

Yorkville

56

ND

2,3-Dimenthylbutane

S. DeKalb

55

26

0.36 1.5

1.3

Conyers

57

1

0.11 0.6

Yorkville

56

ND

2-Methylpentane

S. DeKalb

55

50

2.40 6.2

6.1

Conyers

57

43

0.98 3.4

3.2

Yorkville

56

38

1.03 3.9

3.5

2,3-Dimethylpentane

S. DeKalb

55

20

0.25 0.9

0.8

Conyers

57

3

0.11 0.3

0.2

Yorkville

56

1

0.10 0.1

n-Undecane

S. DeKalb

55

10

0.14 0.5

0.4

Conyers

57

1

0.10 0.3

Yorkville

56

ND

2-Methylheptane

S. DeKalb

55

5

0.12 0.5

0.4

Conyers

57

11

0.14 0.4

0.3

Yorkville

56

ND

m & p Xylenes

S. DeKalb

55

54

2.73 8.8

7.1

Conyers

57

46

0.77 4.0

2.3

Yorkville

56

14

0.24 2.9

1.2

Benzene

S. DeKalb

55

54

2.12 5.8

4.8

Conyers

57

51

0.99 2.8

2.7

Yorkville

56

37

0.47 2.3

1.5

Toluene

S. DeKalb

55

55

6.70 18.0 15.0

Conyers

57

56

2.68 11.0 6.1

Yorkville

56

55

1.71 6.0

3.3

Ethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

55

38

0.61 2.2

1.7

Conyers

57

15

0.17 0.9

0.5

Yorkville

56

2

0.11 0.6

0.2

o-Xylene

S. DeKalb

55

40

0.86 3.1

2.3

Conyers

57

21

0.25 1.3

0.8

Yorkville

56

2

0.12 0.8

0.3

182 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix D

PAMS 2007 24-hour Canister Hydrocarbons (continued)

Name

(concentrations in ppbC)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.* 1st Max 2ndMax

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb

55

28

0.29 1.0

1.0

Conyers

57

2

0.13 1.2

0.5

Yorkville

56

ND

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb

53

45

1.68 6.7

4.9

Conyers

57

30

0.40 3.5

1.2

Yorkville

56

4

0.37 14.0 0.9

n-Propylbenzene

S. DeKalb

55

4

0.12 0.4

0.3

Conyers

57

6

0.13 0.6

0.4

Yorkville

56

ND

Isopropylbenzene

S. DeKalb

55

ND

Conyers

57

2

0.11 0.4

0.3

Yorkville

56

1

0.11 0.4

o-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

55

18

0.24 1.7

0.9

Conyers

57

3

0.14 1.6

0.6

Yorkville

56

3

0.12 1.0

0.3

m-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

55

37

0.66 2.5

2.1

Conyers

57

12

0.17 1.1

0.7

Yorkville

56

2

0.11 0.5

0.2

p-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

55

32

0.43 2.1

1.7

Conyers

57

32

0.33 1.1

0.8

Yorkville

56

ND

m-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

55

3

0.11 0.3

0.2

Conyers

57

11

0.29 1.5

1.5

Yorkville

56

4

0.12 0.5

0.4

p-Diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

55

6

0.13 0.5 0.5

Conyers

57

ND

Yorkville

56

ND

Styrene

S. DeKalb

55

18

0.28 1.2 1.1

Conyers

57

19

0.65 5.9 4.9

Yorkville

56

26

0.35 1.1 1.0

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene S. DeKalb

55

19

0.26 1.3 1.2

Conyers

57

12

0.16 0.9 0.5

Yorkville

56

ND

ND indicates no detection *When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

183 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium

Appendix E: Additional Toxics Data

2007 Metals

(concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3))

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.*

Milledgeville

28

27

0.00047

Macon

29

27

0.00067

Savannah

30

30

0.00059

General Coffee

26

19

0.00040

Dawsonville

26

26

0.00053

South DeKalb**

56

56

0.00118

Rome

27

27

0.00123

Utoy Creek

28

28

0.00131

Brunswick

24

21

0.00045

Gainesville

38

38

0.00088

Warner Robins

28

27

0.00067

Valdosta

27

26

0.00056

Columbus

25

23

0.00089

Yorkville

27

27

0.00063

Augusta

31

29

0.00404

Milledgeville

28

21

0.00057

Macon

29

18

0.00057

Savannah

30

18

0.00077

General Coffee

26

26

0.00090

Dawsonville

26

15

0.00052

South DeKalb**

56

39

0.00066

Rome

27

22

0.00077

Utoy Creek

28

23

0.00073

Brunswick

24

15

0.00108

Gainesville

38

27

0.00057

Warner Robins

28

15

0.00058

Valdosta

27

18

0.00083

Columbus

25

18

0.00066

Yorkville

27

18

0.00066

Augusta

29

19

0.00094

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

29

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

26

ND

Dawsonville

26

ND

South DeKalb**

56

ND

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

28

ND

Brunswick

24

ND

Gainesville

38

ND

Warner Robins

28

ND

1st Max
0.00140 0.0037 0.00165 0.00343 0.00136 0.00500 0.00295 0.00352 0.00197 0.00364 0.00217 0.0015 0.004 0.00261 0.03084 0.00106 0.00148 0.00208 0.00206 0.00103 0.00401 0.00183 0.00177 0.01036 0.00133 0.00212 0.00228 0.00196 0.00156 0.00315

