Report and recommendations of the state Game and Fish Commissioner [1913]

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GEORGIA
DEPARTMENT OF
GAME AND FISH
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
OF THE
State Game and Fish Commissioner
JUNE 1912-13.
JESSE E. MERCER, Commissioner.

1913
The A. J. Showalter Co., Printers, Dalton, Ga.

REPORT OF
STATE GAME AND FISH COMMISSIONER.
To the Honorable John M. Slaton, Governor, and Members of the General Assembly of Georgia
I have the honor to report the following facts and recommendations touching the game laws of the state, and their enforcement
The last Summer's amendments to the act of August 21, 1911, have proven helpful and beneficial, but it may be necessary to still further amend and enlarge the law, and perfect its several provisions from time to time until the birds, game animals and fish have the benefit of the full protection contemplated by the friends and advocates of the law in Georgia, and equal to the
protection given to wild life in other states.
THE WARDEN SYSTEM.
Compared with the systems in operation in the other states and countries, and after nearly two years' trial, it is apparent that our warden system is as near perfect as can be made at the present time, and compares favorably with any system yet adopted in any of the states.
It will eventually become necessary to spend much more of the revenue raised from sales of licenses for wardens per-diem directions provided for in section five of the act of August 21, 1911.
That very wise provision of the law might be easily abused, but in the hands of a conscientious com>missioner, it is one of the most essential of all the provisions of the law, and necessary to the success of the warden system. It frequently becomes necessary to put a deputy on a per-diem basis where the local officers become careless or indifferent or where the law-breakers become threatening or menacing.
A -- complete warden organization has been effected in the 148 counties (in
three or four counties it might be improved, and is receiving the special attention of this Department). In the selection of county wardens, I have been
governed almost entirely by the recommendations of the people, who have
manifested an interest in the enforcement of the law in their respective coun-
ties. The selection of deputy wardens I have left largely to the county wardens, although I have sometimes appointed deputy wardens without reference to the county wardens, on the recommendations and endorsements of interested and public-spirited citizens, where the circumstances of the case seem to require such action.
There are 148 county wardens on the rolls of this Department, and 2,264 deputies. Most of them have rendered the state excellent and unselfish service, and have been conscientious in the matter of enforcing the law ; some have spent considerable time, taken unusual risks, and spent some money
without a dollar's compensation. The courts, as a rule, impose the minimum fine of $10.00, but in a number of instances they, curiously, ignore that provision of the law fixing a minimum penalty of $10.00 to be participated in by the prosecutor and the county warden ; in a number of instances a fine of
$10.00 "to include the costs," has been imposed, and sometimes a fine of $1.00 has been imposed, all of which tends to the discouragement of the wardens and prosecutors. The wardens, as a rule, do not complain in cases w'here the courts have imposed a prison sentence, but where a fine below the minimum,
-- or where twenty-five or thirty dollar fines have been imposed "to include
costs" which means that it will be divided between the Solicitor, Clerk and

4

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Sheriff, to the exclusion of the wardens, they regard it a discrimination against

them as officers, clearly entitled under the law to participate in at least a

$10.00 fine.

I would not mention the facts in this report, but for the reason that it is

a difficult matter to find capable and conscientious wardens in the many

hundred militia districts of the state, and these acts of apparent discrimina-

A tion are always discouraging.

few of the Judges of the Superior and of

City Courts have utterly ignored section 12 of the act of August 31, 1911, and

often the court officers ignore the provision of section five, providing that

all fines and forfeitures shall be divided between the prosecutor, county war-

den and this Department.

LAW OBSERVANCE.

The game laws have been much more generally observed and effectively enforced than its most ardent friends expected or hoped for when the law was enacted. As a rule the law's enforcement has been accomplished without unusual friction. There are at least two exceptions to that rule, where it became necessary to send deputies to enforce the law and compel respect for
the rights of others, as provided under its provisions. Several hundred prosecutions under the law have resulted in a large number of convictions.

DOVE BAITING.

Probably the most drastic provision of the game law is section 14, providing the extreme penalty of $1,000 and 12 months in prison under section 1065
of the code, for the crime of dove baiting and shooting doves over baited field, yet it has been most outrageously violated in certain sections of the State. I have no recommendation to make as to amendment or change of that provision of the law, but confess that something should be done to impress the public mind with the importance of giving the doves the protection con-
templated by that section. It may become necessary to make it a crime to kill doves in any manner for a term of years, for they may be easily exterminated
by the baiting process, as they will congregate in a baited field, practically all of them, within a radius of 100 miles; thus it is plain that less than one dozen
baited fields in Southern and Middle Georgia may attract practically all of
the doves in the State, and they will remain in or near the field to be slaugh-
tered almost to the last dove. Georgia may have an abundance of doves within two or three years, or they may be almost entirely exterminated, de-
pending largely on the matter of baited fields. In view of the failure of the courts to convict the flagrant violations of
section 14, I strongly recommend an amendment forbidding the killing of doves under any circumstances for a term or 3 or 5 years, believing that such a law is necessary to educate the public mind on the importance of preserving that species of bird life, as well as to give the doves a much-needed respite.

GAME CONDITIONS IN THE STATE.

Wild life, game birds and animals are the property of the State, a very
important asset, the great value of which has been underestimated by most
people.
Since the Legislature, nearly two years ago, took cognizance of the State's proprietorship and passed laws for the protection of the more important species of game birds and of deer and squirrel, a much larger number of people have recognized the great worth of birds as insect destroyers, and the table value of the wild animal species protected under the law.
While the public mind has been in a measure impressed, a great deal yet
remains to be done in that field of endeavor ; entirely too many people, otherwise law-abiding, look on the game laws merely as rules established for the

REPORT GAME AND PISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

5

conduct of sportmen and citizens who seek game, birds or fish as items of diet. Many reputable gentlemen who feel a pride in their rating as law-
abioing citizens, have thoughtlessly placed themselves in the criminal class by violating various sections of the law of August 21, 1911.
But those things are merely incidental to the campaign of game conservation that was launched in this state less than two years ago by the adoption of the warden system, and which beyond all question has accomplished
wonders already for the wild life, several important species of which had become almost extinct.
DOVES.
The Carolina dove, sometimes called the turtle dove, but distinctly differ-
ent from the turtle dove of the old country, have been slaughtered within the past decade until the large flocks of thirty or fifty years ago exist only
in the memory of the older people. The merciless slaughter that has scandalized Georgia, attracted the atten-
tion of the Legislature as far back as 1898 and dove baiting was then placed
in the list of crimes, but it is probably true that nine-tenths of the doves killed in the state since the passage of the act have been killed in direct violation of the dove baiting section, 587 of the criminal code, and it must be admitted that while the law is plain and direct and the penalty severe, dove baiting has been shockingly frequent this and last season, and the most puzzling
feature connected with this violation is the fact that many of the participants in the barbarous crime are men who stand high in their counties and home
communities.
If the Legislature should make it unlawful to kill a dove in any manner at any time for two, three or four years, the effort to enforce such a law would probably so impress the public mind that that important species of bird life might be saved from extinction.
QUAIL.
The Georgia bob-white is, of course, our greatest game bird, in point of numbers and in many other respects, important as insect destroyers, the sportman's delight and a very popular article of diet. Under the protection of the game law and a well organized warden system, together with very favorable natural conditions, they have increased in numbers amazingly and every part of the state is now fairly well stocked with them. In some sections they are very numerous, so much so that we have had quite a number of complaints of their depredations in pea fields and destroying other crops. The sportsmen have killed a great many the past season, but there is evidently a disposition to conserve them and. as a rule, several pairs are left of every covey flushed by the hunter, although the bag limit is sometimes exceeded. It is probably true that more than half of every crop of quail are sacrificed before
the hunting season opens by four-footed animals, hawks, snakes, fires and floods, all taking liberal toll of the quail crop, thus the gunners evidently get
much less than half.
No doubt the greatest enemy or destroyer of quail life is the prowling dog. Georgia has more than one-half million of them, and many hundred
thousands spend the day or a part of each day in spring looking for birds' nests, and quail are their easiest prey. Forest and Stream publishes on that subject in a recent issue the following significant account:
The Devastating Dog.
"Two or three years ago Forest and Stream urged strongly that the different
states pass laws forbidding owners of dogs to permit them to run at large. Rills to carry out this suggestion were introduced in several states, but met

6

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

with opposition. The fox hunters especially were indignant that anybody should suggest that the hounds that they found so effective in chasing foxes would interfere with ground-nesting birds.
"On the other hand, gunners and naturalists declared their belief, and gave
their reasons, that the farmer's dog and the fox-hound, and, in fact, any other dog that runs loose through the summer, is very destructive to all ground-
nesting birds, and tlhat means, of course, to all game birds. "The late Bernard Waters, whose experience was far greater than of any-
one who reads these words, often declared that the self-hunting dog was far more dangerous to wild birds than was the self-hunting cat. I believe there
is no doubt about that.
"Occasionally I am fortunate enough to be able to spend Sunday in the country, usually in Connecticut. Within two or three weeks some examples
of the harm done, or likely to be done, by dogs running at large, have come
under my observation. "A little niece who rides much on horseback and is usually followed by one
or two of the household dogs, told me that the week before last While riding slowly along the road by a swamp the family fox-hound that had followed her came out of the woods with a dying partridge in its mouth.
A day or two later, riding along a wood road, a great dane which was follow-
ing her, made a sort of lunge at a brush pile not far away, from which brush pile emerged a partridge which, by pretending to be injured, lured the dog onward for forty or fifty yards and then left it. Except for the device of the bird, the dog would probably have found the partridge's nest and destroyed it. Another member of the family out walking within half a mile of where this last incident occurred, accompanied by the fox-hound above mentioned, saw the fox-Jhound go into a little covert and immediately emerge again, following an apparently wounded partridge, which presently took wing. Finally, on
June 1, as I was on my way to inspect a nest where for two or three weeks I
-- had been watching a sitting partridge, I intercepted two dogs one bearing -- some resemblance to a fox-hound, the other a cur apparently on the way to
this nest, and close to it. I drove them away by the use of clubs and bad language, and when I reached the nest, found that the bird had hatched a day or two earlier, and apparently taken her little ones off in safety.
"I believe, and I think most upland shooters and naturalists will agree, that
in the summer dogs destroy far more birds than do cats. Of course, cats kill
an occasional individual bird, but the dogs gobble up a whole nest full of eggs. or the young ones if they have hatched."
Wild Dogs.
It is not generally known that we have wild dogs in some sections of Georgia. Only recently a large "pack" of them (they go in packs, like wolves),
gave considerable trouble near Dalton, in Whitfield County, and they were
killed off by citizens who suffered from their depredations and nightly raids
on their sheep, chicken yards and other property. In this connection it might not be amiss to call attention to the fact that
-- free access to the hunting and fishing grounds of the State is about to result in
a new menace wild negroes. On the 13th of June, last, a South Georgia paper, referring to the capture of a member of a gang of negroes inhabiting the swamps of the section, used the following language
"The negroes are said to hide in the creek during the daytime and come out at night and prowl around the neighborhood, stealing food from the people in that section. They go into the negro houses and demand food, threatening to kill the negroes if they do not come across with the eats. They are said to be armed, reports stating that one has a Winchester rifle."
Quail, Georgia's greatest game asset, are in evidence in abundance in

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

7

nearly every county, increasing and thriving in all parts of the state. Unlike
the dove, it would be a difficult matter to exterminate Bob White, and while the man with the gun is the greatest enemy of the dove, that is not true in
the case of the quail ; indeed, the sportsman is the quail's greatest friend ; it is
the sportsman who reports and prosecutes the game hog, the pot hunter and trapper; the class of hunters who would exterminate a covey to the last bird; it is the sportsman who gives the quail the greatest protection from' fourfooted enemies and from hawks and snakes ; it is the true sportsman who refuses to kill the covey down to the last pair, but leaves a sufficient number of birds to reproduce two or three covies the next season. From the sportsman
this Department gets its greatest encouragement, and most of its revenue.
If quail can be protected from the feral cat, the half-breed setter and pointer, and suck-egg hound and cur, (five hundred thousand of them roaming the fields and woods every day in the year and very active during the hatch-
ing season), there would be many thousand more of quail for the hunters. Next to the half million prowling dogs the wild house cats destroy more birds than any other animal. The dogs are particularly destructive of the quail in
the nesting season while the cats destroy mainly insectiverous and song birds.
Notwithstanding their many enemies, the Georgia Bob White is hardy and alert, and he is very numerous at the present time. In this state Ave find the
climatic conditions ideal, and the cover is excellent with ranges about the farms that cannot be excelled in any state in the Union, and it is probable that
we have here a great many more quail than any other state.
Man has been on earth as man or in his present form, with somewhat
similar tastes, probably one million five hundred thousand years ; scientists differ as to the length of time, some claim that it has been three million years
since man began to dominate this world in his present shape, exercise his dominion over all the beasts of the field. As to just how long he has used,
birds as an item of diet will never be known. It was in the true bird that the Soul of Nature was first manifested. Long
before the true bird appeared upon the scene there were great bird-like rep-
tilian creatures flying through the murky air ; but we may be sure that they
did not sing. Nature has a fine sense of the "fitness of things," and it would have been the very madness of incongruity to have attempted to make Archeopteryx warble.
-- -- But by and by very late, geologically speaking real birds came, and in
the first bird-song Nature gave the earliest intimation of the fact that She was more than material, that underneath the material lay the Spiritual, that She had a soul as well as a body.
Speaking of civilization, one of the best signs of the fact that it is at
last really beginning to make itself felt in human society is to be found in this same widespread interest in the birds.
For a long, long time, civilization, so called, was largely material and brutal ; then came the civilization that was somewhat less coarse and hard, but characterized by utilitarianism and the practical ; and now, in spots, at least, the human world is beginning to be influenced by the sense of Beauty-- the spiritual beauty that trembles in the throats and shines in the plumage of our "little brothers of the air," the birds.
Man's life began as a hunter, and it was as a hunter that he first came in
touch with the birds. He hunted the birds for food. He was hungry and
felt that there was no better use to which he could put the birds than to kill
them and eat them. It is a long call from primitive man to Modern Woman,
but Modern Woman is as vain as primitive man was savage, and she orders
the bird killed, not to eat (she has plenty of other things to eat), but to gratify
her vanity, the barbaric trait that is still strong in some men and most women. The discovery that birds were desirable as an item of diet wds important in

8

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

its time, but the more modern discovery that Nature designed them as an indispensable part of her great balance wheel is vastly more important. Birds are valuable and desirable as food, but vastly more important as a protection to crops and vegetation.
WOODCOCKS.
The woodcock comes in unexpected and unaccountable flights, but usually in limited numbers and, except on the coast, do not attract general notice.
SNIPE AND PLOVER.
Snipe and plover may be found in normal numbers, but are not sufficiently
numerous, although increasing under the protection of the law, to be considered important.
MIGRATORY DUCK.
The flights of migratory ducks, particularly in the coast counties, have been large and numerous and the ducks on the coast have stayed well the past season in spite of the very mild weather. It is possible that we will never have the great numbers of migratory ducks that formerly visited our shores, interior lakes and streams, for the reason that they are not so numerous on the continent, millions of them having been slaughtered every spring, and for the further reason that we no longer have the rice fields, splendid feeding
grounds, that once characterized the Georgia coast country.
THE SUMMER DUCK.
There is every indication that the beautiful and popular summer duck so
carefully guarded by the letter of the law and jealously protected by the war-
dens of the state are increasing rapidly in many sections of the state. This
spring and summer's hatch has been unusually large and there are hundreds of the young ducklings in the ponds and streams of middle and lower Georgia.
WILD TURKEYS.
The aristocratic wild turkey, once common to all sections of Georgia, have been exterminated in many sections of the state, and two years ago a few
scattered bunches represented the remnant of a once numerous family. In extreme Southwest Georgia they are still quite numerous, hundreds of them between the Chattahoochee and the Little rivers. Of course, there are wild turkeys scattered in other sections of the state, particularly on the Altamaha, but not nearly so numerous. They will evidently greatly increase, although it must be admitted that numerous violations affecting them have been com-
mitted the past season.
EGRETS.
Georgia has possibly the largest colony of egrets between Chesapeake and
the Florida keys, and the birds are quite common now on all of the coasts and
coastal sections of the state, between the Savannah and the St. Mary's river, and I have not heard of but one violation against the popular plumed bird. They have increased amazingly since the enactment of the game law two
years ago.
INSECTIVOROUS AND SONG BIRDS.
One of the most surprising and gratifying results of the new game law is
the increase in song and insectivorous birds, tl is exceedingly rare that an offense against them is reported. It seems that the whole people have resolved to give the insect destroyers and the wild songsters perfect protection.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

9

SQUIRRELS.

The red and gray '"cat" squirrel increase rapidly wherever protected, but the early open season, August and September, subject them to inhumane destruction, the perishing of the young after the killing of the mother. Notwithstanding the long and early season, they are probably increasing rapidly in many sections of the state.
The fox squirrel is being well protected, and both 'black and gray varieties are increasing in the sections of the state where they have not been entirely exterminated before the passage of the act giving them protection for five
years.
DEER.

Deer have probably fared better under the new law than almost anything else we have sought to protect. They have become very scarce, except on the islands of the coast, but wherever there were any left they have very
greatly increased.
I have been endeavoring to secure a number, 100 more or less, of fawn from the small deer on the islands to plant in colonies in the interior and northern sections of the state, and if successful, believe that the mixture of the dwarfs with the larger deer will result in the production of a hardy and
prolific species.
PROPAGATION OF NEW SPECIES.

Many enthusiastic friends of game conservation advocate propagation of

new species, particularly English pheasants and Hungarian quail, both of

which are highly desirable if they can be successfully propagated, and will

not in any way interfere with our native Bob White, the finest of game birds,

everything considered, in this or any other country. Their hardiness, habits,

flavor and fecundity all considered, they have no equal in the game field.

California undertook an experiment with pheasants at great expense, with the

result that the birds reared cost the state more than eight dollars each.

Indiana spent a large sum for Hungarian quail, and the commissioner of that

state writes

"The Commissioner has spent in the last few years approximately $50,000

We for the Hungarian quail, but they have not proven satisfactory.

have the

hawk in this state, and the Hungarian quail does not have this bird to fight in

their country, therefore they do not protect themselves. The Commissioner

We has decided that he will not spend additional funds for this bird.

are now-

putting in fish hatcheries with the money formerly spent for birds.

"Our license fund is from $50,000 to $55,000 per year."
An Oklahoma Warden reports: "As to the propagation of pheasants in my district, I have to report that

the results have not been satisfactory, either the climate or natural enemies

have practically destroyed them."

I do not advise at this time the expenditure of the funds of this Depart-

ment in experiments with new species, beyond the purchase of eggs of Hungarian quail and pheasants to be placed in the hands of experienced game en-

thusiasts, who are willing to devote themselves unselfishly to the experiments.

HISTORY OF PHEASANT RAISING.

Europe.

The English pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) derives its specific name from the ancient country of Colchis, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea. It was imported thence into Europe by the Greeks, probably under Alexander the Great, and was by them reared for food. Perhaps at the same time, but proba-

10

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

bly one or two centuries later, it was brought from the adjoining country of Media to Egypt, where it was reared in the palace at Alexandria and was highly esteemed as a dainty for the table. Its propagation in confinement was
continued in the days of the Roman Empire, under which it appears to have been carried throughout much of Europe and as far west as Britain. It was
introduced into Ireland and Scotland before the close of the sixteenth century,
and has recently been established in Sweden and Norway. It is now acclim-
atized practically all over Europe, and has been introduced into the United
States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

The pheasant was doubtless reared in English preserves from the time of
its introduction, but the earliest actual evidence of its propagation is the record
of the employment of a pheasant breeder <for Henry VIII in 1502. At the present day the number propagated in confinement in England greatly exceeds the number breeding there in a wild or semiwild state. The comparatively recent introduction into Great Britain of the German custom of pheasant driving, which consists of shooting pheasants driven by beaters over the shooters,
or "guns," has given great impetus to pheasant raising during the past cen-
tury, and the pheasant preserve is now a common adjunct of the English
estate.

A This stock, however, is nearly all of mixed blood.

little more than a

hundred years ago the ringneck pheasant (Phasianus torquatus) was intro-

duced into England and crossed with the English pheasant, then the only

pheasant in British coverts. And about the middle of the last century the

Japanese versicolor pheasant (Phasianus versicolor, fig. 11) was introduced

for crossing with the hybrid English ringneck. Both species interbreed freely

with the English pheasant and with each other, and the hybrids are perfectly

fertile. In each case the first effect of the crossing was a decided improve-

ment of the stock, due doubtless to the introduction of new blood. As a result

hybridizing became so popular that now, outside of Norfolk, where the

original stock has to some extent been retained unmixed, pure birds of any one

of the three species are rare in England. Other crosses have also been made,

but only here and there, and without the same general intermixture of type

1
as a result.

United States.

Efforts to acclimatize pheasants in the United States are of comparatively
recent origin, though earlier than is popularly supposed. More than a hundred years ago, Richard Bache, an Englishman who married the only daughter of Benjamin Franklin, imported from England both pheasants and partridges,
which he liberated on his estate in New Jersey, on the Delaware River near
where the town of Beverly now stands. But although he provided both shelter
and food for them, the birds had all disappeared by the following spring.

A second attempt was made early in the nineteenth century by the owner

of a New Jersey estate situated between the Hackensack meadows and the

A Passaic River, opposite Belleville.

park was fenced and stocked with deer

and English pheasants, but despite feeding and careful protection these birds

likewise

disappeared

during

the

2
winter.

Because of this intermingling of species, all pheasants imported as pure stock should be examined carefully. Even in English pheasants that appear to be pure bred (that is, which have no trace of a white neck ring), the subterminal bar of the ringneck is usually more or less developed on the feathers of the lower back, and the basal part of the central tail feathers is rather widely barred with black, instead of showing the narrow bar of the pure-blooded English pheasant. Ogilvle-Grant, Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, XXII. 321, 1893.
2 Forest and Stream, XXV. 103, Sept. 3, 1885.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

11

Nearly eighty years ago, a writer in the Turf Register stated that Robert

Oliver of Harewood, near Baltimore, Md., had for many years imported for-

eign game, including not less than 100 English pheasants. These increased

rapidly and were in time turned out, some at Hampton, some at Brookland Wood, and a large number at Harewood. Those liberated at Hampton and
Brookland Wood bred, and were occasionally seen afterwards, but those

turned out at Harewood soon disappeared, the last being seen in 1827. In

1829-30, Mr. Oliver liberated at his estate at Oaklands, in Anne Arundel

County, more than 20 pheasants of his own raising. On Mr. Oliver's death,

his

son

Thomas

continued

the

experiments,

but

they

proved

1
unsuccessful.

These initial importations were 'followed by similar attempts to stock-

private preserves, but met with like failure. About thirty years ago,

however, a successful effort was made to introduce the ringneck pheasant into

Oregon, and since then acclimatization experiments have followed broader

lines and have assumed greater importance. It will be convenient to consider

later ventures by states.
-- Oregon. In 1880 Hon. 0. N. Denny, then United States consul-general at Shanghai,

shipped a lot of ringnecks to Oregon. All died on the way but 12 cocks and 3 hens,

which

were

liberated

12

miles

from

Portland,

near

the

mouth

of

the

Willamette

2
River.

The next year Judge Denny shipped another lot of ringnecks to Oregon, of which 28 (10

cocks and 18 hens) arrived safely at. Portland and were liberated on the ranch of his

brother, Mr. John Denny, in the Willamette Valley in Linn County.3 These birds in-

creased rapidly and spread until they became thoroughly established in the State. A

shooting season of two and one-half months was opened in 1892, and 50,000 were reported

to have been killed on the first day. In 1896, 10,000 were marketed in one month, nearly

double

the

number

of

native

grouse

4
sold.

The successful stocking' of Oregon witli ringneck pheasants at once aroused general interest in the United States, and requests for birds began to pour in. To meet the demands, numerous pheasantries were established in Oregon, and were soon doing a thriving business. The following list of shipments of pheasants from Oregon in 1899 indicates the widespread interest in the industry: Washington, 107; California, 187; Arizona, 2;
New Mexico, 10 ; Idaho, 2 ; Montana, 9 ; Colorado, 73 ; Oklahoma, 2 ; Indian Territory, 6
Kansas, 3; Arkansas, 4; Missouri, 4; Iowa, 9; Illinois, 31; Indiana, 17; Ohio, 7; Ten-
nessee, 12; Georgia, 12; Virginia, 6; Pennsylvania, 2; New Jersey, 2; and Massachusetts,
2; total, 509." Orders for pheasants for even Alaska and Mexico have been filled from these Oregon pheasantries. Most of the efforts to transplant the bird have failed, owing chiefly to unsuitability of locality or improper methods of handling, but in the region of original introdueeitn the ringneck is now a permanent addition to the game list. It is fairly well established in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia.
-- Massachusetts. Tn Massachusetts state pheasantries were established at Winchester
and Sutton in 1894. The first year's experiment with a setting of English ringneck pheasant eggs was unproductive, and in 1895 a few ringnecks were obtained from Oregon. The account of succeeding years, as told in the annual reports of the Commission of
-- Inland Fisheries and Game, is a record of patient endeavor to surmount obstacles cold
and wet seasons that diminished the vitality of eggs and chicks, various diseases, mistakes in feeding, destruction by rats, deterioration of stock through inbreeding. These and minor difficulties marked one of the most thorough, capable, and untiring attempts to raise and liberate pheasants under state auspices made in this country. In 1906 an epidemic of cholera occurred at Sutton, and only 75 birds were raised from 1,200 eggs. Despite these numerous and dispiriting set-backs several thousand pheasants have been

>Turf Register, II, 227, Jan., 1831; III, 79, Oct., 1831.
*Annual Report Department Agric. for 1888. p. 485, 1889.
'Report of Fish and Game Protector of Oregon for 1895-96, p. 85, and letter from Hon. O. N. Denny, quoted In report of Massachusetts Fish and Game Commission for 1894, p. 17. 1895.
Report of Fish and Game Protector of Oregon for 1895-96, p. 89, 1896. Report of Game and Forestry Warden of Oregon for 1899-1900. pp. 7-8, 1901.

12

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

liberated, and through these efforts and those of private individuals the State now contains a moderate stock in its covers. In November, 1906, more than 3,000 piheasants were killed in Massachusetts in the open season of one month. The game commission is now devoting its propagation experiments mainly to the restoration of native game, as more likely to yield satisfactoi-y results than pheasant introduction.
-- Ohio. Ohio records a similar experience. The game commission began in 1892 with
English ringneck piheasants and their eggs. In 1895 it undertook the propagation of ringnecks, of which it raised several hundred in a hatchery established at Celina. Twelve ringnecks were placed on Rattlesnake Island, near Put-in-Bay, to breed in the wild state. Later a pheasantry was established at London, where operations were for a while vei-y successful. In 1900, from 101 hens 7,075 eggs were obtained, of which 4,500 were set, and
2,575 distributed in the State. From the 4,500 egg-s 3,181 chicks were hatched. Of those
reaching maturity 2,239 were distributed, some being placed in every county in the State, and 418 were carried over to the next breeding season. During this year a three-week season was opened, but so great was public interest in the experiment that few took ad-
vantage of the opportunity to shoot the birds. On March 17, 1901, 38 cocks and 228 hens were placed in the breeding pens. The number of eggs collected was 9,041, of which 5,000 were set and 4,000 distributed (in 66 counties). At the pheasantry 3,420 chicks
were hatched, of which 2,852 were reared. The distribution of adult birds was 1,688 (in 88 counties). In July, cholera made its appearance at the pheasantry, and before it was under control killed 1,124 birds. The following year the experiment was abandoned, as the impression prevailed that for climatic and other reasons pheasant raising could never produce satisfactory results in Ohio, and the legislature failed to provide the necessary funds. The game commission had reported that jjheasant rearing involved large expense and that, despite the utmost care, disease was likely to sweep away a large part of the hatch. They stated that in their opinion better results could be attained by rearing quail. Pheasants in considerable numbers are still to be found in the game covers of Ohio, but
they are likely to die out unless replenished with fresh stock.
-- New York. In 1897 New York raised 40 ringnecks from a stock of 12 birds at its
hatchery at Pleasant Valley. In 1898 its stock had increased to 180, and in 1899 more than 400 were raised; in 1900, 230 were hatched; in 1902 the stock was 520, of which 199 were liberated; and in 1903 it was 534, of which 255 were liberated. In 1904 cold and rainy weather reduced the stock to 448 and the experiment, although popular and successful, was abandoned as unprofitable, owing to the readiness with which pheasants could be procured from commercial hatcheries. Meantime the efforts of the game commission were being supplemented by propagation and liberation of pheasants by individ-
ual pheasant raisers. Bon. W. A. Wadsworth, of Geneseo, in particular, liberated a large
number of pheasants in the Oenesee Valley. In 1904 he turned out 350, one and a half times as many as were distributed by the game commission in that year. The total distribution of pheasants by the game commission, covering the period from 1898 to 1904, and embracing 47 counties, was 1,191, of which the average cost was $12.50 per pair. Eggs were distributed to the number of 484; but this method of stocking the State was not deemed desirable and after one distribution was practically discontinued. At present many pheasants are being raised on private preserves in the State, particularly in the
Adirondacks, on Long Island, and in the Genesee Valley, and the legislature of New
York has recently passed a measure providing for the establishment of a state game preserve, where pheasant propagation will be resumed.
-- Indiana. Indiana liberated about 700 English ringnecks and ringnecks in the period
from 1897 to 1902. A pheasantry was established at Madison in 1903 and, as usual,
promised to be very successful, but it failed and was abandoned in 1906. At present the state game commissioner is trying the experiment of establishing numerous preserves of 4.000 to 10,000 acres each throughout the State by contracts with farmers. Imported pheasants and partridges purchased for the purpose are liberated on these preserves, and the farmers agree to allow no hunting thereon for four years after stocking. These birds are fed and cared for, but are allowed to propagate naturally. More than a hundred such preserves have been established within the last three years, with 40 to 100 game birds

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

13

on each, mainly, however, Hungarian partridges, which the commissioner believes to be better adapted to the purpose than pheasants. The object of this course is to provide
numerous refuges where the birds may increase and from which they may spread so as to stock the State. The movement is popular with both farmers and sportsmen and has thus far proved successful. The number of pheasants in the State at present is estimated
by the commissioner at 6,000 to 8,000.
-- Illinois. In 1891 a pair of ringnecks (the first, it is claimed, to cross the Rocky
Mountains) was brought from Oregon by a citizen of Illinois and liberated at his home. This initial importation was followed by others, the total number shipped in the eleven years from 1896 to 1906, inclusive, being 135. Pheasants of various other species also were introduced, but all these attempts to stock the State were futile. The establishment of the resident-hunting-license system later produced a very large revenue, and it was decided to undertake pheasant propagation and introduction on a broader scale than had yet been tried anywhere in the United States. In the spring of 1905 a state game farm (Fig. 1) was established on a tract of 400 acres, and here the work of pheasant raising was begun under the personal supervision of the state game commissioner. The
-- main stock is English ringneck pheasants, though other species ringneck, versicolor, -- English, and Mongolian have been used in breeding experiments. The game farm has
not been an unqualified success. An outbreak of roup in 1907 carried off thousands of
the young of that year, and other obstacles have been encountered. In 1908, 20,000 eggs were distributed among the farmers of Illinois, while 15,000 chicks were hatched on the game farm. The extensive scale of this experiment gives it special interest, but it is too early yet to pronounce on results.
-- California. In California the ringneck was introduced by private enterprise in
1894. In 1897 the board of fish commissioners began purchasing pheasants from Oregon, and from 1897 to 1900 bought and liberated 416 ringnecks and 153 English ringnecks. The commissioners subsequently abandoned the attempt to stock the State by this method, and have recently established a state game farm at Haywards. They are, however, devoting their efforts mainly to Hungarian partridges. They report that pheasants are being propagated in a small way by people in all parts of the State, and that there are probably a few breeding wild in the State, particularly in Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Fresno, Humboldt, and Kern counties.
-- New Jersey. New Jersey was one of the first States in which interest in the impor-
tation and propagation of pheasants was aroused, and several private preserves in the
northern part of the State attest the continuance of this interest to the present time.
About ten or fifteen years ago the state game commission bought and liberated a considerable number of ringnecks, which did well at first but soon began to decrease and in three or four years had disappeared. In 1904 the commission established a small preserve at Oradell and for a year or two undertook the propagation of pheasants on a small scale. The commission had in mind about this time the plan later adopted by Indiana of forming preserves by agreement with owners of contiguous farms, but does
not seem ever to .have put it into practical operation. Nevertheless, within the past six years more than 2,000 pheasants have been distributed throughout the State, mainly in trios of one cock and two hens. Thus far the experiment has j^roved successful.
-- Vermont. In Vermont more than 1,200 English ringneck pheasants were turned out
in 1892 from Shelburne Farms, a private preserve, and later the Vermont Fish and Game League liberated a number of ringnecks. In 1902 the game commission reported that the latter attempt had failed, but that pheasants were yet to be found along the shores of Lake Champlain; these were, however, being exterminated by gunners.
-- Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania apparently no attempt has been made to stock the
State with pheasants; but as early as 1871 a pheasantry with 30 birds was started at Blooming Grove Park, a large private preserve in Pike County. Since then the propagation of pheasants has been continued, the surplus each year (3,000 in 1904) being liberated in the preserve for shooting by the members of the association owning it. Other preserves have since been established in the State on which pheasantries are conducted and small stocks of birds maintained.

