2004 ambient air surveillance report [2004]

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Air Protection Branch
2004 Ambient Air Surveillance Report
2003 and 2004 Toxic Network 2002 Risk Assessment Discussion

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ iii List Of Figures .................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. vii Glossary of Terms ..........................................................................................................................viii Executive Summary..........................................................................................................................1 Chemical Monitoring Activities ..........................................................................................................3
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ...............................................................................................................8 Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO2, NOx and NOy)............................................................................10 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) ..................................................................................................................12 Ozone (O3) ................................................................................................................................13 Lead ..........................................................................................................................................23 Particulate Matter ......................................................................................................................27 PM10 ..........................................................................................................................................30 PM2.5 .........................................................................................................................................31 PM2.5 Speciation........................................................................................................................36 Acid Precipitation.......................................................................................................................40 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) .........................................................41 Air Toxics Monitoring.................................................................................................................49 2002 Risk Assessment Discussion .................................................................................................67 Summary and Discussion..........................................................................................................77 Meteorological Report.....................................................................................................................83 Summary ...................................................................................................................................83 Meteorological Measurements ..................................................................................................85 Ozone and PM2.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................86 Selected Case Study Events .....................................................................................................92 Outreach and Education .................................................................................................................93 Media Outreach.........................................................................................................................95 Other Outreach Opportunities ...................................................................................................95 Appendix A: Additional Criteria Pollutant Data................................................................................97 Carbon Monoxide ......................................................................................................................97 Nitrogen Dioxide........................................................................................................................97 Nitric Oxide................................................................................................................................97 Oxides of Nitrogen.....................................................................................................................98 Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen......................................................................................................98 Sulfur Dioxide ............................................................................................................................99 Ozone...................................................................................................................................... 100 Lead ........................................................................................................................................102 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ................................................................................................103 Fine Particulate Matter (PM10).................................................................................................104 Appendix B: Additional Speciation Data .......................................................................................106 Appendix D: Additional PAMS Data..............................................................................................115 PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June- August 2004)....................................................115 PAMS 2004 24hr. Canister Hydrocarbons ..............................................................................121 Appendix E: Additional Toxics Data..............................................................................................126 2003 Heavy Metals..................................................................................................................126 2004 Heavy Metals..................................................................................................................129
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2003 Semi-Volatile Compounds ..............................................................................................133 2004 Semi-Volatile Compounds ..............................................................................................133 2003 Volatile Organic Compounds..........................................................................................134 2004 Volatile Organic Compounds..........................................................................................136 2004 Carbonyl Compounds, 24 hour.......................................................................................141 2004 Carbonyl Compounds, 3 hour (June-August) ................................................................142 References ...................................................................................................................................143
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List Of Figures

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Figure Name

Page

Figure 1: Carbon Monoxide Site Map ..............................................................................................9 Figure 2: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Locations..................................................................11 Figure 3: SO2 Monitoring Site Map ................................................................................................13 Figure 4: 1-hr ozone diurnal pattern...............................................................................................14 Figure 5: Ozone Formation.............................................................................................................15 Figure 6: Ozone Monitoring Site Map .............................................................................................17 Figure 7: Metro Atlanta 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area ...........................................................19 Figure 8: Metropolitan Macon 8-hour Ozone Nonattainment Area .................................................20 Figure 9: Murray County Nonattainment Area ................................................................................21 Figure 10: Metro Atlanta 1 Hr Ozone Violations .............................................................................22 Figure 11: Metro Atlanta 8-Hour Ozone Violations .........................................................................23 Figure 12: Metro Atlanta Lead Composite Quarterly Annual Average ...........................................23 Figure 13: Lead Monitoring Site Map..............................................................................................25 Figure 14: PM10 monitoring sites ....................................................................................................28 Figure 15: PM2.5 reference method monitoring sites .......................................................................29 Figure 16: PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart..............................................................................31 Figure 17: Georgia's PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas ...........................................................................33 Figure 18: Continuous PM2.5 Monitoring Locations.........................................................................35 Figure 19: PM2.5 Annual Mean, By Site .........................................................................................36 Figure 20: 2004 PM2.5 Speciation ...................................................................................................37 Figure 21: Statewide Average PM2.5 Speciation .............................................................................39 Figure 22: Acid Rain Trends, Statewide .........................................................................................40 Figure 23: Acid Rain Trends, by Area.............................................................................................41 Figure 24: PAMS Monitoring Site Location Map .............................................................................42 Figure 25: Isoprene Yearly Profile ..................................................................................................43 Figure 26: Toluene Yearly Profile ...................................................................................................44 Figure 27: Toluene & Isoprene, Daily Profile ..................................................................................45 Figure 28: Summertime Average 24 hr. Carbonyls, 2004...............................................................46 Figure 29: Summertime Average 3 hr. Carbonyls, 2004.................................................................46 Figure 30: 24 hr. Carbonyls, 2004 ..................................................................................................47 Figure 31: Monthly Averaged Acetone, Tucker versus South DeKalb ............................................48 Figure 32: Monthly Averaged Formaldehyde, Tucker versus South DeKalb ..................................48 Figure 33: Air Toxic Monitoring Network Monitoring Site Map ........................................................50 Figure 34: 2003 Statewide Detection Frequency Distribution .........................................................52 Figure 35: 2004 Statewide Detection Frequency Distribution .........................................................52 Figure 36: Metals Detection Frequency Comparison, 2002- 2004.................................................53 Figure 37: Frequency of Observations, all Species, in 2003-2004 .................................................54 Figure 38: Yearly Average by Site, all Metals Species, in 2003-2004.............................................55 Figure 39: Seasonal Variation, Selected Metals, 2004 ...................................................................56 Figure 40: Statewide VOCs in 2003 and 2004................................................................................57 Figure 41: Quarterly Statewide Abundance in 2003 and 2004 .......................................................58 Figure 42: VOC Concentration Averages, Selected Species, 2003 ................................................59 Figure 43: VOC Concentration Averages, Selected Species, 2004 ................................................60 Figure 44: Seasonal Effects, VOCs, 2003 & 2004 ..........................................................................61

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Figure 45: Total Mass, all Species, by Site, 2003 and 2004 ...........................................................61 Figure 46: Semi-Volatiles, Observations vs. Total Mass.................................................................63 Figure 47: Total SVOC Observations, by Site ................................................................................64 Figure 48: Aggregate Cancer Risk for Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations ..........................81 Figure 49: Hazard Index For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations.........................................81 Figure 50: Comparative Histograms (2004 vs. 2002) of meteorological parameters and ozone for
Atlanta during ozone season (May-September)........................................................................87 Figure 51: Comparative Histograms (2004 vs. 2002) of seasonal PM2.5 for Metropolitan Atlanta.88 Figure 52: Comparative Histograms (2004 vs. 2002) of meteorological parameters and ozone for
Macon during ozone season (May-September) ........................................................................89 Figure 53: Ozone Forecast Results (1 hour)...................................................................................91 Figure 54: Ozone Forecast Results (8 hour)...................................................................................91 Figure 55: The AQI .........................................................................................................................94 Figure 56: Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map ................................................................96 Figure 57: Macon PM2.5 Speciation ..............................................................................................106 Figure 58: Savannah PM2.5 Speciation .........................................................................................106 Figure 59: Athens PM2.5 Speciation ..............................................................................................107 Figure 60: Gen. Coffee PM2.5 Speciation ......................................................................................107 Figure 61: South DeKalb PM2.5 Speciation ...................................................................................108 Figure 62: Rome PM2.5 Speciation................................................................................................108 Figure 63: Columbus PM2.5 Speciation .........................................................................................109 Figure 64: Augusta PM2.5 Speciation ............................................................................................109
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

List of Tables

Table Name

Page

Table 1: Georgia Ambient Air Standards Summary ..........................................................................4 Table 2: Georgia Air Sampling Station Locations for 2004 ...............................................................6 Table 3: PM2.5 Speciation Data.......................................................................................................39 Table 4: Compounds Monitored And Screening Values Utilized In Initial Assesment ...................68 Table 5: Summary Of Chemicals Analyzed ...................................................................................69 Table 6: Site-Specific Frequency And Mean Chemical Concentration...........................................70 Table 7: Cancer Risk And Hazard Quotient By Location And Chemical ........................................72 Table 8: Aggregate Cancer Risks And Hazard Indicies For Each Site (Excluding Carbonyls) ......74 Table 9: Site Specific Observations, First & Second Maxima, Mean Concentration, Hazard
Quotient, And Cancer Risk From PAMS Network (Excluding Carbonyls).................................76 Table 10: Site Specific Frequency, Mean Concentration, Cancer Risk, And Hazard Quotient For
Carbonyl Compounds ...............................................................................................................77 Table 11: Comparison of monthly rainfall amounts for 2004 and 30 yr. average for select cities in
Georgia ..................................................................................................................................... 83 Table 12: Meteorological Parameters Measured at Statewide Monitoring Sites During 2004 ........85

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Aerosols
AM AQCR Anthropogenic ARITH MEAN CAA CFR CO EPA EPD GEO MEAN HAP IUR LOD g/m3 MSA NAAQS NAMS NO2 NOx NOy NUM OBS NWS ODC O3 PAMS Pb PM2.5
PM10
ppm QTR Rawinsonde
RfC SLAMS SO2 SPMs TRS UV VOC

Glossary of Terms
A gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles Annual Mean Air Quality Control Region Resulting from human activity Arithmetic Mean Clean Air Act Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Division Geometric Mean Hazardous Air Pollutant Inhalation Unit Risks Limit of Detection Micrograms per cubic meter Metropolitan Statistical Area National Ambient Air Quality Standard National Ambient Monitoring Site Nitrogen Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen More oxides of Nitrogen Number of Observations National Weather Service Ozone depleting Chemicals Ozone Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station Lead Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or less Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less Parts Per Million Calendar Quarter A source of meteorological data for the upper atmosphere Reference Concentrations State and Local Air Monitoring Site Sulfur Dioxide Special Purpose Monitoring Site Total Reduced Sulfur Ultraviolet Volatile Organic Compound
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Executive Summary
The Ambient Monitoring Program of the Air Protection Branch of the Environmental Protection Division has been monitoring the air quality for EPA-defined "criteria pollutants" in the State of Georgia for more than thirty years. The list of compounds monitored has grown over the thirty years to more than 200 pollutants using several types of samplers at sites statewide. This monitoring is performed to protect public health and environmental quality. The resulting data is used for a broad range of regulatory and research purposes, as well as to inform the public.
Six (6) pollutants fall within the criteria pollutant list. These pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter (10 microns and smaller), and fine particulate matter (2.5 microns and smaller). The ambient concentrations of these pollutants must meet a regulatory standard. The regulatory standard is health based. Concentrations above the standard are considered unhealthy for sensitive groups.
The other monitored compounds do not have an ambient air regulatory standard. These compounds are monitored to aid in understanding the processes that form some of the criteria pollutants in the atmosphere. The sources of these emitted compounds include vehicle emissions, stationary source emissions, and natural sources. An additional 100 compounds are considered "air toxics". An annual risk analysis is performed based on the data generated from the air toxics network.
This report is the summary of the monitoring data from 2004, along with 2003 toxics data, and is an assessment of the data in conjunction with previous years findings.
In addition to the chemical monitoring, the Ambient Monitoring Program also operates an extensive meteorological station network in support of the chemical monitoring. The sites are located statewide and supply, at a minimum, wind speed and wind direction data. Some stations are very sophisticated and provide information on barometric pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation, temperature, and precipitation. A SODAR system for measuring upper air meteorology is operated in support of the smog forecasting and efforts to prevent the impairment of visibility by haze.
The Chemical Monitoring Activities section provides an in-depth discussion of the site location with maps identifying individual monitoring sites. The section also contains discussions on measurement techniques, attainment designations and health effects for the six criteria pollutants, PAMS and air toxic compounds. Additionally, the section discusses trends, common sources for the monitored pollutants, special studies, and a summary of the 2002 data evaluation and risk assessment.
The Meteorological Summary section discusses Georgia, and in particular the Atlanta climatology, based on the meteorological data captured at the PAMS sites. A discussion of the Georgia smog forecasting effort is also included in this section.
The Outreach and Education section provides information concerning the efforts of the Clean Air Campaign to change the commuting habits of residents of Atlanta. The voluntary program partners with the public and private sector to reduce vehicle congestion and aid in reducing vehicle emissions. This section includes a description of educational and news media outreach activities, and explains how the Air Quality Index (AQI) is used to offer the public an easy to use indicator of
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air quality. The appendices of this document contain summary tables for the pollutants measured during 2004. Included in the summary tables is information on the maximums, averages, and number of samples collected. They also indicate where air toxic compounds were detected. Copies of this and previous annual reports are available in Adobe Acrobat format via the Ambient Monitoring Internet website at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp. Select the appropriate year on the Ambient Monitoring Annual Data Report bar. A limited number of print copies are available and may be requested at 404-363-7006. Real time air monitoring information for the criteria pollutants may be found at the above website by selecting the pollutant of concern. In addition, the website also provides links to the Clean Air Campaign and the smog forecast.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Chemical Monitoring Activities
This section is a summary of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), monitoring techniques used to measure ambient air quality for NAAQS, and how determinations of NAAQS compliance are made.
The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the EPA administrator to identify pollutants that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare, and to issue air quality criteria that reflect the latest scientific knowledge useful in indicating the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare that may be expected from the presence of such pollutant in ambient air. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA Administrator establishes NAAQS for each pollutant for which air quality criteria have been issued. The EPA is to set standards where "the attainment and maintenance are requisite to protect public health" with "an adequate margin of safety." In 1971, the EPA established standards for five "criteria" pollutants as required by the Clean Air Act. The standards and pollutants have changed over time to keep up with improvements in scientific knowledge. The current list is summarized on Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, there are primary and secondary standards. The primary standard is designed to protect the most sensitive individuals in a population. These sensitive individuals include children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses. The secondary standard is designed to protect public welfare or quality of life. This includes visibility, limiting economic damage, damage to man-made material, wildlife, or the climate.
The various averaging times are to address the health impacts of the pollutants. Short-term averages, such as the limit for 1-hour ozone averages, are to protect against acute effects. Long term averaging, such as the annual limit for fine particles, is to protect against chronic effects.
In 2004 the Atlanta metropolitan area (Clayton, Fulton, Rockdale, Cherokee, Gwinnett, Cobb, Forsyth, DeKalb, Fayette, Paulding, Douglas, Coweta, and Henry) did not meet the 1-hour NAAQS for ozone. In order for an area to meet the standard all ozone monitors located in the metropolitan area must have a three year average such that the expected number of exceedance days (determined using a procedure described in 40CFR 50, Appendix H) per calendar year is less than or equal to one.
Also during 2004 a number of counties (Barrow, Bartow, Bibb, Carroll, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Hall, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Richmond, Rockdale, Spalding, Walton, and parts of Murray and Monroe Counties) were designated in non-attainment of the 8-hour ozone standard. The 8-hour standard requires that the average of the fourth highest 8-hour averaged over three years must be less than 0.085 ppm. The Governor also recommended a number of counties to be declared in nonattainment of the new ambient PM2.5 standard. The affected counties are: Barrow, Bartow, Bibb, Carroll, Catoosa, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Floyd, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Hall, Heard (partial county), Henry, Monroe (partial county), Newton, Paulding, Putnam (partial county), Rockdale, Spalding, Walker, and Walton.
The Georgia ambient air monitoring network provides information on the measured concentrations of criteria and non-criteria pollutants at selected locations. The current Georgia Air Sampling Network is comprised of 152 monitors at 68 locations in 37 counties. Monitoring takes place year-
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round with the exception of ozone, which is sampled from March through October. For a list of all the sites in the monitoring network, see Table 2.

Table 1: Georgia Ambient Air Standards Summary Criteria Pollutants

Compound Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Particulate Matter (PM10)

Standard 0.50 0.14 0.03
15.0
98th percentile: 65.0
50.0
150.0

35.0
Carbon Monoxide 9.0

Ozone

0.125
4th highest0.085

Nitrogen Dioxide

.05

Units ppm
micrograms per cubic meter
micrograms per cubic meter
ppm
ppm

Time Interval 3 Hour 24 Hour
Annual Mean Annual Arithmetic
Mean (3 years)
24 Hour
Annual Arithmetic Mean
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour Average
1 Hour
(Atlanta 13 County Non-Attainment Area)
8 Hour Average
Statewide

ppm

Annual Mean

Lead

1.5

micrograms per Calendar Quarter

cubic meter

Average

The number and location of the individual sites varies from year to year, depending on: availability of long-term space allocation, regulatory needs, etc. Once a site is established, the most common goal for its use is to monitor for long-term trends.
All official monitoring performed in support of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) must use U.S.EPA-defined reference methods described in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A, or equivalent methods designated in accordance with Part 53 of that chapter. All the data collected in the networks undergoes extensive quality assurance review and is then submitted to the Air Quality System (AQS) database maintained by EPA.
In general, the basic monitoring objectives that govern the selection of sites are: 1) to measure the highest observable concentration; 2) to determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density; 3) to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on ambient pollution levels; 4) to determine the general background concentration levels; and 5) to
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
determine the concentration of a number of compounds which contribute to the formation of ground level ozone. Data from EPD's continuous monitors are published on EPD's web site at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp. The data is updated hourly. Specific annual summary data for 2004 may be found in Appendix A of this document.
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Table 2: Georgia Air Sampling Station Locations for 2004

Site ID 130090001

City Milledgeville

County O3 CO PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 N N S TRS Lead P Acid PAMS Toxic Toxic Carbonyls Trace

24h Cont Speci O O O

M Rain

VOC SVOC Aldehyde Metals

FRM

ation 2 y 2

1

Ketones

0

Baldwin

X

X

X

130150002 Stilesboro Bartow

X

130210007

Macon

Bibb

X

X

X

130210012

Macon

Bibb X

X

X

X

X

Savannah Chatham

X

130510014

130510017 Savannah Chatham

X

X

130510021 Savannah Chatham X

XX

X

X

X

X

130510091 Savannah Chatham

X

130511002 Savannah Chatham

X

X

X

130550001 Summerville Chattooga

XX

130590001

Athens Clarke

X

X

130590002

Athens Clarke X

X

130630091 Forest Park Clayton

X

130670003 Kennesaw

Cobb X

X

130670004

Powder

Cobb

X

Springs

130690002

Douglas Coffee

X

X

X

X

X

130770002

Newnan Coweta X

X

130850001 Dawsonville Dawson X

X

X

X

X

X

130890002

Decatur DeKalb X X X X X X X

X

X

130890003

Decatur DeKalb

X

130892001

Doraville DeKalb

X

X

130893001

Tucker DeKalb X

XX

X

X

130950007

Albany Dougherty

X

X

130970003 Douglasville Douglas

X

130970004 Douglasville Douglas X

131110091 McCaysville Fannin

X

131130001 Fayetteville Fayette X

131150003

Rome

Floyd

X

131150004

Rome

Floyd

X

X

X

131150005

Rome

Floyd

X

X

X

131210001

Atlanta Fulton

X

131210020

Atlanta Fulton

X

X

X

131210032

Atlanta Fulton

X

X

131210039

Atlanta Fulton

X

X

131210048

Atlanta Fulton

X

X

X

131210055

Atlanta Fulton X

X

X

131210099

Atlanta

Fulton

X

131270004 Brunswick

Glynn

X

131270006 Brunswick

Glynn X

X

131273001 Brunswick

Glynn

X

X

X

X

131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett X

X X

131390003 Gainesville

Hall

X

X

X

X

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Site ID

City

131510002 McDonough

County O3 CO PM2.5 PM2.5 24h Cont FRM

Henry X

X

PM2.5 Speci ation

N N S TRS OO O 2y 2

Lead P Acid M Rain 1 0

PAMS

Toxic VOC

Toxic Carbonyls SVOC Aldehyde
Ketones

Trace Metals

131530001

Warner Houston

X

Robins

131850003 Valdosta Lowndes

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

131890001 Thomson McDuffie

X

132130003 Chatsworth

Murray X

132150001 Columbus Muscogee

X

132150008 Columbus Muscogee X

X X

132150011 Columbus Muscogee

X

X

X X

132151003 Columbus Muscogee X

132155000 Columbus Muscogee

X

X

X

132230003 Yorkville Paulding X X X X

X

X

X

X

X

132450003 Augusta Richmond

X

132450005 Augusta Richmond

X

132450091 Augusta Richmond X

XX X

X

132450092 Augusta Richmond

X

X

X

132470001 Conyers Rockdale X

X

X

132550002

Griffin Spalding

X

132611001

Leslie

Sumter X

132810001 Hiawassee

Towns

X

132950002 Rossville

Walker

X

X

133030001 Sandersville Washington

X

X

133190001

Gordon Wilkinson

X

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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
General Information Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, poisonous gas that is a byproduct of the incomplete burning of fuels. The principal source of CO pollution in most large urban areas, including Metro Atlanta, is the automobile, which contributes approximately 60% of CO emissions nationwide. Other sources include fires, industrial processes, cigarettes, and other sources of incomplete burning in the indoor environment. High concentrations of ambient CO tend to occur in the colder months of the year. In cool weather, inversion layers occur more frequently, and they can trap pollutants near the surface. CO is inhaled and enters the blood stream, where it binds chemically to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the component of blood that carries oxygen to the cells. When CO binds to hemoglobin, it reduces the ability of hemoglobin to do its job, which reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to all tissues of the body. The percentage of hemoglobin affected by CO depends on the amount of air inhaled, the concentration of CO in air, and length of exposure. At the levels usually found in ambient air, CO primarily affects people with cardiovascular disease. The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires as a minimum that Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) with a population greater than 500,000, as determined by the last census (2000), have two CO National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS). In Georgia, only the Atlanta MSA meets the population requirement. Currently, the NAMS site is located at Roswell Road (see Figure 1). The Roswell road site was established to monitor for CO at a microscale level. The purpose of microscale measurements is to measure peak concentrations in major urban traffic areas. A microscale site monitors an air mass that covers a distance of several meters to about 100 m. In substitution for the second NAMS monitor, high sensitivity CO monitors have been installed at the Yorkville and South DeKalb sites. The purpose of these monitors is to detect very small concentrations of CO in order to gain a more complete understanding of the background levels of CO and its role in atmospheric chemistry.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 1: Carbon Monoxide Site Map Health Effects
The health effects of CO include weakening the contractions of the heart, which reduces blood flow to various parts of the body, decreasing the oxygen available to the muscles and various organs. In a healthy person, this effect significantly reduces the ability to perform physical activities. In persons with chronic heart disease, these effects can threaten the overall quality of life, since their systems are unable to compensate for the decrease in oxygen. CO pollution is also likely to cause such individuals to experience chest pain during activity. Adverse effects have also been observed in individuals with heart conditions who are exposed to CO pollution in heavy freeway traffic for 1 to 2 hours or more. In addition, fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema are likely to be more susceptible to the effects of CO. For these individuals, the effects are more pronounced when exposure takes place at high altitude locations, where oxygen concentration is lower. CO can also affect mental function, visual acuity, and the alertness of healthy individuals, even at relatively low concentrations.
Measurement Techniques and Attainment Designation CO is monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of CO in ambient air using the non-dispersive infrared analysis and gas filter correlation methods. Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the Clean Air Act (CAA) 8-hour and 1-hour standard for CO. This standard requires that, for 8-hour averages, no concentration greater than 9 ppm may be observed
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more than once per year. It also requires that, for 1-hour averages, no concentration greater than 35 ppm may be observed more than once a year. If the data shows that these criteria are met, then the area is considered to be in attainment of the standard.
All of Georgia is in attainment of both the 8-hour and 1-hour standards for carbon monoxide. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.
Oxides of Nitrogen (NO, NO2, NOx and NOy)
General Information Oxides of Nitrogen exist in various forms in the atmosphere. The most common is nitric oxide (NO), but other compounds such as NO2, HNO3 and N2O5 also occur and are categorized as NOy. High temperature combustion and lightning produce the bulk of these compounds in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is a very stable molecule and is essentially inert unless subjected to extreme conditions. Oxides of nitrogen are key participants in atmospheric chemistry. NO is changed to NO2 in very rapid atmospheric reactions. During daylight hours, UV solar radiation breaks apart NO2, into NO and O. A free oxygen atom will attach itself to molecular oxygen creating an ozone molecule. This is the origin of all ground level ozone. Daytime levels of NO2 and N2O5 are low but their concentration rises rapidly in the evening and night. These "stores" of atomic oxygen give rise to morning spikes in ozone when they are converted to NO again at sunrise. Nitric acid HNO3 is the most oxidized form of nitrogen in the atmosphere. This species is water-soluble and is removed from the atmosphere in the form of acidic raindrops.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), one of the important oxides of nitrogen, is a light brown gas that can become an important component of urban haze. Nitrogen oxides usually enter the air as the result of high-temperature combustion processes, such as those occurring in automobiles and power plants. Home heaters and gas stoves produce substantial amounts of NO2. NO2 is formed from the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO), which has a pungent odor at high concentrations and a bleach smell at lower concentrations. NO2 is a precursor to ozone formation and can be oxidized to form nitric acid, one of the compounds that contribute to acid rain. NO2 and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can react with other substances in the atmosphere to form acidic products that can be deposited in rain, fog, snow, or as particle pollution. Nitrate particles and NO2 can block the transmission of light, reducing visibility.
Health Impacts Individuals experience respiratory problems when exposed to high levels of NO2 for short durations (less than three hours). Asthmatics are especially sensitive to NO2. Changes in airway responsiveness have been observed in some studies of exercising asthmatics exposed to relatively low levels of NO2. Studies also indicate a relationship between indoor NO2 exposures and increased respiratory illness rates in young children, but definitive results are still lacking. Many animal studies suggest that NO2 impairs respiratory defense mechanisms and increases susceptibility to infection.
Several studies also show that chronic exposure to relatively low NO2 pollution levels may cause structural changes in the lungs of animals. These studies suggest that chronic exposure to NO2 could lead to adverse health effects in humans, but specific levels and durations likely to cause such effects have not yet been determined.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Measurement Techniques and Attainment Designation NO2 NAMS sites are required in urban areas with populations greater than 1,000,000. Atlanta is the only urban area in Georgia that meets the population requirement. Atlanta has two NAMS sites. They are located at South DeKalb and Georgia Tech. The complete oxides of nitrogen monitoring network, including PAMS and NAMS site locations, can be found in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Locations Oxides of Nitrogen, and in particular NO2, are monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of oxides of nitrogen in ambient air using the ozone phase chemiluminescent method. Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS primary and secondary annual standards for NO2. This standard requires that the annual arithmetic mean concentration in a calendar year is less than or equal to 0.053 ppm, rounded to three decimal places. [50 FR 25544, June 19, 1985] The Atlanta MSA, as well as the rest of the nation is in attainment of the NO2 standard. Los Angeles was the only urban area nationwide that ever recorded violations of the NAAQS for NO2. In July 1998, EPA announced the redesignation of that area to attainment. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.
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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
General Information Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless reactive gas that is formed by burning of sulfur-containing material, such as coal, or by processing sulfur-containing ores. It is odorless at low concentrations, but pungent at very high concentrations. It can be oxidized in the atmosphere into sulfuric acid. When sulfur-bearing fuel is burned or ores that contain sulfur are processed, the sulfur is oxidized to form SO2, which can react with other pollutants to form aerosols. In liquid form, SO2 may be found in clouds, fog, rain, aerosol particles, and in surface liquid films on these particles. Both SO2 and NO2 are precursors to the formation of acid rain and lead to acidic deposition. SO2 can also be a precursor for sulfate particles. Major sources of SO2 are fossil fuel-burning power plants and industrial boilers.
Health Impacts Exposure to SO2 can cause impairment of respiratory function, aggravation of existing respiratory disease (especially bronchitis), and a decrease in the ability of the lungs to clear foreign particles. It can also lead to increased mortality, especially if elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) are also present. Groups that appear most sensitive to the effects of SO2 include asthmatics and other individuals with hyperactive airways, and individuals with chronic obstructive lung or cardiovascular disease. Elderly people and children are also likely to be sensitive to SO2.
Effects of short-term peak exposures have been evaluated in controlled human exposure studies. These studies show that SO2 generally increases airway resistance in the lungs, and can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics. These impacts have been observed in subjects engaged in moderate to heavy exercise while exposed to relatively high peak concentrations. These changes in lung function are accompanied by perceptible symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups.
The presence of particle pollution appears to aggravate the impact of SO2 pollution. Several studies of chronic effects have found that people living in areas with high PM and SO2 levels have a higher incidence of respiratory illnesses and symptoms than people living in areas without such a synergistic combination of pollutants.
Measurement Techniques Figure 3 shows the locations of the Georgia SO2 monitoring stations.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 3: SO2 Monitoring Site Map Sulfur oxides are measured in the ambient air as sulfur dioxide by the reference method described in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A, or by an equivalent method designated in accordance with Part 53 of that chapter.
Attainment Designation To demonstrate attainment, the annual arithmetic mean and the second-highest 24-hour average must be based upon hourly data that is at least 75 percent complete in each calendar quarter. A 24-hour block average is considered valid if at least 75 percent of the hourly averages for the 24hour period are available. [61 FR 25579, May 22, 1996] To be considered in attainment, a site must have an annual mean less than 0.03 ppm, no 24-hour averages exceeding 0.14 ppm, and no 3-hour averages exceeding 0.50 ppm. All of Georgia is in attainment of the sulfur dioxide standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.
Ozone (O3)
General Information Ozone is a colorless gas. Ground level ozone, unlike the other gaseous air pollutants previously discussed, is not a primary pollutant. This means that ozone is not directly emitted by any sources, mobile or stationary. Ozone forms through a complex series of chemical reactions, which take place in the presence of strong sunlight (photochemical reactions). For these reactions to take
13

