GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION
Air Protection Branch
2003 Ambient Air Surveillance Report
2002 Toxic Network

ii

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Glossary of Terms Chapter 1: Executive Summary Chapter 2: Chemical Monitoring Activities
2.1 Carbon Monoxide 2.2 Oxides of Nitrogen 2.3 Sulfur Dioxide 2.4 Ozone 2.5 Lead 2.6 Particulate Matter 2.7 Acid Precipitation 2.8 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations 2.9 Air Toxics Monitoring Chapter 3: Meteorological Summary for 2003 3.0 Climatology 3.1 Ozone and PM2.5 Forecasts Chapter 4: Outreach and Education 4.1 The Air Quality Index 4.2 Media Outreach 4.3 Other Outreach Opportunities Appendix A Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen Sulfur Dioxide Ozone Lead Particulate Pollution PAMS Air Toxics References

PAGE iii iv v vi 1 3 7 9 11 12 18 21 36 37 39 75 75 76 83 83 85 85 87 87 88 89 90 92 93 95 106 116

iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Name

Figure 1:

Carbon Monoxide Site Map

Figure 2:

Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Locations

Figure 3:

SO2 Monitoring Site Map

Figure 4:

1-hr Ozone Diurnal Pattern

Figure 5:

Ozone Formation

Figure 6:

Ozone Monitoring Site Map

Figure 7:

Metro Atlanta 1 Hr Ozone Violations

Figure 8:

Metro Atlanta Lead Composite Quarterly Annual Average

Figure 9:

Lead Monitoring Site Map

Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21: Figure 22: Figure 23:

PM10 Monitoring Sites PM2.5 Monitoring Sites PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart PM 2.5 Annual Mean Chart 2003 PM2.5 Speciation Data 2003 Macon PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 Savannah PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 Athens PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 Gen. Coffee PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 South DeKalb PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 Rome PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 Columbus PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 Augusta PM2.5 Speciation Parameters 2003 Statewide Average PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Figure 24: Figure 25:

Rome, Georgia PM2.5 Monthly Means Sulfate Speciation Data

Figure 26: Rome Elemental Carbon by Day of the Week

Figure 27: Acid Rain Trends Chart

Figure 28: PAMS Monitoring Site Location Map

Figure 29: Air Toxic Monitoring Network Monitoring Site Map

Figure 30: 2002 Statewide Frequency Distribution

Figure 31: Frequency of Observations, all Species in 2002

Figure 32 2002 Yearly Average by Site

Figure 33: Lead Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Figure 34: Lead Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Figure 35: Manganese Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Figure 36: Manganese Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Figure 37: Zinc Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Figure 38: Zinc Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Figure 39: Statewide VOCs in 2002

Figure 40: Quarterly Statewide Abundance in 2002

Figure 41: VOC Concentration Averages, Selected Species, 2002

Figure 42: Selected VOCs, Annually Averaged

Figure 43: Total concentration, all Species, by Site, 2002

Figure 44: Site VOC Activity, all Species, 2002

Figure 45: Summertime Average 3 hr. Carbonyls, 2002

Figure 46: Summertime Average, 3 hr. samples, per month, 2002

Figure 47: Statewide Abundance, 2002

Figure 48: Carbonyl Detection, all species, 2002

Figure 49: Toxic Site Comparison, Formaldehyde, 2002

Figure 50: A Year at a Glance, Formaldehyde, Tucker versus South DeKalb

Figure 51: A Year at a Glance, Acetaldehyde, Tucker versus South DeKalb

Figure 52: Aggregate Cancer Risk For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations

Page
8 10 12 13 14 16 18 19 20
23 24 26 28 29 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 33
34 35 35 37 38 40 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 45 45 47 48 49 50 50 51 52 52 53 53 54 55 55 68

iv

Figure 53: Figure 54: Figure 55: Figure 56:
Figure 57:
Figure 58:
Figure 59: Figure 60:
Figure 61: Figure 62:

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Hazard Index For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations

69

Formaldehyde Detections By Month For 1998 Through 2001

70

Acrolein Detections By Month For 1998 Through 2001

71

Observed Monthly Temperature Profile for PAMS sites (2003)

Vs. Mean Monthly Termperature at Hartsfield Airport

79

PAMS Maximum Monthly Solar Radiation (SR) for 2003

(measured in Watts/Meter2

79

Average Monthly Rainfall Departures from normal (30-yr.

Climatological norm) for Metro Atlanta area, January-December 2003 80

Sea Breeze Effect-Savannah, GA Coastal Site May 18 & 19, 2003

80

Ozone observations and predictions for the 2003 Ozone season

(May-September)

81

The AQI For Ozone

84

Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map

86

v

Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6:
Table 7: Table 8: Table 9:
Table 10:
Table 11:
Table 12:
Table 13:
Table 14:

LIST OF TABLES

Table Name

Page

Georgia Ambient Air Standards Summary

4

Georgia Air Sampling Station Locations for 2002

5

PM2.5 Speciation Data

33

Acid Precipitation Weighted Average

36

Screening Values Utilized In Initial Assessment

58

Potential Risk Or Hazard Quotient At The Method Detection Limit (MDL)

When The MDL Is Greater Than EPD's Screening Value

59

Site Specific Frequency And Mean Chemical Concentration

60

Cancer Risk And Hazard Quotient By Location And Chemical

61

Aggregate Cancer Risks And Hazard Indicies For Each Site

(Excluding Carbonyls)

62

Site Specific Frequency, Mean Concentration, Cancer Risk, And

Hazard Quotient From PAMS Network (Excluding Carbonyls)

63

Site Specific Frequency, Mean Concentration, Cancer Risk, And Hazard

Quotient For Carbonyl Compounds

64

EPD Measured And NATA Estimated Concentrations of Selected

Chemicals

72

EPD Measured And NATA Estimated Concentrations Of Selected

Carbonyls

73

Meteorological Parameters Measured at Statewide Monitoring

Sites During

78

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Aerosols AM AQCR Anthropogenic ARITH MEAN CAA CFR CO EPA EPD GEO MEAN HAP LOD g/m3 MSA NAAQS NAMS NO2 NOx NOy NUM OBS NWS ODC O3 PAMS Pb PM2.5
PM10
ppm QTR SLAMS SO2 SPMs UV VOC

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
A gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles Annual Mean Air Quality Control Region Resulting from human activity Arithmetic Mean Clean Air Act Code of Federal Regulations Carbon Monoxide Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection Division Geometric Mean Hazardous Air Pollutant Limit of Detection Micrograms per cubic meter Metropolitan Statistical Area National Ambient Air Quality Standard National Ambient Monitoring Site Nitrogen Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen More oxides of Nitrogen Number of Observations National Weather Service Ozone depleting Chemicals Ozone Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station Lead Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or less Particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less Parts Per Million Calendar Quarter State and Local Air Monitoring Site Sulfur Dioxide Special Purpose Monitoring Site Ultraviolet Volatile Organic Compound

vii

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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Chapter 1 Executive Summary
The Ambient Monitoring Program of the Air Protection Branch of the Environmental Protection Division has been monitoring the air quality for EPA-defined "criteria pollutants" in the State of Georgia for more than thirty years. The list of compounds monitored has grown over the thirty years to more than 170 pollutants using several types of samplers at sites statewide.
Six (6) pollutants fall within the criteria pollutant list. These pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter (10 microns and smaller), and fine particulate matter (2.5 microns and smaller). The ambient concentrations of these pollutants must meet a regulatory standard. The regulatory standard is health based. Concentrations above the standard are considered unhealthy for sensitive groups.
The other monitored compounds do not have an ambient air regulatory standard. Forty-six of these compounds are monitored to aid in understanding and solving the ground level ozone nonattainment problem. The sources of these emitted compounds include vehicle emissions, stationary source emissions, and natural sources. An additional 100 compounds are considered "air toxics". An annual risk analysis is performed based on the data generated from the air toxic network.
This report is the summary of the monitoring data from 2003, and is an assessment of the data in conjunction with previous years findings.
In addition to the chemical monitoring, the Ambient Monitoring Program also operates an extensive meteorological station network in support of the chemical monitoring. The sites are located statewide and supply at a minimum of wind speed and wind direction data. Some stations are very sophisticated and provide information on barometric pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation, temperature and precipitation. A SODAR system for measuring upper air meteorology is operated in support of the ozone forecasting and efforts to prevent the impairment of visibility by haze.
Chapter 2, Chemical Monitoring Activities, provides an in depth discussion of the site location with maps identifying individual monitoring sites. The chapter also contains discussions on measurement techniques, attainment designations and health effects for the six criteria pollutants, PAMS and air toxic compounds. Additionally, the chapter discusses trends , common sources for the monitored pollutants, special studies and a summary of the 2001 data evaluation and risk assessment.
Chapter 3, Meteorological Summary, discusses Georgia, and in particular the Atlanta climatology, based on the meteorological data captured at the PAMS sites. A discussion of the Georgia ozone forecasting effort is also included in this chapter.
Chapter 4, Outreach and Education, provides information concerning the efforts of the Clean Air Campaign to change the commuting habits of residents of Atlanta. The voluntary program partners with the public and private sector to reduce vehicle congestion and aid in reducing vehicle emissions. This chapter includes a description of educational and news media outreach activities, and explains how the Air Quality Index (AQI) is used to offer the public an easy to use indicator of
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air quality. Appendix A contains summary tables for the pollutants measured during 2003. Included in the summary tables is information on the maximums, averages, and number of samples collected. They also indicate where air toxic compounds were detected. The annual report is available via the Ambient Monitoring Internet website at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/index.html. Select the appropriate year on the Ambient Monitoring Annual Data Report bar. A limited number of print copies are available and may be requested at 404-363-7006. Real time air monitoring information for the criteria pollutants may be found at the above website by selecting the pollutant of concern. In addition, the website also provides links to the Clean Air Campaign and the smog forecast.
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Chapter 2 Chemical Monitoring Activities
This chapter is a summary of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), monitoring techniques used to measure ambient air quality for NAAQS, and how determinations of NAAQS compliance are made.
The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the EPA administrator to identify pollutants that may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare, and to issue air quality criteria that reflect the latest scientific knowledge useful in indicating the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on public health or welfare that may be expected from the presence of such pollutant in ambient air. Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA Administrator establishes NAAQS for each pollutant for which air quality criteria have been issued. The EPA is to set standards where "the attainment and maintenance are requisite to protect public health" with "an adequate margin of safety." In 1971, the EPA established standards for five "criteria" pollutants as required by the Clean Air Act. The standards and pollutants have changed over time to keep up with improvements in scientific knowledge. The current list is summarized on Table 1.
As shown in Table 1, there are primary and secondary standards. The primary standard is designed to protect the most sensitive individuals in a population. These sensitive individuals include children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses. The secondary standard is designed to protect public welfare or quality of life. This includes visibility, limiting economic damage, damage to man-made material, wildlife, or the climate.
The various averaging times are to address the health impacts of the pollutants. Short-term averages, such as the limit for 1-hour ozone averages, are to protect against acute effects. Long term averaging, such as the annual limit for fine particles, is to protect against chronic effects.
For 2003 the only part of Georgia to not meet a NAAQS is the Atlanta Metropolitan thirteen county non-attainment area (Clayton, Fulton, Rockdale, Cherokee, Gwinnett, Cobb, Forsyth, Dekalb, Fayette, Paulding, Douglas, Coweta, and Henry) for 1-hour ozone.
In order for an area to meet the ozone standard all ozone monitors located in the metropolitan area must have a three year average such that the expected number of exceedance days (determined using a procedure described in 40CFR 50, Appendix H) per calendar year is less than or equal to one.
In 2003 the Governor recommended that a number of counties (Barrow, Bartow, Bibb, Carrol, Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, Dekalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Hall, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Richmond, Rockdale, Spalding, Walton, and parts of Murray) be designated for non-attainment of the 8-hour ozone standard. The final designations will be made in early 2004. The 8-hour standard requires that the average of the fourth highest 8-hour averaged over three years must be less than 0.085 ppm.
The Georgia ambient air monitoring network provides information on the measured concentrations of criteria and non-criteria pollutants at selected locations. The current Georgia Air Sampling Network is comprised of 152 monitors at 68 locations in 37 counties.
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Monitoring takes place year-round with the exception of ozone, which is sampled from March through October. The monitoring network is composed of State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS), National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS), Special Purpose Monitoring (SPM), Trend, Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS), PM2.5 speciation and Air toxics (Table 2).

Table 1: GEORGIA AMBIENT AIR STANDARDS SUMMARY
Criteria Pollutants

Compound Sulfur Dioxide
Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Particulate Matter (PM10)
Carbon Monoxide
Ozone
Nitrogen Dioxide

Standard 0.50 0.14 0.03 15.0
65.0 50.0 150.0 35.0 9.0
0.125
0.085
.05

Units ppm micrograms per cubic meter
micrograms per cubic meter
ppm
ppm
ppm

Time Interval 3 Hour 24 Hour
Annual Mean Annual Arithmetic
Mean
24 Hour
Annual Arithmetic Mean
24 Hour
1 Hour
8 Hour Average
1 Hour
(Atlanta 13 County Non-Attainment Area)
8 Hour Average
(4th Max)
Statewide
Annual Mean

Lead

1.5

micrograms per Calendar Quarter

cubic meter

Average

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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Table 2:
Georgia Air Sampling Station Locations for 2003

Site ID

City

County Ozone CO PM2.5 PM2.5 NO2 SO2 Lead PM PAMS Toxic Toxic Carbonyls Trace Meteorological

24h Cont

10

VOC semi- Aldehyde Metals Parameters

FRM

volatiles / Ketones

130090001 Milledgeville

Baldwin

X

X

X

130150002

Stilesboro

Bartow

X

130210007

Macon

Bibb

X

X

130210012

Macon

Bibb X

X

X

X

X

130510014 Savannah Chatham

X

130510017 Savannah Chatham

X

130510019 Savannah Chatham

X

130510021 Savannah Chatham X

X

X

X

130510091 Savannah Chatham

X

130511002 Savannah Chatham

X

X

X

130550001 Summerville Chattooga

X

130590001

Athens

Clarke

X

130590002

Athens

Clarke X

130630091 Forest Park

Clayton

X

130670003 Kennesaw

Cobb X

130670004 130690002

Powder Springs Douglas

Cobb Coffee

X X

X

X

130770002

Newnan

Coweta X

130850001 Dawsonville

Dawson X

X

X

130890002

Decatur

DeKalb X

X

X X

130890003

Decatur

DeKalb

X

X

130891002

Clarkston

DeKalb

X

130892001

Doraville

DeKalb

X

X

130893001

Tucker

DeKalb X

X

X

130950007

Albany Dougherty

X

X

130970003 Douglasville Douglas

X

130970004 Douglasville Douglas X

131110091 McCaysville

Fannin

X

131130001 Fayetteville

Fayette X

131150003

Rome

Floyd

X

131150004

Rome

Floyd

X

X

131150005

Rome

Floyd

X

X

131210001

Atlanta

Fulton

X

131210020

Atlanta

Fulton

X

X

131210032

Atlanta

Fulton

X

X

131210039

Atlanta

Fulton

X

X

131210048

Atlanta

Fulton

X X

131210055

Atlanta

Fulton X

X

131210099

Atlanta

Fulton

X

131270004 Brunswick

Glynn

X

131270006 Brunswick

Glynn X

X

131273001 Brunswick

Glynn

X

X

131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett X

X

131390003 Gainesville

Hall

X

X

X

131410001

Sparta Hancock

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

X X
X
5

Site ID

City

County Ozone CO PM2.5 PM2.5 NO2 SO2 Lead PM PAMS Toxic Toxic Carbonyls Trace Meteorological

24h Cont

10

VOC semi- Aldehyde Metals Parameters

FRM

volatiles / Ketones

131510002 McDonough

Henry X

131530001

Warner Houston

X

Robins

131810001 Lincolnton

Lincoln

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

131850003

Valdosta Lowndes

X

X

X

132130003 Chatsworth

Murray X

132150001 Columbus Muscogee

X

132150008 Columbus Muscogee X

X

132150009 Columbus Muscogee

X

132150010 Columbus Muscogee

X

132150011 Columbus Muscogee

X

X X

132151003 Columbus Muscogee X

132155000 Columbus Muscogee

X

X

X

132230003

Yorkville Paulding X

X X

X

X

X

X

X

132450005

Augusta Richmond

X

132450091

Augusta Richmond X

X

X

X

132450092

Augusta Richmond

X

X

X

132470001

Conyers Rockdale X

X

X

X

132550002

Griffin Spalding

X

132611001

Leslie

Sumter X

132630001

Talbotton

Talbot

X

X

X

X

X

132950002

Walker Rossville

X

X

133030001 Sandersville Washington

X

X

133190001

Gordon Wilkinson

X

The number and location of the individual sites varies from year to year, depending on: availability of long-term space allocation, citizen complaints, regulatory needs, etc. Once a site is established, the most common goal for its use is to monitor for long-term trends.
All official monitoring performed in support of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) must use U.S.EPA-defined reference methods described in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A, or equivalent methods designated in accordance with Part 53 of that chapter. All the data collected in the networks undergoes extensive quality assurance review and is then submitted to the Air Quality System (AQS) database maintained by EPA.
In general, the basic monitoring objectives that govern the selection of sites are: 1) to determine the highest observable concentration; 2) to determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density; 3) to determine the impact of significant sources or source categories on ambient pollution levels; 4) to determine the general background concentration levels; and 5) to determine the concentration of a number of compounds which contribute to the formation of ground level ozone.

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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
2.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
General Information Carbon Monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless, poisonous gas that is a byproduct of the incomplete burning of fuels. The principal source of CO pollution in most large urban areas, including Metro Atlanta, is the automobile, which contributes approximately 60% of CO emissions nationwide. Other sources include fires, industrial processes, cigarettes, and other sources of incomplete burning in the indoor environment. High concentrations of ambient CO tend to occur in the colder months of the year since inversion layers are more frequent trapping the pollutant near the surface. CO is inhaled and enters the blood stream, where it binds chemically to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the component of blood that carries oxygen to the cells. When CO binds to hemoglobin, it reduces the ability of hemoglobin to do its job, which reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to all tissues of the body. The percentage of hemoglobin affected by CO depends on the amount of air inhaled, the concentration of CO in air, and length of exposure. At the levels usually found in ambient air, CO primarily affects people with cardiovascular disease. The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires as a minimum that Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's) with a population greater than 500,000, as determined by the last census (2000), have two CO National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS). In Georgia, only the Atlanta MSA meets the population requirement. Currently, the two NAMS sites are located at Roswell Road and at Dekalb Tech (see Figure 1). The Roswell road site was established to monitor for CO at a microscale level. The purpose of microscale measurements is to measure peak concentrations in major urban traffic areas. A microscale site monitors an air mass that covers a distance of several meters to about 100 m. The Dekalb Tech site is a neighborhood scale site intended to measure CO exposure for large populations. A neighborhood scale site monitors an air mass that covers a homogenous land use area of 0.5 km to 4 km radius from the monitor.
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Figure 1: Carbon Monoxide Site Map
Health Effects The health effects of CO include weakening the contractions of the heart, which reduces blood flow to various parts of the body, decreasing the oxygen available to the muscles and various organs. In a healthy person, this effect significantly reduces the ability to perform physical activities. In persons with chronic heart diseases, these effects can threaten the overall quality of life, since their systems are unable to compensate for the decrease in oxygen. CO pollution is also likely to cause such individuals to experience chest pain during such activities. Adverse effects have also been observed in individuals with heart conditions who are exposed to CO pollution in heavy freeway traffic for 1 to 2 hours or more.
In addition, fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema are likely to be more susceptible to the effects of CO. For these individuals, the effects are more pronounced when exposure takes place at high altitude locations, where oxygen concentration is lower. CO can also affect mental function, visual activity, and the alertness of healthy individuals, even at relatively low concentrations.
Measurement Techniques and Attainment Designation CO is monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of CO in ambient air using the non-dispersive infrared analysis and gas filter correlation methods. Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the Clean Air Act (CAA) 8 hr and 1 hr standard for CO. This standard requires that no concentrations greater than an 8-hour average concentration of 9 ppm and a 1hour average of 35 ppm can be exceeded more than once a year.
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
If the data shows that these standards are met then the area is considered to be in attainment of the standard. The Atlanta MSA is in attainment of both the 8-hour and 1-hour standard for carbon monoxide.
In addition to the two NAMS monitors, a high sensitivity CO monitor has been installed at the Yorkville site. The purpose of this monitor is to detect very small concentrations of CO in order to gain a more complete understanding of the background levels of CO and its role in atmospheric chemistry.
Data from the carbon monoxide monitors are published on the EPD website at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/index.html. The data is updated hourly. Specific annual summaries for 2003 may be found in Appendix A.
2.2 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx and NOy) Including Nitrogen Oxide (NO) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
General Information Oxides of Nitrogen exist in various forms in the atmosphere. The most common is nitric oxide (NO), but other compounds such as NO2, HNO3 and N2O5 also occur and are categorized as NOy. High temperature combustion and lightning produce the bulk of these compounds in the atmosphere. Nitrogen is a very stable molecule and is essentially inert unless subjected to extreme conditions. Oxides of nitrogen are key participants in atmospheric chemistry. NO is changed to NO2 in very rapid atmospheric reactions. During daylight hours, UV solar radiation breaks apart NO2, into NO and O. A free oxygen atom will attach itself to molecular oxygen creating an ozone molecule. This is the origin of all ground level ozone. Daytime levels of NO2 and N2O5 are low but their concentration rises rapidly in the evening and night. These "stores" of atomic oxygen give rise to morning spikes in ozone when they are converted to NO again at sunrise. Nitric acid HNO3 is the most oxidized form of nitrogen in the atmosphere. This species is water soluble and is removed from the atmosphere in the form of acidic raindrops.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), one of the important oxides of nitrogen, is a light brown gas that can become an important component of urban haze. Nitrogen oxides usually enter the air as the result of high-temperature combustion processes, such as those occurring in automobiles and power plants. Home heaters and gas stoves produce substantial amounts of NO2. NO2 is formed from the oxidation of nitric oxide (NO), which has a pungent odor at high concentrations and a bleach smell at lower concentrations. NO2 is a precursor to ozone formation and can be oxidized to form nitric acid, one of the compounds that contribute to acid rain. NO2 and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can react with other substances in the atmosphere to form acidic products that can be deposited in rain, fog, snow, or as particle pollution. Nitrate particles and NO2 can block the transmission of light, reducing visibility.
Health Impacts Individuals experience respiratory problems when exposed to high levels of NO2 for short durations (less than three hours). Asthmatics are especially sensitive to NO2. Changes in airway responsiveness have been observed in some studies of exercising asthmatics exposed to relatively low levels of NO2. Studies also indicate a relationship between indoor NO2 exposures and increased respiratory illness rates in young children, but definitive results are still lacking. Many animal studies suggest that NO2 impairs respiratory defense mechanisms and increases susceptibility to infection.
9