2nd Max
0.00117 0.00181 0.00151 0.00122 0.00128 0.00408 0.00278 0.00248 0.00119 0.00203 0.00182 0.00142 0.00214 0.00124 0.01533 0.00101 0.00113 0.00187 0.00178 0.00102 0.00278 0.00161 0.00146 0.00197 0.00112 0.00139 0.0019 0.00134 0.00149 0.00279

184 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name Beryllium (continued) Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium+6*** Cobalt

2007 Metals (continued)
(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

25

1

Yorkville

27

1

Augusta

29

ND

Milledgeville

28

28

Macon

29

29

Savannah

30

30

General Coffee

26

29

Dawsonville

26

26

South DeKalb**

56

55

Rome

27

27

Utoy Creek

28

28

Brunswick

24

24

Gainesville

38

38

Warner Robins

28

28

Valdosta

27

27

Columbus

25

25

Yorkville

27

27

Augusta

29

29

Milledgeville

28

24

Macon

29

24

Savannah

30

25

General Coffee

26

22

Dawsonville

26

22

South DeKalb**

56

48

Rome

27

22

Utoy Creek

28

26

Brunswick

24

21

Gainesville

38

32

Warner Robins

28

23

Valdosta

27

22

Columbus

25

22

Yorkville

27

23

Augusta

29

25

South DeKalb

41

38

Milledgeville

28

2

Macon

29

5

Savannah

30

10

General Coffee

26

5

Dawsonville

26

9

South DeKalb**

56

8

Rome

27

14

Avg.*
0.00003 0.00003
0.00012 0.00011 0.00024 0.00019 0.00011 0.00009 0.00012 0.00020 0.00031 0.00013 0.00014 0.00011 0.00037 0.00012 0.00021 0.00148 0.00158 0.00193 0.00160 0.00131 0.00121 0.00143 0.00335 0.00156 0.00150 0.00163 0.00228 0.00174 0.00141 0.00206 0.00002 0.00006 0.00007 0.00010 0.00007 0.00008 0.00006 0.00010

1st Max
0.00007 0.00015
0.00040 0.00034 0.00067 0.00072 0.00024 0.00049 0.00033 0.00070 0.00073 0.00029 0.00037 0.00024 0.00367 0.00045 0.00170 0.00260 0.00336 0.00499 0.00286 0.00242 0.00469 0.00559 0.03516 0.00328 0.00282 0.00325 0.00958 0.00727 0.00282 0.00722 0.00005 0.00021 0.00033 0.00035 0.00040 0.00021 0.00016 0.00022

2nd Max
0.00029 0.00024 0.00065 0.00046 0.00021 0.00033 0.00026 0.00047 0.00063 0.00026 0.0003 0.00019 0.00056 0.00027 0.00039 0.00253 0.00252 0.00476 0.00267 0.00226 0.00276 0.00272 0.00960 0.00311 0.00250 0.00284 0.00627 0.00269 0.00256 0.00356 0.00004 0.00012 0.00013 0.00033 0.00013 0.00017 0.00013 0.00018

185 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name Cobalt (continued) Lead
Manganese
Nickel

2007 Metals (continued)
(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects

Avg.*

Utoy Creek

28

19

0.00014

Brunswick

24

8

0.00008

Gainesville

38

22

0.00011

Warner Robins

28

5

0.00007

Valdosta

27

5

0.00009

Columbus

25

7

0.00009

Yorkville

27

5

0.00007

Augusta

29

16

0.00012

Milledgeville

28

28

0.00250

Macon

29

29

0.00262

Savannah

30

30

0.00287

General Coffee

26

26

0.00232

Dawsonville

26

26

0.00184

South DeKalb**

56

56

0.00180

Rome

27

27

0.00305

Utoy Creek

28

28

0.00285

Brunswick

24

24

0.00278

Gainesville

38

38

0.00249

Warner Robins

28

28

0.00232

Valdosta

27

27

0.00208

Columbus

25

25

0.00380

Yorkville

27

27

0.00211

Augusta

29

29

0.00537

Milledgeville

28

28

0.00474

Macon

29

29

0.00573

Savannah

30

30

0.00450

General Coffee

26

26

0.00326

Dawsonville

26

26

0.00465

South DeKalb**

56

56

0.00262

Rome

27

27

0.00694

Utoy Creek

28

28

0.00784

Brunswick

24

24

0.00349

Gainesville

38

38

0.00632

Warner Robins

28

28

0.00606

Valdosta

27

27

0.00701

Columbus

25

25

0.00773

Yorkville

27

27

0.00406

Augusta

29

29

0.01358

Milledgeville

28

28

0.00135

Macon

29

29

0.00132

Savannah

30

30

0.00231

General Coffee

26

26

0.00155

1st Max 0.00033 0.00020 0.00035 0.00015 0.00050 0.00024 0.00023 0.00033 0.00602 0.01168 0.01001 0.00961 0.00374 0.00836 0.00610 0.00578 0.00749 0.00728 0.00566 0.00476 0.01470 0.00478 0.01741 0.01863 0.01375 0.01502 0.01105 0.01321 0.00778 0.01357 0.01566 0.00641 0.02558 0.02972 0.06272 0.03167 0.00704 0.06907 0.00388 0.00372 0.00601 0.00296

2nd Max 0.00026 0.00018 0.00024 0.00015 0.00034 0.00022 0.00013 0.00026 0.00571 0.00708 0.00642 0.00637 0.00361 0.00532 0.00600 0.00570 0.00741 0.00462 0.00453 0.00465 0.00954 0.00466 0.01636 0.00765 0.01004 0.01091 0.00833 0.00696 0.00670 0.01327 0.01349 0.00607 0.01631 0.01380 0.01114 0.02078 0.00695 0.04583 0.00265 0.00214 0.00429 0.00245