14

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Other States. In Utah ringnecks liberated in Salt Lake County from a private
preserve about 1895 were reported in 1906 as doing exceptionally well. In New Hamp-
shire the game commissioner liberated a few English ringnecks and ringnecks in 1896", but apparently without lasting result. The Minnesota game commission started a pheasant propagation plant in 1905, and liberated a few birds, but on account of great mortality among the chicks little has been accomplished. The commission is still experimenting, but reports that it can buy pheasants more cheaply than it can raise them. Delaware, in 1903 and 1904, liberated 88 pairs of pheasants, which have practically disappeared. Kansas has liberated, since 1906, more than 3,000 ringnecks and English ringnecks, which are at present reported to be multiplying. In the past few years a propagating company has turned out a large number of pheasants in Colorado with
results yet to be determined.
-- Private Preserves. In addition to these more noteworthy attempts to introduce
pheasants into different States, many private preserves have been stocked with pheasants in !he last thirty years, while to supply the demand for birds, numbers of individuals
in this country have undertaken to propagate pheasants in confinement.
It is difficult to transplant pheasants to a new region without considerable care in feeding them and protecting them from enemies. Occasionally, as in the case of the ringneck pheasant in western Oregon, an exotic species finds the new conditions suited to its requirements and thrives, but such instances are comparatively rare. In rearing birds in confinement, however, success is less dependent on the character of the region than on individual experience and capacity. Most of the commercial pheasantries established in the United States and Canada have been comparatively short-lived, but some have succeeded and have proved an important source of revenue to their proprietors. The private preserves have been, as a rule, fairly successful. On some, English gamekeepers and English methods are employed; others are American in character, though borrowing largely from the long experience of England and other countries of Europe.
PHEASANTS IN FIELD AND COVERT.
The failure of many efforts to add pheasants to our fauna is largely due
to insufficient knowledge of their habits and the character of their normal environment. It is useless to undertake to acclimatize a 'bird in a region differing widely in climatic and other physical conditions from those to which it has been accustomed. Thus, an attempt to introduce into one of the prairie
States the common blood pheasant (Ithaginis cruentus), which inhabits the
Himalayas at from 10,000 to 14,000 feet elevation, would result in failure.
It must be remembered, also, that introduced birds have to adapt themselves to a new flora and fauna, and that this is often a slow process and frequently fails. If liberated in the wilds, they must be provided with reserve
food and shelter until able to care for themselves, which may take several years. In Oregon the ringnecks put out came at first regularly to farmyards
to feed with the domestic fowls; and English ringnecks liberated on Grand Island, Michigan, were driven back by severe weather to the pens from which they had been allowed to escape a few months before.
If pheasants are imported for stocking preserves, suitable coverts should be prepared for them. In their native country pheasants frequent the margins of woods, coming into open tracts in search of food and retreating into thick
undergrowth when alarmed. An ideal pheasant country is one containing
small groves with underbrush and high grass between the trees, thorny hedges, berry-growing shrubs, water overgrown with reeds, and occasional pastures, meadows, and cultivated grainfields. Bleak mountains, dry sandy wastes, and thick woods are not frequented by pheasants normally ; nor do
they seek pines, except for protection. A small grove of mixed evergreen and
deciduous trees on the southern slope of a hill furnishes favorable shelter.
On the preserve additional shelter should be provided in winter. Rude
huts or even stacks of straw will serve. Suitable food should be planted

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

15

such as buckwheat, millet, corn, cabbages, and turnips. Stacks of unthreshed
grain or of beans may be placed about the preserve.
When shooting is permitted, it is not wise to shoot only the cocks. If all
the hens are spared, they will increase out of proper proportion, to the detriment of both quantity and quality of the progeny. Very old cocks and hens should be destroyed. Old cocks are inferior for breeding purposes, and old hens will frequently beat off 2 and 3-year-old hens and prevent their mating.
If the birds are annually caught up for breeding, it is important to remember that continued rearing in confinement tends to decrease of vitality and other changes that impair the value of a game bird. The Massachusetts
Game Commission, after ten or twelve years' experience, found that their
stock deteriorated, becoming smaller and more variable in markings and
showing a lower vitality in both eggs and chicks. An infusion of wild blood,
especially of another species, will temporarily correct this tendency ; though the experience of the last hundred years in England seems to indicate that hybrids eventually reach a grade inferior to that of either parent. Hybrids between the English pheasant and the ringneck, and later between this hybrid and the versicolor pheasant, were at first greatly sought, but at the present day the pure-blooded birds of these three species are more highly valued than
the composite birds.
GAME PHEASANTS.
There is not much difference between the pure versicolor, ringneck, and
English pheasants, as regards value in the field or on the table, though the Japanese bird is smaller than either of the other two, a trifle wilder, a more potent breeder, and possibly less disposed to stray ; while ringneck hens are perhaps more prolific than those of the other species.
The Mongolian pheasant (Phasianus mongolicus), a large, hardy, handsome bird, may prove of value in game preserves. Pure stock of this species is maintained by Hon. Walter Rothschild in his pheasantry at Tring, Herts, England. The cross between this pheasant and the ringneck is reported as both larger and handsomer than the ringneck, and also a bolder flyer; but we should hesitate to regard this improvement of stock as permanent. The Prince of Wales pheasant (Phasianus principalis), recently introduced into England from Afghanistan, and since imported to a slight extent into the United States, is greatly praised by those who have tried it. The handsome Hagenbeck pheasant (Phasianus hagenbecki) from the Kobdo Valley in northwestern Mongolia (the most northerly point occupied by any member of the pheasant family) is strongly, recommended by W. B. Tegetmeier, a leading English authority, on account of its large size, handsome plumage, and fine edible qualities; and the Reeves pheasant (Fig. 5), in the few places where it has been tried, has proved very desirable. Many species of true pheasants (Phasianus) have not yet been tested in Europe or America, but probably each in a suitable region would prove satisfactory to both sportsmen and
epicures.
As regards the pheasants of other genera, usually seen only in aviaries and zoological collections, some would be of little value in game preserves. Thus the Manchurian eared pheasant (Fig. 7), a large and heavy bird from the mountains of Manchuria and northern China, is too tame and apathetic for the game fields. The silver pheasant, a favorite bird and one of the easiest to raise in captivity, is not a satisfactory game bird, as it runs too much before
the dog, flies too low, and is rather inferior in flavor. In addition, its
pugnacity makes it dangerous to other game birds. It is still found wild in limited numbers in northern Oregon, where it was introduced shortly after the successful introduction of the ringneck. The golden and Lady Amherst pheasants (Fig. 6) have been introduced into game coverts, both here and in

16

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

England, and the gorgeously feathered monaul (Fig. 9) has received a limited trial in Wales. The better place for these birds is probably the aviary.
METHODS OF PROPAGATION.
Obtaining Stock.
A pheasantry may be started with mature birds or with eggs, the latter
to be hatched by barnyard fowls. Many are tempted to begin with eggs be-
cause of smaller cost, but the uncertainties attendant on hatching the eggs and raising the young are such that it is probably cheaper to secure full-grown birds at the outset. If eggs are to be tried, they should be ordered in January
or February, to be delivered in April or May. They should be placed under
the hen as soon as possible.
Pheasants may be obtained from reputable dealers, of which there are a score or more in the United States and Canada, or they may be imported from Europe or Asia. If stock be imported, trouble may be saved by securing it through experienced and reliable bird importers, who are familiar with the
business. A pen should be provided and supplied with food and water. On
the arrival of the birds the crate should be placed in the pen, an opening should be made in the crate (preferably in the evening) sufficient to allow the birds to escape one at a time, and the attendant should withdraw, leaving the
birds to find their way out alone. For the first few days they should be
distufbed as little as possible.
I have arranged for a herd of 50 elk early next season from the National
Game Reserve, Yellowstone Park. The elk will be furnished by the National
Government free of charge, and will no doubt thrive and multiply in the mountain counties of North Georgia, where they will have not only the protection of the wardens of this Department, but the caretakers of the new
National Forest Reserve, and the people who are interested in game preserva-
tion in that section of the state where the species were formerly plentiful and common.
We have so much to do to properly and adequately protect the game, birds
and fish already well distributed in the state that it would probably be inexpedient at this time to undertake the propagation of new species except as
above suggested, and which may be done without great expense or the use of
funds of this Department.
FISH.
While fish are common and important to every county in the state, they have inadequate protection under our present laws and system. The landlord's right to require permission is the best protection under the law. The
closed season against seines and traps is but a temporary advantage, the
effect of which is swept away by the universal use of the seine after July 1st, with meshes so small that every semblance of fish life is dragged from the
waters and all of the fish, large and small are taken from stagnant pools, and from other waters where they are lousy and unhealthy. Small mesh seines and nets should be forbidden entirely and subject to confiscation by the wardens.
SHAD.
The shad laws of the state are excellent and can be made effective. The)' seem to be all that could be desired, although they have been so long a dead letter on the statute books of the state that the most strenuous and harsh means seem to be necessary to their adequate enforcement. The past shad sea-
son was disappointing from the standpoint of the shad fisherman. On account
of the weather conditions the shad came in early, and in much smaller numbers

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

17

than the average year, and the fishermen near the coast were not prepared for
the enforcement of the provisions of the law enacted many years ago, and the result was disastrous to the business of fishermen who take shad in
Georgia waters for the market.

OYSTERS.

One of the most vexing questions in connection with Georgia fisheries is
the adoption of laws and regulations for the restoration and protection of the

state's depleted oyster beds.

Several years ago when conscientious and well-informed persons attempted
to secure reasonable and needed legislation on this important subject, the
effort was defeated by the very men who ought to have given the greatest
support and encouragement, and there is every reason to believe that these
same people will again attempt to defeat any effort that may be made this year to secure adequate oyster laws. On that subject Dr. A. Oemler wrote,
March 4, 1899, in advocating;
A bill that provided: "For an oyster inspector.
"Against the use of dredges. "For the planting of shells.
"Giving land owners exclusive rights in streams not more than 120 feet

in width.

"Providing for licenses for every boat engaged in the oyster business, and

that said boats shall bear plainly painted numbers. "For oyster constables with power to arrest."

And another wise provision, he says : "Knowing such a law would inure
to their benefit, and anticipating, therefore, their cordial co-operation, I re-
quested the principal dealers to meet me in conference with the members
of the Legislature, in hopes of taking harmonious action ; and I visited the city ,
(Savannah) three times expressly for that purpose. The bill had been previ- J ously submitted to them for inspection, and on one occasion a single one f
presented himself. Immediately after these abortive conferences an excite- f
ment and opposition was aroused among the oyster men at Thunderbolt by i misrepresentations that my bill contained a property qualification for all
oystering of $20,000 during which subscriptions were solicited to a fund for defeating the bill, and threats of personal violence against myself were made in case the bill became a law.

"As yet I have heard no argument against the bill by any of its opponents. J
Such expressions by two of them that 'they want no oyster laws,' and by
-- another 'that he is opposed to the bill because, if it became a law it would,
make the oystermen too d d independent,' do not deserve consideration.

"I have been, however, personally notified by a third, that if I attempted

to interfere with his selling oysters in July and August, or with what is called

Now 'free trade in oysters,' he would 'kill' the bill.

oysters are still swawning

during these months, and I certainly did not expect to encounter a being

endowed by the Creator with a modicum of reasoning power, particularly

when ihe derives a livelihood from oysters, whose intelligence could be so

consumed by greed, as to deny it were better to leave them to emit their mil-

lions of ova in their native element than to have them digested in the

stomachs of the people of Macon and Atlanta who, deceived by the milk-white

appearance of the products of generation, swallow pregnant oysters for fat

ones. As far as I have been able to learn, there doesn't exist a law for the

protection of oysters or natural growth, which does not enact a 'close time.'

"Its opponents have asserted that the oysters on our coast are in ne
of protection, inasmuch as the beds are not being exhausted and that thous4
'
ands of them are being formed every year. Every oysterman knows thi

18

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

is false ; but as their prospective extinction is the chief argument of the advo\ cajtes of protection, I shall submit at some length a few data and a selection
from over forty recorded cases of exhaustion of oyster ground, illustrative of
\
| the fact that extermination is the inevitable result of excessive fishing in every part of the world.
j
"No one who is familiar with the history of the oyster beds of other parts of the world can be surprised at the deterioration of our own beds; everywhere, in France, in England, in Germany, in Canada, history tells the same
story. In all waters where oysters are found at all they are usually found in
abundance, and in all these places the residents supposed that their natural beds were inexhaustible until they suddenly found that they were exhausted.
The immense area covered by our own beds has enabled them to withstand the attacks of the oystermen for a much longer time; but all who are familiar
-- with the subject have long been aware that our present system can have only
one result extermination."

Written a quarter of a century ago, the above sounds like prophecy, if it

should be deemed expedient to lease the natural beds and lands for the propa-

gation of oysters, then it is important to open all of the state's beds and

oyster grounds subject to lease, and license every man and register every

boat engaged in the business, said revenue to be used for the purpose of re-

placing in the waters of the state the shells under the direction of the Depart-

ment of Game and Fish, and to forbid the use of shells for any other purpose.

With the other restrictions referred to, by this method the beds may be grad-

ually restored, but in any case it will be necessary to provide a competent and

vigilant patrol for the waters of the coast.

In Rhode Island the leased oyster beds bring into the state treasury

annually a revenue of at least $100,000. The oyster crop in that little state

last year sold for $2,980,000. Virginia produces an oyster crop worth more

than five million dollars annually. Georgia's oyster beds ought to produce

several million dollars' worth annually. At present, they are almost worthless,

and deteriorating each season under the blight of a system that is a shame

and wholly inexcusable.

The Chatham county Grand Jury, May 23, last, without any suggestions

> to any member of the Jury from any warden or employe of this Department,

made the following recommendations

" 'The Grand Jury submits the urgent need for a rigid enforcement of the

laws regulating and protecting the oyster beds within the county and the
;
enactment by the Legislature of such amendments to existing laws as will
I
'. afford adequate protection to the oyster gathering industry.'
I quote the above as the best evidence of the general sentiment among

the best class of people in that county. There are people, however, in that

section of the state who do not want to be disturbed or to see any legislation

that will interfere with the present system of oyster bed depletion. The

pirates, or those who live by the piracy that exists in all of Georgia's oyster

l ,

territory

will

probably

resent

any

recommendation

of

this

Department

or

any

attempt at wholesome legislation for the protection of the oyster beds.

THE BLIGHT OF THE BLACK MAN.

In 1893 Dr. Oemler wrote "The colored oysterman (there is not a single white man now engaged in the precarious occupation of tonging oysters in Chatham county, although a
few had assisted in the process of depletion) fill their boats during the last
quarter of the ebb tide and the first quarter of the flood, indiscriminately with
oysters, loose shells, and other debris of the beds, and while drifting homeward they cull their loads. All the young oysters of the most recent set, and all the empty shells, so indispensable as collectors to replenish the beds, are

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

19

thrown overboard to be engulfed in the soft mud of the river bottom, or when the culling process has not been completed in transit, they are effectively destroyed by being cast upon the shell heap at home. Thus the oyster beds
are bodily removed; the elevations, which had prevented the deposit of silt, are reduced to the general level and an area which might give employment and sustenance to their descendants vanishes forever as a source of food for

the public.

"That community or state enjoys the greatest degree of prosperity which encourages private enterprise, enhances production, and increases its exports; hence any treatment of the natural oyster beds (belonging to no class of individuals, but to the people at large of the state) which could restore them to their former conditions or would increase their yield a thousand fold could not fail to give more employment and promote the public welfare.

"Being an eye-witness to the rapid 'march of our beds to the usual fate of extermination; believing in the correctness of the malthusian theory that

the population increases in a geometrical ratio while the production of food
can only increase in an arithmetical ratio, when all the arable land is cultivated and when all other sources of food are developed by the application of
intelligence and enterprise, and desiring to provide every oysterman with an oyster farmi of his own, upon which he could, at least, save his enormous waste for future use, I commenced an agitation in 1887 for a more enlightened, more progressive, and more protective oyster law. The old law of 1876 only
restricted the oystermen to the use of the tongs previously in common use,
and secured riparian rights and the privilege of planting oysters opposite their habitable highlands to the land-owners to the distance of 120 feet below
low water mark.

"In order to inform the people of the merits of the case, I addressed several
communications to the public through the medium of the daily press and
delivered a lecture on the 'Life, History, Propagation and Protection of the American Oyster,' at the two monthly meetings of March and April, 1889, of the Georgia Historical Society. Subsequently a printed copy was distributed
to each member of the two houses of the Georgia Legislature, at the session
of 1889 and 1891. As usual with every reform, I ENCOUNTERED VIO-
LENT OPPOSITION. THE DEALERS IN SAVANNAH WERE THE PRINCIPAL OPPONENTS. THE PUBLIC WERE INFORMED THAT THE CLAUSE PROVIDING FOR A CLOSE SEASON WAS AN INTERFERENCE WITH A FREE TRADE IN OYSTERS. I quote from one of

the contributions

"The returning of the shells to the banks is rather a ridiculous and un-

canny undertaking, as there are always enough shells left there to furnish

resting places for all the loose spawn that may be floating around and, be-

sides, it is not an uncommon thing for it takes root in the mud, which the

THE doctor claims is such a merciless enemy to the young oyster.

OYS-

TERS DO NOT NEED ANY PROTECTION; THERE ARE THOUS-

ANDS OF BEDS ON THE GEORGIA COAST THAT HAVE NEVER

BEEN MOLESTED, and thousands of beds being formed every year."

"Whereas, in fact, we have not a single record of the formation of a natural bed and know that a whole century is not a sufficient period. One legislator from the coast stated if my bill became a law the governor would be compelled to call out the militia to suppress riot among oystermen."
The system of oyster piracy, yet largely the work of negro fishermen in the employ of the oyster canneries that had become well established
between 1887 and 1893, has been continued since that time to the almost utter destruction of the oyster beds of the state. The negro with a boat, usually
furnished by the oyster cannery, goes out and finds an oyster bed, public or
private, and waits near by until darkness obscures his movements, then with-

20

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

out fear of molestation by private owners or the slightest regard for the laws of the state he loads his craft, and if the tide is right, sets sail for the plant where he sells his night's catch ; or possibly he has a wife or partner to do the shucking, and dumps his load at high water on the banks to be shucked
during the day by his woman or women while he returns to the field in search of other beds, unprotected. The oysters shucked, one gallon or five gallons, as the case may be, are usually disposed of to a local Greek dealer
who, after adding a quantity of water equal to the quantity of oysters, "undersells" the legitimate dealer. He, the Greek, ships to the interior towns two and one-half gallons of oysters, in a full five-gallon can, to be disposed of to
-- uninformed consumers, a dozen to the quart quart of water, mostly.
The system is not only unsatisfactory and full of fraud and deception, but it means the complete destruction of what imight be fine and profitable
oyster beds.
That there will be strenuous opposition to any measure proposed to change the conditions indicated by the quotation from Dr. Oemler in the last paragraph above quoted, written twenty-five years ago, there is no doubt.
When Virginia, whose last yeaf's crop of oysters was worth more than
$5,000,000, adopted a law for the protection of her oyster beds against pirates, it became necessary to mount cannon on the decks of oyster patrol boats to
enforce the provisions of the law. Not until after the "tide water" members of the Virginia Assembly were practically ignored in the -matter of oyster legislation was a satisfactory and effective law adopted in that state.
For years and years it had been assumed that the members representing the counties on the Chesapeake and other oyster territory should control in the matter, but finally it became apparent that the members from the tide water counties were influenced by local politics and the question was taken entirely out of their hands before a satisfactory and salutary law could be adopted, one that has been worth millions of dollars annually to the state.
Since the adoption of the law the annual crop has increased steadily from one million bushels to fifteen million bushels, and the annual revenue to the state of over one hundred thousand dollars, forty thousand of which is expended in enforcing the law. More than seventy thousand acres are leased at an annual rental of one dollar per acre, a license of two to five dollars is charged every tonger in the state.
More than eighteen thousand people are employed in the oyster industry
in that state.
DIAMOND BACK TERRAPINS.
The Diamond Back Terrapin, given ample protection under the Georgia
law, and one of the State's important and interesting assets, promises to play an important figure in the near future.
At the Isle of Hope, near Savannah, Mr. A. M. Barbee, a genius in his line, has discovered to the world a simple and perfectly successful method of hatching and propagating the dainty diamond back.
-- In his terrapin farm distinguished from the average unsanitary and
unsightly "Terrapin crawl," mainly in its general appearance and always in a wholesome and sanitary condition, he has a complete system of incubation and propagation.
He discovered a method of incubation that insures the hatch of more than
90 per cent of the eggs produced, and in his well regulated nursery he rears
-- -- to maturity more than 90 per cent of the terrapins hatched. With his system he distributes freely the young terrapins in the marshes on the coast the
coast ranges will soon be again well stocked.
Under the old system the egg-producing adult female, being the choicest

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

21

and most marketable, the species was well on the road to extinction, but with
Mr. Barbee's system encouraged by the state we may learn the world a lesson
and do ourselves great good. Terrapins are a great delicacy and are worth $36.00 per dozen, and up.
PROPOSED AMENDMENTS.
I recommend that the partridge season be cut down one month, November
20 to February 1.
Plover and snipe season. Changed to Sept. 1 to Dec. 16.
Woodcock season. Changed to Dec. 1 to Jan. 1.
Deer season, October 1 to November 1.
Cat squirrels, October 1 to January 1.
Migratory ducks, October 1 to January 16 ; or (to conform to the national law and the regulations of the agricultural department), bag limit, 15.
That an open season for marsh hens be provided, Oct. 1-Mar. 1.
I further recommend that section 18 be amended by striking out "or his own militia district" exemption, and by striking out after the words "foxes or deer" the following, "or any other animals not mentioned in this act."
I further recommend that section 23 be amended by striking out the last line of the said section, "Except persons may ship into this state birds mounted for millinery purposes."
I further recommend that a license of 75 cents or $1.00 be required for persons to fish, not on their own land.
I further recommend that the dates for the closed season for o'possums, section 590, shall be from the first day of February to the first day of October.
That section 595 be amended so as to forbid the use of nets and traps for the taking of diamond back terrapins by striking from said section the words, "from the first day of March to the 25th day of July."
And that section 596 be amended so as to forbid buying and selling
terrapins of less than 5 1-2 inches by inserting the words "buy or sell/' after the words, "or at any time," in the first line.
I further recommend a law providing that the dogs of the state shall be enumerated and tagged annually by the wardens of this Department, and that a fee of $1.00 be charged for each dog so enumerated and tagged, to be collected by the wardens, who shall be authorized to kill or dispose of any dog on failure of the owner to pay the fee, and that all dogs shall be
restrained from running at large during the months of April, May and June.
I further recommend that all of the oyster lands of the state shall be claimed and controlled by the state, and that the free fishing of the natural or other beds owned by the state shall be forbidden, and that every man owning oyster beds, leased or otherwise, shall pay an annual license of not less than $5.00 for small boats and $25.00 for large boats, the license to be graduated according to tonnage and motive power, and that every man authorized to fish for and take oysters on the coast of Georgia shall be licensed and registered with a full and complete description, capable of easy identification, and that the oyster beds and state lands suitable for oyster culture be
offered to private parties in limited areas at an annual rental of not less than $1.00 per acre, and that the limits or boundaries of every oyster bed, privately
owned or leased, shall be distinctly buoyed and marked so as to be readily and accurately identified. And that severe penalties be provided for infractions of any of the provisions of the act.
That section 603 be amended so as to leave open one-third of the channel of all creeks at low water, by striking out the words, "for a space of ten feet for rivers and" in the fourth line, and the words, "of creek" in the fifth line
of said section.

22

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

I also recommend that an act be promptly passed forbidding the use of seines, traps and nets with meshes less than 1 1-2 inches at any time in any of the waters of the State, and make the possession of nets of smaller meshes a misdemeanor and authorize the seizure and confiscation of such nets
or traps.
I also recommend that the date for expiration of all license be March 1 of each year, instead of February 1, as now provided.
THE FARMER'S FRIEND.
"Every one of the perching birds is worth its weight in gold to the farmer.
It will indeed be a sad day for the American agriculturist when the last insect-
destroying bird is brought fluttering and dead to the ground ; then, if never before, will he appreciate the value of the allies he has lost forever; then, indeed, when it is too late, will he be willing to exchange any quantity of berries or cherries for just one living pair of robins, catbirds, or other birds so despised and neglected today.
"When the last century opened, man's conquest of crude nature had not gone far except in scattered spots. An aeroplane survey of the world showed
in Europe, Asia and America a few immense national clear farming spaces, but the earth was still almost like a Garden of Eden. Ocean swarmed with whale, seals, sea otter and sea birds. Animals and vegetable life of Africa and America had achieved perfect balance. Africa swarmed with life, mostly monstrous floral and faunal survivals of the latter end of the Tertiary epoch, while the Quanternary bird, beast and plant life of America was amazing. The buffalo of Africa and the bison of America perhaps equaled in number all the world's beef cattle of today. The mieasureless wild pastures were kept cropped and orderly by vegetable eaters, and the vegetarians were prevented from eating the world to a blank, gretnless desert by the hungry flesh eaters, for one lion at a meal could swallow all that a buffalo had eaten in a year. In this way meat-eating animals paradoxically preserved the vegetarians by eating them ; saved vegetarians from themselves, kept down their number, and thus saved plant life, for everything depends upon plant life, and plant eaters, left alone by man and other meat eaters, would surely make a desert
of the earth for themselves.
"As for man and his primitive weapons, the animals regarded him as a kind of Adam in Eden, so little did they fear him'. Daniel Boone had to beat
bison off with sticks, and the first Boers of the Veldt were stopped for days at a time by great, curious, fearless herds.
"White man's travels, trade, bullets and bacteria are turning Africa into a faunal desert, and the weeds are taking the place of its great, beautifully balanced floral world. America has been cut, cleared and harrowed of most wild things until only Man's good and evil, wheat and weeds, possess it. Where white man goes, either his weeds or his farm must follow. So that by the end of this century the zoological and botanical gardens will be the only place for the lover of nature to see the scant remains of the world's paradise of biological centuries agone, when all here was a finely balanced, wellordered Garden of Eden, an earth full of plants and animals that the Bible
tells about."
NATIONAL MIGRATORY BIRD LAW.
The National Congress has come to the rescue of the migratory wild fowl that visit our shores and state twice annually in their migrations from their Northern nesting grounds to their Southern refuges from the cold, and back
again.
On the subject of the law, the McLean bill, Congressman Gordon Lee, of

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

23

Georgia, who reported the bill, favorably, from the House Committee on Agriculture, makes the following observations:
"The committee gave a public hearing and a large amount of testimonywas produced before it to sustain to provisions of the bill. It appeared that most of the States of the Union have laws more or less effective in the protection of game or other birds resident and breeding within their 'borders, and by special reservation in the bill none of its provisions are to be deemed
to affect or to interfere with these laws as to such birds as to prevent the states from enacting laws and regulations of the Department of Agriculture
provided for in this bill. Through these local laws, however, it appeared that because of their nomadic habits little or no real protection was afforded water fowl and other migratory game birds, therefore, to secure for them adequate protection, particularly in the spring, when they are on their way to their nesting grounds, they should be placed under the custody of the General Government. It also appeared that some of the most valuable species of the nomads would soon be extinct unless immediate congressional protec-
tion afforded.
"It was clearly shown that the economic aspect was two-fold. The game birds yield a considerable and important amount of highly valued food, and if given adequate protection will be a constant valuable asset. The insectivorous migratory birds destroy annually thousands of tons of noxious weed seed and billions of harmful insects. These birds are the deadliest foe yet
found of the boll weevil, the gypsy and brown-tailed moths, and other like
pests. The yearly value of a meadow lark or a quail in a 10-acre field of cotton, corn or wheat is reckoned by experts at $5.00. The damage done to
growing crops in the United States by insects each year is estimated, by those
who have made the matter a special study, at about $800,000,000.
"The majority of the committee believe that to give Federal protection to these birds is no invasion of State rights, for being migratory they belong to no single state, but to all the states over which they pass and within which
they simply pause for food, rest or breeding. It is believed that the question
is purely a Federal one, and that under the strictest construction of the con-
stitution these migratory birds may and should be subject and entitled to
national protection by act of Congress."
The Senate Committee reported, in part, as follows:
"Anyone who has read recent estimates of the decrease in insectivorous
birds and the increase of herbivorous insects can readily believe that as the
mammals succeeded reptiles insects will soon possess the earth, unless some
agency is discovered to check their increase.
"We are prone to bear the usual and slowly accumulating burdens with
dull resignation and patience. The life and property losses and taxes that are inherited and constant we take for granted. It is the concentrated
and unusual calamities that shock and excite the spirit of opposition and the
desire to prevent a recurrence. By the sinking of the Titanic 1,300 lives were lost, and the world was filled with fear and sympathy. Tuberculosis claims 190,000 victims a year in this country, and pneumonia 160,000, yet we bear this awful loss of life with the passing comment that it is a great pity.
"The San Francisco earthquake destroyed property to the value of $400,000,000. This loss was the superinducing cause of the panic of 1907, which reduced the values by the billions. If it were known today that the country would suffer another such loss within its borders in the year 1913, the wheels of progress the world over would halt in sympathetic fear.
"A short time ago the farmers of the country, especially in the Northwest, were much agitated because of the proposed reciprocity agreement with Canada. The loss which they, together with other farmers of the country,
will suffer this year, and which will benefit no one, will exceed by hundreds of

24

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

millions of dollars the total value of the entire wheat crop of the nation. "As long ago as 1904, Dr. C. L. Marlatt, basing his estimates on the crop
reports of the United States Department of Agriculture, asserted that the loss to the agricultural industries in that year, caused by insects alone could be conservatively placed at $795,100,000, and this estimate does not include a

dollar for the use of insecticides.
"Mr. Forbush, in his most comprehensive book entitled, "Useful Birds,"

maintains that the insect pests destroy agricultural products to the value of

We $800,000,000 a year.

use large numbers so freely in these days that

hundreds of millions mean no more to us than hundreds of thousands did a

few years ago. There are about 600 colleges in the United States today.

Their buildings and endowments have been centuries in accumulation. The

value of the college and university buildings is estimated at $260,000,000, and
-- the endowments $219,000,000. If they should be destroyed tomorrow build-- ings and endowments the insect tax of one year would replace them and

leave a balance sufficient to endow 32 new universities in the sum of $10,000,-

000 each.
"We have in this country today about 20,000,000 school children, and the
cost of their education has become by far the heaviest tax laid upon the surplus of the country, yet it costs more by many millions to feed our insects than it does to educate our children. If there is any way in which this vast and destructive tax upon the national income can be prevented or stayed or resisted in any appreciable measure, it would seem to be the part of wisdom to
act without delay.

"For many years individuals, at their own expense, and voluntary societies

and representatives of the civilized nations the world over have studied and

We estimated the value of birds to the human race.

call attention at this

time to but a few of the estimates made, and such as seem to be fair and relia-

ble, but enough, we think, to prove that in this country at least we have

ruthlessly disturbed, if not destroyed, one of nature's wisest and most valua-

ble balances between the birds and their natural food, and it is clear to those

informed upon this subject that unless radical and immediate measures are

adopted to restore a sure, safe and natural equilibrium between insectivorous
birds and their foods the time will come when the annual loss caused by

insects to agriculture in this country alone will be counted in billions

instead of millions of dollars.

"Most insects, like the green leaf louse, or aphis, so destructive to the hop
industry and many other of our most valuable fruits and vegetables, repro-

duce their kind at the rate of ten sextillion to the pair in one season. This number means 40,000 for every square inch of land that is above the water. Placed in Indian file, 10 to the inch, it would take light, traveling at the rate

of 180,000 miles per second, 2,500 years to reach the file leader.

"The potato bug is less fecund. One pair will produce from fifty to sixty millions only in a season. The natural increase of one pair of gypsy
moths would defoliate the United States in eight years.

"These estimates I quote from Dr. Forbush who, in turn, gathered them
from the United States Biological Survey, and we may say that these cases
are fair examples of the productive powers of the insectile world. Locusts,
army worms and chinch bugs, unless checked in procreation, soon become
countless hordes, devastating wide areas of the earth's surface.
"It is to be remembered that insects live to eat. Some of them increase
their size at birth 10,000 times in thirty days. Dr. Lintner, one of the New
Jersey Board of Agriculture, reports 176 species of insects attacking the apple tree, plum and cherry trees. Dr. Packard finds 400 species feeding upon
the oak; 300 attack the conifera. The number feeding upon cereals, grains,
and garden crops is also very large.

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BOB WHITE.
The most prolific, the most popular and the most important game bird in this State is the quail. They thrive and multiply rapidly about the farms in
all parts of the State.
They afford a large percentage of the sport enjoyed by the hunters of the State and, in season, are an important item of diet with those who are willing and have the opportunity to go out and look for them with gun and dog.
Their thrift and increase depends largely on the character of the cover, food and water. With the protection of deep grass near springs and streams about the cultivated fields they multiply and thrive amazingly.
They are very numerous now in many counties of the State.

BOB-WHITE.

00, BV A. W. MUMFOWD, CHICAGO

>A

(Colinus virtrinianus )

% Life-size.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

25

"The reports of the Bureau of Entomology show that destruction by some insects is widely spread and is increasing. Dr. Marlatt estimates that the loss to the wheat-growing states in 1904 occasioned by the Hessian fly was about $50,000,000. Dr. Shinar estimates the damage done to crops in the Mississippi Valley caused by the chinch bug in one year as high as $100,000. The Rocky Mountain locusts, in years of their greatest activity, caused in the states of the Northwest more than $150,000,000. Dr. Lintner estimates the annual loss to farmers caused by cut-worms at $100,000,000. The terrible loss

of $800,000,000 a year is fairly easy of proof.

-- "That the cut-worm does not eat everything that grows is due to several
causes weather, parasites, fungi, insect diseases, insectivorous birds, and

mechanically applied poisons, which are expensive, unnatural and dangerous.

However large may be the share of parasites, fungi and weather in checking

the increase of destructive insects, investigation shows that it is lamentably

insufficient, and the briefs of the bird defenders pretty clearly indicate that

the birds have been, are, and will be without question one of the most im-

portant agencies in staying the inroads of insect devastation. Men who have

had this subject at heart and in hand for many years assert that bird life is

one of the most indispensable balancing forces of nature.
"We cite a few instances in support of the foregoing. All birds eat, and

most of them eat most of the time, and they eat insects and little else. The

old bird has just as keen an appetite as the young bird, and he is much larger

and his daily ration is almost incredible.

"Mr. Treadwell, of the Boston Society of Natural History, fed a young

robin 68 angle or earth worms in one day. Mr. Nash, of the Ontario Depart-

ment of Agricultural Department, fed a cut-worm robin 70 cut-worms a day

A for 15 days.

young crow will eat twice its weight a day for almost

anything that happens to be brought before him. The State Ornithologist of

Massachusetts, Mr. Forbush, by careful and painstaking observation, has

collected much reliable information on this subject. He has seen two parent

grosbeaks in 11 hours make 450 trips to their nest carrying two or more

larvae at a time. Sparrows, chickadees, vireos, martins and warblers made

from 40 to 60 trips an hour with their beaks filled with all manner of insects.

Under the Supervision of the United States Biological Survey, the crops of

3,500 birds were examined. Thirty grasshoppers and 250 caterpillars were

found in the crops of cuckoos and in another 500 mosquitoes; 38 cut-worms

were found in the crop of a blackbird ; 70 cankerworms were found in the

crop of a cedar bird. Prof. Tschudi estimates the diet of a song sparrow at

1,500 larvae a day.

"Mr. Forbush estimates that a single yellow-throated warbler will consume 10,000 aphids or tree lice in a day. Scarlet langers have been seen to eat 35 gypsy moths a minute for 18 minutes at a time.
To quote further from Mr. Forbush on birds:
" 'More than 50 kinds of birds feed upon different varieties of caterpillars;
38 varieties are known to feed upon devastating plant lice.'
"Mr. McAtee, of the United States Biological Survey, reports that several of the most destructive species of scale insects are the food of not less than 50 kinds of birds. Beetles, cut-worms, grubs, borers, locust, grasshoppers, crickets; in fact, almost all of the injurious insects are food for a very great

majority of the different kinds of birds.