Several studies also show that chronic exposure to relatively low NO2 pollution levels may cause structural changes in the lungs of animals. These studies suggest that chronic exposure to NO2 could lead to adverse health effects in humans, but specific levels and durations likely to cause such effects have not yet been determined.
Measurement Techniques and Attainment Designation NO2 NAMS sites are required in urban areas with populations greater than 1,000,000. Atlanta is the only urban area in Georgia that meets the population requirement. Atlanta has two NAMS sites. They are located at South Dekalb and Georgia Tech. The complete oxides of nitrogen monitoring network including PAMS and NAMS site locations may be found in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Oxides of Nitrogen Monitoring Site Locations Oxides of Nitrogen, and in particular NO2, are monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of oxides of nitrogen in ambient air using the ozone phase chemiluminescent method. Data collected from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS primary and secondary annual standards for NO2. This standard requires that the annual arithmetic mean concentration in a calendar year is less than or equal to 0.053 ppm rounded to three decimal places. [50 FR 25544, June 19, 1985] The Atlanta MSA, as well as the rest of the nation is in attainment of the NO2 standard. Los Angeles was the only urban area nationwide that ever recorded violations of the NAAQS for NO2. In July 1998, EPA announced the redesignation of that area to attainment.
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Data from the oxides of nitrogen monitors are published on the EPD website at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/index.html. The data is updated hourly. Specific annual summaries for 2003 may be found in Appendix A.
2.3 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
General Information Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless reactive gas that is formed by burning of sulfur-containing material, such as coal, or by processing sulfur-containing ores. It is odorless at low concentrations, but pungent at very high concentrations. It can be oxidized in the atmosphere into sulfuric acid. When sulfur-bearing fuel is burned or ores that contain sulfur are processed, the sulfur is oxidized to form SO2, which can react with other pollutants to form aerosols. In liquid form, SO2 may be found in clouds, fog, rain, aerosol particles, and in surface liquid films on these particles. Both SO2 and NO2 are precursors to the formation of acid rain and lead to acidic deposition. SO2 can also be a precursor for sulfate particles. Major sources of SO2 are fossil fuel-burning power plants and industrial boilers.
Health Impacts Exposure to SO2 can cause impairment of respiratory function, aggravation of existing respiratory disease (especially bronchitis), and a decrease in the ability of the lungs to clear foreign particles. It can also lead to increased mortality, especially if elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) are also present. Groups that appear most sensitive to the effects of SO2 include asthmatics and other individuals with hyperactive airways, and individuals with chronic obstructive lung or cardiovascular disease. Elderly people and children are also likely to be sensitive to SO2.
Effects of short-term peak exposures have been evaluated in controlled human exposure studies. These studies show that SO2 generally increases airway resistance in the lungs, and can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics. These impacts have been observed in subjects engaged in moderate to heavy exercise while exposed to relatively high peak concentrations. These changes in lung function are accompanied by perceptible symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups.
The presence of particle pollution appears to aggravate the impact of SO2 pollution. Several studies of chronic effects have found that people living in areas with high PM and SO2 levels have a higher incidence of respiratory illnesses and symptoms than people living in areas without such a synergistic combination of pollutants.
Measurement Techniques The map shown in Figure 3 shows the locations of the Georgia SO2 monitoring stations.
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Figure 3: SO2 Monitoring Site Map
Sulfur oxides are measured in the ambient air as sulfur dioxide by the reference method described in 40 CFR Part 53, Appendix A, or by an equivalent method designated in accordance with Part 53 of that chapter.
Attainment Designation To demonstrate attainment, the annual arithmetic mean and the second-highest 24-hour average must be based upon hourly data that is at least 75 percent complete in each calendar quarter. A 24-hour block average shall be considered valid if at least 75 percent of the hourly averages for the 24-hour period are available. [61 FR 25579, May 22, 1996]
All of Georgia is in attainment of the sulfur dioxide standard.
Data from the sulfur dioxide monitors are published on the EPD website at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/index.html. The data is updated hourly. Specific annual summaries for 2002 may be found in Appendix A.
2.4 Ozone (O3)
General Information Ozone is a colorless gas. Ground level ozone, unlike the other gaseous air pollutants previously discussed, is not a primary pollutant. This means that ozone is not directly emitted by any sources, mobile or stationary. Ozone forms through a complex series of chemical reactions, which take place in the presence of sunlight (photochemical reactions).
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
For this reaction to take place, certain ingredients (precursors) must be available. Since the reactions must take place in the presence of strong sunlight, ozone concentrations have a strong diurnal pattern (see Figure 4).
Figure 4: 1-hr ozone diurnal pattern The precursors to ozone formation are oxides of nitrogen and reactive organic substances. Examples of such reactive organic substances include hydrocarbons found in automobile exhaust, vapors from cleaning solvents, and biogenic emissions. (Figure 5). For a more complete discussion on precursors, please see the NO2 section and the PAMS section of this report). Ozone, when mixed with particles and other pollutants, such as NO2, forms smog, a brownish, acrid mixture. This type of pollution first gained attention in the 1940's as Los Angeles photochemical "smog." Since then, photochemical smog has been observed frequently in many other cities.
13

Figure 5: Ozone Formation
The control of ground-level ozone problems in Georgia has been difficult because many of the fundamental lessons learned in Los Angeles proved not to apply here. As indicated above, ozone is formed when its precursors come together in the presence of strong sunlight. This reaction can only occur as long as both precursors are present, though, and the reaction itself consumes the precursors as it produces ozone.
The amount of ozone produced, assuming sufficient sunlight, is controlled by what is known as the "limiting reactant." This limiting reactant can be thought of in terms of household baking. You can only bake cookies until you run out of any one of the ingredients you need. If you run out of flour, it doesn't matter how much milk and sugar you have on hand; you can't make any more cookies without more flour. As it turns out, natural background hydrocarbon levels are quite low in Los Angeles. The control measures that proved effective there involved reducing hydrocarbon emissions. These measures and the science behind them became advanced because the Los Angeles problem was so severe and developed so early.
As air quality control measures were first implemented in Georgia, the then-standard assumption was made that Georgia was also hydrocarbon limited. However, the initial control measures seemed ineffective. In time, researchers discovered that hardwood trees naturally emit large quantities of hydrocarbons.
14

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
The quantity emitted by the trees in this region are sufficient that Atlanta could theoretically violate ambient ozone standards even if humans reduced their hydrocarbon emissions to zero. The solution to ozone control in Georgia, then, would have to focus on a different limiting reactant, oxides of nitrogen.
Air quality science had not, and still has not, had time to fully catch up with this discovery. Emissions of oxides of nitrogen have proven more difficult to control than hydrocarbon emissions. Research on the topic continues, and new emissions control equipment is always under development. The area was in some ways unable to take full advantage of the technologies developed for, Los Angeles, though, because those technologies were not suited to local conditions. Unfortunately, oxides of nitrogen have proven more difficult to control than hydrocarbons. With respect to reducing emissions from automobile engines, for example, the addition of relatively simple and inexpensive catalytic converters was a great leap forward in hydrocarbon controls starting in the early 1970s. Solutions for reducing emissions of oxides of nitrogen have proven more expensive; more complicated, and have required far more reengineering of the engines themselves.
Ozone in Georgia, unlike other pollutants previously discussed, is only monitored during the "summer" months (March through October). The reason for the shorter season is that long periods of strong sunlight and warm temperatures are needed for ozone formation. Many urban areas experience high levels of ground level ozone during the summer months. We also see high ozone levels in rural and mountainous areas. This is often caused by ozone and/or its precursors being transported by wind for many hundreds of miles.
A final difference between ozone and the other pollutants is that ozone is sometimes good. While ground level ozone is considered a hazardous pollutant, the ozone in the upper atmosphere, approximately 10-22 miles above the earth's surface, protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. This ozone is gradually being depleted due to man-made products called ozone depleting chemicals (ODC), including chloroflourocarbons (CFC), which when released naturally migrate to the upper atmosphere. Once in the upper atmosphere, the CFCs break down due to the intensity of the sun's UV rays, releasing chlorine and bromine atoms. These atoms react with the ozone and destroy it. Scientists say that one chlorine atom can destroy as many as 100,000 "good" ozone molecules. The destruction of this ozone may lead to more harmful ultraviolet rays reaching the earth's surface and causing increased skin cancer rates. This reduction in the protection provided by ozone in the upper atmosphere is usually referred to as the "ozone hole" and is most pronounced in polar regions.
The Georgia Environmental Protection Division monitors for ground level ozone at 21 sites throughout the state (see Figure 6).
15

Figure 6: Ozone Monitoring Site Map
16

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Health Impacts Ozone and other photochemical oxidants such as peroxyacyl nitrate (PAN) and aldehydes are associated with adverse health effects in humans. Peroxyacyl nitrate and aldehydes causes irritation that is characteristic of photochemical pollution. Ozone has a greater impact on the respiratory system, where it irritates the mucous membranes of the nose, throat and airways; ninety percent of the ozone inhaled into the lungs is never exhaled. Symptoms associated with exposure include cough, chest pain, and throat irritation. Ozone can also increase susceptibility to respiratory infections. In addition, ozone impairs normal functioning of the lungs and reduces the ability to perform physical exercise. Recent studies also suggest that even at lower ozone concentrations some healthy individuals engaged in moderate exercise for 6 to 8 hours may experience symptoms. All of these effects are more severe in individuals with sensitive respiratory systems, and studies show that moderate levels may impair the ability of individuals with asthma or respiratory disease to engage in normal daily activities.
The potential chronic effects of repeated exposure to ozone are of even greater concern. Laboratory studies show that people exposed over a 6 to 8 hour period to relatively low ozone levels develop lung inflammation. Animal studies suggest that if exposures are repeated over a long period (e.g. months, years, lifetime), inflammation of this type may lead to permanent scarring of lung tissue, loss of lung function, and reduced lung elasticity.
Measurement Techniques Ozone is monitored using specialized analyzers made for that specific purpose. The analyzers continuously measure the concentration of ozone in ambient air using the U.V. photometric method. Data gained from the continuous monitors is used to determine compliance with the NAAQS 1-hour and 8-hour standards for ozone.
Attainment Designation The ozone (1 hour) primary and secondary standard are the same. An area is considered in attainment of the 1-hour standard if the expected number of days per calendar year where the ozone concentration exceeds the maximum hourly concentration of 0.12 ppm (0.125 with the EPA rounding convention) is equal to or less than 1.The Atlanta Metropolitan 1-hour non-attainment area ozone monitoring network has been operational since 1980. The 1980 network consisted of two monitors located in Dekalb and Rockdale Counties. Currently the network coverage has increased to eleven monitors, located in ten counties. The thirteen county Atlanta Metropolitan area (Rockdale, Coweta, Fulton, Cherokee, Henry, Clayton, Fayette, Gwinnett, Paulding, Forsyth, Cobb, Douglas, and Dekalb counties) is in severe violation of the one hour standard.
A number of activities to aid in controlling the precursors to ozone formation have been implemented. These activities include a strict vehicle inspection program, controls put on emission sources, and the establishment of a voluntary mobile emissions program called The Clean Air Campaign (CAC). Activities of The Clean Air Campaign include distributing daily ozone forecasts (performed by EPD) during the ozone season to enable citizens in the sensitive group category as well as industries to alter activities on days that are forecasted to be conducive to ozone formation. In addition to the forecasts citizens have access to the data on an as needed basis by either calling 1-800-427-9605 or by accessing our website at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/index.html. Specific annual summaries for 2002 may be found in Appendix A. For a more detailed discussion concerning CAC see Chapter 4.
17

Over the course of the past eleven years we have seen reductions in the number of ozone exceedance days from a high of 23, which occurred in 1999 to a low of 1, which occurred in 2003 (Figure 6).

Number

Metro Atlanta 1 Hr Ozone Violations

25

22

23

20

15 14 10

14 11
7

11 8

5

4

4 1

0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Figure 7: Metro Atlanta 1 Hr Ozone Violations
In July 1997 the US EPA issued a new 8-hour ozone standard. In the areas that EPA has determined to meet the 1-hour standard those areas must comply with the primary and secondary 8-hour standard. The ozone concentration for the 8-hour standard is measured using the same reference method used for the 1-hour standard. The standard is attained when the average of the fourth highest concentration measured is equal to or below 0.08 ppm (0.085 ppm with EPA rounding convention) averaged over three years (see Table 1; 62 FR 38894, July 18, 1997).
In 2003 the Governor recommended that a number of counties (Barrow, Bartow, Bibb, Carroll Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, Coweta, Dekalb, Douglas, Fayette, Forsyth, Fulton, Gwinnett, Hall, Henry, Newton, Paulding, Richmond, Rockdale, Spalding, Walton, and parts of Murray) be designated for non-attainment of the 8-hour ozone standard. The final designations will be made in early 2004.
2.5 Lead
General Information In the past the Clean Air Act required extensive lead monitoring in order to detect the high levels of airborne lead that resulted from the use of leaded gasoline. With the phase out of leaded gasoline, we find that lead concentrations have decreased dramatically (see Figure 7).

18

ug/M3

1964 1965 1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
2.5 2 Standard
1.5 1
0.5 0 Year
Figure 8: Metro Atlanta Lead Composite Quarterly Annual Average The main source of lead in ambient air has changed from vehicular to point sources. EPA has proposed that the focus of lead monitoring change from mobile sources to industrial sources. The Georgia network reflects this change in focus. There are four (4) lead sites statewide, including a mobile source and three industrial source monitors. The current criteria lead monitoring network is as indicated in Figure 9. In addition to the criteria network sites, lead is also being monitored at 14 sites throughout Georgia as a trace metal in the Georgia Air Toxic Monitoring Network.
19

Figure 9: Lead Monitoring Site Map
20

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
In the past, automotive sources were the major contributor of lead emissions to the atmosphere. As a result of EPA's regulatory efforts to reduce the content of lead in gasoline, the contribution from the transportation sector declined sharply through the 1970s and 1980s. Today, metals processing is the major source of lead emissions to the atmosphere. Today the highest ambient concentrations of lead are found in the vicinity of metal smelters and battery manufacturers. Other sources of lead emissions include the combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, and the emissions from iron and steel production.
Health Impacts Exposure to lead occurs mainly through inhalation and ingestion of lead in food, water, soil, or dust. It accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues. Lead can adversely affect the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other organs. Excessive exposure to lead may cause neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders. Even at low doses, lead exposure is associated with damage to the nervous systems of fetuses and young children, resulting in learning deficits and lowered IQ. Recent studies also show that lead may be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease. Lead can also be deposited on the leaves of plants, presenting a hazard to grazing animals. Lead deposition in soil puts children at particular risk exposure since they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths, which may come in contact with the lead-containing dust and dirt.
Measurement Techniques Measurement for ambient air lead concentrations is performed using a manual method, unlike measurements for ozone, SO2, NO2 and CO. Samples are collected on 8" x 10" pre-weighed fiberglass filters with a high-volume sampler for 24 hours. The filter sample is shipped to a laboratory for atomic absorption analysis. Data gained from the lead sampler is used to determine compliance with the CAA primary and secondary standards for lead.
Attainment Designation The compliance with the national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards for lead and its compounds is determined based on the assumption that all lead is elemental lead. In order to comply with both the primary and secondary standard, the concentration of lead in the air must have an arithmetic mean no higher than 1.5 micrograms per cubic meter averaged over a calendar quarter. (See Secs. 109, 301(a) Clean Air Act as amended (42 U.S.C. 7409, 7601(a))) [43 FR 46258, Oct. 5, 1978].
All monitoring sites show that Georgia is in attainment of the lead standard. Specific annual summaries for 2003 may be found in Appendix A.
2.6 Particulate Matter
General Information Particle matter is a broad range of material that consists of solid particles, fine liquid droplets, or condensed liquids absorbed onto solid particles. Airborne particulates are not a single pollutant as discussed for the other criteria pollutants, but rather a mixture of many different air pollutants. Primary sources that emit particles include combustion, incineration, construction, mining, metals smelting, metal processing, and grinding. Other sources include motor vehicle exhaust, road dust, wind blown soil, forest fires, open burning of vegetation for land clearing or waste removal, ocean spray, and volcanic activity.
21

Secondary particulates are different from primary particulates since they are created from condensable vapors formed from a chemical reaction involving gas phase precursors like SO2 or NOx, or by other processes involving reactions of gases. Examples of secondary particulates include:
Atmospheric sulfate products formed from the oxidation of SO2. Atmospheric nitrate products, such as ammonium nitrate, formed from a complex series of
reactions that transform NOx. Atmospheric calcium nitrate or sodium nitrate particulates formed from a series of
atmospheric reactions involving nitric acid reacting with sodium chloride/calcium carbonate. Particle pollution may also be categorized by size since there are different health impacts associated with the different sizes. The Ambient Air Monitoring Program monitors for two sizes of particles: PM2.5 and PM10 (Figures 9 and 10). Both of these particles are very small in size. For example approximately ten (10) PM10 particles can fit on a cross section of a human hair, and approximately thirty (30) PM2.5 particles would fit on a cross section of a hair.
22

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 10: PM10 monitoring sites
23

Figure 11: PM2.5 monitoring sites
24

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
PM10 Mass
Particulate matter (PM) less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter is defined as PM10. These particles can be solid matter or liquid droplets from smoke, dust, fly ash, or condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. PM10 represents a broad class of chemically diverse particles that range in size from molecular clusters of 0.005 microns in diameter to coarse particles of 50-100 microns in diameter (100 microns is about the thickness of an average human hair). PM results from all types of combustion. The carbon-based particles that result from incomplete burning of diesel fuel in buses, trucks and cars are of particular concern. Another important combustion source is the burning of wood in stoves and fireplaces in residential settings. Also of concern are the sulfate and nitrate particles that are formed as a byproduct of SO2 and NO2 emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-burning power plants and vehicular exhausts.
The U.S. national ambient air quality standard was originally based on particles up to 25-45 microns in size, termed "total suspended particles" (TSP). In 1987, EPA replaced TSP with an indicator that includes only those particles smaller than 10 microns, termed PM10. These smaller particles cause most of the adverse health effects because of their ability to penetrate deeply into the lungs. The observed human health effects of PM include breathing and respiratory problems, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue. Groups that appear to be most sensitive to the effects of PM include individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and children.
Health Impacts Marked increases in daily mortality have been statistically associated with very high 24-hour concentrations of PM10, with some increased risk of mortality at lower concentrations. Small increases in mortality appear to exist at even lower levels. Risks to sensitive individuals increase with consecutive, multi-day exposures to elevated PM concentrations. The research also indicates that aggravation of bronchitis occurs with elevated 24-hour PM10 levels, and small decreases in lung function take place when children are exposed to lower 24-hour peak PM10 levels. Lung function impairment lasts for 2-3 weeks following exposure to PM.
Attainment Designation The primary and secondary standards for PM10 are the same. In order for an area to be considered in compliance with the standard, the annual arithmetic mean concentration must be less than or equal to 50 micrograms per cubic meter. The 24-hour standard is met when the 99th percentile 24-hour concentration is less than or equal to 150 micrograms per cubic meter[62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. For example, if 100 PM10 samples were taken over the course of the year and one sample exceeded 150 micrograms per cubic meter, then the area would meet the standard. If two or more samples were over 150 micrograms per cubic meter, then the area would not be in attainment of the standard.
Measurement Techniques The Georgia PM10 monitoring network consists of two types of monitors. The first is an event monitor in which samples are collected for 24 hours on a microquartz fiber filter. A specialized sample sorting device is used so that the filter collects only particles 10 microns in size and smaller. The filters are weighed in a laboratory before and after the sampling period. The change in the filter weight corresponds to the mass of PM10 particles collected. That mass, divided by the total volume of air sampled, corresponds to the mass concentration of the particles in the air.
25

PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean

60

ug/M3

50

40

Trendline

30

20

10

13-021-0007 13-051-0014 13-051-1002 13-055-0001 13-089-2001 13-095-0007 13-097-0003 13-115-0005 13-121-0001 13-121-0032 13-121-0039 13-121-0048 13-127-0004 13-215-0011 13-245-0091 13-255-0002 13-295-0002 13-303-0001 Average Linear (Average)

0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Figure 12: PM10 Annual Arithmetic Mean Chart
As can be seen in Figure 11, several PM10 sites have been added to the network over the course of the past nine years. The overall trend in concentration is downward with the exception of Fulton County during 2000 and 2001. The rise in concentration in Fulton County may be due to increased construction activities during those years. The 2003 data find a decrease in concentration and falls more closely on the trendline.

In addition to the event sampling, a specialized instrument is used to report "real-time" concentrations. The instrument, called a continuous tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) sampler, uses a filter placed on an oscillating glass tube. As particles are deposited on the filter, the oscillation frequency changes. The change in frequency is directly proportional to the mass of the particles. As with the event-based PM measurement techniques, a specialized sample sorting device is used so that the instrument only collects particles 10 microns in diameter and smaller. The data from the TEOM is reported on the Ambient Air Monitoring Webpage located at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/index.html. Specific annual summaries for 2002 may be found in Appendix A.

PM2.5
Particulate matter including PM2.5 consists of the solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Individually, these particles and droplets are invisible to the naked eye. Collectively, however, they
can appear as clouds or a fog-like haze.