186 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name

2007 Metals (continued)
(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects

Avg.*

1st Max 2nd Max

Nickel

Dawsonville

26

26

0.00118 0.00207 0.00191

(continued)

South DeKalb**

56

56

0.00102 0.00613 0.00291

Rome

27

27

0.00142 0.00661 0.00235

Utoy Creek

28

28

0.00207 0.01387 0.00657

Brunswick

24

24

0.00208 0.00893 0.00387

Gainesville

38

38

0.00127 0.00315 0.00257

Warner Robins

28

28

0.00125 0.00214 0.00196

Valdosta

27

27

0.00220 0.01713 0.00481

Columbus

25

25

0.00145 0.01038 0.00153

Yorkville

27

27

0.00120 0.00315 0.00229

Augusta

29

29

0.00163 0.00914 0.00225

Selenium

Milledgeville

28

27

0.00085 0.00274 0.0023

Macon

29

26

0.00065 0.00217 0.00162

Savannah

30

22

0.00053 0.00315 0.00163

General Coffee

26

15

0.00033 0.00107 0.00096

Dawsonville

26

23

0.00064 0.00179 0.00162

South DeKalb**

56

47

0.00050 0.00198 0.00184

Rome

27

25

0.00093 0.00264 0.00226

Utoy Creek

28

28

0.00127 0.00296 0.00294

Brunswick

24

18

0.00047 0.00119 0.00114

Gainesville

38

33

0.00067 0.00204 0.00161

Warner Robins

28

23

0.00054 0.00185 0.00118

Valdosta

27

22

0.00036 0.00101 0.00074

Columbus

25

20

0.00042 0.00131 0.00090

Yorkville

27

25

0.00084 0.00349 0.00205

Augusta

29

26

0.00081 0.00338 0.00295

Zinc

Milledgeville

28

28

0.01499 0.02745 0.02232

Macon

29

29

0.01695 0.03087 0.02946

Savannah

30

30

0.01599 0.04356 0.02856

General Coffee

26

26

0.01956 0.04849 0.03633

Dawsonville

26

26

0.01607 0.07969 0.04523

South DeKalb**

56

56

0.01239 0.03103 0.02873

Rome

27

27

0.02644 0.09147 0.04691

Utoy Creek

28

28

0.09660 0.59405 0.48639

Brunswick

24

24

0.04136 0.25492 0.10817

Gainesville

38

38

0.02925 0.33276 0.04670

Warner Robins

28

28

0.01699 0.05225 0.03401

Valdosta

27

27

0.02027 0.04075 0.03659

Columbus

25

25

0.03268 0.12761 0.07576

Yorkville

27

27

0.01813 0.05310 0.04435

Augusta

29

29

0.02150 0.04864 0.03227

*When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average, ** Hi-Vol PM10 selected Total Suspended Particulates, sample collected every 6 days, *** Hexavalent Chromium, sample collected every 6 days, ND indicates no detection

187 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene

2007 Semi-Volatile Compounds
(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.**

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

40 0.002009

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Milledgeville

25

ND

Macon

28

ND

Savannah

28

ND

General Coffee

27

ND

Dawsonville

25

ND

South DeKalb*

41

29 0.000616

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

28

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins

27

ND

Valdosta

25

ND

Columbus

24

ND

Yorkville

25

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Milledgeville

26

ND

Macon

29

ND

Savannah

29

ND

General Coffee

28

ND

Dawsonville

26

ND

South DeKalb*

41

16 0.000364

Rome

26

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

27

ND

Gainesville

40

ND

Warner Robins

28

ND

Valdosta

26

ND

1st Max 0.00526
0.00316
0.00713

2nd Max 0.00469
0.0028
0.00513

188 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name

2007 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

2nd Max

Anthracene (continued) Columbus

29

ND

Yorkville

26

ND

Augusta

28

ND

Benzo(a)anthracene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

South DeKalb*

41

Rome

27

Utoy Creek

30

Brunswick

28

Gainesville

41

Warner Robins

29

Valdosta

27

Columbus

26

Yorkville

27

Augusta

29

ND 17 0.000049 0.000200 0.000199 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

Milledgeville

27

Macon

30

Savannah

30

General Coffee

29

Dawsonville

27

South DeKalb*

41

Rome

27

Utoy Creek

30

Brunswick

28

Gainesville

41

Warner Robins

29

Valdosta

27

Columbus

26

Yorkville

27

Augusta

29

ND ND ND ND ND 19 0.000090 0.000411 0.000372 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

Milledgeville

27

Macon

30

Savannah

30

General Coffee

29

Dawsonville

27

South DeKalb*

41

Rome

27

Utoy Creek

30

Brunswick

28

Gainesville

41

Warner Robins

29

ND ND ND ND ND 22 0.000059 0.000374 0.000290 ND ND ND ND ND

189 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name

2007 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

Valdosta

27

ND

(continued)

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Benzo(a)pyrene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

32 0.000203 0.000516

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Benzo(e)pyrene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

11 0.000085 0.000294

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

17 0.000085 0.000379

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

2nd Max 0.000457 0.000292 0.000320

190 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name

2007 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene

Columbus

26

ND

(continued)

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Chrysene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

39 0.000104 0.000376

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

ND

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Fluoranthene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

41 0.000915 0.00205

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

2nd Max 0.00036
0.0017

191 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name

2007 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Fluoranthene

Columbus

26

1

0.000323 0.000500

(continued)