"It is the general belief that the so-called game birds are seed rather than insect eaters. The fact is that the bulk of food of most of this class of birds consist of insects when insects are to be had.
"THE QUAIL, THOUGH NOT A MIGRATORY BIRD, AND THEREFORE NOT WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE PENDING BILL SHOULD, HOWEVER, BE CAREFULLY PROTECTED BY STATE LEGISLA-

26

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

TION. IT FEEDS UPON LOCUST, CHINCH BUGS, COTTON WORMS, COTTON BOLL WEEVILS, ARMY WORMS, COLORADO POTATO BEETLES, STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLES, GRASSHOPPERS, GROUND BEETLES, AND MANY OTHERS. THE YOUNG FEED ALMOST ENTIRELY UPON INSECTS. SUCH SEED AS THEY EAT ARE LARGELY THOSE OF THE HARMFUL WEED, AS RAGWEED, SMARTWEED, RED SORREL, MERCURY, PIGWEED AND THE LIKE. IF THE QUAIL CAN BE PROTECTED AND BECOME
NUMEROUS AND FEARLESS, THEY WOULD BECOME THE MOST
USEFUL ASSISTANTS AND ALLIES OF THE FARMER.

"This is true in a great measure of the partridge or ruffed grouse, snipe,
plover, sandpiper, woodcock and the black duck, once so common all along the shores of our streams and pools. They were formerly great insect eaters, but they have been so persecuted by the hunters that they hardly now ever live

there.

"Prairie chickens, like the grouse and the wild turkey, feed their growing

young almost entirely upon insects, and the mature birds prefer this diet.
"We quote from Prof. Forbush a few instances of crops saved from de-

struction by birds:

' 'In Pomerania an immense forest was in danger of being utterly ruined

by caterpillars, and was unexpectedly saved by cuckoos which, though on

the point of migration, established themselves there for weeks, and so thor-

oughly cleared the trees that next year neither depredators nor depredations

were seen.

'In Europe, in 1848, there was a great outbreak of gypsy moths. The

hand of man seemed powerless to work off the affliction, but on the approach

of the winter titmice and wrens paid daily visits to the infested trees, and

before spring the eggs of the moths were entirely destroyed.'

"According to 'Reaumer," the larvae of the gypsy moth were at one time so numerous on the Limes at Brussels that many of the great trees were nearly

defoliated. The moths swarmed like bees in the summer. If one-half of the

eggs had hatched the following spring, scarcely a leaf would have remained

Two in these favorite places of public resort.

months later scarcely an egg

cluster would be found. This happy result was attributed to the titmice and

creepers, which were seen busily running up and down the trunks of the

trees.

"In 1892 Australia was afflicted with incursions of immense clouds of locust. In Glen Thompson district several large flocks of ibis were seen eating the young locust in a wholesale manner. Near Victoria swarms of locusts were seen in a paddock. Just as it was feared that all the sheep would have to be sold for want of grass, starlings, spoonbills and cranes made their appearance and in a few days made so great a destruction of the locusts that but a few acres of grass were lost.
"When Utah was settled the first year's crop was almost utterly destroyed by myriads of crickets that came down from the mountains. The first crop naving been almost destroyed, they had sowed seed for the second crop. The crop promised well, but when the crickets appeared the people were in danger
of starvation. In describing the conditions, Mr. George Q. Cannon said 'Black crickets came down by millions and destroyed our grain crops; promising fields of wheat in the morning were by evening as smooth as a man's
-- hand devoured by insects. At this juncture, sea gulls came by thousands,
and before the crops were entirely destroyed, these gulls devoured the
crickets, so that our fields were entirely free from them.' Several times afterward the crops were attacked by the crickets and were saved by the gulls.

"In 1865 locusts hatched out in countless numbers in Nebraska. Some

A fields of corn and wheat were entirely destroyed by them.

large field of

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

27

corn near Dacotah City was literally covered with locusts, and there were indications that not a stalk would escape. About this time blackbirds appealed in large numbers and made this field their feeding place. The locusts gradually disappeared. Although the crop had to be replanted, it was due to
the birds that a crop was raised at all. Many fields were saved with but slight
loss by the work of blackbirds, plover, quail and prairie chickens.
"A severe outbreak of forest tent caterpillars occurred in New York and parts of New England in 1898. Thousands of acres of woodland were devastated, and great damage was done to the sugar maple orchards of New York
-- and Vermont. Birds warblers, orioles, sparrows, robins, cuckoos, cedar -- birds and many others attacked the caterpillars vigorously, and by 1900 the
plague had been so reduced that the injury was not seen.
"Increase of insects and damage by them follows destruction of birds. Frederick, of Prussia, being particularly fond of cherries, was annoyed to see
the sparrows destroying his favorite fruit. An edict was issued ordering sparrow extermination. The campaign was so successful that not only were the sparrows destroyed, but many other birds were either killed or driven away. Within two years cherries and most other fruits were wanting. The tre^i
were defoliated by caterpillars and other insects, and the King, seeing his error, imported sparrows to take the place of those that had been killed.
"A few years since the harvests of France began to fail, a commission to investigate the cause of the deficiency was appointed by the minister of agri-
culture. This commission took counsel with experienced naturalists, and the deficiency was attributed to the ravages of insects that it is the function of
birds to destroy. It seems that the French people had been killing and eat-
ing not only the game birds, but the smaller birds as well. Birds' eggs had
been taken in immense numbers. A single child had been known to come in
at night with a hundred eggs. The number of eggs of birds destroyed in the country annually was estimated to be from eighty to one hundred millions. Before such persecution, the birds were rapidly disappearing. As an appar-
ent result of the destruction of the birds and vines, fruit trees, forest trees, grain and field crops were suffering from destructive insects. It was concluded that by no other agency than the birds could the ravages of insects be kept down, and the commission called for prompt and energetic remedies
to prevent the destruction of birds.
"The greatest losses from the ravages of the Rocky Mountain locusts were coincident with or followed soon after the destruction by the people of count-
less thousands of blackbirds, prairie chickens, quail, upland plover, curlew,
and other birds. This coincidence is significant at least. Prof. Aughey tells how this slaughter was accomplished. Vast numbers of them were poisoned with strychnine in and around the cornfields. It was done under the belief that the blackbirds were damaging the corn crop, but a great number of birds of other species were destroyed as well as the blackbirds.
"In Dakota county, in Nebraska, in one autumn not less than 30,000 birds must have been destroyed. Prof. Aughey writes thus of this destruction : 'Supposing that each of these 30,000 birds ate 150 insects daily, we then have the enormous number of 135,000,000 insects saved in this one country in
one month that ought to have been destroyed by birds.' When we consider
that most of these birds were migratory, and that they would have been busy in other regions the rest of the time in helping to keep down the increase of insects, the harm that their destruction did is beyond computation. The killing of such birds is not a local, it is a national and a continental loss.
"All of the foregoing evidence goes to demonstrate the existence of a natural economic relation between these three orders of life. There is a sort of interdependence, and the existence of each is dependent upon the existence of the others. But for the vegetation the insects would perish, but for the

28

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

insects the birds would perish, and but for the birds the vegetation would be utterly destroyed by the unchecked increase of insect destroyers."
The New National Law.
The McLean bill, above referred to, and passed January 22, is as follows:
"Be it enacted, etc., that all wild geese, wild swan, brant, wild ducks, snipe, plover, woodcock, rail, wild pigeons and all other migratory and insectivorous birds which in their Northern and Southern migrations pass through or do not remain permanenty the entire year within the borders of any state or territory, shall hereafter be deemed to be within the custody and protection of the government of the United States, and shall not be destroyed or taken contrary to regulations hereinafter provided therefor.
"The Department of Agriculture is hereby authorized and directed to adopt suitable regulations to give effect to the previous paragraph by prescribing and fixing closed seasons, having due regard to the zones of temperature, breeding habits, and times and line of migratory flight, thereby enabling the department to select and designate suitable districts for different portions of the country, and it shall be unlawful to shoot or by any device kill or seize and capture migratory birds within the protection of this law during said closed seasons, and any person who shall violate any of the provisions or regulations of this law for the protection of migratory birds shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not more than $100 or imprisoned not more
than ninety days, or both, in the discretion of the court.
"The Department of Agriculture, after the preparation of the said regulations, shall cause the same to be made public, and shall allow a period of three months in which said regulations may be examined and considered before final adoption, permitting when deemed proper, public hearings thereon, and after final adoption shall cause the same to be engrossed and submitted to the president of the United States for approval provided, however, that noth-
;
ing herein contained shall be deemed to affect or interfere with the local laws of the states and territories for the protection of non-migratory game or other birds resident and breeding within their borders, nor to prevent the states and territories from enacting laws and regulations to promote and render efficient the regulations of the Department of Agriculture provided under this
statute.
"There is hereby appropriated, out of any monies in the Treasury not other-
wise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out these provisions, the sum
of $10,000,000."
PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS.
Washington, D. C, June 17, 1913. Pursuant to the provisions of the act of March 4, 1913, authorizing and directing the Department of Agriculture to adopt suitable regulations prescribing and fixing closed seasons for migratory birds (37 Stat., 847), regulations, copy of which is hereto annexed, have been prepared, are hereby made public, and are hereby proposed for adoption, after allowing a period of three months
in which the same may be examined and considered. The regulations, as finally adopted, will become effective on or after October 1, 1913, whenever
approved by the President. Public hearings on the proposed regulations will be held by the Bureau of
Biological Survey of this department whenever deemed necessary. Inquiries
in reference thereto should be addressed to the Secretary of Agriculture.
B. T. GALLOWAY,
Acting Secretary of Agriculture.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

29

REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS.
Pursuant to the provisions of the act of March 4, 1913, authorizing and directing the Department of Agriculture to adopt suitable regulations prescribing and fixing closed seasons for migratory birds (37 Stat., 847), having due regard to zones of temperature, breeding habits, and times and lines of migratory flight, the Department of Agriculture has adopted the following regu-
lations:

Regulation 1. Definitions.
For the purposes of these regulations the following shall be considered
migratory game birds:
(a) Anatidae or waterfowl, including brant, wild ducks, geese, and swans.
(b) Gruidae or cranes, including little brown, sandhill, and whooping
cranes.
(c) Rallidae or rails, including coot, gallinules, and sora and other rails. (d) Limicolae or shore birds, including avocets, curlew, dowitchers, godwits, knots, oyster catchers, phalaropes, plover, sandpipers, snipe, stilts, surf birds, turnstones, willet, woodcock, and yellow legs. (e) Columbidae or pigeons, including doves and wild pigeons. For the purposes of these regulations the following shall be considered migratory insectivorous birds (f) Bobolinks, catbirds, chickadees, cuckoos, flycatchers, grosbeaks, hum-
ming birds, kinglets, martins, meadow larks, night hawks or bull bats,
nuthatches, orioles, robins, shrikes, swallows, swifts, tanagers, titmice, thrushes, vireos, warblers, waxwings, whippoorwills, woodpeckers, and wrens, and all other perching birds which feed entirely or chiefly on insects.
Regulation 2. Closed Seasons at Night.
A daily closed season on all migratory game and insectivorous birds shall
extend from sunset to sunrise.

Regulation 3. Closed Seasons on Insectivorous Birds.
A closed season on migratory insectivorous birds shall continue to Decem-
ber 31, 1913, and each year thereafter shall begin January 1 and continue to December 31, both dates inclusive, provided that nothing in this regulation shall be construed to prevent the issue of permits for collecting such birds for scientific purposes in accordance with the laws and regulations in force in the respective States and Territories and the District of Columbia; and provided further that the closed season on reedbirds or ricebirds in Delaware, Maryland, the District of Columbia, Virginia, and South Carolina shall begin November 1 and end August 31 next following, both dates inclusive.
Regulation 4. Five-Year Closed Seasons on Certain Game Birds.
A closed season shall continue until September 1, 1918, on the following
migratory game birds Band-tailed pigeons, little brown, sandhill, and whoop;
ing cranes, swans, curlew, and all shorebirds except the black-breasted and golden plover, Wilson or jacksnipe, woodcock, and the greater and lesser
yellowlegs.
A closed season shall also continue until September 1, 1918, on wood ducks in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, West
Virginia, and Wisconsin ; on rails in California and Vermont ; and on woodcock
in Illinois and Missouri.

30

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Regulation 5. Closed Season on Certain Navigable Rivers.
A closed season shall continue between January 1 and October 31, both
dates inclusive, of each year, on all migratory birds passing over or at rest on any of the waters of the main streams of the following navigable rivers, to-
wit : The Mississippi River between New Orleans, La., and Minneapolis,
Minn.; the Ohio River between its mouth and Pittsburgh, Pa.; and the Missouri River between its mouth and Bismarck, N. Dak.; and on the killing or capture of any of such birds on or over the shores of any of said rivers, or at any point within the limits aforesaid, from any boat, raft, or other device, floating or otherwise, in or on any such waters.
Regulation 6. Zones.
The following zones for the protection of migratory game and insec-
tivorous birds are hereby established: Zone No. 1, the breeding zone, comprising States lying wholly or in part
north of latitude 40 and the Ohio River and including Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minne-
-- sota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington 25 States. Zone No. 2, the wintering zone, comprising States lying wholly or in part
south of latitude 40 and the Ohio River and including Delaware. Maryland, the District of Columbia, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mis-
souri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, Arizona,
-- California, Nevada, and Utah 23 States and the District of Columbia.
Regulation 7. Construction.
For the purposes of regulations 8 and 9, each period of time therein prescribed as a closed season shall be construed to include the first day and to exclude the last day thereof.
Regulation 8. Closed Seasons In Zone No. 1.
-- Closed seasons in zone No. 1 shall be as follows:
Waterfowl. The closed season on waterfowl shall be between December 16 and September 1 next following, except as follows:
Exceptions: In Massachusetts the closed season shall be between January 1 and September 15.
In Minnesota and North Dakota the closed season shall be between December 16 and September 7.
In South Dakota the closed season shall be between December'16 and September 10.
In New York, other than on Long Island, and in Oregon the closed season shall be
between December 16 and September 16.
In New Hampshire, Long Island. New Jersey, and Washington the closed season
shall be between January 16 and October 1.
-- Rail's. The closed season on rails, coots, and gallinules shall be between
December 1 and September 1 next following, except as follows:
Exceptions: In Massachusetts and Rhode Island the closed season shall be between December 1 and August 1.
In New York and on Long Island the closed season shall be between December 1
and September 16; and
On rails in California and Vermont the closed season shall be until September
1, 1918.
-- Woodcock. The closed season on woodcock shall be between December
1 and October 1 next following, except as follows:

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

31

Exceptions: In Maine and Vermont the closed season shall be between December 1 aud September 15.
In Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Jersey the closed season shall be between
December 1 and October 10. In Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, and on Long Island the closed season shall be
between December 1 and October 15; and
-- In Illinois and Missouri the closed season shall be until September 1, 1918.
Shore Birds. The closed season on black-breasted and golden plover, jacksnipe or Wilson snipe, and greater or lesser yellowlegs shall be between December 16 and September 1 next following, except as follows:
Exceptions: In Maine, Massachusetts, and on Long Island the closed season shall be between December 16 and August 1.
In Minnesota and North Dakota the closed season shall be between December 16 and September 7.
In South Dakota the closed season shall be between December 16 and September 10.
In New York, other than Long Island, and in Oregon the closed season shall be
between December 16 and September 16 ; and
In New Hampshire and Washington the closed season shall be between December
16 and October 1.
Regulation 9. Closed Seasons In Zone No. 2.
Closed seasons in zone No. 2 shall be as follows:
-- Waterfowl. The closed season on waterfowl shall be between January 16
and October 1 next following, except as follows: Exceptions: In Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Arizona the closed season
shall be between December 16 and September 1; and In Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina the closed season shall
be between February 1 and November 1.
-- Rails. The closed season on rails, coots, and gallinules shall be between
December 1 and September 1 next following, except as follows:
Exceptions: In Tennessee and Louisiana the closed season shall be between December 1 and October 1 ; and
In Arizona the closed season shall be between December 1 and October 15.
-- Woodcock. The closed season on woodcock shall be between January 1
and November 1, except as follows:
Exceptions: In Louisiana the closed season shall be between January 1 and November 15; and
In Georgia the closed season shall be between January 1 and December 1.
-- Shore Birds. The closed season on black-breasted and golden plover, jack-
snipe or Wilson snipe, and greater and lesser yellowlegs shall be between December 16 and September 1, next following, except as follows:
Exceptions: In Alabama the closed season shall be between December 16 and November 1.
In Louisiana and Tennessee the closed season shall be between December 16 and October 1.
In Arizona the closed season shall be between December 16 and October 15. In Utah, on snipe, the closed season shall be between December 16 and October 1, and on plover and yellowlegs shall be until September 1, 1918.
Regulation 10. Hearings.
Persons recommending changes in the regulations or desiring to submit evidence in person or by attorney as to the necessity for such changes should make application to the Secretary of Agriculture. Whenever possible hearings will be arranged at central points, and due notice thereof given by publi-
cation or otherwise as may be deemed appropriate. Persons recommending changes should be prepared to show the necessity for such action and to sub-

32

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

mit evidence other than that based on reasons of personal convenience or a
desire to kill game during a longer open season.

FEDERAL LAW FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS.

(37 Stat., 847).
(Extract from an act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fourteen).
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, All wild geese, wild swans, brant, wild ducks, snipe, plover, woodcock, rail, wild pigeons, and all other migratory game and insectivorous birds which in their northern and southern migrations pass through or do not remain permanently the entire year within the borders of any State or Territory, shall hereafter be deemed to be within the custody and protection of the Government of the United States, and shall not be destroyed or taken contrary to regulations hereinafter provided
therefor.
The Department of Agriculture is hereby authorized and directed to adopt suitable regulations to give effect to the previous paragraph by prescribing and fixing closed seasons, having due regard to the zones of temperature, breeding habits, and times and line of migratory flight, thereby enabling the department to select and designate suitable districts for different portions of the country, and it shall be unlawful to shoot or by any device kill or seize and capture migratory birds within the protection of this law during said closed seasons, and any person who shall violate any of the provisions or regulations of this law for the protection of migratory birds shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not more than $100 or imprisoned not more than ninety days, or both, in
the discretion of the court.
The Department of Agriculture, after the preparation of said regulations, shall cause the same to be made public, and shall allow a period of three months in which said regulations may be examined and considered before final adoption, permitting, when deemed proper, public hearing thereon, and after final adoption, shall cause the same to be engrossed and submitted to the President of the United States for approval: Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall be deemed to affect or interfere with the local laws of the States and Territories for the protection of nonmigratory game or other birds resident and breeding within their borders, nor to prevent the States and Territories from enacting laws and regulations to promote and render efficient the regulations of the Department of Agriculture provided under this statute.
There is hereby appropriated, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out these provisions, the sum of $10,000.
Approved March 4, 1913.
EXPLANATION OF THE PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS.

Laws for the protection of migratory birds hitherto enacted have usually

provided long open seasons and have been framed mainly in the interests of

the hunter rather than of the game. In preparing the regulations under the

Federal

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at the time of the year when game birds are most abundant and in the best

condition, and in all cases to give the benefit of the doubt to the bird. Recog-

nizing the fact that many species of shore birds and some of the waterfowl

have diminished to a point where they are approaching extinction, protection

has been extended to several species throughout the year and to others at

least three-fourths of the year. The prepartion of the regulations was in-

trusted to a committee of members of the Biological Survey appointed by the

Acting Secretary of Agriculture on March 21, 1913. The members of this

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THE GOOD LUCK BIRD.
On the opposite page is a beautiful picture of a familiar friend of the
farmer--the bluebird.
He lives almost entirely on insect life, with which he mixes a small amount of vegetable matter. Though small, he eats an enormous amount of grasshoppers, bugs and worms. He seldom disturbs the fruit of the orchard, but loves the elder berry as a mixture for his diet. He is one of the most domestic
of the wild birds, and nests in the orchards and cultivated fields almost entirely. Its familiar twitter is universally considered a harbinger of' spring, the voice of promise.
It is a bird that requires no law for its protection. With the proper education of the public mind, we may expect soon to see practically all of the song and insectivorous birds loved and protected as the bluebird is today, and with such protection, many of them will multiply rapidly, to the great benefit to the farms, gardens, orchards and vineyards of the state.

BLUEBIRD.

COPYBIGHT 1900, BY A. W. MUMF0F10, CHICAOO

21

Life size.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

33

committee were: T. S. Palmer, Assistant Chief, chairman; A. K. Fisher, in
Charge of Economic Investigations; and W. W. Cooke, Migration Expert.
The committee at once took up the work of examining the data on file in the
Biological Survey relating to the distribution, migration, and protection of
migratory birds, had a series of maps prepared, collected much special information, and after numerous conferences recommended the regulations contained in Circular No. 92. These regulations differ from the ordinary restrictions
under State laws, since they take into consideration the entire range of the species and the condition of the birds at all times of the year and not merely
the local conditions when a certain species is most abundant in some particu-
lar State or region.
Basis of the Regulations.
In carrying out the statutory requirement of "due regard to the zones of temperature, breeding habits, times and line of migratory flight," the following are some of the more important principles on which the regulations have been based:
To limit the list of migratory game birds to species properly so called and to eliminate species too small to be considered legitimate game or too rare to be longer hunted for sport or profit. This list has been made to conform as
closely as possible with the statutory definitions of game.
To prevent spring shooting. To protect migratory birds between sunset and sunrise. To provide protected flight lines along at least three of the great navigable
rivers.
To make the seasons approximately equal in length in different parts of
the country.
To limit the hunting seasons to a maximum of three or three and one-half
months.
To regulate these seasons according to latitude and times of migration and to adjust them so that there may be reasonable opportunity of securing 30
days' shooting of any species at a given place.
To provide separate seasons for waterfowl, rail, shore birds, and woodcock. The woodcock seasons are made to conform as nearly as possible with the seasons for upland game under State laws, so that there may be no oppor-
tunity in close seasons to hunt quail or grouse under the guise of shooting woodcock.
To curtail hunting at the end instead of the beginning of the open season,
in the interest of both the birds and the sportsmen.
To utilize all the protection now accorded by the close seasons under State
laws and extend these seasons where necessary.
Effect of the Regulations.
The probable effect of these regulations may be briefly stated as follows: (1) Uniformity in protection of migratory game and insectivorous birds
in the several States.
(2) Protection of birds in spring while enroute to their nesting grounds and while mating.
(3) Uniformity in protection of migratory birds at night. (4) Establishment of protected migration routes along three great rivers in the central United States. (5) Complete protection for five years for the smaller shore birds and other species which have become greatly reduced in numbers.
(6) Reduction of the open season on migratory game birds, but in most cases not more than 25 to 50 per cent.
(7) No change in existing conditions before October 1, 1913.

34

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Definitions.
Although the law names the more important game birds, a regulation defining the groups is necessary to show definitely the kinds of birds included under the term "all other migratory game and insectivorous birds." In fram-
ing these definitions the statutory definitions of the various State laws have been followed as closely as possible insofar as they relate to migratory species
the birds have been arranged in natural groups, and the common names adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union have been followed when the birds have more than one common name since it is obviously impracticable to
include all the local names.
Night Shooting.
The regulation prohibiting night shooting is intended to bring about uniformity in provisions now in force in most States protecting waterfowl or other birds at night or within certain hours between sunset and sunrise so that the birds may be unmolested on their roosting grounds and may have time to feed after sunset or before sunrise. It will make no change in existing law in about one-fourth of the States ; it will make existing regulations clearer in 9 States; it will add an hour's protection, more or less, in the morning and evening in about one-fourth of the States; and it will regulate night shooting in 14 States which now have no restriction of this kind.
Insectivorous Birds.
This regulation simply makes uniform the protection now accorded these
birds in more than 40 States. It protects the robin, the lark, and other birds in the few States in which they suffer from an open season. It attempts no change in existing regulations regarding the issue of permits for collecting
birds for certain scientific purposes.
Five- Year Close Seasons.
A close season for several years is provided in an effort to harmonize the
absolute protection already given some birds in certain States, the demand for five-year close season on shore birds, and the necessity for greater protection on other birds which have been hunted beyond the margin of safety. The protection accorded woodcock and rail is already existing law; that on swans has been made uniform throughout all the States, and that on wood ducks extended from a few States in the Northeast to most of the States in Zone No. 1 east of the Mississippi River. The only important additions are the additional protection given band-tailed pigeons in a few States and the close season
placed on avocets, cranes, curlew, godwits, killdeer, stilts, upland plover, willet, and the smaller shore birds.
Navigable Rivers.
The suspension of hunting on the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri Rivers allows waterfowl a safe highway from their winter feeding grounds in the lower Mississippi Valley to their nesting grounds in Minnesota and the Dakotas and forms an extended refuge which is easily defined and can be
generally recognized.
Zones.
More than 50 separate seasons for migratory birds were provided under
statutes in force in 1913. This multiplicity of regulations or zones to suit special localities has apparently had anything but a beneficial effect on the
abundance of game. The effort to provide special seasons for each kind of game in each locality merely makes a chain of open seasons for migratory

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

35

birds and allows the continued destruction of such birds from the beginning
of the first season to the close of the last. It is believed that better results
will follow the adoption of the fewest possible number of zones and so regulating the seasons in each as to include the time when each species is in the best condition or at the maximum of abundance during the autumn. For this reason the country has been divided into two zones, as nearly equal as possible, one to include the States in which migratory game birds breed or would breed if given reasonable protection, the other the States in which comparatively few species breed, but in which many winter. Within these zones the
-- seasons are fixed for the principal natural groups waterfowl, rail, shore birds,
and woodcock. In no case does the zone boundary cross a State line, and except in very rare cases the seasons are uniform throughout the States. Devia-
tion from this rule leads ultimately to the recognition of a multiplicity of local
seasons, which has done so much to retard game protection.

Seasons In Zone No. 1.

Apparently few changes have been made in existing hunting seasons in

Zone No. 1, except in the elimination of spring shooting, and about half of
the States in this zone now close the season on waterfowl by the middle of

December or the first of January. In most States in this zone the hunting

season begins on some date in September, and these dates have generally been

followed in the regulations. In two or three cases in which States have several

different seasons for different counties it has been necessary to effect a com-

promise, either by adopting one season or the dates which most nearly con-

A form with the seasons in adjoining States.

slight change in a few of the

State laws would make it possible to eliminate most of the exceptions and

apparent inequalities in the seasons.

Seasons In Zone No. 2.

In most cases the close seasons in Zone No. 2 end on the same dates as the seasons under the State laws, but eliminate spring shooting after January 15. This avoids confusion in the opening of the hunting season and provides shooting in the autumn or early winter, when the birds are in the best condi-
-- tion. In four States Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Caro-- lina the seasons for waterfowl do not open until November 1, and the season
is consequently extended to February 1. The difference of 15 days in the length of the season in these States as compared with the seasons elsewhere is more than offset by the fact that the birds are present practically throughout the open season, whereas in the northern zone and in some States in the
southern zone they are present only part of the time.

Hearings.

The object of the hearings is to afford persons interested an opportunity to present evidence showing the necessity for readjustment of some of the seasons so as to adapt them better to local conditions and to submit new data regarding local abundance of birds and times of migration. The department already has ample information regarding the seasons provided under existing laws and the changes which have been made from time to time. The desire
to have the hunting seasons as long as possible is natural, but as such seasons have heretofore been too long, the question is merely one of adjustment within
certain maximum limits. Consequently, if the birds are to be restored, some
curtailment of the season in each State is essential. In such an effort general welfare should take precedence over private or local interests. In recommending changes the condition of each species should be considered throughout its range rather than in any one locality, and the effect of proposed changes in

36

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

extending or shortening the season as a whole in all the States must be given

due weight.

T. S. PALMER,

Chairman, Committee on Regulations on Migratory Birds.

Approved
B. T. GALLOWAY,

Acting Secretary of Agriculture.

Washington, D. C, June 17, 1913.

THE STOMACH TEST OF THE LAW.

"Not since the enactment of the game law have I tasted a partridge," complains the gastronomist obessed with the thought that birds are made to eat.

Indeed they are made to eat, made to eat insects, peculiarly constructed for the important work; the swallow and the nighthawk eat the insects in the air; the flicker the insects peculiar to the tops of trees; the woodpecker the insects that burrow into the body of the trees; the quail the insects that live near the surface of the ground ; the woodcock, the meadow lark and robin burrow into the earth for worms, bugs and insects that destroy vegetation.

The man who thinks first of his stomach is a very sorry dependence in a

A matter so important to all mankind as the preservation of bird life.

Geor-

gia partridge may be worth 50 cents in silver, on toast, but he is worth his

weight in gold on the farm. The matter of diet is of secondary consideration

when we come to talk about the preservation of birds. Let us hope that we

are no longer victims to the whims of the gastronomer in the matter of

game legislation, and the game law enforcement.

Certainly any change in the law that prohibits the traffic in game would be disastrous to the entire scheme of game protection. Those who imagine that they are discriminated against because they cannot buy quail in the markets only need to seriously consider for a moment that the preservation of
quail and other birds in Georgia cannot possibly be accomplished with the markets open to the traffic in birds.

In some of the Western States, and other countries, a bounty is offered for the destruction of certain animals by putting a price on the head of each; wolves, wildcats, or other undesirable inhabitants of the wild that they may be exterminated. Nobody would think of placing a bounty on quail, but to open the market would have exactly that effect. The open market is in its very nature a bounty, and to open the markets in Georgia will accomplish the extermination of quail as quickly as any system that could be adopted.

NATURE'S BALANCE WHEEL.

But for the birds vegetation would be destroyed by insects, but for the insects the birds would perish, but for the vegetation insects and all life would
disappear off the face of the earth.
If mankind ignores these rules of nature, mankind will surely pay the
penalty.

THE QUAIL'S DIET.

The Georgia partridge or Bob White feeds upon cotton worms, cotton boll weevils, army worms, potato bugs, cucumber beetles, ground beetles, grasshoppers and many other objectionable insects. Such seed as they eat are largely those of harmful weeds. The young feed almost entirely upon insects, and will eat more than its weight in bugs in one day. If quail can be protected until they become numerous and fearless, they would prove to be one of the
farmer's most useful assistants and allies.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

37

THE MILITIA DISTRICT EXEMPTION.
The militia district exemption as provided for in section 18 has served its purpose. If, indeed, there was ever any good reason for it.
The hunter who seeks to avoid the payment of license finds a temptation to evade the law in that particular provision. He may start out in good faith to confine his hunting to his own militia district, but before he realizes it, or
before the day's hunt is done, he finds himself beyond the district lines, and if
he escapes detection he is tempted to try again, with the result that many hunters who would not willfully start out and violate the law in the first
instance will gradually find excuse for going beyond his district limit, and then beyond his county limits, and gradually becomes a flagrant law-breaker, whereas he would ordinarily be willing to conform to the law not only in the purchase of a license, but in other respects, but for the unintentional infraction growing out of his rights under section 18 to hunt without license in his
own militia district. In many instances the deliberately lawless seek to shield themselves by
misrepresenting the facts with reference to their militia district rights. They
deliberately violate the law with the expectation of using the militia district exemption contained in section 18 and a shield and refuge in case they are apprehended.
I strongly recommend the repeal of that exemption.
A LICENSE TO FISH.

In most of the states a license to fish is 'charged, usually on about the
same basis as hunting license, thus the fishing privileges contribute a proper pro rata to the fund for the maintenance of the fish and game department, and the enforcement of fish and game laws. This department has spent probably as much money in enforcing the fish laws, particularly with reference to oys-
ters and shad, traps and offense of dynamiting, as it has in enforcing the
game laws, yet we have not one dollar of revenue from the fishing privileges. I strongly recommend the adoption of an amendment providing fishing
license of seventy-five cents or one dollar per annum.
COURTS.
The utter disregard of the plain letter of the law as laid down in section 12 of the Act of August 21, 1911, and amendments, August 19, 1912, which
prescribe a fine of not LESS THAN $10.00 AND ALL COSTS for each offense for "VIOLATIONS OF ANY OF THE GAME AND FISH LAWS
OF THIS STATE," by a number of Judges of the Superior and City Courts,
has created no end of confusion and demoralization among the wardens in those sections of the state. I will not here give the names or use dates, but have the data on file in this office to show a large number of such cases ; two
in which the court imposed a fine of $30.00 "to include the cost," the cost being $24.60, leaving $1.35 for the state; another case where the same court imposed a fine of $20.00 "to include cost," leaving nothing to the state or wardens; another case $25.00 "to include cost;" another $10.00 "to include the cost;" three others $10.00 "to include the cost;" three cases in which $30.00 "to include the cost;" and in the same court a fourth case $20.00 "to include the cost." In which all of the fines were divided between the Solicitor and
Sheriff. Another case, $5.00 and costs (one-half the minimum fine prescribed by law) ; another case in which a penalty of "$1.00 or one day" was named by the court; three cases of a penalty of $15.00 "to include the cost," and many
others. I have usually called the attention of the court to the law, and in
some instances it has been admitted that they did not know the law.
In one instance, cases against five citizens charged with shooting doves

38

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

over a baited field were settled by permitting one of the defendants to enter
a plea of guilty, with the statement that the others did not know that the field was baited, on which statement all of the cases except the plea of guilty were dismissed and the minimum fine imposed on the party entering the plea of guilty. In that case, five guilty men, prominent citizens who knew better, and who were able to pay fines, were encouraged to repeat the very pernicious
crime next season by being permitted to settle the case against the five for
$10.00, or $2.00 each.
In one instance a plain case of dove baiting and shooting doves over a baited field, in which the evidence was conclusive, failed of conviction, elicit-
ing the following comment from the local press. Leading newspapers of the
state
Look at This Picture and at That.
(Americus, Ga., Times-Recorder).
One may well make the apt comparison suggested' in Shakespeare's Hamlet as regards two pictures placed side by side when the matter of the enforcement of the game law in Sumter County and in Dougherty County is taken
into consideration.
Look first at the recent trials held here for dove-baiting, at which not even a sign of conviction was manifested. The solicitor of the city court and the game warden did their duty fully in presenting the facts to the jury, which promptly refused in each instance to return a verdict of guilty, on the ground that sufficient evidence was lacking.
Look then at the status of affairs in Dougherty County, before a tribunal in which county four citizens of Sumter County were summoned by the game warden of that county. Pleas of guilty were entered by these four offenders who promptly received the sentences of the court. The services of a jury were
not even necessary under these circumstances. There is a manifest difference between the two pictures that does not
reflect credit upon Sumter County. The cases in question here were carefully placed before the juries which tried them. Rumors were current in the court room, just as they had been heard more or less ever since the occurrence, that the game law had been violated here very generally. But the jury in each case
FAILED TO CONVICT FOR LACK OF EVIDENCE, AS THEY
CLAIMED.
The trouble was evidently with the juries. It would seem that the county game warden and the solicitor of the city court did their duty as prosecuting officials. It was the verdict of the juries that nullified their efforts and gave a
slap in the face to the enforcement of the game law in Sumter County. When
juries failed in doing their duty as these did, no wonder it became necessary for the officials to nolle prosse the remaining cases.
It is generally admitted among the sportsmen and people of Sumter County that the new game law is a just, fair and excellent one. Throughout the State the law has been accepted as one which could do more for the preservation of fish and game in Georgia than any other law had ever attempted to do, but how is it possible to enforce a law, no matter how excellent, when judges dis-
regard the evidence presented in specific cases? Should not the generally accepted commendation of the law and its manifest justice be an incentive to juries to convict offenders rather than to turn them loose? It is conceded that the law is a worthy one. It should have rigid and thorough enforcement, as every good law deserves. Sumter County went on record as nullifying the
game law when the juries in the city court failed to convict on evidence which so many claimed was plainly incriminatory, not taking into consideration at all the fact that many of the offenders are said to have admitted their guilt, not only to the game warden, but to others.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

39

SHOULD THE CITY COURT BE ABOLISHED?