place, certain ingredients (precursors) must be available. Since the reactions must take place in the presence of strong sunlight, ozone concentrations have a strong diurnal pattern (see Figure 4).
Figure 4: 1-hr ozone diurnal pattern The precursors1 to ozone formation are oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and reactive organic substances (sometimes referred to as VOCs or hydrocarbons). Examples of such reactive organic substances include hydrocarbons found in automobile exhaust (like benzene and propane), vapors from cleaning solvents (like toluene), and biogenic emissions (like terpenes) (Figure 5). Ozone, when mixed with particles and other pollutants, such as NO2, forms smog, a brownish, acrid mixture. This type of pollution first gained attention in the 1940's as Los Angeles photochemical "smog." Since then, photochemical smog has been observed frequently in many other cities. The control of ground-level ozone problems in Georgia has been difficult because many of the fundamental lessons learned in Los Angeles proved not to apply here. As indicated above, ozone is formed when its precursors come together in the presence of strong sunlight. This reaction can only occur as long as both precursors are present, though, and the reaction itself consumes the precursors as it produces ozone. The amount of ozone produced, assuming sufficient sunlight, is controlled by what is known as the "limiting reactant." This limiting reactant can be thought of in terms of household baking. You can only bake cookies until you run out of any one of the ingredients you need. If you run out of flour, it doesn't matter how much milk and sugar you have on hand; you can't make any more cookies without more flour. In the same way, ozone production can only occur until the process has consumed all of any one of the required ingredients. As it turns out, natural background hydrocarbon levels are quite low in Los Angeles, so in that area hydrocarbons are typically the reactant that limits how much ozone can be produced. The control measures that proved effective in reducing smog there involved reducing hydrocarbon emissions. These measures and the science behind them have become relatively advanced because the Los Angeles problem was so severe and developed so early.
1 For a more complete discussion on precursors, please see the NO2 section and the PAMS section of this report.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 5: Ozone Formation As air quality control measures were first implemented in Georgia, the then-standard assumption was made that Georgia was also hydrocarbon limited. However, the initial control measures seemed ineffective in actually reducing ozone levels. In time, researchers discovered that hardwood trees naturally emit large quantities of hydrocarbons. The quantity of hydrocarbons emitted by the trees in this region is sufficient that Atlanta could theoretically violate ambient ozone standards even if humans reduced their hydrocarbon emissions to zero2. Even in that impossible case, there would still be plenty of natural hydrocarbons around to react with any oxides of nitrogen that human activities were to produce, and virtually the same amount of ozone would result. The solution to ozone control in Georgia, then, would have to focus on a different limiting reactant. Since there will always be strong sunshine in the summer, and there will always be oxygen, the only effective way left to control ozone production is to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen.
2 Note that this is not to say that trees emit "pollution"; in the absence of emissions of oxides of nitrogen caused by humans, these hydrocarbons would not react to produce ozone.
15

Air quality science had not, and still has not, had time to fully catch up with this discovery. The control technologies that reduce hydrocarbon emissions are generally not effective on oxides of nitrogen, so a whole new set of control technologies had to be developed. This area has been in some ways unable to take full advantage of the technologies developed for Los Angeles, then, because those technologies were not suited to local conditions. With respect to reducing emissions from automobile engines, for example, the addition of relatively simple and inexpensive catalytic converters was a great leap forward in reducing hydrocarbon emissions. Catalytic converters have been used with great success since the early 1970s. Thus far, emissions of oxides of nitrogen have proven more difficult to control than hydrocarbon emissions, especially given that the control measures have not had forty years to mature. Research on the topic continues, and new emissions control equipment is always under development. Solutions for reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen have generally proven more expensive, more complicated, and have required far more reengineering of the engines themselves.
Ozone in Georgia, unlike other pollutants previously discussed, is only monitored during the "summer" months (March through October). The reason for the shorter season is that long periods of strong sunlight and warm temperatures are needed for ozone formation. Many urban areas experience high levels of ground level ozone during the summer months. We also see high ozone levels in rural and mountainous areas. This is often caused by ozone and/or its precursors being transported by wind for many hundreds of miles.
A final difference between ozone and the other pollutants is that ozone is sometimes good. While ground level ozone is considered a hazardous pollutant, the ozone in the upper atmosphere, approximately 10-22 miles above the earth's surface, protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. This ozone is gradually being depleted due to man-made products called ozone depleting chemicals (ODC), including chloroflourocarbons (CFC), which when released naturally migrate to the upper atmosphere. Once in the upper atmosphere, the CFCs break down due to the intensity of the sun's UV rays, releasing chlorine and bromine atoms. These atoms react with the ozone and destroy it. Scientists say that one chlorine atom can destroy as many as 100,000 "good" ozone molecules. The destruction of this ozone may lead to more harmful ultraviolet rays reaching the earth's surface, causing increased skin cancer rates. This reduction in the protection provided by ozone in the upper atmosphere is usually referred to as the "ozone hole" and is most pronounced in polar regions.
The Georgia Environmental Protection Division monitors for ground level ozone at 21 sites throughout the state (see Figure 6).
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 6: Ozone Monitoring Site Map
17

Health Impacts Ozone and other photochemical oxidants such as peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) and aldehydes are associated with adverse health effects in humans. Peroxyacyl nitrate and aldehydes cause irritation that is characteristic of photochemical pollution. Ozone has a greater impact on the respiratory system, where it irritates the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and airways; ninety percent of the ozone inhaled into the lungs is never exhaled. Symptoms associated with exposure include cough, chest pain, and throat irritation. Ozone can also increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. In addition, ozone impairs normal functioning of the lungs and reduces the ability to perform physical exercise. Recent studies also suggest that even at lower ozone concentrations some healthy individuals engaged in moderate exercise for 6 to 8 hours may experience symptoms. All of these effects are more severe in individuals with sensitive respiratory systems, and studies show that moderate levels may impair the ability of individuals with asthma or respiratory disease to engage in normal daily activities.
The potential chronic effects of repeated exposure to ozone are of even greater concern. Laboratory studies show that people exposed over a 6 to 8 hour period to relatively low ozone levels develop lung inflammation. Animal studies suggest that if exposures are repeated over a long period (e.g. months, years, lifetime), inflammation of this type may lead to permanent scarring of lung tissue, loss of lung function, and reduced lung elasticity.
Measurement Techniques Ozone is monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of ozone in ambient air using the U.V. photometric method. Data gained from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS 1-hour and 8-hour standards for ozone.
Attainment Designation The ozone (1 hour) primary and secondary standard are the same. An area is considered in attainment of the 1-hour standard if the expected number of days per calendar year where the ozone concentration exceeds the maximum hourly concentration of 0.12 ppm (0.125 with the EPA rounding convention) is equal to or less than 1.The Atlanta Metropolitan 1-hour non-attainment area ozone monitoring network has been operational since 1980. The 1980 network consisted of two monitors located in DeKalb and Rockdale Counties. Currently the network coverage has increased to eleven monitors, located in ten counties.
The Atlanta marginal nonattainment area was officially expanded this year. Previously Rockdale, Coweta, Fulton, Cherokee, Henry, Clayton, Fayette, Gwinnett, Paulding, Forsyth, Cobb, Douglas, and DeKalb counties were included. With new monitoring data, implementation of the 8-hour ozone standard, and the results of the 2000 Census, the following counties have been added to the nonattainment area: Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Douglas, Hall, Newton, Spalding, and Walton. Catoosa and Walker Counties are a part of the Chattanooga early action compact area. New basic nonattainment areas have also been declared. The Macon metro area has been declared a new nonattainment area. It includes Bibb County and part of Monroe County. Finally, portions of Murray County have been added to a new Chattahoochee National Forest Mountains nonattainment area. Figures 7-9 show the boundaries of these nonattainment areas.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 7: Metro Atlanta 8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Area A number of activities to aid in controlling the precursors to ozone formation have been implemented. As new areas are declared in nonattainment, these control measures may be expanded to include them. These activities could include a strict vehicle inspection program, controls on stationary emission sources, and the establishment of a voluntary mobile emissions reduction program. An example of such a program in metro Atlanta is called The Clean Air Campaign (CAC). Activities of The Clean Air Campaign include distributing daily ozone forecasts (produced by EPD) during the ozone season to enable citizens in the sensitive group category as well as industries to alter activities on days that are forecasted to be conducive to ozone formation. In addition to the forecasts, citizens have access to forecast and monitoring data on an as needed basis by either calling 1-800-427-9605 or by accessing our website at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp. Specific annual summaries for 2004 may be found in Appendix A. For a more detailed discussion concerning the CAC, see the section titled "Outreach and Education".
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Figure 8: Metropolitan Macon 8-hour Ozone Nonattainment Area
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 9: Murray County Nonattainment Area
21

Over the course of the past eleven years we have seen reductions in the number of ozone exceedance days from a high of 23, which occurred in 1999, to a low of 1, which occurred in 2003 (Figure 10).

Number

Metro Atlanta 1 Hr Ozone Violations

25

22

23

20

15 14

14

11

11

10

7

8

5

4

4

3

1

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Figure 10: Metro Atlanta 1 Hr Ozone Violations

In July 1997 the US EPA issued a new 8-hour ozone standard intended to eventually replace the 1-hour standard. The ozone concentration for the 8-hour standard is measured using the same reference method used for the 1-hour standard. The standard is attained when the average of the fourth highest concentration measured is equal to or below 0.08 ppm (0.085 ppm with the EPA rounding convention) averaged over three years (see Table 1; 62 FR 38894, July 18, 1997). Areas EPA has declared in attainment of 1-hour standard are immediately exempt from that standard, but thereafter are subject to the 8-hour standard. In 2004, the 13 counties in the Metro Atlanta ozone nonattainment area were still subject to the 1-hour standard; the rest of Georgia was subject to the 8-hour standard. In the summer of 2005, metro Atlanta was declared in attainment of the 1-hour standard. As of the printing of this report, then, only the 8-hour ozone standard remains applicable in Georgia.
Figure 11 shows how past air quality would relate to the new standard. While the new standard was not effective before the 2002-2004 averaging period, this figure includes older data for comparison purposes. This analysis includes only the days that would count as actual violations (meaning that the three highest values for each year at each site are already excluded).

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Atlanta 8-hour Ozone Violations (Average Atlanta Metro Site)

Average Number of Days Violating Standard

35
30
27.3
25
20

20.3

19.2

30.3

28.0

15

10

8.8

7.5

14.2

11.4

8.5

12.9

11.1

5

4.1

2.5

3.2

0

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Year

Figure 11: Metro Atlanta 8-Hour Ozone Violations

Lead
General Information In the past the Clean Air Act required extensive lead monitoring in order to detect the high levels of airborne lead that resulted from the use of leaded gasoline. With the phase out of leaded gasoline, lead concentrations have decreased dramatically (see Figure 12).
2.5
2 Standard
1.5
1
0.5
0
Year
Figure 12: Metro Atlanta Lead Composite Quarterly Annual Average
23

ug/M3
1964 1966 1969 1971 1973 1975 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004

The main source of lead in ambient air has changed from vehicular to point sources. EPA has proposed that the focus of lead monitoring change from mobile sources to industrial sources. The Georgia network reflects this change in focus. There are four (4) lead sites statewide, including a mobile source and three industrial source monitors. The current criteria lead monitoring network is as indicated in Figure 13. In addition to the criteria network sites, lead is also being monitored at 14 sites throughout Georgia as a trace metal in the Georgia Air Toxic Monitoring Network.
In the past, automotive sources were the major contributor of lead emissions to the atmosphere. As a result of EPA's regulatory efforts to reduce the content of lead in gasoline, the contribution from the transportation sector declined sharply through the 1970s and 1980s. Today, metals processing is the major source of lead emissions to the atmosphere. Today the highest ambient concentrations of lead are found in the vicinity of metal smelters and battery manufacturers. Other sources of lead emissions include the combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, and the emissions from iron and steel production.
Health Impacts Exposure to lead occurs mainly through inhalation and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. It accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues. Lead can adversely affect the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other organs. Excessive exposure to lead may cause neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders. Even at low doses, lead exposure is associated with damage to the nervous systems of fetuses and young children, resulting in learning deficits and lowered IQ. Recent studies also show that lead may be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease. Lead can also be deposited on the leaves of plants, presenting a hazard to grazing animals. Lead deposition in soil puts children at particular risk exposure since they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths, which may come in contact with the lead-containing dust and dirt.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 13: Lead Monitoring Site Map
25

Measurement Techniques Measurement for ambient air lead concentrations is performed using a manual method, unlike measurements for ozone, SO2, NO2 and CO. Samples are collected on 8" x 10" pre-weighed fiberglass filters with a high-volume sampler for 24 hours. The filter sample is shipped to a laboratory for atomic absorption analysis. Data gained from the lead sampler is used to determine compliance with the CAA primary and secondary standards for lead.
Attainment Designation The compliance with the national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds is determined based on the assumption that all lead is elemental lead. In order to comply with both the primary and secondary standard, the concentration of lead in the air must have an arithmetic mean no higher than 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter averaged over a calendar quarter. (See Secs. 109, 301(a) Clean Air Act as amended (42 U.S.C. 7409, 7601(a))) [43 FR 46258, Oct. 5, 1978]. All of Georgia is in attainment of the lead standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Particulate Matter
General Information Particle matter is a broad range of material that consists of solid particles, fine liquid droplets, or condensed liquids absorbed onto solid particles. Airborne particulates are not a single pollutant as discussed for the other criteria pollutants, but rather a mixture of many different air pollutants. Primary sources that emit particles include combustion, incineration, construction, mining, metals smelting, metal processing, and grinding. Other sources include motor vehicle exhaust, road dust, wind blown soil, forest fires, open burning of vegetation for land clearing or waste removal, ocean spray, and volcanic activity. Secondary particulates are different from primary particulates since they are created from condensable vapors formed from a chemical reaction involving gas phase precursors like SO2 or NOx, or by other processes involving reactions of gases. Examples of secondary particulates include:
Atmospheric sulfate products formed from the oxidation of SO2. Atmospheric nitrate products, such as ammonium nitrate, formed from a complex series of
reactions that transform NOx. Atmospheric calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate particulates formed from a series of
atmospheric reactions involving nitric acid reacting with sodium chloride/calcium carbonate. Particle pollution may also be categorized by size since there are different health impacts associated with the different sizes. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program monitors for two sizes of particles: PM10 and PM2.5 (Figures 14 and 15). Both of these particles are very small in size. For example, approximately ten (10) PM10 particles can fit on a cross section of a human hair, and approximately thirty (30) PM2.5 particles would fit on a cross section of a hair. Figures 14-15 show the location of Georgia's PM10 and reference method PM2.5 monitoring sites.
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Figure 14: PM10 monitoring sites
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 15: PM2.5 reference method monitoring sites
29

PM10
Particulate matter (PM) less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter is defined as PM10. These particles can be solid matter or liquid droplets from smoke, dust, fly ash, or condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. PM10 represents part of a broad class of chemically diverse particles that range in size from molecular clusters of 0.005 microns in diameter to coarse particles of 10 microns in diameter (for comparison, an average human hair is 70-100 microns in diameter). PM results from all types of combustion. The carbon-based particles that result from incomplete burning of diesel fuel in buses, trucks, and cars are of particular concern. Another important combustion source is the burning of wood in stoves and fireplaces in residential settings. Also of concern are the sulfate and nitrate particles that are formed as a byproduct of SO2 and NO2 emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-burning power plants and vehicular exhausts.
The U.S. national ambient air quality standard was originally based on particles up to 25-45 microns in size, termed "total suspended particles" (TSP). In 1987, EPA replaced TSP with an indicator that includes only those particles smaller than 10 microns, termed PM10. These smaller particles cause most of the adverse health effects because of their ability to penetrate deeply into the lungs. The observed human health effects of PM include breathing and respiratory problems, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue. Groups that appear to be most sensitive to the effects of PM include individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and children.
Health Impacts Marked increases in daily mortality have been statistically associated with very high 24-hour concentrations of PM10, with some increased risk of mortality at lower concentrations. Small increases in mortality appear to exist at even lower levels. Risks to sensitive individuals increase with consecutive, multi-day exposures to elevated PM concentrations. The research also indicates that aggravation of bronchitis occurs with elevated 24-hour PM10 levels, and small decreases in lung function take place when children are exposed to lower 24-hour peak PM10 levels. Lung function impairment lasts for 2-3 weeks following exposure to PM.
Attainment Designation The primary and secondary standards for PM10 are the same. In order for an area to be considered in compliance with the standard, the annual arithmetic mean concentration must be less than or equal to 50 micrograms per cubic meter. The 24-hour standard is met when the 99th percentile 24-hour concentration is less than or equal to 150 micrograms per cubic meter [62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. For example, if 100 PM10 samples were taken over the course of the year and one sample exceeded 150 micrograms per cubic meter, then the area would meet the standard. If two or more samples were over 150 micrograms per cubic meter, then the area would not be in attainment of the standard.
All of Georgia is currently in attainment of the PM10 standard. For additional summary data on this topic, see Appendix A.
Measurement Techniques The Georgia PM10 monitoring network consists of two types of monitors. The first is an event monitor in which samples are collected for 24 hours on a microquartz fiber filter. A specialized sample sorting device is used so that the filter collects only particles 10 microns in size and smaller. The filters are weighed in a laboratory before and after the sampling period. The change in the filter weight corresponds to the mass of PM10 particles collected. That mass, divided by the
30

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
total volume of air sampled, corresponds to the mass concentration of the particles in the air.
PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean

ug/M3

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1996

1997

Macon

Albany

Atlanta (west side)

Griffin

1998

1999

Savannah

Douglasville

Atlanta (Georgia Tech)

Rossville

2000
Savannah Rome Brunswick Sandersville

Trendline

2001

2002

Summerville

Atlanta (downtown)

Columbus

Average

2003

2004

Doraville

Atlanta (north side)

Augusta

Linear (Average)

Figure 16: PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart
As can be seen in Figure 16, several PM10 sites have been added to the network over the course of the past nine years. The overall trend in concentration is downward with the exception of Fulton County during 2000 and 2001. The rise in concentration in Fulton County may be due to increased construction activities during those years. The 2003-2004 data find a decrease in concentration and fall more closely on the downward trendline.
In addition to the event sampling, a specialized instrument is used to report "real-time" concentrations. The instrument, called a continuous tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) sampler, uses a filter placed on an oscillating glass tube. As particles are deposited on the filter, the oscillation frequency changes. The change in frequency is directly proportional to the mass of the particles. As with the event-based PM measurement techniques, a specialized sample sorting device is used so that the instrument only collects particles 10 microns in diameter and smaller.

PM2.5
Particulate matter including PM2.5 consists of the solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Individually, these particles and droplets are invisible to the naked eye. Collectively, however, they can appear as clouds or a fog-like haze.

31

Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter is referred to as "fine" particles. In comparison, a human hair is 70-100 microns in diameter. Fine particles are produced by many different sources, including industrial combustion, residential combustion, and vehicle exhaust, so their composition varies widely. Fine particles can also be formed when combustion gases are chemically transformed into particles. Considerable effort is being undertaken by Georgia to analyze the fine PM2.5 particles for the chemical constituents that make up the particles, so pollution control efforts can be focused in areas that create the greatest reductions. We currently monitor fifty-three (53) particle species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon.
Health Impacts Fine particles are of health concern because they can penetrate into the sensitive regions of the respiratory tract and they are linked to the most serious health effects. They can cause persistent coughs, phlegm, wheezing, and physical discomfort.
Several recently published community health studies indicate that significant respiratory and cardiovascular-related problems are associated with exposure to particle levels well below the existing particulate matter standards. These negative effects include premature death, hospital admissions from respiratory causes, and increased respiratory problems. Long-term exposure to particulate matter may increase the rate of respiratory and cardiovascular illness and reduce life span. Some data also suggests that fine particles can pass through lung tissues and actually reach the bloodstream. Children, the elderly, and individuals with cardiovascular disease or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma are especially vulnerable.
Fine particles can soil man-made materials, making them look sooty and speeding their deterioration. They also impair visibility and are an important contributor to haze.
Attainment Designation For an area to be in attainment of the national primary and secondary annual ambient air PM2.5 standard, it must have an annual arithmetic mean concentration of less than or equal to 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter. In addition, there is a 24 hour primary and secondary standard that requires that the 98th percentile 24-hour concentration be less than or equal to 65 micrograms per cubic meter [62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. All sample analyses used for determining compliance with the standards must use a reference method based on information in 40 CFR Appendix L or an equivalent method as designated in accordance with Part 53.
Because the PM2.5 standard required three years of monitoring data before attainment or nonattainment could be determined, Georgia's attainment status was not determined until late 2004. As was expected, large portions of the United States were found to be in nonattainment of the standard when EPA made its initial attainment determinations. Based on the three years of data, EPA officially declared several areas of Georgia in nonattainment of the standard. Walker and Catoosa counties may be included in the metro Chattanooga nonattainment area, though their status is still under review. Bibb and portions of Monroe Counties have been included in the Macon nonattainment area. Floyd County itself has been declared a nonattainment area. Finally, the metro Atlanta nonattainment area has been declared; it includes Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Hall, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Rockdale, Spalding, and Walton Counties, along with portions of Heard and Putnam Counties.
Figure 17 illustrates the boundaries of Georgia's PM2.5 nonattainment areas.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 17: Georgia's PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas
33

Measurement Techniques The official reference method requires that samples are collected on Teflon filters with a PM2.5 sampler for 24 hours. A specialized sample sorting device is used so that the filter collects only particles 2.5 microns in size and smaller. The filters are weighed in a laboratory before and after the sampling period. The change in the filter weight corresponds to the mass of PM10 particles collected. That mass, divided by the total volume of air sampled, corresponds to the mass concentration of the particles in the air. Only these reference method filters may be used for attainment determinations. As with PM10, a continuous sampler (TEOM type) is also used to report "real time" data to support public information efforts. The instrument is identical to that used in PM10 monitoring with the exception that the sample sorting device used allows only the smaller PM2.5 particles to be collected. The data from the TEOMs is reported every hour on the Ambient Air Monitoring web page located at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp. Because the TEOM is not certified by EPA as being fully equivalent to the reference method, TEOM data cannot be used for attainment determinations. Figure 18 shows the location of Georgia's TEOMs.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 18: Continuous PM2.5 Monitoring Locations
35

ug/M3

Georgia PM2.5 Annual Average Arithmetic Mean 25.0 Standard: 15 micrograms per cubic meter 20.0
15.0

99-01 00-02 01-03 02-04

10.0

5.0

0.0 Macon AllieMdSaaCcvhoaennmnF.aohrSeMsatvaryarknentaSht.MercerAPtFhooewrndesestr PSKaperrnkinngess,aMwSaoculathndDeKaDlborAatvlailnletAalbEAa.ntRlayinvRteaormsFeSirechSotoalt.ionB#ru8nswiGckwinGnaeWitntaersnCveiolrlleuRmoCbboiunVlsusamHldeboauslsttahCDuesspAet.uttgauARsuYtdag.ouMrksevtadillieBcaulnCgoall.ow RRdo.sSsavnildleersvilleGordon
Site

Figure 19: PM2.5 Annual Mean, By Site
As can be seen in Figure 19, concentrations of PM2.5 have been decreasing, with many sites having a three-year average below the annual standard. The sites exceeding the standard are generally in north and central Georgia.
Specific annual summaries for 2004 may be found in Appendix A.
PM2.5 Speciation
As required by the National PM2.5 Speciation program (40 CFR 58), EPD now monitors not only the mass concentration of fine particulate matter (in micrograms per cubic meter of air) but also for the chemical composition of those particles. Doing so serves a number of important purposes.
As controlling fine particulate matter concentrations has now become a national priority through their listing in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, regulations intended to reduce levels of fine particulate matter are now being implemented on a widespread basis. The desired reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations is expected to produce benefits in human health and to improve visibility by reducing the presence of haze. These particles may have varying health effects depending on their size and chemical composition.
The fine particles that compose fine particulate matter are not uniform. While they are all smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, their size varies. Some are emitted into the air directly from sources like engine exhaust, fossil fuel combustion, unpaved roads, and the tilling of fields;
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
others are formed in the atmosphere through reactions between gaseous pollutants. Each individual particle, regardless of its source, has a distinct chemical composition. The overall composition of all of the particles that make up the fine particulate matter in a given volume of air may also vary, depending on local sources and a variety of other factors.
Georgia currently monitors fifty-three (53) species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon. However, there are only approximately ten (10) chemicals that are detected frequently (see Figure 20). Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations. Below is a listing of the most significant chemical constituents of fine particulate matter.