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

1

0.000333 0.000800

Fluorene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

41 0.002917 0.00699

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

10 0.000072 0.000388

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Naphthalene

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

41 0.082910 0.168000

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

2nd Max 0.00587 0.000272 0.165000

192 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name Naphthalene (continued) Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Coronene Perylene

2007 Semi-Volatile Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

41 0.004910 0.010000

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

Milledgeville

27

ND

Macon

30

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee

29

ND

Dawsonville

27

ND

South DeKalb*

41

41 0.000532 0.00096

Rome

27

ND

Utoy Creek

30

ND

Brunswick

28

ND

Gainesville

41

ND

Warner Robins

29

ND

Valdosta

27

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

27

ND

Augusta

29

ND

South DeKalb*

41

14 0.000068 0.000157

South DeKalb*

41

1

0.000042 0.00006

2nd Max 0.097800
0.000935 0.000128

ND indicates no detection *sample collected every 6 days **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

193 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

Name Freon 113
Freon 114
1,3-Butadiene

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds
(concentrations in g/m3)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.**

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1st Max 2nd Max

194 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Cyclohexane

Milledgeville

28

10

1.9605 21.3513

Macon

25

4

2.8039 41.3252

Savannah

30

3

1.2208 22.0401

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

2

4.4597 96.4254

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

4

2.4186 48.2127

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

3

0.4477 0.6888

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

2

0.7907 9.6425

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

4

0.6703 5.1656

Chloromethane

Milledgeville

28

28

1.0895 1.5491

Macon

25

25

1.0864 1.4665

Savannah

30

30

1.2179 1.8382

General Coffee 29

29

1.2179 2.0654

Dawsonville

30

30

1.0727 1.4871

South DeKalb*

55

55

1.0815 1.4252

Rome

25

25

1.0699 1.2599

Utoy Creek

29

29

1.0847 1.9002

Brunswick

25

25

1.2401 1.6317

Gainesville

39

39

1.1175 1.7969

Warner Robins 25

25

1.1005 1.4458

Valdosta

30

30

1.2730 3.3047

Columbus

26

26

1.1050 1.5284

Yorkville

30

30

1.0926 1.5491

Augusta

27

27

1.2699 2.6851

Dichloromethane

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

2nd Max 15.4969 10.3313 2.4451
5.1656
3.3060
0.5854
0.5854
1.4808 1.4871 1.3219 1.7969 1.6317 1.2806 1.3838 1.2393 1.4252 1.6317 1.4871 1.3632 2.0448 1.4665 1.3838 1.8589

195 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Chloroform

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

1

0.6149 0.8790

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Carbon tetrachloride

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

1

0.7869 0.8178

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

1

0.7919 0.9436

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Trichlorofluoromethane Milledgeville

28

28

1.1099 1.5735

Macon

25

25

1.1801 1.5173

Savannah

30

30

1.1745 1.5173

General Coffee 29

29

1.1762 1.5173

Dawsonville

30

30

1.1352 1.3487

South DeKalb*

55

55

1.2384 1.5173

Rome

25

25

1.2228 1.4611

Utoy Creek

29

29

1.2092 1.5735

Brunswick

25

25

1.1689 1.5173

Gainesville

39

39

1.5187 3.7652

Warner Robins 25

25

1.1599 1.4611

Valdosta

30

29

1.1230 1.5173

Columbus

26

26

1.1369 1.4611

Yorkville

30

29

1.1979 1.6297

Augusta

27

27

1.1760 1.6859

2nd Max
1.3487 1.5173 1.4049 1.4611 1.3487 1.5173 1.4611 1.5735 1.4049 2.4726 1.4611 1.4611 1.4611 1.4611 1.4611

196 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Chloroethane

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

1

0.3361 0.8180

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

2

0.3236 0.4090

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

1

0.3230 0.4090

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,1-Dichloroethane

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Methyl chloroform

Milledgeville

28

11

2.1697 8.1840

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

6

1.4186 7.0928

2nd Max 0.3323
7.0928 6.5472

197 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Ethylene dichloride

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Tetrachloroethylene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

1

0.9761 5.0859

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

8

1.0193 3.3228

Utoy Creek

29

1

0.8556 1.0850

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

1

0.8707 1.4240

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

31

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

2nd Max 1.8309

198 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Bromomethane

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

31

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome Utoy Creek

25

ND

31

ND

Brunswick Gainesville

25

ND

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Dichlorodifluoromethane Milledgeville

28

28

2.0570 2.7196

Macon

25

25

1.9474 2.8185

Savannah

30

General Coffee 29

30

2.1839 2.8185

29

2.1798 2.7691

Dawsonville

30

30

2.2103 3.0163

South DeKalb*

55

Rome

25

55

2.2782 2.7691

25

1.9754 2.6207

Utoy Creek Brunswick

29

29

2.2095 2.8680

25

25

2.1322 2.5713

Gainesville

38

Warner Robins 25

38

2.1939 2.7196

25

2.2054 2.9174

Valdosta Columbus

30

30

2.1691 2.7691

26

26

2.1282 2.7196

Yorkville Augusta

30

30

2.2153 2.7196

27

27

2.1959 2.8680

2nd Max
2.5218 2.5218 2.4724 2.7196 2.6207 2.7196 2.5713 2.8185 2.4724 2.7196 2.5713 2.5713 2.6702 2.5218 2.7691

199 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Trichloroethylene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,1-Dichloroethylene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,2-Dichloropropane

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

2nd Max

200 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

trans-1,3-

Dichloropropylene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

cis-1,3-Dichloropropylene Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

1

0.5937 1.5890

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

1

0.5700 0.6356

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

2nd Max

201 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Ethylene dibromide

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Hexachlorobutadiene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