(Americus, Ga., Progress).

During the last week of the March term of the city court among the cases

set for trial were several for alleged violation of the State Game Law. Two

of these were fought out in court, each of the defendants being released upon

the two juries returning verdicts of "not guilty." In its issue of April 4, con-

cerning the results of these trials, the Americus Times-Recorder made the

following editorial comment:

* * * * The trouble was evidently with the juries. It would

seem that the county game warden and the solicitor of the city court

did their duty as prosecuting officials. It was the verdict of the juries

that nullified their efforts and gave a slap in the face to the enforce-
ment of the game law in Sumter county. When juries failed in doing

their duty as these did, no wonder it became necessary for the officials

to nolle prosse the remaining cases.

Insofar as the first case tried the charge that the twelve men "promptly

refused to return a verdict of guilty" and thus violated their solemn oath,

We may or may not be true.

don't know. But as to the second case, having

been drawn on the jury, we do know that they did nothing of the kind. The

charge of the judge to the jury in this second case permitted the return of

no other verdict than that of not guilty. Wherein the fault lies for the

failure to successfully prosecute these cases we do not pretend to say. At

any rate, the result is practically similar to many other cases of more or less

merit which have been on the city court docket during the past few months.

And, because of the absence of any reasonable results, the city court has

come into contempt among many citizens of the city and county. There is

a considerable sentiment throughout the county, and this sentiment is grow-

ing, in favor of abolishing the city court and turning all the business over to

the superior court, where results are forthcoming.

On each docket of the city court there is, perhaps, an average of a hundred

civil cases and as many criminal, and on an average 50 per cent of the cases

are not brought to trial. Various reasons for these circumstances have been

advanced, but none appear to be adequate. Under the rules adopted by the

Americus Bar Association some years since, after a case is once by mutual

consent set for trial, nothing except the sickness of the attorney or the prin-

cipal should interfere with a speedy settlement before the court and jury.

This rule, thanks to the efficiency of the judge, is quite rigidly adhered to in

the superior court. On the other hand, in the city court quite the reverse is

the usual custom. As a consequence, many cases are continued and carried

over and finally "lost in the shuffle," to the great detriment of justice and at

useless expense to the county.

To abolish the city court and turn the business over to the superior court

the advocacy of such a measure would naturally stir up the opposition of most

of the lawyers. But if it was done, could they blame anyone but themselves?

The expense, under present conditions, would be about the same, the results

would be far more satisfactory, to say nothing of the convenience of all

citizens subject to jury duty.

These facts are recited here mainly for the purpose of calling attention to

some of the difficulties that have been encountered in the efforts made by this

Department to enforce the law.

LEGISLATION IN 1912.
The game legislation of 1912, while small in volume as compared with that of 1911, contained a number of important changes. Regular legislative ses-
sions were held in 11 States and special sessions in Arizona and New Mexico,
shortly after their admission, and in a number of other States, but in only four

40

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

cases were changes made in the game laws at these special sessions. In Canada changes were also made in the game laws of at least three of the Provinces. The total number of new laws is only 67, about the same as the number enacted in 1910. The record for each State is shown in the following

table:

List of Game Laws Enacted in 1912.

Alaska (regulations)

1

New York

2

Arizona

1

Rhode Island

Georgia ' Kentucky Louisiana Maryland

7

South Carolina

1

1

Virginia

4

2

17

Wisconsin

1

Massachusetts

8

Newfoundland (regulation)

1

Michigan

1

Nova Scotia

1

Mississippi

Ontario

1

New Jersey

17

New Mexico

1

Total

67

Protection in the form of a close season was extended for the first time to
squirrels in Louisiana, to ducks in New Mexico, and (for the first time since
1903) to waterfowl in Arizona. Complete protection at all seasons was pro-
vided for antelope in New Mexico for five years, and in Arizona indefinitely;
for elk and moose in Newfoundland indefinitely; for caribou on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, for two years ; and for deer on five islands in Alaska for
two years. In the case of birds the close seasons were extended on quaii in
Michigan until 1915, and on prairie chickens, pheasants, and wild pigeons in
New Mexico until 1917. In Virginia the robin was removed from the game

list.

On the other hand, an open season was provided on deer in three counties

in Massachusetts for the first time, and protection removed from black bears,

does, and robins in Louisiana. Through expiration of protection for terms of

years, seasons were opened in several cases, notably on introduced pheasants

and Hungarian partridges in Florida, or ruffed grouse and introduced game

birds in Alabama, and on quail in South Dakota.
Among the more important acts were the codification of the conservation law relating to fish and game in New York and complete new game laws in Louisiana, New Mexico and Arizona; a statute requiring the tagging of game

in Massachusetts, to take effect January 1, 1913; regulating the disposition
of game raised in licensed private preserves in New Jersey provision for a ;
nonpartisan game and fish commission, a warden system, and resident and

nonresident

licenses

in

Kentucky ;

and

provision

for

a

conservation

commis-

sion in Louisiana.

In the administration of the laws the most important changes were the

establishment of the game commission in Kentucky, the substitution of a con-

servation commission for the former bird, game, and fish commission in
Louisiana, and the broad powers given the conservation commission in New York. In New York the force of game protectors was increased from 90 to

125 men and provision made for service pay and promotion after civil-service
examination. New Jersey now prohibits the impersonating of game pro-

tectors and permits such officers to carry weapons of defense in performance

of their duties.
Measures encouraging the propagation of game and regulating sale were
adopted by Massachusetts, New Jersey, Georgia, and New Mexico. Massa-

1 As the Georgia Legislature meets in summer, the statutes are not published at the time of the preparation of the annual game-law summary. The laws for the preceding year are therefore ineluded to complete the record, but wherever Georgia is mentioned under new legislation it will be
understood that the reference is made to the acts of 1911 and not 1912.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

41

chusetts provided much the same plan as that adopted in New York last year

for regulating the sale of game under a system of tags. New Mexico regu-

lates and licenses the rearing of game in private parks, permitting sale and

export under a system of certificates and invoices. Mention should also be
-- made of two national game preserves provided by Congress the Wind Cave

Game Preserve in South Dakota and a winter refuge for elk in Jackson

Hole, Wyoming.

Among the novel features of legislation were the provisions in the Louisi-

ana law prohibiting shooting in the afternoon during the open season, author-

izing the conservation commission to prohibit export of game from any

parish upon request of the police jury of the parish, and in the New York law

authorizing the conservation commission to close seasons in certain localities,

thus avoiding the necessity for numerous local laws. Louisiana is trying the

experiment of having the conservation commission enforce the game laws

through the medium of the regular peace officers and without any wardens,

an experiment which failed to produce very satisfactory results in Missouri

in 1907 and 1908.
-- Open seasons. The general trend of changes in seasons seems to be to-

ward uniformity and in some cases toward lengthening the open seasons. In

Arizona seasons were provided for doves and waterfowl and protection

throughout the year was extended to antelope, bobwhite, quail, grouse, pheas-

ant, and wild turkey hens. In Georgia the open season on woodcock and

wood ducks was shortened four months, thus restricting it to the month of

December, but the season on snipe was opened three months later in the fall

and extended six weeks in the spring, permitting shooting until May 1. Lou-

isiana shortened the season on quail, shorebirds, and waterfowl two weeks,

on wild turkeys one month, and extended it two weeks on woodcock. Mas-

-- -- sachusetts provided a week's open season for deer in three additional coun-
ties Bristol, Essex, and Middlesex and made a slight modification in the
squirrel season. Michigan extended the close season on quail until 1915. New

Jersey changed the open season for deer to five consecutive days in Novem-

ber, instead of one day a week, as formerly; the seasons on rabbits, squirrels,

quail, ruffed grouse, prairie chickens, Hungarian partridges, male English

ringneck pheasants, and wild turkeys were extended two weeks, and that on

woodcock was extended a month and made uniform throughout the State.
In New Mexico the open season for deer was extended two weeks, opening

October 1 instead of October 15, that for shorebirds was extended six weeks,

a season was provided for ducks, and the close term on antelope, bobwhite

quail, pheasant, prairie chickens, and wild pigeons was extended to 1917.

South Carolina extended the season on woodcock for two weeks in the latter

part of January, and Wisconsin opened the season on prairie chickens in

-- Marathon and Marinette Counties.

A Export and sale.

fair proportion of the new legislation deals with traffic

in game. Arizona permits export of deer and turkeys under special permits;
Georgia prohibits export and sale of all protected game; Massachusetts has
adopted the New York system of tagging game; New Jersey prescribes a permit to deal in certain game; and New Mexico permits sale of game raised
in licensed preserves. New York now permits sale of hares and rabbits during
the open season, and the sale at any time of certain kinds of game imported
from abroad. New Jersey regulates the export of game raised in captivity
and has increased the daily limit of game that may be carried out of the State
by a nonresident licensee, while New York permits the export of one day's

-- bag limit of game under a nonresident license and a special permit. Bag limits. Bag limits were provided for the first time on the following

game: In Arizona on wild turkeys, doves, and ducks; in Georgia on deer

and game birds other than doves; in Louisiana on squirrels; in Massachusetts
on squirrels and upland game birds; in New Jersey on rabbits; and in New

42

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

York on squirrels, rails, coots, mud hens, shore birds, and waterfowl. Numerous changes were also made in limits previously established in Arizona, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Mexico and New York. Arizona reduced the
season limit on deer from 3 to 2, fixed a limit of 3 on wild turkeys, and daily bag limits of 25 on ducks and of 35 on doves or white wings. Georgia prescribed a limit of 3 deer a season, 40 snipe, and 25 of other species of
game birds a day. Louisiana fixed a limit of 50 a day on snipe and 25 a day
on chorooks, and allowed market hunters 50 ducks or poule d'eau a day. Massachusetts fixed a season limit of 15 each on squirrels and ruffed grouse, and 20 each on quail and woodcock; with daily limits of 5 squirrels, 3 ruffed
grouse, 4 quail, and 4 woodcock. New Mexico increased the daily limit on wild turkeys from 2 to 4, and limited possession to one day's bag. New York
reduced the season's limit on woodcock from 36 to 20 and the daily limit from 6 to 4; provided a limit of 36 male imported pheasants a season, and 6 a day on Long Island ; limits for varying hares or rabbits and squirrels ; and individual and party limits for waterfowl and shore birds.
-- Licenses.-- License measures were enacted in five States Arizona, Geor-
gia, Kentucky, Louisiana, and New Mexico. The first three adopted resident
licenses for the first time, Arizona with a fee of 50 cents, Kentucky with a fee of $1, and Georgia with fees of $1 to $3. Louisiana modified her resident license so as to provide a 50-cent license for hunting in the parish outside of the ward of residence, and $3 for a general State resident license. In the case of nonresident licenses, Kentucky adopted a definite fee of $25 deer license and a $10 bird license, and prescribed fees of $100 and $25, respectively, for
corresponding licenses issued to aliens ; New Mexico provided a uniform $10
license in place of the former $5 bird license and the $25 big-game license.
-- Warden service. As a result of the year's legislation the warden service
has been materially strengthened in several States. In Georgia a State commissioner was appointed in August, 1911, for a term of two years and a force of deputies provided. Mention has already been made of commissions in
-- Kentucky, Louisiana, and New York. With these changes only five States
Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, Nevada, and Virginia are now unprovided with a State officer or commission in charge of their fish and game resources.
New Laws Passed in 1912.
-- Federal Laws. (1) Provisions in the agricultural appropriation bill for the estab-
lishment of a national game preserve in the Wind Cave National Park, S. Dak., and a
a winter refuge for elk in Jackson Hole, Wyo. (2) Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture under the Alaska game law suspending the sale of vension during 1912 and
extending complete protection for two years to caribou on the Kenai Peninsula and
to deer on five islands in the southeastern part of the Territory.
-- Arizona. One act: Providing close seasons, bag limits, licenses, and restrictions on
transportation and possession of game.
-- District of Columbia. No legislation. -- Georgia. Seven acts: General law, creating the department of game and fish, pre-
scribing $1 to $3 resident and $15 nonresident licenses; prohibiting sale and export of
all game, and protecting nongame birds (No. 238) ; six local acts (Nos. 17, 41, 53, 62,
68, and 114).
Kentucky.-- One act: Providing for the appointment of a nonpartisan board of game and fish commissioner's, a salaried executive agent, and game wardens, and pre-
scribing a $1 resident and a $15 nonresident hunting license (ch. 35).
-- Louisiana. Two acts: Creating a conservation commission in charge of game and
fish protection, repealing all provision for the appointment of parish wardens, thus leav-
-- ing the enforcement of the game law to sheriffs and constables (No. ) ; fixing open
seasons, bag limits, and hunting licenses, and prohibiting sale of all upland game
(No. 204).

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

43

-- Maryland. Seventeen acts: Two general laws, one relating to raising deer in cap-
tivity (ch. 397), and one to otter, raccoon, and muskrat in seven counties (ch. 843). Fifteen local laws: Protecting game in Baltimore (ch. 781), Charles (ch. 758), Dor-
chester (chs. 219 and 335), Frederick (ch. 42), Garrett (ch. 480), Montgomery (ch. 438), and Washington Counties (chs. 784 and 816), and placing restrictions on the hunting of wild fowl at the head of Chesapeake Bay (ch. 713) in Harford (eh. 717), Kent
-- (ch. 607), Queen Anne (eh. 499), and Talbot Counties (ch. 722). a!assachusetts. Eight acts: Prohibiting sale of game except that raised in cap-
-- tivity and certain imported species (ch. 567 to take effect Jan. 1, 1913) giving author;
ity to the board of commissioners of fisheries and game to appoint fish and game wardens upon written application of city government or town selectmen (ch. 465) ; shifting the open season for quail, ruffed grouse, and woodcock, so as to open three days earlier

than

formerly

(chs.

270

and

203) ;

providing an

open season

for

deer in

Bristol,

Essex,

and Middlesex Counties (ch. 388) ; repealing the law prohibiting night shooting of

waterfowl

(ch.

490) ;

providing

daily

and

seasonal

bag limits for

gray squirrels

and

-- woodcock (ch. 523) ; and a resolution in favor of Federal protection of migratory birds. Michigan. One act: Extending complete protection for quail to October 15, 1915

(Special Sess. H. Act No. 7).
-- Mississippi. No legislation. -- New Jekset. Seventeen acts: Fixing an export limit for game birds and rabbits

carried by licensed hunters (ch. 12) ; permitting trapping, under regulations, of rabbits

found injuring fruit (ch. 16) ; protecting female English ringneck pheasants for two

years

(ch.

20) ;

prohibiting the liberation

of foxes

(ch. 41) ;

forbidding

trespass

on

lands

used for State game farms or fish hatcheries, or injuring any signs thereon (ch. 49) ;

making it unlawful to shoot into any squirrel's nest (ch. 60) ; providing a penalty for

impersonating a fish and game warden or deputy (ch. 64) giving authority to the board ;

of fish and game commissioners on apjDroval of the governor to authorize salaried war-

dens to carry revolvers, handcuffs, etc. (ch. 65) ; providing additional restrictions on
methods in hunting waterfowl in Monmouth County (ch. 74) ; authorizing the board of fish and game commissioners to acquire lands for the propagation of fish and game

(ch. 118) ; fixing an open season for hunting deer with horns, limiting the number to

be killed by each hunter and prescribing the method of hunting (ch. 178) ; forbidding

the use of a gun holding more than two cartridges in hunting birds or animals (eh. 270) ; providing bag limits on birds and rabbits (ch. 278) ; regulating the use of sinkboxes or

other devices in hunting waterfowl (ch. 290) ; modifying the open seasons for deer, rabbit, squirrel, and upland game birds (ch. 325) ; regulating the propagation of game inclosures and permitting sale of such game under license (eh. 328) ; forbidding export

of game from the State (ch. 335).
-- New Mexico. One act : Creating the department of game and fish, authorizing the

appointment of wardens, and prescribing their powers and duties; providing bag limits,

seasons and hunting licenses, regulating transportation of game and forbidding sale of

-- native game at any time (H. B. 198).
New York. 'Two acts: Revising and codifying the conservation law relating to fish

and game, giving the conservation commission broad powers in closing seasons in certain

localities and in similar matters; increasing the number of protectors from 90 to 125

providing for service pay, eliminating local laws, revising bag limits, and prohibiting

the killing of does (ch. 31S) ; and a concurrent resolution in favor of Federal protection of migratory game birds (p. 1385).
-- Rhode Island. No legislation. -- South Carolina. One act : Lengthening the open season on woodcock two weeks in

the latter half of January (No. 340).
-- Virginia. Four acts: Suspending hunting of upland game 10 days before the end

of the hunting season (from Jan. 20 to Feb. 1, 1912) on account of severe cold weather (eh. 2) ; removing robins from the game list (oh. 63) ; regulating the appointment of wardens by city or corporation courts or judges (ch. 282) ; permitting export of waterfowl from the State and prohibiting the shooting of any game with a gun larger than
10 bore, except on Back Bay and its tributaries in Princess Anne County (ch. 288).

44

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- WiscONsrN. One act: Opening the season on prairie chickens in Marathon and
Marinette Counties (special sess. ch. 18).
-- Newfoundland. One regulation: Making it unlawful to kill elk or moose at any
time.
-- Nova Scotia. One act: Protecting deer, cow moose, and caribou until 1915, modify-
ing seasons on hares, rabbits, snipe, and wood ducks, repealing special law for bluewinged teal, and making certain changes in bag limits and sale provisions (ch. 19).
-- Ontario. One act: Modifying the seasons on shore birds and waterfowl, and pro-
hibiting the sale of quail, partridge, woodcock, and snipe until September 15, 1914.

BILLS WHICH FAILED TO PASS IN 1912.

-- Measures which fail may be divided into two general classes those which

do not pass through lack of support and those which encounter serious opposi-
tion. Both classes may include measures of interest; either those that contain

novel ideas which are not yet fully appreciated, and those like spring shooting

bills which are persistently introduced in the attempt to secure exemptions in

favor of local interests. In any event the fate of the more important ones

which fail is worthy of record and is sometimes the principal, if not the only,

result of legislative effort in behalf of game protection.

--A Federal Bills.

number of bills affecting game were introduced during the Sixty-

second Congress, and although they have not yet passed they may receive attention at the next session. Among those reported from committee were the bills to protect migra-

tory birds (H. R. 36 and S. 6497), which are on the calendars in both House and

Senate, the general game refuge bill (S. 6109) which has been favorably reported, and

the bill to establish the Pecos National Game Refuge in New Mexico (S. 6942), which has passed the Senate. None of these has yet been acted on in the House. Among the

bills still in committee are House and Senate measures providing for the establishment

of a number of game refugees and national parks and for the protection of game in the

District of Columbia.

The bills introduced in State legislatures, particularly those in Massachusetts and

New Jersey, are too numerous to enumerate in detail and only the more important ones

can be mentioned in the following list

--A Louisiana.

general bill amending the game law.

A Maryland.-- bill relating to the method of qualification of deputy game wardens

was vetoed by the governor.
-- Massachusetts. Bills to open the season for coots, sheldrakes, old squaws, and

whistlers (H. 372 and H. 573) ; relative to shooting certain wild fowl (H. 575) ; requir-

ing the licensing of cats (H. 701) ; relative to the shooting of coots (H. 739) ; to prohibit the use of automatic guns (H. 743) ; relative to the open season for shooting ducks (H.

--A 748) ; and to limit the killing of wild fowl (H. 938).

Mississippi.

bill to regulate the hunting of squirrels (H. B. 691) and a bill

creating a commission to protect fish, game, oysters and providing a resident license.

The latter measure was defeated by a vote of 24 to 11.
-- -- New Jersey. Bills to place a $1 tax on cats (A. No. ) ; to provide for payment of
bounties on foxes, weasels, hawks, and owls (A. No. 50) ; for the protection of deer hunters by requiring them to wear bright scarlet sweaters and caps (A. No. 155) ; authorizing the appointment of 10 additional fish and game protectors (S. No. 106); to

repeal the resident hunters' license law (S. No. 153) ; repealing section 2 of the act for the protection of certain kinds of game relating to shooting waterfowl at night (S. 115).
-- New York. Bills to amend the forest, fish, and game law in relation to the sale of

certain water fowl (A. No. 228) ; and to repeal the resident hunters' license law; one to make an appropriation of $60,000 for the establishment of four game farms and another

to appropriate $75,000 for establishing six game farms; and several measures affecting

the protection of game in certain counties.

--A South Carolina.

bill providing a resident license passed the Senate by a vote of

26 to 8, but failed in the House for lack of time for its consideration.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

45

-- ViRGrNiA. Two bills to establish the office of State game commissioner and provide -- a resident license (H. and S. 204).

--A Wisconsin.

bill relating to rabbits, squirrels, and other fur-bearing animals

(S. 4) ; and a bill relating to the establishment of a State game farm (A. No. 22).

OPEN SEASONS.

All the general open seasons for game prescribed by the various States and by the Provinces of Canada are here brought together in one table. For the sake of simplicity a uniform method is used in both the arrangement of species and statement of seasons. In each case deer and other big game are first considered; then rabbits and squirrels; then upland game birds, such as

quail, grouse, pheasants, turkeys, and doves; then shore birds; and finally

waterfowl, such as ducks, geese, and swans. In stating the seasons the plan

of the Vermont law, to include the first date but not the last, has been fol-

lowed

1
consistently.

The Vermont scheme has the advantage of showing

readily both the open and close seasons, since either may be obtained by re-

versing the dates of the other.
In some States certain days of the week constitute close seasons throughout the time in which killing is permitted. Hunting on Sunday is prohibited in all of the States and Provinces east of the one hundred and fifth meridian except Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Texas, Wisconsin, and Quebec. Mondays constitute a close season for waterfowl in Ohio, and locally in Maryland and North Carolina ; and other week days for wild fowl in several favorite ducking grounds in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. Hunting is

prohibited on election day in Allegany, Baltimore, Cecil, Frederick, and Hart-

ford Counties, Md. ; and when snow is on the ground in New Jersey, Dela-

ware, Virginia, and Maryland. The county laws of Maryland and North Caro-

lina, which are too numerous to be included satisfactorily, are not incorporated

in

the

following

2
table,

which

otherwise

may

be

regarded

as

a

practical

com-

plete resume of the regulations now in force. The difficulty of securing abso-

lute accuracy in a table of this kind is very great, and the absence in the laws
of many States of express legislation as to the inclusion or exclusion of the date upon which seasons open and close makes exactness almost an im-

possibility.

Open Seasons for Game In the United States and Canada, 1912.

(The open seasons include the first date, but not the last. To find the close seasons, reverse the dates. Seasons which apply only to special counties are placed to the left or the column con-
taining those for the State in general. Future dates, as Aug. 1, 1914, indicate that the season does

not open until that time). Alabama (1907-1911).

Open seasons.

Male deer (does protected all the year)

Nov. 1-Jan. 1.

Squirrel (black, gray, or fox) Quail or partridge

Oct. 1-Mar. 1. Nov. 1-Mar. 1.

Wild turkey gobblers (hens protected all the year)

Dec, 1-Apr. 1.

Ruffed grouse (pheasant), imported pheasant, or other Introduced game birds Dec. 1-Dec. 15.

Dove

Aug. 1-Mar. 1.

Plover, snipe

Nov. 1-May 1.

Woodcock, curlew, sandpiper, other shore birds, coot, mud heu, rail, duck,

goose, brant, swan

Se Pt 1-Mar. 15

Alaska3 (1910-1912)
North of latitude 62-- Moose (females and yearlings protected all the year) caribou, sheep South of latitude 62--

Aug. 1-Dec. lL

'See discussion of this question in circular No. 43 of the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1904, entitled "Definitions of the open and close seasons for game."
2 The county laws of Maryland are shown in Poster No. 28, and those of North Carolina in Poster No. 26, copies of which may be had free on application to the Biological Survey, U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.
'Game animals or birds may be killed at any time for food or clothing by native Indians or Eskimo, or by miners or explorers in need of food, but game so killed can not be shipped or solo

46

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. Continued.

-- -- Alaska (1010-1912) Continued.

Open seasons.

Deer (see exceptions)

Aug. 15-Nov. 2.

Exceptions: Deer on Duke, Gravina, Kruzof, Suemez, and Zarembo Islands,

Aug. 1, 1914.

Mountain goat

Apr. 1-Feb. 2.

Moose (females and yearlings protected all the year), caribou (see excep-

tion), sheep

Aug. 20- Jan. 1.

Exception : Caribou on the Kenai Peninsula, Aug. 1, 1914.

Black bear

Aug. 1-Apr. 1.

Brown bear

Oct. 1- July 2.

Throughout Territory

Grouse, ptarmigan, shore birds, waterfowl

Sept. 1-Mar. 2.

Arizona (1912): Male deer Female deer, spotted fawn, elk, BobwhPe, grouse, pheasant Quail snipe, rail Wild turkey Dove and white wing Duck, goose, and brant

antelope,

sheep,

goat

Oct. 1-Dec. 16.
No open season. No open season.
Oct. 15-Feb. 2. Oct. 1-Dec. 16. June 1-Feb. 2. Sept. 1-Apr. 2.

Arkansas (1901-1911) :

Deer (see exceptions)

Exceptions:

Chicot County

Oct. 1-Feb. 1.

Desha County

Oct. 1-Jan. 1.

Squirrel in Lee. Monroe, Phillips, and St. Francis Counties

Quail or partridge (see exceptions)

Exceptions:

Bradley and Dallas Counties

Nov. 15-Mar. 1.

Carroll, Columbia, Grant, and Lafayette Counties ..Dec. 10-Feb. 1.

Sept. 1-Feb. 1.
May 1-Dec. 1.
Nov. 1 Mar. 1.

Prairie chicken, pinnated grouse (see exception) Exception: Prairie County Wild turkey (see exception) Exception : Chicot County Pheasants (Chinese, English) 10 years Dove

Jan. 1, 1917 Feb. 1-May 15.

Nov. 1-Dec. 1.
Sept. 1-May 1.
Mar. 14, 1913.
No open season.

California (1901-1911).
Male deer in second, fourth, and fifth districts ] In first and third districts
In sixth district
Female deer, fawn, elk, antelope, sheep Cottontail or bush rabbit Tree squirrel (except Mendocino County, unprotected) Valley quail (except sixth district, Oct. 15-Nov. 15) Mountain quail, grouse, sage hen Bobwhite, imported quail or partridge, wild turkey, pheasant, swan Dove in first and third districts '
In second and fifth districts In fourth and sixth districts Wilson snipe, plover, curlew Rail Shoreblrd, ibis, duck,, in second, third, fourth, and fifth districts In first and sixth districts Black brant (except in first district, Oct. 1-Apr. 1)

July 1-Sept. 1. Aug. 15-Nov. 1. Aug. 15 Sept. 15.
No open season.
July 31-Feb. 1. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Oct. 15-Feb. 15. Sept. 1-Dee. 1.
No open season.
July 15-Oct. 1. Aug. 1-Oct. 15. Sept. 1-Nov. 1. Nov. 15-May 1. Nov. 1-Dec. 1. Oct. 15-Mar. 1. Oct. 1-Mar. 1. Nov. 1-Mar. 15.

'Seasons fixed by ordinances of boards of county supervisors are omitted. The following six fish and game districts have been established by ch. 241, laws of 1911. First District: Northern counties, including Del Norte, Siskiyou, Modoc, Lassen, Shasta, Trinity Humboldt, Tehama. Second district: Counties north of Suisun Bay and west of the Sacramento River, including Mendocino, Glenn. Colusa, Lake Sonoma, Napa, Yolo, Solano Marin. Third district: Counties of the eastern Sacramento Valley and central Sierra including Plumas, Butte, Sierra, Yuba, Sutter, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Sacramento, Amador, Alpine, Calaveras, Tuolumne, Mariposa, Mono. Fourth district: San Joaquin Valley counties, including San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, Madera. Fresno, Kings, Tulare, Kern. Fifth district: Counties west of the Coast Range from Suisun Bay to San Luis Obispo, including Contra Costa, Alameda, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara. Santa Cruz, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo. Sixth district: Southern California, including counties of Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Imperial. Riverside, San
Bernardino, Inyo.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

47

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. Continued.

Colorado (1899-1911) :

Open Seasons

Deer with horns

Oct. 1-Oct. 7.

Elk, 15 years

Antelope,

13

years ;

sheep

with

horns,

15

years

NoV- i| 1924. Sept. 25, 1924.

Deer, antelope, sheep without horns

No open season.

Partridge, ptarmigan, wild turkey, wild pigeon

No open season.

Quail (bobwhite, crested), 13 years

Oct. 1, 192-

Fheasant, black game, capercailzie, 4 years

Sept. 1, 1915.

Prairie chicken, mountain and willow grouse

Aug. 15-Oct. 11.

Sage chicken, dove (except dove at altitudes above 7,000 feet, July 10-Aug. 11. Aug. 1 Sept. 2.

Plover, curlew, snipe, wading, marsh and shore birds, crane, duck, goose,

brant, swan, waterfowl

Oct. 1-Mar. 2.

Connecticut (1901-1911) :

Deer, 6 years

June 1, 1917.

Hare, rabbit

Oct. 1-Jan. 15*

Gray squirrel

Oct. 8-Nov. 24.

Quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant (Chinese, English, Mongolian), woodcock

Oct. 8-Nov. 24.

Hungarian partridge

Nov. 1, 1913.

Dove

No open season.

Plover, sandpipers, Wilson or English snipe, bay snipe, shore birds, mud

hen, galllnule, duck (except wood duck. Sept. 1, 1919), goose, brant, swan.. Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

Rail

Sept. 12-Jan. 1.

Delaware (1893-1911) :

Rabbit, hare Squirrel (other than red) Quail, partridge, pheasant,

woodcock

(additional woodcock

season

July

Nov. 15- Jan. 1. Sept. 15- Jan. 1.
1-

Sept. 2)
Hungarian partridge Dove (except in Newcastle County, no open season)

Nov. 15- Jan. 1. Dee .1, 1913. Aug. 1-Jan. 1.

Redbird, ortolan, or rail
Duck (except wood duck. Sept. 1-Nov. 1
Goose, brant

Sept. 1-Nov. 2. Oct. 1-Apr. 16. 1 Oct. 1-Apr. 2. 1

District of Columbia 2 (1899-1906) :

Deer meat (sale or possession)

Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

Rabbit (except English rabbit, Belgian hare), squirrel

Nov. 1-Peb. 1.

Quail or partridge

Nov. 1-Mar. 15.

Ruffed grouse or pheasant (except English, ringneck, or other imported

pheasants raised In inclosures, sale or possession unrestricted), wild

turkey

Nov. 1- Dec. 26.

Prairie chicken (pinnated grouse)

Sept. 1-Mar. 15

Dove

No open season.

Woodcock

July 1-Jan. 1.

Plover, snipe, duck, goose, brant

Sept. 1-Apr. 1.

Redbird, marsh blackbird, rail or ortolan, other game birds

Sept. 1-Feb. 1.

Florida 3 (1903-1911) :

Deer (see exceptions) Exceptions
Gadsden Lafayette, and Taylor Counties Marion County St. John County Squirrel in Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties Lafayette and Taylor Counties Lee County Nassau County Quail, partridge and wild turkey (see exceptions) Exceptions: De Soto and Lee Counties Gadsden, Lafayette, and Taylor Counties Marion County

Nov. 1, 1916. Sept. 1-Nov. 1. June 1-Sept. 1.
Oct. 1-Mar. 1. Aug. 1, 1916.
Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Sept. 1-Mar. 1.
Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Nov. 1. 1916.
Nov. 15- Feb. 15.

Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Nov. 1-Mar. 1.

Between Dec. 1 and Jan. 15 hunting is permitted with dog and ferret only. 1 Wild fowl on Assawaman Bay and tributaries, Sussex County, Nov. 1-May 1, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. 2 Hunting prohibited in the District, by act of June 30, except on the marshes of the Eastern Branch above the Anacostia Bridge, and on the Virgin shore of the Potomac, and no birds can be shot within 200 yards of any bridge or dwelling. ' It Is unlawful to kill game or game birds within 1 mile of West Falm Beach; similar regulations are in force at St. Augustine.

48

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 19I'J. ( oittinue'l.

Florida (19031911)--Continued.

Ope-> >eii*n

Hungarian partridge, ringueck, and English pheasant, other imported game

birds

Nov. 1-Mar. 1.

Dove, Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties

Oct. 1-Mar. 1.

Gadsden County

Nov. 1, 1916.

Lee County

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Duck (see exceptions)

Oct. 1-Apr. 1.

Exceptions

In Brevard and Volusia Counties in waters of Indian

River, Mosquito Lagoon and Indian River north.. Nov. 1-Apr. 1.

Lee County

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Georgia (1905-1911) :

Deer (except does and fawns, no open season), squirrels (fox, gray) Quail, partridge, wild turkey (gobblers), dove, plover Pheasant or ruffed grouse, wild turkey hens, imported game birds Snipe Woodcock, wood duck, or summer duck

Oct. 1-Dec. 1. Nov. 20-Mar. 1. Dec. 1, 1918.
Dec. 1-May 1. Dec. 1- Jan. 1.

Idaho (1909-1911) :

-- Deer, elk, sheep, goat (see exceptions)

Sept. 1-Dec. 1.

Exceptions. In Bonner, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, Latah, Nez Perce, and

Shoshone Counties, deer, Sept. 20-Dec. 20; elk, Sept. 1. 1916; in Fremont and Bingham Counties, elk, Sept. 1-Jan. 1; in Bear Lake, Cassia, Oneida, and

Twinfalls Counties, 'deer, elk, sheep, and goat. Sept. 1, 1916.

Moose, caribou, antelope, buffalo Quail Partridge, pheasant, grouse (except north of Salmon River, Sept. 1-Dee. Turtle dove (except in Fremont County, Aug. 15-Dee. 1), sage hen Prairie chicken, pinnated grouse, Mongolian pheasant

No open season.
Nov. 1-Dec. 1. l)..Aug. 15- Dee. 1.
July 15-Dee. 1.
No open season.

Plover, snipe, duck, goose Swan

Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Sept. 1. 1916.

Illinois (1903-1911) :

Deer, 1 10 years

June 15, 1919.

Squirrel (gray, red, fox, or black)

June 1-Nov. 16.

Quail ;

Nov. 11-Dec. 10.

Prairie chicken

Nov. 12-Nov. 18.

Partridge, blue quail, mountain quail, valley quail, Hungarian partridge,

capercailzie, heath hen, black grouse, woodcock

July 1, 1915.