26

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter is referred to as "fine" particles. In comparison, a human hair is 70-100 microns in diameter. Fine particles are produced by many different sources, including industrial combustion, residential combustion, and vehicle exhaust, so their composition varies widely. Fine particles can also be formed when combustion gases are chemically transformed into particles. Considerable effort is being undertaken by Georgia to analyze the fine PM2.5 particles for the chemical constituents that make up the particles, so pollution control efforts can be focused in areas that create the greatest reductions. We currently monitor fifty-three (53) particle species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon. However, there are only approximately twelve (12) chemicals detected frequently. Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations.
Health Impacts Fine particles are of health concern because they can penetrate into the sensitive regions of the respiratory tract and they are linked to the most serious health effects. They can cause persistent coughs, phlegm, wheezing, and physical discomfort.
Several recently published community health studies indicate that significant respiratory and cardiovascular-related problems are associated with exposure to particle levels well below the existing particulate matter standards. These negative effects include premature death, hospital admissions from respiratory causes, and increased respiratory problems. Long-term exposure to particulate matter may increase the rate of respiratory and cardiovascular illness and reduce life span.
Children, the elderly, and individuals with cardiovascular disease or lung diseases such as emphysema and asthma are especially vulnerable.
Fine particles can soil man-made materials, making them look sooty and speeding their deterioration. They also impair visibility and are an important contributor to haze.
Attainment Designation In general, for an area to be in attainment of the national primary and secondary annual ambient air PM2.5 standard, it must have an annual arithmetic mean concentration of less than or equal to 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter. In addition, there is a 24 hour primary and secondary standard that requires that the 98th percentile 24-hr concentration be less than or equal to 65 micrograms per cubic meter [62 FR 38711, July 18, 1997]. All sample analyses used for determining compliance with the standards must use a reference method based on information in 40 CFR Appendix L or an equivalent method as designated in accordance with Part 53.
Measurement Techniques The reference method requires that samples are collected on Teflon filters with a PM2.5 sampler for 24 hours. Gravimetric analysis is performed on all samples after collection.
27

Georgia PM2.5 Annual Average Arithmetic Mean 25.0 Standard: 15 micrograms per cubic meter 20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0

99-01 00-02 01-03

ug/M3

Macon Allied Chem. Macon Forestry
Savannah Market St. Savannah Mercer Athens Forest Park Kennesaw
Powder Springs, Macland South DeKalb Doraville Albany Rome
Atlanta E. Rivers School. Atlanta Fire Station # 8 Brunswick Gwinnett Gainesville Warner Robins Valdosta Columbus Health Dept. Columbus Cussetta Rd. Yorkville Augusta Medical Col. Augusta Bungalow Rd. Rossville Sandersville Gordon

Site
Figure 13: PM2.5 Annual Mean Chart
Because the PM2.5 monitoring network was not established until 1999, long-term trend information is unavailable. As can be seen in Figure 13, the concentration of PM2.5 has been decreasing, with many sites having a three-year average below the annual standard. The sites exceeding the standard may be found at the fall line and above. Further monitoring will continue and attainment designation activities began in late 2003.
In addition to the reference method monitoring, a continuous TEOM sampler is used to report "real time" data. The instrument is identical to that used in PM10 monitoring with the exception that the sample sorting device used allows only the smaller PM2.5 particles to be collected. The data from the TEOM is reported on the Ambient Air Monitoring Webpage located at http://www.air.dnr.state.ga.us/amp/index.html. Specific annual summaries for 2002 may be found in Appendix A.
PM2.5 Speciation
As required by the National PM2.5 Speciation program (40 CFR 58), EPD now monitors not only the mass concentration of fine particulate matter (in micrograms per cubic meter of air) but also for the chemical composition of those particles. Doing so serves a number of important purposes.
As controlling fine particulate matter concentrations has now become a national priority through their listing in the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, regulations intended to reduce levels of fine particulate matter are now being implemented on a widespread basis.
28

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
The desired reduction of fine particulate matter concentrations is expected to produce benefits in human health and to improve visibility by reducing the presence of haze. These particles may have varying health effects depending on their size and chemical composition.
The fine particles that compose fine particulate matter are not uniform. While they are all smaller than 2.5 microns in diameter, their size varies. Some are emitted into the air directly from sources like engine exhaust, fossil fuel combustion, unpaved roads, and the tilling of fields; others are formed in the atmosphere through reactions between gaseous pollutants. Each individual particle, regardless of its source, has a distinct chemical composition. The overall composition of all of the particles that make up the fine particulate matter in a given volume of air may also vary, depending on local sources and a variety of other factors.
Georgia currently monitors fifty-three (53) species, which include gold, sulfate, lead, arsenic, and silicon. However, there are only approximately fourteen (13) chemicals that are detected frequently (see Figure 14). Of these, sulfate and organic carbon are detected in the highest concentrations. Below is a listing of the most significant chemical constituents of fine particulate matter.

2003 PM 2.5 Speciation 6.0

5.0
4.0 ug/ M3
3.0
2.0
1.0

Aluminum Calcium Iron Potassium Sodium Carbonate Carbon Silicon Sodium Ion Elemental Carbon Total Nitrate Ammonium Ion Organic Carbon Sulfate

0.0 Macon

Savannah

Athens

Douglas

Decatur

Site

Rome

Columbus

Figure 14: 2003 PM2.5 Speciation

Augusta

Sulfate products form from the oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere. SO2 is primarily produced by coal burning boilers.
Nitrate products are formed through a complex series of reactions that convert NOx to nitrates. Vehicle emissions and fossil fuel burning produce NOx.
Crustal products are those components that are the result of weathering of the earth's crust. They may include ocean salt and volcanic discharges.
Elemental carbon is carbon in the form of soot. Sources of elemental carbon include diesel engine emissions, wood-burning fireplaces, and prescribed burning.

29

Organic carbon particles consist of hundreds of organic compounds that contain more than 20 carbon atoms. An initial source of these particles is vehicle exhaust.
Data on the composition of the particles that make up fine particulate matter is a useful input to scientific models of air quality, and will help scientists and regulators track the progress and effectiveness of new pollution controls that are implemented. The data will also greatly improve scientific understanding of how particle composition relates to visibility impairment and adverse effects on human health. Monitoring for chemical speciation for fine particles began late in 2001, so there is limited data available. As the dataset becomes more robust, other conclusions may be drawn. Some general observations can already be made. The concentrations of sulfate and organic carbon are less at the Douglas site than at the remaining seven (7) sites. This is to be expected since the sulfate and organic carbon fractions are mainly caused by human activities. The DouglasGeneral Coffee site is considered a rural background site and will be used in future comparisons between rural and urban areas.
30

2003 Macon PM2.5 Speciated Parameters
Crustal 5%
Other 29%

Organic Carbon
32%

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2003 Savannah

PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Other 19%

Crustal 2%

Organic Carbon
36%

Sulfate 26%

Nitrate 4%

Elemental Carbon 4%

Figure 15: Macon PM2.5 Speciation

2003 Athens PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Crustal 2%

Other 25%

Organic Carbon
30%

Sulfate 33%

Nitrate 5%

Elemental Carbon 5%

Figure 16: Savannah PM2.5 Speciation

2003 Gen. Coffee

PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Other 23%

Crustal 5%

Organic Carbon
35%

Sulfate 32%

Elemental Carbon 4%
Nitrate 7%

Figure 17: Athens PM2.5 Speciation

Sulfate 30%

Nitrate 4%

Elemental Carbon 3%

Figure 18: Gen. Coffee PM2.5 Speciation

31

2003 South DeKalb

PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Crustal

Other

3%

22%

Organic Carbon
33%

2003 Rome PM2.5 Speciated Parameters
Crustal 3%
Other 28%

Organic Carbon
31%

Sulfate 30%

Elemental

Nitrate 6%

Carbon 6%

Sulfate 30%

Elemental Carbon 3%
Nitrate 5%

Figure 19: South DeKalb PM2.5 Speciation
2003 Columbus PM2.5 Speciated Parameters
Crustal 2%
Other 27%
Organic Carbon
37%

Figure 20: Rome PM2.5 Speciation

2003 Augusta PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Other 23%

Crustal 2%

Organic Carbon
32%

Sulfate 27%

Nitrate 4%

Elemental Carbon 3%

Figure 21: Columbus PM2.5 Speciation

Sulfate 33%

Elemental
Carbon Nitrate 4%
6%

Figure 22: Augusta PM2.5 Speciation

32

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
2003 Statewide Average PM2.5 Speciated Parameters

Other 25%

Crustal 3%

Organic Carbon 33%

Sulfate 30%

Elemental Carbon 4%
Nitrate 5%

Figure 23: Statewide Average PM2.5 Speciation

AIRS ID 13-021-0007 13-051-0017 13-059-0001 13-069-0002 13-089-0002 13-115-0005 13-215-0011 13-245-0091

Site Macon Savannah Athens Gen. Coffee South DeKalb Rome Columbus Augusta Statewide Avg

Crustal

Organic Carbon

Elemental

Carbon

Nitrate

Sulfate

Other

Mass

0.853

5.215

0.623

0.662

4.321

4.746

16.420

0.342

5.064

0.687

0.656

4.617

2.624

13.990

0.328

4.694

0.566

1.121

4.827

3.905

15.440

0.580

3.807

0.340

0.456

3.257

2.580

11.020

0.509

4.940

0.924

0.839

4.590

3.338

15.140

0.465

5.142

0.493

0.874

5.126

4.810

16.910

0.246

5.671

0.529

0.555

4.205

4.194

15.400

0.274

5.105

0.550

0.924

5.024

3.473

15.350

0.450

4.955

0.589

0.761

4.496

3.709

14.959

Table 3: PM2.5 Speciation Data

33

It is also notable that the nitrate concentration at the Athens site is the highest of the eight sites. The Athens site had high nitrate concentrations in the early samples, but those concentrations have decreased in more recent samples. More data needs to be collected to determine the role of nitrate in Athens' particulate matter.

30.00

Rome, Georgia
PM2.5 Monthly Means

25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00

2001 2002 2003

ug/m3

5.00

0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 24: Rome, Georgia PM2.5 Monthly Means
The Rome data provided some interesting insight into the effects of diesel school bus emissions on the total mass concentration of PM2.5 detected by the monitors. Diesel emissions can be partially characterized by the elemental carbon concentration, a primary emitted compound. It would be expected that if the diesel emission concentration were a major factor in the overall detected concentration that the particle concentration would be higher when school was in session and lower during the summer. Figure 24 shows that the total particle concentration is actually higher in the summer months of June, July, August, and September. This is a time when photochemical activity is at the highest producing sulfate, nitrate, and organic particles (Figure 25). However, when annual elemental carbon data behavior was evaluated, the concentration of elemental carbon was lower during the summer months, indicating that the lighter school bus activity lowered elemental carbon concentrations. An evaluation of day of the week data for elemental carbon as can be seen in Figure 26 also shows that on days of typical school bus activity, the elemental carbon concentrations are higher than the concentrations found on Saturday and Sunday. The question then arises, is the influence of the bus emissions high enough to cause Rome to be in non-attainment for the PM2.5 standard.

34

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Figure 25: Sulfate Speciation Data
Figure 26: Rome Elemental Carbon by Day of the Week
35

There again, if the worst-case scenario is used, the highest average concentration of elemental carbon occurs on Wednesday and is 0.7ug/m3. The average weekend concentration could be interpreted as the background concentration and is 0.3ug/m3. By subtracting the weekend concentration from the Wednesday average the busses appear to be contributing about 0.4ug/m3 to the overall PM2.5 mass in Rome.

Measurement Techniques Particle speciation measurements require the use of a wide variety of analytical techniques, but all generally use filter media to collect the particles to be analyzed. Laboratory techniques currently in use are gravimetric (microweighing); X-ray fluorescence and particle-induced X-ray emission for trace elements; ion chromatography for anions and selected cations; controlled combustion for carbon; and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) for semi-volatile organic particles.

2.7 Acid Precipitation
Acid precipitation was monitored in four counties in 2003. The samples were collected weekly and were weighed and analyzed for acidity, conductivity, and selected compounds. The Air Protection Branch operated three of these sites and the Georgia Forestry Commission operated the fourth. There are no national or state standards for acid precipitation. A five-year analysis reveals no obvious trends.

Table 4: Acid Precipitation Weighted Average

Acid Precipitation Weighted Average

Reported as pH

1999 2003

Site

1999

2000

2001

2002

Hiawassee

4.60

4.60

4.60

4.74

Summerville

4.55

4.55

4.62

4.59

Dawsonville

4.73

4.61

4.73

4.73

McDuffie Co.

4.68

4.53

4.68

4.70

2003 4.65 4.65 4.78 4.74

36

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
5.7

5.5

pH

5.3

Hiawassee

Summerville

5.1

Dawsonville

McDuffie Co.

Natural Rainfall

4.9

4.7

4.5 1999

2000

2001 Year

2002

2003

Figure 27: Acid Rain Trends Chart

2.8 Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS)
General Information Ozone is the most prevalent photochemical oxidant and an important contributor to smog. The understanding of the chemical processes in ozone formation and the specific understanding of the atmospheric mixture in various non-attainment areas nationwide was considered essential by EPA for solving the ozone non-attainment problems and developing a suitable strategy for solving those problems. In February 1993, the EPA revised the ambient air quality surveillance regulations in Title 40, Part 58 of the Code of Federal Regulations (40 CFR Part 58) to include provisions for enhanced monitoring of ozone, oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), selected carbonyl compounds, and monitoring of meteorological parameters.

The enhanced monitoring was to be implemented in cities that were classified as serious, severe, or extreme for ozone non-attainment. The classifications were based on the number of exceedances of the ozone standard, and the severity of those exceedances. Nineteen areas nationwide were required to implement a PAMS network. In the Atlanta metropolitan area, a network of four sites (Figure 28) was established beginning in 1993. The monitoring sites were selected based on the purpose of the monitors in light of the prevailing winds in the area. The Yorkville site serves as a rural background site, upwind of the city, which aids in determining the role of transport of pollutants into the Atlanta area. The South Dekalb and Tucker sites are the primary and secondary wind directions for an urban core type-site. These sites are expected to measure the highest precursor concentrations of NOx and VOCs in the Atlanta area. The Conyers site is the downwind site where titration of the precursors has occurred and the ozone concentrations should be at their highest.
37

Figure 28: PAMS Monitoring Site Location Map
An analysis of the PAMS data finds that the top ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for all sites contained the following species consistently across the years: isoprene (which is naturally released by vegetation), m/p xylene, toluene, propane, ethane, isopentane or isopentane/cyclopentane, n-butane and n-pentane. Propane, ethane, isopentane, n-butane, and n-pentane have a limited reactivity for ozone formation and therefore were the most prevalent of the volatile organic compounds measured. However, when the characterization of the top ten species is based upon contributions to ozone formation potential, we find that the list is slightly different. Isoprene, the tracer for VOC emissions from vegetation, is by far the largest contributor to ozone formation at every site.
The anthropogenic compounds detected at all sites with the highest ozone formation potential were toluene, m/p xylene, propylene, ethylene, and isopentane. The sources for these five compounds are varied. All five compounds are emitted by mobile sources, with ethylene being an important tracer for vehicle emissions. Toluene, the most abundant species in urban air, m/p xylene, and isopentane also are emitted by solvent use and refinery activities.
Measurement Techniques A number of methods are used to conduct the PAMS hydrocarbon portion of the analyses. The ozone and NOx analyses are accomplished using the methodology previously described. Throughout the year, a 24 hour integrated hydrocarbon sample is taken and analyzed in a state laboratory for the 56 hydrocarbon compounds. A 24 hr integrated carbonyl sample is taken once every sixth day throughout the year and analyzed. During June, July, and August four integrated three-hour carbonyl samples are taken every third day.
38

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
During June, July, and August, hydrocarbon samples are analyzed hourly on-site using a gas chromatography unit with a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). The gas chromatograph produces analyses of the ambient air for the same 56 hydrocarbons. All analyses are conducted at the EPD Laboratory. Specific annual summaries for 2003 may be found in Appendix A.
2.9 Air Toxics Monitoring
General Information The citizens of Georgia have demonstrated a long-term interest in the quality of Georgia's air. Since the 1970's ambient ozone concentrations have been monitored in several communities throughout the state. As the state's population has grown, more compounds have been monitored in ambient air as required by the Federal Clean Air Act. In 1993 the EPD began to monitor a number of compounds that have no established ambient air standard. The monitoring has been conducted under two efforts, the first being the previously discussed Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) project, a federally mandated program for areas in serious, severe, or extreme non-attainment of the ozone standard. The second effort is the EPD-sponsored monitoring activities for ambient concentration of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). That effort was undertaken since monitoring only criteria pollutants does not provide an adequate understanding of the quality of Georgia's air.
In 1994 the EPD conducted an intensive air quality study in Savannah (GADNR, 1996a). In 1996 the EPD conducted an intensive study in Glynn County as part of a multimedia event with EPA (GADNR, 1996b). These studies provided detailed pictures of the air quality in the communities, but the studies were not long-term studies and could not provide information on seasonal variation or trends. A reassessment of the toxic monitoring program occurred, and in 1996 the EPD embarked on an ambitious project of establishing a statewide hazardous air pollutant-monitoring network. The network was not designed to monitor any one particular industry, but to provide information concerning trend, seasonal variation, and rural versus urban ambient concentration of air toxics. To evaluate the rural air quality, two background sites were proposed: one in North Georgia and one in South Georgia. (The majority of the other sites were located in areas with documented emissions to the atmosphere of HAPs exceeding one million (1,000,000) pounds per year as indicated by the 1991 Toxic Release Inventory) (GADNR, 1993)
By 2002 the network consisted of sixteen (16) sites statewide (Figure 29) monitoring for a common set of toxic compounds. The compounds selected from the list of 188 metals and compounds identified by EPA as being a HAP. These air pollutants can cause cancer, problems having children and other serious illnesses and environmental damage. Some of the substances tend to have only one critical effect, while others may have several. Some of the effects may occur after a short exposure and others appear after long-term exposure or many years after being exposed. Exposure is not only through direct inhalation of the pollutant, but also through the consumption of things like fish that have absorbed the pollutant.
Air toxic compounds are released from industrial sources and from motor vehicles. Of the 188 HAPs, EPA has identified 33 pollutants to be toxics indicators. Using those 33 pollutants, EPA conducted a national air toxics assessment (NATA). The NATA pollutants include air toxics from the toxic metals, semivolatile, carbonyl, and volatile subcategories. The following description of the 23 NATA compounds monitored by the state will aid in understanding the sources of the pollutants.
39

Figure 29: Air Toxic Monitoring Network Monitoring Site Map
The metals subcategory includes arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and nickel.
Arsenic occurs naturally at trace levels in soil and water. Most people are not exposed to arsenic through air pollution, but it can be found in food. The arsenic found in air comes mainly from the burning of coal or fuel oil, from metal smelters or iron foundries, and from burning of wastes.
The beryllium measured in the ambient air is mainly a result of the burning of coal or fuel oil.
Cadmium emissions, like beryllium and arsenic, are mainly from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal or oil. The incineration of municipal waste and the operation of zinc, lead, or copper smelters also release cadmium to the air. For nonsmokers, food is generally the largest source of cadmium exposure.
Chromium sources include the combustion of coal and oil, electroplating, vehicle exhaust, iron and steel plants, and metal smelters. The emissions from these sources are a combination of elemental chromium and compounds including chromium ions. The most toxic form is hexavalent chromium.
Lead is used in the manufacturing of batteries. The largest source of lead in the atmosphere used to be from the combustion of leaded gasoline. With the elimination of lead from gasoline, lead levels in the air have decreased considerably. Other sources of lead emissions include combustion of solid waste, coal, oils, emissions from iron and steel production, and lead smelters. Exposure to lead can also occur from food and soil.
40

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Children are at particular risk to lead exposure, because they commonly put hands, toys, and other items in their mouths that may come in contact with lead-containing dust and dirt. Leadbased paints were commonly used for many years. Flaking paint, paint chips, and weathered paint powder may be a major source of lead exposure, particularly for children.
Manganese is a naturally occurring substance found in many types of rock and soil; it is ubiquitous in the environment and found in low levels in water, air, soil, and food. Manganese can also be released into the air by combustion of coal, oil, wood, the operation of iron and steel production plants.
Nickel is found in the air as a result of oil and coal combustion, residential heating, nickel metal refining, lead smelting, sewage sludge incineration, manufacturing facilities, mobile sources, and other sources.
Figure 30 shows the network's frequency of detection for all metallic species at all sites during 2002. It is evident that lead, manganese and zinc are detected far more frequently than all the others. In fact, these species are found about 20 times more often than any others and comprise the bulk of the observations. Cobalt was not seen in Georgia during 2002.

2002 Statewide Frequency Distribution

# of Detects

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Cobalt

Beryllium

Arsenic

Selenium

Cadmium

Chromium

Nickel

Lead

Manganese

Zinc

Figure 30: 2002 Statewide Frequency Distribution
Figure 31 looks at the activity per site all species included. We know from Figure 30, that lead, manganese and zinc are most prominent amongst the 10 species. Detects range from a lower value 80 at Macon and Milledgeville to the upper 90's at Augusta and Coffee. This is a surprisingly narrow distribution across the state considering the vast geographic placement of the sites, climatological differences and anthropogenic influences from urban development.

41

# of Detects

Frequency of Observations, all Species in 2002
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 aug bru cof col daw gai* mac mil rom sav uto val wro yor

Figure 31: Frequency of Observations, all Species in 2002

By looking at the site-specific concentration as a yearly average the magnitude of the materials detected can be estimated for a given location. Figure 32 compares the annual averages of the most abundant metals species.

Location

Augusta Burnswick
Coffee Columbus Dawsonville Gainseville
Macon Milledgeville
Rome Savannah Utoy Creek
Valdosta Warner Robbins
Yorkville
0.0000

0.0050

2002 Yearly Average by Site

0.0100

0.0150

0.0200

Concentration ug/m3

Zinc Manganese Lead

0.0250

0.0300

Figure 32: 2002 Yearly Average by Site

The ambient levels of zinc are by far the highest statewide. This metal is roughly present at 3 to 8 times higher concentrations than manganese, which in turn, is approximately observed at twice the levels of lead. In order to afford good detail to the graph the upper level at Utoy Creek is not shown. This was the highest value observed at just above 60 ng/m3. This is nearly twice the value of Macon, the site with the next highest value. The rest of the sites are in the 15 to 22 ng/m3 range. The proximity to Atlanta and the nature of the location (sewer treatment plant) could very well be the reason for this site's high levels. For all sites manganese is about 5 ng/m3 and lead about half of that figure.
42

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
The next series of figures shows the seasonal changes in concentration of a species for a given site pair. Four sites have been selected: Utoy Creek/Yorkville in north central Georgia and Savannah/Coffee in south central Georgia. These pairs attempt to compare an urban heavily populated site with significant industrial emissions with a rural area of mostly agricultural nature with a low population density. Figure 33 and Figure 34 show lead concentrations a Utoy Creek/Yorkville and Savannah/Coffee respectively. The difference in concentration is clearly seen between urban/rural and metropolitan/city. The 4-fold oscillation in concentration appears to be the natural behavior of the system and is supported by the frequent co-ocurrence of these "peaks" and "valleys".

Lead Concentration, ug/m3

Time Series, Site Intercomparison

0.0160

0.0140 0.0120 0.0100

Yorkville Utoy Creek

0.0080

0.0060

0.0040

0.0020

0.0000

1

3

5

7

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Chronological Order in 2002

Figure 33: Lead Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Lead Concentration, ug/m3

Time Series, Site Intercomparison

0.0160

0.0140 0.0120 0.0100

Coffee Savannah

0.0080

0.0060

0.0040

0.0020

0.0000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Chronological Order in 2002

Figure 34: Lead Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

43

Figures 35 and 36 shows manganese concentrations for the same site pairs. Interestingly,
there is less difference amongst Utoy Creek /Yorkville than in the case of lead, although with higher overall levels, but still plotted within the same y-axis maximum of 16 ng/m3. It is
surprising to see Savannah exhibit levels more than twice as those of Utoy Creek. Note the yaxis range with an upper limit of 40 ng/m3. This is likely due to an industrial emission unique to
the area. Coffee's levels compare well the Utoy Creek /Yorkville site pair.