29

ND

Gainesville

43

ND

Warner Robins 27

ND

Valdosta

29

ND

Columbus

31

ND

Yorkville

24

ND

Augusta

30

ND

Vinyl chloride

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

2nd Max

202 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg.** 1st Max

m/p Xylene

Milledgeville

28

1

0.5577 0.9556

Macon

25

1

0.5438 0.5647

Savannah

30

1

0.5480 0.6950

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

15

0.6547 1.6940

Rome

25

4

0.6177 1.6071

Utoy Creek

29

5

0.5943 1.1293

Gainesville

39

2

0.5697 1.2596

Warner Robins 25

3

0.5755 1.1728

Valdosta

30

5

0.5516 0.7384

Columbus

26

6

0.6544 1.8243

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

12

1.2492 5.6466

Benzene

Milledgeville

28

14

0.5260 1.3735

Macon

25

16

0.5036 1.8207

Savannah

30

10

0.4781 1.0222

General Coffee 29

4

0.4227 0.7986

Dawsonville

30

11

0.4445 0.7986

South DeKalb*

55

45

0.8611 2.3957

Rome

25

18

0.7517 2.4915

Utoy Creek

29

21

0.7682 1.8846

Brunswick

25

10

0.5973 2.5235

Gainesville

39

31

1.6525 20.7628

Warner Robins 25

12

0.5569 1.8846

Valdosta

30

19

0.9769 6.3885

Columbus

26

11

0.6798 2.3638

Yorkville

30

10

0.4759 0.7986

Augusta

27

23

1.0408 3.1943

Toluene

Milledgeville

28

18

0.9659 3.7669

Macon

25

11

0.9146 7.1571

Savannah

30

15

0.7653 2.2601

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

21

1.0114 2.1471

South DeKalb*

55

45

1.5773 4.5202

Rome

25

22

1.4563 3.5032

Utoy Creek

29

27

7.5104 31.6417

Brunswick

25

16

1.1188 3.6539

Gainesville

39

28

0.9045 3.0135

Warner Robins 25

14

0.9053 3.6539

Valdosta

30

15

0.8180 2.8252

Columbus

26

24

1.9993 5.6503

Yorkville

30

2

0.4897 0.8664

Augusta

27

19 13.1144 339.0184

Ethylbenzene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

2nd Max
1.4768 1.0425 1.0425 0.8687 0.8687 0.6081 1.2596
4.3436 1.3416 0.8944 0.8944 0.6389 0.7027 2.1721 2.3318 1.6930 2.0443 9.5828 1.1499 3.5137 2.2679 0.7666 2.8429 2.0718 1.9588 1.6574
2.1094 4.1436 3.5032 25.6147 2.9005 2.4485 2.9758 1.9211 4.8969 0.6404 7.9104

203 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Ethylbenzene

Savannah

30

ND

(continuted)

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

4

0.6023 1.3465

o- Xylene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

1

0.5433 0.5647

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

1

0.5455 0.6081

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

5

0.6387 1.6071

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

2nd Max 1.0425 1.1728

204 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division

2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene General Coffee 29

ND

(continued)

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

2

0.6199 0.8357

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

2

0.6315 1.0816

Brunswick

25

1

0.6273 0.9341

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

1

0.6155 0.6391

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

2

0.6240 0.7866

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

7

0.7199 1.4748

Styrene

Milledgeville

28

1

0.5457 0.8950

Macon

25

1

0.5387 0.6819

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

1

0.5462 0.9376

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

5

1.2819 12.3591

Gainesville

39

3

0.6262 2.5144

Warner Robins 25

1

0.7160 5.1141

Valdosta

30

4

0.6762 2.9832

Columbus

26

5

1.2859 16.6209

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

1

0.5540 1.1081

Benzene, 1-ethenyl-4-

methyl

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Chlorobenzene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

2nd Max 0.6883 0.6391
0.6883 1.3274
5.1141 2.1735 2.0030 1.7473

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Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)

(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

Chlorobenzene

General Coffee 29

ND

(continued)

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

2

0.5830 0.7369

Gainesville

39

9

0.8349 3.1777

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

1

0.6049 1.3355

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

1

0.5799 0.6908

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

2nd Max
0.5987 2.0724

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Section: Appendix E

2007 Volatile Organic Compounds (continued)
(concentrations in g/m3)

Name

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.** 1st Max

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

Dawsonville

30

ND

(continued)

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

Benzyl chloride

Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Milledgeville

28

ND

Macon

25

ND

Savannah

30

ND

General Coffee 29

ND

Dawsonville

30

ND

South DeKalb*

55

ND

Rome

25

ND

Utoy Creek

29

ND

Brunswick

25

ND

Gainesville

39

ND

Warner Robins 25

ND

Valdosta

30

ND

Columbus

26

ND

Yorkville

30

ND

Augusta

27

ND

2nd Max

ND indicates no detection *sample collected every 6 days **When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

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Section: Appendix E

Site ID 130890002

Black Carbon (NATTS)
(concentration in micrograms per cubic meter (g/m3)

City

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

1st Max

2nd Max

Decatur DeKalb

South DeKalb

5608

14.30

12.35

Annual Arithmetic
Mean
1.73

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Section: Appendix E

Name Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Butyraldehyde
Acetone
Benzaldehyde
Acrolein (with DNPH method) Acrolein (with canister method)

2007 Carbonyl Compounds, 24-hour

(concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter)