Wild turkey pheasants. ' (copper or Soemmerriug, English, golden, green, Ja-

panese, Mongolian, ringueck, silver, tragopan, Reeves, Elliot, Hungarian,

Swlnhoe, Amherst, melanotte, impeyan, argus), partridge (black Indian,

caeeabis, chukar), sand grouse, 6 years Mourning dove

July 1, 1913. Aug. 2-Nov. 30.

Golden upland, or other plover, jacksnipe or Wilson snipe, sand or other

snipe, shore birds

Sept. 2-May 1.

Coot, rail, duck, goose, brant, or other waterfowl

Sept. 2-Apr. 15.

Indiana 2 (1905-1909):

Deer 3

No open season

Squirrel

July 1-Oct. 1*

Quail, ruffed grouse

Nov. 10-Jan. 1.

Prairie chicken, Hungarian partridge, pheasants (copper, golden, green, Hun-

garian, ringneck, silver, tragopan) Wild turkey, dove

Mar. 6, 1915.
No open season.

Woodcock

July 1-Jan. l.

Duck, goose, brant, or other waterfowl

Sept. 1-Apr. 15.

Iowa (1897-1907) :
Deer, elk Squirrel (gray, timber, or fox) Quail, ruffed grouse or pheasant, wild turkey Prairie chicken (pinnated grouse) Pheasants (English, Mongolian, Chinese, ringneck) Turtle dove
Woodcock Plover, sandpiper, marsh or beach birds, rail, duck, goose, brant

No open season.
Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Nov. t Dec. 15. Sept'. 1-Dee. 1. Oct. 1, 1915.
No open season.
July 10-Jan. 1. Sept. 1-Apr. 15.

1 Deer raised in inclosure for market may be killed Oct. 1-Feb. 1: cock pheasant, Nov. 1-Feb. 1
under permit.
2 Unlawful to hunt any game except waterfowl Oct. 1-Nov. 10. Deer raised in private preserves may be killed at any time.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

49

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. Continued.

Kansas (1903-1911):

0pen seasons.

Deer, antelope, 10 years
Fox squirrel (red, gray, and black, no open season)

Mar. 24, 1921. Sept. 11-Jan. 1.

Q'tail

Nov. 15- Dec. 2.

Grouse, prairie chicken

Oct. 1-Nov. 2.

Pheasants (English, Mongolian, or Chinese), Hungarian partridge, 6 years... Feb. 27, 1917.

Plover

Aug. 1-May 1.

Snipe

Sept. 1-May 1.

Duck, goose, brant

Sept. 1-Apr. 15.

Kentucky (1894-1906) :

Deer Rabbit (except with dogs or snares)

Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Nov. 15-Sept. 15.

fJune 15-Sept. 15.

Squirrel (black, gray, or fox)

-(

Quail, partridge, pheasant

I Nov. 15-Feb. 1. Nov. 15- Jan. 1.

Pheasants (English, ringneck, Mongolian, or Chinese)

No open season.

Wild turkey Dove

Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Aug. 1-Feb. 1.

Woodcock Wood duck, teal, or other duck, goose

June 20- Feb. 1. Aug. 13-Apr. 1.

Louisiana (1912) :

Deer (fawns no open season) 5 months, 1 including

Nov. and Dec.

Squirrels

July 2-Mar. 1.

Quail

Nov. 15-Mar. 1.

Prairie chicken, pheasant (imported or native), wild turkey hen, killdeer ....Dec. 1, 1915.

Wild turkey (male)

Nov. 15-Apr. 1.

Dove, wood duck

Sept. 1-Mar. 1.

Woodcock

Nov. 15-Feb . 1

Papabotte, upland plover, chorook

July 1-Apr. 1.

Plover (except killdeer and upland plover), curlew, tatler, coot (poule d'eau),

gallinule, rail, duck (except wood duck, black mallard, and blue-wing

teal), goose, brant

Oct. 1-Mar. 1.

Snipe, sandpiper, blue-wing teal

Sept. 15-Apr. 1.

Florida duck (black mallard)

Aug. 1-Mar. 1.

Maine (1903-1911) :

Deer in Aroostook, Franklin, Hancock. Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Som-

erset, and Washington Counties (see exceptions)

Oct. ll-Dec. 15.

-- Exceptions: Hancock County Eden, Mt. Desert, South West Harbor, and

Tremont

Nov. 15-Dec. 15.

Town of Isle au Haut Swan Island, 4 years
-- Washington County Cross and Scotch Islands

Oct. 1, 1913. Oct. 1, 1914. July 3, 1919.

Deer in Androscoggin County

Oct. 1-Nov. 1.

Deer in Cumberland, Kennebec, Knox, Lincoln, Sagadahoc, Waldo, and York

Counties (see exceptions)

Nov. 1-Dec. 1.

-- Exceptions: Sagadahoc County Bath, West Bath, and Phippsburg. . .No

open season.

Bull moose with at least two 3-inch prongs on horns Cow and calf moose

Oct. 15-Dec. 1.
No open season.

Caribou, 6 years

Oct. 15. 1917.

Rabbit

Sept. 1-Apr. 1.

Squirrel, gray (black, no open season)
Quail, dove, mud hen

Sept. 1-Nov. 1.
No open season.

Ruffed grouse or partridge, woodcock

Sept. 15-Dec. 1.

Hungarian partridge

July 3, 1913.

Pheasant, black game, capercailzie, 10 years

Apr. 28, 1913.

Plover, snipe, sandpiper

Aug. 1-Dec. 1.

Wood duck (except Oxford County, Sept. 1-Jan. 1)

1915.

Dusky or black duck, teal, gadwall or gray duck, mallard, widgeon or bald-

pate, shoveler, pintail or springtail, redhead, scaup or greater bluebill. lesser scaup or lesser bluebill, golden-eye or whistler, bufflehead, ruddy

duck, or broadbill (see exceptions)

Sept. 1- Jan. 1.

Exceptions: Golden-eye (Hancock County), Nov. 1-Apr. 1. Eider or sea

duck, Oct. 1-Feb. 1. Ducks (Lincoln County), Sept. 1-Feb. 1. All ducks

on Merry meeting Bay, Eastern River, or the Kennebec River below Gardi-

ner and Randolph bridge, Sept. 1-Dec. 1.

1 Season fixed by conservation commission.

50

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1913. Continued.

Maryland (1898-1912).*

Open Reasons.

Rabbit Squirrel Quail, ruffed grouse, wild turkey Dove Plover, snipe Woodcock Reedbird, sora (water rail or ortolan) Duck, goose, brant, swau, and other wild fowl

Nov. 1-Dec. 25. Sept. U-ec. 2. Nov. 1-Dec. 25. Aug. 15-Dee. 25. Aug. 15-May 2. Nov. 1-Dec. 25. Sept. l j Nov. 2. Nov. 1-Apr. 11.

Massachusetts (1902-1912) :

Deer in Berkshire, Bristol, Essex, Franklin, Hampden, Hampshire, Middle-

sex, and Worcester Counties (third Monday in November to the following

Saturday, inclusive)

Nov. 18-24, 1912.

Deer in rest of State

No open season.

Hare or rabbit

Oct. 16-Mar. 1.

Gray squirrel

Oct. 15-Nov. 16.

Quail, ruffed grouse or partridge, woodcock

Oct. 12-Nov. 13.

Dove, wild or passenger pigeon, prairie chicken, Hungarian partridge, pheas-

ants (English, golden, Mongolian), ' killdeer or piping plover, swan

No open season. '

Heath hen. 5 years

Nov. 1, 1916.

Wild turkey, 4 years

Sept. 1, 1915.

Bartramian sandpiper (upland plover)

July 15, 1915.

Plover (except upland and killdeer or piping plover), snipe, sandpiper, peep,

rail, gallinule, quark (mud hen), or any shore, marsh, or beach birds

Aug. 1-Jan. 1.

Wood or summer duck, 5 years

Sept. 1, 1916.

Duck (except wood duck), teal, goose, brant

Sept. 15- Jan. 1.

Michigan (1905-1912) :

Deer2 (see exceptions)

Oct. 15-Dec. 1.

Exceptions: Deer in red coat and fawn in spotted coat, and all deer in Ber-

rien, Calhoun, Genesee, Ingham, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Oakland, and St. Clair

Counties

No open season.

Elk, moose, caribou

No open season.

Bear

Nov. 1-Apr. 1.

Rabbit

Oct. 13-Mar. 2.

Squirrel (black, fox, or gray), 3 years

Oct. 15, 1914.

Quail, pheasants (English, Mongolian), black game, capercailzie, bazel grouse. Nov. 1. 1915.

Ruffed grouse (partridge), spruce hen

Oct. 15-Dec. 1.

Pinnated grouse (prairie chicken), dove, wild turkey, swan

No open season.

European partridge

No open season.

Woodcock, plover, snipe, rail, shore birds, coot, duck (except mallard and

teal), goose, brant (except that bluebill, eanvasback, widgeon, redhead, pin-

tail whistler, spoonbill, butterball, and sawbill duck may also be hunted

Mar. 2-Apr. 11) .Mallard and teal

Oct. 15- Jan. 1. Sept. 15-Jan. 1.

Minnesota (1905-1909) :

Deer, male moose

Nov. 10-Nov. 30.

Elk, female moose, caribou, fawn

No open season.

Quail, partridge, ruffed grouse (pheasant)

Oct. 1-iDec. 1.

Sharp-tailed or white-breasted grouse, prairie chicken (pinnated grouse), tur-

tle dove, upland plover, golden plover, snipe, woodcock

Sept. 7-Nov. 7.

Pheasants (Chinese, English, Mongolian)

No open season.

Duck, goose, brant, or any aquatic fowl

Sept. 7-Dec. 1.

Mississippi 3 (1906-1910) :

Deer (female deer and spotted fawn, no open season), bear Quail or partridge Wild turkey (hens, no open season) Dove Plover, tatler, chorook, grosbec, coot (poule d'eau), rail (mud
goose, brant, swan, cedar b'rd, robin

hen),

Nov. 15-Mar. 1. Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Jan. 1-May 1. July 1-Mar. 1. duck, Sept. 1-Mar. 1.

* The seasons given are the most general. For all seasons under county laws see Poster No. 28, "Open seasons for game, District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia, 1912," which may be had upon application <to the Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
t Also the month of July. 1 Escept on private preserves under permit of commissioners on fisheries and game. - Deer raised in captivity may be killed at any time for owner's consumption. 3 Local regulations of boards of supervisors also in force.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

51

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. Continued.

Missoiu i (1909) :

Open seasons.

Deer, males only (no open season for does)

Nov. 1-Jan. 1.

Squirrels (gray, black, fox)

July 1-Dec. 22.

Quail (bohwhite, partridge), wild turkey

Nov. Wan. 1.

Dove, plover

Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

Snipe, duck, goose, brant

Sept. 15-May 1.

Ruffed grouse (pheasant), prairie chicken (pinnated grouse), Mongolian, Chi-

nese, and English pheasants, woodcock, and other game birds

No open season.

Montana (1905-1909) :

Deer, elk. sheep, goat Moose, caribou, antelope, bison or buffalo Quail. Chinese pheasant, Hungarian pheasant, dove Pheasant, partridge, prairie chicken, sage hen, fool hen, grouse
Duck, goose, brant, swan

Oct. 1-Dec. 1.
No open season. No opeu season.
Oct. 1-Nov. 1. Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

Nebraska (1901-1911) :

Deer, elk, antelope

No open season.

Squirrel (gray, red, fox, timber)

Oct. 1-Dec. 1.

Quail

Nov. 1-Nov. 16.

Dove, plover (except killdeer)

July 15-Sept. 1.

Prairie chicken, sage chicken, grouse

Sept. 1-Dec. 1.

Partridge, pheasant, ptarmigan, English partridge, Belgian partridge, Eng-

lish pheasant, Chinese pheasant, Mongolian pheasant, English black cock,

other imported game birds, wild pigeon, wild turkey, curlew, white crane,

swan

No opeu season.

Yellow legs, jaeksnipe, Wilson snipe, kill Jeer

Sept. 11-May 2.

Crane (except white crane), duck, goose, brant, or any game waterfowl (ex-

cept swan)

Sept. 1-Apr. 6.

Nevada1 (1909).

Deer Antelope, spotted fawn Mountain quail, grouse

Sept. 15-Oct. 15.
No open season. O et 1-Jan. 2.
-

Valley quail Bobwhite, partridge, pheasant, other imported birds Sage hen Woodcock, plover, curlew, snipe, sandhill crane, duck,

goose,

swan

Oct. 15- Jan. 16.
No open season. July 15-Oct. 2.
Sept. 15-Mar. 16.

New Hampshire2 (1901-1911):

Deer in Coos County

Oct. 1-Dec. 1

Deer in Carroll and Grafton Counties

Nov. 1-Dec. 10.

Deer in rest of State

Dec. 1-Dec. 10.

Elk, moose, caribou

No open season.

Hare, rabbit

Oct. 1-Apr. 1.

Gray squirrel Quail, partridge, ruffed grouse, woodcock (see exception), Wilson si.'lpe

Oct. 1, 1913. Oct. 1-Dee. 1.

Exception: Woodcock in Coos and Grafton Counties

Sept. 15-Dec. 1.

Dove, pheasant, any introduced foreign game bird

No open season.

Killdeer, upland plover or Bartramian sandpiper, wood duck

Oct. 1. 1917.

Plover (except killdeer and upland plover), sandpiper, yellow legs, rail, uuck

(except wood duck and sheldrake) ("beach birds," coo'., leal, may be shot

in Rockingham County July 15- Feb. 1; black duck on tide waters and salt

marshes Sept. 1-Jan. 1)
New Jersey (1903-1912):

Oct. 1-Feb. 1.

Deer, bucks only 3 (no open season for does)

Nov. 1-Nov. 6.

Rabbit, squirrel

Nov. 1-Jau. 1.

Quail, ruffed grouse (partridge), prairie chicken, Hungarian partridge, Eng-

lish or ring-neck pheasant (females until 1914), wild turkey Dove, wild pigeon Woodcock Upland plover, 5 years Plover (except upland plover), curlew, surf (bay) snipe (except

Nov. 1-Jan. 1.
No open season.
Oct. 15- Jan. 1. Aug. 1, 1916. English

snipe, sandpiper, yellow legs, and all shore birds English (Wilson) snipe (bog or jack snipe) Reedbird. marsh hen, rail

May 1-Jan. 1.
Sept. U-Jan. l. Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

1 County commissioners may change dates of close seasons (without altering length) for deer, antelope, or sage hens, or lengthen close seasons for any other game in their respective counties.
2 Governor and council may suspend open season in time of excessive drought. 3 Not applicable to deer in game preserves or to possession of imported deer properly tagged. 4 Also March and April.

52

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. Continued.

-- New Jersey (1903-1912) Continued

Open season*

Duck* (except mallard, black duck, sheldrake, and wood duck), swan

Nov. 1-Mar. 16.

Wood duck

Apr. 1, 1915.

Mallard, black duck

Nov. 1-Mar. 2.

Sheldrake, goose, brant*

Nov. 1-Apr. 11.

New Mexico (1912) :

Deer (with horns) Deer (without horns), elk, sheep, goat Antelope, 5 years Quail (except bobwhite) Bobwhite quail, pheasant, prairie chicken, wild pigeon, 5 years Grouse Ptarmigan (white grouse), Oregon or Denny Pheasant Wild turkey Turtle dove Plover, curlew, snipe, duck
New York 1 (1912) :

Oct. 1-Nov. 16.
No open season. June 14, 1917.
Nov. 1-Feb. 1. June 14, 1917. Sept. 1-Nov. 16
No open season
Nov. 1-Jan. 16. July 1-Oct. 1. Sept. 1-Apr. 1.

Deer, with horns not less than 3 inches long, in Adirondack region, 2 and

wholly inclosed parks
-- Deer rest of State (see exception)

Oct. 1-Nov. 16.
No open season.

Exception :

Deer having horns not less than 3 inches in length in Ulster

County and towns of Neversink, Cochecton, Tusten, Highland, Lumber-

land, Porestburg, Bethel, and all of towns of Mamakating and Thompson

south of Newburgh and Cochecton turnpike in Sullivan County and Deer

Park in Orange County

Nov. 1-Nov. 16.

Elk, moose, caribou, antelope

No open season.

Varying hare

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Rabbit

Oct. 1- Jan. 1.

Squirrel, black or gray

Sept. 16-Nov. 1.

Quail, woodcock

Oct. 1-Nov. 16.

Grouse

Oct. 1-Dec. 1.

Hungarian or European gray-legged partridge, dove, wood duck, swan

No open season.

Wild pheasants, males only

Oct. 3,10,17,24.31.

Surf bird, plover, curlew, snipe, sandpipers, tatlers
Ralls, coots, mud hens, gallinules

Sept. 16-Dec. 1. Sept. 16- Jan. 1.

Waterfowl (except wood duck and swan)

Sept. 16- Jan. 11.

Long Island (1912) :

Deer Varying hare Rabbit (cottontail) Squirrel, black or gray Quail, pheasants (males only), grouse Dove Woodcock Plover, curlew, snipe, surf birds, sandpipers, Mudhens and gallinules Waterfowl

tatlers

No open season.
Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Oct. 1-Jan. 1. Nov. 1-Jan. 1. Nov. 1-Jan. 1.
No open season.
Oct. 15-Dec. 1. Aug. 1-Dec. 1. Sept- 16- Jan. 1. Oct. 1-Jan. 11.

North Carolina s (1905-1911) :
Deer Quail, Wild turkey, dove, lark, robin

Oct. 1-Feb. 1. Nov. 1-Mar. 1.

North Dakota (1909-1911) :

Deer
Antelope, 11 years Quail, English pheasant,
dove, swan

Chinese

ringneck

pheasant,

Hungarian

Nov. 10- Dec. 1.

Jan -

*<

1!m

partridge,

No open season.

Ruffed grouse, prairie chicken (pinnated grouse), shnrp-tailed (white-

breasted) grouse, woodcock, golden plover, upland plover, snipe

Sept. 7- Nov. 2.

Crane, duck

SeP l -

7 " Dec -

16-

% Goose, brant (except on permanent waters and within

mile thereof, no

open season

Sept. 7-May 10.

* Open season for duck, goose, and brunt on Delaware River and Bay, Sept. 1-Mar. '-'. 1 When first date of open season falls on Sunday, season opens on the preceding Saturday. * The Adirondack region comprises the counties of Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Hamilton, Herkimer, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Warren, and Washington, and that part of Jefferson. Lewis,
and Oneida Couuties lying east of the Utica & Black River R. R. from Ptica to Ogdensburg.
For county seasons see special poster No. 26 of Biological Survey, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

53

Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1913.--Continued

Ohio (1900-1911).

O_pen seasons.

Rabbit

,,*

.

,

Quirrel

,N,ov.

<_ 16-

TD-.ec

5.

* acc on

Sept. 15-Oet. 21.

,,; Quail, ruffed grouse

Nov. 1-Mar. 2.
Nov 15 . Dec 5

Introduced pheasants

Nov 15 1913

Dove, woodcock

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.Sept. 1-Dec. 5.

Plover, snipe, shore birds, coot or rnud hen, rail, duck, goose, swan

Sept. 1 Jan. 1.*

Oklahoma (1909-1911) :

Deer (except females throughout the State and males in Caddo, Comanche,

Delaware, Kiowa, and Swanson Counties, no open season)

Nov 15-Dec 15'

Antelope, 5 years

NoY ig 1916

Quail, Mexican (blue) quail

Nov i5 .Feb 1

Grouse, wild pigeon, dove

No open season

Prairie chicken

Sept x . Nov x

Mongolian, Chinese, English, ringneck, or other pheasant

Nov. 1, 1914.

Wild turkey (additional season for gobblers, Mar. 15-Apr. 15)

Nov. 15- Jan. 1.

Plover, curlew, snipe or other shore bird, crane, duck, goose, brant, swan

Aug. 15-May 1.

Oregon (1909-1911):

Male deer (except in Baker, Grant, Harney, Malheur, Umatilla, Union, and

Wallowa Counties, Sept. 15-Nov. 1) Female deer and spotted fawn, antelope, sheep EIk

Aug, i.Nov. 1. No open season.
Aug. 1, 1919.

Silver gray squirrel

Oct. 1-Jan. 1.

Quail (see exceptions)

Oct. 15-Nov. 15.

Exceptions: Josephine and Jackson Counties

Oct. 15-Dec. 15.

Gilliam, Grant, Harney, Malheur, Morrow, Umatilla and Wheeler Coun-

tles

Oct. 15, 1913.

Grouse, native pheasant, ruffed grouse, partridge (see exception

Oct. 15-Nov. 15.

Exception: Baker, Grant, Umatilla, Union and Wallowa Counties

Sage hen Chinese (torquatus) pheasant, 2 years Silver pheasant, golden pheasant copper

pheasant,

green

No open season. Aug lm Nov a
Oct. 15, 1912 Japanese pheas-

ant, Reeves pheasant, English partridge, Hungarian partridge, bobwhite,

prairie chicken (except in Grant, Harney, and Umatilla Counties, no

open season) Dove, wild pigeon Turnstone, surf bird,

plover,

kllldeer,

curlew,

tatler,

willet,

Sept i.Qct. 15. Sept ig.jan . 1. sandpiper,

snipe, stilt, avocet, phalarope, other shore birds, coot, rail, goose, swan 1

(see exceptions)

Oct. 1-Mar. 1.

Exceptions: Goose, swan, in Baker, Grant, Harney, Klamath, Lake, Malheur,

Sherman, Union, and Wallowa Counties (except Canadian or honker goose

in Grant, Harney, and Malheur Counties, Sept. 1-Mar. 1, and except white

goose and brant unprotected)

Sept. 1-Feb. 1.

Goose, swan (except white goose and brant unprotected) Gilliam County

Sept. l-Apr. 1.

Duck (see exceptions)

Oct. 15-Feb. 15.

Exceptions: Clatsop, Columbia, and Multnomah Counties

Sept. 1-Jan. 15.

Baker County

Aug. l-Apr. 15.

Grant, Harney, Malheur, Morrow, Umatilla, Union and Wallowa Coun-

ties
Coos, Curry, and Lake Counties Klamath County

Sept. l-Apr. 1. Sept. 15-M'ar. 15.
Sept. 1-Feb. 1

Pennsylvania (1909-1911) :

Deer (deer without horns protected all the year)

Nov. 15-Dec. 1.

Bear

Oct. 1-Jan. 1.

Hare, rabbit, squirrel (gray, black, fox)

Nov. I- Dec. 16.

Raccoon

Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

Quail, ruffed grouse, wild turkey, imported pheasants (Chinese, English,

Mongolian)

Nov. 1-Dec. 16.

Hungarian partridge

Oct. 15-Nov. 16.

Dove, blackbird, reedbird, sandpiper, tatler, curlew, or any shore bird, coot

or mud hen, rail

Sept. 1-Jan 1.

Woodcock

Oct. 1-Dec. 1.

Also Mar. l-Apr. 21: Sundays and Mondays are close seasons fur ducks and other waterfowl, 1 Unlawful to kill geese at any time on islands or sand bars in the Columbia River east of
the Cascades.

54

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Opt-n Seasons for (iame in
-- Pennsylvania (1909-1911) 'Continued.
Upland or grass plover Wilson snipe (jacksnipe)
-- Wild waterfowl duck, goose, brant,

the United States and swan, loon, grebe

Canada,

-- l!(i:. Continued.
Open seasons. July 15-Dec. 1. Sept. 1-May 1.
Sept. 1-Apr. 10.

Rhode Island (1900-1911) :

Deer * Gray squirrel, hare, rabbit Quail or bobwhite, ruffed grouse Pheasant, dove Hungarian partridge Plover, curlew, yellowlegs, snipe, Black duck and wood duck

or partridge, woodcock sandpiper, shore, marsh,

and

beach

No open season.
Nov. 1- Jan. 1.
Oct. 15-Dec. 16
No open season.
Oct. 15, 1913. birds.. July 15-Dec. 16.
Aug. 15-Apr. 1.

South Carolina (1902-1912) :

Deer (except Berkeley County, Aug. 1-Feb. 1) Quail (partridge), wild turkey (except Berkeley County, Nov. 1-Apr. 1) Dove Woodcock Willet
Wood duck
Grackle

Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Nov. 15-Mar. 15. Aug. 15-Mar. 1. Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Nov. 1-Mar. 1. Sept. ll-Mar. 1. Oct. 1-Mar. 1.

South Dakota (1909-1911) :

Deer (except females and fawns, no open season) Elk, antelope, mountain sheep Quail Partridge, grouse, prairie chicken, woodcock, golden

plover,

upland

Nov. 1-Dec. 1.
No open season.
Oct. 1, 1912. plover,

snipe Introduced pheasant
Dove Duck, goose, brant, any aquatic fowl

Sept. 10-Oct. 10. Jan. 1, 1915.
No open season
Sept. 10-Apr. 10.

Tennessee (1903-1911) :

Deer (except Fentress County, Dec. 1-Jan. 1)

Oct. 1, 1915.

Squirrel

June 1/-Mar. I. 1

Quail or partridge (except Shelby County, Nov. 15, 1913)

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Grouse, pheasant (exeep* English or ringneck pheasants), wild turkey, 2

meadow lark

Nov. 1-Mar. 1.

Pheasant, English or ringneck

Dec. 1-Jan. 1.

Dove (except in Shelby County, Mar. 1-July 15), teal, wood (summer) duck.. Aug. 1-Apr. 15.

Woodcock, robin, marsh blackbird, plover, curlew, tatler, willet, godwit,

sandpiper, snipe, avocet, coot, mud hen. rail, duck (except teal and wood

duck), goose, bran*, swan

Oct. i-Apr. 15.

Texas (1907-1911):

Deer (female deer and spotted fawn, no open season)

Nov. 1-Jan. 1.

Antelope, sheep, 5 years

Nov. 1, 1916.

Quail or partridge, dove

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Prairie chicken or pinnated grouse, pheasants (Mongolian, English), 5 years. Nov. 1, 1916.

Wild turkey

Dec. 1-Apr. 1.

Utah (1909) : Deer (see exception) Exception. Nonresident not permitted to kill deer.

Oct. 15-Nov. 15.

Elk, antelope, sheep

Mar. 11, 1913.

Quail, partridge, grouse, prairie chicken, pheasants (Chinese, English, Mon-

golian) (see exceptions)

Mar. 11, 1913.

*Tatne deer kept in confinement may be killed by the owner at any time, or any deer injuring crops, by the owner or occupant of the premises, under permit from secretary of state.
'Special squirrel seasons: Benton, Decatur, Wilson, June 1-Jan. 1; Carroll. June 15-Mar. 1; (niter, July 15-Mar. 1; Crockjett, Weakley, July 1-Feb. 1; Dyer, June li-July 1 and Oct. 1Jan. 1; Fayette, July 15-Jan. 1; Gibson, Sevier. June 1-Feb. 1; Hardeman. July ISrFeb. 15; Haywood, May 1-Jan. 1; Henderson, July 15-Jan. 15: McNairy. Madison, July 1-Mar. 1; Robertson, July 1-Jan. 1; Shelby, June 15-Feb. 1; Stewart, Aug. 1-Feb. 1; Warren, Oct. 1-Mar. 1. Bedford, Blount, Cannon, Clay, Coffee, Cumberland. Dickson, Fentress, Giles, Greene, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson. Knox, Lawrence, Lincoln. London, Marshall, Maury, Meigs, Moore, Overton, Perry, Pickett, Putnam, Rhea, Sequatchie, Sullivan. Van Buren, Washington, Wayne. White, Williamson, unprotected.
In Chester, Dyer, Hardeman, Hardin, and McNairy Counties anyone may kill squirrels on his own property at any time for his own use.
2 Special wild turkey seasons: Dyer (gobblers), Nov. 1-May 1 (bens). Nov. 1-Feb. 1; Clay. Fpntress. Overton. Pickett, Aug. 1-May 1.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

55

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. Continued.

JLah (1909)--Continued.

Open seasons.

Exceptions: Quail in Garfield, Kane, and Washington Counties, Aug. 1-Feb. 1. Quail in Carbon, Davis, Salt Lake, Sevier, Utah, and Weber

Counties

Oct. 1-Nov. 1.

Sage hens in Beaver, Box Elder, Carbon, Emery, Garfield, Grand, Iron,

Kane, Millard, Morgan, Piute, Rich, San Juan, Sanpete, Sevier, Sum-

mit, Uinta, Wasatch, Washington, Wayne, and Weber Counties

Aug. 1-Dec. 1.

Sage hens in Cache, Davis, Juab, Salt Lake, Tooele, and Utah Counties

Mar. 11, 1013.

Dove

Aug. 1-Dec. 1.

Snipe, shore birds, duck, goose, brant, swan (see exceptions)

Oct. 1-Jan. 1.

Exceptions: Grand, Kane, San Juan, Uinta, and Washington Coun-

ties

Oct. 1-Mar. 15.

Vermont1 (1894-1911) :

Deer with horns not less than 3 inches long2 (no open season for others)

Moose, caribou

Hare, rabbit

."

Gray squirrel

Quail

Ruffed grouse (partridge), woodcock

Pheasant, English partridge

Dove, rail, swan

Plover (except upland plover, Aug. 1, 1915), English snipe Duck (except wood duck, Sept. 16, 1916), goose

Nov. 15-Nov. 26.
No open season.
Sept. 15-Mar. 1. Sept. 19- Dec. 1. Sept. 15-Dec. 1. Sept. 15-Nov. 15. Oct. 1, 1913.
No open season.
Sept. 15-Dec. 1. Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

Virginia3 (1903-1912) :

Deer (except in Brunswick and Greenesville Counties, Oct. 1-Feb. 1) Rabbit

Spet. 1-Dec. 1. Nov. li-Feb. I."

Squirrel

Brunswick and Greenesville Counties

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Isle of Wight and Southampton Counties (gray or fox)

Sept. 1-Jan. 15.

I

Wiarren County Opossum in Halifax County

Nov. 15- Jan. 1. Oct. 15-Feo. 1.

Quail or partridge, pheasant or grouse, wild turkey, woodcock (see excep-

tion)

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Exception: West of the Blue Ridge

Nov. 1-Jan. 1.

Dove in Brunswick and Greenesville Counties

Aug. 15- Jan. 15.

Surf bird, plover, curlew, tatler, willet, sandpiper, snipe (except Wilson and

robin snipe), mud hen. gallinule, rail (except sora)

July 20-Jan. 1.

Summer or wood duck

Aug. 11- Jan. 1.

Winter waterfowl (except in Brunswick and Greenesville Counties, Aug. 1-

Jan. 1)

Oct. 15-May 1."

Washington1 (1903-1911) :

Deer (males only), caribou, sheep, goat

Sept. 1-Nov. 1.

Elk Moose, antelope (males only) Female deer, moose, antelope, and spotted fawn Quail, ruffed grouse, grouse, prairie chicken, sage
imported upland game birds (see exceptions)

hen,

pheasant,

and

Oct. 1, 1915. Sept. 15-Nov. 1.
No open season.
other Oct. 1-Jan. 1.

Exceptions : East of Cascades

Sept. 1-Oct. 16.

Grouse in Douglas, Ferry, Okanogan, and Stevens Counties, Aug. 15-Jan. 1.

Grouse in other counties east of Cascades

Sept. 1-Oct. 16.

Prairie chicken in Adams, Chelan, Columbia, Douglas, Ferry, Garfield,

Grant, Lincoln, Okanogan, Stevens, and Walla Walla Counties. Sept. 1-Oct. 16.

Hungarian partridge

Oct. 1, 1918.

1 The governor is authorized to suspend open seasons in time of drought and fix another open season for deer in such event.
2 Deer kept iu private game preserves may be killed by the owners at any time.
3 Boards of supervisors may shorten the open seasons in their counties and make other restrictions not repugnant to law, "and may include in such protection other game not specifically mentioned in this section." Code 1904, sec. 2070a, as amended in 1906.
4 Residents of the State may kill rabbits on their own lands at any time. 5 Residents of State may kill squirrels on their own lands at any time. * Wildfowl can not be hunted on Wednesdays and Saturdays on Back Bay, Princess Anne County. 7 On Mercer Island and shores of Lake Washington game animals and birds are protected all the year. (Laws 1909, ch. 54).

56

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. Continued

Washington (190S-1913)-Continned.

Open seasons.

ve

No open season.

Plover, curlew, snipe, rail, other shore birds, duck, goose, brant, swan (see

exception)

0ct

Exception :

In Adams, Douglas, Ferry, Grant, Lincoln, Okanogan, Spokane,

Stevens, and Whitman Counties

Sept. 15- Jan. 1.

Duck, goose, brant, east of Cascades on Columbia or Snake Rivers or

x-Feb. 1.*

within half a mile of shores

No open season.

West Viiginia (1909-1911) :
-- Deer (with horns more than 4 inches long no open season for other deer) ...Oct. 15-Dec. 1.

Squirrel (gray, black, red, fox)

Sept. l-Dec. 1.

Quail (Virginia partridge)

Nov. l-Dec. 1.

Ruffed grouse (pheasant), wild turkey

Oct. 15-Dec. 1.

Pheasants (English, Chinese, Reeves, Lady Amherst), capercailzie, or any

other introduced foreign game bird, dove, wood duck

No open season.

Plover, sandpiper, woodcock, reedbird, rail (ortolan)

July 15i-Dec. 20.

Sn 'P e

Oct. 15-Mar. 1.

Duck (except wood duck, no open season), goose, brant

Sept. 1-Apr. 20.

Wisconsin (1898-1912) :

Deer (see exceptions)

Nov. 11-Dec. 1.

Exceptions: Door County, 4 years

Nov. 1' 1915.

Adams, Brown, Buffalo, Calumet, Columbia, Crawford, Dane, Dodge, Fond

du L-ac, Grant, Green, Green Lake, Iowa, Jefferson, Kenosha. Kewaunee.

La Crosse, Lafayette, Manitowoc, Marquette, Milwaukee. Monroe. Auta-

gamie. Ozaukee, Pepin, Portage, Racine, Richland, Rock, Sauk, Sheboy-

gan, Vernon, Walworth, Washington, Waukesha, Waupaca, Waushara, and

Winnebago Counties

No open season.

Moose

N open season

Rabbit, in Eau Claire, Pierce, Portage, Waupaca, and Waushara Counties ...Sept. 10-Feb. 1.

In Brown, Calumet. Columbia, Dane, Dodge, Dunn, Green, Green Lake,

Jefferson, Juneau, Kewaunee, La Crosse, Lincoln, Manitowoc. Milwaukee,

Outagamie, Ozaukee. Rock, Sheboygan, Trempealeau, Walworth, Washing-

ton, Waukesha, and Wood Counties
Squirrel (gray, fox, black, see exceptions)
Exceptions: Chippewa, Eau Claire, Pierce,

Portage,

Richland,

Rusk,

Oct. 10-Feb. 1. Oct. 10-Feb. 1.
St.

Croix, Waupaca, and Waushara Counties Waukesha County

Sept. 10-Feb. 1.
No open season.