Manganese Concentration, ug/m3

Time Series, Site Intercomparison

0.0160 0.0140 0.0120 0.0100 0.0080 0.0060 0.0040 0.0020 0.0000
1

Yorkville Utoy Creek

3

5

7

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Chronological Order in 2002

Figure 35: Manganese Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Manganese Concentration, ug/m3

Time Series, Site Intercomparison

0.0400

0.0350 0.0300 0.0250

Savannah Coffee

0.0200

0.0150

0.0100

0.0050

0.0000

1

3

5

7

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Chronological Order in 2002

Figure 36: Manganese Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison
Zinc occurs at common statewide levels at Yorkville but Utoy Creek has at times 10 to 30 fold more ambient levels of this metal. Fewer "peak" events seems to correlate at this site pair. Again, the less populated Savannah/Coffee site pair has much higher concentrations at both sites with better rise and fall correlation. The y scale range is twice as large for Savannah/Coffee than for Yorkville/Utoy Creek. Many of the largest spikes in observed concentrations seem to occur in spring/summer for all three metals.

44

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Zinc Concentration, ug/m3

Time Series, Site Intercomparison

0.3000 0.2500 0.2000

Yorkville Utoy Creek

0.1500

0.1000

0.0500

0.0000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Chronological Order in 2002

Figure 37: Zinc Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

Zinc Concentration, ug/m3

Time Series, Site Intercomparison

0.0600 0.0500 0.0400

Savannah Coffee

0.0300

0.0200

0.0100

0.0000

1

3

5

7

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Chronological Order in 2002

Figure 38: Zinc Concentration Time Series, Site Intercomparison

The remaining sixteen monitored NATA air toxic compounds are all considered organic compounds. Only a few of these have been detected with a high enough frequency that any conclusions regarding trends may be drawn.
Figures 39 and 40 show the statewide detection distribution of TO-14 type VOCs in 2002. Although there are 42 species in this analyte group only a relatively small subset are typically detected with any regularity. A rather steep frequency gradient exists between these compounds. 75% of all detects reside within only 3 compounds, Freon 12, chloromethane and toluene. Chlorinated compounds are very stable in the atmosphere with lifetimes of several years. Freon 12 was the refrigerant of choice for automotive cooling (cars now use freon 134a). This material has not been manufactured since the mid 1990's yet it remains ubiquitous in the environment. Chloromethane is a volatile industrial solvent.
45

Toluene is major component of paints, solvents and is also present in gasoline. It reaches the atmosphere by way of evaporative emissions as well as combustion processes. The atmospheric reactivity of aromatic compounds is relatively high with lifetimes in the weeks to months range. 23% of all detected VOCs are comprised of 1,1,1-trichloroethylene, cyclohexane, benzene, and the xylenes. Except for the chlorinated compound, all others are byproducts of burning gasoline.
46

Species

Compound

Freon 12 Chloromethane
Toluene 1,1,1-TCE Cycloheaxne
Benzene m&p Xylene
Freon 11 1-2-4-TMB
o-Xylene 4-Ethyltoluene
Chloroform Styrene
Dichloromethane Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene 0
Freon 12 Chloromethane
Toluene 1,1,1-TCE Cycloheaxne
Benzene m&p Xylene
Freon 11 1-2-4-TMB
o-Xylene 4-Ethyltoluene
Chloroform Styrene
Dichloromethane Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene 0

Statewide VOCs in 2002

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

VOCs

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Abundance % of Total Detects

Statewide VOCs in 2002

50

100

150

200

250

300

Abundance as # of Detects

Figure 39: Statewide VOCs in 2002

47

Figure 40 shows a 3-dimensional view of the five (5) most abundant species. These are depicted as the quarterly percentage of their yearly totals (detects). Benzene and Toluene can be seen to exhibit lower numbers of observation during the 2nd and 3rd quarters. This is what would be expected considering that during these times the atmosphere is warmer and more chemically active. The seasonal effect is far less prominent for the more stable chlorinated compounds that persist in the atmosphere.
Quarterly Statewide Abundance in 2002

% of Total Detects in Year

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00

1st

2nd

3rd

Quarter

4th

Benzene Toluene Cyclohexane Chromethane Freon 12

Freon 12 Chromethane

Cyclohexane

Toluene

Benzene

Species

Figure 40: Quarterly Statewide Abundance in 2002

48

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

VOC Concentration Averages, Selected Species, 2002

Cyclohexane

Toluene

Compound

Benzene

Chlromethane

Freon 12

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

ppb

Figure 41: VOC Concentration Averages, Selected Species, 2002

It is interesting to note that the mass is not necessarily concentrated amongst the compounds detected with the most frequency. In Figure 41 it can be seen that although Freon 12 and chloromethane are reported most commonly, their atmospheric mass is the lowest of those presented. In fact, cyclohexane far outweighs all others by at least a factor of 6. While this above is true on statewide basis site specific distributions may be different. Figure 42 shows the ambient concentration of three (3) abundant species as a function of site. The stable compounds freon12 and chloromethane are evenly distributed while toluene is 3 to 5 times higher at Rome, Utoy Creek and Valdosta than at all other sites.

49

Selected VOCs, Annually Averaged

Site

Augusta Burnswick
Coffee Columbus Dawsonville Gainseville
Macon Milledgeville
Rome Savannah Utoy Creek
Valdosta Warner Robbins
Yorkville

Chlormethane Freon 12 Toluene

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 Avg. Conc. in 2002 (ug/m3)
Figure 42: Selected VOCs, Annually Averaged

Figure 43 is the total number of detects at each site. Gainesville was adjusted since it has 12 more sampling days per year than all the other sites. Figure 44 shows the total VOC load during the year. Some co-incidence of these two observations does occur for some of the sites like Savannah, Utoy Creek and Macon. Savannah, Coffee and Rome have just about twice as much VOCs than the average of the rest of the sites.

ppb

Total VOC Concentration, all Species, by Site, 2002

2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00
Savannah

Coffee

RomeUtoy CreeMkilledgeville AugustaColombus ValdostGa ainesville* YoWrkvairllneer RobbinsBrunswick

MacoDnawsonville

Figure 43: Total concentration, all Species, by Site, 2002

50

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

# of Detects

Site VOC Activity, all species, 2002

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 Savannah

AugustaMilledgeville Utoy Creek

Valdosta

RomeGainesville* Colombus Site Name

Coffee arner

Robbins

BrunswickDawsonville

W

Macon Yorkville

Figure 44: Site VOC Activity, all Species, 2002

Carbonyl compounds define a large group of compounds, which include acetaldehyde, acrolein and formaldehyde.
Acrolein is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacture of acrylic acid. It can be formed from the breakdown of certain organic pollutants in outdoor air, from forest fires and wildfires, as well as from vehicle exhaust.
Acetaldehyde is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. Acetaldehyde is formed as a product of incomplete wood combustion (in fireplaces and woodstoves, forest fires, and wildfires), pulp and paper production, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, vehicle exhaust, and wastewater processing.
Formaldehyde is used mainly to produce resins used in particleboard products and as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals. The major sources of emissions to the air are forest fires and wildfires, marshes, stationary internal combustion engines and turbines, pulp and paper plants, petroleum refineries, power plants, manufacturing facilities, incinerators, and vehicle exhaust.
The average concentration value of all 3-hour samples collected during the summer months is combined for a given hour and shown in Figure 45. It is surprising that given the proximity of these two PAMS sites formaldehyde at So. DeKalb would be present at 3 times the levels found at Tucker. A very slight rising trend can be observed for formaldehyde, more pronounced at So. DeKalb. Acetaldehyde does not exhibit any time of day dependency. When the 3 hour values are averaged as a function of the month, only formaldehyde at So. DeKalb shows a slight decrease towards the end of August (Figure 46)

51

Summertime Average 3hr. Carbonyls, 2002

ug/m3

35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00
5.00 0.00

0600 Tucker form

0900

1200

Time of day

SDK form

Tucker acet

1500 SDK acet

Figure 45: Summertime Average 3 hr. Carbonyls, 2002

Summertime Average, 3hr. samples, per month, 2002

35.0

ug/m3

30.0

25.0

Formaldehyde SDK

20.0

Acetaldehyde SDK

Formaldehyde Tucker

15.0

Acetaldehyde Tucker

10.0

5.0

0.0 June

July Month of year

August

Figure 46: Summertime Average, 3hr. samples, per month, 2002

Figure 47 shows the seven (7) species in the analyte group according to their individual abundance, based on number of detections or ambient concentration, summed over the entire year. A rather steep gradient is evident from this graph with formaldehyde as the most ubiquitous carbonyl. A direct correlation exists between the two presentations although acetaldehyde by mass is somewhat lower that expected. The frequency of detection and the total averaged concentration (all species combined) is shown on Figure 48 for the 5 sites in the network. Based on the number of detections, the urban sites, So. DeKalb and Tucker have three times as many observations as Dawsonville, Brunswick or Savannah. For this comparison So. DeKalb and Tucker were adjusted to compensate for their twice as rapid sampling frequency. The mass/detection correlation here is very good.

52

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Compound

Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde
Actetone Benzaldehyde Butylaldehyde Propionaldehyde
Acrolein 0

Statewide Abundance, 2002

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

# of Detects or Sum of Avg. Conc. in ug/m3

Mass Carbonyl

Figure 47: Statewide Abundance, 2002
A comparison of the three 12-day sampling Toxics Network sites is shown in Figure 49. Due to the low ambient levels not many observations are made throughout the year. Formaldehyde was chosen to maximize the number of points available for plotting. Two of these sites are small costal cities with marine circulation. The third is a rural inland site in the mountainous, northern part of the state. Considering the vast differences amongst these locations, it was not expected to see levels of comparable magnitude. No seasonal effects are evident.

Carbonyl detection, all species, statewide network activity, 2002

Site name

South Dekalb Tucker
Dawsonville Brunswick Savannah 0

Mass Frequency

20

40

60

80

100

120

# of detects or Sum of Avg. Conc. in ug/m3

Figure 48: Carbonyl Detection, all species, 2002

53

Toxic site comparison, Formaldehyde, 2002 6.00

5.00

Concentration in ug/m3

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

J Brunswick
Dawsonville

F

M

A

M

J

Savannah

Sequential Sample

J

A

S

O

N

D

BrDunaSswawsvioacnnkvniallhe

Figure 49: Toxic Site Comparison, Formaldehyde, 2002
Figures 50 and 51 are annual time series of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at So. DeKalb and Tucker. At both sites, formaldehyde exhibits a summertime rise. Concentration oscillations cooccur pretty consistently. Note that the y-axis goes from 0 to 50 ug/m3 for formaldehyde and form 0 to only 9 ug/m3 for acetaldehyde. If the scales were adjusted for comparison acetaldehyde would appear as flat line. In fact, not much seasonal variation can be observed in Figure 51. The air in the vicinity of So. DeKalb has about twice as much acetaldehyde as Tucker.

54

Concentrtaion in ug/m3

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

A year at a glance, Formaldehyde, Tucker versus So. DeKalb

50.00 45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00
5.00 0.00
J

Tucker SDK

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Sequential Measurement

Figure 50: A Year at a Glance, Formaldehyde, Tucker versus So. Dekalb

A year at a glance, Acetaldehyde, Tucker versus So. DeKalb, 2002

9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00
J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

Sequential sample

S

O

N

D

Tucker SDK

Figure 51: A Year at a Glance, Acetaldehyde, Tucker versus So. DeKalb

Concentrtaion in ug/m3

55

In addition to those compounds designated as HAPs, the Ambient Monitoring Program monitors for several other compounds. These compounds include VOC, semi-VOC, metals, and aldehydes. For a list of all the non-criteria air toxic pollutants monitored by the Ambient Monitoring Program, see the tables in Appendix A.
Monitoring Techniques In 2002, samples were collected from a total of sixteen sites, including a collocated site (a site that has two monitors of each type and acts as a quality assurance site for precision and accuracy calculations) and two background (rural) sites.
The compounds sampled at the ATN sites are shown in Appendix A. The list was derived from the 188 compounds EPA has designated as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS). Many of the HAPS do not have standardized ambient air sampling and analytical methods. In order to collect the compounds of interest for the Georgia network, three types of samplers are used at all locations: the HIVOL, PUF, and canister.
This equipment samples for metals, semi-volatiles, and volatile organic compounds once every twelve days following a pre-established schedule that corresponds to a nationwide sampling schedule. On the twelfth day the sampler runs midnight to midnight and takes a 24 hr. composite sample.
The HIVOL sampler used for sampling for metals is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 1300 to 2000 liters of air per minute. Particulate material is trapped on an 8" x 10" quartz fiber filter. The particulates include dust, pollen, diesel fuel by-products, particulate metal, etc. The filters are pre-weighed at a remote laboratory prior to use and weighed again after sampling. The filters are subjected to a chemical digestion process and are analyzed on an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer.
The PUF sampler used for sampling for semi-volatiles is a timed sampler. The sampler is calibrated to collect 198 to 242 liters of air per minute. A multi-layer cartridge is prepared which collects both the particulate fraction and the volatile fraction of this group of compounds. The plug, filter and absorbent are extracted at a remote laboratory and analyzed using a gas chromatograph with an Electron Capture Detector (ECD).
The canister sampler used for sampling volatile organic compounds is also a timed sampler. A SUMMA polished canister is evacuated to at least 30 psig and attached to a sampler with a pump controlled by a timer. The canister is filled to greater than 10 psig. The canister is analyzed using a gas chromatograph with mass spectroscopy detection (GC/MS).
Samples from four PAMS sites, located at Yorkville, South DeKalb College Campus, Tucker, and Conyers were analyzed for volatile organic compounds, with additional carbonyl compounds analyzed at the South DeKalb and Tucker sites. The canister sampling method is similar to that described for the ATN, however the analytical method used is different. The PAMS canisters are analyzed using a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (FID).
The carbonyl sampler at both PAMS and ATN sites is also a timed sampler. An absorbent cartridge filled with dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) coated silica is attached to a pump to allow approximately 180 L of air to be sampled. The cartridge is analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Some of the chemicals monitored in the Air Toxics Network (ATN) are also monitored at sites in the PAMS network. While the monitoring schedule and some analysis methods are different at the PAMS and ATN sites, the PAMS sites were also evaluated and compared to values measured at nearby ATN sites for this analysis.
2001 Risk Assessment Discussion The following discussion is an abridged version of the 2001 Air Toxics Network Data Evaluation and Risk Assessment document. For more details please request a copy of the document by email to Susan_Zimmer-Dauphinee@dnr.state.ga.us The air toxic data (volatile organic compounds, semi-volatiles, and metals) collected during 2001 from the ATN and PAMS sites were evaluated to assess the potential for health concerns. The data collected for the group of chemical known as carbonyls (acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein) was assessed separately from the other air toxics because those chemicals were only monitored at three of the ATN sites, and two of the PAMS locations. The initial evaluation consisted of a comparison of the monitored results to "health based" screening values. These values were calculated using EPA's potency factors for carcinogens and reference doses for non-carcinogens. In instances where these toxicity indices were not available, other resources such as occupational exposure limits were used to calculate conservative screening values. The actual screening values are displayed in Table 5.
57

TABLE 5. Screening Values Utilized In Initial Assessment

Screen

Screen

Screen

Chemical

Value Chemical

Value Chemical

Value

(g/m3)

(g/m3)

(g/m3)

Metals

Arsenic

0.00041 Cobalt

220 Selenium

18

Beryllium

0.00075 Lead

1.5 Zinc

1100

Cadmium

0.00099 Manganese

0.052

Chromium

0.00015 Nickel

73

Semi-Volatiles

Acenaphthene

220 Benzo(e)pyrene

N/A Fluorene

220

Acenapthylene

N/A Benzo(g,h,I)perylene

N/A Ideno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 0.0086

Anthracene

1100 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.086 Naphthalene

3.3

Benzo(a)anthracene

0.0086 Chrysene

0.86 Phenanthrene

N/A

Benzo(a)pyrene

0.0086 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 0.00086 Pyrene

110

Benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.0086 Fluoranthene

150

Volatile Organic Compounds

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

1000 Acrolein

0.0021 4-Ethyltoluene

N/A

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.031 Benzaldehyde

370 Formaldehyde

0.14

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

0.11 Benzene

0.22 Freon 11

730

1,1-Dichloroethane

510 Benzyl Chloride

0.037 Freon 113

31000

1,1-Dichloroethylene

0.036 Bromomethane

5.1 Freon 114

16600

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 210 Butylaldehyde

N/A Hexachlorobutadiene

0.08

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 6.2 Carbon tetrachloride

0.12 Methylene Chloride

3.8

1,2-Dibromoethane

0.0082 Chlorobenzene

62 m,p-Xylene

7300

1,2-Dichlorobenzene

33 Chloroethane

2.2 o-Xylene

7300

1,2-Dichloroethane

0.069 Chloroethene

0.021 Propionaldehyde

N/A

1,2-Dichloropropane

0.092 Chloroform

0.077 Styrene

1000

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 6.2 Chloromethane

1.8 Tetrachloroethylene

0.63

1,3-Butadiene

0.0035 Cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 370 Toluene

420

1,3-Dichlorobenzene

3.3 Cis 1,3-Dichloropropene 0.63 Trans 1,3-Dichloropropene 0.63

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

0.28 Cyclohexane

6200 Trichloroethene

0.016

Acetaldehyde

0.81 Dichlorodifluoromethane 180

Acetone

370 Ethylbenzene

0.0011

The screening values were calculated in a very conservative manner using assumptions that accounted for the possibility of continuous exposure to air toxics for 24 hours per day for 30 years. The conservative screening process was used so that the chance of underestimating the possibility of health impacts would be minimized, as chemicals were excluded from further quantitative analysis.

Because results for many of the chemicals assessed were routinely below detection limits of the analytical methods available, the initial review of the data was based on determining how often (if at all) a chemical was present, if it was present above detection limits, and if those concentrations were above screening values of concern. Due to the limitations in analytical methods, it is possible for chemicals to be present below detection limits, but at quantities that would still exceed the screening values. To address this limitation of the analysis, a list of those chemicals, the average of their detection limits, and the potential risk for cancer or non-cancer effects associated with ambient air concentrations at the detection limit is included in Table 6.

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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

TABLE 6. Potential Risk Or Hazard Quotient At The Method Detection Limit (MDL) When The MDL Is Greater Than EPD's Screening Value

Chemical
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Butadiene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene Acetaldehyde Acrolein Arsenic Benzene Benzyl Chloride Carbon Tetrachloride Chloroethene Chloroform Chromium Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Ethylbenzene Hexachlorobutadiene Tetrachloroethylene Trichloroethylene

MDL

Potential Risk (R) or Hazard Quotient (HQ) at MDL

3.43

1.96 x 10-4

R

2.73

4.36 x 10-5

R

1.98

9.44 x 10-3

HQ

3.84

8.34 x 10-4

R

2.02

5.26 x 10-5

R

2.31

0.58

HQ

1.11

3.16 x 10-5

R

3.01

1.89 x 10-5

R

1.11

2.44 x 10-6

R

1.12

56.14

HQ

0.003

1.47 x 10-5

R

1.60

1.23 x 10-5

R

5.18

2.52 x 10-4

R

3.15

4.76 x 10-5

R

1.28

2.62 x 10-4

R

2.44

5.66 x 10-5

R

0.005

6.10 x 10-5

R

0.004

8.96 x 10-6

R

2.17

2.15 x 10-3

HQ

5.33

1.19 x 10-4

R

3.39

1.94 x 10-5

R

2.69

3.06 x 10-4

R

Approximately 70 chemicals, excluding carbonyls, were monitored at the ATN sites. Total numbers of compounds detected at the sites were low, ranging from 8 to 18 chemicals. The number of chemicals that were detected at concentrations above the screening levels was even less, ranging from 0 at the Macon site to 4 at the Yorkville site. Of the three categories of chemicals measured at all sites, most of the chemicals that were detected above screening values belonged to the VOC group.

Table 7 shows only the chemicals that were detected above screening values, but provides detailed information on how often they were detected (frequency), and the overall average computed using both the detected and non-detected samples. To determine means for risk calculations, non-detected values were assigned of the method detection limit (MDL), and averaged with detected values. It should be noted that at most ATN sites, detection frequencies are often very low for many chemicals, while at the PAMS sites, the detection frequencies are much higher. The difference in detection frequencies is most likely a result of the differences in analytical methods used between the two monitoring programs. That is, the detection limits for a select group of compounds are lower at the PAMS sites.

59

TABLE 7. Site Specific Frequency And Mean Chemical Concentration

Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus
Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville
Milledgeville Rome Savannah Utoy Creek
Valdosta Warner Robins
Yorkville

Chemical
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene 1,3-Butadiene
Benzene
Benzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene Chromium
Benzene
Benzene Tetrachloroethylene Chromium
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene

Mean (g/m3)
1.37
0.87
1.69 0.61
0.83
0.83
13.87 5.78 1.02
1.29
1.51
0.93
1.53 0.002
1.05
0.93 2.34 0.002
18.12 2.25 2.33

Detection Frequency
7/20
1/22
10/21 1/21
1/28
1/29
40/41 41/41 25/41
7/18
11/22
2/27
6/22 1/17
3/20
3/24 3/24 1/28
24/29 24/29 23/29

The cancer risk and non-cancer hazard for chemicals carried beyond the screening process into the quantitative assessment were calculated. Toxicity indices used for cancer potency (CSFi) and non-cancer toxicity (RfDi) were taken from EPA. One significant difference between the screening process and the quantitative assessment is that the potential for exposure was increased from 30 years to 70 years.

Table 8 shows the theoretical cancer risk and non-cancer hazard that would result from an individual breathing air containing the detected chemicals at the estimated concentrations daily for seventy years, or a full lifetime. These cancer risk and hazard quotient estimates are likely conservative because they were calculated assuming continuous exposure to outdoor air at breathing rates typical of moderate exertion. Real risk cannot be calculated, but may be substantially lower.