Site

#Samples #Detects Avg.**

Savannah

29

22

2.5026

Dawsonville

29

27

10.2777

S. DeKalb*

55

55

7.3939

Brunswick

25

25

3.1818

Savannah

29

21

1.2484

Dawsonville

29

24

2.2443

S. DeKalb*

55

54

3.4001

Brunswick

25

22

1.7343

Savannah

29

8

0.8337

Dawsonville

29

12

0.8717

S. DeKalb*

55

21

0.7914

Brunswick

25

9

0.7243

Savannah Dawsonville S. DeKalb* Brunswick

29

ND

29

7

1.0574

55

12

0.9055

25

1

0.6748

Savannah

27

17

2.1908

Dawsonville

28

27

4.9788

S. DeKalb*

54

50

5.9493

Brunswick

25

25

3.6479

Savannah

27

1

0.5669

Dawsonville

28

7

1.3074

S. DeKalb*

54

11

1.1195

Brunswick

25

1

0.6337

Savannah Dawsonville S. DeKalb* Brunswick

29

ND

29

1

0.5708

55

ND

25

ND

Milledgeville

14

Macon

12

Savannah

15

General Coffee 15

Dawsonville

15

South DeKalb*

26

Rome

13

Utoy Creek

14

Brunswick

12

Gainesville

17

Warner Robins 12

Valdosta

14

Columbus

12

Yorkville

15

Augusta

13

14

0.7031

12

0.5794

12

0.3985

15

0.5614

15

0.7817

23

0.6094

13

0.8331

13

0.5187

12

1.0421

16

0.5896

12

0.5277

13

0.5254

12

0.8681

12

0.5316

13

0.5860

1st Max
8.3889 82.7778 19.0588 7.1177 4.5706 8.3333 7.1177 4.0765 5.4889 2.4611 3.6294 2.0842

2nd Max
6.2222 73.3333 17.3529 5.9444 3.1722 6.6111 7.0588 3.2722 1.5706 1.6944 2.2647 1.4059

5.8333 12.5294 3.3824 9.2353 11.5294 12.3529 8.0000 0.6944 7.5000 8.1765 2.3556

4.0667 1.6412 0.4316 5.8412 10.7222 11.8235 6.5294
5.5556 5.8824

0.8167

1.1243 1.1931 0.7342 0.8031 1.4685 1.1243 2.0191 1.1243 1.7209 1.0784 0.8260 1.4685 1.8585 1.5832 0.7801

0.9637 0.9407 0.5736 0.7801 1.3308 1.0325 1.0325 0.7801 1.4226 0.9637 0.7342 0.7342 1.2161 0.8719 0.7801

ND indicates no detection,*sample collected every 6 days,** When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

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Section: Appendix E

2007 Carbonyl Compounds, 3-hour (June-August)

Name

(concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter)

Site

Time #Samples #Detects Avg.*

1st Max 2nd Max

Formaldehyde

S. DeKalb 0600

27

27

5.7029 11.7778 10.3333

0900

26

26

11.2444 26.1667 25.8889

1200

24

24

12.7648 25.3333 21.7778

1500

25

25

11.8520 20.2778 19.3333

Acetaldehyde

S. DeKalb 0600

27

27

3.3006 9.2222 7.0000

0900

26

26

5.4244 9.7778 8.8333

1200

24

24

6.8032 11.3333 10.8889

1500

25

25

5.6642 9.8333 9.1667

Propionaldehyde

S. DeKalb 0600

27

4

0.6960 2.3611 1.7444

0900

26

11

0.7287 1.6889 1.2222

1200

24

11

0.8125 1.4111 1.3778

1500

25

10

0.7068 1.2778 1.1444

Acrolein

S. DeKalb 0600

27

ND

0900

26

ND

1200

24

ND

1500

25

ND

Butyraldehyde

S. DeKalb 0600

27

10

1.1329 4.2611 3.7778

0900

26

17

1.5140 7.0556 3.1778

1200

24

12

1.2004 2.9333 2.5500

1500

25

14

1.1544 2.4778 2.4056

Acetone

S. DeKalb 0600

27

27

5.0051 13.5000 10.7222

0900

26

26

6.5818 13.7222 12.5556

1200

24

24

9.3477 16.5000 15.9444

1500

25

25

8.4049 15.1111 14.6111

Benzaldehyde

S. DeKalb 0600

27

8

1.1074 3.6222 3.4444

0900

26

20

2.9408 7.8889 6.8333

1200

24

19

3.2379 5.8889 5.7778

1500

25

21

3.9217 7.2222 7.0556

ND indicates no detection, * When a detected concentration is below one half of the method detection limit, then one half of the method detection level is used to calculate the average.

210 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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Section: Appendix F

Appendix F: Monitoring Network Survey

Georgia Gaseous Criteria Pollutant Monitoring as of January 2007

Parameter Measured Sampling Schedule
Number of GASN Sites
Method Used
EPA Reference Method
Data Availability

Ozone

Nitrogen Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Continuous hourly average

Sulfur Dioxide

23

4

3

8

Ultraviolet photometry
Ultraviolet photometry

Ultraviolet photometry
Ultraviolet photometry

Non-dispersive Infrared
photometry
Non-dispersive Infrared
photometry

Ultraviolet fluorescence detector
Spectrophotometry (pararosaniline method)

Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S. EPA Air Quality System (AQS)

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Section: Appendix F

Georgia Ambient Air Particulate Matter Monitoring as of January 2007

Parameter Measured

PM10

Mass (integrated)

Mass (semicontinuous)

PM2.5

Mass (integrated)