PM 2.5 Speciation 6

micrograms

5

Aluminum

4

Calcium

Iron

Titanium

Silicon 3
Nitrate Ion

Ammonium Ion

Elemental Carbon 2
Organic Carbon

Sulfate Ion

1

0

Macon

Savannah

Athens Gen. Coffee South DeKalb

City

Rome Columbus Augusta

Figure 20: 2004 PM2.5 Speciation
Sulfate products form from the oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere. SO2 is primarily produced by coal burning boilers.
Nitrate products are formed through a complex series of reactions that convert NOx to nitrates. Vehicle emissions and fossil fuel burning produce NOx.
Crustal products are those components that are the result of weathering of the earth's crust. They may include ocean salt and volcanic discharges. Crustal products include aluminum, calcium, iron, titanium, and silicon.
Elemental carbon is carbon in the form of soot. Sources of elemental carbon include diesel engine emissions, wood-burning fireplaces, and prescribed burning.
37

Organic carbon particles consist of hundreds of organic compounds that contain more than 20 carbon atoms. These particles are formed through a series of chemical reactions in the air, mostly as a result of vehicle exhaust emissions.
Data on the composition of the particles that make up fine particulate matter is a useful input to scientific models of air quality, and will help scientists and regulators track the progress and effectiveness of new pollution controls that are implemented. The data will also greatly improve scientific understanding of how particle composition relates to visibility impairment and adverse effects on human health. Monitoring for chemical speciation for fine particles began late in 2001, so there is limited data available. As the dataset becomes more robust, other conclusions may be drawn. Some general observations can already be made. The concentrations of sulfate and organic carbon are less at the Douglas site than at the remaining seven (7) sites. This is to be expected since the sulfate and organic carbon fractions are mainly caused by human activities. The DouglasGeneral Coffee site is considered a rural background site and will be used in future comparisons between rural and urban areas. Figure 21 shows the statewide average distribution of particle speciation. Table 3 breaks down particle speciation by monitoring site. For additional PM2.5 speciation data, see Appendix B.
Measurement Techniques Particle speciation measurements require the use of a wide variety of analytical techniques, but all generally use filter media to collect the particles to be analyzed. Laboratory techniques currently in use are gravimetric (microweighing); X-ray fluorescence and particle-induced X-ray emission for trace elements; ion chromatography for anions and selected cations; controlled combustion for carbon; and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for semi-volatile organic particles.
38

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2004 Statewide Average PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Other 19%

Crustal 2%

Ammonium 8%

Organic Carbon 33%

Sulfate 29%

Elemental Carbon 4%
Nitrate 5%

Figure 21: Statewide Average PM2.5 Speciation

Site Macon Savannah Athens Gen. Coffee South DeKalb Rome Columbus Augusta Avg (above/8) Proportion

Crustal

Organic Carbon

Elemental

Carbon

Nitrate

Sulfate

Ammonium Other

Mass

0.7146

5.681

0.767

0.651

4.517

1.245

3.9644

17.54

0.3095

4.46

0.61

0.543

4.375

1.07

1.8725

13.24

0.3438

4.639

0.602

1.082

4.459

1.482

1.9922

14.6

0.2001

3.824

0.387

0.364

3.529

0.846

2.2799

11.43

0.2559

4.868

1.007

0.839

4.758

1.42

2.8621

16.01

0.5794

4.825

0.55

0.766

4.609

1.329

4.0316

16.69

0.2628

4.864

0.576

0.519

4.145

1.109

2.6342

14.11

0.2755

5.176

0.6

0.711

4.701

1.432

2.9845

15.88

0.3677 4.792125 0.637375 0.684375 4.386625 1.241625 2.827675 14.9375

2%

32%

4%

5%

29%

8%

19%

Table 3: PM2.5 Speciation Data

39

Acid Precipitation
Acid precipitation was monitored in four counties in 2004. The samples were collected weekly and were weighed and analyzed for acidity, conductivity, and selected compounds. The Air Protection Branch operated three of these sites and the Georgia Forestry Commission operated the fourth. There are no national or state standards for acid precipitation. As in Figure 22, analysis of statewide average data back to 1982 indicates a small but significant trend toward pH neutrality. The rate of this increase is 0.0073 per year over the period shown.

Site Average pH

Acid Rain Trends
5.9
5.7
5.5
5.3
5.1
4.9
4.7
4.5
4.3 y = 0.0073x + 4.5315 R2 = 0.3097
4.1 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Monitoring Year
Figure 22: Acid Rain Trends, Statewide

Statewide Avg. pH of pristine rain Linear (Statewide Avg.)

40

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Acid Rain, by Location 5.2

5

4.8

4.6

Daw sonville

Hiaw assee

Mc Duf f ie

4.4

Summerville

4.2

4

3.8 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Ye ar

pH

Figure 23: Acid Rain Trends, by Area
Analysis of the same data set for individual areas (see Figure 23) shows that while through the 1990s Summerville was the most acidic and McDuffie the most neutral, in recent years the difference between these areas has diminished and all of the sites have rainfall with roughly the same pH.

Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS)
General Information Ozone is the most prevalent photochemical oxidant and an important contributor to smog. The understanding of the chemical processes in ozone formation and the specific understanding of the atmospheric mixture in various non-attainment areas nationwide was considered essential by EPA for solving the ozone non-attainment problems and developing a suitable strategy for solving those problems. In February 1993, the EPA revised the ambient air quality surveillance regulations in Title 40, Part 58 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Part 58) to include provisions for enhanced monitoring of ozone, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), selected carbonyl compounds, and monitoring of meteorological parameters.
The enhanced monitoring was to be implemented in cities that were classified as serious, severe, or extreme for ozone non-attainment. The classifications were based on the number of
41

exceedances of the ozone standard, and the severity of those exceedances. Nineteen areas nationwide were required to implement a PAMS network. In the Atlanta metropolitan area, a network of four sites (Figure 24) was established beginning in 1993. The monitoring sites were selected based on the purpose of the monitors in light of the prevailing winds in the area. The Yorkville site serves as a rural background site, upwind of the city, which aids in determining the role of transport of pollutants into the Atlanta area. The South DeKalb and Tucker sites are the primary and secondary wind directions for an urban core-type site. These sites are expected to measure the highest precursor concentrations of NOx and VOCs in the Atlanta area. The Conyers site is the downwind site where titration of the precursors has occurred and the ozone concentrations should be at their highest.
Figure 24: PAMS Monitoring Site Location Map An analysis of the PAMS data finds that the top ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for all sites contained the following species consistently across the years: isoprene (which is naturally released by vegetation), m/p xylene, toluene, propane, ethane, isopentane or isopentane/cyclopentane, n-butane and n-pentane. Propane, ethane, isopentane, n-butane, and n-pentane have a limited reactivity for ozone formation and therefore were the most prevalent of the volatile organic compounds measured. However, when the characterization of the top ten species is based upon contributions to ozone formation potential, we find that the list is slightly different. Isoprene, the tracer for VOC emissions from vegetation, is by far the largest contributor to ozone formation at every site. The anthropogenic compounds detected at all sites with the highest ozone formation potential were toluene, m/p xylene, propylene, ethylene, and isopentane. The sources for these five compounds are varied. All five compounds are emitted by mobile sources, with ethylene being
42

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
an important tracer for vehicle emissions. Toluene, the most abundant species in urban air, m/p xylene, and isopentane also are emitted by solvent use and refinery activities.
Isoprene is a 5 carbon organic compound released in large quantities by conifers. These trees are very abundant in the southeastern US contributing a significant portion to the overall carbon loading of the atmosphere in this region. Isoprene's chemical structure makes it a highly reactive substance with a short atmospheric lifetime and large ozone forming potential. Toluene reaches the air from a variety of sources such as combustion of fossil fuels and evaporative emissions. It is a substituted benzene ring possessing modest atmospheric reactivity. This hydrocarbon is in motor vehicle fuel and a common solvent in many products such as paint. Figs. 25 and 26 compare the seasonal occurrence of these two compounds by observing the actual concentration as a function of sampling day throughout the years 2003 and 2004. This figure combines the 6-day 24-hour data from 3 PAMS sites. Isoprene's natural origin is clearly seen in the Fig. 25, where the ambient concentration is essentially non-existent from November to May. Toluene's atmospheric levels are more or less constant throughout the year suggesting a constant level of emissions year-round. The jaggedness of these graphs is an artifact of the sampling frequency. Yorkville exhibits the largest atmospheric levels of isoprene. This is not surprising considering its rural location and abundant surrounding vegetation. Seeing Conyers isoprene levels below those of South DeKalb was quite unexpected since Conyers is located in a semi-rural area with modest development.

Isoprene Yearly Profile, 2003 & 2004 40

35

Yorkville

SDK

Conyers 30

25

ppbc

20

15

10

5

0 1/3/03 2/3/033/3/03 4/3/03 5/3/03 6/3/03 7/3/03 8/3/03 9/3/0310/3/0311/3/0312/3/03 1/3/04 2/3/04 3/3/04 4/3/04 5/3/04 6/3/04 7/3/04 8/3/04 9/3/0410/3/0411/3/0412/3/04
Figure 25: Isoprene Yearly Profile

43

Toluene Yearly Profile, 2003 & 2004

40

Yorkville

35

SDK

Conyers

30

25

ppbc

20

15

10

5

0 1/3/03 2/3/033/3/03 4/3/03 5/3/03 6/3/03 7/3/03 8/3/03 9/3/0310/3/0311/3/0312/3/03 1/3/04 2/3/04 3/3/04 4/3/04 5/3/04 6/3/04 7/3/04 8/3/04 9/3/0410/3/0411/3/0412/3/04
Figure 26: Toluene Yearly Profile
The daily profile plots for toluene and isoprene found in Figure 27, produced using data gathered in the summer, finds that superimposed on a constant background of toluene emissions are spikes of toluene resulting from morning and evening rush hour traffic. During morning hours, when the nocturnal inversion has not yet broken up, emissions become trapped within the boundary layer resulting, in a temporary increase in atmospheric concentration. Nighttime toluene levels are constant from midnight to 0500. From 0600 to 0700 enhanced vehicular activity releasing its emissions into an atmosphere with limited dispersing ability produces an increase in the ambient concentration. This phenomenon encompasses all area source anthropogenic emissions with modest to long atmospheric lifetimes. Isoprene, on the other hand, exhibits a very different behavior. At night emissions come to zero as photosynthesis ceases. At sunrise (ca. 0600) concentrations begin to rise and continue to do so throughout the daylight hours. The vertical flux, or mass input per unit area, in the atmosphere of this substance is massive, being only slightly influenced by the enhanced mid-morning mixing. This effect can be seen at 0900 when slight drop in concentration occurs followed by a quick resumption in rise.
Carbonyl compounds define a large group of substances, which include acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. These compounds can act as precursors to ozone formation.
Acrolein is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacture of acrylic acid. It can be formed from the breakdown of certain organic pollutants in outdoor air, from forest fires and wildfires, as well as from vehicle exhaust.
Acetaldehyde is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. Acetaldehyde is formed as a product of incomplete wood combustion (in fireplaces and
44

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
woodstoves, forest fires, and wildfires), pulp and paper production, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, vehicle exhaust, and wastewater processing.
Formaldehyde is used mainly to produce resins used in particleboard products and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. The major sources of emissions to the air are forest fires and wildfires, marshes, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, pulp and paper plants, petroleum refineries, power plants, manufacturing facilities, incinerators, and vehicle exhaust.
Diurnal Profile, Toluene & Isoprene, So. DeKalb 2004

12

10

ppbc

8

toluene

6

Isoprene

4

2

0

0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00

Time of Day
Figure 27: Toluene & Isoprene, Daily Profile
As can be seen in Figure 28, when the average concentration of all carbonyls is compared with the total number of observations at each of the measurement sites, the carbonyl detections and concentrations tend to track each other directly. It should be noted that South DeKalb's combined carbonyl detection frequency is about that of Tucker's. This is unexpected due to the relative proximity of the two sites.

45

Average Conc., ug/m3

# of Detects

Carbonyls 24hr All Sites, All Species, 2004

225

12

200

175

Detects

10

Average

150

8

125 6
100

75

4

50 2
25

0

0

Tucker

South DeKalb Dawsonville

Brusnwick

Savannah

Location

Figure 28: Summertime Average 24 hr. Carbonyls, 2004
The average concentration value of all 3-hour samples of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde collected during the summer months has been combined for a given hour and is shown in Figure 29. The early morning ambient formaldehyde concentration at the Tucker site is three times as large as at the South DeKalb site. Actetaldehyde levels differ by a somewhat lesser amount. This difference becomes a bit reduced in the afternoon hours. A strong emissions source appears to be present in the vicinity of the Tucker site.

ug/m3

Summertime Average 3hr. Carbonyls, 2004

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 6:00

9:00

12:00

Time of Day

15:00

Figure 29: Summertime Average 3 hr. Carbonyls, 2004

Tucker Acet SDK Acet Tucker Formal SDK Formal
46

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Carbonyls in 2004, 24 hr. Samples

Total Mass, ug/m3 Number of Observations

1200

200

180

1000

160

800

140

120

600

100

80

400

60

200

40

20

0

0

Formaldehyde

AcetoneAcetaldehyde

AcroPlerionpionaldehydeBenzaldehydeButyraldehyde

Name

avg*100 total # detec

Figure 30: 24 hr. Carbonyls, 2004
Figure 30 shows the seven (7) species in the analyte group according to their individual, statewide annual abundance, based on number of detections, average concentration or total mass. The average value had to be multiplied by 100 in order to accommodate it within the graph. A rather steep gradient is evident from this graph, with formaldehyde as the most ubiquitous carbonyl. For added clarity, the Total Mass axis was truncated, cutting off values of this compound exceeding 1200 ug/m3. There is twice as much formaldehyde as there is acetone. Formaldehyde comprises 55% of the total carbonyl load across the network. The figure contrasts the annual average with the total mass as well as the number of observations with a reported value. From the graph, it is evident that the average concentration does not indicate accurately the true magnitude of the atmospheric impact. The order of significance when comparing total mass versus average concentration is maintained for formaldehyde, acetone and acetaldehyde. The remaining species that correlation is not maintained; this is likely a result of the limited number of observations for these species. Acrolein analysis by this method has been traditionally quite problematic and alternatives are being investigated. This is, at least in part, the reason for its very low detection frequency.
Figures 31 and 32 are annual monthly averaged time series of formaldehyde and acetone at South DeKalb and Tucker. At Tucker, formaldehyde levels rose during the earlier part of the year to over twice of its midsummer values. This is consistent with constant emission sources and a chemically more active summer season. South DeKalb levels did not change appreciably throughout the year. A similar rise occurred for acetone at both South DeKalb and Tucker, with some oscillation at South DeKalb reaching maximum values a little later in June. Enhanced atmospheric removal driven by summer heat is evident from the graph.

47

A Year At A Glance, Acetone, Tucker Vs So. DeKalb

16.00 14.00 12.00

So. DeKalb Tucker

Concentration in ug/m3

10.00

8.00

6.00

4.00

2.00

0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month

Figure 31: Monthly Averaged Acetone, Tucker versus South DeKalb
A Year At A Glance, Form aldehyde, Tucker Vs So. DeKalb

Concentration in ug/m 3

50.00 45.00 40.00

So. DeKalb Tucker

35.00

30.00

25.00

20.00

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Figure 32: Monthly Averaged Formaldehyde, Tucker versus South DeKalb

48

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Measurement Techniques A number of methods are used to conduct the PAMS hydrocarbon portion of the analyses. The ozone and NOx analyses are accomplished using the methodology previously described. Throughout the year, a 24 hour integrated hydrocarbon sample is taken and analyzed in a state laboratory for 56 hydrocarbon compounds. A 24 hr integrated carbonyl sample is taken once every sixth day throughout the year and analyzed. During June, July, and August four integrated three-hour carbonyl samples are taken every third day. All analyses are conducted at the EPD Laboratory.
During June, July, and August, hydrocarbon samples are analyzed hourly on-site using a gas chromatography unit with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The gas chromatograph produces analyses of the ambient air for the same 56 hydrocarbons. Specific annual summaries for 2004 may be found in Appendix D.
Air Toxics Monitoring
General Information The citizens of Georgia have demonstrated a long-term interest in the quality of Georgia's air. Since the 1970's ambient ozone concentrations have been monitored in several communities throughout the state. As the state's population has grown, more compounds have been monitored in ambient air as required by the Federal Clean Air Act. In 1993 the EPD began to monitor a number of compounds that have no established ambient air standard. The monitoring has been conducted under two efforts, the first being the previously discussed Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) project, a federally mandated program for areas in serious, severe, or extreme non-attainment of the ozone standard. The second effort is the EPD-sponsored monitoring activities for ambient concentration of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). That effort was undertaken since monitoring only criteria pollutants does not provide an adequate understanding of the quality of Georgia's air.
In 1994, the EPD conducted an intensive air quality study in Savannah (GADNR, 1996a). In 1996, the EPD conducted an intensive study in Glynn County as part of a multimedia event with EPA (GADNR, 1996b). These studies provided detailed pictures of the air quality in the communities, but the studies were not long-term studies and could not provide information on seasonal variation or trends. A reassessment of the toxic monitoring program occurred, and in 1996 the EPD embarked on an ambitious project of establishing a statewide hazardous air pollutant-monitoring network. The network was not designed to monitor any one particular industry, but to provide information concerning trend, seasonal variation, and rural versus urban ambient concentration of air toxics. To evaluate the rural air quality, two background sites were proposed: one in North Georgia and one in South Georgia. The majority of the other sites were located in areas with documented emissions to the atmosphere of HAPs exceeding one million (1,000,000) pounds per year as indicated by the 1991 Toxic Release Inventory (GADNR, 1993).
By 2002 the network consisted of sixteen (16) sites statewide (Figure 29) monitoring for a common set of toxic compounds. The compounds selected for monitoring are from the list of 188 metals and other compounds identified by EPA as being HAPs. These air pollutants can cause cancer, problems having children and other serious illnesses and environmental damage. Some of the substances tend to have only one critical effect, while others may have several.
49

Some of the effects may occur after a short exposure and others appear after long-term exposure or many years after being exposed. Exposure is not only through direct inhalation of the pollutant, but also through the consumption of things like fish that have absorbed the pollutant. Air toxic compounds are released from industrial sources and from motor vehicles. Of the 188 HAPs, EPA has identified 33 pollutants to be toxics indicators. Using those 33 pollutants, EPA conducted a national air toxics assessment (NATA). The NATA pollutants include air toxics from the toxic metals, semivolatile, carbonyl, and volatile subcategories. The following description of the 23 NATA compounds monitored by the state will aid in understanding the sources of the pollutants.
Figure 33: Air Toxic Monitoring Network Monitoring Site Map The metals subcategory includes arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and nickel. Arsenic occurs naturally at trace levels in soil and water. Most people are not exposed to arsenic through air pollution, but it can be found in food. The arsenic found in air comes mainly from the burning of coal or fuel oil, from metal smelters or iron foundries, and from burning of wastes. The beryllium measured in the ambient air is mainly a result of the burning of coal or fuel oil. Cadmium emissions, like beryllium and arsenic, are mainly from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil. The incineration of municipal waste and the operation of zinc, lead, or copper smelters also release cadmium to the air. For nonsmokers, food is generally the largest source of cadmium exposure.
50

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Chromium sources include the combustion of coal and oil, electroplating, vehicle exhaust, iron and steel plants, and metal smelters. The emissions from these sources are a combination of elemental chromium and compounds including chromium ions. The most toxic form is hexavalent chromium.
Lead is used in the manufacturing of batteries. The largest source of lead in the atmosphere used to be from the combustion of leaded gasoline. With the elimination of lead from gasoline, lead levels in the air have decreased considerably. Other sources of lead emissions include combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, emissions from iron and steel production, and lead smelters. Exposure to lead can also occur from food and soil. Children are at particular risk to lead exposure, because they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths that may come in contact with lead-containing dust and dirt. Lead-based paints were commonly used for many years. Flaking paint, paint chips, and weathered paint powder may be a major source of lead exposure, particularly for children.
Manganese is a naturally occurring substance found in many types of rock and soil; it is ubiquitous in the environment and found in low levels in water, air, soil, and food. Manganese can also be released into the air by combustion of coal, oil, wood, the operation of iron and steel production plants.
Nickel is found in the air as a result of oil and coal combustion, residential heating, nickel metal refining, lead smelting, sewage sludge incineration, manufacturing facilities, mobile sources, and other sources.
Figure 34 shows the network's frequency of detection for all metallic species at all sites during 2003, including the new National Air Toxics Trends Site located at South DeKalb. This site was established January 1st, 2003. Unlike the rest of the network measuring metals, the equipment at South DeKalb collects only the PM10 fraction of the total suspended solids. It is evident that lead, manganese and zinc are detected far more frequently than all the other monitored metals. In fact, these species are found roughly 20 times more often than any others and comprise the bulk of the observations. Beryllium and cobalt or were not seen in Georgia during 2003. Figure 35 shows the network's frequency of detection for all metallic species at all sites during 2004. During this year, cadmium, chromium, and nickel rose somewhat over the previous year. Assuming little or no change in emissions inventories for adjacent years, slight fluctuations in yearly observations are to be expected. These fluctuations are driven principally by weather. Nickel, for example, was observed 11 times in 2002 and 60 times in 2003 (Fig. 36). It would be reasonable to investigate what effect, if any, the inclusion of South DeKalb could have had on nickel detections. After all, this is an urban site with high detection frequency potential. A closer look at the data indicates that South DeKalb only contributed 5 hits, or 8% of the year's total nickel observations.
51

2003 Statewide Frequency Distribution

# of detects

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Beryllium Cobalt Arsenic Selenium Cadmium Chromium Nickel Manganese Lead

Zinc

Name

Figure 34: 2003 Statewide Detection Frequency Distribution

# of detects

2004 Statewide Frequency Distribution

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0 Berrylium

Cobalt

Arsenic Cadmium Selenium Nickel Chromium Lead Manganese Zinc Name

Figure 35: 2004 Statewide Detection Frequency Distribution
52

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Year Comparison

# of detects

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Berrylium

Cobalt

Arsenic Chromium Selenium Cadmium

Nickel

Lead Manganese

Zinc

Names

Figure 36: Metals Detection Frequency Comparison, 2002- 2004

2002 2003 2004

Lower limits of detection3 were introduced in September of 2004, resulting in an increase in the number of observations. While this only represented one third of a year, the rise in detection frequency was quite dramatic. The abundant species rose about 11% over 2003. The change had its most significant effect on the group least observed. Arsenic was seen quite a few times, where it had essentially never been detected in the past. Cobalt, which was not detected at all in 2003, was observed more than 100 times in 2004. The 2004 observations of the remaining species- cadmium, selenium, chromium and nickel- rose 5 to 10 fold over last year.

Figure 37 shows the site-specific detection activity with all species included. Detects have risen in 2004 in response to the lower LOD. Figures 34-36 show that this is concentrated among the species that exist in lesser amounts in the atmosphere. The overall increase ranges from 30 to

3 Limits of detection (LOD) were reduced according to the table below. In addition, all numbers, including those occurring

below the designated detection limit, are being reported and included in the data. Values are expressed in g/filter.

Element Old LOD New LOD

Antimony 1.2

0.2

Arsenic 6

0.9

Beryllium 1.2

0.1

Cadmium 1.2

0.05

Chromium 6

0.7

Cobalt

6

0.2

Manganese 1.2

0.3

Nickel

6

0.4

Lead

1.2

0.2

Selenium 6

0.2

Zinc

6

0.7

53

50% more observations in 2004 than in 2003. In 2003 detections range from a lower value of 73 at Valdosta to just over 100 at Coffee. In 2004 the sites with the lowest number of observations (Rome and Gainesville) still managed to accumulate more than 150 , with a maximum of over 200 at Utoy Creek. The narrow distribution previously observed in 2002 and in 2003 has now given way to more variability on account of the new, lower LODs. The increase in variability across the various sampling locations seen in 2004 is still modest, considering the vast geographic distribution of the sites, climatological and anthropogenic influences from nearby urban development. The site located at the Utoy Creek wastewater treatment plant continues to show some of the highest ambient levels and detection frequencies. It will be interesting to see how the lower limits of detection affect next year's data when they are not confined to the last third of the year.
Total Detects Per Site

200

Total observations

150

2003

100

2004

50

0 AugustaBrunswick

CoffeeColumbuDsawsonvilleGainesville

MacoMnilledgeville

Rome South

DeKalb

SavannahUtoy

Creek

Valdosatraner Robins W

Yorkville

Sites

Figure 37: Frequency of Observations, all Species, in 2003-2004

By looking at the site-specific concentration as a yearly average the magnitude of the change in limit of detection can be estimated. Figure 38 compares the annual averages of lead and zinc amongst all sites in the network for 2003 and 2004. In the case of lead, lower detection limits resulted in a small across-the-board increase in average annual concentration. Augusta's 3-fold increase and Utoy Creek's slight decrease in 2004 are likely not related to changes in LOD. These values compare favorably with those observed in 2002. In 2004 atmospheric zinc levels appear to have diminished at most of the sites. In 2002, Utoy Creek zinc reached .060 ug/m3, while in 2003 and 2004 zinc only reached .045 and .050 respectively.

54

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report Yearly Average Comparison

Location

Yorkville

Warner Robins

Valdosta

Utoy Creek

Savannah

South DeKalb

Rome Milledgeville
Macon

2004 Lead 2003 Lead 2004 zinc 2003 zinc

Gainesville

Dawsonville

Columbus

Coffee

Brunswick

Augusta

0.000

0.005

0.010

0.015

0.020 0.025 0.030 Concentration ug/m3

0.035

0.040

0.045

0.050

Figure 38: Yearly Average by Site, all Metals Species, in 2003-2004

55

Seasonal Variation (Selected Metals)

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

1st Qtr

2nd Qtr

Time of year (2004)

3rd Qtr

4th Qtr

Zinc Manganese Lead

Zinc Manganese

Lead

Components

Figure 39: Seasonal Variation, Selected Metals, 2004

Figure 39 shows the seasonal variation of selected metals statewide in 2004. Although these materials are not removed chemically from the atmosphere, there appears to be some seasonal dependence on the ambient levels. This seems to be most evident for zinc which shows a 1/3 drop from winter to summer. The particulate metals can be removed from the air by dissolving in rain droplets and falling to the ground. Rain events can occur preferentially in a given season in a particular year. The appearance of the 2004 data may prove to be unique to the year. No seasonal trends are evident for manganese or lead.

The ambient levels of zinc are by far the highest statewide. This metal is roughly present at 3 to 8 times higher concentrations than manganese, which in turn, is approximately observed at twice the levels of lead.