Quail, pheasants (Chinese, English, Mongolian), 8 years

Oct. 1. 1915.

Partridge, woodcock, plover, snipe

Sept. 10- Dec. 1

Prairie chicken, grouse: In Adams, Ashland, Barron, Brown, Burnett, Buf-

falo, Chippewa, Clark, Crawford, Dodge, Douglas, Dunn, Eau Claire,

Grant, Iowa, Jackson, Juneau, Lafayette, Marathon, Marinette, Marquette,

Monroe, Oconto, Outagamie, Pepin, Pierce, Polk, Portage, Richland, Rusk,

St. Croix, Sawyer, Shawano, Vernon, Washburn, Waupaca, Waushara, and

Wood Counties

Sept. 10-Oct. 1

Prairie chicken, grouse : In rest of State

Sept. 1, 1915.

Dove, swan

No open season

Coot or mud hen. rail, rice hen, duck

Sept. 1-Jan. 1.

Goose, brant

Sept. 10-May 1.

Wyoming (1909-1911).

Deer

Sept. l-Dec. 1.

Moose, elk, sheep (except elk and male sheep in Carbon, Fremont, and Uinta

Counties and in Big Horn and Park Counties west of Big Horn River,

Sept. l-Dec. 1), antelope, 4 years

Sept. 1, 1915.

Quail, grouse, other than sage grouse. Mongolian pheasant (see exception) ...Sept. 25-Dec. 1.

Exception: Grouse in Albany, Carbon, Laramie, and Sweetwater Counties..

Aug. 1-Sept. 16.

Sage grouse (except in Natrona and Sheridan Counties, Aug. 1. 1915), curlew .Aug. 1-Oct. 1

Dove, swan

No open season

Sandpiper, snipe, or other shore bird (except curlew), duck, goose

Sept. 1-May 1.

Alberta1 (1906-1909) :

Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou Antelope (male)

Nov. l-Dec. 15. Oct. 1-Nov. 1.

* Shore birds, geese, and brant may also be shot Mar. 1-June 1 in Chehalis, Clallam, Jefferson, Pacific, and San Juan Counties, along the coast and 5 miles inland.
1 North of latitude 55 any game animal or bird, except elk and buffalo, may be killed at any
time if needed for food.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

57

ilberta.

Open Seasons for Game
(1906-1909)--Continued.

in

the

United

States

and

Canada,

1912.--Continued *

Buffalo, female deer, moose, autelope, sheep, and young of all big game

N^peT^'a^ou.

Partridge, except Hungarian partridge, grouse, prairie chicken, pheasant (except English, no open season)
Plover, curlew, sandpiper, snipe, shore bird, coot, rail, crane Duck,* swan
British Columbia1 (1898-1911):

P ptarmigan,

' Oot i_x ov t

Sept 1-Jan 1

A, ug.

,,,, r ' 23- Jan.

.'
1.

u^' oat ;;.';
Bull el,fk or wapiti, bull moose, bull caribou, hare

1D Sept-

^- 15.

n sept j jan

Sheep, rams only

gept 1Noy ]g ,

\oung of deer and females and young of elk, moose, caribou and sheep

No open season

Bear _ ., Quail.

_E,ngl,i.sh.

' .
partridge,

,
prairie chicken,

pheasant,

black

game,

,,

.

Sept.

capercailzie,

H1-,J.ul, y

lo.

snipe,
,,Grouse,

g*oose, os.wraanu ,
ptarmigan, duck

north

of latitude 55

(in

xNto,, o,, pen season rest of Province no open

_. season 1 ') .

,

Plover, bittern, heron, meadowlark

tS-e,,p,,tt.

,l-o-Mar.

,, 30.

Sept i,_iiar 1

Manitoba (1909) :

Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou or reindeer, antelope or eabri (males) ....Dec. 1-Dec. 15.

Females and young of foregoing species and bison or buffalo

No open season.

Quail, woodcock, plover (except upland plover), sandpiper, snipe

Aug. 1-Jan. 1.

Partridge, prairie chicken, grouse

Oct. 1-Oct. 20.

ove

No open season.

Pheasant, 11 years

ct x 1920

Upland plover Duck

!.!!"!!!!!!!"!!'.!!!!".!!!!!jali 1-Jan. 1. Sept. 1-Dec. 1.

New Brunswick (1909-1011) :

Deer, moose, caribou (cow .and calf2 moose and caribou, no open season)

Sept 15- Dec 1

Partridge, woodcock Pneasant

Sept. 15 . Dec ; L No open season.

Snipe, teal, wood duck, dusky or black duck (see exception), goose, brant ...Sept. 1-Dec. 2.

Exception: Charlotte County, Grand Manan Parish, residents may kill black

ducks

Oct. 1-May 1.

Shore or other birds on beaches, Islands or lagoons bordering tidal waters of

Northumberland Strait, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Bay of Chaleur

Aug. 15-Jan. 1.

Newfoundland 3 (1902-1911) :

Elk, moose

No open season.

Caribou (except in a special region near Grand Lake, no open season)

Oct. 21-Feb. l.

Ptarmigan, willow grouse or partridge, plover, curlew, snipe, or "other wild

or migratory birds (except wild geese)"

Sept. 20- Dec. 15.

Capercailzie, black gamt, 10 years

Oct. 12, 1917.

Nova Scotia (1908-1912):

Deer, 3 years

,

Moose, bulls only (see exception)

Exception :

Cape Breton Island

Caribou (see exceptions)

Oct. 1, 1915. Sept. 16-Nov. 16. Sept. 16, 1915. Sept. 16, 1915.

Exceptions. Inverness and Victoria Counties, bulls only ... Sept. 16-Oct. 16.

Hare, rabbit

Oct. 1-Mar. 1.

Quail, sharp-tailed grouse, ptarmigan, plover, curlew, yellow legs, sandpiper,

heron, bittern, beach birds, and waders

Aug. 15-Mar. 1.

* Except white-winged scoters, north of township 50, which may be taken at any time. 1 The lieutenant governor is empowered to open seasons each year for coast or Columbian deer, quail, English partridge, prairie chicken, pheasant, capercailzie, black game, snipe, and goose, and for grouse, ptarmigan, and duck south of latitude 55. The following special seasons have also been made by orders in council. Elk, on Vancouver Island, Sept. 1, 1913, on mainland, Sept. 1, 1912; moose, in the East Kootenay district, no open season; mountain sheep, in the Yale, Okanogan, and Similkameeu districts, Sept. 1, 1913; south of the Canadian Pacific Railway, between the coast and the Columbia River, and from Revelstoke to the international boundary, no open season. Resident Indians (nonresidents not allowed to hunt) and farmers in "unorganized districts" may kill deer for immediate use as food, but Indians can kill does and fawns only Aug. 1-Feb. 1; free miners engaged in placer mining or prospecting in unorganized districts, and surveying or engineering parties engaged in their duties may kill any game for food. 2 Under 3 years of age and with horns bearing less than 3 tines 4 Inches In length. * Poor settlers may kill any birds, except capercailzie and black game, at any time, for Immediate consumption by themselves or their families.
4 Additional open season Aug. 1-Oct. 1.

58

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Open Seasons for Game in the United States and Canada, 1912. ( ontinued.

Nova Scotia (1908-1912)--Continued.

Open seasons.

Ruffed grouse or birch partridge

Oct. 1-Nov. 1.

Canada grouse (spruce partridge), chukar partridge, pheasant, capercailzie,

black game

N open season.

Woodcock, Wilson snipe, blue-winged duck, wood duck

Sept. i-Mar. 1.

Ontario1 (1907-1911) :

Deer (except in Dufferin, Grey, Simcoe, and Wellington Counties, to Nov. 1.

1914, and except fawns, no open season)

Nov. 1-Nov. 16. s

Elk or wapiti

No open season.

Moose, caribou (bulls only)

Oct. 16-Nov. 16.'

Hare4

Oct. 1-Dec. 16.

Squirrel (black or gray) (except in Halton County, Nov. 15, 1913)

Nov. 15-Dec. 2.

Quail, wild turkey

Nov. 15- Dee. 2.

Partridge, grouse, prairie fowl, and male pheasants (except partridge in

Halton County)

Oct. 13-Nov. 16.

English or Mongolian pheasants (females only)

Oct. 13, 1913.

Capercailzie
Dove Woodcock Plover, snipe, rail, other shore birds, duck and other waterfowl

Sept. 15, 1915.
No open season. 8
Oct. 1-Nov. 16. Sept. 1-Dec. 16.*

Prince Edward Island (1906-1911) :

Hare, rabbit

Nov. 1-Feb. 1.

Partridge

Oct. lo-Nov. 15.

Plover, curlew Snipe, woodcock Yellow legs, shore and other birds along beaches or tidal marshes, duck

Aug. 1- Jan. 1. Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Aug. 20-Jan. 1.

Goose Brant

i

Sept. 15-May 10.

Apr. 20-Jan. 1.

Quebec (1899-1910) : Zone 1.' Deer, moose (see exceptions) Exceptions: In Ottawa and Pontiac Counties
Cow moose and young deer and moose
Caribou (young, no open season) Hare Bear
Birch or swamp partridge White partridge or ptarmigan
Woodcock, plover, curlew, tattler, sandpiper, snipe Widgeon, teal, duck (except sheldrake), gull, loon Zone 2. Close seasons same as in Zone 1, except as follows: Caribou Hare
Birch or swamp partridge White partridge or ptarmigan

Sept. 1- Jan. 1. Oct. 1-Dec. 1.
No open season.
Sept. 1-Jan. 1. Dee. 1-Feb. 1. Aug. 20- July 1. Sept. 1-Dec. 15. Nov. 1-Feb. 1. Sept. 1-Feb. 1. Sept. 1-Mar. 1.*
Sept. 1-Mar. 1. Oct. 15-Mar. 1. Sept. 15-Feb. 1. Nov. 15-Mar. 1.

Saskatchewan 9 (1905-1907): Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou (males only) Antelope (males only) Buffalo Partridge, pheasant, prairie chicken, grouse, ptarmigan English pheasant

Dec. 1-Dec. 15. Oct. 1-Nov. 15.
No open season.
Oct. 1-Nov. 1.
No open season.

1 Lieutenant governor in council may alter close seasons in region north and west of French River, Lake Nipissing, and Mattawa River, and in the vicinity of Rondeau Park and close for a definite period seasons for any game animal or nonm'igratory game bird whose numbers have
diminished.
2 Persons who put deer on their own lands, and their licensees, may hunt such deer Oct. 1-
Nov. 16. 5 South of the Canadian Pacific R. R., between Mattawa and the Manitoba boundary. Nov. 1-16.
4 Cottontail rabbits (woodhares) may be killed during close season when damaging trees or
shrubs.
5 Under act for protection of insectivorous birds. Rev. Stats., 1897, ch. 289, sec. 3. Shore birds and waterfowl south of the Canadian Pacific, between Montreal and Toronto, and
the Guelph and Goderich Railways. Sept. 15-Dee. 16. * Zone No. 1 comprises the whole Province, except that part of the counties of Chicoutimi and
Saguenay east and north of the River Saguenay. Zone No. 2 comprises the excepted part of said
counties.
Inhabitants of Zone 2 and Gaspe County may take these birds for food Aug. 1-June 1. "Lieutenant governor in council may extend close seasons over current year, within limits, on petition of six game guardians.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

59

Open Seasons for Game in the United Stales and Canada. 1918. Continued.

Saskatchewan (1905-1907)--Continued.

,,, Plover,

curl, ew,

,

'

sandpiper,

snipe,

shore

birds,

coot,

rail,

duck,

' lane

Unorganized Territories' (Keewatin, Mackenzie, etc.)

Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou, goat, sheep

Musk ox

,,Part. ri..dge

.

.

prairie

., , chicken,

grouse,

pheasant

Duck, goose, swan

(1906) :

Yukon8 (1902-1906):

Op,,e,,n,, ,,seasons. goose, swan. .. .Sept. I* Jan. 1.
Aug. 1- Jan.' 1.

DrOc,,ette..'-lio-.-^MaprT'.

ja
n 20.

Sept i_j an i
'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.
'. isep-t 1-Jan.' 15.

Deer, elk or wapiti, moose, caribou, sheep, goat, musk ox

Bison or buffalo

_.

. .j

Partridge,

prai,ri. e

,
chicken,

grouse,

ptarmigan,

pheasant

Sandpiper, snipe, crane, duck, goose, swan

(males

only)

Sept. 1-Mar 1 vNjo_ o' pe,,n,, .season.
Sept. 1-Mar 15 Aug. 10- June 1

SHIPMENT OF GAME,

Shipment
_

is

the

most

important

feature

of

the

traffic

in

game.

If per-

A mitted without limitation it is a great factor in game destruction.

realiza-

tion of this fact has induced many of the States to prohibit export of all or

certain kinds of game, and in a few instances all transportation even within

the State. The subject may be conveniently considered under the following

subheads :

"Federal laws," and "State laws prohibiting export."

Federal Laws.

Federal laws affecting the shipment of game comprise the statutes regulating interstate commerce in game and the importation of birds from foreign
countries, and those providing for the protection of birds and game on territory
under immediate Federal jurisdiction.

They comprise: (1) Sections 241 to 244 of the Criminal Code (35 Stat., 1137), regulating the importation and interstate shipment of game;4 (2) the tariff act, imposing duties on game, skins, and feathers imported from foreign

countries; (3) the act regulating the introduction of eggs of game birds; (4)

the

game

law of Alaska ;

and

(5)

provisions

for

protecting

birds

in

the

national

parks, 5 national forests, and other Government reservations. These laws are

more fully discussed in Bulletin No. 16 of the Biological Survey, entitled,

"Digest of Game Laws for 1901" (pp. 69-79). The full text of the new Alaskan

game law of 1908, with the regulations now in force, is published in circulars

Nos. 66 and 89 of the Biological Survey. Sections 241, 242, 243 and 244 of the

Criminal Code of the United States, as follows:

Sec. 241. The importation into the United States, or any Territory or District

thereof, of the mongoose, the so-called "flying foxes" or fruit bats, the English sparrow,

the starling, and such other birds and animals as the Secretary of Agriculture may from

time to time declare to be injurious to the interests of agriculture or horticulture, is

hereby prohibited; and all such birds and animals shall, upon arrival at any port in the

United States, be destroyed or returned at the expense of the owner. No person shall

import into the United States or any Territory or District thereof, any foreign wild

animal or bird, except under special permit from the Secretary of Agriculture: Provided,

That nothing in this section shall restrict the importation of natural history specimens for museums or scientific collections, or of certain cage birds, such as domesticated
canaries, parrots, or such other birds as the Secretary of Agriculture may designate. The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized to make regulations for carrying into

effect the provisions of this section.

1 Indians, inhabitants, travelers, explorers and surveyors in need of food exempt. Governor in
council may alter seasons.
2 Also July 15-Oct. 1. 8 Indians, explorers, surveyors, prospectors, miners, and travelers in need of food are exempt.
Commissioner in council may alter seasons.
4 These sections are sections 2, 3 and 4 of the Lacey Act as amended. 5 The law governing the Yellowstone Park prohibits any person, or any stage, express, or rail-
way company from receiving for transportation animals, birds, or fish taken in the park, under a
penalty not exceeding $300. (28 Stat., ch. 72, see. 4).

60

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Sec. 242. It shall be unlawful for any person to deliver to any common carrier for transportation, or for any common carrier to transport from any State, Territory, or District of the United States, to any other State, Territory, or District thereof, any for-
eign animals or birds, the importation of which is prohibited, or the dead bodies or parts thereof of any wild animals or birds, where such animals or birds have been killed or shipped in violation of the laws of the State, Territory, or District in which the same were killed, or from which they were shipped : Provided, That nothing herein shall prevent the transportation of any dead birds or animals killed during the season when the
same may be lawfully captured, and the export of which is not prohibited by law in the State, Territory, or District in which the same are captured or killed : Provided further,
That nothing herein shall prevent the importation, transportation, or sale of birds or bird plumage manufactured from the feathers of barnyard fowls.
Sec. 243. All packages containing the dead bodies, or the plumage, or parts thereof,
of game animals, or game or other wild birds, when shipped in interstate or foreign commerce, shall be plainly and clearly marked, so that the name and address of the shipper, and the nature of the contents, may be readily ascertained in an inspection of
the outside of such package.
Sec. 244. For each evasion or violation of any provision of the three sections last preceding, the shipper shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars; the consignee knowingly receiving such articles so shipped and transported in violation of said sections shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars; and the carrier knowingly carrying or transporting the same in violation of said sections shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars.

State Laws Prohibiting Export.

Since the constitutionality of the Connecticut statute prohibiting export of

certain

game

was

established

by

the

supreme

court

in

1
1896,

nonexport

laws

have been generally adopted, and at the present time every State prohibits

the export of certain kinds of game. In most States sportsmen are allowed to

carry a limited amount of game out of the State under special restrictions,

and exceptions to the laws prohibiting export are also made in the case of

birds and animals intended for propagation or reared in licensed preserves.

Restrictions on shipment from the State have now become so stringent

that all the States west of the Mississippi River, except two, North and South

Dakota, prohibit export of all game protected by local laws, and these permit

the export of only plover, woodcock, and cranes. East of the Mississippi, laws

prohibiting the export of all game, or, in some cases, all but one or two unim-

portant species, are in force in all the States except a small group along the

coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina, and Florida and Kentucky.

Special attention is called to the following ta'ble, which contains a list of

game prohibited from export by each State:

Export of game prohibited.
Alabama : All protected game. Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may take with him or have carried to him, openly, game
lawfully killed by him. State game and fish commissioner may issue $1 permit to any person to capture, kill, or export not more than 10 pairs of any one species of game or birds for scien-
tific or propagating purposes. Alaska: Deer, moose, caribou, sheep, goat, bear, or hides of these animals; wild birds, except
eagles, or any parts thereof Exceptions: Specimens may be exported under restrictions imposed by the Secretary of Agri-
culture, and trophies of big game under license issued by the governor. 2
Arizona: All protected game.
Exceptions: Deer or wild turkey may be exported under a $2 permit.

1 Greer v. Conn., 161 U. S., 519. i See p. 42 also Circulars No. Ofi and No. SH. Biological Survey. T'. S. Dep't. "f Agriculture.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

61

-- Export of Game Prohibited Continued,
Arkansas: Deer (unless raised in captivity), wild turkey, wild fowl, game of any description except rabbits, which must be shipped open to view. (Squirrels can not be shipped out of Craighead, Dallas, Lafayette, and White Counties). Local exceptions in Clay and Mississippi
Counties.
California: All protected game.
Colorado: All protected game.
Exceptions. Game may be exported under permit from game commissioner if permit be attached and package plainly marked so as to show nature of contents. The following fees are
charged for export permits: Elk, $10; deer, $5; sheep, $5; bird, 25 cents-- in each ease the edible portion alone.

Connecticut: Quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock. Delaware: Rabbit, quail, partridge, woodcock (nonresidents also prohibited from
lish snipe). Squirrel, dove, rail, reedbird, goose, brant, for sale.
Florida: Deer, deer hides, quail or partridge, wild turkey from county; ducks Brevard and Volusia Counties.
Georgia: All protected game from county or State. Exception: Licensee may export game lawfully killed.

shipping for sale

Engfrom

Idaho: All protected game.
Exceptions: Any hunter may export, under hunting license, big game lawfully taken, under a 50-cent permit obtained from a justice of the peace, probate judge, game warden, or deputy game warden on a sworn statement to issuing officer that game was not procured contrary to law. Mounted heads and stuffed birds legally secured may be exported.
Illinois: Squirrel, quail, ruffed grouse, pinnated grouse, prairie chicken, pheasant, wild turkey, shore birds, duck, goose, brant, taken In the State.
Exceptions. Game may be exported under license from the State. Nonresident may take from
State 50 birds killed by himself, if carried openly for inspection.
Indiana: Deer, quail, grouse, prairie chicken, pheasant, wild turkey, woodcock, duck, goose, brant,

and other waterfowl.
Exception : Nonresident may take from State 15 birds killed by himself, if carried openly for
inspection together with his license, or 45 if he has hunted for three or more days consecutively.
Iowa: All protected game.
Exception: Nonresident may take from State not more than 25 game birds or animals, if
carried openly for inspection, and if hunting license be shown on request.
Kansas: All protected game.
Kentucky: Quail, partridge, grouse, pheasant, wild turkey killed in the State.
Louisiana: All protected game.
Exception: A nonresident licensee may carry with him out of the State, under his license, one day's bag limit of game, if not for sale. Game raised in private preserves and properly tagged
may also be exported.
Maine: Deer, moose, quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant, capercailzie, black game, plover, woodcock, snipe, sandpiper, wood duck, dusky or black duck, teal, gadwall or gray duck, mallard, widgeon or baldpate shoveler, pintail or sprigtail, redhead, soaup or greater bluebill, lesser scaup or
lesser bluebill, golden-eye or whistler, bufflehead, ruddy duck, or broadbill. Exceptions. A resident of the State may export 1 deer in a season if open to view, tagged to
show name and address of owner and accompanied by him, and under shipping license 1 moose. 6 partridges, 10 woodcock, and 10 ducks lawfully killed by himself. A nonresident may export under hunting license 1 moose and 2 deer lawfully killed by himself and may take home 10 partridges, 10 ducks, and 10 woodcock; he may also ship out one pair of game birds a month under a special 50-cent license. Live game may be exported for breeding, scientific, or advertising purposes, under permit of the commissioners of inland fisheries and game.
Maryland: County provisions, as follows: Allegany--Deer, squirrel, rabbit, partridge or quail, pheasant, English pheasant, turkey, dove,
woodcock from county (for sale). Anne Arundel--All protected game, viz: Squirrel, rabbit, quail, partridge, pheasant, woodcock,
snipe, plover, duck, goose, brant, swan from county. Baltimore-- Rabbit, squirrel, quail, partridge, pheasant, dove, woodcock from county. Calvert-- Rabbit, partridge, woodcock from county (for sale, barter, or trade).
-- Caroline Rabbit, quail, partridge, woodcock from county. -- Cecil Squirrel, quail, grouse, woodcock, plover from county.
Dorchester-- Squirrel, rabbit, quail, partridge, woodcock, dove (for sale).
Exception: Twelve quail or partridges, 6 squirrels, rabbits, woodcock, and doves may be taken
out of the county at one time as personal baggage, if carried openly and not Intended for sale. Frederick--Squirrel, partridge, pheasant, woodcock from county (for sale). Garrett-- Rabbit, partridge, pheasant, wild turkey, woodcock from State.
Exception: Nonresident may take out game killed under his hunting license. Kent-- Squirrel, rabbit, and all birds from county (for sale, except under license). Montgomery-- Rabbit, partridge, quail, woodcock from county (for sale). Queen Anne--Rabbit, partridge, woodcock from county (for sale). Somerset--All game, viz: Squirrel, rabbit, quail or partridge, pheasant, dove, woodcock, duck,
goose, from county.

62

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Export of Game Prohibited Continued. -- Washington Deer, squirrel, rabbit, partridge, pheasant, dove, woodcock, turkey from county
(for sale).
-- Wicomico Quail or partridge from Wicomico and Worcester Counties considered as one territory. -- Worcester Rabbit, quail, woodcock from county.
Massachusetts: Quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock taken in State; other game illegally taken in State. Exceptions: Nonresident may take 10 wild fowl or birds of all kinds out of the State under
his hunting license. Quail reared dn captivity under permit may be exported for propagation.
Michigan: All protected game.
Exceptions: (1) Deer may be transported outside the State to reach a point within the State. (2) Nonresident licensee may take out, as hand baggage, one day's bag limit of birds. (3) Landowners and members of clubs owning game preserves may ship during open season under a $10 permit from State warden 20 ducks or other migratory birds killed by them on their own premises. (4) Game reared in captivity may be exported under permit.
Minnesota: All protected game.
Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may ship home in open season under his license coupons 1 deer and 25 birds lawfully taken by himself. Domesticated big game may be exported under permit, and also deer and moose hides for tanning and moose heads for mounting.
Mississippi: All protected game.
Missouri: All protected game.
Exceptions: Game may be exported under resident or nonresident license if carried openly as
baggage or express or in owner's possession and accompanied by him. Export for scientific or propagating purposes allowed under permit. Deer or elk raised in captivity may be shipped at any time. Montana: All protected game.
Exception: Game lawfully killed may be exported in open season if accompanied by owner, and resident's shipping permit from State game and fish warden, or uonresideut's hunting license;
total shipment under one license not to exceed season's bag limit; packages to be labeled to show contents.
Nebraska: All protected game.
Exceptions: Nonresident may ship 50 birds out of State uuder hunting license, but must give common carrier invoice of number and kind of birds, must have details of shipment marked on license, and must accompany the shipment. Nevada: All protected game. New Hampshire: 1 Deer (except heads for mounting), elk, moose, caribou, quail, partridge, ruffed grouse, pheasant, woodcock, Wilson snipe, dove, plover, yellowlegs, sandpiper, rail, duck (except sheldrake), and all "beach" birds.
Exceptions: Deer may be exported by resident if accompanied to office of carrier by owner, shipped open to view, properly tagged, and labeled with name of actual owner. Nonresident may export, under his hunting license, 2 deer and 12 birds, carried open to view, on notice of number and kind to the commissioner who issued the license. New Jersey: Hare, rabbit, squirrel, and all protected game birds.
Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may carry openly from the State 10 rabbits. 50 reed birds, 50 rail, and 15 other game birds. Live deer may be exported for propagation on payment of additional fee of $5 for each animal; English, ringneek or other pheasants, mallard and black ducks, and deer killed in inclosed preserves Oct. 1-Jan. 11. may be exported for sale under permit,
Oct. 1-Mar. 2.
New Mexico: Export for market of all game taken in the State, except plover, curlew, snipe, mal-
lard and black duck. Exception: The State warden is authorized to issue transportation permits at $1 each ($2 in
case of deer), and also to permit export of game birds for scientific or propagating purposes. New York. Game or birds taken in the State.
Exceptions: Nonresident may export one deer under his hunting license, and one day's bag limit of other game under permit. Foreign game or game raised in preserves, may be exported unaccompanied by the owner in any quantity when duly marked and tagged. Game for propagation and heads and skins of quadrupeds and game birds legally captured may be exported.
North Carolina: : Quail, partridge, pheasant, grouse, wild turkey, suipe. shore or beach bird, wood-
cock taken in State.
1 Blue Mountain Forest Association permitted to ship deer, elk, and moose killed in its preserve. 2 Export is also prohibited by the following local laws: Deer, Cherokee. Craven. Hyde. (Curri-
-- tuck township); Squirrel, Craven: Quail, Alexander (for sale except 50 at one time by nonresident
licensee), Catawba, Cherokee, Clay, Cleveland (3 years). Craven, Harnett, Henderson. Iredell,
-- Jackson, Montgomery, Rutherford, Stanly (for sale except by owner or lessee of land on which
killed), Surry (for sale), Swain (live), Union (for sale), Yadkin (for sale); wildfowl, Craven (from
State), Brunswick (Mar. 10-Nov. 10), Dare (Mar. 10-Nov. 10), New Hanover (Mar. 10-Nov. 10),
-- Stanley (for sale except by owner or lessee of land on which killed); other game birds. Cherokee
(pheasant, dove, woodcock, robin, snipe), Craven (wild turkey, dove, woodcock), Montgomery
-- (pheasant, wild turkey, dove), Stanly (all game birds). Tyrrell (woodcock, snipe unless killed -- Nov. 1-Feb. 1), Union (dove, lark for sale).

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

63

-- Export of Game Prohibited Continued.
Exception: Nonresident may take out of Siate under his hunting license 50 quail (par-
tridges), 12 grouse, 2 turkeys, and 50 beach birds or snipe in a season. Export permitted under permit of Audubon Society of ruffed grouse, wild turkey, woodcock, snipe, and other shore
birds, for propagation. North Dakota: All protected game, except golden and upland plover, woodcock, and crane.
Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may carry with him from State 2 deer and grouse, prairie chickens, doves, cranes, and swans not exceeding 20 in all, and plover, snipe, ducks, geese, and brant not exceeding 50 in all. open to view, labeled with his name and address and number of his license. Domesticated game may be exported under written permission of board of control.
Ohio. Squirrel, quail, ruffed grouse or pheasant, introduced pheasant, dove, woodcock, plover, snipe, shore birds, rail, coot (mud hen), duck goose, swan taken in the State.
Exception: Nonresident may take with him from State undeh his hunting license 50 pieces
of game.
Oklahoma: All protected game. Exception: Nonresident licensee may carry to his home two days' bag limit of game birds.
Oregon. All protected game.
Exceptions: Any citizen of Washington may take one day's bag with him out of the State. Game birds raised in captivity for breeding purposes and pinioned may be shipped with consent of State game warden. Game for propagation of scientific purposes may be exported under
permit.
Pennsylvania: All protected game taken in the State. Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may take with him from the State one day's bag labeled
with his name and address and number of his license. Live English, Mongolian, and Chinese pheasants raised in captivity may be exported. Rhode Island : Quail, ruffed grouse, woodcock, plover, curlew, yellowlegs, snipe, sandpiper, shore,
marsh an'd beach birds. Exception: Nonresident may take with him from the State under his hunting license, open to
view, 10 wildfowl or birds the export of which is otherwise prohibited by law.
South Carolina: All game birds or animals taken in the State. Exception : Licensee may carry openly 2 deer, 50 partridges, 12 ruffed grouse, 4 wild turkeys,
50 beach birds, 50 ducks and geese in a season.
South Dakota: All protected game, except woodcock and golden and upland plover.
-- -- Exceptions: Two deer. A certificate good for five days that such game was lawfully killed
must be obtained from a justice of the peace and given to the carrier. Any resident or nonresident may carry out of the State any game bird legally in possession. Game or game birds raised in captivity may be exported under written permission of State game warden.
Tennessee: All protected game.
Exception : Nonresident may take with him from the State 50 ducks or 30 pieces of other game, but must present to some officer or employe of common carrier his hunting license and sworn statement that his game will not be sold.
Texas: All wild animals, wild birds, and wild fowl found in the State.
Exception : Nonresident licensee may take with him from the State 3 male deer, 75 ducks (if
killed in three consecutive days by himself), and one day's bag limit of other birds, under affidavit that his game will not be sold.
Utah: All protected game: Exception : Nonresident licensee may take one day's bag out of State under permit.
Vermont: Deer, gray squirrel, quail, ruffed grouse or partridge, plover, English snipe, woodcock,
duck, goose.
Exceptions: Nonresident licensee may export 1 deer and one day's bag of game birds under license. Resident may export, open to view, the season limit of game or game birds under his license by having the license marked with shipping point, destination, and number of each kind
of game. Virginia: All protected game except waterfowl legally killed.
Exceptions: During open season nonresident may, under his hunting license, take with him out of the State, or as baggage on the same conveyance, 1 deer, 50 quail or partridges, 10 pheasants or grouse, 3 wild turkeys, and 25 of each, or 100 in all, of plover, snipe, sandpipers, willets, tatlers, and curlew, if killed or captured by himself and shipped open to view and plainly labeled with his name and address. Any citizen of State may ship from the State, as a gift and not for sale (which fact must be stated on shipping tag), 1 deer, 18 quail or partridges, 6 pheasants, 3 wild turkeys, and if open to view and plainly labeled with names and addresses of donor and donee, amd number of each kind of bird so shipped. Washington: All protected game.
Exceptions: Nonresident may export one season's limit of big game and one day's bag limit of birds under his hunting license, if accompanied by affidavit that the game was killed by him and is not for sale. Export of game animals and birds raised in captivity permitted. West Virginia: All projected game. VViseonsin: All protected game, except rabbit, squirrel, and coot (mud hen).
Exceptions: During open season nonresident may take out of State under his hunting license, in personal possession or as baggage or express, accompanying same to State line, 1 deer and not more than 30 game animals and birds of all kinds, provided packages are plainly marked

64

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Export of Game Prohibited Continued.
so as to show the names and addresses of shipper and consignee and number of each kind of game, and, in case of deer, have proper coupons attached. Park boards allowed to ship, under permit of State game warden, live animals and game birds for park purposes. Shipment allowed of domesticated deer, moose, elk, and caribou and game birds properly tagged, under permit of State game warden.

Wyoming: All protected game. Exceptions: Smithsonian Institution or other well-known scientific institutions may export any
game animals or birds under permit of State game commission. Export of 1 hide, 1 scalp, 1 head, 1 pair of tusks, 1 skin, 1 mounted head, 1 mounted specimen
of any big game except moose permitted upon affidavit that they were taken from animals lawfully killed, the payment of 25 cents to the justice of the peace of precinct where affiant lives, and attachment of the tag issued by him; a nonresident (or resident, when necessary to cross territory of another State to reach his home), may export under his hunting license 20 dead game birds and the carcass, head, antlers, scalp, skin, and teeth of any animal lawfully killed; exchange of game animals and birds for others for liberation in Wyoming allowed under permit of the State game commission; big game, except moose, captured and held for propagation may
be exported after five years.

Alberta: All protected game.
Exceptions : Minister of agriculture on receipt of a $5 fee may grant a permit to export for propagation or scientific purposes one pair of each species of big game and game birds. The lieutenant governor in council may grant permits for a greater number. The minister of agriculture may also issue permits for export of game for other purposes at the rate of $5 for each head of big game and $1 per dozen for game birds. The holder'of a general nonresident license may take with him out of the Province as trophies, heads, skins, and hoofs of big game legally killed by him. Any person may export mounted or branded heads at a fee of $1 for each head.

British Columbia: All protected game, except bears. Exceptions: Heads, horns, and skins of big game lawfully killed by the shipper may be
shipped under his hunting license and written permission of minister charged with enforcement of act. Any animal or bird, dead or alive, may be exported for scientific, zoological, or Government purposes under permit of provincial secretary. Live game birds or animals held in captivity under written permission of provincial game warden may be exported.

Manitoba: All protected game.
Exceptions: Minister of agriculture and immigration may direct chief game guardian to export not more tuan 12 animals or birds for propagation and may issue permit to export heads and skins of big game animals, and any game birds, except grouse, prairie chicken, and partridge, but not more than 100 geese and swans or 50 ducks, and these only under nonresident license. (No export of ducks permitted before October 1). The following export fees are charged: Deer or deer head, $2; head of elk, moose, or caribou, $5; any hide, 10 cents. No export fee required
of nonresident licensee.

New Brunswick: 1 All protected game. Exception: Surveyor general may issue special license to export game alive or dead.
Newfoundland: Caribou (antlers, heads, or skins), or partridge, willow or other grouse for sale. Exceptions: Minister of marine and fisheries may issue licenses to export caribou for breeding
or scientific purposes. Nonresident may export 3 stag caribou under hunting license and export permit (fee, 50 cents); resident may export antlers, head or skin of carabou under export per-

mit; but not, in either case, for sale.