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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

TABLE 8. Cancer Risk And Hazard Quotient By Location And Chemical

Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus
Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville
Milledgeville Rome Savannah Utoy Creek
Valdosta Warner Robins
Yorkville

Chemical
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene 1,3-Butadiene
Benzene
Benzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene Chromium
Benzene
Benzene Tetrachloroethylene Chromium
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene

Cancer Risk
1.06 x 10-5
6.71 x 10-6
1.30 x 10-5 1.74 x 10-5
6.40 x 10-6
6.40 x 10-6
N/V 4.46 x 10-5
N/V
9.95 x 10-6
1.16 x 10-5
7.17 x 10-6
1.18 x 10-5 2.20 x 10-7
8.10 x 10-6
7.17 x 10-6 1.34 x 10-5 2.19 x 10-7
N/V 1.74 x 10-5
N/V

Hazard Quotient
0.05
0.29
0.06 0.31
0.03
0.03
2.33 0.19 0.001
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.05 0.02
0.03
0.03 0.005 0.02
3.05 0.07 0.002

Lifetime cancer risks for the limited number of chemicals exceeding screening values (and excluding that from carbonyls) exceeded 1 X 10-6 or one in one million, a value generally deemed as insignificant. However, lifetime cancer risks for these chemicals did not exceed 1 X 10-4 or one in ten thousand. This value is generally taken as a crude upper limit on "allowable" risk in many regulatory contexts.
Individual hazard quotients (HQs) are ratios that relate daily exposure concentrations, or dose, to a concentration or an amount thought to be without appreciable risks of causing deleterious non-cancer effects in sensitive individuals as well as the general population.
That is, values less than 1.0 for the HQ indicate the air "dose" is less than the amount required to cause toxic effects other than cancer. HQs for all individual chemicals (excluding carbonyls)
61

were below 1.0 at all of the sites, with the exception of HQs of 2.3 and 3.1 for 1,2,4trimethylbenzene at the Gainesville and Yorkville sites, respectively.

Table 9. Aggregate Cancer Risks And Hazard Indicies For Each Site (Excluding Carbonyls)

Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville Milledgeville Rome Savannah Utoy Creek Valdosta Warner Robins Yorkville

Cancer Risk 1.06 x 10-5 6.71 x 10-6 3.05 x 10-5 6.40 x 10-6 6.40 x 10-6 4.46 x 10-5 9.95 x 10-6 1.16 x 10-5 7.17 x 10-6 1.20 x 10-5 8.10 x 10-6 2.08 x 10-5 2.71 x 10-5

Hazard Index 0.05 0.29 0.36 0.03 0.03 2.52 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.03 0.05 3.13

Table 9 shows total or aggregate theoretical cancer risk and hazard indices (added hazard quotients) for the chemicals (VOCs and one metal) carried through the quantitative assessment at the sites monitored in 2001. It is considered appropriate to treat the potential for effects in an additive manner and to sum cancer risk and hazard quotients. That is, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 X 10-4 and 2 X 10-4, then the sum or aggregate cancer risk would equal 3 X 10-4. Likewise, if cancer risk for two separate chemicals were 1 X 10-4 and 1 X 10-5, then total cancer risk for the two would equal 1.1 X 10-4, or rounded to 1 X 10-4. Similarly, if hazard quotients were 0.6 and 0.5 for two different chemicals it would indicate that each chemical alone is not likely to result in detrimental effects. However, summing the two would yield a Hazard Index or HI of 1.1, suggesting at least the potential for detrimental effects from the combination of the two chemicals.
Aggregate cancer risk (excluding carbonyls) for all sites exceeded 1 X 10-6, with risk ranging from a low value of 6 X 10-6 at the Dawsonville and Douglas sites (the two background sites), to a high value of 4 X 10-5 at Gainesville. Benzene was the only VOC found consistently at all sites. This finding supports the theory that mobile sources (automobiles) are a significant contributor to overall air pollution. HIs were generally well below one, with the exception of the values for Gainesville and Yorkville. As mentioned previously those sites exceeded 1.0 due to the presence of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. Contributions to the total HI from other chemicals at those sites were insignificant
Some data collected from the PAMS network was evaluated in conjunction with the ATN data. The PAMS network is a federally mandated network required to monitor for ozone precursors in
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
those areas classified as serious, severe or extreme for ozone non-attainment. Approximately 54 chemicals are monitored on six-day intervals at the PAMS sites.
Sites are located in Conyers, South DeKalb, Tucker, and Yorkville. Of the 54 chemicals monitored at PAMS sites, many are ozone precursors, and are not truly comparable to the chemicals monitored at the Air Toxics Network sites, or appropriate to evaluate as air toxics. So for this study, only ten chemicals were assessed for their potential to have detrimental effects on human health if present in ambient air. Those ten chemicals were benzene, ethyl benzene, nhexane, 1,2,3-trimethyl benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, styrene, toluene, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene.

TABLE 10. Site Specific Frequency, Mean Concentration, Cancer Risk, And Hazard Quotient From PAMS Network (Excluding Carbonyls)

Location Conyers South DeKalb Tucker Yorkville

Chemical

Detection Frequency

Mean (g/m3)

Cancer Risk Hazard Quotient

Benzene

44/44

3.64

2.81 x 10-5

0.12

Ethylbenzene

40/44

2.02

N/V

0.00

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

40/44

22.98

N/V

3.86

Benzene

47/48

11.36

8.76 x 10-5

0.38

Ethylbenzene

46/48

6.94

N/V

0.01

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

47/48

18.01

N/V

3.03

Benzene Ethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

53/53 52/53 53/53

7.34 4.95 119.9

5.66 x 10-5 N/V N/V

0.24 0.00 20.15

Benzene

37/38

2.84

2.19 x 10-5

0.09

Ethylbenzene

37/38

2.73

N/V

0.00

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

36/38

21.50

N/V

3.61

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

38/38

24.94

N/V

4.19

Of those ten chemicals evaluated from the PAMS network, only benzene, ethylbenzene, 1,2,4trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene were found in concentrations above the screening values. Table 10 shows detection frequency and overall averages for chemicals evaluated in the quantitative assessment at each of the four PAMS sites. Benzene was detected consistently and when evaluated as a carcinogen, produced risks ranging from 2 to 9 X 10-5. The trimethylbenzene compounds were detected sufficiently to produce HQs for noncancer ranging from 3.0 to 20.0.

The carbonyls (acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acrolein) were measured at only three of the ATN sites and two of the PAMS sites. For that reason, their results have been segregated from the rest of the data and are displayed separately. Detection frequency, mean concentration, cancer risk and non-cancer HQs for the carbonyls are shown in Table 11. Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were evaluated as carcinogens, and acrolein as a non-carcinogen. Where acetaldehyde and formaldehyde were monitored and detected, cancer risks exceeded 1 X 10-6, with risks ranging from 1 X 10-5 to 1 X 10-4. Acrolein was detected at only three sites (Brunswick, South Dekalb, Tucker), with low frequencies of detection ranging from 7 to 13%. However, the hazard quotients for acrolein, where detected, were quite high, ranging from approximately 30 to 50.
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TABLE 11. Site Specific Frequency, Mean Concentration, Cancer Risk, And Hazard Quotient For Carbonyl Compounds

Location Brunswick
Dawsonville
Savannah South DeKalb
Tucker

Chemical

Detection Frequency

Mean (g/m3)

Cancer Risk

Acrolein

2/26

Formaldehyde

7/27

0.64 1.01

N/V 1.30 x 10-5 (sum) 1.30 x 10-5

Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde

11/24 6/24

3.26 0.82

7.17 x 10-6 1.06 x 10-5 (sum) 1.78 x 10-5

Formaldehyde

5/24

2.12

2.73 x 10-5

Acetaldehyde Acrolein Formaldehyde

43/51 5/38 49/51

4.61 1.01 7.29

1.01 x 10-5
N/V 9.38 x 10-5 (sum) 1.04 x 10-4

Acetaldehyde Acrolein Formaldehyde

40/45 3/43 43/45

3.86 0.77 12.27

8.48 x 10-6
N/V 1.58 x 10-4 (sum) 1.66 x 10-4

Hazard Quotient
32.09 N/V 32.09
0.36 N/V 0.36
N/V
0.51 50.67 N/V 51.18
0.43 38.84 N/V 39.27

Results from the 2001 statewide monitoring effort indicate that only a small number of chemicals
were detected in sufficient quantity and frequency to be included in the quantitative assessment.
Of these chemicals, several VOCs were found at sites in Georgia, and contributed appreciably
to aggregate risks. Benzene was found at thirteen out of fourteen sites, with detection
frequencies ranging from 3% up to 100%. Average concentrations of approximately 0.83 to 5.78 g/m3 were within the range reported in extensive monitoring studies conducted in
Savannah (GADNR, 1996a; Macintosh et. al., 1999) and Brunswick (GADNR, 1996) and are
also consistent with data collected in many other areas of the country and reviewed by ATSDR
(ATSDR, 1997). However, these concentrations correspond to predicted theoretical lifetime cancer risks in the range of 6 X 10-6 to 5 X 10-5. Concentrations of benzene measured in the PAMS network varied from averages of 2.84 to 11.36 g/m3. While this range is broader than
that reported from the ATN, it is still well within the range reported in the previously mentioned
Georgia studies.

Major sources of benzene to the environment include automobile service stations, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions (ATSDR, 1997). Most data relating effects of long-term exposure to benzene are from studies of workers employed in industries that make or use benzene, where people were exposed to amounts hundreds or thousands of times greater than those reported herein. Under these circumstances of high exposure, benzene can cause problems in the blood, including anemia, excessive bleeding, and harm to the immune system. Exposure to large amounts of benzene for long periods of time may also cause cancer of the blood-forming organs, or leukemia (ATSDR, 1997).

The potential for these types of health effects from exposure to low levels of benzene, as reported in this study, are not well understood.

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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
One or more of the carbonyls were found at high concentrations at Brunswick, Dawsonville, Savannah, South Dekalb and Tucker. Acetaldehyde, acrolein and formaldehyde were all found above the ambient air screening values at most sites where they were monitored. The carbonyls strongly contributed to high cancer risk or hazard quotient. Put simply, these chemicals accounted for the majority of the cancer risk and non-cancer hazard at sites where they were measured.
Formaldehyde was detected at all five locations where carbonyls were assessed, with concentrations ranging from approximately 0.8 to 12.3 ug/m3. It was detected with a relatively low frequency at the Air Toxics sites (25%), but with a much greater frequency at the PAMS sites (95%). The reason for the difference in the frequency of detection between the ATN and PAMS sites is not clear at this time. However, it may be related to differences in sitting criteria between the two networks. Type II PAMS sites are intentionally located in "urban core" locations to assess precursors of ozone, but ATN sites are not. Because of this difference, vehicle emissions may play a greater role in measurements made at PAMS sites compared to ATN sites.
Formaldehyde, the simplest of the aldehydes, is produced in small quantities by natural processes, and released into the environment as a component of smog, and from fertilizer, paper, and manufactured wood products industries (ATSDR 1999). Formaldehyde is a health concern because of its respiratory irritancy and potential as a carcinogen. It may cause irritation of the eye, nose, throat, and skin, as has the potential under certain exposure scenarios to cause cancers of the nose and throat (ATSDR 1999).
Acetaldehyde was detected at one of the ATN sites and both of the PAMS sites. Concentrations ranged from approximately 3 to 5 ug/m3, with corresponding cancer risks ranging from 7 X 10-6 to 1 X 10-5. Acetaldehyde, like formaldehyde, is a concern as an upper respiratory irritant, and because of its potential to cause nasal tumors in animal studies. However, research has shown it to be significantly less potent than formaldehyde.
Acrolein was detected infrequently (<10%) at three sites in Georgia Brunswick, South Dekalb, and Tucker. However, when detected, concentrations were sufficiently high to yield values for the annual average (using the detection limit for non-detected samples) ranging from 0.67 to 1.0 ug/m3. These concentrations were sufficient to yield HQs ranging from 32 to 51. Acrolein may enter the environment as a result of combustion of trees and other plants, tobacco, gasoline, and oil. Additionally, it has a number of industrial uses as a chemical intermediate (ATSDR, 1999). The potential for acrolein to cause health effects is not well understood. At very low concentrations, it is an upper respiratory irritant. At very high concentrations it may produce more serious damage to the lining of the upper respiratory tract and lungs (ATSDR, 1990; U.S. EPA, 2003).
Other VOCs were measured in this study at several sites with relatively low frequencies. 1,3Butadiene was detected at the Columbus site, and tetrachloroethylene was measured at the Warner Robins site. 1,3-Butadiene is a chemical produced in large volumes in the U.S. and used primarily for making synthetic rubber. 1,3-Butadiene is a respiratory irritant, and may be carcinogenic (ATSDR, 1993).
65

In this assessment, 1,3-Butadiene was evaluated as a potential carcinogen. Tetrachloroethylene is a volatile organic chemical that is used as a dry cleaning solvent and a metal degreaser. Tetrachloroethylene may act as a central nervous system depressant after very high doses, and also is considered a likely carcinogen. Potential health effects resulting from exposures to low concentrations of tetrachloroethylene in ambient air are not well understood (ATSDR, 1997). For this study, tetrachloroethylene was evaluated as a potential carcinogen. Cancer risk calculated from the mean ambient air concentrations (accounting for non-detected samples) was approximately 1 X 10-5 for each chemical. The overall contribution of these chemicals to total theoretical cancer risk in the assessment was low. Additionally, it should be noted that these contributions arise from measurements made on very few days of sampling. That is, the estimate may not be a reasonable estimate of risk considering the low (about 10%) frequency of detection.
Another VOC, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was detected at two ATN sites (Gainesville and Yorkville) and at all four PAMS sites. It occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum crude oil. It is a component of gasoline, and has other uses in industry as an intermediate in the production of dyes, drugs, and coatings. Exposure to very large amounts of 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene may cause skin and respiratory irritancy and nervous system depression. However, risks resulting from exposure to low ambient concentrations of 1,2,4- trimethylbenzene have not been studied extensively (U.S. EPA, 1994). For this study, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene was evaluated as a noncarcinogen with potential to cause central nervous system and irritant effects (U.S. EPA, 2004). 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, when present, was detected with a very high frequency ranging from 80 to 100%. HQs ranged from approximately 2.0 to 4.0 across the six locations with the exception of the Tucker site, where the HQ was greater than 20.0.
One metal (chromium) was found at two sites, Utoy Creek and Warner Robins. Chromium is a naturally occurring element and is common in low amounts in foodstuffs (ATSDR, 2000). Natural processes such as wind generating dust and even volcanoes may release chromium into the atmosphere. However, many human activities release it into the atmosphere also.
The chemistry of chromium is very complex. It may occur in different forms or "states" in the environment, having very different degrees of toxicity. Because the measurements made in this study were for the total form, distinctions cannot be made as to how much of the different states are present. In the interest of conservativeness, chromium was evaluated with the most stringent toxicity index. That is, supposing that all the metal measured was in the most toxic form.
Inhaled chromium (in at least some forms) may increase the risk of lung cancer. Chromium concentrations measured in this study are low, and are actually near the lower end of the ranges reported for air in the U.S. (ATSDR, 2000). However, because of the assumptions described above, chromium accounts for a small portion of the theoretical cancer risk estimated in this study at the two sites where it was detected. The significance of these amounts of chromium in air can't be fully evaluated at this time. Further work is needed to determine if the amounts reported herein are truly "background" in Georgia. If that is the case, further work to better define chemical forms will be needed to refine the risk assessment.
In an effort to evaluate Georgia's data further, comparisons were made to predicted ambient concentrations of chemicals taken from EPA's National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) project.
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
The national-scale assessment was designed to help EPA, state, local and tribal governments and the public better understand the air toxics problem in the U.S. The assessment consists of four steps, including an inventory of air toxics emissions, estimates of annual average outdoor air toxics concentrations by census tract, estimates of exposure concentrations (what people are estimated to breathe), and a characterization of potential public health risks.
The NATA estimates presented here are draft values taken from the most recent evaluation (1999) produced by EPA. EPA's Office of Air Quality, Planning, and Standards, located in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina kindly provided the draft information in August 2004.
NATA estimations for chemicals monitored at the Air Toxics Network sites and detected in sufficient amounts to be carried through the quantitative assessment are shown in Tables 12 (VOCs and metals) and 13 (carbonyls). Estimates from individual census tract data were averaged to generate county means. Additionally, breakdowns from NATA into source category (stationary, mobil, and background) are shown. The comparisons of NATA estimates to EPD's measurements for VOCs show that in most instances there is good agreement between the two. On occasions, the values differ significantly as illustrated by a measured concentration of tetrachloroethylene in Warner Robins of 2.3 g/m3 versus the NATA estimate of 0.13 g/m3. Another important implication of the NATA data is that a significant portion (80%) of the ambient benzene present can be attributed to mobile (vehicles) sources.
The comparison of the NATA estimates and the EPD measurements for the carbonyls shown in Table 13 also shows relatively good agreement between the two. Most of the values are within a factor of 2, with only a few instances of differences of 5 to 7 fold.
The NATA data also indicates a significant portion (60 to 80%) of the predicted ambient concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde can be accounted for by mobile and background sources. This information is important, when considered concurrently with estimates that 70 to 90% of benzene in ambient air is contributed by mobile sources. Benzene was the most consistently found VOC across all of the sites monitored in the Air Toxics Network, thus accounting for a considerable portion of the calculated risk. The NATA data on mobile source contribution of the carbonyls and benzene supports the contention that to significantly reduce aggregate risk from ambient air toxics, more effective control of mobile (vehicular) sources will be required.
67

FIGURE 52. Aggregate Cancer Risk For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations
7.00E-04

6.00E-04

5.00E-04

Cancer Risk

4.00E-04 3.00E-04

Brunswick Dawsonville Savannah

2.00E-04

1.00E-04

0.00E+00

1998

1999

Year

2000

2001

In an effort to evaluate the most significant contributors to risk, and any potential change over time, data for carbonyls over the last four years was evaluated. Carbonyls were chosen for this exercise because they have consistently accounted for the majority of cancer and non-cancer risk as indicated by risk values and HIs. Three locations were chosen for comparison because they were the three sites in the Air Toxics Network where carbonyls have been measured consistently for four years. Figures 51 and 52 show total cancer risks and hazard indices for carbonyls at the three sites (Brunswick, Dawsonville, Savannah) for the last four years of available data (1998 2001). Cancer risks have declined over the four years 46 fold in Brunswick, 12 fold in Dawsonville, and 2 fold in Savannah. Likewise, HIs have declined by a factor of 2 in Brunswick, a factor of 40 in Dawsonville, and a factor of more than 2 in Savannah (from 2.5 to 0, below detection limit).

68

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

FIGURE 53. Hazard Index For Carbonyls By Year At Selected Locations
70

60

50

Hazard Index

40 Brunswick
Dawsonville
Savannah 30

20

10

0 1998

1999

Year

2000

2001

Additionally, numbers of days on which there were detections for the two carbonyls accounting for the majority of cancer risk (formaldehyde) and non-cancer hazard (acrolein) were evaluated by month for the past four years at the Brunswick, Savannah, and Dawsonville sites. While very low numbers of detections over the course of the study preclude statistical analysis, some observations relative to year (trends) and month (seasonality) of sampling can be made. For formaldehyde, number of days with detections was greater (2 to 3 fold) in 1999 and 2000 than in 1998 and 2001 (Figure 54). More days with detections for acrolein also occurred in Brunswick in 1999 and 2000 (~ 5 fold) compared to 1998 and 2001 (Figure 55). However, no acrolein was detected in the last two years of the comparison period in either Dawsonville or Savannah.

69

Number of Detects in Brunswick

FIGURE 54. Formaldehyde Detections By Month For 1998 Through 2001
8

7

6

2001 5
2000

4

1999

1998 3

2

1

0 11

10

9

8

7
2001
6 2000

5

1999

4

1998

3

2

1

0
5

Number of Detects in Savannah

Number of Detections in Dawsonville

4

3

2001

2000

2

1999

1998

1

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month
70

Number of Detections in Brunswick

Number of Detections in Savannah

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
FIGURE 55. Acrolein Detections By Month For 1998 Through 2001
4
3 2001 2000
2 1999 1998
1
0 4
3
2001 2000 2 1999 1998
1
0
2
2001 2000 1 1999 1998
0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Month
71

Number of Detections in Dawsonville

TABLE 12. EPD Measured And NATA Estimated Concentrations Of Selected Chemicals

Location Augusta Brunswick Columbus
Dawsonville Douglas Gainesville
Milledgeville Rome Savannah Utoy Creek
Valdosta Warner Robins
Yorkville

Chemical

EPD Mean (g/m3)

Benzene
Benzene
Benzene 1,3-Butadiene
Benzene
Benzene
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene Chromium
Benzene
Benzene Tetrachloroethylene Chromium
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Benzene Ethylbenzene

1.37
0.87
1.69 0.61
0.83
0.83
13.87 5.78 1.02
1.29
1.51
0.93
1.53 0.002
1.05
0.93 2.34 0.002
18.12 2.25 2.33

NATA Estimation
(g/m3)
1.26
0.94
1.32 0.11
0.54
0.48
N/A 0.95 0.37
0.79
0.95
1.21
2.40 0.000106
0.96
0.82 0.13 0.000015
N/A 1.26 0.37

Contributing Sources From NATA Stationary : Mobil (%)
16:84
18:82
19:81 9:91
36:64
41:59
N/A 28:72 15:85
26:74
30:70
10:90
9:91 56:44
22:78
19:81 100:0 45:55
N/A 28:72 20:80

To evaluate time of year or season in which sampling occurred, the number of detections were summed for each month across the four-year period. The charts in Figure 54 & 55 suggest a modest increase in number of detections for formaldehyde during the spring and fall periods in Brunswick and Savannah, but not in Dawsonville. Brunswick and Savannah are both coastal cities in Georgia, under meteorological and hydrological influences that are very different from those of an upland city such as Dawsonville. Additionally, both are urbanized areas whereas Dawsonville is rural. With only four years of carbonyl data available for comparison, it is unclear whether the differences in detection frequency by season are meaningful. Additional data from continued monitoring will be needed to further evaluate seasonal trends.