56

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Volatile Organic Compounds (TO-15), 2003 & 2004

Names

Chloromethane Dichlorodifluoromethane
Toluene Benzene Freon 11 Freon 113 Carbon Tetrachloride Cyclohexane p,m-Dimethylbenzene o-Dimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Chloroform Ethybenzene 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene 1,3-Butadiene
Bromomethane 4-Ethyltoluene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Freon 114 Chloroethane 1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
0

2004 2003
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Number of Observations

Figure 40: Statewide VOCs in 2003 and 2004
Figure 40 shows the statewide detection distribution of toxic (TO-15) type volatile organic carbons (VOCs) in 2003 and 2004. Although there are 42 species in this analyte group, only a relatively small subset is typically detected with any regularity. A rather steep frequency gradient existed in 2002 and 2003 between these compounds. Three compounds were
57

responsible for 75% of all detections: dichlorodifluoromethane, chloromethane and toluene. In 2004, with lower limits of detection4 beginning in September, the distribution has become more gradual. In fact, with this change affecting only the last third of the year, the bulk of the observations are now distributed among 20 species. Additional detections range from a small percentage in abundant species to significant observation rates on many previously undetected compounds, such as Freon 11, Freon 113 and Carbon Tetrachloride.
Chlorinated compounds are very stable in the atmosphere, with lifetimes of several years. Dichlorodifluoromethane was the refrigerant of choice for automotive cooling (cars now use R134a). This material has not been manufactured since the mid 1990's, yet it remains ubiquitous in the environment. Chloromethane is a volatile industrial solvent. Toluene is major component of paints, solvents and is also present in gasoline. It reaches the atmosphere by way of evaporative emissions as well as incomplete combustion processes. Carbon tetrachloride and the Freons are generally used as solvents in manufacturing.
The atmospheric reactivity of aromatic compounds is relatively high, with lifetimes in the weeks to months range. Except for the chlorinated compound, all others are byproducts of burning gasoline.

# of detects

VOC Site Detection Frequency
2003 & 2004 Year Comparison 300
250
200
150
100
50
0 South DeKGalabinesvUillteoy Creek RomeAuguMsitllaedgevilSleavannaCholumbuBsruWnsawrnicekr Robins CoffeeValdoDsatawsonville MaconYorkville
Name

2004 2003

Figure 41: Quarterly Statewide Abundance in 2003 and 2004

4 Detection limits for this analyte group, TO-15 Toxic VOCs, were halved beginning in September 2004. The old detection limit was 0.5 ppbv for all species except MeCl, which was 5 ppbv. The new detection limits are 0.25 ppbv for all species except MeCl, which is at 2.5 ppbv.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 41 compares the frequency of detection across all sites in the network. If South DeKalb is excluded, the distribution is relatively even across the state, with the more urban or industrial sites near the upper extreme and the more rural sites near the lower extreme. The introduction of South DeKalb in 2003 and the lowering of VOC detection limits altered the graph significantly. This site located in the heart of the metro Atlanta area is by far the most polluted, with average observations twice as high as the second highest site, Gainesville. Figure 42 and 43 display the relationship between the number of detections and the statewide average concentration for the 10 most abundant toxic VOCs in 2003 and 2004 respectively. While the lowering of detection limits in 2004 has affected the total mass order of many of the compounds, cyclohexane and toluene remain the largest in this analyte group. The average concentrations are comparable between the 2 years, but the LOD effect of the last third of the year resulted in almost twice as many observations as well as the observation of previously undetected species such as carbon tetrachloride and Freon 113. In both years, chloromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane are seen most frequently, however, a significant portion of the airborne mass of this analyte group resides in cyclohexane and toluene.

ppbv # of Observations

Statewide Average vs Frequency of Detection, 2003

3.5

400

3

Average

350

2.5

Frequency

300

250 2
200 1.5
150

1

100

0.5

50

0

0

Cyclohexane

p,Tmo-lDueimneethylbenzene

BenzeCnehloDriocmhleotrhoadnifeluoromoe-tDhaimneethylbenzene Names

FCraerobno1n1Tetrachloride Freon 113

Figure 42: VOC Concentration Averages, Selected Species, 2003

59

Statewide Average vs Frequency of Detection, 2004

ppbv # of Observations

3.00

800

2.50

700

600

2.00

500

1.50

400

1.00

300

200

0.50

100

0.00

0

Cyclohexane

TolCueDhnliocerholomroedthifalunoeromethanpe,mB-eDnimzeentehylbenzeneCFarreboonn 1T1etroa-cDhimloreidtheylbenzene Freon 113

Names

average frequency

Figure 43: VOC Concentration Averages, Selected Species, 2004

Figure 43 shows the seasonal concentration of all species throughout the network. The graph suggests that in 2004 some seasonal dependence might have taken place. Warmer weather leads to enhanced chemical activity in the atmosphere and this in turn works to reduce atmospheric levels of chemically degradable pollutants. This is not observed for the 2003 sampling year. In 2003, 875 observations were recorded. Under the lower LODs regime of the last 3rd of 2004, a total of 2009 observations were made. With more observations it is possible that such seasonal trends might be more observable. It will be interesting next year to see what effect enhanced LODs all year long will have on the data.

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
VOCs Seasonal Observations, Total Mass, Statew ide

400

350

300

250 ppbv 200

150

100 50

0

1st

2nd

3rd

quar te r

4th

Figure 44: Seasonal Effects, VOCs, 2003 & 2004

2004 Ye ar
2003

Total Mass, ppbv

Total VOC Mass, All Species, All Sites, 2003 & 2004

130

120

2003

2004 110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

2003 2004

South DeKalb Utoy Creek Columbus
Milledgeville Gainesville Valdosta Rome Augusta
Warner Robins Savannah
Dawsonville Coffee
Brunswick Yorkville Macon

Names
Figure 45: Total Mass, all Species, by Site, 2003 and 2004
61

Figure 45 shows the total VOC mass at each site, sorted in descending order from left to right, using the 2003 sampling year data as first order. This year, a gradual decrease can be seen across the sites in the network. VOC levels at sites located close or within urban centers (South DeKalb, Utoy Creek) show higher levels of these pollutants, while sites in smaller communities or rural areas (Macon, Rome, Yorkville) are lower. The statewide range from most to least polluted is about 5 fold, indicating a significant gradient. In 2004, this order changed. While it was expected for the total mass to rise across the board, it is somewhat surprising to see a site such as Rome more than double in quantity. This is likely due to an increase5 in emissions at that site and not the lower limit of detection used for the last third of the year. A lower detection limit should have a dramatic effect on the number of observations but since those are restricted to the lowest of values the effect on the total mass should be more subtle. When considering Figure 45 it is important to note that South DeKalb and Gainesville could appear artificially elevated since these two sites have a larger number of scheduled observations than the rest of the sites in the network. South DeKalb samples on a 6-day schedule, and Gainesville has an additional 12 samples per year over the rest of the network's 30 or so samples resulting from their 12-day sampling schedule.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (also called semi-volatiles, or SVOC) are chemical compounds that consist of fused, six-carbon aromatic rings. They are formed by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels such as wood, coal, diesel fuel, fat or tobacco. The shape of the chemical structure of these compounds is closely related to a set of mathematical entities called polyhexes, which are planar figures composed of conjoined regular hexagons of identical size. Over 100 different chemicals are comprised within this designation. Many of them are known or suspected carcinogens. Some environmental facts about this class of compounds are mentioned below.
PAHs enter the air mostly as releases from volcanoes, forest fires, burning coal, and automobile exhaust.
PAHs can occur in air attached to dust particles. Some PAH particles can readily evaporate into the air from soil or surface waters. PAHs can break down by reacting with sunlight and other chemicals in the air over a
period of days to weeks. PAHs can enter water through discharges from industrial and wastewater treatment
plants. Most PAHs do not dissolve easily in water. They stick to solid particles and settle to the
bottoms of lakes or rivers. Microorganisms can break down PAHs in the soil or water after a period of weeks to
months. In soils, PAHs are most likely to stick tightly to particles. Certain PAHs move through soil
to contaminate groundwater. PAH content of plants and animals may be much higher than the PAH content of the soil
or water in which they live.
Figure 46 shows the total number of times each of the semi-volatile compounds depicted on the margin were observed across the statewide network of sites in 2004. In 2003, only
5 The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) gives estimates for emissions for all counties within the state. Release Year 2003 data was frozen on December 28, 2004 and released to the public May 11, 2005. Data collected for its next issue might provide some insight on the higher values seen at Rome in 2004 and general trends in the numbers for the most recent years monitored.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
benzo(a)anthracene was detected on two occasions at a single site- Augusta. The limits of detection for these substances have not been lowered. Beginning in September 2004 the reporting limit was reduced and now includes all observations above and below the LOD. This had a dramatic effect on the data, multiplying the number of observations. Even so, this analyte group is seen only rarely when compared to any other group in this report. In fact, the most frequently detected semi-volatile, phenanthrene, was only seen 25 times across the network in 2004. That is only a fraction of dichlordifluoromethane (700 times) or even formaldehyde (160 times). Figure 46 also compares the atmospheric loading against the frequency of detection. Again, as with VOCs, the most abundant species in terms of mass is not necessarily the one most commonly observed.

# detects ug.m3

Observations vs Total Mass

Semi-volatiles in 2004 30

# detects

25

Total mass

20

15

10

5

0

Benzo(a)anthrIancdeenneo(1-2-3-cd)pyrene

Phenanthrene

FlourantheBneenzo(g,h,I)perylene Benzo(e)pyBreennezo(b)flouranthene Compund Name

0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.001 0

Figure 46: Semi-Volatiles, Observations vs. Total Mass

63

Nework Observations by Site, PUF 2004

10

9

8

7

6

# of detects

5

4

3

2

1

0

Gainesville Utoy Creek

Augusta

Macon Milledgeville

Brunswick

Columbus Dawsonville

ValdosWtaarner Robbins

Coffee

Savannah

Rome

Site

Figure 47: Total SVOC Observations, by Site

Figure 47 displays the number of observations according to site in 2004 for all semi-volatile species combined. While the scarce number of detects precludes making any serious assertions, Gainesville and Utoy Creek stand out above the rest by an approximate margin of 3 to 1. This is not unexpected, at least for Utoy Creek, as the samplers are located within a wastewater treatment facility. Gainesville is home to various industrial complexes known to be the source of well-documented emissions.

Monitoring Techniques In 2003-2004, samples were collected from a total of sixteen sites, including a collocated site (a site that has two monitors of each type and acts as a quality assurance site for precision and accuracy calculations) and two background (rural) sites.

The compounds sampled at the ATN sites are shown in Appendix E. The list was derived from the 188 compounds EPA has designated as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Many of the HAPS do not have standardized ambient air sampling and analytical methods. In order to collect the compounds of interest for the Georgia network, three types of samplers are used at all locations: the HIVOL, PUF, and canister.

This equipment samples for metals, semi-volatiles, and volatile organic compounds once every twelve days following a pre-established schedule that corresponds to a nationwide sampling schedule. On the twelfth day the sampler runs midnight to midnight and takes a 24 hr. composite sample.

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
The HIVOL sampler used for sampling for metals is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 1300 to 2000 liters of air per minute. Particulate material is trapped on an 8" x 10" quartz fiber filter. The particulates include dust, pollen, diesel fuel by-products, particulate metal, etc. The filters are pre-weighed at a remote laboratory prior to use and weighed again after sampling. The filters are subjected to a chemical digestion process and are analyzed on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. The PUF sampler used for sampling for semi-volatiles is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 198 to 242 liters of air per minute. A multi-layer cartridge is prepared which collects both the particulate fraction and the volatile fraction of this group of compounds. The plug, filter and absorbent are extracted at a remote laboratory and analyzed using a gas chromatograph with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The canister sampler used for sampling volatile organic compounds is also a timed sampler. A SUMMA polished canister is evacuated to at least 30 psig and attached to a sampler with a pump controlled by a timer. The canister is filled to greater than 10 psig. The canister is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS). Samples from four PAMS sites, located at Yorkville, South DeKalb, Tucker, and Conyers were analyzed for volatile organic compounds, with additional carbonyl compounds analyzed at the South DeKalb and Tucker sites. The canister sampling method is similar to that described for the ATN, however the analytical method used is different. The PAMS canisters are analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (FID). The carbonyl sampler at both PAMS and ATN sites is also a timed sampler. An absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) coated silica is attached to a pump to allow approximately 180 L of air to be sampled. The cartridge is analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Some of the chemicals monitored in the Air Toxics Network (ATN) are also monitored at sites in the PAMS network. While the monitoring schedule and some analysis methods are different at the PAMS and ATN sites, the PAMS sites were also evaluated and compared to values measured at nearby ATN sites for this analysis.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
2002 Risk Assessment Discussion
The following discussion is an abridged version of the 2001 Air Toxics Network Data Evaluation and Risk Assessment document. For more details please request a copy of the document by emailing Susan_Zimmer-Dauphinee@dnr.state.ga.us. The air toxic data (volatile organic compounds, semi-volatiles, and metals) collected during 2001 from the ATN and PAMS sites were evaluated to assess the potential for health concerns. The data collected for the group of chemical known as carbonyls (acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein) was assessed separately from the other air toxics because those chemicals were only monitored at three of the ATN sites, and two of the PAMS locations. The initial evaluation consisted of a comparison of the monitored results to "health based" screening values. These values were calculated using procedures recommended in EPA's latest guidance on risk assessment for air toxics (U.S EPA, 2004). Briefly, EPA's prioritized chronic dose-response values for both non-cancer (reference concentrations, RfC) and cancer (inhalation unit risks, IUR) were used to generate screening air concentrations. To screen for non-cancer effects, the reference concentration was used as a starting point. However, to account for possible exposure to multiple contaminants, the screening air concentration was obtained by dividing the RfC by 10. Screening values for the cancer endpoint were determined by calculating air concentrations equivalent to a risk level of one in one million. In instances where RfCs and/or IURs were not available, other resources such as toxicity values from EPA's Region III risk program were used to calculate conservative screening values. The actual screening values are displayed in Table 4. The screening values were calculated in a very conservative manner, using assumptions that accounted for the potential for continuous exposure to air toxics for 24 hours per day for 70 years. The conservative screening process was utilized so that the chance of underestimating the potential for health impacts would be minimized, as chemicals were excluded from further quantitative analysis.
67

Table 4: Compounds Monitored And Screening Values Utilized In Initial Assesment

Chemical
Metals Arsenic Beryllium Cadmium Chromium Semi-Volatiles Acenaphthene

Screen Value (g/m3)
0.00023 0.00042 0.00056 0.00008
N/A

Acenaphthylene

N/A

Anthracene

N/A

Benzo(a)anthracene 0.0091

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.0091

Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.0091

Volatile Organic Compounds

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 100

1,1,2,2Tetrachloroethane

0.017

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.063

1,1-Dichloroethane

0.63

1,1-Dichloroethylene

20

1,2,4Trichlorobenzene

20

1,2,4Trimethylbenzene

0.00017

1,2-Dibromoethane 0.0017

1,2-Dichlorobenzene N/A

1,2-Dichloroethane

0.038

1,2-Dichloropropane 0.053

1,3,5Trimethylbenzene 1,3-Butadiene

N/A 0.033

1,3-Dichlorobenzene N/A

1,4-Dichlorobenzene
4-Ethyltoluene Acetaldehyde

0.091
N/A 0.45

Chemical
Cobalt Lead Manganese Nickel
Benzo(g,h,I)perylene Benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(e)pyrene Chrysene Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Fluoranthene
Acetone Acrolein Benzene Benzaldehyde Benzyl Chloride Bromomethane
Butylaldehyde Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroethene
Chloroform Chloromethane Cyclohexane
Dichlorodifluoromethane Ethylbenzene Formaldehyde

Screen Value (g/m3)
0.01 0.15 0.005 0.009
N/A 0.00091
N/A 0.091 0.00083 N/A
N/A 0.002 0.13 N/A 0.02
0.5
N/A 0.067 100 1000 0.11
9.8 9 0.17
0.005 100 0.98

Chemical
Selenium Zinc
Fluorene Ideno(1,2,3c,d)pyrene Naphthalene Phenanthracene Pyrene
Freon 11 Freon 113 Freon 114 Hexachlorobutadiene Methylene Chloride Propionaldehyde
Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene Trichloroethylene cis-1,2Dichloroethylene cis-1,3Dichloropropene o-Dimethylbenzene p,mDimethylbenzene trans-1,3Dichloropropene

Screen Value (g/m3)
2 N/A
N/A 0.0091 0.029
0.02 N/A N/A 0.045 2.13 N/A
100 0.17 40 0.5 N/A
N/A 10 10
N/A

Because results for many of the chemicals assessed were routinely below detection limits of the analytical methods available, the initial review of the data was based on an assessment of the
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
number of chemicals detected and the frequency with which they were detected. That is, determining how often (if at all) a chemical was present, if it was present above detection limits, and if those concentrations were above screening values of concern.
Table 5 shows a summary of the total number of chemicals monitored at each site (excluding carbonyls), the number of chemicals detected, and the number of chemicals detected above the health based screening values. Approximately 70 chemicals were monitored at the ATN sites. Total numbers of compounds detected at the sites were low, ranging from 9 to 17 chemicals. The number of chemicals that were detected at concentrations above the screening levels was even less, ranging from 3 to 7. Of the three categories of chemicals measured at all sites, most of the chemicals that were detected above screening values belonged to the VOC group.

Table 5: Summary Of Chemicals Analyzed

Location

County

Number of Compounds Monitored

Number of Compounds
Detected

Number Greater
than Screening
Value

Augusta

Richmond

69

17

7

Brunswick

Glynn

69*

10

3

Columbus

Muscogee

69

12

5

Dawsonville

Dawson

69

10

3

Douglas

Coffee

69*

12

6

Gainesville

Hall

69

15

5

Macon

Bibb

69

9

3

Milledgeville

Baldwin

69

11

4

Rome

Floyd

69

13

6

Savannah

Chatham

69*

11

4

Utoy Creek

Fulton

69

16

3

Valdosta

Lowndes

69

11

4

Warner Robins Houston

69

13

5

Yorkville

Paulding

69

12

3

* 7 additional chemicals were monitored at these locations, but that information is summarized in Table 10.

Table 6 shows only the chemicals that were detected above screening values at each site, but provides detailed information on how often they were detected (frequency), and the overall average computed using both the detected and non-detected samples. To determine means for risk calculations, non-detected values were assigned of the method detection limit (MDL), and averaged with detected values.

69

Table 6: Site-Specific Frequency And Mean Chemical Concentration

Location Augusta
Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas
Gainesville Macon Milledgeville

Chemical
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11 Chromium Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11 Manganese
Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11
Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Arsenic Beryllium Chromium Manganese
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11 Manganese
Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese

Mean (g/m3)
1.37 1.18 3.25 2.51 1.47 0.0018 0.0091
0.89 1.48 2.26
1.29 1.11 2.37 1.56 0.0085
0.83 2.74 1.45
8.88 2.53 0.0027 0.0014 0.0028 0.0061
1.28 1.02 2.50 1.47 0.0075
1.32 2.39 0.0072
0.83 2.36 2.40 0.0051

Detection Frequency
2/28 5/28 11/28 22/28 1/28 1/30 30/30
2/30 3/30 19/30
1/28 5/28 20/28 3/28 30/30
1/29 24/29 1/29
8/30 23/30 1/31 1/31 1/31 30/31
1/44 5/44 34/44 2/44 40/40
3/29 21/29 26/26
1/30 4/30 21/30 26/27

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Table 6 (continued): Site Specific Frequency And Mean Chemical Concentration

Location Rome
Savannah Utoy Creek Valdosta Warner Robins
Yorkville

Chemical
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Arsenic
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane

Mean (g/m3)
0.90 25.65 2.53 1.80 1.47 0.0065
0.82 6.21 2.60 0.0067
1.07 2.56 0.0070
0.92 2.91 2.56 0.0023
1.28 0.87 1.93 2.46 0.0059
1.31 0.96 2.47

Detection Frequency
2/28 4/28 22/28 1/28 1/28 27/28
1/31 1/31 24/31 31/31
6/29 23/29 30/30
3/29 8/29 25/29 1/30
1/29 2/29 3/29 23/29 29/29
1/29 1/29 21/29

The cancer risk and non-cancer hazard for chemicals carried beyond the screening process into the quantitative assessment were calculated. Table 7 shows the theoretical cancer risk and non-cancer hazard that would result from an individual breathing air containing the detected chemicals at the estimated concentrations daily for seventy years, or a full lifetime. These cancer risk and hazard quotient estimates are likely conservative because they were calculated assuming continuous exposure to outdoor air at breathing rates typical of moderate exertion. Real risk cannot be calculated, but may be substantially lower.

71

Table 7: Cancer Risk And Hazard Quotient By Location And Chemical

Location Augusta
Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas
Gainesville Macon Milledgeville

Chemical
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11 Chromium Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11 Manganese
Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11
Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Arsenic Beryllium Chromium Manganese
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Freon 11 Manganese
Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese

Cancer Risk 9.24 x 10-6 2.12 x 10-5 6.95 x 10-6 8.70 x 10-6 6.44 x 10-6
1.18 x 10-5 3.36 x 10-6 3.34 x 10-5 7.97 x 10-6
6.49 x 10-6

Hazard Quotient
0.231 0.039 0.001 0.014 0.002 0.018 0.183
0.030 0.000 0.013
0.216 0.037 0.014 0.002 0.170
0.028 0.016 0.002
0.001 0.014 0.092 0.070 0.028 0.122
0.214 0.034 0.014 0.002 0.150
0.000 0.014 0.145
0.028 0.000 0.014 0.102

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Table 7 (continued): Cancer Risk And Hazard Quotient By Location And Chemical

Location Rome
Savannah Utoy Creek Valdosta Warner Robins
Yorkville

Chemical
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
Benzene Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Arsenic
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane Manganese
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Cyclohexane Dichlorodifluoromethane

Cancer Risk 7.02 x 10-6 1.06 x 10-5 2.94 x 10-6 6.43 x 10-6
8.37 x 10-6
7.15 x 10-6 1.00 x 10-5 6.80 x 10-6

Hazard Quotient
0.030 0.004 0.014 0.007 0.002 0.130
0.027 0.001 0.015 0.133
0.036 0.015 0.140
0.031 0.000 0.015 0.078
0.215 0.029 0.000 0.014 0.119
0.220 0.000 0.014

Lifetime cancer risks for the limited number of chemicals exceeding screening values (and excluding that from carbonyls) exceeded 1 X 10-6 or one in one million, a value generally deemed as insignificant. However, lifetime cancer risks for these chemicals did not exceeded 1 X 10-4 or one in ten thousand. This value is generally taken as a crude upper limit on "allowable" risk in many regulatory contexts.
Individual hazard quotients (HQs) are ratios that relate daily exposure concentrations, or dose, to a concentration or an amount thought to be without appreciable risks of causing harmful noncancer effects in sensitive individuals as well as the general population. That is, values less than 1.0 for the HQ indicate the air "dose" is less than the amount required to cause toxic effects
73

other than cancer. HQs for all individual chemicals (excluding carbonyls) were well below 1.0 at all of the sites.

Table 8 shows total or aggregate theoretical cancer risk and hazard indices (added hazard quotients) for the chemicals (VOCs and metals) carried through the quantitative assessment at the sites monitored in 2002. It is considered appropriate to treat the potential for effects in an additive manner and to sum cancer risk and hazard quotients. That is, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 X 10-4 and 2 X 10-4, then the sum or aggregate cancer risk would equal 3 X 10-4. Likewise, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 X 10-4 and 1 X 10-5, then total cancer risk for the two would equal 1.1 X 10-4, or rounded to 1 X 10-4. Similarly, if hazard quotients were 0.6 and 0.5 for two different chemicals it would indicate that each chemical alone is not likely to result in detrimental effects. However, summing the two would yield a Hazard Index or HI of 1.1, suggesting at least the potential for detrimental effects from the combination of the two chemicals.

Table 8: Aggregate Cancer Risks And Hazard Indicies For Each Site (Excluding Carbonyls)

Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville Macon Milledgeville Rome Savannah Utoy Creek Valdosta Warner Robins Yorkville

Cancer Risk 3.05 x 10-5 6.95 x 10-6 8.70 x 10-6 6.44 x 10-6 4.85 x 10-5 7.97 x 10-6 6.44 x 10-7 6.49 x 10-6 2.06 x 10-5 6.43 x 10-6 8.37 x 10-6 1.72 x 10-5
6.80 x 10-6

Hazard Index 0.488 0.043 0.440 0.045 0.327 0.415 0.159 0.144 0.188 0.177 0.190 0.123
0.377
0.235

Aggregate cancer risk (excluding carbonyls) for all sites exceeded 1 X 10-6, with risk ranging from a low value of 6 X 10-7 at the Macon sites, to a high value of 5 X 10-5 at Douglas. Benzene was the only cancer causing VOC found consistently at the majority of sites and contributed appreciably to aggregate risk. This finding supports the theory that mobile sources (automobiles) are a significant contributor to overall air pollution. HIs were well below one, with no value exceeding 0.5. These findings suggest little potential for non-cancer effects from the chemicals assessed in this study.
Some data collected from the PAMS network was evaluated in conjunction with the ATN data. The PAMS network is a federally mandated network required to monitor for ozone precursors in those areas classified as serious, severe, or extreme for ozone non-attainment. Approximately 54 chemicals are monitored on six-day intervals at the PAMS sites. Sites are located in Conyers, South DeKalb, Tucker, and Yorkville. Of the 54 chemicals monitored at PAMS sites, many are ozone precursors, and are not truly comparable to the chemicals monitored at the Air
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Toxics Network sites, or appropriate to evaluate as air toxics. So for this study, only ten chemicals were assessed for their potential to have detrimental effects on human health if present in ambient air. Those ten chemicals were benzene, ethyl benzene, n-hexane, 1,2,3trimethyl benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, styrene, toluene, m,pxylene, and o-xylene. Of those ten chemicals evaluated from the PAMS network, only benzene, ethylbenzene, 1,2,4trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were found in concentrations above the screening values. Table 9 shows number of observations, first and second highest values, and averages for chemicals evaluated in the quantitative assessment at each of the four PAMS sites. Benzene was detected consistently and when evaluated as a carcinogen, produced risks ranging as great as 2 X 10-5. The trimethylbenzene compounds were detected sufficiently to produce HQs for non-cancer ranging from 0.3 to 2.0
75

Table 9: Site Specific Observations, First & Second Maxima, Mean Concentration, Hazard Quotient, And Cancer Risk From PAMS Network (Excluding Carbonyls)

Location Chemical Conyers
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene Hexane m & p Xylenes o-Xylene Styrene Toluene South DeKalb 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene Hexane m & p Xylenes o-Xylene Styrene Toluene Tucker 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene Hexane m & p Xylenes o-Xylene Styrene Toluene Yorkville 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene Hexane m & p Xylenes o-Xylene Styrene Toluene

# Obs.
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 55 55
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55

1st Max
4.9 19 2.1 2.3 1.8 3.8 2.9 1.8 1.5 15.0
6.4 18 6.4 4.9 5.5 4.5 9.3 4.4 2.3 47.0
4.0 29 2.8 7.8 3.9 4.7 12.0 5.1 1.1 24.0
44.0 9 7.8 2.1 1.3 2.0 3.4 2.1 7.9 6.1

2nd Max
1.9 9.3 0.65 2.0 0.9 2.7 2.7 1.3 0.6 15.0
4.8 9.7 1.2 4.7 2.9 3.5 8.9 3.6 0.9 14.0
3.5 28 2.7 4.8 2.4 3.6 7.8 3.9 1.0 17.0
24.0 3.7 1.3 1.9 1.1 1.2 2.9 2.0 5.7 4.4

Mean
0.50 1.72 0.10 0.90 0.35 0.75 1.01 0.61 0.17 3.00
1.01 1.87 0.55 1.97 1.00 1.32 3.02 1.45 0.42 6.75
1.28 9.00 0.75 2.13 1.00 1.34 3.23 1.61 0.41 6.80
11.15 1.45 0.56 1.01 0.37 0.51 1.07 0.86 1.61 1.95

HQ
0.083 0.289 0.017 0.030 0.000 0.004 0.010 0.006 0.000 0.008
0.169 0.314 0.093 0.066 0.001 0.007 0.030 0.015 0.000 0.017
0.215 1.513 0.127 0.071 0.001 0.007 0.032 0.016 0.000 0.017
1.874 0.244 0.095 0.034 0.000 0.003 0.011 0.009 0.002 0.005

CR 7.05 x 10-6 1.53 x 10-5 1.66 x 10-5 7.87 x 10-6

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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Table 10: Site Specific Frequency, Mean Concentration, Cancer Risk, And Hazard Quotient For Carbonyl Compounds

Location

Chemical

Brunswick Dawsonville Savannah South DeKalb
Tucker

Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM
Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM
Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde SUM
Acetaldehyde Acrolein Formaldehyde SUM
Acetaldehyde Acrolein Formaldehyde SUM

Mean (g/m3)
0.93 1.25
1.04 1.90
0.85 0.97

Detection Cancer Hazard Frequency Risk Quotient

8/30 9/30
13/27 17/28
4/29 5/29

2.06 x 10-6 6.86 x 10-9 2.06 x 10-6
2.29 x 10-6 1.04 x 10-8 2.30 x 10-6
1.88 x 10-6 5.35 x 10-9 1.88 x 10-6

0.104 0.127 0.231
0.116 0.194 0.310
0.095 0.099 0.194

6.09 0.77 17.22
3.27 0.71 17.80

56/58 4/57 57/59
54/57 1/56 56/58

1.34 x 10-5
9.47 x 10-8 1.35 x 10-5
7.18 x 10-6
9.79 x 10-8 7.28 x 10-6

0.677 38.327 1.757 40.084
0.363 35.507 1.816 37.323

The carbonyls (acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein) were measured at only three of the ATN sites and two of the PAMS sites. For that reason, their results have been segregated from the rest of the data and are displayed separately. Detection frequency, mean concentration, cancer risk, and non-cancer HQs for the carbonyls are shown in Table 10. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were evaluated as carcinogens, and acrolein as a non-carcinogen. Where acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were monitored and detected, cancer risks exceeded 1 X 10-6, with risks reaching 1 X 10-5. Acrolein was detected at only two sites (South DeKalb, Tucker), with low frequencies of detection ranging from 2 to 7%. However, the hazard quotients for acrolein, where detected, were quite high, ranging from approximately 35 to 38.