Nova Scotia: All protected game. Exceptions: Holder of general license may ship out of Province 1 moose lawfully shot by
himself. Mounted heads and dressed skins and live mammals or birds for propagation or scien-

tific purposes may be exported under permit from provincial secretary.
Ontario: All wild game animals and birds. Exceptions: One deer, 1 bull moose, 1 bull caribou, and 100 ducks may be exported under
nouresident hunting license if shipping coupon and, if required, afBdavit of lawfi 1 killing be attached, and contents of packages be open to view. Lawfully imported game ai-d deer, moose,
elk, or caribou held by private ownership may be exported.
Prince Edward Island : All game except geese and brant. Exception: Nonresident licensee may carry out of Province 12 birds killed by himself.
Quebec: Native deer, moose, caribou, or parts thereof, except under permit from Minister of colonization, mines, and fisheries (fee not to exceed $5), or under tags attached to nonresident licenses,

and not later than 15 days after close of season.

Saskatchewan: All protected game.

Exceptions: Commissioner public parks and zoological

of agriculture may grant permits to export
gardens or scientific purposes 1 pair of each

for propagation lor
species of big game

and game birds upon payment of $5, or a specified number on application of another Province

or State. Minister may issue permits to export big game (fee, $1 per head), ducks, or geese (fee.

$1 per dozen, limit 5 dozen per season).

' Except In the case of partridge the prohibition applies only to common carriers

I !

125

PASSENGER PIGEON.
(Ectopistes migratorius Linn).
% Life size.

FOHl), CHICAGO

Except in the case of partridge the proniDii

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

65

-- Kxport of Game Prohibited Continued.
Yukon. Protected game can be exported by a nonresident only under a hunting license and a shipping permit issued by the commissioner of the Territory, or a game guardian. Permits export of one head of each of the following kinds of big game: Moose, caribou, sheep, an>d goat.
Canada also has a general law prohibiting export of deer (except those raised on private preserves), wild turkeys, quail, partridges, prairie fowl and woodcock, but permitting each nonresident to export two deer" in a year at certain ports within 15 days after the close of the open season, under' permit of the collector of customs of the port from which export is made. The ports
of export are: Halifax and Yarmouth, Nova Scotia; Macadam Junction, New
Brunswick; Quebec and Montreal, Quebec; Ottawa, Kingston, Niagara Falls, Fort Erie, Windsor, Sault Ste. Marie, and Port Arthur, Ontario; and such
others as the minister of customs may designate.
Those who visit Canada to hunt, camp, etc., must deposit with the customs officer at the port of entry an amount equal to the duty (30 per cent of ap-
praised value) on their guns, canoes, tents, cooking utensils, and kodaks. If these articles are taken out within six months at the same port, the deposit
will be returned. But members of shooting or fishing clubs that own preserves
in Canada and have filed a guaranty with the Canadian commissioner of cus-
toms may present club membership certificates in lieu of making the deposit. They must, however, pay duty on all ammunition and provisions.

Sale.
Legislation restricting the sale of game is passing through a transition stage. Some States prohibit the sale of game throughout the year, others only in close season, and between these extremes may be found all graduations and exceptions, such as restrictions prohibiting sale of game outside
the State or for export, and exemptions allowing sale for a few days in the
close season. The difficulty of tabulating such regulations is increased by the
fact that in addition to the special sale laws, close seasons and provisions regarding possession must be taken into consideration. In consulting the following summary, therefore, it will be necessary to bear in mind three different classes of restrictions: "Sale in close season," "Sale in open season," and "Sale prohibited all the year."

Sale In Close Season.

In general, the sale of game is prohibited during the close season, but

a brief additional open period is sometimes provided in order to permit dealers to close out stock on hand at the end of the hunting season. In Louisiana an extension of three days is allowed. In Colorado, Illinois, Tennessee, and

British Columbia the sale season includes the open season and the following

five days for all or certain kinds of game. An extension of 10 days for sale

is added to the open season in New Brunswick ; 15 days in Alaska, New Jer-

sey,

and

Quebec ;

30

days

in

Pennsylvania ;

60

days

in

Yukon ;

3

months

(for

geese and brant) in New Brunswick; and until the following 1st of January

in Ontario.

Sale In Open Season.
In order to counteract a tendency on the part of market hunters to antici-
pate the opening of the season, the sale of certain game is sometimes prohibited at the beginning of the open season, as during the first two days in Illinois, the first three in Nova Scotia, and the first month in British Columbia.
'Except from Ontario (see above).

66

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Sale Prohibited All the Year.
Forty-six States' and most of the Provinces of Canada now prohibit sale of all or certain kinds of game at all seasons. In Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas,
Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Washing-
ton, and West Virginia the sale, and in Delaware and Nevada the resale, of
all protected game is prohibited; in Ohio, of all game except rabbits; in New
York of all game except rabbits and that raised in licensed preserves and a few imported species; in Wisconsin, of all game except rabbits, squirrels, coots, and rails; in California, Utah, and Manitoba, of all big game and upland game. In a few instances prohibitions against the sale of certain game
are so general as to afford protection over a considerable area in adjoining States. Thus, ruffed grouse can not be sold in any State or Province along the Canadian border except Pennsylvania and Quebec. Practically every
State in which prairie chickens occur now prohibits their sale or export. The following statement shows the kinds of game the sale of which is
prohibited throughout the year. The sale of all other game is so generally
prohibited during the close season as to render a detailed enumeration un-
necessary, but when an extension of a few days is added to the open season or
a special season is provided for either possession or sale, attention is called to this exemption under the heading, "Permitted."
Sale of Game Prohibited Throughout the Year.
Alabama: All protected game. Alaska: Heads, hides, and skins of all protected game. Deer until August 15, 1013.
Permitted : Carcasses of all game may be sold during the open season and 15 days thereafter.
Arizona: All protected game. Arkansas: All "game, wild fowl, or birds whatsoever," except deer raised iu captivity, bears, rab
bits, opossums, raccoons, and squirrels. 2 California: Deer meat and hides of female deer, or those from which evidence of sex has been
removed, all other protected game, except cottontail rabbit, duck, and black brant.
Permitted : Game may be sold under license. Pheasants reared in captivity or imported from foreign country may be sold at any time under permit. Colorado: All game taken in the State.
Permitted. Domestic game may be sold by hotels, restaurants, etc., during the open season and five days thereafter, or during the limits of a storage permit. Imported game (under license) and game taken from licensed private parks and lakes may be sold at any time if accompanied
by an invoice. Connecticut: Quail, ruffed grouse, Hungarian partridge, woodcock.
Delaware: All protected game, except that a resident lawfully taking game may sell plover, snipe, and ducks anywhere and other game in his own county; restaurants buying from such persons may serve game in open season.
Florida: Deer, deer hides, quail or partridge, wild turkey, throughout State; ducks in Brevard and Volusia Counties.
Permitted: In Marion County game may be sold September 1 to November 1 by a resident to
a resident.
Georgia: All protected game. Idaho: All protected game. Illinois: All protected game, except dove.
Permitted: Deer bred in captivity may be sold October 1 to February 1; cock pheasants may be sold by breeders (under permit of State game commissioner) November 1 to February 1; doves may be sold from the third day of the open season to the fifth day of the close season ; and legally killed game imported from other States from October 1 to February 1.
Indiana: Quail. Iowa: All protected game. Kansas: All protected game.
Permitted : Game reared in captivity may be sold under permit.
1 Omitting Alaska, which prohibits sale only of heads, skins, and trophies and deer in southeastern Alaska until Aug. 15, 1913; District of Columbia, which prohibits sale only in close sea-
son; North Carolina, which prohibits sale in only a few counties; and New Jersey.
2 Squirrels killed in Ouchita and Union Counties can not be sold, and no squirrels can be sold
In Craighead, Dallas, and Lafayette Counties. Wildfowl may be sold in the Chickasawba district in
Mississippi County.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

67

-- Sale oi Game Prohibited Throughout the Year. Continued.
Kentucky: Quail, partridge, grouse, pheasiint, wild turkey, killed in the State.
Louisiana: All protected game, except snipe, rail, coots, poule d'eau, ducks, goose and brant,
which may be sold during open season and three days thereafter, but not later than March 1. Permitted: Game reared in captivity may be sold during the open season.
Maine: Deer moose, or game birds for export. Ruffed grouse, woodcock, ducks, for any purpose. Permitted: Deer may be sold by local dealers under license, and game birds raised in private
preserves maintained under permission of commissioners may be sold without restriction. Maryland

Allegany--Deer, quail, grouse, English pheasant, wild turkey, dove, woodcock.
-- Anne Arundel- All game except squirrel, rabbit, and raccoon. -- Baltimore Rabbit, squirrel, quail, ruffed grouse, dove, pheasant, woodcock, for export.
-- Calvert Rabbit, quail, woodcock, for export sale. -- Cecil Squirrel, quail, grouse, woodcock, plover.
Dorchester--Rabbit, squirrel, quail, partridge, dove, woodcock, wood duck, for export.
-- Frederick Squirrel, partridge, pheasant, woodcock, taken in county. -- Garrett Rabbit, partridge, quail, pheasant, wild turkey, woodcock for export. -- Montgomery Rabbit, quail or partridge, woodcock, for export. -- Somerset Rabbit, quail or partridge, woodcock, dead or alive, for any other purpose than as
food within the county or for propagation; or any game for export.
-- Washington Deer, squirrel, rabbit, partridge, pheasant, wild turkey, dove, woodcock. -- Wicomico Quail or partridge for export (from Wicomico and Worcester Counties considered as

one territory).
-- Worcester Rabbit, quail, woodcock (except to consumer). -- Permitted: Baltimore City Ruffed grouse may be sold October 1-Deeernber 25.

Massachusetts. Deer and quail taken in the State, gray squirrel, ruffed grouse, prairie chicken,

sharp-tailed grouse, pheasant, Hungarian partridge, woodcock, piping plover, and killdeer plover.

Permitted :

Dealers or persons in the cold storage business may sell imported quail lawfully

obtained during November and December, and may sell at any time hares or rabbits lawfully

secured. Live quail for propagation may be sold under permit. Quail and Hungarian partridges

raised in captivity under written permit may be sold for propagation. Deer and pheasants

raised in captivity may be sold for any purpose.

Michigan: All protected game.
Permitted: Game raised in captivity may be sold alive within State and, under $1 permit, alive

or dead without the State.

Minnesota: All protected game.

Mississippi: All protected game.

Missouri: All protected game.
Permitted : Deer or elk reared in captivity may be sold under regulations of commissioner.
Montana: All protected game.

Nebraska: All protected game.

Nevada. Resale of all game.
New Hampshire: Deer (except 2), gray squirrel (to Oct. 1, 1913), ruffed grouse or partridge, wood-

cock.
New Jersey:
Permitted.

All small game may be sold during open season and, if native game, 15 days

thereafter.
Permit required to deal in deer, pheasants, mallards, and black ducks. Expires March 15.
New Mexico: All protected game taken in the State except plover, curlew, and snipe. Permitted : Sale of game raised in licensed preserves.
New York: All game belonging to a family any species or subspecies of which is native to and

protected by the State.
Permitted : Varying hares and rabbits during open season, and unplucked carcasses of pheas-
ants, Scotch grouse. European black game, European black plover, red-legged partridge, and Egyptian quail, and carcasses of imported European deer, fallow deer, and roebuck at any time.
American elk, white-tailed deer, European red deer, fallow deer, roebuck, pheasants, mallard, and black ducks raised in captivity under license, may be sold alive at any time for propagating purposes. Elk or deer raised in captivity may be killed October 1-March 2; pheasants, October 1Pebruary 1; and mallard and bla< k ducks (otherwise than by shooting), October 1- January 11; breeder of pheasants may, under license, kill by shooting his surplus cock pheasants during February. Game raised in captivity and killed and tagged under supervision of commission
may be sold under license, October 1-March 2. North Carolina: Local restrictions in Alexander, Brunswick, Cabarrus, Cherokee, Cleveland,
Craven, Harnett, Henderson, Iredell, Mecklenburg, Montgomery (to 1913), Moore, New Han-
over, Pender, Randolph, Richmond, Rutherford, Scotland, Stanly, Transylvania, and Union

Counties. North Dakota. All protected game, except woodcock, plover, and crane.
Permitted: Hides of big game lawfully taken may be sold at any may be sold on written permission of the game board of control.
Ohio: All protected game, except rabbits.

time.

Domesticated game

68

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Sale of Game Prohibited Throughout the Year. Continued.
Oklahoma: All protected game. Permitted: Domesticated game animals and birds, and heads, hides, and horns of big game
lawfully killed may be sold.
Oiegon: Deer, elk, moose, sheep, antelope, silver-gray squirrel, quail, bobwhite quail, partridge, Hungarian partridge, English partridge, grouse, ruffed grouse, capercailzie, moor hen, pheasant (silver, golden, copper, green, Japanese, Reeves, and ringneck), wild turkey, woodcock, upland plover, rail, duck, swan.
Permitted: Five deerskins, properly tagged, may be sold in a season by the hunter who originally secured them. Tags not issued after first five days of close season. Live ringneck pheasants and other birds raised in captivity for breeding purposes may be sold after being
pinioned.
Pennsylvania: Deer, quail, ruffed grouse (pheasant), taken in the State; wild turkey, Hungarian partridge, and woodcock (wherever taken).
Permitted: Squirrel, rabbit or hare, bear, dove, reedbird, blackbird, upland plover, curlew,
tatler, sandpiper, Wilson or jack snipe, or other shore bird, coot or mud hen,, rail, duck, goose, brant, swan, loon, and grebe taken in the State, and ruffed grouse taken outside the State, may be sold during the open season and 30 days thereafter. Game or birds used for propagating purposes may be sold at any time under authority of game commissioners.
Rhode Island: .Quail, ruffed grouse, pheasant, woodcock, plover, yellow legs, peep, snipe, curlew,
sandpiper, shore, marsh, and beach birds.
South Carolina. All protected game.
South Dakota: All protected game, except dove, golden and upland plover, and woodcock.
Permitted: Hides, heads, or horns of big game lawfully killed may be sold at any time. Game or game birds raised in captivity may be sold under written permission of State game
warden.
Tennessee: Quail, robin. In Dyer County also wild turkey. Permitted : All game except quail and robin may be sold in the State during the open season
and five days thereafter. Texas: All game animals, hides and horns, wild birds and wild fowl found in the State.
Utah: Deer, elk, antelope, sheep, quail, partridge, grouse, prairie chicken, sage hen, pheasant,
Mongolian, Chinese, and English pheasant, dove. Permitted: 25 in all of shore birds and waterfowl may be sold in a day to private parties.
Veimont: All protected game birds. 1 Virginia: Quail or partridge, grouse or pheasant, robin, woodcock.
-- Clarke County Rabbit, squirrel, wild turkey (outside of county). -- Frederick, Shenandoah Counties. Wild turkey (prohibition applies only to nonresidents of
Virginia.
Washington. All protected game. Permitted: Hides and horns of big game legally killed, and propagated game animals and
birds may be sold for propagation purposes at any time. West Virginia: All protected game, except reedbird and rail. Wisconsin: All protected game, except rabbit, squirrel, coot (mud hen), and rail.
Permitted : Domesticated deer, moose, elk, caribou, and game birds may be sold under permit of State fish and game warden. Wyoming: Deer, elk, moose, antelope, sheep, or any head, hide, scalp, tusk, carcass, or part of carcass thereof, mounted specimens of game or birds, and skins of birds.
Permitted: Sale of 1 live game animal, 1 skin, 1 mounted head, 1 mounted specimen, 1 pair of tusks, 1 hide, 1 scalp, and 1 head of any big game, except moose, on affidavit that they were lawfully captured or were taken from animals lawfully killed and payment of 25-cent fee to the justice of the peace of precinct where affiant lives and attachment of tag issued by him. Sale of the natural increase of any big game, except moose, captured and held for propagation.
Alberta: All protected game.
Permitted: The flesh of big game and game birds may be sold at any time under $10 license. Heads of big game before being sold must be stamped by minister of agriculture at fees of $5
for elk, caribou, moose, and sheep, and $2 for deer, antelope, and goat. British Columbia: Elk, quail, grouse, ptarmigan, prairie chicken, English partridge, pheasant,
swan, female and young of deer, moose, caribou, or sheep, heads of moose, caribou, and sheep. Permitted. Male deer may be sold September 1-November 16; male moose, caribou, sheep,
goats, and hares after October 1; snipe, ducks, and geese, October 1-December 1; and plover during the open season and five days thereafter. Lieutenant governor in council may alter or
extend sale seasons. Manitoba: Deer, elk, moose, caribou, antelope (except heads and hides), quail, grouse, pheasant,
partridge, prairie chicken, woodcock, plover, snipe, sandpiper. Ducks can not be sold before
October 1. Permitted: Possession of grouse, prairie chickens, and partridges allowed for forty-five days,
and ducks for three months, after close of hunting season. Deer for private use may be pos-
sessed at any time on proof of legal killing.
1 Game from private game preserves stocked at owner's expense may be sold at any time.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

69

-- Sale of Game Prohibited Throughout the Year. Continued.
New Brunswick: Permitted: Geese and brant during open season and until March 1, and other game during the season and (under license) ten days thereafter. Keepers of hotels, inns, boarding houses, or restaurants may serve game during open season and fifteen days thereafter. Surveyor general may issue $1 licenses to dealers permitting sale by each of 3 deer and heads of same to taxidermists, and licenses to deal in hides or skins of game animals with fees of $25 to
nonresidents or aliens and $2 to residents.
Newfoundland: Capercailzie, black game. Permitted: Caribou may be sold from August 1 to January 1.
Nova Scotia: Deer to 1915, caribou, pheasant, blackcock, capercailzie, Canada grouse (spruce partridge), chukar partridge. Permitted : Moose may be sold from September 17 to Dec. 1. Any game bird other than those above mentioned during the open season with the exception of the first three days.
Ontario: Quail, partridge, woodcock, snipe, to September 15, 1914.
Permitted: All other native game may be sold during the open season 1 by the person killing
it and by dealers during open season and until the following January 1 under license. Imported
game may be sold under special regulations and licenses. Quebec: 2 Permitted: All game may be sold during the open season and fifteen days after the close
thereof. Hotels, restaurants, and clubs may serve, under license, all game lawfully taken, except birch or swamp partridge. Live animals, and skins and heads of animals lawfully taken, may
be sold.
Saskatchewan: Sheep, goat, or prairie chicken, grouse, pheasant, ptarmigan, or other member of
the Gallinae.
Yukon: Permitted: Deer, elk, moose, caribou, bison, musk oxen, sheep, and goats may be sold during
the open season and sixty days thereafter.
LIMITS.
Laws limiting the amount of game which can be killed in a day or a season are now in force throughout the United States, except in Kentucky, Rhode
Island, Virginia, and the District of Columbia, and in all the Canadian Pro-
vinces, except Prince Edward Island. These measures are of comparatively recent origin. One of the first statutes of the kind was that passed in Iowa
in 1878 ('Ch. 156, sec. 3) limiting the killing or possession of prairie chickens, snipe, woodcock, quail and ruffed grouse to 25 in a day.* Maine, in 1883 (ch.
185, sec. 1), limited the number of big game which an individual might kill in
a season to 1 moose, 2 caribou, and 3 deer, and New York, in 1886 (ch. 194,
-- sec. 1), likewise limited the number of deer to 3. In spite of the objection
often urged against such statutes that they are impossible of enforcement
-- and easily evaded experience has shown them to constitute one of the most
effective features of modern game legislation. They have been tested in the courts and upheld, by the supreme courts of several States, notably those of Maine and Wisconsin.*
When restrictions on limits are extended to possession and shipment as
well as killing, and the total amount of game allowed a party made less than the quantity allowed the individual members of the party, little difficulty is experienced in enforcing the statute. Moreover, among law-abiding sportsmen the incentive to make large bags is removed when the act is declared
illegal.
In recent years bag limits have been materially reduced, and only a few States now allow more than 2 deer a season or 1 head of other big game, while the usual limits per day in the case of birds are 10 grouse or woodcock, 15 quail, and 25 waterfowl. In Canada, where the country is not so closely settled, bag limits on most game are fewer and more liberal than in the United
States.
1 Seasons depend on regulations of game commission. 2 Lieutenant governor in council may prohibit sale of any game for three years or less or prolong any existing period of prohibition for three years or less. a This statute was, however, preceded by one enacted in 1874 limiting the shipment of game birds to dozen a day, provided the birds were not shipped for sale (ch. 69, sec. 1). * See Allen v. Leighton, 32 Atl., 877 (Maine. 1895) ; State v. Nergaard, 102 N. W. 899 (Wis., 1905).

70

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Limits Fixed by Law for the Capture of Game.

i

Alabama: One deer, 2 turkey gobblers, 25 of each other kind of birds a day.

Alaska: Six deer, 2 moose, 3 each of caribou, sheep, and brown bears a season; 25 grouse, ptarmigan, shore birds or waterfowls a day.

Arizona: Two deer, 3 turkeys a season, 25 each of quail or ducks, 35 doves or white wings a day. Aikansas: No limits, except in the following counties. Deer, Bradley 3, Dallas 3. Desha 4, Phil-
lips 4 (or 1 for each member of party), Chicot 5, a season; quail, Bradley and Dallas 30o'a season or 25 a day for each member of party.

California: Two deer, 12 tree squirrels a season; 15 cottontail or bush rabbits, 4 grouse, 4 sage
hens, 10 mountain quail, 20 each of desert or valley quail, doves, plover, curlew, snipe, or other shore birds, and ibises, and 25 ducks and black sea brant a day; 50 ducks or black sea brant
per week.

Colorado: One deer a season; 20 game birds a day, 30 in possession at one time. Persons under 12 years of age limited to half this number of birds.

Connecticut: Five each of quail and ruffed grouse a day, 36 a year; 35 rail, 50 each of plover, snipe, shore birds a day.

Delaware: Six animals, 75 rail, 20 ducks, 12 other birds or fowl, except plover, snipe and reedbirds, a day.

District of Columbia: No limits.

Florida: Five deer, 5 turkeys a year; 20 quail, 2 turkeys by individual, or 40 quail, 4 turkeys by party a day. Exceptions: De Soto County, 10 turkeys, 10 quail a season. Lee County, 10 turkeys a season; 15 quail a day; party of 2 or more, 30 a day. Marion County, 3 deer, 3 turkeys a season; 1 deer, 15 quail, 1 turkey a day or in possession at one time; parties of 2 or more limited to 2 deer, 30 quail, 2 turkeys a day. Brevard and Volusia Counties, on Indian River, Mosquito lagoon, and Indian River north, 25 ducks a day.
Georgia: Three deer, 3 turkeys a season; 40 doves or snipe, and 25 each of any other species of game birds a day.
Idaho. Two deer, 1 elk, 1 ibex, 1 goat. 1 sheep a season; IS quail, 12 each of partridge, sage
hens, grouse, pheasants, 24 doves, plover, snipe, ducks, 4 geese. 1 swan a day; not more than 24 of all kinds in possession at one time.
Illinois: Fifteen squirrels, 12 quail, 3 prairie chickens, 15 doves, 15 shore birds, 15 coots, 15 rail, 15 ducks, 10 geese. 10 brant, 15 other waterfowl a day.
Indiana: Fifteen quail 15 ducks or other wa'erfowl a day; 45 birds in possession as result of 3 or more days' consecutive hunting.
Iowa: Twenty-five each of all animals, birds, and game a day; 50 ducks in possession at one time. Kansas: Twelve each of quail, prairie chickens, plover, snipe, duck; 6 each of geese and brant
a day.
Kentucky: No limits. Louisiana: Two deer a day or in possession at one time, 5 a season; 10 squirrels, 1 turkey gobbler,
25 doves, ducks, poule d'eau, or chorooks, 50 snipe, 15 of any other game birds a day. Market
hunters, 50 ducks or poule d'eau a day. Maine: One moose, 2 deer a season (except in Cumberland, Knox, Kennebec. Lincoln, Sagadahoc,
Waldo, and* York Counties, limit 1, and in lumber camps limit 6) ; 5 ruffed grouse, 10 woodcock, 15 each of plover, snipe, and ducks, and 70 sandpipers a day. Maryland: One deer a season; 12 rabbits, 12 squirrels, 15 quail (partridges), 6 ruffed grouse (pheasants), 3 English pheasants, 2 wild turkeys, 25 doves, 12 woodcock, 12 jaeksnipe a day; 50
rail (ortolan), per tide.
Exceptions: Baltimore, per day, 6 rabbits, 1 jack rabbit, 8 squirrels, 10 quail (partridges), 2 ruffed grouse (pheasants), 1 English pheasan\ 1 ring-neck pheasant, 1 wild turkey, 10 doves,
8 woodcock, 12 jaeksnipe; per tide: 28 rail. Calvert, per day: 6 rabbits, 12 partridges. Cecil per day: 5 rabbits, 6 squirrels, 12 quail (partridges), 4 ruffed grouse (pheasants), 12 woodcock, 15 snipe, 50 rail, 50 blackbirds, 20 Bartramian sandpipers (grass plover), 20 marsh plover, and 25 each of teal, wood, mallard, black, sprigtail, and crow-bill ducks. Patuxent River, per day:
75 rail (ortolan), 75 reedbirds.
Massachusetts: One deer; 15 gray squirrels, 15 ruffed grouse, 20 woodcock, 20 quail a season; 5 gray squirrels, 3 ruffed- grouse, 4 woodcock, 4 quail, 15 black ducks a day.
Michigan: Two deer, 50 each of quail, partridges, spruce hens, woodcock, plover, 50 in all of
snipe and other shore bird a season; 10 quail a day, 15 in possession at one time; 6 in all of partridges and spruce hens a day, 20 each in possession; 25 in all of ducks, geese, and brant a dny or in possession at one time. Minnesota: One deer, 1 moose a season, 15 birds a day; 45 quail, partridges, ruffed grouse, pheasants, prairie chickens, white-breasted or sharp-tailed grouse, doves, plover, woodcock com-
bined ; 50 snipe, duck, goose, brant, any aquatic fowl combined, 1n possession at a time. Mississippi: One deer a day, 5 a season; 20 each of quail, wild turkeys, robins, cedarbirds, plover,
tatlers, chorooks, grosbecs, coots, poule d'eau, rails, ducks, geese, brant, swans n day. Missouri: One deer, 2 turkeys 25 of any other species a day; or 2 deer, 4 turkeys. 50 of any other
species in possession at a time.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

71

Limits Fixed by Law for the Capture of Game.--Continued.
Montana: Three deer. 1 elk, 1 goat, 1 sheep a season; 5 each of grouse, partridges, prairie chickens, fool hens, pheasants, sage hens, and 20 ducks a day.

Nebraska: Ten squirrels, 10 quail, 10 prairie chickens or grouse, 10 wild geese or brant, and 25 game birds of any other variety a day ; 20 squirrels, 10 prairie chickens or grouse, 10 wild geese

or brant, or 50 other game birds in possession at one time.

Nevada: Two deer a season; 15 mountain quail, 15 valley quail, 10 sage hens, 6 grouse, 5 plover,

and 15 snipe, 20 ducks, 10 geese, 3 swans a day.

New Hampshire: Two deer a season in Coos, Carroll, and Grafton Counties, New Jersey: One deer a season; 10 rabbits, 10 quail, 3 ruffed grouse, 3

1 in rest of English or

State. ring-neck

pheasants, 3 Hungarian partridges, 10 woodcock, 30 marsh hens, 20 ducks, 10 each of geese and

brant a day or in possession. (Not applicable to dealer in game, hotel keeper, etc., during

open season at place of business).

New Mexico: One deer a season; 4 wild turkeys, 6 grouse, 20 ducks, 30 other birds a day or in
possession at one time.

New York: Two deer, 36 quail, 20 woodcock, 20 grouse, 3 male imported pheasants a season; 6
varying hares or rabbits, 5 squirrels, 6 quail, 4 woodcock, 4 grouse, 25 waterfowl (limit for one boat or battery, 40), 15 rails, coots, mudhens or gallinules (limit for one boat 20), 15 shore
birds (limit for one boat 25), a day. Long Island: 36 male pheasants a season; 6 a day. North Carolina: Brunswick, New Hanover, Pender, 15 marsh hens a day; Buncombe, 2 deer a
season, 25 partridges, pheasants, wild turkeys, or doves a day; Cabarrus, Mecklenburg, Surry,

15 quail (partridges), a day; Cleveland, 10 quail (partridges) a day; Dare, 5 deer a season; Haywood, 1 buck a day, 2 a season, 2 pheasants, 2 wild turkeys, or 20 birds in all, a day; Hen-

derson, Jackson, 2 bucks a season; Madison, 25 birds a day; Transylvania, 3 deer a season, 5

squirrels, 20 quail (partridges) a day.

Madison, 25 birds a day; Transylvania, 3 deer a season, 5 squirrels, 20 quail (partridges) a day.
North Dakota: Two deer a season; 10 prairie chickens, grouse, cranes, combined a day, 20 in

possession at one time; 25 plover, snipe, woodcock, ducks, geese, brant, combined, 50 in posses-

sion at one time.

Ohio: Five squirrels, 12 each of quail, doves, plover, snipe, woodcock, shore birds, rail, geese, 25 ducks a day.

Oklahoma. One deer a season; 1 turkey (male) March 15- April 15, 3 turkeys. November 15- January 1, 25 quail, plover, curlew, snipe, other shore birds, or ducks a day, 150 a season; 15 prairie chickens a day; 100 a season, 10 geese or brant a day; 1 swan a season.
Oregon: Five deer a season; 5 each of quail, prairie chickens, sage hens a day, 10 a week (10 quail a day, 20 a week, in Jackson and Josephine Counties) ; 5 grouse, ruffed grouse, partridges a day, taken collectively, 10 a week ; 50 shore birds, 25 ducks a week.
Pennsylvania: One deer a season; 6 squirrels, 10 rabbits or hares a day; 10 quail a day, 40 a week, 75 a season ; 5 ruffed grouse a day, 20 a week, 50 a season ; 10 each of English, Mongolian,

or Chinese pheasants and woodcock a day, 20 a week, 50 a season; 5 Hungarian partridges a day, 20 a week, 30 a season ; 1 wild turkey a day, 2 a season. Possession limited to season's limit. Rhode Island: No limits.

South Carolina: Five deer a season, 25 quail (partridges), 2 wild turkeys, 25 doves, 12 woodcock,

a day.

South Dakota: One deer a year; 20 waterfowl, 10 other birds a day; 25 partridges, ruffed grouse,

prairie chickens, sharp-tailed (white-breasted) grouse, pheasants, woodcock, golden plover anil

upland plover, in aggregate in possession at one time; 50 snipe and waterfowl in aggregate in

possession at one time.

Tennessee: Fifty ducks; 30 of all other birds in aggregate a day.

Texas: Three deer a season; 25 birds a day (3 wild turkeys December 1 to March 1).

Utah: One deer a season (residents only), 15 quail, 8 sage hens, 25 doves a day or in possession at

one time, 5 in all of geese, brant, and swans a day, and 25 in all of snipe, shore birds, ducks,

geese, brant, swans a day (having more than 25 in possession at one time prima facie evidence

of violation of law).
Vermont: One deer and 25 ruffed grouse or woodcock a season; 6 rabbits, 5 each of gray squirrels, quail, ruffed grouse, partridges, plover, English snipe, woodcock, and geese, and 20 ducks a day.

Virginia: No limits. Washington: Two deer, 2 sheep, 2 goats, 1 moose, 1 antelope, 1 caribou, a season; 5 in all of par-

tridges, grouse, prairie chickens, and pheasants, 10 quail a day; 20 in all of snipe, ducks, geese, and brant a day or 50 a week. If the bag of upland game birds includes quail, the limit la

10 a day or 30 a week.
West Virginia: Two deer a season; 12 quail a day, 96 a season; 6 ruffed grouse a day, 25 a season;

2 wild turkeys a day, 6 a season. Wisconsin: One deer a year; 5 grouse, prairie chickens, woodcock, 10 partridges, 15 plover, snipe,
coots, rail, rice hens, ducks, 10 geese or brant, a day; 20 of all kinds of birds in possession by

resident in one day.
Wyoming: Two deer, 2 elk (1 additional by resident under special license), 1 sheep a season; 18 birds (of which not more than 12 may be grouse) a day, or In possession at one time.
Alberta: One deer, 1 elk, 1 moose, 1 caribou, 2 antelope, 2 sheep, 2 goats a season; 10 grouse, partridges, pheasants, prairie chickens, ptarmigan a day, or 100 a season.