Mass (semicontinuous)

Speciated

Sampling Schedule
Collection Method
Sampling Media

Every 6 days

Continuous hourly averages

Varies; every day, every third
day, or every sixth day

Mass sequential, single channel

TEOM; BAM

FRM sampler

Teflon filter 46.2mm,

Proprietary

Teflon filter

filter; filter tape

46.2mm

Continuous hourly
averages
TEOM
Proprietary filter

1 in 6 days 1 in 3 days for South DeKalb
Speciation air sampling system
(SASS)
Teflon, nylon & quartz filter
46.2mm

Number of

Sites

14

Analyzed

1

28

12

8

Number of

Collocated

3

0

Sites

Analysis Method

Method 016 Electronic analytical balance

Method 079; TEOM
gravimetric at 50 degrees C;
Method 122 Beta
Attenuation Monitor

5

0

0

Method 055 Electronic analytical balance

Method 703 R&P TEOM with SCC at 30 degrees
C

Method 055 Electronic analytical balance Method 014
x-ray fluorescence Method 062 filter preparation Method 064 Ion chromatography Method 065 Thermal/optical
carbon

Data Availability

Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS)

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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: Appendix F

Georgia Organic Air Toxic Contaminant Monitoring as of January 2007

Parameter Volatile Organic Measured Compounds (VOCs)

Carbonyls

Semi - VOCs

Metals

Method

TO-14A/15

TO-11A

TO 13A

10-2.I

Sampling Schedule
Collection Equipment Sampling
Media Number of
Sites Analyzed Number of Collocated
Sites
Data Availability

Every 12 days, 24-hour;
1 in 6 day schedule for South DeKalb

Every 12 days, 24-hour

Every 12 days, 24hour

AVOCS or ATEC2200 Polished stainless steel canister
15**

ATEC100 DNPH-coated silica cartridges
3

PUF sampler Polyurethane
Foam filter
15**

1

0

1

Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS)

Every 12 days, 24hour;
1 in 6 day schedule for South
DeKalb* High volume TSP Quartz micro-fiber filter 8 x 10 inch
15**
1

* Sampler at this site is a PM10 Hi-Vol ** 14 GA ATN sites, 1 NATTS (South DeKalb)

213 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report PAMS Monitoring as of January 2007

Section: Appendix F

Parameter
Sampling Schedule
Collection Equipment Sampling
Media Number of
Sites
Analysis Method
Data Availability

54 PAMS-Speciated VOCs & Total NMHC

Continuous 54PAMS
Speciated VOCs & Total
NMHC

24-hour 1 in 6 day schedule (all year)
ATEC 2200

Continuous hourly average
(June-August)
Perkin-Elmer HC GC

Polished stainless steel canister

Direct injection

3

3

Carbonyl Compounds
3-hour sample (June-August); 24-hour, 1 in 6 day
(all year) ATEC 8000; PUF Sampler DNPH coated silica gel
Cartridge; Polyurethane Foam
1

PAMS GC/FID

GC/FID

High performance liquid chromatograph/ultraviolet
detector

Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS)

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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report Georgia Meteorological Monitoring as of January 2007

Section: Appendix F

Parameter Measured
Sampling Schedule

Wind Speed (m/s)

Wind Direction (degrees)

Ambient Temperature
(C)

Relative Humidity
(%)

Atmosphere Pressure (mb)

Continuous hourly average

Solar Radiation
(w/m2)

Precip (in)

Sig. Theta (deg)

Total Ultraviolet Radiation

Number of Sites

14

14

Method Used

Propeller or cup
anemometer

Wind vane potentiometer

Data Availability

5

5

4

3

2

1

3

Aspirated Thermocouple or thermistor

Thin film capacitor

Pressure transducer

Thermopile or pyranometer

Planning and Technical Support Division, Air Quality Data Branch, U.S.EPA Air Quality System (AQS)

Tipping Wind

UV

bucket direction radiometer

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Appendix G: Siting Criteria

Section: Appendix G

Instrument PM10, AISI Nephelo-
meter Dichot, TEOM, PM2.5
Lead, TSP
O3
CO
NO2

Height Above Ground
Micro Other
2-7m 2-15m
2-7m 2-15m

207m 2-15m

3-15m 3-15m

2.5 3.5m

3-5m

3-15m 3-15m

Space Between Samplers
2m 1m
2m
1m

Height Above Obstructions
1m
2 times height of obstacle
above inlet
1m

Distance From
Obstacles

Distance From Tree
Dripline

2 times height or obstacle above inlet
2 times height or obstacles above inlet
2 times height of obstacles above inlet
2 times height of obstacles above inlet
Micro: must be no trees
between sampler and
road Others: must be 10m if trees, 5m above sampler
2 times height of obstacle above inlet

Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered
an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered
an obstruction Micro and middle: no
trees between sampler and source Neighborho od: should be 20m, must be
10m if considered
an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered
an obstruction Micro: must be no trees
between sampler and road Others: must be 10m if trees, 5m above sampler Should be 20m, if individual tree 5m above probe, must be 10m
from dripline

Distance from Walls,
Parapets, etc. 2m 2m
2m
1m
1m
1m

Airflow Arc
270
270
270
270, or on side
of buildin g 180
270, or on side
of buildin g 180
270, or on side
of buildin g 180