Summary and Discussion
Results from the 2002 statewide monitoring effort indicate that only a small number of chemicals were detected in sufficient quantity and frequency to be included in the final quantitative
77

assessment. Of these chemicals, several VOCs were found at sites in Georgia, and contributed to aggregate risks. Benzene was found at eleven of fourteen sites ATN sites, and all four PAMS sites and accounted for the majority of the aggregate risk. Average benzene concentrations at ATN sites of approximately 0.8 to 1.2 g/m3 were within the range reported in extensive monitoring studies conducted in Savannah (GADNR, 1996a; Macintosh et. al., 1999) and Brunswick (GADNR, 1996) and are also consistent with data collected in many other areas of the country and reviewed by ATSDR (ATSDR, 1997a). However, these concentrations correspond to predicted theoretical lifetime cancer risks in the range of 6 X 10-6 to 1 X 10-5. Concentrations of benzene measured in the PAMS network varied from averages of 0.9 to 2.1 g/m3. While this range is broader than that reported from the ATN, it is still well within the range reported in the previously mentioned Georgia studies.
Major sources of benzene to the environment include automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions (ATSDR, 1997a). Most data relating effects of longterm exposure to benzene are from studies of workers employed in industries that make or use benzene, where people were exposed to amounts hundreds or thousands of times greater than those reported herein. Under these circumstances of high exposure, benzene can cause problems in the blood, including anemia, excessive bleeding, and harm to the immune system. Exposure to large amounts of benzene for long periods of time may also cause cancer of the blood-forming organs, or leukemia (ATSDR, 1997). The potential for these types of health effects from exposure to low levels of benzene, as reported in this study, are not well understood.
One or more of the carbonyls were detected at Brunswick, Dawsonville, Savannah, South DeKalb and Tucker. Formaldehyde was detected at all five locations where carbonyls were assessed, with concentrations ranging from approximately 1.0 to 17.8 ug/m3. It was detected with a relatively low frequency at the Air Toxics sites (25%), but with a much greater frequency at the PAMS sites (95%). The reason for the difference in the frequency of detection between the ATN and PAMS sites is not clear at this time. However, it may be related to differences in sitting criteria between the two networks. Type II PAMS sites are intentionally located in "urban core" locations to monitor precursors of ozone, but ATN sites are not. Because of this difference, vehicle emissions may play a greater role in measurements made at PAMS sites compared to ATN sites.
Formaldehyde, the simplest of the aldehydes, is produced in small quantities by natural processes, and released into the environment as a component of smog, and from fertilizer, paper, and manufactured wood products industries (ATSDR 1999). Formaldehyde is a health concern because of its respiratory irritancy and potential as a carcinogen. It may cause irritation of the eye, nose, throat, and skin, as has the potential under certain exposure scenarios to cause cancers of the noise and throat (ATSDR 1999).
Acetaldehyde was detected at both the ATN and PAMS sites. Concentrations ranged from approximately 0.8 to 6.1 ug/m3, with corresponding cancer risks ranging from 2X10-6 to 1X10-5. Acetaldehyde, like formaldehyde, is a concern as an upper respiratory irritant, and because of its potential to cause nasal tumors in animal studies. However, research has shown it to be significantly less potent than formaldehyde.
Acrolein was detected infrequently (< 7%) at the two PAMS sites South DeKalb, and Tucker. However, when detected, concentrations were sufficiently high to yield values for the annual average (using the detection limit for non-detected samples) ranging from 0.7 to 0.8 ug/m3. These concentrations were sufficient to yield HQs ranging from 35 to 38. Acrolein may enter the
78

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
environment as a result of combustion of trees and other plants, tobacco, gasoline, and oil. Additionally, it has a number of industrial uses as a chemical intermediate (ATSDR, 1999). The potential for acrolein to cause health effects is not well understood. At very low concentrations, it is an upper respiratory irritant. At very high concentrations it may produce more serious damage to the lining of the upper respiratory tract and lungs (ATSDR, 1990; U.S. EPA, 2003).
Other VOCs were measured in this study at several sites with relatively low frequencies. Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene were detected once at the Rome ATN site. Both are volatile organic chemicals that are used as metal degreasers and dry cleaning solvents, respectively. They may act as central nervous system depressants after very high doses, and also are considered likely carcinogens. Potential health effects resulting from exposures to low concentrations of these chemicals in ambient air are not well understood (ATSDR 1997b, ATSDR 1997c). For this study, both chemicals were evaluated as potential carcinogens. Cancer risk calculated from the mean ambient air concentrations (accounting for non-detected samples) was approximately 1 X 10-5 for each chemical. The overall contribution of these chemicals to total theoretical cancer risk in the assessment was low. Additionally, it should be noted that these contributions arise from measurements made on one day of sampling. That is, the estimate may not be a reasonable estimate of risk considering the low (< 4%) frequency of detection.
Another VOC, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was detected at five ATN sites and at all four PAMS sites. It occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum crude oil. It is a component of gasoline, and has other uses in industry as an intermediate in the production of dyes, drugs, and coatings. Exposure to very large amounts of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene may cause skin and respiratory irritancy and nervous system depression. However, risks resulting from exposure to low ambient concentrations of 1,2,4- trimethylbenzene have not been studied extensively (U.S. EPA, 1994). For this study, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was evaluated as a non-carcinogen with potential to cause central nervous system and irritant effects (U.S. EPA, 2004). 1,2,4Trimethylbenzene HQs ranged from approximately 0.2 to 1.5 across the six locations, with HQs at PAMS sites consistently the highest.
Three metals, arsenic, chromium, and manganese, were evaluated in the quantitative assessment. Manganese was detected at 10 sites, but did not contribute significantly in the quantitative assessment with HQs of approximately < 0.2.
Arsenic was found at two ATN sites, Douglas and Valdosta. Arsenic occurs naturally in soil and rocks, and was used extensively in the past as a pesticide on cotton fields and in orchards (ATSDRa, 2000). Currently, the majority of arsenic used is as a preservative for wood. Arsenic has been recognized as a human poison since ancient times.
Inhalation of large quantities of some forms of arsenic may cause irritation of the throat and upper respiratory tract. Long-term exposure either by inhalation or ingestion may result in a unique pattern of skin changes, and circulatory and peripheral nervous disorders (ATSDRa, 2000). Inhalation of some forms of arsenic may also cause cancer, and arsenic was evaluated as a carcinogen in this assessment. Cancer risks in the range of 1 X 10-5 accounted for a approximately 20% of the aggregate cancer risks at Douglas and Valdosta ATN sites, even though it was measured on only one of the thirty sampling events. Chromium was found the Augusta ATN site only. Chromium is a naturally occurring element and is common in low amounts in foodstuffs (ATSDRb, 2000). Natural processes such as wind
79

generating dust and even volcanoes may release chromium into the atmosphere. However, many human activities release it into the atmosphere also. The chemistry of chromium is very complex. It may occur in different forms or "states" in the environment, having very different degrees of toxicity. Because the measurements made in this study were for the total form, distinctions cannot be made as to how much of the different states are present. In the interest of conservativeness, chromium was evaluated with the most stringent toxicity index. That is, supposing that all the metal measured was in the most toxic form. Inhaled chromium (in at least some forms) may increase the risk of lung cancer. Chromium concentrations measured in this study are low, and are actually near the lower end of the ranges reported for air in the U.S. (ATSDR, 2000). However, because of the assumptions described above, chromium accounts for a small portion of the theoretical cancer risk estimated in this study at the two sites where it was measured. The significance of these amounts of chromium in air can't be fully evaluated at this time. Further work is needed to determine if the amounts reported herein are truly "background" in Georgia. If that is the case, further work to better define chemical forms will be needed to refine the risk assessment. In an effort to evaluate the most significant contributors to risk, and any potential change over time, data for carbonyls over the last five years was evaluated. Carbonyls were chosen for this exercise because they have consistently accounted for the majority of cancer and non-cancer risk as indicated by risk values and HIs. Three locations were chosen for comparison because they were the three sites in the Air Toxics Network where carbonyls have been measured consistently for five years. Figures 48 and 49 show total cancer risks and hazard indices for carbonyls at the three sites (Brunswick, Dawsonville, Savannah) for the last five years of available data (1998 2002). Cancer risks have declined over the five years from a range of approximately 1 to 6 X 10-4 to a range of 2 to 7 X 10-6. These decreases in risk are dramatic, representing a decline in predicted risk of approximately two orders of magnitude. Likewise, HIs have declined also. Values at the ATN sites are well below 1.0, ranging from 0.2 to 0.3.
80

7.00E-04

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Aggregate Cancer Risk For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations

6.00E-04 5.00E-04 4.00E-04

Brunswick Dawsonville Savannah

Cancer Risk

3.00E-04

2.00E-04

1.00E-04

0.00E+00

1998

1999

2000 Year

2001

2002

Figure 48: Aggregate Cancer Risk for Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations

Hazard Index For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations 70

60

Brunswick

Dawsonville

50

Savannah

40

30

Hazard Index

20

10

0 1998

1999

2000 Year

2001

2002

Figure 49: Hazard Index For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations

81

As stated previously, the estimates of risk presented herein are likely overestimates due to conservative assumptions used in this exercise. Conservative assumptions were used to estimate the potential for possible exposures (high inhalation rates and long term exposure) and toxicity values. In the absence of good exposure information this practice is warranted to decrease the potential for underestimating risk. The real utility of these values are not as indicators of true or "real" risk, but as indicators for relative comparisons between locations within the monitoring network or in other areas of the country. While air toxics are certainly a concern in many urban areas in Georgia, the results presented herein suggest that the majority of calculated risk is due to a limited number of chemicals. The data collected over the last five years also show significant declines in air concentrations of chemicals that contribute most dramatically to risk of cancer and non-cancer effects. Lastly, EPD's benzene air toxics data suggests that air pollution from mobile sources makes a significant contribution to aggregate risk, and should be reduced to improve overall air quality.
82

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Meteorological Report

Summary
The year 2004 involved a broad range of meteorological conditions for the state of Georgia, beginning with a warm, dry pattern for much of January. Rainfall was as much as two inches below normal in January, except across a narrow portion of central Georgia, which ended up just below normal precipitation. Table 11 gives a comparison of monthly rainfall amounts for 2004 and the climatology for select cities in Georgia. As shown in the table, Atlanta received above-average rainfall in 2004, relative to the 30-year mean. The month of September shows the greatest difference in monthly averaged rainfall for all four cities. Temperatures in Atlanta and Macon averaged about a degree warmer than normal, while Columbus and Athens were slightly colder than normal. Conditions changed in February to a colder and wetter than normal pattern, with portions of north and central Georgia affected by a winter storm February 26th. Temperatures across north and central Georgia locations were near five degrees below normal. Brief cold spells in Atlanta are not uncommon in January and February, when the polar-front jet stream advances southward allowing maritime Polar and Arctic air to filter into the region.

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D Yearly

+/-

Atlanta

2004

2.84 4.60 1.04 2.80 2.58 5.99 2.20 3.63 13.65 2.19 7.26 4.82 +3.22

1971-2000 30 yr avg 5.03 4.86 5.38 3.62 3.95 3.63 5.12 3.67 4.09 3.11 4.10 3.82

Athens 1971-2000

2004
30 yr avg

2.52 4.28 1.05 0.87 1.32 3.76 1.84 3.87 11.84 0.98 7.95 2.80 -4.91 4.69 4.55 4.99 3.35 3.86 3.94 4.41 3.78 3.53 3.47 3.71 3.71

Macon 1971-2000

2004
30 yr avg

4.23 6.01 0.43 1.70 2.41 4.19 0.60 8.63 12.66 1.66 3.68 0.75 +1.77 5.00 4.79 4.90 3.14 2.98 3.54 4.32 3.79 3.26 2.37 3.22 3.93

Columbus 1971-2000

2004
30 yr avg

2.82 5.04 0.56 3.14 3.01 5.61 4.58 5.24 9.47 1.36 5.61 2.55 +0.24 4.78 4.66 5.75 3.84 3.62 3.51 5.04 3.78 3.07 2.33 3.97 4.40

Table 11: Comparison of monthly rainfall amounts for 2004 and 30 yr. average for select cities in Georgia
(Data courtesy National Weather Service, Peachtree City, Georgia)
83

March through the middle of June was marked by warmer and much drier than normal weather across Georgia. While Metropolitan Atlanta flirted with ninety degrees on several occasions in May, it did not officially record ninety degrees until mid-June. July saw temperatures near normal with continued below normal rainfall amounts for the month. Typically, dry, stable conditions can persist for several weeks during the summer, due to the presence of the Atlantic subtropical ridge. Return flow around the high can promote scattered afternoon thunderstorms due to an increase in Gulf moisture. Convective instability is common during summer months of June, July, and August. August rainfall returned to normal with temperatures slightly cooler than normal. During September, much of north and central Georgia experienced remnants of three tropical systems that moved across the area. The remnants of Tropical Storm Frances pushed into southwest Georgia September 6th and tracked north across the Atlanta metropolitan area late September 7th. Bands of moderate to heavy rain resulted in several inches of rain. The remnants of Hurricane Ivan pushed northward through Alabama on September 16th and reached the northwest corner of Georgia before daybreak on the 17th. Both storms had winds of 30 to 40 mph, with gusts near 50 mph. The remnants of Hurricane Jeanne pushed into the center of Georgia on September 27th. Jeanne was still at tropical storm strength when she passed east of Albany, but soon weakened to a depression. Bands of moderate to heavy rain swirled across the state as a result of the system. In the end, September recorded the wettest month ever for the state of Georgia. Atlanta had its 2nd wettest September since the beginning of record, while Athens, Macon, and Columbus all had the wettest September on record. October was warmer and drier than normal conditions. November and December were both wetter than average in Atlanta while drier conditions prevailed across the rest of the state. Winters in Atlanta are generally wet and mild due to the transport of warm moist air from the Gulf of Mexico.
84

Meteorological Measurements

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

A complete suite of meteorological instrumentation is used to characterize meteorological conditions around metropolitan Atlanta. The basic surface meteorological parameters measured at the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Sites (PAMS) are shown in Table 12. The PAMS sites are Conyers, South DeKalb, Tucker, and Yorkville. All PAMS sensors measure hourly-averaged wind speed and wind direction at the 10-meter level, and hourly-averaged surface temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure at the 2-meter level. Several sites include instruments to record hourly-averaged precipitation, global solar radiation, and total ultraviolet radiation. The standard deviation of the wind direction is also computed at one of the PAMS sites (South DeKalb). Other surface meteorological measurements were made across the state in 2004 and are also shown in Table 12.

Statewide Monitoring
Sites
Conyers South DeKalb Tucker
Yorkville Fort
Mountain Brunswick
Confederate Avenue
Dawsonville Savannah E. President
Macon
Douglasville Fayetteville
Newnan Savannah
L&A

Wind Speed (m/s)
a a
a a a
a a
a a
a a a a a

Wind Direct. (deg)
a a
a a a
a a
a a
a a a a a

Sig. Theta (deg)
a

Relative Humidity
(%)
a a
a a a

Solar Radia-
tion (W/m2)
a
a a

Total Ultraviolet Radiation
(W/m2) a
a a

Barometric Pressure (mb)
a a

Precip (in)
a

Temp (C)
a a

a

a

a

a

a

a

Table 12: Meteorological Parameters Measured at Statewide Monitoring Sites During 2004

85

Ozone and PM2.5 Data Analysis
Comparative histograms of ozone, PM2.5, and select meteorological parameters for Atlanta and Macon in 2004, and comparison year 2002, are shown in Figures 50-52. The histograms in Figure 50 and Figure 52 depict the basic trends in meteorology and ozone during the ozone season of May 1 September 30. Generally, certain meteorological conditions characterize a poor air quality day. Factors such as a strong high pressure ridge, steep temperature inversion, shallow mixing depth, minimal cloud cover (which leads to increased photochemistry), and light surface flow and/or winds, each aid in the accumulation of particulate matter and ozone. The comparative ozone histogram for 2004 in Figure 50 demonstrates the positive correlation between temperature and ozone when compared with 2002. The higher frequency of >85 degree days in 2002 shows a positive correlation with more >90 ppbv ozone days relative to fewer high ozone days in 2004. Wind speed also shows a slightly negative correlation with ozone for the 2002 and 2004 seasons. The PM2.5 data in Figure 51 is divided into seasonal periods, representing the four quarters of 2004. Differences between seasons existed, although there is a slight negative correlation between wind speed and PM2.5.
86

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 50: Comparative Histograms (2004 vs. 2002) of meteorological parameters and ozone for Atlanta during ozone season (May-September)
87

Days

Days

40 30 20 10
0 0 40 30 20 10 0 0
30

PM2.5 : Mar-May 2002
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 PM2.5 : Mar-May 2004
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 (ug/m3)
PM2.5 : Sep-Nov 2002

20

10

0 0
30

10

20

30

40

50

60

PM2.5 : Sep-Nov 2004

20

10

0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

(ug/m3)

Day s

Day s

Days

Days

40 30 20 10 0
0 40 30 20 10 0
0
30

PM2.5 : Jun-Aug 2002

10

20

30

40

50

60

PM2.5 : Jun-Aug 2004

10

20

30

40

50

60

(ug/m3)

PM2.5 : Dec 03 - Feb 04

20

10

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 PM2.5 : Dec 04 - Feb 05
30

20

10

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 (ug/m3)

Figure 51: Comparative Histograms (2004 vs. 2002) of seasonal PM2.5 for Metropolitan Atlanta

Day s

Day s

88

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 52: Comparative Histograms (2004 vs. 2002) of meteorological parameters and ozone for Macon during ozone season (May-September)
89

Ozone forecasts were made during May through September 2004 by nine forecasters from Georgia Tech and EPD. The team forecasts for an area of approximately 4030 square miles, which make up the 13-county non-attainment area for Metropolitan Atlanta. A total of eleven 8hour violations were reported for Metropolitan Atlanta and three 8-hour violations for Macon. There was one 1-hour violation observed. The forecasting accuracy for the team for the 2004 ozone season was 92 % on an event to a non-event basis. The number of observations and predictions for the 2004 ozone season are shown in Figure 53 and 54. The solid-filled circles represent the missed violations forecasted. Many of the ozone episodes were characterized by differing synoptic conditions.
A strong upper level ridge over the southeast marked the first ozone violation of the season for Atlanta of 91 ppbv on May 8th. Highly stable, dry conditions for north Georgia were evident upper air meteorological data from Peachtree City, with light northwest flow. Good subsidence, combined with a strong cap and 850mb relative humidity near 55%, allowed the 8hr ozone average to reach the unhealthy for sensitive groups (USG) Air Quality Index (AQI) category. Return flow off the Atlantic high set up over Georgia as the ridge slowly shifted eastward. A period of consecutive green ozone days occurred in mid-May as a result of this moist southerly return flow, with instability-driven convection and cloud cover limiting photochemistry. Several shortwave passages occurred over north Georgia toward the end of May because of a fairly active upper level jet pattern. As an upper level ridge strengthened and high center drifted eastward the beginning of June, ozone exceedances were recorded on the 6th and 11th of the month. Weakness in the ridge allowed for minor waves to move along the periphery, which aided in triggering afternoon convection and returning ozone to good air quality standards (0-64 ppbv). The remainder of June was characterized by a moist, unstable air mass across Georgia, with southwesterly flow providing a good influx of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. This synoptic pattern continued into the early part of July, keeping ozone values within the good-moderate range, as the main jet stayed to the north and minor impulses made it through the WNW flow aloft. Metro Atlanta experienced its highest 8-hr average ozone reading for 2004 of 114 ppbv on July 21st, as an upper level and surface ridge extended into the southeast. The violation occurred during dry, stable conditions with light and variable boundary layer winds allowing for recirculation. Light N to NNE flow from Tropical Storm Alex in early August, combined with good subsidence from the outflow, aided in exceedances on the 3rd and 4th of the month. A typical summertime pattern prevailed for the remainder of August, with mostly zonal flow aloft and isolated afternoon convection triggered by daytime heating. There were several ozone violations recorded during this period. An outbreak of tropical activity during September allowed rainfall totals to reach record setting values, and kept ozone levels from climbing above the moderate range (65-84 ppbv) the entire month.
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2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Maximun O concentrations (ppbv) 3

2004
100

90 80

70

60

50 40

30

20

100

90 80

70

60

50

40

30

JUN

20
120 110 100
90 80 70 60 50 40 30

O 3 observed O 3 predicted
MAY
JUL

1

3

5

7

9

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

D ay of the m onth

Figure 53: Ozone Forecast Results (1 hour)

Maximun 8-hrs O3 concentrations (ppbv)

2004
120 100
80 60 40 20

O3 observed O3 predicted
AUG

120

100

SEP

80

60

40

20

1

3

5

7

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Day of the month

Figure 54: Ozone Forecast Results (8 hour)
91

Selected Case Study Events
EPD forecasters studied several 8-hr ozone and PM2.5 exceedance episodes to determine if an exceptional event flag could be applied to the incidents. Each event was evaluated using meteorological analysis, as well as other data, to support or negate possible long-range transport of pollution from fires. Highlighted below are two such cases in which longrange transport was indeed likely. Appendix C includes rawinsonde data, surface and upper air charts, and backward trajectory analysis from the cases mentioned below.
April 15, 2003 Case (Possible transport from Midwestern U.S.): A strong upper level ridge over the east dominated the period, with water vapor imagery and the 12z FFC sounding showing very dry air at the midlevels. The 850mb high centered over the southeast aided in particulate matter accumulation with good subsidence, light to calm winds aloft, and a strong surface inversion. EDAS 72 hr. boundary layer backward trajectory analysis at 500, 1000, and 1500 meter levels indicated possible transport from southern Georgia on the 15th, with rawinsonde data supporting light southeasterly winds around the Atlantic ridge. Trajectory analysis at the 300mb level on the 15th showed transport over a ridge in the upper Midwest. A dry surface cold front remained stationary across the U.S. during the previous 3-day period, with light west-northwest flow aloft on the 13th supporting possible transport from the Midwest region. As the ridge drifted eastward and built into the southeast on the 15th, winds became light to calm under stable, stagnant conditions. An upper level trough in the west and accompanying cold front moved across the Rocky Mountains toward the plains with moist air streaming up ahead of the front.
July 17 July 20, 2004 Case (Possible transport from Canada/Alaska): Synoptic conditions for the 17th involved an upper level trough over the east with WNW flow aloft as a strong ridge built across the western US. Surface analyses showed an occluded warm front over Georgia associated with an area of low pressure centered across western TN, as well as another weak disturbance over South Carolina triggering scattered convection across the southeast. Moderate instability was evident from the 12z FFC rawinsonde with a moist layer near 700mb and very light to calm surface flow. Contribution from Alaskan fire activity on the 17th cannot be ruled out based on boundary layer and upper air trajectory analysis.
By the 18th the front had moved just south of the metro area becoming stationary, with Atlanta in the drier northwest flow behind the front. An upper level trough continued to sit over the east, keeping Georgia, at the base of the trough, in westerly flow aloft. 12z surface reports on the 19th showed haze as a surface high built in behind the slow moving front over southeast Georgia. A ridge of high pressure began to build in behind a retreating upper level trough over the northeast on the 20th, with 12Z FFC rawinsonde data showing a very stable atmosphere. Additional low and mid-level drying occurred in response to the surface ridge building across the southeast. Light to calm surface winds, plenty of subsidence and a good inversion allowed for PM2.5 accumulation with surface observations reflecting haze across much of the east. 850mb moisture slightly increased during the afternoon giving way to a few scattered cumuli, but no precipitation. WNW winds aloft on the backend of the trough support EDAS 72hr and 96hr. backward trajectory upper air and surface analysis, which indicate possible transport from Canadian and Alaskan fires.
92

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Outreach and Education
One of the most important tasks of the Ambient Monitoring Program is maintaining effective public outreach and education. The program seeks to address the air quality issues that are most vital to the citizens of Georgia by identifying the pollutants that represent the greatest risks, continually monitoring them, and communicating the monitoring results directly with the public. The goal is to provide an understanding of the presence of air pollution throughout the state and to educate the public on the steps they can take to improve air quality. This is done by issuing smog alerts and information provided in the Air Quality Index (AQI), maintaining a partnership with the Clean Air Campaign in the metro Atlanta nonattainment area, and other outreach strategies aimed at keeping the public up to date on air quality issues.
What is the Clean Air Campaign? The Clean Air Campaign (CAC) is a not-for-profit organization that works to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality in the metro Atlanta nonattainment area through a variety of voluntary programs and services, including free employer assistance, incentive programs, public information and children's education. EPD is a proud sponsor and funder of CAC.
The CAC works with more than 300 public and private sector employers, representing several hundred thousand employees, to reduce the number of single-occupancy vehicle commuters in metro Atlanta year-round. The program has helped reduce emissions and vehicle miles traveled by encouraging people to alter their commuting habits and to reconsider behaviorsdriving in particular.
In addition to addressing commuters' driving habits, CAC utilizes the Air Quality Index (AQI) to relay air quality information to metro Atlanta residents.
4.1 The Air Quality Index The AQI was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide easy to
understand information about daily levels of air pollution and any associated health risks. An AQI value of 100 is the level EPA has set to protect public health. AQI values below 100 are generally thought of as satisfactory. When AQI values reach levels of 100 or above for ozone, particle pollution, or both, the air quality is considered to be unhealthy and a smog alert is issued. The AQI also advises the public on the steps to take if or when air pollution rises to unhealthy levels.
93

Index Value 0 to 50
51 to 100

Descriptor
Good (green) Moderate (yellow)

101 to 150

Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups (orange)

151 to 200 Unhealthy (red)

201 to 300

Very Unhealthy
(purple)

301 to 500 Hazardous (maroon)

Figure 55: The AQI

EPA Health Advisory
Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.
Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people. For example, people who are unusually sensitive to ozone may experience respiratory symptoms.
Members of sensitve groups may experience health effects. "Sensitive groups" means people who are likely to be affected at lower levels than the general public. For example, people with lung disease are at greater risk from ozone. People with lung disease or heart disease are at greater risk from exposure to particle pollution. The general public is not likely to be affected in this range, though.
Everyone may begin to experience health effects in this range. Members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.
In this range even more people will be affected by ozone. Most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours, when the ozone is lower, to avoid high ozone exposures.
AQI values over 300 trigger health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.