72

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

TABLE 13. EPD Measured And NATA Estimated Concentrations Of Selected Carbonyls

Location

Chemical

Brunswick Dawsonville Savannah South DeKalb
Tucker

Acrolein Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde Acrolein Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde Acrolein Formaldehyde

EPD Mean NATA Estimation Contributing Sources From NATA

(g/m3)

(g/m3)

Stationary : Mobil : Background (%)

0.64 1.01
3.26 0.82
2.12
4.61 1.01 7.29
3.86 0.77 12.27

0.09 1.16
0.82 0.58
1.42
2.57 0.20 2.27
2.57 0.20 2.27

66:34:0 28:24:48
7:34:59 27:30:43
12:33:55
4:76:20 14:86:0 5:59:36
4:76:20 14:86:0 5:59:36

As stated previously, the estimates of risk presented herein are likely overestimates due to conservative assumptions used in this exercise. Conservative assumptions were used to estimate the potential for possible exposures (high inhalation rates and long term exposure) and toxicity values. In the absence of good exposure information this practice is warranted to decrease the potential for underestimating risk. The real utility of these values are not as indicators of true or "real" risk, but as indicators for relative comparisons between locations within the monitoring network or in other areas of the country.
While air toxics are certainly a concern in many urban areas in Georgia, the results presented herein suggest that the majority of calculated risk is due to a limited number of chemicals. The data collected over the last four years also show significant declines in air concentrations of chemicals that contribute most dramatically to risk of cancer and non-cancer effects. Lastly, when EPD's data is considered in conjunction with findings from EPA's NATA project regarding contributions from different sources, it suggests that significant progress in reducing risk from ambient air toxics can't be made by controlling point sources alone. Air pollution from mobile sources makes a significant contribution to aggregate risk, and should be reduced to improve overall air quality.

73

74

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Chapter 3 Meteorological Summary for 2003
3.0. Climatology
A complete suite of meteorological instrumentation is used to characterize meteorological conditions around metropolitan Atlanta. The meteorological parameters monitored for surface data are presented in Table 14. The basic surface meteorological parameters measured at the Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Sites (PAMS) are shown in Table 14. The PAMS sites are Conyers, South Dekalb, Tucker, and Yorkville. All PAMS sites have sensors that measure hourly-averaged scalar wind speed and vector wind direction at the 10-meter level, and hourlyaveraged surface temperature, relative humidity and barometric pressure at the 2-meter level. Several sites include instruments to record hourly-averaged precipitation, global solar radiation and total ultraviolet radiation. The standard deviation of the wind direction is also computed at one of the PAMS sites. Other surface meteorological measurements were made across the state in 2003 and are shown in Table 14.
Ambient temperature measurements show good agreement between PAMS sites and the 30year climatological monthly averages at Hartsfield Airport, as shown in Figure 56. An unusual incidence of very few 90-degree reading days occurred in 2003 with the month of June ending with no 90-degree readings in Atlanta. There were no 90-degree readings in April or May. Climatologically, Atlanta sees 11 days with maximum daily temperatures at or above 90 degrees by the end of June. In the month of June, a 90-degree reading is typically observed 90 percent of the time. Through the entire period of record, there are a total of only 6 years (including 2003) with no 90-degree readings that occur during late spring and summer seasons. Radiation measurements for PAMS sites, as seen in Figure 57, show a gradual increase in maximum monthly global solar radiation (SR) during the summer months, where the length of daytime hours is at its peak. The monthly maximum in global solar radiation for 2003 occurs in May, while the minimum occurs in December.
Average annual rainfall in Georgia ranges from more than 75 inches in the extreme northeast corner to about 40 inches in a small area of the east central region. Total rainfall varies greatly from year to year in all parts of the state. A period of prolonged unusual wetness from September 2002 to August 2003 for metro Atlanta peaked in May-July 2003 with record rainfall amounts, with departures from normal ranging from +6.0 to 2.7 inches for the 12 months of 2003 (as shown in Figure 58). The record rainfall and flooding made the May-July period the 3rd wettest in Atlanta recorded history (since 1878), with widespread flooding, especially in North and West Georgia. A new record was established for rainfall in Atlanta for the month of May with 9.94 inches (previous record of 9.89 inches in 1923), measured at Hartsfield airport, while 7.34 inches of rain in June 2003 set the record for the 10th wettest June on record. The wet weather pattern appears to have ended by September 2003 with near normal and below normal rainfall across much of north and middle Georgia for the last half of the year.
The meteorological coastal monitoring sites of Brunswick and Savannah were strategically placed in such proximity to the ocean as to capture the interaction of synoptic weather patterns with coastal circulation. The onshore and offshore flow at these sites results when the land heats up more quickly, and to a greater extent, than the sea.
75

The air in contact with the land warms and expands and the resulting changes in the pressure and temperature differences and distributions cause the sea breeze circulation. This sea breeze effect, as demonstrated in Figure 59 at the Savannah E. President site, is characterized by an increase in surface wind and wind direction shift to the SW in the early afternoon. Sea breeze circulations typically penetrate inland a horizontal distance of less than 40 kilometers from shore. This is due to increased surface friction resulting from the topography of the land. As the distance from shore increases, the sea-breeze circulation weakens and is eventually dampened out by friction.
3.1 Ozone and PM2.5 Forecasts
Ozone forecasts were made during May through September 2003 by thirteen forecasters from Georgia Tech and EPD. The team forecasts for an area of approximately 4030 square miles, which make up the 13-county non-attainment area for Metropolitan Atlanta. A total of 13 8-hour violations were reported in Metropolitan Atlanta. There was one 1-hour violation observed. The forecasting accuracy for the team for the 2003 ozone season was 93.3 % considering an event to a non-event. The number of observations and predictions for the 2003 ozone season are shown in Figure 58. The solid-filled circles represent the missed violations forecasted. Many of the ozone episodes were characterized by differing synoptic conditions.
During the month of May, the metro area had 22 consecutive days of green level ozone (0-64 ppbv). There were no ozone violations observed in the metro area in May. These clean conditions can be attributed to cold frontal passages over the Southeast. Several short wave passages occurred over north Georgia during middle of May, because of a fairly active upper level jet pattern. A moist and unstable air mass resided across north Georgia during much of June with good southwesterly flow from the Gulf of Mexico. The beginning and middle of June was characterized by an east coast trough pattern dominating the synoptic pattern across the Southeast. There were 2 violations that occurred at the beginning of the month due to a shortlived weak Atlantic surface ridge. The violations that occurred near the end of June can be attributed to a strong high pressure ridge building across the eastern US. The beginning through middle of July was characterized by moist and unstable conditions across north Georgia from return flow around the Atlantic ridge. In addition, there was tropical activity in the Gulf along with good afternoon convection around metro, which kept ozone levels from climbing above the moderate range (65-84 ppbv). The few violations that occurred from middle to the end of July were due to some minor strengthening of the Gulf ridge. An east coast trough characterized much of the synoptic picture in August with several short waves rotating through. An upper level ridge did eventually build over the eastern US during the end of August, which gave metro four ozone violations, although low-level moisture and instability returned to the region and persisted through early September. Atlantic flow and the east coast wedge, which gives metro relatively cleaner conditions, characterized much of the remainder of September. Subsidence from a nearby tropical system aided in the one ozone violation observed in September.
Georgia EPD began year-round forecasting of PM2.5 concentrations for the metro area on October 1, 2003. The PM2.5 forecasting accuracy for the team for October, November, and December was 76.1 % on an event to non-event basis. No PM2.5 violations were observed in the metro area during the period. An interesting ozone and PM2.5 violation occurred on August 19, 2003. Both violations were apparently related to recirculation of a plume around metro along with the slow evolution of the mixing height.
76

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Upper level chart analysis showed a broad high-pressure ridge over the eastern US with a ridge axis extending over the Southeast. Subsidence, multiple surface inversions, and good mid-level drying was verified by NWS balloon rawinsonde data for this ozone and PM2.5 episode.
77

Table 14: Meteorological Parameters Measured at Statewide Monitoring Sites During

Statewide Monitoring
Sites

Wind Speed (m/s)

Wind Direction
(deg)

Sigth (deg)

Relative Humidity
(%)

Solar Radiation (W/m2)

Total Ultraviolet Radiation
(W/m2)

Barometric Pressure (mb)

Precip. (in)

Temp. (C)

Conyers

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

South

a

a

a

a

Dekalb

a

a

a

Tucker

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

Yorkville

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

Fort

a

a

a

a

Mountain

Talbotton a

a

a

Brunswick a

a

Confederate a

a

Avenue

Dawsonville a

a

Savannah a

a

E. President

Macon

a

a

Douglasville a

a

Fayetteville a

a

Newnan

a

a

Savannah a

a

L&A

a

a

a

78

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Figure 56: Observed Monthly Temperature Profile for PAMS sites (2003) vs. Mean Monthly Temperature at Hartsfield Airport

80 70 60 50 Degrees (F) 40 30 20 10
0 J FMAMJ J ASOND

PAMS

38 44 54 60 67 72 75 76 69 60 55 40

30-Yr Mean 43 47 54 62 70 77 80 79 74 63 53 46

Month

Figure 57: PAMS Maximum Monthly Solar Radiation (SR) for 2003 (measured in Watts/Meter2)
1200 1000
800 600 400 200
0 J FMAMJ J ASOND Month

Solar Radiation (W/m2)

79

Departures from Normal (in.)

Figure 58: Average monthly rainfall departures from normal (30-yr. climatological norm) for Metro Atlanta area, January -December 2003
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
J FMAMJ J ASOND
Month

360 270 180
90 0 21

Figure 59: Sea Breeze Effect - Savannah, GA Coastal Site May 18 &19, 2003
4

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

0

3

6

9

12

15

18

21

5/18

Time (EST)

5/19

WDR

WSP

Wind Speed (ms-1)

Wind Direction (deg)

80

Maximun O concentrations (ppbv) 3

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

2003
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
120
100

O 3 observed O 3 predicted
MAY JUN

80

60

40

20

0

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

JUL

20

1

3

5

7

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31

Day of the m onth

2003
120 100
80 60 40 20

O3 observed O3 predicted
AUG

120

100

SEP

80

60

40

20

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Day of the month

Maximun 8-hrs O3 concentrations (ppbv)

Figure 60: Ozone observations and predictions for the 2003 Ozone season (May-September)
81

82

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Chapter 4 Outreach and Education
Of utmost importance to the Ambient Monitoring Program is public outreach and education. The public is informed and educated about air quality, through smog alerts and outreach regarding the Air Quality Index (AQI) and opportunities to voluntarily reduce their emissions in metro Atlanta's nonattainment area by partnering with The Clean Air Campaign, as well as utilizing various outreach strategies, the Ambient Monitoring Program accomplishes this goal to keep metro Atlanta's citizens up to date on air quality issues.
What is the Clean Air Campaign The Clean Air Campaign (CAC) is a not-for-profit organization that works to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality in the 13 county metro Atlanta nonattainment area through a variety of voluntary programs and services, including free employer assistance, incentive programs, public information and children's education. EPD is a proud sponsor and funder of CAC.
The CAC works with more than 300 public and private sector employers, representing several hundred thousand employees, to reduce the number of singleoccupancy vehicle commuters in metro Atlanta year round and particularly during the ozone season. The program has helped reduce emissions and vehicle miles traveled by encouraging people to alter their commuting habits and to reconsider behaviors-driving in particular.
In addition to addressing commuters' driving habits, CAC utilizes the Air Quality Index (AQI) to relay air quality information to metro Atlanta residents.
4.1 The Air Quality Index
The AQI was developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide easy to understand information about daily levels of air pollution. When the following day's AQI is projected to rise over 100, a Smog Alert is issued for that day. In metro Atlanta, the summer AQI is currently determined by the ozone level because of the region's ozone nonattainment status. The Air Quality Index figures allow the public to determine whether air pollution levels in a particular location are Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups or worse. In addition, the AQI advises the public about the general
health effects associated with different pollution levels and describe precautionary steps to be taken if air pollution rises into the unhealthy ranges.
83

Index Value
0 to 50

Descriptor Good

51 to 100 Moderate

101 to 150 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups

151 to 200 Unhealthy

201 to 300

Very

Unhealthy

Clean Air Campaign Health Advisory
The air quality is good. People can engage in outdoor physical activity without health concerns.
At this level the air is probably safe for most people. However, some people are unusually sensitive and react to ozone in this range, especially at the higher end of the moderate range. Children and people with heart and lung diseases such as asthma are especially susceptible. People in these categories, or people who develop symptoms when they exercise at "yellow" ozone levels, should consider avoiding prolonged outdoor exertion during the late afternoon or early evening when the ozone is at its highest.
In this range, the outdoor air is more likely to be unhealthy for more people. Children, people who are sensitive to ozone, and people with heart or lung disease should limit prolonged outdoor exertion during the late afternoon or early evening when ozone levels are highest.
In this range, even more people will be affected by ozone. Most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours, when the ozone is lower, to avoid high ozone exposures.
In this range even more people will be affected by ozone. Most people should restrict their outdoor exertion to morning or late evening hours, when the ozone is lower, to avoid high ozone exposures.

Figure 61: The AQI For Ozone

84

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
How does Georgia's Ambient Monitoring Program (AMP) Cooperate with The Clean Air Campaign (CAC)?
The Ambient Monitoring Program is responsible for measuring air pollutant levels in metro Atlanta and throughout the state. Twelve monitors across metro Atlanta are used for these measurements in particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3). This data is reported on a website which is maintained and updated by the Ambient Monitoring Program. When these levels are reported, AMP utilizes the Air Quality Index (AQI), to forecast the ozone level for metro Atlanta. The Ambient Monitoring Program's website is linked to a website maintained by CAC. The AQI is displayed on The Clean Air Campaign's website as well and is distributed to people who have signed up to receive daily air quality forecasts via e-mail. When a smog alert is forecasted, an automated
fax blast informs all local media as well. Through these connections, thousands of metro Atlanta citizens and businesses keep abreast of current air quality conditions. The Ambient Monitoring Program also encourages the public to access the CAC's website and become aware of what voluntary measures they can take to improve local air quality.
4.2 Media Outreach
The Ambient Monitoring Program is in constant touch with citizens as well as the news media through phone calls, the AMP web site and media interviews. Many times, especially during smog season (May 1 September 30), the demand for a story puts AMP in the limelight. The program manager and staff of the Ambient Monitoring Program make themselves available to television and newspaper reporters, thus educating the public about the AQI, the statewide air monitors and The Clean Air Campaign.
4.3 Other Outreach Opportunities
Meteorologists In cooperation with The Clean Air Campaign, forecasters from the ambient monitoring program visit the weather centers of Atlanta's top four commercial television stations. During these visits, the group is briefed on how each station's weather team receives and uses ambient monitoring information in their daily smog forecasts. The EPD/Clean Air Campaign team provides input and direction to the weathercasters as to how they can best use the data to maximize the usefulness of this information for their viewers.
Elementary and Middle Schools Educating school children and incorporating air quality information into the classroom-learning environment is also an outreach strategy for the Ambient Monitoring Program. AMP staff visit Georgia classrooms to discuss air quality, forecasting and monitoring. Each program presented by the AMP is designed to supplement grade-specific curricula.
85

Learning opportunities include meteorological lessons, such as weather patterns and conditions, as well as forecasting techniques. In many situations, these lessons involve hands-on activities and mini-field trips to the monitoring sites. High School students simulate forecasting conditions and use scientific methods to create their own forecasts. AMP Staff also participate in Career Days at both elementary and high schools to draw excitement into environmental and meteorological careers.
Colleges and Universities The Ambient Monitoring Program works with colleges and universities in several capacities. Utilizing a more technical, advanced approach, AMP has participated in several college-level seminars, providing scientific expertise on the subject of meteorology and forecasting. Through this close contact with university staff, AMP staff have co-authored scientific papers in peerreviewed scientific journals. AMP Staff provide technical data to professors as well as students, thus incorporating real-time data into college courses and projects. Additionally, AMP contracts with Georgia Institute of Technology in a joint forecasting effort.
EPA AIRNOW Website Georgia supplies hourly ozone data to the US EPA for ozone mapping activities. AIRNOW is a cooperative effort between EPA, states, and local air pollution control agencies to provide near real time information on ground level ozone concentrations. EPA uses ozone data to produce maps that display ozone contours covering the Midwest, New England, Mid-Atlantic, southeastern, south central and Pacific coastal regions of the country. Color-coded, animated concentration gradient ozone maps are created that show daily ozone formation and transport at various spatial scales. The information is available on the EPA's AIRNOW website at: http://www.epa.gov/airnow.
Figure 62: Sample AIRNOW Ozone Concentration Map
86

Appendix A

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

State Of Georgia Carbon Monoxide 1-Hour and 8-Hour Averages

Units: parts per million

SITE ID

City

County

130890002 130891002 131210099 132230003

Decatur DeKalb

Clarkston DeKalb

Atlanta

Fulton

Yorkville Paulding

Site Name
South DeKalb DeKalb
Tech Roswell
Road
King Ranch

# Observations
(hours) 5372
3562
8534
8588

Max 1 - Hour

1st

2nd

3.2

3.0

3.2

2.9

4.1

3.5

1.0

.901

Obs. > 35 0 0 0
0

Max 8 -Hour

1st

2nd

2.9

2.6

2.3

2.0

2.7

2.5

.9

.8

Obs. > 9 0 0 0
0

Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Means

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

130890002 130893001 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Tucker Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

DeKalb DeKalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

Site Name
South DeKalb Idlewood Road Georgia Tech King Farm Monastery

Hours Measured
6500 6720 8483 8472 8540

Nitric Oxide

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

Hours Measured

130890002 130893001 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Tucker Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

Dekalb Dekalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

South Dekalb Idlewood Road Georgia Tech King Farm Monastery

6500 6719 .550 8472 8539

Annual Arithmetic Mean .0134
.0158 .0165 .0053 .0064

# of Values > 0.053 0
0 0 0 0

1st Max
.443 .271 .550 .037 .106

Annual Arithmetic Mean
.0341 .0124 .0192 .0051 .0062

87

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

County

Oxides of Nitrogen

Site Name

Hours Measured

130890002 130893001 131210048 132230003 132470001

Decatur Tucker Atlanta Yorkville Conyers

Dekalb Dekalb Fulton Paulding Rockdale

South Dekalb Idlewood Road Georgia Tech King Farm Monastery

6500 6719 8483 8472 8540

1st Max
.490 .319 .626 .063 .123

Annual Arithmetic Mean
.0455 .0266 .0336 .0067 .0096

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

130890002 Decatur 130893001 Tucker

Reactive Oxides of Nitrogen

County

Site Name

Dekalb Dekalb

South Dekalb Idlewood Road

Hours Measured
6408 6442

1st Max
.200 .200

Annual Arithmetic Mean
.0449 .0285

88

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Sulfur Dioxide 3-Hour and 24-Hour Maximum Observations

Units: parts per million

Site ID

City

130090001

Milledgeville

130150002 130210012 130510021

Not in a city
MaconPort Wentworth
Savannah

130511002

Savannah

131110091

McCaysville

131150003 131210048 131210055

Rome Atlanta Atlanta

County Baldwin Bartow

Site Name Baldwin Co.
Airport
Stilesboro

# Obs. (hours)
7459
7974

Bibb Chatham Chatham Fannin
Floyd Fulton Fulton

Macon SE
2500 East President St.
W. Lathrop
Elementary School
Coosa Elem. Sch.
Georgia Tech
Confederate Ave.

8165 8611 7562 8606 8494 8463 8613

Max 24 - Hour

1st

2nd

.014

.013

.012

.012

.009

.009

.023

.020

.028

.022

.016

.013

.028

.015

.033

.014

.028

.022

Obs > Std. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Max 3 - Hour

1st

2nd

.069

.067

.059

.053

.023

.023

.094

.067

.046

.038

.113

.057

.196

.078

.061

.059

.056

.048

Obs > Std. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

89

Ozone 1-Hour Averages

Units: Parts Per Million

Site ID

City

County

130210012
130510021 130590002 130670003 130770002 130850001 130890002 130893001 130970004 131130001 131210055 131270006 131350002
131510002

Macon

Bibb

Savannah Athens Kennesaw Newnan Dawsonville Decatur Tucker Douglasville Fayetteville Atlanta Brunswick Lawrenceville

Chatham Clarke Cobb Coweta Dawson DeKalb DeKalb Douglas Fayette Fulton Glynn Gwinnett

McDonough Henry

132130003
132150008 132151003 132230003
132450091
132470001
132611001

Chatsworth
Columbus Columbus Yorkville
Augusta
Conyers
Leslie

Murray
Muscogee Muscogee Paulding
Richmond
Rockdale
Sumter

Site Name
Macon S.E. Forestry Service 2500 E. President St. 980 College Sta. Rd. Ga. National Guard Univ. of West Georgia U.S. Forestry Service South DeKalb Idlewood Road Co. Water Authority State D. O. T. Confederate Ave. Risley Middle School Gwinnett Tech. County Extension Office Fort Mountain Cohutta Overlook Columbus Airport Columbus Crime Lab. Ralph King Farm Bungalow Road Elementary School Conyers Monastery Leslie Community Center

Valid Days (Measured)
245
242 203 244 226 214 205 165 242 245 244 237 243
245
211
245 244 244
245
243
210

1st Max 2nd Max # of Values > 0.12

0.099

.093

0

.085

.082

0

.090

.082

0

.122

.116

0

.096

.089

0

.101

.091

0

.106

.106

0

.127

.119

1

.110

.108

0

.091

.091

0

.129

.122

1

.086

.078

0

.126

.111

1

.109

.101

0

.108

.102

0

.096

.083

0

.085

.084

0

.098

.094

0

.093

.091

0

.109

.107

0

.090

.087

0

90

Ozone 8-Hour Averages

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Units: Parts Per Million

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

Valid Days (Measured)

1st Max

2nd Max

130210012 Macon

Bibb

Macon S.E. Forestry Service

245

.089

.084

130510021 Savannah

Chatham

2500 E. President St.

241

.072

.072

130590002 Athens

Clarke

980 College Sta. Rd.

203

.085

.076

130670003 Kennesaw

Cobb

Ga. National Guard

243

.108

.103

130770002 Newnan

Coweta

Univ. of West Georgia

226

.084

.079

130850001 Dawsonville

Dawson

U.S. Forestry Service

214

.085

.083

130890002 Decatur

DeKalb

South DeKalb

204

.091

.090

130893001 Tucker

DeKalb

Idlewood Road

165

.103

.095

130970004 Douglasville

Douglas

Co. Water Authority

240

.094

.091

131130001 Fayetteville

Fayette

State D. O. T.

245

.081

.079

131210055 Atlanta

Fulton

Confederate Ave.

242

.107

.099

131270006 Brunswick

Glynn

Risley Middle School

237

.074

.071

131350002 Lawrenceville Gwinnett

Gwinnett Tech.

242

.108

.094

131510002 McDonough

Henry

County Extension Office

244

.082

.082

132130003 Chatsworth

Murray

Fort Mountain Cohutta Overlook

209

.099

.096

132150008 Columbus

Muscogee Columbus Airport

245

.083

.079

132151003 Columbus

Muscogee

Columbus Crime Lab.