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Instrument

Height Above Ground
Micro Other

Space Between Samplers

SO2

3-15m 3-15m

H2S

3-15m 3-15m

CH4, THC, NMHC, PAMS

3-15m 3-15m

Toxics: Gaseous 910, 910A, 929, 920

3-15m 3-15m

Temperature and Relative
Humidity

1.252m

2.252m

Wind Speed and
Direction
Solar Radiation

Height Above Obstructions
1m
1m
1m
2m

Section: Appendix G

Distance From
Obstacles
2 times height of obstacle above inlet
2 times height of obstacle above inlet
2 times height of obstacle above inlet
2 times height of obstacle above inlet 4 times height of obstacle
above sensor
1.5 times height of obstacle
above sensor

Distance From Tree
Dripline
Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered
an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m if considered
an obstruction Should be 20m, must be 10m in direction of urban core
1 tower width from tower side
2 tower widths from tower side,
1 tower width from tower top

Distance from Walls,
Parapets, etc. 1m
1m
1m
4.5m

Airflow Arc
270, or on side
of buildin g 180
270, or on side
of buildin g 180
270, or on side
of buildin g 180

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Section: Appendix H

Appendix H: Instrument and Sensor Control Limits

ARB'S CONTROL AND WARNING LIMITS

Control 15% 15% 10%

LIMITS
Warning 10% 10% 7%

4% (Flow)

None

5% (Design) None

20%

None

INSTRUMENT
All gaseous criteria and non-criteria analyzers Total suspended particulate (TSP) samplers PM10 Dichotomous (Dichot), Lead (Pb), Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalalance (TEOM), Toxic Air Contaminant (XonTech920) Samplers, Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAM), and Carbonyl (XonTech9250) Samplers
PM2.5
Laboratory audits (Toxics, PAMS, Motor Vehicle Exhaust and Total Metals)

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR METEOROLOGICAL (MET) SENSORS

LIMITS

SENSOR

1.0 Celsius (0.5C PAMS only) 2.25 mm of Mercury (Hg) 3% RH for 10-90% RH 5% RH for <10% or >90% RH 5% Watts/m2 Less than or equal to 5 combined accuracy and orientation error 0.25 m/s between 0.5 and 5m/s and less that 5% difference above 5 m/s Less than or equal to 0.5m/s 0.25 m/s between 0.5 and 5 m/s and less than 5% difference above 5 m/s Less than or equal to 0.5 m/s

Ambient Temperature Barometric Pressure Relative Humidity Solar Radiation Wind Direction
Horizontal Wind Speed Horizontal Wind Speed Starting Threshold Vertical Wind Speed Vertical wind Speed Starting Threshold

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References

Section: References

http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=static.aqi. "Air Quality Index (AQI) - A Guide to Air Quality and Your Health."
http://www.epa.gov/region4/waste/ots/ U.S. EPA Region 4: Superfund. Technical Services-Risk Assessment and Hydrology.
AIRNOW DMC. 2007 Data Polling Summary. Poster presented at the National Air Quality Conference. Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, California.
ATSDR, 1992. Toxicological Profile for 1,3-Butadiene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

ATSDR, 1996. ToxFAQS for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 1997. Toxicological Profile for Benzene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 1999. Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 2000a. Toxicological Profile for Manganese. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

ATSDR, 2000b. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 2001. Toxicological Profile for 1,2-Dichloroethane. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 2005a. Toxicological Profile for Carbon Tetrachloride. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 2005b. Toxicological Profile for Acrolein, Draft for Public Comment. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 2005c. Toxicological Profile for Arsenic, Draft For Public Comment. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 2005d. ToxFAQS for Nickel. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

ATSDR, 2005e. Toxicological Profile for Naphthalene, 1-Methylnaphthalene, and 2-Methylnaphthalne. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

ATSDR, 2006a. Toxicological Profile for Dichlorobenzenes. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

219 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: References

ATSDR, 2006b. Medical Mangement Guidelines for Xylenes. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Volume 2, Parts 50 to 51, Revised as of July 1, 1998.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 58, Ambient Air Quality Surveillance, September 2006.

Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Georgia Ambient Monitoring Network Plan.

Georgia Department of Natural Resources. Georgia Ambient Air Monitoring Quality Assurance Manual, Quality Assurance Plan.

GADNR, 1993. Toxic Release Inventory Report, 1991. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.

GADNR, 1996a. The 1994 Chatham County Air Toxics Study, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.

GADNR, 1996b. 1996 Glynn county Initiative: Air Toxics Dataset Ground Level Measurements, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.

GADNR, 2006. 2005 Ambient Air Surveillance Report. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.

U.S. EPA, 1987. Health Assessment Document for Acetaldehyde. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA, 1991a. Integrated Risk Information System, Carbon Tetrachloride. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA, 1991b. Integrated Risk Information System, Acetaldehyde. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA, 1994a. OPPT Chemical Fact Sheet, Chemicals in the environment: 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (CAS No. 95-63-6). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA, 1994b. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement System. Volume 1: Principles. EPA-600/R-94/038A, January 1994.

U.S. EPA, 1998. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement System. Volume 1: Principles. EPA-600/R-94/038B, April 1998.

U.S. EPA, 2000. Integrated Risk Information System, Benzene. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA, 2002. Integrated Risk Information System, 1,3-Butadiene. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA, 2003. Integrated Risk Information System, Acrolein. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA, 2004a. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

220 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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2007 Georgia Ambient Air Surveillance Report

Section: References

U.S. EPA, 2004b. Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Value Database. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia.

U.S. EPA, 2006. A Preliminary Risk-Based Screening Approach for Air Toxics Monitoring Data Sets. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA, 2007. Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends through 2006, No. EPA454/R-07-007. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards EPA Publication Air Quality Assessment Division Research Triangle Park, NC.

221 Georgia Department of Natural Resources
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