94

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
How does Georgia's Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP) Cooperate with The Clean Air Campaign (CAC)?
The Ambient Monitoring Program is responsible for measuring air pollutant levels in metro Atlanta and throughout the state. Equipment at fourteen continous monitoring stations across metro Atlanta are used for these measurements of particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). This data is reported on a website which is maintained and updated by the Ambient Monitoring Program. When these levels are reported, AMP utilizes the Air Quality Index (AQI), to forecast the ozone level for metro Atlanta. The Ambient Monitoring Program's website is linked to a website maintained by CAC. The AQI is displayed on The Clean Air Campaign's website as well and is distributed to people who have signed up to receive daily air quality forecasts via e-mail.
When a smog alert is forecasted, an automated fax blast informs all local media as well. Through these connections, thousands of metro Atlanta citizens and businesses keep abreast of current air quality conditions. The Ambient Monitoring Program also encourages the public to access the CAC's website and become aware of what voluntary measures they can take to improve local air quality.
Media Outreach
The Ambient Monitoring Program is in constant touch with citizens as well as the news media through phone calls, the AMP web site and media interviews. At many times throughout the year, the demand for a story puts AMP in the limelight. The program manager and staff of the Ambient Monitoring Program make themselves available to television and newspaper reporters, thus educating the public about the AQI, the statewide air monitors, and The Clean Air Campaign.
Other Outreach Opportunities
Meteorologists In cooperation with The Clean Air Campaign, forecasters from the ambient monitoring program visit the weather centers of Atlanta's top four commercial television stations. During these visits, the group is briefed on how each station's weather team receives and uses ambient monitoring information in their daily smog forecasts. The EPD/Clean Air Campaign team provides input and direction to the weathercasters as to how they can best use the data to maximize the usefulness of this information for their viewers.
Elementary and Middle Schools Educating school children and incorporating air quality information into the classroom-learning environment is also an outreach strategy for the Ambient Monitoring Program. AMP staff visits Georgia classrooms to discuss air quality, forecasting, and monitoring. Each program presented by the AMP is designed to supplement grade-specific curricula.
95

Learning opportunities include meteorological lessons, such as weather patterns and conditions, as well as forecasting techniques. In many situations, these lessons involve hands-on activities and mini-field trips to the monitoring sites. High School students simulate forecasting conditions and use scientific methods to create their own forecasts. AMP Staff also participate in Career Days at both elementary and high schools to draw excitement into environmental and meteorological careers.
Colleges and Universities The Ambient Monitoring Program works with colleges and universities in several capacities. Utilizing a more technical, advanced approach, AMP has participated in several college-level seminars, providing scientific expertise on the subject of meteorology and forecasting. Through this close contact with university staff, AMP staff have co-authored scientific papers in peerreviewed scientific journals. AMP Staff provide technical data to professors as well as students, thus incorporating real-time data into college courses and projects. Additionally, AMP contracts with Georgia Institute of Technology in a joint forecasting effort.
EPA AIRNOW Website Georgia supplies hourly ozone data to the US EPA for ozone mapping activities. AIRNOW is a cooperative effort between EPA, states, and local air pollution control agencies to provide near real time information on ground level ozone concentrations. EPA uses ozone data to produce maps that display ozone contours covering the Midwest, New England, Mid-Atlantic, southeastern, south central and Pacific coastal regions of the country. Color-coded, animated concentration gradient ozone maps are created that show daily ozone formation and transport at various spatial scales. The information is available on the EPA's AIRNOW website at: http://airnow.gov.
Figure 56: Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map
96

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Appendix A: Additional Criteria Pollutant Data

Carbon Monoxide

1-Hour and 8-Hour Averages

Units: parts per million

SITE ID

City

County

130890002 131210099 132230003

Decatur DeKalb

Atlanta

Fulton

Yorkville Paulding

Site Name
South DeKalb Roswell Road
King Ranch

# Observations
(hours) 7907
7730
8556

Max 1 - Hour

1st

2nd

3.8

3.7

5.8

4.6

1.3

.0.9

Obs. > 35
0 0
0

Max 8 -Hour

1st

2nd

3.5

2.6

2.5

2.5

.6

.5

Obs. > 9
0 0
0

Nitrogen Dioxide

Annual Arithmetic Means

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

130890002 130893001 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Tucker Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

DeKalb DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

Site Name
South DeKalb Idlewood Road Georgia Tech King Farm Monastery

Nitric Oxide

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130890002 130893001 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Tucker Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

DeKalb DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

South DeKalb Idlewood Road Georgia Tech King Farm Monastery

Hours Measured
8613 8476 8407 8050 8578

Annual Arithmetic Mean .0148
.0151 .0170 .0044 .0058

# of Values > 0.053 0
0 0 0 0

Hours Measured
8613 8476 8407 8050 8578

1st Max
.545 .312 .701 .048 .148

Annual Arithmetic Mean
.0329 .0126 .0183 .0050 .0060

97

Oxides of Nitrogen

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

130890002 130893001 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Tucker Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

DeKalb DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

South DeKalb Idlewood Road Georgia Tech King Farm Monastery

8613 8476 8407 8050 8578

Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

130890002 Decatur

DeKalb

South DeKalb

8386

130893001 Tucker

DeKalb

Idlewood Road

8602

* Value corresponds to instrument's maximum reading.

1st Max
.626 .378 .795 .071 .190

Annual Arithmetic Mean
.0451 .0261 .0329 .0061 .0085

1st Max
.201* .200*

Annual Arithmetic Mean
.04538 .02807

98

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Sulfur Dioxide

3-Hour and 24-Hour Maximum Observations

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

130150002

Not in a city

130510021

Savannah

130511002

Savannah

131110091

McCaysville

131150003

Rome

131210048 131210055 132450003

Atlanta Atlanta Augusta

County Bartow Chatham Chatham Fannin Floyd Fulton Fulton Richmond

Site Name
Stilesboro
2500 East President St.
W. Lathrop

# Obs. (hours)
8655
7260
8356

Elementary School
Coosa Elem. Sch.

8670 8660

Georgia Tech
Confederate Ave.
Regional Development
Center

8653 8580 3672

Max 24 - Hour

1st

2nd

.018

.014

.015

.013

.022

.021

.012

.010

.015

.014

.014

.012

.010

.007

.010

.007

Obs > Std. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max 3 - Hour

1st

2nd

.101

.066

.053

.049

.064

.057

.056

.037

.079

.061

.043

.041

.038

.038

.034

.021

Obs > Std. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

99

Ozone

1-Hour Averages

Units: Parts Per Million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130210012
130510021 130550001 130590002 130670003 130770002 130850001 130890002 130893001 130970004 131130001 131210055 131270006 131350002 131510002
132130003
132150008 132151003 132230003
132450091
132470001 132611001

Macon
Savannah Summerville Athens Kennesaw Newnan Dawsonville Decatur Tucker Douglasville Fayetteville Atlanta Brunswick Lawrenceville McDonough
Chatsworth
Columbus Columbus Yorkville
Augusta
Conyers Leslie

Bibb
Chatham Chattooga Clarke Cobb Coweta Dawson DeKalb DeKalb Douglas Fayette Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry
Murray
Muscogee Muscogee Paulding
Richmond
Rockdale Sumter

Macon S.E. Ga. Forestry Service 2500 E. President Street DNR Fish Hatchery 980 College Station Rd. Georgia National Guard Univ. of West Georgia U.S. Forestry Service South DeKalb Idlewood Road County Water Authority State D. O. T. Confederate Ave. Risley Middle School Gwinnett Tech. County Extension Office Fort Mountain Cohutta Overlook Columbus Airport Columbus Crime Lab. Ralph King Farm Bungalow Road Elementary School Conyers Monastery Leslie Community Center

Valid Days Measured
244
204 239 244 244 220 245 244 245 245 242 244 243 243 229
234
236 237 243
243
245 238

1st Max

2nd Max

# of Values > 0.12

.106 .106

0

.081 .081

0

.087 .087

0

.129 .101

1

.091 .089

0

.111 .108

0

.085 .082

0

.134 .118

1

.128 .106

1

.099 .098

0

.114 .104

0

.127 .118

1

.085 .084

0

.113 .109

0

.114 .110

0

.092 .091

0

.093 .083

0

.083 .082

0

.091 .090

0

.102 .098

0

.116 .113

0

.081 .079

0

100

Ozone

8-Hour Averages

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Units: Parts Per Million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130210012
130510021 130550001
130590002
130670003 130770002 130850001 130890002 130893001 130970004 131130001 131210055 131270006 131350002 131510002
132130003
132150008 132151003 132230003
132450091
132470001
132611001

Macon
Savannah Summerville
Athens
Kennesaw Newnan Dawsonville Decatur Tucker Douglasville Fayetteville Atlanta Brunswick Lawrenceville McDonough
Chatsworth
Columbus Columbus Yorkville
Augusta
Conyers
Leslie

Bibb
Chatham Chattooga
Clarke
Cobb Coweta Dawson DeKalb DeKalb Douglas Fayette Fulton Glynn Gwinnett Henry
Murray
Muscogee Muscogee Paulding
Richmond
Rockdale
Sumter

Macon S.E. Ga. Forestry Service 2500 E. President Street DNR Fish Hatchery 980 College Station Road Georgia National Guard Univ. of West Georgia U.S. Forestry Service South DeKalb Idlewood Road Co. Water Authority State D. O. T. Confederate Ave. Risley Middle School Gwinnett Tech. County Extension Office Fort Mountain Cohutta Overlook Columbus Airport Columbus Crime Lab. Ralph King Farm Bungalow Road Elementary School Conyers Monastery Leslie Community Center

Valid Days (Measured)
244
204 239
244
244 220 245 244 245 245 241 243 243 241 228
231
235 238 241
243
244
209

1st Max

2nd Max

3rd

4th

Max Max

# of Values > 0.084

.093 .091 .089 .086

4

.076 .076 .075 .071

0

.077 .072 .072 .072

0

.095 .089 .079 .078

2

.079 .076 .075 .073

0

.098 .091 .084 .083

2

.076 .076 .072 .068

0

.112 .087 .086 .084

3

.112 .091 .089 .088

4

.088 .083 .081 .080

1

.097 .090 .086 .084

3

.109 .096 .090 .089

7

.079 .078 .077 .073

0

.099 .096 .093 .092

4

.097 .091 .087 .085

5

.080 .078 .076 .074

0

.083 .079 .069 .068

0

.075 .074 .067 .067

0

.077 .075 .075 .073

0

.089 .087 .086 .080

3

.102 .095 .089 .087

6

.074 .074 .070 .070

0

101

Lead

Quarterly Composite Averages

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130890003 Atlanta DeKalb D.M.R.C.

132150009 Columbus Muscogee S.E. Site

132150010 132150011

Columbus Columbus

Muscogee Muscogee

Ft. Benning Junction Cussetta School

Number of Observations
(months) 12 3
3
11

1st Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10 .10

2nd Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10 .10

3rd Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10 .10

4th Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10 .10

# of Values > 1.50 ug/M3
0
0

.10

.10

.10

.10

0

.10

.10

.10

.10

0

102

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
1st Maximum and Annual Arithmetic Mean

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

# of

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

Days Obs.

130210007 130210012
130510017 130510091 130590001 130630091 130670003
130670004
130890002
130892001
130950007 131150005 131210032 131210039 131270006
131350002 131390003 131510002 131530001 131850003 132150001 132150008 132150011
132230003 132450005 132450091
132950002 133030001 133190001

Macon
Macon
Savannah Savannah
Athens Forest Park
Kennesaw
Powder Springs Decatur
Doraville
Albany
Rome Atlanta Atlanta
Brunswick
Lawrenceville Gainesville McDonough Warner Robins Valdosta Columbus Columbus
Columbus
Yorkville Augusta
Augusta
Rossville Sandersville
Gordon

Bibb Bibb
Chatham Chatham
Clarke Clayton Cobb
Cobb
DeKalb
DeKalb
Dougherty Floyd Fulton Fulton Glynn
Gwinnett Hall Henry

Allied Chemical Ga. Forestry Service Scott School
Mercer School
UGA Georgia DOT Ga. National
Guard Macland Aquatic
Ctr. South DeKalb Doraville Health
Dept. Turner Elem.
School Coosa High E. Rivers School Fire Station 8 Risley Middle
School
Gwinnett Tech
Fair St. Elem. County Extension

Houston Memorial Park

Lowndes Muscogee Muscogee
Muscogee
Paulding Richmond
Richmond
Walker Washington
Wilkinson

S.L. Mason Elem. Health Dept.
Columbus Airport Cussetta Rd. School King Farm
Medical College Bungalow Rd.
School Health Dept.
Health Dept.
Police Dept.

114 117
116 118 106 109 117
118
337
324
111 110 336 117 102
59 116 8250 58 49 118 50 116
119 106 111
56 58 119

98th Percentile 38.4
34.8
28.7 30.7 32.1 39.4
32.8
38.7
35.4
32.0
36.2
37.0 35.0 38.1
27.6
35.5 27.6 38.6
33.6
29.0 37.4 48.5
41.4
29.8 38.5
35.8
28.3 33.0 35.2

#

Annual

Values Arithmetic

65

Mean

0

16.79

0

14.30

0

13.22

0

13.66

0

14.76

0

16.83

0

15.81

0

15.16

0

16.08

0

15.49

0

14.09

0

15.62

0

16.13

0

17.58

0

12.39

0

16.34

0

13.97

0

14.64

0

14.36

0

13.63

0

14.64

0

14.53

1

15.04

0

13.44

0

15.50

0

15.61

0

14.70

0

15.85

0

15.46

103

Fine Particulate Matter (PM10)
1st Maximum and Annual Arithmetic Mean 24-Hour Integrated Measurements

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130210007 Macon

Bibb

Allied Chemical

130510014 Savannah Chatham Shuman School

Number Measured (days)

1st Max

# Values 150

Annual Arithmetic
Mean

59

82

0

27.3

58

76

0

20.4

130550001 Summerville Chattooga DNR Fish Hatchery

46

34

0

15.9

130892001 Doraville DeKalb

130950007 Albany

Dougherty

130970003 Douglasville Douglas

131150005 Rome

Floyd

131210001 Atlanta

Fulton

131210032 Atlanta

Fulton

Doraville Health Center Turner Elem. School Beulah Pump Station
Coosa High School
Fulton Co. Health Dept.
E. Rivers School

59

58

0

25.0

58

54

0

23.9

58

48

0

19.4

57

57

0

24.1

60

45

0

21.8

60

56

0

25.6

131210039 Atlanta

Fulton

Fire Station # 8

58

69

0

28.8

131270004 Brunswick Glynn

Arco Pump Station

59

132150011 Columbus

Muscogee

Cussetta Rd. Elem. School

52

132450091 Augusta

Richmond

Bungalow Rd. Elem. School

56

132550002 Griffin

Spalding

U. of GA. Experiment Station

56

132950002 Rossville Walker

Health Dept.

59

133030001 Sandersville Washington Health Dept.

57

62

0

22.9

54

0

21.6

66

0

22.8

38

0

18.9

58

0

23.2

64

0

26.3

104

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Fine Particulate Matter (PM10) 1st Maximum and Annual Arithmetic Mean Hourly Averages of Semi-Continuous Measurements

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130511002 Savannah Chatham Lathrop & Augusta Ave.

Number Measured (hours)
8713

1st Max
54

Annual Arithmetic
Mean
22.8

131210048 Atlanta Fulton Georgia Tech

8749

64 22.5

105

Appendix B: Additional Speciation Data

Other 23%

Crustal 4%

Ammonium 7%

Organic Carbon 32%

Sulfate 26%
Figure 57: Macon PM2.5 Speciation
Other 14%

Elemental Carbon 4%
Nitrate 4%
Crustal 2%

Ammonium 8%

Organic Carbon 34%

Sulf ate 33%
Figure 58: Savannah PM2.5 Speciation

Elemental Carbon 5%
Nitrate 4%

106

Other 14%

Crustal 2%

Ammonium 10%

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Organic Carbon 32%

Sulf ate 31%
Figure 59: Athens PM2.5 Speciation

Elemental Carbon 4%
Nitrate 7%

Other 20%

Crustal 2%

Ammonium 7%

Organic Carbon 34%

Sulfate 31%

Elemental Carbon 3%
Nitrate 3%

Figure 60: Gen. Coffee PM2.5 Speciation
107

Other 18%

Crustal 2%

Ammonium 9%

Organic Carbon 30%

Sulfate 30%

Elemental Carbon 6%
Nitrate 5%

Figure 61: South DeKalb PM2.5 Speciation

Other 24%

Crustal 3%

Organic Carbon 29%

Ammonium 8%
Sulfate 28%
Figure 62: Rome PM2.5 Speciation

Elemental Carbon 3%
Nitrate 5%

108

Other 19%

Crustal 2%

Ammonium 8%

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Organic Carbon 34%

Sulfate 29%
Figure 63: Columbus PM2.5 Speciation

Nitrate 4%

Elemental Carbon 4%

Other 19%

Crustal 2%

Ammonium 9%

Organic Carbon 32%

Sulfate 30%
Figure 64: Augusta PM2.5 Speciation

Elemental Carbon 4%
Nitrate 4%

109

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110

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Appendix C: Additional Meteorological Data
April 15, 2003
111

112

July 17-20, 2004

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

113

114

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Appendix D: Additional PAMS Data

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June- August 2004)

2004 Name PAMSHC TNMOC ethane ethylene propane propylene acetylene N-butane isobutane trans-2-butene

Site
S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville Tucker S. DeKalb Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers Yorkville S. DeKalb Tucker Conyers

(concentration in ppbc) # Samples Avg. 1st Max

1916 1537

74.65 441.86 63.87 873.70

370 638 1537 1916 370

33.04 22.66 94.86 86.75 47.46

152.37 81.73 1045.51 551.03 374.28

638 1916 1489 370 638

27.46 4.675 3.911 3.197 2.215

92.19 181.90 15.00
8.53 9.01

1916 1489 370 638 1916

2.561 1.712 0.596 0.286 5.891

15.68 23.61 3.86 2.87 105.7

1489 370 638 1916 1489

4.314 3.026 2.861 1.564 1.284

36.19 16.68 12.42 9.35 10.66

370 638 1916 1489 370 638 1916 1489 370 638

0.431 0.264 1.063 0.546 0.262 0.284 3.109 2.815 1.369 0.863

2.16 1.29 13.6 26.99 1.28 2.30 20.09 25.16 5.96 5.98

1916 1489 370 638 1916

1.869 1.238 0.630 0.410 0.600

17.17 7.57 3.01 12.42 12.51

582

0.511 2.22

370

0.030 0.31

2nd Max
417.16 323.80 138.93 81.02 779.53 466.08 189.70 86.85 110.65 13.76
8.31 8.98 15.52 9.75 3.78 2.43 70.22 36.02 14.36 12.08 9.19 6.75 2.15 1.22 9.5 16.62 1.21 2.20 15.72 23.44 5.43 4.25 13.15 7.33 2.74 1.88 3.24 1.10 0.29

115

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (con't)

Name

(June-August 2004)

Site

Samples Avg.

1st Max

cis-2-butene

S. DeKalb

1916

0.128

4.15

Tucker

1489

0.172

1.80

Conyers

370

0.083

0.79

Yorkville

638

0.005

3.30

n-pentane

S. DeKalb

1916

3.693 20.54

Tucker

1489

3.293 48.72

Conyers

370

0.605 14.21

Yorkville

638

0.681

4.22

isopentane

S. DeKalb

1916

7.406 44.28

Tucker

1489

6.510 73.94

Conyers

370

1.382 16.37

Yorkville

638

1.317

9.95

1-pentene

S. DeKalb

1916

0.129

2.68

Tucker

1489

0.034

1.19

Conyers

370

0.018

0.59

trans-2-Pentene

S. DeKalb

1916

0.246

2.71

Tucker

1489

0.054

2.68

Conyers

370

0.010

0.53

Yorkville

638

0.001

0.50

cis-2-pentene

S. DeKalb

1916

0.088

3.69

Tucker

1489

0.029

1.46

Conyers

370

0.007

0.44

Yorkville

638

<0.001

0.24

3-methylpentane

S. DeKalb

1916

1.304

7.16

Tucker

1489

0.669

5.51

Conyers

370

0.283

2.49

Yorkville

638

0.149

1.53

n-hexane

S. DeKalb

1782

1.497

8.19

Tucker

1526

1.267

8.90

Conyers

370

0.452

4.28

Yorkville

638

0.303

1.66

n-heptane

S. DeKalb

1782

0.781 38.30

Tucker

1526

0.897

6.41

Conyers

370

0.166

1.45

Yorkville

638

0.049

0.95

n-octane

Tucker

1530

2.579 12.50

S. DeKalb

1782

0.300

5.20

Conyers

370

0.020

0.51

Yorkville

638

0.014

0.46

n-nonane

Tucker

1530

0.683 76.84

S. DeKalb

1782

0.520 52.34

Conyers

370

0.031

0.55

Yorkville

638

0.010

0.53

2nd Max 2.08 1.26 0.67
19.16 43.96 9.13 4.02 39.07 73.90 9.91 9.29 1.18 1.16 0.57 2.33 1.58 0.47 0.32 1.07 1.21 0.41
7.12 5.23 2.06 1.34 8.13 7.10 2.67 1.52 8.90 6.05 1.41 0.93 4.63 3.20 0.46 0.42 43.40 30.32 0.51 0.41

116

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (con't)

Name

(June-August 2004)

Site

Samples Avg. 1st Max

n-decane

Tucker

1524

0.807 64.72

S. DeKalb

1782

0.746 65.93

Conyers

370

0.044 0.53

Yorkville

638

0.015 0.29

cyclopentane

Tucker

1489

0.251 7.67

S. DeKalb

1916

0.159 3.67

Conyers

370

0.064 0.82

Yorkville

638

0.005 0.29

isoprene

Conyers

370

7.326 47.55

Yorkville

638

7.321 66.25

S. DeKalb

1916

5.676 31.84

Tucker

1489

3.161 18.54

2,2-dimetylbutane

S. DeKalb

1916

0.328

5.3

Tucker

1489

0.188 2.64

Conyers

370

0.038 0.69

Yorkville

638

0.015 0.76

2,4-dimetylpentane

Tucker

1521

0.343 30.91

S. DeKalb

1782

0.294 3.70

Conyers

370

0.163 2.92

Yorkville

638

0.006 0.40

cyclohexane

Tucker

1521

0.273 71.55

S. DeKalb

1782

0.173 8.50

Conyers

370

0.016 0.68

Yorkville

638

0.008 0.61

3-methylhexane

Tucker

1526

1.218 9.64

S. DeKalb

1782

0.985 42.20

Conyers

370

0.445 2.34

Yorkville

638

0.065 1.11

2,2,4-trimethylpentane

S. DeKalb

1782

2.265 14.70

Tucker

1550

0.793 11.10

Conyers

370

0.712 4.16

Yorkville

638

0.260 1.66

3-methylheptane

Tucker

1526

0.314 3.58

S. DeKalb

1782

0.188 5.50

Conyers

370

0.026 0.60

Yorkville

638

0.007 0.42

methylcyclohexane

Tucker

1526

1.783 38.72

S. DeKalb

1782

0.334 16.40

Conyers

370

0.053 0.84

Yorkville

638

0.015 0.57

methylcyclopentane

S. DeKalb

1782

0.660 3.75

Tucker

1527

0.535 16.09

Conyers

370

0.197 3.19

Yorkville

638

0.035 0.79

2nd Max
24.63 52.90 0.52 0.26 1.67 2.27 0.57 0.26 36.01 49.52 28.30 16.31 4.41 2.60 0.68 0.65 5.03 2.98 2.57 0.35 27.92 4.30 0.37 0.57 9.55 12.60 2.34 0.99 12.90 7.35 3.52 1.54 3.18 4.20 0.43 0.40 34.88 6.50 0.81 0.50 3.75 3.33 2.19 0.69

117

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (con't)

Name

(June-August 2004)

Site

Samples Avg. 1st Max

2-methylhexane

S. DeKalb

1782

0.809 28.60

Tucker

1527

0.743 4.92

Conyers

370

0.172 1.52

Yorkville

638

0.041 0.75

1-butene

Tucker

1489

0.318 2.68

S. DeKalb

1916

0.241 3.41

Conyers

370

0.083 0.70

Yorkville

638

<0.001

0.20

2,3-dimetylbutane

S. DeKalb

1916

0.609 3.92

Tucker

1489

0.151 2.06

Conyers

370

0.068 1.20

Yorkville

638

0.045 0.82

2-methylpentane

S. DeKalb

1916

2.027 11.11

Tucker

1489

0.665 4.90

Conyers

370

0.420 3.85

Yorkville

638

0.300 2.29

2,3-dimethylpentane

Tucker

1526

0.662 6.58

S. DeKalb

1782

0.515 12.70

Conyers

370

0.168 1.40

Yorkville

638

0.021 0.62

n-undecane

Tucker

1526

0.693 46.20

S. DeKalb

1782

0.473 17.83

Conyers

370

0.396 2.26

Yorkville

638

0.052 0.70

2-methylheptane

Tucker

1526

0.197 2.80

S. DeKalb

1782

0.129 3.50

Conyers

370

0.025 0.68

Yorkville

638

0.005 0.41

m & p xylenes

S. DeKalb

1782

2.666 56.30

Tucker

1528

2.651 23.17

Conyers

370

0.737 5.58

Yorkville

638

0.350 3.73

benzene

Tucker

1530

1.898 20.32

S. DeKalb

1782

1.802 27.20

Conyers

370

0.655 4.78

Yorkville

638

0.405 1.90

toluene

S. DeKalb

1782

6.986 274.50

Tucker

1528

5.703 42.30

Conyers

370

2.130 13.25

Yorkville

638

0.982 7.36

2nd Max
10.90 3.88 1.44 0.71 2.61 2.66 0.56
3.60 1.80 0.76 0.73 10.83 4.67 2.52 2.03 3.64 5.70 1.38 0.60 25.10 12.33 2.16 0.70 2.73 2.60 0.63 0.39 14.91 16.65 4.54 3.20 19.17 11.50 3.18 1.83 115.00 42.03 12.65 7.09