244

.075

.075

132230003 Yorkville

Paulding

Ralph King Farm

241

.085

.085

132450091 Augusta

Richmond

Bungalow Road Elementary School

245

.082

.080

132470001 Conyers

Rockdale

Conyers Monastery

243

.088

.084

132611001 Leslie

Sumter

Leslie Community Center

209

.086

.076

3rd Max .084
.071 .074 .093 .079
.079 .084 .093 .086 .079 .093 .070 .091 .082
.085 .072 .066 .084 .079 .078 .076

4th Max .081
.070 .072 .084 .077
.077 .083 .091 .085 .077 .091 .069 .088 .082
.085 .070 .064 .083 .078 .078 .072

# of Values > 0.084 1
0 1 3 0
1 2 5 4 0 4 0 6 0
5 0 0 2 0 1 1

91

Lead Quarterly Composite Averages

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

Site ID

City

County Site Name

130890003 Atlanta

DeKalb

D.M.R.C.

Number of Observations
(months)
12

1st Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10

2nd Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10

3rd Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10

4th Quarter Composite
Avg.
.10

# of Values > 1.50 ug/M3
0

132150009 Columbus Muscogee S.E. Site

11

0.1

0.11

0.1

0.1

0

132150010

Columbus

Muscogee

Ft. Benning Junction

11

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0

132150011

Columbus

Muscogee

Cussetta School

12

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0

92

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) 1st Maximum and Annual Arithmetic Mean

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

Site ID

City

County

130210007

Macon

Bibb

130210012 130510017 130510091 130590001

Macon Savannah Savannah
Athens

Bibb Chatham Chatham
Clarke

130630091 Forest Park

Clayton

130670003 130890002 130892001

Kennesaw Decatur Doraville

Cobb Dekalb Dekalb

130950007

Albany

Dougherty

131150005

Rome

Floyd

131210032

Atlanta

Fulton

131210039

Atlanta

Fulton

131270006 Brunswick

131350002 Lawrenceville

131390003 131530001 131850003

Gainesville
Warner Robins
Valdosta

Glynn Gwinnett
Hall Houston Lowndes

132150001 Columbus Muscogee

132150011 132230003

Columbus Yorkville

Muscogee Paulding

132450005 Augusta

Richmond

132450091 132950002 133030001 133190001

Augusta Rossville Sandersville Gordon

Richmond Walker
Washington Wilkinson

Site Name
Allied Chemical Forestry Service
Scott School
Mercer School
UGA Food Science Bldg.
Dept. of Transportation Ga. National
Guard
South Dekalb
Doraville Health Center Turner Elem.
School Coosa High
School E. Rivers School Fire Station
# 8 Risley Middle
School
Gwinnett Tech
Fair St. Elem. School
Memorial Park
S.L. Mason Elem. School County Health
Dept. Cussetta Rd.
School
King Farm
Medical College of Georgia Bungalow Rd.
School
Health Dept.
Health Dept.
Police Dept.

Number Measured
(days) 120 117 116 111 109 113 115 322 321 119 110 301 116 102 58 109 59 52 119 113 110
111
112 58 58 120

98th Percentile 29.5 26.6 25.7 24.6 32.8 36.7 39.9 32.5 37.4 26.9 40.7 35.7 44.4 22.8 38.3 33.2 25.9 22.2 32.4 28.8 35.0
30.4
31.4 36.8 28.9 28.6

# Values
65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0 0 0

Annual Arithmetic
Mean 14.81 12.95 13.34 13.05 14.31 16.02 16.01 14.97 15.41 13.40 16.23 16.07 17.66 11.72 16.19 14.69 12.99 11.26 14.49 13.16 13.77
14.74
14.81 16.00 13.73 13.83

93

Fine Particulate Matter (PM10) 1st Maximum and Annual Arithmetic Mean
24-Hour Integrated Measurements

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

Site ID

City

County

Site Name

130210007 130510014 130550001 130892001 130950007 130970003 131150005 131210001 131210032 131210039 131270004 132150011 132450091
132550002 132950002 133030001

Macon Savannah

Bibb Chatham

Summerville Chattooga

Doraville

DeKalb

Albany

Dougherty

Douglasville Douglas

Rome

Floyd

Atlanta

Fulton

Atlanta

Fulton

Atlanta

Fulton

Allied Chem.
Shuman School
DNR Fish Hatchery
Doraville Health Center
Turner Elem. School
Beulah Pump Station Coosa High School Fulton Co. Health Dept. E. Rivers School
Fire Station # 8

Brunswick Glynn

Arco Pump Station

Columbus

Muscogee

Cussetta Rd. Elem. School

Augusta Griffin Rossville

Richmond Spalding Walker

Bungalow Rd. Elem. School
U. of GA. Experiment Station
Health Dept.

Sandersville Washington Health Dept.

Number Measured
(days)
60 54 52 55
56 60 59 58 50 57
51
58
52
57 57 58

1st Max
86

# Values
150
0

43

0

53

0

94

0

43

0

66

0

53

0

64

0

59

0

58

0

47

0

110

0

70

0

49

0

61

0

70

0

Annual Arithmetic
Mean
30.3 20.1 19.5 26.5
20.2 23.9 23.1 24.4 25.3 27.5
21.5
23.9
22.5
20.5 22.1 24.7

94

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
Fine Particulate Matter (PM10) 1st Maximum and Annual Arithmetic Mean Hourly Averages of Semi-Continuous Measurements

Units: Micrograms per Cubic Meter

Site ID

City

County

130511002 Savannah Chatham

131210048 Atlanta

Fulton

Site Name
Lathrop & Augusta Ave.
Georgia Tech

Number Measured
(hours)
8395

1st Max
162

8733

200

Annual Arithmetic
Mean
22.8
22.3

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June, July, August)

ppb of Carbon

Compound 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1-Butene 1-Bentene 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2-Dimethylbenzene 2,3,4-Trimethypentane

Site So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers

# obs. 2086 1365 469 656 2087 2027 699 656 2041 2025 697 455 2041 2025 697 521 2087 168 699 656 2041 2025 684 521 2087 2027 699 656

1st max 38.31 35.74 4.29
2 24.02 19.08 0.78 0.64 36.43 3.84 0.57 1.12 30.18 13.94 3.86 0.33 32.79
27 4.08 3.24 49.34 32.55 1.78 0.56 26.96 20.8 1.36 1.2

2nd Max 30.6 23.88 3.64 1.93 7.85 17.3 0.63 0.64 2.37 2.79 0.37 1.02 3.31 7.36 1.38 0.26 26.94 17.93 2.07 2.97 6.2 10.39 0.69 0.55 11.92 11.23 0.79 1.16

Ave. 1.51 2.09 0.96 0.26 0.39 0.67 0.01 0.09 0.37 0.41 0.00 0.05 0.24 0.18 0.01 0.01 2.26 5.72 0.27 0.54 0.65 0.30 0.03 0.05 0.74 0.85 0.03 0.13

95

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June, July, August- con't.)

2,3-Dimethylbenzene

So. DeKalb

2041 24.33 9.01 0.69

Tucker

1905 33.75 10.33 0.34

Yorkville

684 2.37 0.89 0.02

Conyers

521 1.58 1.02 0.10

2,3-Dimethylpentane

So. DeKalb

2087 60.8 6.64 0.58

Tucker

2027 17.5

8 0.57

Yorkville

699 1.31 0.56 0.01

Conyers

656 0.7

0.6 0.03

2,4-Dimethylpentane

So. DeKalb

2087 32.39 5.46 0.33

Tucker

2027 14.7 5.2 0.29

Yorkville

699 1.11 0.35 0.00

Conyers

656 0.55 0.48 0.02

2-Methylheptane

So. DeKalb

2087 24.17 4.4 0.19

Tucker

2027 9.1 5.37 0.29

Yorkville

699 0.33 0.31 0.003

Conyers

656 0.56 0.47 0.01

2-Methylhexane

So. DeKalb

2087 23.59 10.82 0.70

Tucker

2027 31.8 13.3 0.85

Yorkville

699 2.24 1.03 0.03

Conyers

656 0.98 0.9 0.08

2-Methylpentane

So. DeKalb

2041 47.95 20.55 1.95

Tucker

1905 80.5 27.76 1.08

Yorkville

684 7.2 2.28 0.28

Conyers

521 2.03 1.94 0.39

3-Methylheptane

So. DeKalb

2087 27.12 3.62 0.18

Tucker

2027 8.6 6.02 0.33

Yorkville

699 0.84 0.32 0.00

Conyers

656 0.47 0.44 0.005

3-Methylhexane

So. DeKalb

2087 28.52 11.46 0.95

Tucker

2027 35.1 15.1 1.13

Yorkville

699 2.53 1.23 0.05

Conyers

656 1.47 1.41 0.35

3-Methylpentane

So. DeKalb

2041 14.18 11.25 1.24

Tucker

1905 69.59 25.52 0.77

Yorkville

684 4.57 1.48 0.12

Conyers

521 1.12 1.11 0.19

Acetylene

So. DeKalb

2041 33.64 19.53 1.26

Tucker

2025 5.71 4.78 0.55

Yorkville

697 4.13 3.38 0.29

Conyers

521 1.12 1.08 0.26

Benzene

So. DeKalb

2087 31.28 14.7 1.98

Tucker

2026 39.4 15.4 1.87

Yorkville

699 4.16 2.05 0.32

Conyers

656 2.31 2.27 0.53

Butane

So. DeKalb

2041 77.14 51.11 3.29

Tucker

2025 135.73 95.98 3.28

Yorkville

697 6.59 5.52 0.77

Conyers

521 3.07 3.05 0.99

96

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June, July, August- con't.)

Cis-2-butene Cis-2-pentene Cyclohexane Cycolpentane Decane Ethane Ethylbenzene Ethylene Heptane Hexane Isobutane Isopentane

So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers

2041 2025 697 455 2041 2025 697 521 2087 2026 699 656 2041 1905 684 521 2087 2027 699 656 2041 2006 697 521 2087 2027 699 656 2041 2006 697 521 2087 2027 699 656 2087 1870 699 656 2041 2025 697 521 2065 2025 697 521

43.36 11.59 1.14
0.4 41.59 15.26 1.23
0 45.16 14.91 0.53
0.8 24.71 14.13 0.87 7.12 27.22 21.78
0.3 0.5 29.32 15.74 7.83 8.66 25.48 25.2 1.52 5.31 23.81 16.24 6.93 4.78 27.27 26.4 2.09 1.23 29.63 54.4 4.72 1.8 31.47 44.92 2.39 2.07 148.42 285.11 30.51 13.36

4.59 6.05 0.83 0.23 3.29 4.74 0.3
0 29.99
12 0.32 0.6 2.83 11.84 0.41 0.31 6.31 17.07 0.3 0.5 28.63 15.46 5.33 8.12 13.23 13.27 1.2 3.89 20.74 12.17 2.84 4.44 12.08 12.1 0.83 1.12 11.05 19.5 1.26 1.79 25.38 29.49 1.48 1.83 69.82 157.69 14.49 12.7

0.14 0.15 0.003 0.00 0.15 0.10 0.01 0.00 0.30 0.22 0.01 0.03 0.21 0.44 0.01 0.03 0.29 0.56 0.01 0.01 5.36 4.47 2.16 3.08 0.99 1.21 0.06 0.21 2.78 2.08 0.29 0.64 0.71 1.03 0.03 0.13 1.09 1.75 0.10 0.19 1.93 1.59 0.35 0.49 8.19 8.18 1.23 2.30

97

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June, July, August- con't.)

Isoprene

So. DeKalb

2041 40.49 26.46 6.06

Tucker

2025 24.83 17.2 3.66

Yorkville

697 45.13 42.24 6.55

Conyers

521 46.11 43.48 6.72

Isopropylbenzene

So. DeKalb

2087 33.93 1.43 0.05

Tucker

2027 3.56 2.3 0.12

Yorkville

699 0.75 0.34 0.003

Conyers

656 1.9 1.82 0.11

m & p Xylenes

So. DeKalb

2087 40.07 37.84 2.81

Tucker

2027 42.53 26.73 3.38

Yorkville

699 5.26 1.92 0.26

Conyers

656 5.02 4.41 0.60

Metadiethybenzene

So. DeKalb

2087 36.31 1.03 0.04

Tucker

2027 14.8 2.23 0.06

Yorkville

699 0.58 0.51 0.02

Conyers

656 0.23

0

0.00

Metaethyltoluene

So. DeKalb

2087 23.6 15.89 1.90

Tucker

2027 34.02 27 1.62

Yorkville

685 3.72 2.78 0.09

Conyers

656 8.16 7.84 1.31

Methycyclopentane

So. DeKalb

2087 23.1 8.24 0.61

Tucker

2027 29 11.2 0.59

Yorkville

699 1.91 0.7 0.02

Conyers

656 1.43 0.98 0.07

Methylcyclohexane

So. DeKalb

2087 33.41 5.03 0.37

Tucker

2027 14.4 12.38 0.47

Yorkville

685 0.81 0.44 0.01

Conyers

656 0.75 0.65 0.04

Nonane

So. DeKalb

2087 19.68 8.14 0.23

Tucker

2027 13.69 6.9 0.45

Yorkville

699 0.52 0.27 0.00

Conyers

656 0.5 0.45 0.01

n-Propylbenzene

So. DeKalb

2087 29.4 4.38 0.21

Tucker

2027 11.22 7.18 0.38

Yorkville

699 0.54 0.37 0.00

Conyers

656 0.31 0.3 0.01

Octane

So. DeKalb

2087 26.59 12.57 0.28

Tucker

2027 9.5 5.86 0.43

Yorkville

699 0.53 0.47 0.01

Conyers

656 2.08 0.86 0.02

Orthoethyltoluene

So. DeKalb

2087 30.94 5.6 0.30

Tucker

2027 13.49 10.26 0.48

Yorkville

699 0.82 0.71 0.02

Conyers

656 0.55 0.54 0.03

Orthoxylene

So. DeKalb

2087 25.6 16.16 1.10

Tucker

2027 29.4 14.9 1.33

Yorkville

699 2.27 0.94 0.07

Conyers

656 1.64 1.58 0.20

98

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June, July, August- con't.)

PAMSHC

So. DeKalb 2087 1678.46 549.64 76.12

Tucker

2028 1417.91 757.01 72.96

Yorkville Conyers

699 146.8 69.82 20.64 656 92.88 92.78 25.39

Paradiethylbenzene

So. DeKalb 2087 12.57 4.26 0.22

Tucker

2027 6.46

5.3 0.44

Yorkville

699 0.63 0.56 0.01

Conyers

656 0.51 0.47 0.04

Pentane

So. DeKalb 2041 48.93 31.7 3.42

Tucker Yorkville Conyers

2025 217.6 208.26 4.55

697 9.9

5.04 0.57

521 10.71 7.31 1.01

Propane

So. DeKalb 2041 46.25 43.22 5.42

Tucker

2024 55.3 51.07 4.39

Yorkville

697 18.2 14.54 2.79

Conyers

521 12.81 12.72 2.69

Propylene

So. DeKalb 2041 23.28 9.44 1.58

Tucker

2024 12.38 10.23 1.74

Yorkville

697 1.32 1.11 0.19

Conyers

521 2.24

1.6 0.31

Styrene

So. DeKalb 2087 30.14

10

0.80

Tucker

2027 12.39 7.1 0.54

Yorkville

699 1.91 1.81 0.23

Conyers

656 1.78 1.75 0.15

TNMOC

So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers

2087 2028 699 656

1758.86 1963.9 276.25 138.25

701.06 868.57 170.31 133.56

111.01 104.95 31.88 30.38

Toluene

So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers

2087 125.66 58.66 6.46 2027 178.6 109.52 7.75 699 9.43 5.91 0.86 656 10.71 9.56 1.83

Trans-2-butene

So. DeKalb Tucker Yorkville Conyers

2041 2025 697 479

31.26 11.08
0.8 0.8

4.09 0.23

8

0.20

0.22 0.001

0.58 0.28

Trans-2-pentene

So. DeKalb 2041 30.34 6.7 0.33

Tucker

2025 31.9 10.3 0.25

Yorkville

697 2.44 0.55 0.00

Conyers

497 0.83 0.72 0.01

Undecane

So. DeKalb 2087 4.02

Tucker

2027 8.72

Yorkville

699 6.12

Conyers

656 0.48

3.25 0.25 8.07 0.43 6.11 0.12 0.45 0.05

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

So. DeKalb 2087 21.56 16.04 2.49

Tucker

2027 20.52 14.9 1.84

Yorkville

699 10.58 9.28 1.17

Conyers

656 10.84 10.25 2.38

99

PAMS Continuous Hydrocarbon Data (June, July, August- con't.)

Paraethyltoluene

So. DeKalb

2087 38.46 6.73 0.47

Tucker

2027 19.19 14.85 0.83

Yorkville

699

5

3.69 0.55

Conyers

656 6.04 5.51 0.38

100

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Year-Round PAMS Hydrocarbon Data

ppb Carbon

Compound

Site

# Obs. 1st Max 2nd Max Ave.

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene

Conyers

55

4.9

1.9 0.50

S. DeKalb 55

6.4

4.8 1.01

Tucker

47

4.0

3.5 1.28

Yorkville

55 44.0 24.0 11.15

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene

Conyers

55

19

9.3 1.72

S. DeKalb 55

18

9.7 1.87

Tucker

47

29

28 9.00

Yorkville

55

9

3.7 1.45

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene

Conyers

55

2.1

0.65 0.10

S. DeKalb 55

6.4

1.2 0.55

Tucker

47

2.8

2.7 0.75

Yorkville

55

7.8

1.3 0.56

1-Butene

Conyers

55

0.6

0.5 0.18

S. DeKalb 55

3.5

1.5 0.53

Tucker

47

1.4

1.1 0.57

Yorkville

55

0.7

0.7 0.37

1-Pentene

Conyers

55

0.3

0.2 0.04

S. DeKalb 55

0.9

0.7 0.29

Tucker

47

2.4

0.9 0.34

Yorkville

55

1.2

0.7 0.08

2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

Conyers

55

2.5

1.9 0.65

S. DeKalb 55

6.4

5.8 2.23

Tucker

47

8.9

4.4 2.08

Yorkville

55

1.7

1.6 0.70

2,2-Dimethylbenzene

Conyers

55

3.3

2.4 0.42

S. DeKalb 55

2.7

2.2 0.79

Tucker

47

3.8

2.2 0.86

Yorkville

55 20.0

4.8 1.78

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

Conyers

55

0.7

0.6 0.19

S. DeKalb 55

2.2

2.0 0.73

Tucker

47

3.3

1.5 0.74

Yorkville

55

0.5

0.5 0.16

2,3-Dimethylbenzene

Conyers

55

1.3

1.2 0.35

S. DeKalb 55

1.9

1.8 0.73

Tucker

47

2.5

1.9 0.80

Yorkville

55

0.9

0.8 0.27

2,3-Dimethylpentane

Conyers

55

0.6

0.4 0.13

S. DeKalb 55

1.8

1.4 0.50

Tucker

47

1.9

1.0 0.48

Yorkville

55

0.5

0.4 0.07

2,4-Dimethylpentane

Conyers

55

0.6

0.4 0.03

S. DeKalb 55

1.4

1.4 0.35

Tucker

47

1.4

0.7 0.31

Yorkville

55

0.8

0.3 0.04

101

Year-Round PAMS Hydrocarbon Data (con't.)

2-Methylheptane

Conyers

55 0.3 0.2 0.01

S. DeKalb

55 0.9 0.9 0.20

Tucker

47 1.1 1.1 0.26

Yorkville

55 0.3 0.3 0.01

2-Methylhexane

Conyers

55 0.9 0.5 0.13

S. DeKalb

55 1.8 1.7 0.60

Tucker

47 3.0 1.8 0.72

Yorkville

55 0.7 0.5 0.09

2-Methylpentane

Conyers

55 2.5 2.0 0.68

S. DeKalb

55 4.4 4.3 1.76

Tucker

47 6.8 4.2 1.98

Yorkville

55 3.4 1.4 0.56

3-Methylheptane

Conyers

55 0.8 0.3 0.03

S. DeKalb

55 0.7 0.7 0.23

Tucker

47 1.2 0.8 0.29

Yorkville

55 0.6 0.5 0.35

3-Methylhexane

Conyers

55 1.0 0.8 0.17

S. DeKalb

55 2.1 2.1 0.79

Tucker

47 3.7 2.1 0.99

Yorkville

55 2.4 1.5 0.34

3-Methylpentane

Conyers

55 2.2 1.8 0.47

S. DeKalb

55 2.7 2.7 1.10

Tucker

47 4.3 2.7 1.27

Yorkville

55 1.2 0.9 0.35

Acetylene

Conyers

55 3.9 2.9 1.49

S. DeKalb

55 7.2 6.5 3.04

Tucker

47 10.0 8.6 3.08

Yorkville

55 4.5 4.2 2.01

Benzene

Conyers

55 2.3 2.0 0.90

S. DeKalb

55 4.9 4.7 1.97

Tucker

47 7.8 4.8 2.13

Yorkville

55 2.1 1.9 1.01

Butane

Conyers

55 10.0 6.2 2.90

S. DeKalb

55 19.0 18.0 5.95

Tucker

47 25.0 25.0 7.46

Yorkville

55 6.4 6.0 2.30

Cis-2-butene

Conyers

55 0.3 0.2 0.01

S. DeKalb

55 0.6 0.5 0.12

Tucker

47 0.7 0.7 0.15

Yorkville

55 3.0 0.9 0.11

Cis-2-pentene

Conyers

55 0.2 0.2 0.01

S. DeKalb

55 1.6 1.4 0.23

Tucker

47 3.0 2.4 0.28

Yorkville

55 2.3 2.1 0.34

Cyclohexane

Conyers

55 0.7 0.6 0.13

S. DeKalb

55 1.9 0.7 0.31

Tucker

47 1.3 1.2 0.46

Yorkville

55 3.7 0.8 0.30

102

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Year-Round PAMS Hydrocarbon Data (con't.)