118

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (con't)

Name

(June-August 2004)

Site

Samples Avg. 1st Max

ethylbenzene

Tucker

1530

1.043 19.55

S. DeKalb

1782

0.913 15.90

Conyers

370

0.270 2.13

Yorkville

638

0.078 1.05

o-xylene

Tucker

1526

1.185 9.73

S. DeKalb

1782

1.104 12.10

Conyers

370

0.247 1.94

Yorkville

638

0.109 1.30

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1782

0.538 17.21

Tucker

1528

0.525 20.84

Conyers

370

0.083 1.17

Yorkville

638

0.015 0.69

o-xylene

Tucker

1526

1.185 9.73

S. DeKalb

1782

1.104 12.10

Conyers

370

0.247 1.94

Yorkville

638

0.109 1.30

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1782

0.538 17.21

Tucker

1528

0.525 20.84

Conyers

370

0.083 1.17

Yorkville

638

0.015 0.69

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene

Tucker

1529

1.851 36.91

S. DeKalb

1782

1.528 24.88

Conyers

370

0.378 2.89

Yorkville

638

0.311 1.99

n-propylbenzene

Tucker

1527

0.351 8.81

S. DeKalb

1782

0.275 9.53

Conyers

370

0.030 0.57

Yorkville

638

0.006 0.44

isopropylbenzene

Tucker

1526

0.067 20.05

S. DeKalb

1782

0.065 3.60

Conyers

370 <0.001 0.21

o-ethyltoluene

Tucker

1528

0.471 8.33

S. DeKalb

1782

0.438 13.39

Conyers

370

0.066 1.51

Yorkville

638

0.017 0.63

m-ethyltoluene

Conyers

370

2.615 12.27

Tucker

1527

1.626 23.02

S. DeKalb

1782

1.294 16.30

Yorkville

638

0.108 1.28

2nd Max 19.09 5.14 1.84 0.99 8.91 7.10 1.65 1.30 11.72 17.25 0.70 0.52 8.91 7.10 1.65 1.30 11.72 17.25 0.70 0.52 34.21 19.50 2.44 1.60 6.96 6.78 0.53 0.32 19.14 3.40
6.46 10.30 0.93 0.50 12.06 14.13 12.97 1.00

119

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (con't)

Name

(June-August 2004)

Site

Samples Avg. 1st Max

m-diethylbenzene

Tucker

1520 0.192 31.70

S. DeKalb

1782 0.052 4.60

Conyers

370 0.028 0.80

p-diethylbenzene

Tucker

1524 0.490 5.74

S. DeKalb

1782 0.192 5.91

Conyers

370 0.036 1.56

Yorkville

638 0.027 0.52

styrene

Tucker

1527 1.114 58.59

S. DeKalb

1782 0.490 4.10

Yorkville

638 0.273 0.86

Conyers

370 0.243 1.18

2,3,4-trimethylpentane

Tucker

1528 0.720 7.10

S. DeKalb

1782 0.720 5.41

Conyers

370 0.132 1.30

Yorkville

638 0.041 1.83

1,2,3-trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

1782 2.746 15.6

Tucker

1528 1.906 13.74

Yorkville

638 1.311 7.80

p-ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

1782 1.158 13.64

Yorkville

638 0.605 6.95

Tucker

1530 0.357 18.37

Conyers

370 0.111 7.52

2nd Max
4.08 2.34 0.80 4.89 5.17 0.91 0.50 29.36 3.50 0.81 1.04 6.74 4.13 1.25 0.80 14.6 11.86 7.65 12.7 4.71 13.08 7.28

120

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

PAMS 2004 24hr. Canister Hydrocarbons

(concentrations in ppbc)

Total # of

Name

Site Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

PAMSHC TNMOC ethane ethylene propane propylene acetylene n-butane isobutane trans-2-butene cis-2-butene

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Yorkville 54

Conyers 58

Yorkville 44

Tucker

48

S. DeKalb 52

Conyers 58

Conyers 58

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Yorkville 54

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Yorkville 54

Conyers 58

Yorkville 54

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Conyers 58

S. DeKalb 52

Yorkville 54

Tucker

48

Conyers 58

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Yorkville 54

Conyers 58

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Conyers 58

Yorkville 54

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Yorkville 54

Conyers 58

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

S. DeKalb 52

Tucker

48

Yorkville 54

52 75.20 300 260 48 66.90 150 130 54 51.27 490 120 58 36.74 160 150 44 271.0 730 630 48 169.0 850 300 52 143.3 420 400 58 137.1 910 750 58 3.539 19.00 9.00 52 5.110 15.00 14.00 48 4.279 9.30 9.20 54 3.751 26.00 11.00 45 2.661 17.00 14.00 14 2.029 7.30 5.30 45 1.156 12.00 3.60 42 1.080 4.20 3.80 54 7.100 21.00 16.00 52 6.254 17.00 16.00 48 4.696 10.00 9.30 58 4.170 17.00 9.70 40 1.419 6.60 6.60 28 1.138 41.00 3.80 44 0.946 3.00 2.20 31 0.384 1.90 1.40 49 3.243 15.00 13.00 47 2.038 5.60 5.20 53 1.536 3.60 3.60 44 1.114 3.70 3.70 52 7.163 37.00 33.00 48 6.271 17.00 16.00 54 2.700 9.10 8.50 52 2.500 30.00 10.00 50 2.734 12.00 11.00 48 1.968 5.80 5.10 52 1.799 5.80 4.60 40 0.819 2.70 2.60 10 0.116 0.91 0.88 6 0.039 0.53 0.43 10 0.100 0.73 0.69 7 0.072 1.70 0.44 2 0.283 15.00 0.30

121

PAMS 2004 24hr. Canister Hydrocarbons (con't)

(concentrations in ppbc)

Total # of

Name

Site Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

n-pentane

Tucker

48

48 3.830 10.00 10.00

S. DeKalb 52

52 3.770 14.00 13.00

Conyers

58

55 1.495 4.00 3.70

Yorkville

54

47 1.164 13.00 3.30

Isopentane

S. DeKalb 52

51 7.652 34.00 25.00

Tucker

48

48 7.027 20.00 20.00

Conyers

58

58 2.579 7.30 5.10

Yorkville

54

53 1.663 4.10 3.60

1-Pentene

Yorkville

54

16 0.645 9.10 6.30

Tucker

48

14 0.199 2.70 0.94

S. DeKalb 52

12 0.130 1.10 0.77

Conyers

58

3 0.042 1.30 0.78

trans-2-pentene

S. DeKalb 52

15 0.495 13.00 3.10

Tucker

48

15 0.231 4.40 1.90

Yorkville

54

7 0.079 1.50 1.30

Conyers

58

3 0.031 0.64 0.57

cis-2-pentene

S. DeKalb 52

19 0.325 3.00 2.70

Yorkville

54

14 0.296 2.80 2.30

Tucker

48

12 0.257 5.00 2.00

Conyers

58

11 0.210 4.40 2.00

3-methylpentane

S. DeKalb 52

39 1.080 5.10 4.30

Tucker

48

44 0.980 3.30 2.20

Conyers

58

30 0.271 1.60 0.96

Yorkville

54

22 0.207 1.50 1.10

n-hexane

Tucker

48

48 1.640 3.80 3.80

S. DeKalb 52

49 1.623 5.40 5.40

Yorkville

54

39 0.894 12.00 3.40

Conyers

58

47 0.642 2.20 1.90

n-heptane

S. DeKalb 52

28 0.544 2.60 2.40

Tucker

48

32 0.378 1.30 1.20

Yorkville

54

15 0.109 2.00 0.37

Conyers

58

16 0.099 0.76 0.56

n-octane

S. DeKalb 52

19 0.202 1.00 0.99

Yorkville

53

22 0.183 0.74 0.64

Tucker

48

12 0.096 0.63 0.57

Conyers

58

12 0.089 1.80 0.86

n-nonane

S. DeKalb 52

16 0.152 0.82 0.78

Yorkville

54

21 0.124 0.55 0.44

Tucker

48

14 0.104 0.52 0.50

Conyers

58

4 0.016 0.26 0.22

n-decane

Tucker

48

21 0.208 1.40 0.75

S. DeKalb 52

19 0.176 1.10 0.87

Yorkville

54

18 0.113 0.73 0.51

Conyers

58

11 0.070 0.82 0.81

122

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

PAMS 2004 24hr. Canister Hydrocarbons (con't)

(concentrations in ppbc)

Total # of

Name

Site Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

cyclopentane

Yorkville 54

7 0.316 7.90 3.80

S. DeKalb 52

13 0.125 0.76 0.66

Tucker

48

13 0.086 0.52 0.48

Conyers 58

2 0.013 0.48 0.30

isoprene

Yorkville 54

32 2.788 17.00 16.00

S. DeKalb 52

44 2.653 8.90 8.60

Conyers 58

39 2.421 14.00 10.00

Tucker

48

33 2.051 9.90 7.80

2,2-dimethylbutane

Yorkville 54

45 1.545 8.70 5.70

Conyers 58

27 1.276 22.00 17.00

Tucker

48

24 0.367 3.10 1.80

S. DeKalb 52

24 0.285 1.60 1.30

2,4-dimethylpentane

S. DeKalb 52

13 0.161 1.20 0.91

Tucker

48

9 0.056 0.54 0.32

cyclohexane

Yorkville 54

23 0.343 4.20 2.60

Conyers 58

11 0.116 1.60 1.50

S. DeKalb 52

14 0.115 0.70 0.65

Tucker

48

11 0.107 0.89 0.80

3-methylhexane

S. DeKalb 52

35 0.751 3.40 3.00

Tucker

48

38 0.516 1.40 1.40

Conyers 58

17 0.192 2.40 2.30

Yorkville 54

10 0.085 1.90 0.49

2,2,4-trimethylpentane

S. DeKalb 52

49 1.993 10.00 7.10

Tucker

48

47 1.435 3.80 3.30

Conyers 58

34 0.343 1.60 1.20

Yorkville 54

27 0.214 0.92 0.88

3-methylheptane

Yorkville 54

23 0.279 5.00 0.62

S. DeKalb 52

13 0.140 0.88 0.82

Tucker

48

10 0.064 0.53 0.39

Conyers 58

3 0.016 0.40 0.30

methylcyclohexane

S. DeKalb 52

16 0.172 0.95 0.94

Tucker

48

13 0.094 0.85 0.54

Conyers 58

8 0.052 0.81 0.69

Yorkville 54

3 0.012 0.23 0.21

methylcyclopentane

S. DeKalb 52

32 0.532 2.60 2.30

Tucker

48

27 0.289 1.10 0.86

Yorkville 54

17 0.128 2.30 0.42

Conyers 58

15 0.090 0.54 0.45

2-methylhexane

S. DeKalb 52

30 0.593 3.00 2.70

Tucker

48

33 0.397 1.20 1.20

Conyers 58

13 0.113 1.80 1.30

Yorkville 54

3 0.036 1.20 0.45

123

PAMS 2004 24hr. Canister Hydrocarbons (con't)

(concentrations in ppbc)

Total # of

Name

Site Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

1-butene

Yorkville

53

22 0.553 2.10 0.81

S. DeKalb 52

25 0.368 2.00 2.00

Tucker

48

18 0.184 1.40 1.40

Conyers

58

10 0.054 0.46 0.41

2,3-dimenthylbutane

S. DeKalb 52

29 0.450 2.60 1.80

Tucker

48

29 0.387 4.20 1.60

Conyers

58

13 0.094 1.10 0.80

Yorkville

54

10 0.050 0.37 0.33

2-methylpentane

S. DeKalb 52

51 1.914 7.90 6.70

Tucker

48

48 1.543 3.30 2.90

Conyers

58

48 0.583 2.50 2.10

Yorkville

54

27 0.214 1.50 0.86

2,3-dimethylpentane

S. DeKalb 52

25 0.312 1.60 1.30

Tucker

48

22 0.156 0.64 0.46

Conyers

58

10 0.052 0.43 0.39

Yorkville

54

5 0.030 0.49 0.36

n-undecane

Conyers

58

7 0.167 5.10 2.20

Tucker

48

17 0.146 1.30 0.69

Yorkville

54

11 0.101 1.10 0.99

S. DeKalb 52

12 0.085 0.65 0.49

2-methylheptane

Yorkville

54

2 0.833 26.00 19.00

S. DeKalb 52

11 0.123 0.79 0.79

Tucker

48

10 0.064 0.51 0.35

Conyers

58

1 0.004 0.21

m & p xylenes

S. DeKalb 52

52 2.860 12.00 10.00

Tucker

48

48 2.389 5.50 4.90

Yorkville

54

50 0.914 5.00 2.70

Conyers

58

46 0.723 3.30 2.50

benzene

S. DeKalb 52

52 2.265 8.10 8.10

Tucker

48

48 1.714 3.50 3.50

Conyers

58

51 0.792 2.00 2.00

Yorkville

54

52 0.079 110.00 6.10

toluene

S. DeKalb 52

52 6.488 24.00 21.00

Tucker

48

48 5.529 12.00 11.00

Conyers

58

57 3.559 39.00 30.00

Yorkville

54

54 2.216 14.00 12.00

ethylbenzene

S. DeKalb 52

34 0.731 3.50 3.00

Tucker

48

40 0.529 1.50 1.40

Yorkville

54

26 0.307 4.30 2.40

Conyers

58

20 0.156 1.30 0.89

o-xylene

S. DeKalb 52

36 0.936 4.50 3.70

Tucker

48

43 0.731 1.80 1.70

Yorkville 54

34 0.379 1.50 1.10

Conyers 58

25 0.235 1.90 1.40

124

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

PAMS 2004 24hr. Canister Hydrocarbons (con't)

(concentrations in ppbc)

Total # of

Name

Site Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb 52

24 0.301 1.70 1.60

Tucker

48

23 0.226 0.91 0.81

Yorkville

54

22 0.170 1.20 0.76

Conyers

58

7 0.046 0.79 0.48

1,2,4-trimethybenzene

Tucker

48

48 8.298 49.00 34.00

Conyers

58

51 4.997 65.00 50.00

Yorkville

54

53 3.071 8.50 6.90

S. DeKalb 52

51 2.243 6.10 5.10

n-propylbenzene

Yorkville

54

11 1.013 0.70 0.50

S. DeKalb 52

11 0.118 0.80 0.75

Tucker

48

11 0.074 0.53 0.42

Conyers

58

1 0.005 0.27

isopropylbenzene

Yorkville

54

8 0.045 0.48 0.35

S. DeKalb 52

5 0.030 0.41 0.31

o-ethyltoluene

Yorkville

54

40 0.568 1.40 1.40

S. DeKalb 52

23 0.254 1.20 1.10

Tucker

48

24 0.214 0.76 0.61

Conyers

58

6 0.055 1.30 0.90

m-ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb 52

34 0.758 3.80 3.40

Tucker

48

40 0.670 1.80 1.70

Yorkville

54

31 0.374 2.00 1.30

Conyers

58

18 0.162 1.80 1.40

m-diethylbenzene

S. DeKalb 52

3 0.013 0.24 0.23

p-diethybenzene

S. DeKalb 52

15 0.162 0.91 0.88

Tucker

48

16 0.134 0.84 0.69

Yorkville

54

16 0.097 0.64 0.47

Conyers

58

4 0.017 0.28 0.26

styrene

Yorkville

54

48 0.883 3.10 2.70

Conyers

58

10 0.239 6.70 4.10

S. DeKalb 52

13 0.144 0.94 0.82

Tucker

48

17 0.136 0.78 0.70

2,3,4-trimethypentane

S. DeKalb 52

31 0.533 3.00 2.10

Tucker

48

25 0.264 1.30 0.91

Conyers

58

9 0.058 0.58 0.44

Yorkville

54

3 0.015 0.29 0.29

1,2,3-trimethylbenzene

Yorkville

54

35 4.455 27.00 23.00

S. DeKalb 52

21 0.269 1.50 1.20

Tucker

48

25 0.266 1.30 1.20

Conyers

58

20 0.211 3.60 2.20

p-ethyltoluene

Yorkville

54

21 0.497 17.00 1.20

S. DeKalb 52

27 0.371 1.90 1.70

Conyers

58

32 0.364 4.50 2.90

Tucker

48

26 0.262 0.99 0.78

125

Appendix E: Additional Toxics Data

(concentration in ug/m3)

Name

Site

Arsenic

Valdosta Dawsonville

Cadmium Utoy Creek

Macon

Milledgeville

Savannah Augusta

Brunswick

Warner Robins

Chromium Warner Robins

Augusta Savannah

Valdosta Columbus

Macon

Gainesville

S. DeKalb

Yorkville

Utoy Creek

Milledgeville

Rome

Dawsonville

Lead

Utoy Creek

Columbus

Rome

Augusta

S. DeKalb

Savannah

Gainesville

Milledgeville

Warner Robins

Valdosta

Macon

Brunswick

Dawsonville

Yorkville Coffee

2003 Heavy Metals

Total Samples
23 28 30 29 27 29 25 28 30 30 25 29 23 30 29 38 55 28 30 27 30 28 30 30 30 25 55 29 38 27 30 23 29 28 28 28 29

# of Detects
1 1 6 2 1 3 2 2 1 6 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 29 30 30 25 55 29 38 25 29 23 27 26 28 27 27

Avg.
0.00019 0.00011 0.00031 0.00008 0.00007 0.00007 0.00005 0.00005 0.00004 0.00066 0.00050 0.00049 0.00042 0.00024 0.00022 0.00017 0.00014 0.00012 0.00011 0.00011 0.00010 0.00010 0.00458 0.00380 0.00352 0.00327 0.00325 0.00288 0.00274 0.00260 0.00243 0.00239 0.00216 0.00209 0.00205 0.00196 0.00166

1st Max
0.00441 0.00302 0.00268 0.00158 0.00198 0.00083 0.00061 0.00066 0.00118 0.00345 0.00319 0.00401 0.00334 0.00363 0.00327 0.00365 0.00441 0.00336 0.00337 0.00302 0.00307 0.00283 0.01528 0.01594 0.00645 0.00711 0.02130 0.00723 0.00483 0.00654 0.00485 0.00549 0.00556 0.00847 0.00450 0.00339 0.00607

2nd Max
0.00233 0.00077
0.00063 0.00057 0.00063
0.00344 0.00316 0.00344 0.00321 0.00357 0.00311 0.00286 0.00311
0.01389 0.00758 0.00607 0.00673 0.01665 0.00531 0.00440 0.00507 0.00443 0.00431 0.00457 0.00418 0.00336 0.00317 0.00413

126

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2003 Heavy Metals (con't)

(concentration in ug/m3)

Total

# of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg.

Manganese Augusta

25

23 0.00832

Utoy Creek

30

29 0.00757

Columbus

30

29 0.00628

Macon

29

28 0.00620

Rome

30

28 0.00580

Gainesville

38

36 0.00558

Warner Robins

30

29 0.00547

Valdosta

23

23 0.00518

Coffee

29

29 0.00494

Savannah

29

27 0.00484

Dawsonville

28

28 0.00455

Milledgeville

27

27 0.00433

Yorkville

28

28 0.00399

S. DeKalb

55

53 0.00360

Brunswick

28

28 0.00340

Nickel

Coffee

29

16 0.00428

Brunswick

28

6

0.00102

Warner Robins

30

4

0.00095

Gainesville

38

7

0.00090

Augusta

25

5

0.00068

Savannah

29

4

0.00054

Dawsonville

28

3

0.00047

Rome

30

3

0.00036

S. DeKalb

55

5

0.00034

Columbus

30

2

0.00024

Macon

29

2

0.00023

Valdosta

23

1

0.00017

Yorkville

28

1

0.00012

Milledgeville

27

1

0.00012

Selenium Augusta

25

2

0.00037

Rome

30

2

0.00028

Yorkville

28

1

0.00017

Gainesville

38

1

0.00012

1st Max
0.04839 0.02679 0.01301 0.02880 0.01456 0.01790 0.01674 0.01348 0.02220 0.01114 0.01312 0.01014 0.00742 0.01202 0.00826 0.02042 0.00677 0.01738 0.01090 0.00383 0.00577 0.00655 0.00461 0.00417 0.00377 0.00332 0.00402 0.00336 0.00319 0.00555 0.00432 0.00483 0.00440

2nd Max 0.01817 0.01908 0.01126 0.01219 0.01048 0.01781 0.01209 0.01100 0.01770 0.01005 0.01128 0.00946 0.00741 0.00763 0.00669 0.01906 0.00517 0.00409 0.00656 0.00351 0.00363 0.00341 0.00313 0.00409 0.00349 0.00328
0.00360 0.00399

127

2003 Heavy Metals (con't)

(concentration in ug/m3)

Total

# of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Zinc

Utoy Creek

30

29 0.04219 0.13397 0.11090

Macon

29

29 0.04038 0.15302 0.10234

Rome

30

30 0.03166 0.05624 0.04853

Brunswick

28

28 0.03164 0.10883 0.10847

Columbus

30

30 0.02895 0.06436 0.04627

Gainesville

38

38 0.02675 0.11346 0.05313

Savannah

29

29 0.02566 0.04496 0.04433

Augusta

25

25 0.02519 0.10003 0.03482

Coffee

29

29 0.02502 0.10568 0.05172

Valdosta

23

23 0.02180 0.03872 0.03845

Warner Rbbins 30

29 0.02153 0.05500 0.04253

S. DeKalb

55

55 0.02038 0.03985 0.03661

Yorkville

28

28 0.01906 0.04899 0.03773

Dawsonville

28

28 0.01808 0.03596 0.03377

Milledgeville

27

27 0.01705 0.03295 0.03019

128

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2004 Heavy Metals

(concentration in ug/m3) Total

Name

Site

Samples

Arsenic Augusta

24

Yorkville

26

Savannah

28

Columbus

27

Utoy Creek

31

Valdosta

24

Warner Robins

31

S. DeKalb

57

Dawsonville

30

Rome

25

Gainesville

41

Coffee

26

Macon

29

Brunswick

25

Milledgeville

30

Cadmium Yorkville

26

Utoy Creek

31

Milledgeville

30

Savannah

28

Macon

29

Brunswick

25

Augusta

24

Warner Robins

31

Valdosta

24

Gainesville

41

Coffee

26

Rome

25

Columbus

27

Dawsonville

30

S. DeKalb

57

# of Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max
11 0.00086 0.00435 0.00360 16 0.00073 0.00356 0.00186 13 0.00066 0.00205 0.00203 11 0.00060 0.00310 0.00231 19 0.00053 0.00185 0.00174 10 0.00051 0.00238 0.00210 12 0.00049 0.00299 0.00237 30 0.00045 0.0038 0.00168 13 0.00044 0.00145 0.00129 10 0.00044 0.00224 0.00179 20 0.00042 0.00215 0.00123 11 0.00042 0.00164 0.00160 12 0.00041 0.00190 0.00165 10 0.00036 0.00159 0.00130 9 0.00027 0.00152 0.00105 16 0.00035 0.00383 0.00259 22 0.00029 0.00191 0.00184 14 0.00019 0.00137 0.00120 15 0.00019 0.00079 0.00076 14 0.00015 0.00090 0.00067 12 0.00013 0.00040 0.00037 11 0.00013 0.00060 0.00052 15 0.00011 0.00077 0.00031 11 0.00010 0.00033 0.00032 25 0.00009 0.00067 0.00030 12 0.00008 0.00037 0.00030 10 0.00007 0.00035 0.00029 12 0.00007 0.00030 0.00030 16 0.00007 0.00025 0.00024 36 0.00006 0.00046 0.00031

129

2004 Heavy Metals (con't)

(concentration in ug/m3)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Chromium

Valdosta

24

13 0.00304 0.02922 0.01986

Utoy Creek

31

24 0.00231 0.01724 0.00761

Yorkville

26

18 0.00211 0.01289 0.00886

Augusta

24

13 0.00171 0.01172 0.00389

Savannah

28

18 0.00163 0.00240 0.00888

Brunswick

25

14 0.00151 0.01576 0.00196

Coffee

26

13 0.00134 0.00982 0.00351

Gainesville

41

26 0.00126 0.00442 0.00331

Dawsonville

30

17 0.00101 0.00268 0.00250

Columbus

27

12 0.00091 0.00348 0.00268

S. DeKalb

57

36 0.00088 0.00248 0.00232

Macon

29

14 0.00087 0.00273 0.00261

Warner Robins 31

15 0.00087 0.00358 0.00297

Rome

25

11 0.00082 0.00362 0.00217

Milledgeville

30

14 0.00068 0.00245 0.00187

Cobalt

Augusta

24

10 0.00009 0.00048 0.00033

Utoy Creek

31

14 0.00007 0.00031 0.00023

Gainesville

41

16 0.00006 0.00021 0.00018

Macon

29

9 0.00005 0.00021 0.00020

Valdosta

24

7 0.00005 0.00041 0.00019

Yorkville

26

5 0.00005 0.00015 0.00014

Dawsonville

30

9 0.00004 0.00020 0.00016

Savannah

28

9 0.00004 0.00015 0.00014

Columbus

27

5 0.00003 0.00025 0.00023

Rome

25

4 0.00003 0.00022 0.00017

Brunswick

25

6 0.00002 0.00012 0.00012

Warner Robins 31

4 0.00002 0.00022 0.00015

S. DeKalb

57

10 0.00001 0.00019 0.00011

Coffee

26

2 0.00001 0.00016 0.00011

Milledgeville

30

3 0.00001 0.00021 0.00013

130

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2004 Heavy Metals (con't)

(concentration in ug/m3)

Total

# of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg.

Lead

Augusta

24

24

0.01342

Columbus

27

27

0.00494

Rome

25

25

0.00463

Macon

29

29

0.00384

Utoy Creek

31

31

0.00384

Gainesville

41

41

0.00349

Valdosta

24

24

0.00323

Savannah

28

28

0.00321

Milledgeville

30

29

0.00321

S. DeKalb

57

57

0.00318

Warner Robins

31

31

0.00311

Coffee

26

26

0.00278

Yorkville

26

25

0.00246

Dawsonville

30

30

0.00239

Brunswick

25

25

0.00222

Manganese Augusta

24

24

0.01407

Columbus

27

27

0.00876

Utoy Creek

31

31

0.00842

Macon

29

29

0.00821

Gainesville

41

41

0.00803

Rome

25

25

0.00724

Warner Robins

31

31

0.00664

Valdosta

24

24

0.00641

Savannah

28

28

0.00603

Milledgeville

30

29

0.00543

Coffee

26

26

0.00493

Dawsonville

30

30

0.00487

Yorkville

26

26

0.00413

Brunswick

25

25

0.00373

S. DeKalb

57

57

0.00330

1st Max
0.20470 0.01613 0.01885 0.00643 0.01102 0.00893 0.00595 0.00736 0.00751 0.03528 0.01133 0.01253 0.00449 0.00447 0.00468 0.05251 0.01758 0.02650 0.01705 0.02300 0.00970 0.02071 0.01196 0.01723 0.01583 0.02224 0.00986 0.01330 0.00848 0.04045

2nd Max
0.02195 0.01470 0.00848 0.00615 0.01030 0.00790 0.00549 0.00554 0.00606 0.01716 0.00670 0.00724 0.00432 0.00431 0.00416 0.02730 0.01688 0.01726 0.01602 0.01737 0.01523 0.01124 0.01130 0.01226 0.01149 0.01030 0.00939 0.00806 0.00712 0.00666

131

Nickel Selenium Zinc

Savannah Augusta Brunswick Utoy Creek Gainesville Valdosta Coffee Yorkville Columbus S. DeKalb Dawsonville Rome Warner Robins Macon Milledgeville Utoy Creek Augusta Yorkville Gainesville Dawsonville Macon S. DeKalb Milledgeville Savannah Rome Warner Robins Brunswick Columbus Coffee Valdosta Utoy Creek Macon Valdosta Columbus Rome Augusta Gainesville Savannah Warner Robins Brunswick Yorkville Coffee Milledgeville Dawsonville S. DeKalb

28 18 24 13 25 14 31 21 41 25 24 11 26 12 26 16 27 12 57 37 30 17 25 10 31 15 29 14 30 14 31 21 24 12 26 16 41 24 30 17 29 14 57 36 30 14 28 14 25 10 31 15 25 13 27 12 26 12 24 11 31 31 29 29 24 24 27 27 25 25 24 24 41 41 28 28 31 31 25 25 26 26 26 26 30 30 30 30 57 57

0.00165 0.00115 0.00098 0.00079 0.00077 0.00069 0.00063 0.00063 0.00061 0.00054 0.00052 0.00050 0.00046 0.00045 0.00043 0.00086 0.00081 0.00062 0.00059 0.00050 0.00049 0.00048 0.00046 0.00044 0.00043 0.00041 0.00034 0.00032 0.00030 0.00030 0.04828 0.03313 0.02596 0.02554 0.02538 0.02295 0.02201 0.02161 0.02104 0.02030 0.01958 0.01886 0.01293 0.01250 0.01213

0.00397 0.00383 0.00331 0.00212 0.00362 0.00293 0.00207 0.00231 0.00261 0.00364 0.00120 0.00180 0.00147 0.00070 0.00194 0.00220 0.00392 0.00181 0.00203 0.00185 0.00179 0.00257 0.00266 0.00145 0.00330 0.00157 0.00159 0.00184 0.00127 0.00114 0.20120 0.09142 0.06219 0.08640 0.02690 0.04889 0.04416 0.03975 0.02010 0.04304 0.10067 0.03060 0.02824 0.01640 0.03398

0.00386 0.00382 0.00282 0.00192 0.00232 0.00262 0.00171 0.00170 0.00224 0.00175 0.00119 0.00164 0.00143 0.00173 0.00125 0.00212 0.00291 0.00178 0.00190 0.00140 0.00165 0.00250 0.00150 0.00135 0.00144 0.00138 0.00105 0.00110 0.00101 0.00090 0.16376 0.08902 0.04753 0.05303 0.04242 0.04095 0.03978 0.03526 0.07727 0.03649 0.05608 0.02580 0.02737 0.01988 0.02845

132

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2003 Semi-Volatile Compounds

(concentration in ug/m3) Name
Benzo(a)anthracene

Total # of Site Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Augusta 27

2 0.00009 0.00130 0.00123

2004 Semi-Volatile Compounds

(concentration in ug/m3)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Benzo(a)anthracene

Dawson

30

Utoy Creek

31

Augusta

27

Gaines

40

Coffee

26

Warner Robins 28

Brunswick

28

Valdosta

26

Columbus

27

Macon

29

Milledgeville

30

3 1.00000 0.00006 0.00005 4 1.00000 0.00006 0.00006 2 0.00012 0.00012 0.00006 2 0.00008 0.00008 0.00006 2 0.00007 0.00007 0.00007 2 0.00007 0.00007 0.00006 2 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 2 0.00006 0.00006 0.00003 2 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 1 <0.00001 0.00006 1 <0.00001 0.00006

Savannah

30

1 <0.00001 0.00007

Benzo(b)flouranthene Augusta

28

Benzo(e)pyrene

Milledgeville

31

Benzo(g,h,I)perylene

Gainesville

41

Macon

30

1 <0.00001 0.00001 1 0.00002 0.00062 1 <0.00001 0.00004 1 <0.00001 0.00008

Flouranthene

Gainesville

41

2 0.00024 0.00024 0.00016

Augusta

28

1 <0.00001 0.00039

Indeno(1-2-3-cd)pyrene Augusta

28

Gainesville

41

Milledgeville

31

Utoy Creek

31

Savannah

30

1 0.00001 0.00027 2 0.00046 0.00046 0.00033 2 0.00046 0.00046 0.00008 2 0.00036 0.00036 0.00006 1 0.00002 0.00060

Brunswick

29

Valdosta

26

Warner Robins 29

Columbus

28

Macon

30

1 0.00001 0.00040 1 0.00001 0.00027 1 0.00001 0.00041 1 <0.00001 0.00005 1 <0.00001 0.00004

Phenanthrene

Gainesville

41

3 0.00009 0.00220 0.00108

Utoy Creek

31

3 0.00003 0.00036 0.00033

Rome

28

1 0.00002 0.00049

Augusta

28

1 0.00001 0.00040

Macon

30

1 0.00001 0.00034

133

2003 Volatile Organic Compounds

(concentration in ug/m3) Name

Total # of

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Toluene

Utoy Creek S. DeKalb

30

22 1.867 5.50 5.40

60

28 0.527 2.70 2.20

Rome

30

Columbus

30

Valdosta

30

Augusta

30

Gainesville

40

Savannah

30

Yorkville

28

Warner Robins 30

Dawsonville

30

Macon

30

Milledgeville

30

17 0.451 1.30 1.20 10 0.305 2.60 1.00 7 0.270 3.50 1.10 6 0.243 2.50 2.00 9 0.241 2.30 1.80 2 0.047 0.74 0.68 2 0.044 0.69 0.54 2 0.040 0.60 0.60 1 0.025 0.76 1 0.021 0.62 1 0.017 0.50

Tetrachloroethylene Styrene p,m-Dimethylbenzenes
o-Dimethylbenzene
Freon 11 Ethylbenzene Dichlorodifluoromethane

Rome

30

Valdosta

30

Yorkville

28

S. DeKalb

60

Augusta

30

Valdosta

30

Gainesville

40

Utoy Creek

30

Rome

30

Valdosta

30

Augusta

30

S. DeKalb

60

Columbus

30

Gainesville

40

Gainesville

40

S. DeKalb

60

Warner Robins 30

Yorkville

28

Utoy Creek

30

2 0.041 0.70 0.52 3 0.257 3.10 2.50 2 0.036 0.51 0.50 8 0.107 1.30 1.10 2 0.079 1.40 0.98 2 0.073 1.60 0.58 2 0.065 2.10 0.51 2 0.050 0.78 0.73 1 0.020 0.60 1 0.020 0.61 0.55 1 0.018 1 0.009 0.51 1 0.019 0.56 1 0.013 0.52 1 0.524 0.52 45 0.423 0.72 0.70 22 0.414 0.69 0.66 18 0.356 0.62 0.61 18 0.339 0.72 0.65

Rome

30

17 0.327 0.74 0.66

Dawsonville

30

17 0.317 0.68 0.62

Valdosta

30

17 0.314 0.68 0.58

Columbus

30

17 0.312 0.62 0.59

Coffee

30

16 0.311 0.84 0.63

Brunswick

30

15 0.283 0.66 0.61

Savannah

30

15 0.279 0.72 0.60

Macon

30

15 0.276 0.65 0.59

Augusta

30

15 0.274 0.68 0.65

Milledgeville

30

14 0.262 0.66 0.60

Gainesville

40

18 0.253 0.69 0.63

134

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2003 Volatile Organic Compounds (con't)

(concentration in ug/m3)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Cyclohexane

Columbus

30

4 0.973 20.00 4.80

Augusta

30

5 0.400 6.10 3.50

Rome

30

3 0.319 7.10 1.90

Warner Robins 30

2 0.303 5.90 3.20

Milledgeville

30

4 0.217 3.90 1.40

Valdosta

30

3 0.076 0.89 0.75

Macon

30

1 0.050 1.50

Savannah

30

1 0.033 1.00

Coffee

30

1 0.030 0.90

Chloromethane

Coffee

30

24 0.522 0.91 0.79

Columbus

30

26 0.509 0.75 0.70

Brunswick

30

24 0.509 0.87 0.86

Savannah

30

23 0.493 0.97 0.81

Dawsonville

30

25 0.482 0.74 0.68

Warner Robins 30

23 0.473 0.77 0.74

Valdosta

30

23 0.470 0.74 0.74

Utoy Creek

30

24 0.462 0.75 0.72

S. DeKalb

60

46 0.452 0.75 0.72

Milledgeville

30

23 0.443 0.77 0.65

Augusta

30

22 0.438 0.76 0.70

Gainesville

40

29 0.424 0.69 0.68

Yorkville

28

18 0.379 0.67 0.66

Rome

30

18 0.364 0.81 0.76

Macon

30

18 0.357 0.80 0.67

Chloroform

Gainesville

40

2 0.230 5.90 3.30

Dawsonville

30

1 0.067 2.00

Bromomethane

Valdosta

30

1 0.037 1.10

Benzene

S. DeKalb

60

12 0.151 1.20 1.10

Valdosta

30

5 0.123 1.40 0.60

Augusta

30

2 0.064 1.40 0.51

Rome

30

3 0.059 0.65 0.61

Utoy Creek

30

2 0.058 0.98 0.75

Columbus

30

3 0.054 0.56 0.54

Gainesville

40

2 0.031 0.72 0.51

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Valdosta

30

1 0.025 0.76

Yorkville

28

1 0.023 0.63

Augusta

30

1 0.020 0.61

S. DeKalb

60

1 0.011 0.63

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Milledgeville

30

27 1.091 2.10 1.70

Savannah

30

4 0.162 1.70 1.10

135

2004 Volatile Organic Compounds

(concentration in ppbv)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Toluene

Utoy Creek S. DeKalb Rome Columbus Augusta

31

27 2.254 7.90 7.20

58

37 0.617 2.70 2.20

31

19 0.462 1.60 1.60

30

16 0.351 1.70 1.30

31

13 0.320 1.30 1.30

Gainesville

42

Savannah

31

Valdosta

31

Brunswick

31

Warner Robins 31

Milledgeville

31

Yorkville

29

Macon

31

Dawsonville

31

Coffee

31

19 0.210 0.94 0.77 13 0.195 0.90 0.69 12 0.158 0.76 0.62 12 0.124 1.40 0.81 8 0.093 0.88 0.70 10 0.089 0.57 0.54 9 0.086 0.93 0.38 7 0.045 0.77 0.16 9 0.029 0.19 0.12 5 0.012 0.11 0.08

Tetrachloroethylene

Warner Robins 31

Rome

31

Utoy Creek

31

Augusta

31

5 0.073 0.78 0.69 8 0.069 0.71 0.37 5 0.016 0.17 0.13 4 0.010 0.10 0.08

S. DeKalb

58

4 0.005 0.08 0.08

Gainesville

42

2 0.004 0.09 0.06

Styrene

Valdosta

31

4 0.274 2.80 2.90

Utoy Creek

31

2 0.010 0.19 0.13

Yorkville S. DeKalb Augusta

29

3 0.012 0.18 0.10

58

2 0.003 0.10 0.05

31

1 0.003 0.10

Hexachlorobutadiene

Rome

31

1 0.003 0.09

p,m-Dimethylbenzenes

S. DeKalb Augusta Rome

58

13 0.106 1.10 0.72

31

9 0.093 0.65 0.46

31

8 0.087 0.67 0.53

Gainesville

42

Utoy Creek

31

Columbus

30

Warner Robins 31

Valdosta

31

8 0.051 0.53 0.53 7 0.048 0.35 0.26 5 0.042 0.51 0.30 2 0.014 0.22 0.20 2 0.012 0.24 0.12

Savannah Macon Yorkville

31

2 0.011 0.17 0.17

31

1 0.007 0.21

29

1 0.003 0.10

136

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2004 Volatile Organic Compounds (con't)

(concentration in ppbv)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

o-Dimethylbenzene

Augusta

31

6 0.021 0.15 0.14

Utoy Creek

31

7 0.019 0.16 0.12

S. DeKalb

58

10 0.018 0.17 0.16

Rome

31

6 0.016 0.16 0.11

Gainesville

42

6 0.010 0.10 0.09

Columbus

30

4 0.009 0.10 0.08

Valdosta

31

3 0.007 0.11 0.05

Warner Robins 31

2 0.005 0.09 0.08

Yorkville

29

2 0.003 0.05 0.05

Savannah

31

2 0.003 0.05 0.05

Macon

31

1 0.002 0.07

Freon 114

S. DeKalb

58

1 0.001 0.04

Freon 113

Coffee

31

10 0.026 0.11 0.09

Milledgeville

31

10 0.025 0.09 0.09

Savannah

31

10 0.024 0.10 0.08

Brunswick

31

10 0.024 0.09 0.08

Macon

31

9 0.023 0.12 0.08

Utoy Creek

31

10 0.023 0.09 0.08

Gainesville

42

13 0.023 0.08 0.08

Rome

31

9 0.023 0.11 0.09

Warner Robins 31

9 0.022 0.09 0.08

S. DeKalb

58

17 0.022 0.11 0.09

Columbus

30

8 0.021 0.10 0.09

Augusta

31

8 0.020 0.09 0.08

Yorkville

29

8 0.020 0.08 0.08

Dawsonville

31

9 0.020 0.08 0.07

Valdosta

31

8 0.019 0.09 0.08

Freon 11

Columbus

30

10 0.091 0.54 0.51

S. DeKalb

58

17 0.088 0.42 0.42

Gainesville

42

13 0.075 0.30 0.30

Coffee

31

10 0.073 0.25 0.25

Brunswick

31

10 0.072 0.27 0.25

Utoy Creek

31

10 0.071 0.25 0.25

Savannah

31

10 0.071 0.29 0.28

Milledgeville

31

10 0.070 0.27 0.25

Rome

31

9 0.067 0.23 0.26

Dawsonville

31

10 0.065 0.24 0.23

Augusta

31

9 0.065 0.28 0.25

Macon

31

9 0.065 0.31 0.24

Warner Robins 31

9 0.063 0.27 0.23

Yorkville

29

8 0.057 0.23 0.23

Valdosta

31

8 0.053 0.23 0.23

137

2004 Volatile Organic Compounds (con't)

(concentration in ppbv)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Ethybenzene

Augusta

31

5 0.016 0.13 0.11

S. DeKalb

58

7 0.013 0.13 0.13

Utoy Creek

31

4 0.010 0.11 0.08

Rome

31

3 0.009 0.13 0.08

Gainesville

42

4 0.009 0.14 0.10

Columbus

30

2 0.004 0.06 0.06

Warner Robins 31

2 0.004 0.06 0.06

Savannah

31

1 0.003 0.09

Valdosta

31

1 0.002 0.07

Macon

31

1 0.002 0.05

Dichlorodifluoromethane

S. DeKalb

58

52 0.508 0.76 0.76

Gainesville

42

33 0.398 0.58 0.58

Dawsonville

31

24 0.390 0.71 0.61

Milledgeville

31

24 0.389 0.67 0.57

Rome

31

23 0.384 0.67 0.61

Columbus

30

20 0.340 0.64 0.62

Savannah

31

21 0.339 0.63 0.67

Brunswick

31

20 0.337 0.69 0.64

Utoy Creek

31

20 0.325 0.61 0.60

Warner Robins 31

20 0.325 0.62 0.59

Macon

31

19 0.313 0.66 0.59

Augusta

31

19 0.311 0.57 0.56

Coffee

31

18 0.294 0.58 0.56

Yorkville

29

15 0.249 0.60 0.56

Valdosta

31

15 0.236 0.62 0.62

Cyclohexane

Rome

31

8 1.884 28.0 18.0

Valdosta

31

3 1.043 32.0 0.25

Augusta

31

9 0.565 12.0 2.10

Brunswick

31

8 0.336 5.30 3.30

Savannah

31

9 0.334 5.10 3.10

Coffee

31

7 0.214 3.70 1.30

Milledgeville

31

4 0.210 6.20 0.13

Warner Robins 31

6 0.149 2.80 1.40

Yorkville

29

2 0.033 0.55 0.40

S. DeKalb

58

8 0.031 0.39 0.33

Utoy Creek

31

3 0.008 0.09 0.09

Columbus

30

4 0.006 26.0 3.70

Macon

31

2 0.006 0.11 0.07

Chloroethane

Utoy Creek

31

1 0.002 0.05

Chlorobenzene

Columbus

30

4 0.010 0.10 0.09

Utoy Creek

31

1 0.007 0.23

Augusta

31

2 0.004 0.07 0.06

138

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2004 Volatile Organic Compounds (con't)

(concentration in ppbv)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Chloromethane

Brunswick

31

30 0.645 0.86 0.82

Coffee

31

28 0.551 0.93 0.76

Savannah

31

29 0.544 0.84 0.69

S. DeKalb

58

51 0.471 0.73 0.62

Dawsonville

31

28 0.462 0.63 0.60

Augusta

31

24 0.443 0.87 0.71

Gainesville

42

34 0.417 0.66 0.61

Valdosta

31

22 0.394 0.71 0.69

Milledgeville

31

21 0.376 0.69 0.66

Columbus

30

20 0.367 0.68 0.64

Macon

31

21 0.361 0.68 0.65

Warner Robins 31

21 0.359 0.68 0.65

Utoy Creek

31

21 0.356 0.75 0.59

Yorkville

29

17 0.303 0.60 0.58

Rome

31

17 0.272 0.61 0.55

Chloroform

Utoy Creek

31

9 0.042 0.59 0.12

Coffee

31

8 0.015 0.09 0.07

S. DeKalb

58

4 0.006 0.14 0.05

Valdosta

31

4 0.005 0.05 0.04

Warner Robins 31

2 0.003 0.04 0.04

Augusta

31

2 0.003 0.04 0.04

Savannah

31

1 0.002 0.05

Rome

31

1 0.002 0.05

Columbus

30

1 0.001 0.04

Carbon Tetrachloride

Dawsonville

31

7 0.021 0.10 0.10

Warner Robins 31

6 0.019 0.11 0.10

Macon

31

6 0.017 0.09 0.09

Gainesville

42

8 0.017 0.10 0.10

S. DeKalb

58

10 0.017 0.13 0.11

Coffee

31

5 0.016 0.12 0.11

Brunswick

31

5 0.016 0.11 0.10

Savannah

31

5 0.015 0.10 0.10

Milledgeville

31

5 0.015 0.10 0.10

Yorkville

29

4 0.013 0.11 0.09

Rome

31

4 0.013 0.12 0.10

Augusta

31

4 0.013 0.11 0.11

Valdosta

31

3 0.009 0.10 0.10

Utoy Creek

31

3 0.009 0.11 0.09

Columbus

30

3 0.009 0.09 0.09

Bromomethane

Rome

31

1 0.029 0.90

Yorkville

29

1 0.016 0.45

139

2004 Volatile Organic Compounds (con't)

(concentration in ppbv)

Total # of

Name

Site

Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Benzene

Utoy Creek

31

12 0.216 0.93 0.91

S. DeKalb

58

22 0.198 1.50 1.10

Rome

31

11 0.161 0.87 0.73

Augusta

31

10 0.158 0.95 0.89

Columbus

30

10 0.154 1.10 0.66

Valdosta

31

9 0.117 0.51 0.51

Warner Robins 31

10 0.099 0.85 0.52

Milledgeville

31

11 0.086 0.51 0.41

Gainesville

42

13 0.085 0.60 0.58

Brunswick

31

10 0.084 0.44 0.35

Yorkville

29

8 0.083 1.20 0.25

Savannah

31

10 0.078 0.53 0.38

Dawsonville

31

10 0.065 0.37 0.29

Macon

31

9 0.061 0.65 0.26

Coffee

31

10 0.048 0.25 0.21

4-Ethyltoluene

S. DeKalb

58

2 0.002 0.05 0.05

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

S. DeKalb

58

4 0.009 0.26 0.17

Rome

31

1 0.004 0.11

Augusta

31

2 0.004 0.06 0.06

Utoy Creek

31

2 0.003 0.05 0.05

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

Rome

31

1 0.001 0.04

1,3-Butadiene

Yorkville

29

1 0.097 2.80

Columbus

30

1 0.032 0.97

Augusta

31

1 0.031 0.95

S. DeKalb

58

1 0.024 1.40

Macon

31

1 0.021 0.64

Utoy Creek

31

1 0.015 0.48

1,2-Dichloroethane

S. DeKalb

58

1 0.001 0.04

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

Rome

31

1 0.003 0.09

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

S. DeKalb

58

9 0.029 0.64 0.20

Augusta

31

6 0.023 0.17 0.17

Utoy Creek

31

7 0.019 0.14 0.10

Rome

31

5 0.017 0.18 0.15

Columbus

30

3 0.013 0.16 0.09

Yorkville

29

4 0.009 0.11 0.06

Valdosta

31

4 0.009 0.09 0.08

Gainesville

42

3 0.004 0.06 0.05

Warner Robins 31

1 0.003 0.09

Macon

31

1 0.003 0.08

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

Rome

31

1 0.007 0.22

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

Milledgeville

31

29 1.120 3.20 2.60

140

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2004 Carbonyl Compounds, 24 hour

(concentration in ug/m3)

Name

Total # of Site Samples Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

formaldehyde Tucker

55

52 23.92 70.59 55.88

S. DeKalb

59

59 5.23 20.28 10.59

Savannah

31

29 2.83 8.24 7.65

Brunswick

28

28 2.43 5.56 4.65

Dawsonville 31

28 2.10 5.22 4.39

acetaldehyde Tucker

55

52 4.41 15.29 9.41

Dawsonville 31

17 3.43 77.78 5.44

S. DeKalb

59

55 2.50 4.71 4.71

Savannah

31

27 1.56 3.35 3.06

Brunswick

28

18 1.10 4.85 2.65

propionaldehyde Tucker

55

24 0.55 2.78 2.78

Brunswick

28

5 0.51 4.43 4.43

Dawsonville 31

9 0.48 3.72 3.72

Savannah

31

6 0.21 1.61 1.61

S. DeKalb

59

11 0.18 1.38 1.38

acrolein

Brunswick

28

4 0.23 4.83 0.76

butyraldehyde Tucker

55

13 0.31 5.76 2.35

Dawsonville 31

6 0.25 2.89 1.64

Brunswick

28

5 0.14 1.19 0.88

S. DeKalb

59

5 0.07 1.34 1.18

Savannah

31

1 0.04 1.18

acetone

Tucker

50

46 26.47 7.47 37.93

S. DeKalb

53

42 15.29 4.14 24.71

Brunswick

21

21 6.89 3.48 8.05

Savannah

28

20 4.48 1.97 5.47

Dawsonville 25

21 4.31 2.55 5.00

benzaldehyde Tucker

48

13 0.35 2.82 1.82

Brunswick

21

2 0.12 1.38 1.11

Dawsonville 26

1 0.05 1.22

S. DeKalb

48

2 0.04 0.92 0.82

141

2004 Carbonyl Compounds, 3 hour (June-August)

(concentration in ug/m3)

Name

Site Time # Samples # Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

formaldehyde Tucker

0600

31

31 11.60 90.07 67.53

S. DeKalb 0600

30

30 5.26 4.68 3.09

Tucker

0900

30

30 13.74 102.03 62.40

S. DeKalb 0900

30

30 11.05 11.05 6.33

Tucker

1200

30

30 14.96 107.64 73.70

S. DeKalb 1200

30

30 11.11 11.05 7.54

Tucker

1500

30

30 15.05 96.39 73.61

S. DeKalb 1500

30

30 12.11 11.05 7.58

acetaldehyde Tucker

0600

31

29 4.38 42.22 32.64

S. DeKalb 0600

30

30 3.49 2.68 1.66

Tucker

0900

30

30 5.12 45.91 26.09

S. DeKalb 0900

30

30 3.95 3.89 2.47

Tucker

1200

30

30 5.76 47.59 30.61

S. DeKalb 1200

30

30 4.16 3.96 2.90

Tucker

1500

30

30 5.21 42.52 30.58

S. DeKalb 1500

30

30 4.39 4.33 2.78

propionaldehyde Tucker

0600

30

2

0.88 14.64 11.82

Tucker

0600

29

3

0.88 15.87 8.51

S. DeKalb 0900

30

2

1.26 0.74 0.07

Tucker

0900

29

3

0.92 15.86 10.20

S. DeKalb 1200

30

6

1.79 1.22 0.22

Tucker

1500

29

4

0.92 14.74 10.19

S. DeKalb 1500

30

5

1.47 1.37 0.18

acrolein

Tucker

0600

30

1

0.040 1.24

Tucker

0900

29

1

0.050 1.42

Tucker

1200

29

1

0.050 1.53

Tucker

1500

29

1

0.050 1.36

butyraldehyde Tucker

0600

30

2

0.410 6.76 5.46

Tucker

0900

29

2

0.390 7.94 3.52

Tucker

1200

29

2

0.460 7.93 5.10

Tucker

1500

29

2

0.250 6.80 0.40

acetone

S. DeKalb 0600

30

29 10.53 5.00 2.86

Tucker

0600

31

31 3.16 14.09 12.38

S. DeKalb 0900

30

29 10.00 6.84 3.36

Tucker

0900

30

30 6.06 14.15 13.03

S. DeKalb 1200

30

29 18.42 10.00 4.52

Tucker

1200

31

31 6.75 18.12 13.04

S. DeKalb 1500

30

30 13.16 7.37 4.07

Tucker

1500

30

30 6.23 13.59 13.02

benzaldehyde Tucker

0600

30

1

0.070 2.19

Tucker

0900

29

1

0.070 1.93

Tucker

1200

29

1

0.070 2.04

Tucker

1500

29

1

0.070 2.10

142

References

2004 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/brochure/pb.html http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/allabout.html
[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 2, Parts 50 to 51] [Revised as of July 1, 1998]
Measuring Air Quality: The Pollutant Standards Index; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA; EPA 451/K-94-001; February 1994.
GADNR, 2002. Annual Report on the Quality of Georgia's Air. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.

GADNR, 1996a. The 1994 Chatham County Air Toxics Study, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.
GADNR, 1996b. 1996 Glynn County Initiative: Air Toxics Dataset Ground Level Measurements, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.
GADNR, 1993. Toxic Release Inventory Report, 1991. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.
Macintosh, David L., Zimmer-Dauphinee, Susan A., Manning, Randall O., and Williams, Phillip L., 2000. Aldehyde Concentrations in Ambient Air of Coastal Georgia, U.S.A. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 63: 409-429.
ATSDR, 1997. Toxicological Profile for Benzene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 1999. Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 1999. ToxFaqsTM for Acrolein. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

ATSDR, 1990. Toxicological Profile for Acrolein. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
U.S. EPA, 2003. Integrated Risk Information System, Acrolein. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
ATSDR, 1993. Toxicological Profile for 1,3-Butadiene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.

143

ATSDR, 1993. Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. U.S. EPA, 1994. OPPT Chemical Fact Sheet, Chemicals in the environment: 1,2,4trimethylbenzene (CAS No. 95-63-6). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA, 2004. Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Value Database. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia. ATSDR, 2000. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. U.S. EPA, 2004. National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) project. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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