Cyclopentane

Conyers

55 2.1 0.7 0.09

S. DeKalb

55 2.5 0.6 0.26

Tucker

47 1.5 0.9 0.30

Yorkville

55 0.7 0.5 0.05

Decane

Conyers

55 9.7 0.5 0.26

S. DeKalb

55 27.0 1.0 0.82

Tucker

47 3.4 2.9 0.92

Yorkville

55 1.6 0.7 0.20

Ethane

Conyers

55 10.0 7.8 3.70

S. DeKalb

55 12.0 11.0 5.48

Tucker

47 13.0 13.0 5.66

Yorkville

55 13.0 8.5 4.17

Ethylbenzene

Conyers

55 1.8 0.9 0.35

S. DeKalb

55 5.5 2.9 1.00

Tucker

47 3.9 2.4 1.00

Yorkville

55 1.3 1.1 0.37

Ethylene

Conyers

55 4.1 3.3 1.35

S. DeKalb

55 7.3 6.5 2.79

Tucker

47 9.8 6.9 2.45

Yorkville

55 4.0 3.7 1.37

Heptane

Conyers

55 0.6 0.6 0.17

S. DeKalb

55 2.2 1.4 0.63

Tucker

47 3.0 1.9 0.80

Yorkville

55 0.6 0.6 0.16

Hexane

Conyers

55 3.8 2.7 0.75

S. DeKalb

55 4.5 3.5 1.32

Tucker

47 4.7 3.6 1.34

Yorkville

55 2.0 1.2 0.51

Isobutane

Conyers

55 3.0 2.7 1.09

S. DeKalb

55 5.6 5.3 2.27

Tucker

47 8.4 8.0 2.56

Yorkville

55 4.8 4.3 1.53

Isopentane

Conyers

55 9.9 7.4 3.02

S. DeKalb

55 18.0 17.0 6.72

Tucker

47 27.0 19.0 8.03

Yorkville

55 6.2 4.0 2.02

Isoprene

Conyers

55 16.0 9.3 2.48

S. DeKalb

55 15.0 14.0 2.51

Tucker

47 18.0 8.1 2.41

Yorkville

55 13.0 12.0 2.23

Isopropylbenzene

Conyers

55 0.7 0.2 0.02

S. DeKalb

55 5.3 2.0 0.18

Tucker

47 0.6 0.6 0.13

Yorkville

55 0.6 0.6 0.14

m & p Xylenes

Conyers

55 2.9 2.7 1.01

S. DeKalb

55 9.3 8.9 3.02

Tucker

47 12.0 7.8 3.23

Yorkville

55 3.4 2.9 1.07

103

Year-Round PAMS Hydrocarbon Data (con't.)

Metadiethylbenzene

Conyers

55 0.7 0.3

S. DeKalb

55 0.8 0.3

Tucker

47 1.5 0.5

Yorkville

55 0.2 0.2

Metaethyltoluene

Conyers

55 4.3 3.9

S. DeKalb

55 5.0 2.4

Tucker

47 5.3 5.2

Yorkville

55 28.0 2.1

Methylcyclohexane

Conyers

55 0.4 0.4

S. DeKalb

55 1.2 1.0

Tucker

47 1.4 1.3

Yorkville

55 0.4 0.3

Methylcyclopentane

Conyers

55 1.7 1.5

S. DeKalb

55 1.5 1.4

Tucker

47 2.2 1.7

Yorkville

55 0.6 0.5

Nonane

Conyers

55 5.6 0.4

S. DeKalb

55 16.0 1.1

Tucker

47 2.3 2.1

Yorkville

55 0.6 0.5

n-Propylbenzene

Conyers

55 1.7 0.9

S. DeKalb

55 2.7 0.7

Tucker

47 1.5 1.5

Yorkville

55 1.6 0.9

Octane

Conyers

55 1.0 0.4

S. DeKalb

55 2.7 1.6

Tucker

47 2.0 1.7

Yorkville

55 1.4 1.2

Orthoethyltoluene

Conyers

55 0.7 0.6

S. DeKalb

55 2.1 0.9

Tucker

47 4.6 2.1

Yorkville

55 1.8 1.8

o-Xylene

Conyers

55 1.8 1.3

S. DeKalb

55 4.4 3.6

Tucker

47 5.1 3.9

Yorkville

55 2.1 2.0

PAMSHC

Conyers

40.0 96.0 83.9

S. DeKalb

41.0 241.9 151.2

Tucker

34.0 280.0 152.0

Yorkville

43.0 67.6 65.8

Paradiethybenzene

Conyers

55.0 1.0 0.4

S. DeKalb

55.0 2.7 0.9

Tucker

55.0 2.0 1.8

Yorkville

55.0 16.0 0.7

Paraethyltoluene

Conyers

55.0 4.9 4.3

S. DeKalb

55.0 4.1 3.6

Tucker

55.0 2.8 2.6

Yorkville

55.0 1.6 1.6

0.02 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.49 1.04 1.44 1.23 0.09 0.33 0.41 0.04 0.36 0.60 0.76 0.23 0.14 0.55 0.61 0.19 0.07 0.27 0.39 0.24 0.08 0.36 0.52 0.50 0.05 0.35 0.62 0.66 0.61 1.45 1.61 0.86 40.25 83.47 94.09 57.50 0.06 0.37 0.58 0.50 1.28 1.16 0.74 0.63

104

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Year-Round PAMS Hydrocarbon Data (con't.)

Pentane

Conyers

55.0 5.9

4.9

S. DeKalb

55.0 9.0

8.4

Tucker

55.0 29.0 15.0

Yorkville

55.0 3.7

2.8

Propane

Conyers

55.0 9.7

8.2

S. DeKalb

55.0 13.0 11.0

Tucker

55.0 14.0 13.0

Yorkville

55.0 13.0 13.0

Propylene

Conyers

55.0 1.5

1.4

S. DeKalb

55.0 12.0 4.0

Tucker

55.0 5.5

4.0

Yorkville

55.0 1.4

1.4

Styrene

Conyers

55.0 1.5

0.6

S. DeKalb

55.0 2.3

0.9

Tucker

55.0 1.1

1.0

Yorkville

55.0 7.9

5.7

TNMOC

Conyers

55.0 240.0 220.0

S.DeKalb

55.0 420.0 270.0

Tucker

55.0 410.0 310.0

Yorkville

55.0 640.0 530.0

Toluene

Conyers

55.0 15.0 15.0

S.DeKalb

55.0 47.0 14.0

Tucker

55.0 24.0 17.0

Yorkville

55.0 6.1

4.4

Trans-2-butene

Conyers

55.0 0.0

0.0

S.DeKalb

55.0 0.7

0.5

Tucker

55.0 0.8

0.8

Yorkville

55.0 2.2

2.1

Trans-2-pentene

Conyers

55.0 0.4

0.3

S.DeKalb

55.0 1.4

0.8

Tucker

55.0 1.1

1.0

Yorkville

55.0 25.0 2.5

Undecane

Conyers

55.0 5.4

0.4

S.DeKalb

55.0 12.0 0.8

Tucker

55.0 2.2

1.5

Yorkville

55.0 0.8

0.7

1.68 3.40 5.10 1.20 3.87 5.53 5.55 6.78 0.59 1.67 1.59 0.71 0.17 0.42 0.41 1.61 87.98 144.24 171.11 208.52 3.00 6.75 6.80 1.95 0.00 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.02 0.28 0.31 0.63 0.15 0.47 0.58 0.22

105

Volatile Organic Compounds
The compounds listed below were monitored in 2002. These compounds include emissions from vehicles and stationary sources. In most cases, significant reportable concentrations were either not detected or below the detection limit of the analytical method. Those compounds that did have reportable concentrations are presented on pages 78 through 80.

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethylene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 1,3-Butadiene 1,3-Dichlorobenzene

1,4-Dichlorobenzene 4-Ethyltoluene Benzene Benzyl Chloride Bromomethane Carbon Tetrachloride Chlorobenzene Chloroethane Chloroethene Chloroform Chloromethane cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene cis-1,3-Dichloropropene Cyclohexane

Dichlorodifluoromethane Ethylbenzene Freon 11 Freon 113 Freon 114 Hexachlorobutadiene Methylene Chloride o-Xylene p,m-Xylene Styrene Tetrachloroethylene Toluene trans-1,3-Dichloropropene Trichloroethylene

106

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Volatile Organic Compounds

(in micrograms per cubic meter)

Name

Site

TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE (Freon 11) Warner Robbins

Gainseville

Dawsonville

Columbus

Augusta

TRICHLOROETHYLENE

Rome

TOLUENE

Yorkville

Warner Robbins

Valdosta

Utoy Creek

Savannah

Rome

Milledgeville

Macon

Gainseville

Dawsonville

Columbus

Coffee

Burnswick

Augusta

TETRACHLOROETHYLENE

Rome

O-XYLENE (o-Dimethylbenzene)

Warner Robbins

Gainseville

Columbus

Augusta

METHYL CHLOROFORM (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) Savannah

Milledgeville

Dawsonville

M/P XYLENE (m & p-Dimethylbenzene)

Warner Robbins

Utoy Creek

Rome

Gainseville Columbus Burnswick

Augusta

ETHYLBENZENE

Utoy Creek

#Samp
27 41 27 28 21 25 28 27 21 27 31 25 28 26 41 27 28 29 25 21 25 27 41 28 21 31 28 27 27 27 25 41 28 25 21 27

#Detects
1 2 1 3 1 1 1 4 4 18 12 13 4 3 17 1 12 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 31 27 1 1 3 2 6 2 1 3 1

Avg.
0.20 0.15 0.11 0.32 0.15 0.20 0.10 0.69 3.22 6.38 1.75 5.92 0.34 0.27 1.62 0.07 1.70 0.10 0.31 2.33 0.19 0.08 0.05 0.08 0.23 15.78 7.97 0.11 0.23 0.32 0.21 0.49 0.34 0.11 0.88 0.25

1st Max
5.36 2.97 2.91 3.08 3.19 4.91 2.60 9.56 3.82 37.08 14.53 99.39 3.29 2.45 13.38 1.99 10.70 2.94 8.03 10.32 4.75 2.29 2.25 2.25 2.51 33.22 12.74 2.77 6.17 3.17 2.69 6.61 6.61 2.87 7.05 6.61

2nd Max
0.00 2.91 0.00 2.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.40 3.21 24.85 6.12 8.79 2.22 2.33 6.50 0.00 5.73 0.00 0.00 8.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.29 27.13 11.63 0.00 0.00 3.13 2.47 3.44 2.78 0.00 7.05 0.00

107

DICHLODIFLUOROROMETHANE CYCLOHEXANE CHLOROMETHANE CHLOROFORM

Volatile Organic Compounds (con't.)

Yorkville

28

20

Warner Robbins 27

22

Valdosta

21

18

Utoy Creek

27

22

Savannah

31

24

Rome

25

20

Milledgeville

28

20

Macon

26

19

Gainseville Dawsonville Columbus Coffee Burnswick Augusta

41

32

27

24

28

20

29

23

25

17

21

18

Yorkville

28

1

Warner Robbins 27

3

Valdosta

21

4

Savannah

31

6

Rome

25

3

Milledgeville

28

3

Macon

26

2

Columbus

28

3

Coffee

29

8

Burnswick

25

1

Augusta

21

8

Yorkville

28

9

Warner Robbins 27

10

Valdosta

21

8

Utoy Creek

27

14

Savannah

31

20

Rome

25

12

Milledgeville

28

10

Macon

26

13

Gainseville

41

12

Dawsonville

27

16

Columbus

28

11

Coffee

29

19

Burnswick

25

17

Augusta

21

13

Utoy Creek

27

1

Gainseville

41

2

1.56 1.62 1.70 1.73 1.65 1.65 1.48 1.49 1.60 1.94 1.44 1.65 1.32 1.78 0.14 1.27 1.21 5.61 28.38 1.67 0.54 1.75 8.68 0.29 2.96 0.41 0.42 0.51 0.60 0.84 0.58 0.44 0.58 0.37 0.75 0.46 0.88 0.86 0.65 0.20 1.78

2.82 2.26 2.50 2.61 3.03 2.71 2.68 2.68 2.33 3.45 2.40 2.78 2.40 2.96 3.84 16.43 12.23 87.37 559.19 34.95 11.88 34.95 213.19 7.34 18.52 1.55 1.22 1.32 1.61 1.97 1.43 1.57 1.51 1.49 1.93 1.38 1.76 1.74 4.61 5.45 37.67

2.57 2.26 2.29 2.54 2.89 2.43 2.57 2.29 2.33 2.89 2.36 2.71 2.26 2.54 0.00 9.09 8.39 59.41 80.38 6.29 2.13 11.53 15.03 7.34 10.83 1.28 1.22 1.30 1.32 1.82 1.40 1.53 1.36 1.19 1.40 1.22 1.63 1.66 1.93 0.00 35.19

108

BENZENE
4-ETHYLTOLUENE 1-2-4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Volatile Organic Compounds (con't.)

Warner Robbins 27

2

Valdosta

21

3

Utoy Creek

27

6

Savannah

31

1

Rome

25

2

Milledgeville

28

1

Gainseville

41

5

Dawsonville

27

1

Columbus

28

5

Burnswick

25

2

Augusta

21

5

Warner Robbins 27

1

Milledgeville

28

1

Augusta

21

1

Yorkville

28

1

Warner Robbins 27

1

Milledgeville

28

1

Gainseville

41

1

Columbus

28

1

Augusta

21

2

0.14

2.07

1.72

0.28

2.27

1.88

0.52

2.92

2.69

0.05

1.62

0.00

0.18

2.46

2.04

0.07

1.85

0.00

0.34

5.51

2.33

0.06

1.62

0.00

0.47

4.54

3.24

0.17

2.56

1.88

0.72

4.86

3.89

0.09

2.49

0.00

0.09

2.54

0.00

0.14

2.99

0.00

0.14

3.69

0.00

0.10

2.69

0.00

0.16

4.39

0.00

0.08

3.34

0.00

0.10

2.89

0.00

0.32

3.74

2.89

109

Compound Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Actetone
Acrolein Propionaldehyde Butylaldehyde
Benzaldehyde

Carbonyl Compounds- 24 hour

(in micrograms per cubic meter)

Site

#Samp #Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Tucker1

58

57 17.77 48.89 44.82

South Dekalb1

59

57 17.19 37.56 30.52

Brunswick2

30

9

0.76 4.86 2.94

Dawsonville2

28

17

1.62 15.11 4.46

Savannah2

29

5

0.39 3.04 2.56

Tucker1

57

56

3.23 6.98 5.82

South Dekalb1

58

56

6.07 8.13 8.09

Brunswick2

30

8

0.42 2.20 1.99

Dawsonville2

27

13

0.68 1.96 1.91

Savannah2

29

4

0.25 2.37 1.95

Tucker1

44

39

9.50 195.51 29.34

South Dekalb1

49

38 12.42 238.23 98.78

Brunswick2

21

7

0.55 2.22 2.09

Dawsonville2

28

15

7.60 119.76 6.12

Savannah2

29

7

2.70 41.94 5.55

Tucker1

56

1

0.02 1.22

0

South Dekalb1

59

4

0.11 1.94 1.76

Tucker1

54

3

0.07 1.44 1.28

South Dekalb1

57

29

0.87 2.23 2.21

Brunswick2

29

1

0.05 1.55

0

Tucker1

57

5

0.16 2.44 2.21

South Dekalb1

60

37

1.34 4.11 3.52

Brunswick2

30

1

0.07 1.99

0

Dawsonville2

28

2

0.1 1.4

1.1

Savannah2

29

1

0.17 4.89

0

Tucker1

58

20

0.91 5.76 4.88

South Dekalb1

61

27

1.15 5.69 4.57

Brunswick2

30

3

0.26 4.51 2.04

Dawsonville2

28

4

0.41 3.57 2.88

Savannah2

29

2

0.18 3.63 1.63

1 - 6 day samples

2 - 12 day samples

110

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Compound Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde

Carbonyl Compounds- 3 hour

(in micrograms per cubic meter)

Site

#Samp #Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Tucker 0600

31

29

7.43 13.2 12.1

0900 31

28

9.17 16.1 14.8

1200 31

27

9.34 16.5 13.7

1500 31

28 10.16 24.2 18.1

SDK 0600

31

30 26.07 31.9 31.9

0900 31

31 31.59 42.9 40.4

1200 31

30 33.79 42.1 41.8

1500 31

31 33.03 43.7 41.5

Tucker 0600

31

0900 31

28

2.18 4.5

3.8

26

2.83 5.5

5.5

1200 31

27

3.49 7.1

6

1500 31

28

3.12 5.5

5.5

SDK 0600

31

30

6.4 10.4

9.3

0900 31

31

7.8 18.7

9.9

1200 31

30

7.7 9.9

9.8

1500 31

21

7.3 9.8

8.8

111

Compound Benzo(a)anthracene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Benzo(k)fluoranthene Fluoranthene Phenanthrene Benzo(e)pyrene

Semi-Volatile Compounds

(in micrograms per cubic meter)

Site

#Samp #Detects Avg. 1st Max 2nd Max

Augusta

27

3 0.00021 0.00369 0.00183

Utoy Creek 31

1 0.00093 0.02877 0

Utoy Creek 31

1 0.00001 0.00018 0

Utoy Creek 31

1 0.00010 0.00296 0

Utoy Creek 31

1 0.00023 0.00724 0

Utoy Creek 31

1 0.00001 0.00035 0

112

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Heavy Metals

(in micrograms per cubic meter)

Name Site

#Samp #Detects Avg.

Aresnic Coffee Valdosta

31 1 30 1

0.00109 0.00067

Beryllium Coffee

31 1

0.00107

Cadmium Yorkville

30 2

Warner Robbins 29 1

Utoy Creek

30 1

Savannah

31 1

Macon

26 1

Gainesville

39 3

0.00006 0.00004 0.00134 0.00003 0.00003 0.00008

Chromium Augusta Coffee

30 1 31 1

0.00013 0.00112

Lead

Yorkville

30 23

Warner Robbins 29 30

Valdosta

30 28

Utoy Creek

30 29

Savannah

31 30

Rome

28 28

Milledgeville

27 27

Macon

26 26

Gainesville

40 40

Dawsonville

30 28

Columbus

30 30

Coffee

31 30

Burnswick

29 26

Augusta

30 30

0.00140 0.00209 0.00247 0.00415 0.00304 0.00337 0.00290 0.00319 0.00311 0.00189 0.00486 0.00162 0.00194 0.00373

1st Max 2nd Max 0.03365 0.00000 0.02004 0.00000 0.03312 0.00000 0.00064 0.00075 0.00074 0.00000 0.00066 0.00059 0.00062 0.00000 0.00062 0.00000 0.00068 0.00068 0.00382 0.00000 0.03470 0.00000 0.00365 0.00289 0.00465 0.00424 0.01595 0.00426 0.01538 0.01090 0.00769 0.00768 0.01484 0.00636 0.00751 0.00589 0.01718 0.00808 0.01229 0.00938 0.00519 0.00367 0.02605 0.02279 0.00496 0.00324 0.00546 0.00503 0.01846 0.00660

113

Manganese Nickel Selenium

Volatile Organic Compounds (con't.)

Yorkville

30 27 0.00362 0.01109

Warner Robbins 29

29

0.00594 0.01379

Valdosta

30 27 0.00363 0.01017

Utoy Creek

30 30 0.00698 0.01520

Savannah

31 31 0.00667 0.03018

Rome

28 27 0.00648 0.02428

Milledgeville

27 26 0.00509 0.02037

Macon

26 26 0.00725 0.02662

Gainesville

40 40 0.00749 0.02691

Dawsonville

30 29 0.00465 0.01764

Columbus

30 30 0.00852 0.03027

Coffee

31 30 0.00608 0.03943

Burnswick

29 28 0.00373 0.02258

Augusta

30 30 0.00913 0.02494

Yorkville

30

1

0.00022 0.00658

Warner Robbins 29

1

0.00026 0.00760

Valdosta

30

2

0.00026 0.00389

Utoy Creek

30

1

0.00033 0.00997

Rome

28

1

0.00012 0.00338

Gainesville

40

1

0.00018 0.00701

Dawsonville

30

1

0.00026 0.00794

Coffee

31

2

0.00129 0.03575

Burnswick

29

5

0.00014 0.01169

Augusta

30

1

0.00030 0.00896

Yorkville

30

1

0.00014 0.00411

Savannah

31

1

0.00010 0.00311

Rome

28

1

0.00019 0.00542

Macon

26

1

0.00013 0.00331

Gainesville

40

1

0.00008 0.00329

Dawsonville

30

1

0.00012 0.00374

Coffee

31

1

0.00543 0.16824

Augusta

30

6

0.00078 0.00599

0.01020 0.01375 0.00844 0.01441 0.01642 0.01460 0.01295 0.01977 0.02000 0.01748 0.02497 0.02338 0.00622 0.02173 0.00000 0.00000 0.00379 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00422 0.00697 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00379

114

Zinc

2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report

Volatile Organic Compounds (con't.)

Yorkville

30 29 0.01248 0.05444

Warner Robbins 29 29 0.01687 0.05793

Valdosta

30 30 0.01682 0.03606

Utoy Creek

30 30 0.06012 0.31688

Savannah

31 31 0.02155 0.04736

Rome

28 28 0.02158 0.05084

Milledgeville

27 27 0.01374 0.05684

Macon

26 26 0.03175 0.18639

Gainesville

40 40 0.02497 0.05324

Dawsonville

30 30 0.01361 0.02857

Columbus

30 30 0.02558 0.10092

Coffee

31 31 0.01865 0.06410

Burnswick

29 29 0.01741 0.05035

Augusta

30 30 0.01762 0.03385

0.03855 0.02912 0.03189 0.31235 0.04490 0.04298 0.02312 0.11375 0.04661 0.02837 0.04377 0.03745 0.04202 0.03342

115

REFERENCES:
http://www.epa.gov/oar/aqtrnd97/brochure/pb.html http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/basicfac.html
[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 40, Volume 2, Parts 50 to 51] [Revised as of July 1, 1998]
Measuring Air Quality: The Pollutant Standards Index; Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US EPA; EPA 451/K-94-001; February 1994.
GADNR, 2002. Annual Report on the Quality of Georgia's Air. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.
GADNR, 1996a. The 1994 Chatham County Air Toxics Study, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.
GADNR, 1996b. 1996 Glynn county Initiative: air Toxics Dataset Ground Level Measurements, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.
GADNR, 1993. Toxic Release Inventory Report, 1991. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection Division. Atlanta, Georgia.
Macintosh, David L., Zimmer-Dauphinee, Susan A., Manning, Randall O., and Williams, Phillip L., 2000. Aldehyde Concentrations in Ambient Air of Coastal Georgia, U.S.A. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 63: 409-429.
ATSDR, 1997. Toxicological Profile for Benzene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 1999. Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 1999. ToxFaqsTM for Acrolein. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
ATSDR, 1990. Toxicological Profile for Acrolein. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
U.S. EPA, 2003. Integrated Risk Information System, Acrolein. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
ATSDR, 1993. Toxicological Profile for 1,3-Butadiene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia.
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2003 Georgia Annual Air Quality Report
ATSDR, 1993. Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. U.S. EPA, 1994. OPPT Chemical Fact Sheet, Chemicals in the environment: 1,2,4trimethylbenzene (CAS No. 95-63-6). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA, 2004. Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Value Database. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia. ATSDR, 2000. Toxicological Profile for Chromium. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Registry, Atlanta, Georgia. U.S. EPA, 2004. National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) project. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, OAQPS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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