72

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Limits Fixed by Law for the Capture of Game. Continued.
Biilish Columbia: Five deer, 2 elk, 2 moose (1 in County of Kootenay), 3 caribou, 3 goats, 2 sheep (1 in County of Kootenay), 250 ducks and snipe a season. (Nonresident licensee may kill 5 deer, caribou, and goats, but not more than 3 of any one species, and 3 moose, elk, and sheep, but not more than the bag limit of any one species).
Manitoba: One in all of deer, elk, moose, caribou, and antelope a season; 20 in all of grouse, partridges, prairie chickens a day, 100 a season; 20 ducks a day in September, 50 ducks a day in October and November.
New Brunswick: Two deer, 1 moose, 1 caribou a season (lumber camp limited to 2 moose, 2
caribou a season); 10 partridges, 10 woodcock, 20 ducks a day. Newfoundland. Three caribou (2 stags and one doe) a season. Nova Scotia: One moose a season; 5 ruffed grouse, 10 woodcock a day.
Ontario: One deer, 1 moose, 1 caribou a season. Two or more persons hunting together under license may kill an average of 1 deer each.
Prince Edward Island: No limits. Quebec: Zone 1: Two deer, 1 moose, 2 caribou a season. Zone 2: Two deer, 1 moose, 4 caribou
a season.
Saskatchewan: Two deer, 2 elk, 2 moose, 2 caribou, 2 antelope a season; 10 in all of grouse, par-
tridges, pheasants, prairie chickens, ptarmigan a day, or 100 a season. Yukon: Six caribou or deer, 2 moose, 2 elk, 2 sheep, 2 goats, 2 musk oxen a season.
LICENSES FOR HUNTING AND SHIPPING GAME.
In Arkansas nonresidents are not permitted to hunt, except on their own
premises, ' and in all the States except Delaware and throughout Canada licenses must be secured before nonresidents can hunt any or certain kinds of game (see fig. 2, p. 41). In 36 States and 7 Canadian Provinces a like restriction is imposed on residents, but the fees are usually much smaller, and often are merely nominal (see fig. 1, p. 41). The fees for nonresident licenses for both big and small game range from $10 in a number of States to $50 in
Alaska, Wyoming, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario, and Saskatche-
wan, and $100 in British Columbia and Yukon ; those for resident licenses from 50 cents in Arizona, Louisiana, and Vermont to $5 in Missouri, South Dakota, and Washington, and $7 ($5 for moose and caribou and $2 for deer)
in Ontario.
A special kind of hunting license, often known as the "alien" license, is
being generally adopted to restrict hunting by persons who are not citizens
of the country, and is now in force in about half of the States. New Mexico
has a $10 license, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island have special $15 licenses; California, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, and Oklahoma a $25 license, and Utah and Alaska a $100 license for all aliens ; Washington, Wyoming, and Manitoba a $50 license for nonresident aliens; Arizona prescribes a $25 bird license and a $100 big game license for aliens, and Pennsylvania prohibits aliens from hunting or owning guns in
the State.
Licenses are generally issued only for the open season, and thus expire at
fixed dates. Some are necessarily very brief in duration. Michigan issues a
$25 nonresident deer license good only for 25 days of season. In a few instances licenses are issued at reduced rates for a week or for a few days. Of this character are the nonresident bird licenses, good for one week, issued by Colorado and to British subjects by British Columbia; the 6-day bird license issued to nonresidents in Saskatchewan; the guest license good for fi/e days, issued by Alberta and the daily licenses issued for hunting birds in
Colorado and any game in Lafayette, Marion, and Sumter Counties, Fla. Landowners or taxpayers are not required to pay the usual fee in a number
of States, and no license is required of those hunting in their own county in Minnesota (birds), Texas or Nova Scotia. Special exemptions are made in favor of nonresident members of fish and game clubs by Massachusetts. Rhode Island, and Quebec. In Virginia no license is required of bona fide
guests of residents, and in Ontario no fee is charged for a guest license.
1 Except In a few counties.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

73

In Maine,1 South Dakota, Wyoming, New Brunswick (on wild lands), and
Nova Scotia nonresidents are not permitted to hunt big game unless accom-
panied by qualified guides. Nearly every State requires licensees to have their licenses in personal possession while hunting and to exhibit them on demand
of any warden (in New Hampshire, New York, and Iowa of any person).
In Alberta the resident big game license is not required in the northern part of the Province. In Newfoundland free hunting licenses are granted to
officers of British warships stationed on the coast for the protection of fish-
eries. Officers of the army or navy stationed in Nova Scotia, nonresident landowners paying taxes to the amount of $30 or more annually in Nova Scotia, and nonresidents owning real estate in Prince Edward Island to the value of $325 and paying taxes thereon, are required to pay fees of $5 only. The son or brother of a bona fide resident returning to Prince Edward Island may obtain a license on payment of $2.50 and a resident may obtain a nonresident guest license for $2.25 per week, provided he receives no compensa-
tion from such guest. In Ontario the lieutenant governor in council is authorized to reduce nonresident license fees to the amount charged residents of Ontario by the Province of which applicant is a resident; and farmers living
on their own land in the districts of Haliburton, Muskoka, Parry Sound, Nipissing, Algoma, Thunder Bay, Rainy River, Sudbury, Manitoulin, and Kenora may each take one deer a season for their own use without being required to
secure the prescribed resident license. In Quebec, in the discretion of the
minister of colonization, mines, and fisheries, poor Indians or settlers may not
be compelled to take out the $5 resident license required for an additional
number of deer and caribou. Details in regard to hunting licenses are given in the table on pp. 42-48.
In every case the fee includes the amount charged for issuing the license. The term commissioner, unless otherwise qualified, means the game or fish
commissioner.

1 On wild lands of the State, except from December 1 to 15.

74

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

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REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

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REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

81

THE ENGLISH SPARROW AS A PEST.

INTRODUCTION.
Distribution.
The English sparrow was introduced into America a little more than 60 years ago, and is now distributed over nearly all of the United States and
Southern Canada. This rapid dissemination is a result of the bird's hardiness, extraordinary fecundity, diversity of food, aggressive disposition, and almost complete immunity from natural enemies.
Economic Status.
The English sparrow among birds, like the rat among mammals, is cun-
ning, destructive and filthy. Its natural diet consists of seeds, but it eats a
great variety of other foods. While much of its fare consists of waste material from the streets, in autumn and winter it consumes quantities of weed seed and in summer numerous insects. The destruction of weed seed should undeniably count in the sparrow's favor. Its record as to insects in most locali-
ties is not so clear. In exceptional cases it has been found very useful as a destroyer of insect pests. For example, during a recent investigation by this bureau of birds that destroy the alfalfa weevil in northern Utah, English sparrows were feeding their nestlings largely on weevil larvae and cutworms, both of which are very injurious to afalfa. In this case the sparrows, attracted by grain in the fields and poultry runs and by the excellent nest sites
afforded by the thatched roofs of many farm buildings, had left the city and
taken up their abode in the country where the weevil outbreak subsequently occurred. Unfortunately, however, farmers can rarely expect such aid against their insect foes. Wherever this bird proves useful, however, it is entitled to protection and encouragement in proportion to its net value.
Under normal conditions its choice of insects is often unfavorable. Out of 522 English sparrow stomachs examined by the Biological Survey,1 47 contained noxious insects, 50 held beneficial insects, and 31. contained insects of little or no importance. The bulletin just referred to shows conclusively that, aside from the destruction of weed seed, there is, in general, very little to be
said in the sparrow's favor.
On the other hand much is to be said against the bird. It destroys fruit, as
cherries, grapes, pears, and peaches. It also destroys buds and flowers of cultivated trees, buds and vines. In the garden it eats seeds as they ripen, and nips off tender young vegetables, especially peas and lettuce, as they appear above the ground. It damages wheat and other grains, whether newly
sown, ripening, or in shocks. As a flock of sparrows daily require the equivalent of a quart of wheat, the annual loss caused by these birds throughout the country is very great. It reduces the numbers of some of our most useful
and attractive native birds, as bluebirds, house wrens, purple martins, tree swallows, cliff swallows, and barn swallows, by destroying their eggs and
young, and by usurping nesting places. It attacks other familiar species, as the robin, wren, red-eyed vireo, catbird, and mocking bird, causing them to desert parks and shady streets of towns. Unlike our native birds whose place
it usurps, it has no song, but is noisy and vituperative. It defiles buildings and ornamental trees, shrubs, and vines with its excrement and with its bulky
nests.
The evidence against the English sparrow is, on the whole, overwhelming,
and the present unfriendly attitude of the public towards it is reflected in our
State laws. Nowhere is it included among protected birds.
1, The English Sparrow in North America, p. 143, 1889. An exhaustive account now out of print.

82

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Localization.
Although English sparrows are widely distributed as a species, individuals and flocks have an extremely narrow range, each flock occupying one locality to which its activities are chiefly confined. This fact is favorable to their ex-
termination, for when a place has once been cleared of sparrows some time
elapses before it is reoccupied. This tendency to remain on special territory was well shown during a recent experiment with a flock in a small city garden. During the fall steady trapping reduced the resident flock in the garden to a dozen individuals, 274 birds having been trapped. The survivors were
poisoned. Though another flock lived in the street just beyond the fence, the garden was sparrow free for three months. In the following spring a few
sparrows appeared, but were soon trapped. After this the garden continued
throughout the summer without a resident flock, and only rarely was it visited by sparrows from other parts of the neighborhood.
AIDING NATIVE BIRDS AGAINST THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

One of the greatest objections to the English sparrow is its aggressive
antagonism toward the small native birds, especially those familiar species
-- -- which, like itself, build their nests in cavities. Nest boxes provided for blue-
birds, martins, or wrens birds both useful and pleasing too often fall into the possession of the graceless alien, either by the right of discovery or by piratical assault. Fortunately it is possible to aid the native birds by selecting suitable nest boxes. Thus, a box having an entrance 1 inch in diameter will admit house wrens, but not sparrows.
DRIVING SPARROWS FROM ROOSTS.

Sparrows frequently become a nuisance by roosting in ornamental vines

and in crevices about buildings. If scared out late at night, several nights in

A succession, they will usually desert the roost.

stream of water from a

garden hose is a potent ejector, particularly on frosty nights. Where water is

not available, small Roman candles may be employed.

Though sparrows may be driven from a given neighborhood, the relief

thus obtained is only temporary, and has the further objection that the nuisance is simply transferred elsewhere. More drastic action is therefore pre-

ferable.

PREVENTION OF INCREASE.

The most effective method of preventing the increase of sparrows in a
locality is to destroy their nests at intervals of 10 or 12 days throughout the breeding season. In a town of 4,000 inhabitants, where this method of attack has been practiced during the past four years, 20,000 eggs have been destroyed and the number of sparrows has been greatly reduced. This work, however, should not be entrusted to boys or persons unfamiliar with the native species,
as otherwise valuable birds may be destroyed under the belief that they are
English sparrows. Occasionally they build large covered nests in trees, but
as a rule they build open nests in bird houses, electric light hoods, cornices, waterspouts, and similar places. While it is often difficult to reach nests by
hand, they can usually be torn down by means of a long pole having an iron hook at the tip. By concerted and continuous efforts to destroy every nest after the eggs are laid, the numbers of English sparrows in any locality may
be rapidly reduced.

REPORT GAiME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

83

METHODS OF DESTROYING.

Catching on Nests.

The sparrow's habit of nesting in cavities can be turned to account against it. By providing one-room bird houses, or even packing boxes or tin cans, and putting them in trees or on poles or buildings at a height of about 10 feet, the birds may be captured after dark with a long-handled net. The net should have a deep bag and a small hoop. After the net has been quietly
placed over the entrance, a few raps on the box will send the occupant into
it. By distributing a number of nest boxes about orchards, shade trees, and
outbuildings, and catching the sparrows that occupy them, the work of extermination may be carried on at a season when other methods are least
effective.

Shooting.
Sparrows are accustomed to feed in close flocks, and when thus assembled in favorable places a large number may be killed by a charge of No. 10 shot. The best way is to scatter grain over long, narrow areas and shoot the sparrows at these baiting places. Where sparrows infest poultry yards, the bait may be placed on a horizontal board, supported at such an elevation that the
birds can be shot without danger to the poultry.

Trapping.
In a general campaign against English sparrows, a vigorous and widespread attack is absolutely essential. The problem is not to drive them away from a certain locality, but to accomplish as nearly as possible their complete extermination. As each city square has a sparrow population of its own, which must be destroyed there if at all, certain effective methods of destruction are out of the question. Neither law nor public sentiment will allow the use of firearms or the unrestricted use of poison. The use of traps therefore is strongly recommended. Besides being safe to employ, properly designed sparrow traps have other advantages. They permit the use of sparrows for
food, as they leave the flesh uninjured, and these birds may be kept alive, like poultry. The fact that native birds, when caught in such traps, can be liber-
ated unharmed, is particularly important in suburban localities.
-- Sieve Trap. The sieve trap is adapted for service where food is abundant.
In the duck yards of the National Zoological Park, Washington, D. C, it is the only trap that has proved successful. It consists of a shallow box not less than -1 feet square, open on one side, covered with woven wire on the other, and having a small door near one corner. In setting this trap, one side rests on the ground, which is carefully smoothed where the trap will fall, while the opposite side is supported by a stick 18 inches long. Near the upper end of this stick is attached a long cord, and between the top of it and the edge of the trap is placed a chip. By setting the trap over bait and pulling the cord from a sheltered point of observation numbers may be caught. Instead of the box described above, by which the birds are taken alive, an old door or similar device may be employed as a deadfall. In either case the trap should be kept set and baited until the sparrows are not afraid to go under it. During this interval, to avoid accidents to creatures for which it is not intended, as well as to insure stability, it may be supported by a stake driven into the ground instead of by the stick used to spring it. Although the sieve trap is easy to construct and effective in operation, it has the disadvantage that someone must be on hand to pull the string at the proper instant.

84

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

ENGLISH SPARROWS AS FOOD.

In most localities in the United States English sparrows are a pest. There
is therefore no reason why the birds should not be utilized for food in this

country, as they have been in the old world for centuries. Their flesh is

palatable, and though their bodies are small, their numbers fully compensate

for their lack of size. Birds that have been trapped may be kept alive in large

outdoor cages, sheltered from storms and cold winds, until they are wanted

for the table. It is unprofitable to keep them long, however, as the quantity

of grain or other food they require daily amounts to more than half their own
weight. A variety of food is necessary to keep them in good condition. Bread,

oats, wheat, bran and corn-meal mash, lettuce, cabbage, and tender shoots of

A sprouting grain are some of the things they relish.

supply of clean water

is essential.

To kill mercifully a sparrow that has been trapped, place the thumb nail at the base of its skull and dislocate its neck by hard and quick pressure. To

dress it, cut off the legs, the wings at the outer joint, and the neck close to the body; strip off the skin, beginning at the neck; make a cut through the body

wall extending from the neck along the backbone till the ribs are severed, then around between the legs to the tail, and remove the viscera. If sparrows are to be broiled, save only the breasts, as this method of cooking so shrivels and parches the lesser parts as to render them worthless. In this case tear off a strip of skin from wing to wing across the back; grasp the wings, in front of

the body, in one hand and the neck in the other, and by a quick pull separate

the breast from the ribs ; turn the breast out of the skin that covers it, and sever
the wings at the second joint. The whole operation requires but a fraction of

a minute and it can be done by the fingers alone.

Sparrows may be cooked by any of the methods employed for reedbirds or
quail. When boned, broiled, buttered, and served on toast they are particu-
larly good and compare favorably with the best kinds of small game.

SUMMARY.

English sparrows are abundant in most of the towns in the United States
and in many suburban districts. They are noisy, filthy, and destructive. They drive native birds from villages and homesteads. Though they are occa-
sionally valuable as destroyers of noxious insects, all things considered, they
do far more harm than good. Practicable methods of dealing with them include destruction of nests, shooting, trapping, and poisoning. Of these, trapping is unquestionably the best. English sparrows are good to eat, and their use as food is recommended because of their nutritive value and as a
means of reducing their numbers.

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

85

Statement of Licenses Sold in Season of 1912-13.

COUNTY
Appli jg Baker Baldwin Banks Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun
Camden Campbell
Carroll Catoosa Charlton
Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Coffee
Colquitt Columbia Coweta Crawford Crisp
Dade Dawson
Uecautr DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty . . Douglas Early Echols Effingham . .
Elbert
Emanuel Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Fulton Gilmer
ila^scock ....
Glynn Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Gwinnett Habersham . . Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis
Jefferson Jenkins
Johnson Jones Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Lowndes

WARDEN
G. W. E. Herndon ... Centennial Kidd Roy S. Alford Harvey Anderson J. A. Anderson T. J. Luke W. R Futch* H. C. Kendall
M. L. Stanley David Clark
F. D. Fletcher
R. W. Chandler* J. G. Maddox Harper Daniel* C. S. Arnow W. R. Hopkins B. L. Burns* W. E. Biggers* W. R. Wainright John A. Waters W. B. O'Steen
C. S. Bradley W. D. Miller
E. Sterling Price
T. J. Young J. M. Archer J. H. W. Livingstone M. T. McCleskie
H. Clay Ellis
Dr. C. C. Fletcher ...
C. J. Dill
A. J. Smith
A. B. l'oung J. J. Warren
J. T. Woolbright J. Lee Anderson
T. M. Battle
E. L. Waggoner T. H. Hargroves H. J. Morgan* Richard Hobbs* C. F. Selman
L. E. Black, Sr.* ....
J. A. Bennett
A. J. Simmons W. C. Christian
H. D. Strickland* ....
C. M. Butt
W. E. Peeples C. A. Todd C. E. Davenport R. A. Turner J. W. McCord Will V. Zimmer A. E. Sharp
0. R. Lasseter P. M. Golden
M. B. McKinnon M. R. Jackson C. R. Godwin H. G. Copeland L. R. Martin M. V. Brand* A. F. Nix F. L. Comer W. P. Beman T. B. Eubanks P. W. Harrison G. W. Andrews 4. W. Adams W. S. Crockett*
J. M. Stone* J. R. Mathews
Dr. R. H. P'ate* J. A. F. Tomberlin ... R. S. MeGarrity
T. W. Mercer
Seaborn Hall
Paul K. Wren
H. J. Wltzel C. C. Wheeler
C. L. Greene, Sr
R. Y. Beckham* F. S. Hale D. P. Hughes J. E. Deason R. D. Myddleton* ....

No. of Licenses Sold

Amount

bounty

State N. R. Remitted

60 34 89
6 76 106 69 278 113
131 4
30 25 65 28 31
24 748
7 32 24 39
8 12
8 44 24 163 29 80 42 99 22
2 151
87 112
89 25 22 89
7 5 69 23 24 19 244 29 26 92 3 25 9 63 22 6 63 95 20 4 25 44 49 17 27 4 31 45 35 83 38 3 28 66 13 54 72 24 76 147 61 54 23

16 11 35
2 43 166 15 &51
6
63 4
10 18
4 21
7
6 235
1 3 7 75 7 10 6 39 27 88 13 39 11 72
1
14 82 23 27 119 11 24
2 o
9 12
6 8 80 10 33 556 19 o
6 94 22
2 6 24 9
17 8
12 4
10
6 13
6 52 22
2 21 20 14 28 34 15 24 68 11
4 3

$ 2

77.00 71.50

136.75

8.50 143.00

1

423.50

78.00

910.50

1

108.75

8

96.00

o

2 IS. 25

11.00 4".50

54.00

8

152.75

63.00

37.25

00.00

30.00

6

1103.00

7.25

30.00

32.00

2

203.25

20.00

29.00

18.00

111.00

72.00 298.25

47.75

138.00

53.50

218.25

1

28.50

3.50

24

429.25

229.25

130.00

120.00

257.00

3S..-.0

o

138.75

9.25

7.75

69.75

3

77.25

30.00

30.25

343.00

41.73

85.00

4

1229.00

40.25

22.75

18.75

235.25

7

144.50

8.50

1

71.25

119.25 33.00

0.00

52.75

49.00

2

84.75

20.75 40.25

3.00

35. 25

59.75 3S.25

166.25

70.50

6.25 63.00

89,50

1

49.75

1

108.50

122.00

48.00

106.00

1

23S.25

67.75 48.50

23.25

0.00

86

KEPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

-- Statement of Licenses Sold in Season of 1912- 13 Continued.

COUNTY
Lowndes . . Lumpkin ... Macon Madison Marion McDuffie . . Mcintosh ... Mcintosh ... Merriwether
M.iller
Milton
Mitchell
M'onroe
Montgomery Montgomery Morgan .... Morgan .... Murray .... Muscogee . Newton Oconee Oglethorpe . Paulding ... Pickens
Pierce Pike Fike Polk Pulaski ....
Putnam Quitman ... Rabun Randolph . Randolph .. Richmond Rockdale ... Rockdale ...
Schley Screven .... Spalding . .
Stephens ... Stewart Sumter Talbott ....
Talliaferro .
T.-illiaferro .
Tattnall ... Tavlor
Telfair
Terrell
Thomas
Tift
Toombs Towns Troup Turner Twiggs Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster . . Webster . . White
Whitfield . .
Whitfield ...
Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson .
vVorth

WARDEN
D. B. Moore Dr. C. R. Arnold .. W. T. Christopher*
N. J. Porterfield ...
Joseph H. Story Joe DeMedicis
Alex. Bailev*
W. H. Kittles*
Clarence M'allory* .
L. A. Free
Ed. M. Upshaw W. L. Campbell* .. C. M. Hooks*
J. H. Kent* T. M. Mason* Millard George* ... N. O. Smith W. T. Kenner R. S. Grier Lester Lee* R. M. Anderson* . C. B. Hargrove* . . B. J. Edmondson .. W. S. Brady C. O. Riggins L. P. Milner W. P. Ridley .T. M. Hamriek iL. C. Rvan R. L. DeLoach
A. P. Surles
W. T. Dosier J. K. Spann J. J. Monroe W. H. Ltinier, Jr. .. V. C. Almand
H. T. Stewart* R. E. L. Eason
Morgan Odom
W. .1. Langford* ...
R. L. Carroll*
W. B. Simpson .... W. T. McMath M. G. Parker* S. O. Acree R. P. Ray
J. B. Goff
J. A. Hollis
J. J. Hill
E. G. Hill
f. W. Futch
Wiley Branch, Jr. . M. A. McQueen
S. F. Wood
R. J. Willis, Sr. ...
W. T. Williams* .. 1". I. Mercer E. R. Ingram John B. Knox Dr. G. P. Hurst ... Hal Lambdin W. J. Norris* Max Snell* Anderson Williams J. C. McEarchern* . J. W. A. Hawkins . J. R. Lumsden
M\ F. Boiselair B. A. Wiggins John Ewing H. O. Collie* C. K. Parker* G. M. Pinsnn
Total

No. of Licenses Sold

County

Amount State N R. Remitted

1

1

24

24

19

21

25

17

43

23

3

.75 12.75 66.00 56.25 52.75 78.25
2.25

145

29

23

7

14

4

SO

29

145

25

18

7

8

3

26

10

2

11

4

133

156

31

22

6

28

8

42

4

24

12

19

10

41

42

98

41

97

63

156

21

8

9

18

7

19

38

23

14

429

244

15

11

0.00 166.75
31.25 18.50 103.00 170.75 27.50 12.00 39.50
1.50 16.25 411.75 67.25
4.50 37.00 39.50 42. O0 34.25
4.00 114.75 165.60 198.75 159.00
24.00 27.50 90.25 45.25 893.75 33.25

28 22 32 16 29 107 47 46
2 53 25 137 105 47 41 39
7 107
27 38 65 46 53 101 63 92 18 17
1
3 11 26 65 118 16
JT6_
T5470

23
31 14 11 187
3 10
35 28 33 150 32 31 28
56 14
5 22 17 30 83 15 30 17
9
1
2 3 31 2 4 17
4878

55 148
|

0.00 67.00 16.50 86.00 40.00 43.75 454.25 39.75 54.50
1.50 109.75
74.75 16S.75
378.75 759.25
92.75 85.25
5.25 192.25
48.25 38.50 104.75 80.50 99.75 241.75
77.25
*141.00 47.50
*30.75 .75
4.25 12.25 25.50 110.75 92.50
20.00
139.00
UTTSSTTSO

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

87

! Receipts from Various Parties Fined for Violation of the Georgia Fish
and Game Laws.

COUNTY
Ben Hill
Bibb
Brooks Bryan
.
Bulloch Burke . Calhoun
Camden
Carroll . .
Chatham . Chattooga Cherokee . Clarke . . Clay
Clayton Colquitt . Columbia Coweta . Crawford Decatur Dodge Dooly . Dougherty
Elbert Fulton
Grady
Greene Gwinnett Houston Irwin

Name of Offender

Offense Charged

Amount State's

of Fine

Part

Bob Dykes

Violation of Game Law

William Wash .

do

$ 10.00 10.00

$ 2.50 2.50

Sandy Jackson .

do

Tom Gibson ....

do

12.20 12.20

3.05 3.05

Cleveland Smith Fishing without permission

10.00

2.50

Joe Thomas

Hunting without permission

:;o.oo

7.50

Griffin Thomas .

do

Anthony Bowman

do

30.00 30.00

7.50 7.50

Rufus Jordan .. Selling squirrels

10.00

2.50

J. W. Huff

Buying squirrels

10.00

2.50

S. P. Braswell... Selling game

40.00

10.00

Norman Neely .. Fishing without permission

78.25

19.57

Will Barber

Violation of game law

10.00

2.50

,

E. E. Judkins . Hunting without permission

4.40

1.10

J. A. Lavaria

do

4.40

1.10

P. E. Gaston

'

do

2.0O

.50

Dallis Slater

Violating game law
I

8.50

2 12

Wayne Moo |- e

do

|

Aitho McManus ...IShooting bats

10.00 75.00

2.50 18.75

Will Zachry

[Hunting squirrels out of season

10.00

2.50

Lester Nix

iShad fishing out of season

10.00

2.50

Gillie Watts

!

do

10.00

2.50

Joe Joyce

I Hunting without permission

10.00

2.50

W. E. Grady

Hunting without license

10.00

2.50

T. W. Brock

Hunting without permission

10.00

2.50

Savannah Hotel ... Buying summer ducks

100. 00

25.00

Thomas Rich

Hunting without permission

10.00

2.50

Clifford Carpenter.

do

10.00

2.50

Henderson Gales... Hunting without license

11.08

2.77

John Lumpkin

do

10.00

2.50

Sam Grlmsley.... Dove baiting

10.00

2.50

Edwin Jackson . .

do

. 10.00

2.50

Dick Neves

do

10.00

2.50

Meg Hubbard

do

10.00

2.50

Clarence Belisle...

do

10.00

2.50

F. E. Belisle

do

10.00

2.50

Grover Neves

do

10.00

2.50

Ennis Neves

do

10.00

2.50

Prank Calhoun

Hunting without license

10.00

2.50

John Calvin

do

10.00

2.50

Dan Crawford

Shooting quail out of season

10.00

2.50

Henry Larry

Illegal fishing

10.00

2.50

Ed Sweatman

Violating game law

Dan Gleaton

do

1911..

1.00

Prince Gilpin

do

Shortage

Lowney Hill

do

10.00

2.50

Henry Kennedy.... Hunting without permission

25 . 00

6.25

John' Persons

do

25.00

6.25

John Roberson . . Illegal fishing

10.00

2.50

Warren Brotcher .

W. H. Towson

Violating game law

10.00 15.00

3.75

J. W. Smith

20.00

5.00

Goodroe

20.00

5.00

Walter Rilander. . Shooting doves over baited field

50.00

12.50

Arthur Rilander .

do

50.00

12.50

Lee Allen

do

50.00

12.50

Frank Sheffield

do

50.00

12.50

John H. Blackwell. Hunting without license

10.00

2.50

J. C. Davis

Violating game law

25.00

6.25

Eli Chotas

Serving quail in cafe

15.00

3.75

Arthur Shibley

Selling squirrels out of season

10.00

2.50

Mark Childress

Violating game law

25.00 i

6.25

P. C. Andrews

Hunting doves out of season ..

10.00

2.50

W. A. Horton

I

do

10.00

2.50

Andrew Sims

IHunting without permission

10.00

2.50

C. W. Dolan

i

do

10.00

2.50

Dr. J. A Lindsay. . 'Snooting doves over baited field

10.00

2.50

Dr. W. M. Searcy.. I

do

10.00

2.50

C. A. Etheridge !

do

W. R. Thomas .

do

lo.oo 10.00

2.50 2.50

A. C. Kelly

I

do

10.00

2.50

H. H. Bovd

do

10.00

2.50

Charlie Walker

do

10.00

2.50

Jim White

do

10.00

2.50

Austin Brown

Hunting without license

10.00

2.50

George

Thomas

.... I

do

.7. P. Holder

Violating game and fish laws ..

Charlie Owens

'Hunting wtihoiP permission

20.00 LO.OO 10.00

5.00 2.50 2.50

Henrv Manning ..'

do

10.00

2.50

,

Was Harper

Hunting without permission ....

10.00

2.50

Clem Goolsby

|Flshing without permission ...

10.00 |

2.50

Lee Simmons

IHunting out of season

10.00 1

2.50

John Parker

I

do

10.00

2.50

Alberta Smith

iFlshing without consent

10.00

2.50

H. H. Tift

IHunting without permission

10.00

2.50

88

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Receipts from Various Parties Fined for Violation of the Georgia Fish
and Game Law.

COUNTY
Irwin (Cont'd) Jackson Jefferson Jenkins J&hnson Lee Lincoln Macon . Marion . McDuffle Mevriwether
Miller .
Monroe
Montgomery Morgan ....
Muscogee
Newton Oconee like . Polk
Pulaski
Putnam

Name of Offender

Offense Charged

It. w. Tift

Hunting without permission

B. L. Daniels

do

T. H. Daniels ...

do

r'oot Davis

Hunting without license

Henry Wiliams .

do

Sherman Lane . . . Killing doves out of season

Dan W. Jackson . Killing squirrels out of season

Willis J. Rhodes.. Hunting withou' permission

J. C. Payne

Hunting without consent

Will Snell

Fishing without permission

Will Clark

do

Ike Carter

do

Son Dillard

Hunting without permission

Scott Wright

do

Tom Freeman

do

A. M. Hogan

do

'lem Norman .... Violating game law

Seneca Green

Offering game for sale

Kmmet Patrick... Violating game law

Oeorge Tudor

iValter Tudor

'arter Tudor .... Violating fishing law

r M. Stinson

Hunting without license

iddie Han-is

do

rim Lovett

Hunting without permission

Prank Mathews .

do

Richard Mathews. Hunting without license

r test Strozier . Hunting without permission

''(1. F'arker

Killing *urkey gobblers out of season..

(<\ E. Hornsby . . Fishing without consent

Tim Dormidy ....

do

\nnanias Cheney.

do

Taynes Mentez ..

do

Charlie Wamble .

do

Move Wamble ...

do

'hess Owens

do

Mnk Stroud

do

Baxter Zelner . . . Violating game law

!oy Watts

do

1'arlic Morrison .

do

I. T. Shaw

Shooting duck out of season

linr.v Taylor ... Hunting without permission .,

fim Alrnand

Hunting without license

?oss Sanders

do

,

roff Taylor

iHunting without permission .,

T. C. Harman .... 'Hunting doves out of season

W. R. Bearden ...|

do

;. Li. Thomas Hugh Harris

do
|
Violating game law

ienrge Malcolm...

do

(Jus M:alcolm

do

Uolden Malcolm ..

do

Hud Norton

do

Lee Blessingame. .

do

Zan Peters

Hunting without permission

Sid Simpson

do

'"aleb Glover

do

James Curington.. Killing non-game birds

T. H. Brooks, Jr

do

'om Herring

iFishing without permission

Haywood Wynn. . ^Hunting without permission

Alex. Brooks

IFishing without permission

'larence Creig

Illegal fishing

Vndrew Creig

do

John Rich

Hunting without permission ...

'larence Allen

Hunting without license

Horace Alexander

do

David Alexander.

do

fJeorge Richardson Hunting without consent

lam Cochran

Illegal hunting

John Holland

Shooting doves illegally

F. A. Irwin

Illegal hunting

Horace Durden .. Having squirrels in possession

John Williams ... Hunting without permission ...

John Williams . .

do

Willie Reid

do

Abe Hunter

do

Mac Farley

do

Mac Farley

do

John Hunter

do

Bill Williams

do

Bill Williams

do

Martin Dorsey ..., Violating game law

Carl Grimes

Hunting without permission

Joe Mitchell

do

Charlie Mack

Hunting without license

Amount
of Fine
|$ 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
4. SO 4.80 4.80 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 10.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.0I>
10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
5.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 15.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

State's Part

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

89

Receipts from Various Parties Fined for Violation of the Georgia Fish
and Game Law.

'OUNTY Putnam
Quitman Screven Stewart
Telfair Terrell
Tift ...
Turner Washington
Wayne
Wilkes
SupplementaryBen Hill
Bibb .
Elbert'

Name of Offender

Offense Charged

Dock Moon

Hunting without license

Henry Winn

do

Reuben Fields .. Trapping fish out of season ....

Yant Grant

Hunting without permission ....

Wiley Young . .

do

J. P. Holder .... Hunting without license

S. C. Heath

Baiting field for doves

Charlie Brown . Hunting without permission

J. E. Moreland . Buying game

John Thompson Hunting without permission ....

George Thompson

do

Reel Bridges . .

do

Arthur McLendon

do

Henry Collier . .

do

Frank PasChall . Hunting without license

Roe Ward

do

Tom Tommie . . Selling game birds and animals

Leary Baker .... Hunting without permission

George May

Fishing without permission ....

Charlie Smith ..

do

Pate Norris

do

Ed. Osburn

Hunting without license

G. W. Crawford Illegal fishing

Lee Robinson . . Hunting without permission ....

Snap Johnson .

do

Frank Salem .... Illegal hunting

Sam Mclntyre ..

do

Hamp Tucker . .

do

Harry Knight .. Hunting without license

Will Harris

Hunting out of season

Ban Cade

Hunting without license

Paul Gibson

Hunting without permission

John Henry Benson

do

Moses Smith

I

do

Paul Gibson

|

do

Fannie Jackson . .

Millie Lewis

C Bowden

Mary Morris

G. W. McLendon .

B. F. Barton

L. J. Dinkier

Serving quail at hotel

Henry Dixon

Fishing without consent .

Bessie Dixon

do

Emmerson Rucker. Hunting without consent

Ernest Smith

Amount
of Fine
$ 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10. 00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10. oo 20.00 15.00 10.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00

State's Part
|$ 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 5.00 3.75 2.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 1.25 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50

10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 20.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 $ 10.00
$2797.43

2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 5.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 $ 2.50
$684.26

90

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Prosecutions for Violation of Game and Fish Laws, June 13th, 1912
to June 1st, 1913.

COUNTY

Appling

Baker

Baldwin Banks

Bartow

Berrien

Ben Hill

Bibb

Brooks

Bryan

Bulloch

Burke

Butts

Bleckley

Calhoun Camden

Campbell

Carroll

Catoosa

Charlton

Chatham

Chattahoochee

Chattooga

Cherokee

Clarke*

Clay



Clayton

Clinch
Cobb

Coffee

Colquitt

Columbia (Sh'rt'ge on 1911 paid)

Coweta

Crawford

Crisp
Dade Dawson

1 lecatur*
DeKalb ,
Dodge

Dooly Dougherty

Douglas

Early

Echols , Effingham ,

Elbert
Emanuel

Fannin ,
Favette

Floyd

Forsyth

Fulton*

Franklin

Gilmer

Glasscock

Glynn ,
Gordon

Grady

Greene

Gwinnett Habersham
,
Hall Hancock

Haralson

Harris ,
Hart Heard
,
Henry

Houston

Irv in

Jackson

Jasper

Jeff Davis

Jefferson

Jenkins* Johnson

Jones

Laurens

Lee*

Liberty

Lincoln

Number of
Prosecutions
5 6 2 3 2
I
1 4 1
1 1 1 1
8 3
1 1
2
2
1 2 4
1
4
12 2
1
2 9 1
4 1
3 4

Total Net Fine
$ .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00
54.40 150.00
88.25 10.80 18.50 75.00
.00 .00 10.00 40.00 .00 10.00 .00 .00 100.00 .00 10.00 10.00 10.00 80.00 30.00 .00 .00 .00 10.00
10.00 50.00
.00 .00 .00 20.00 .00 15.00 40.00 200.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 10.00 .00 .00 .00
(III
.00 75.00
.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 120.00 30.00 10.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 20.00 90.00 10.00 .00 .00 40.00
10.00 .00 .00
14.40 .00
40.00

State's Part of Fine
.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 13.60 37.50 22.07 2.70 4.62 18.75 .00 .00 2.50 10.00 .00 2.50 .00 .00 25.00 .00 2.50 2.50 2.50 20.00 7.50 .00 .00 .00 2.50 1.00 2.50 12.50 .00 .00 .00 2.50t .00 3.75 10.00 50.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 2.50 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 18.75 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 30.00 7.50 2.50 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 5.00 22.50 2.50 .00 .00 10.00
2.50 .00 .00
O.OOtt .00
10.00

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

91

Prosecutions for Violation of Game and Fish Laws, June 13th, 1912
to June 1st, 1913.

COUNTY
Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie Mcintosh Merriwether
M'iller
Milton
Mitchell
Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton* Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Pickens
Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski
Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale
Schley Screven Spalding Stephens
,
Stewart Sumter Talbott
,
Talliaferro
Tattnall Taylor
,
Telfair
Terrell* ,
Thomas
Tift
Toombs Towns Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White
Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson
Worth Supplemental
Ben Hill Bibb Elbert
Total
tOnly one case paid. ttNot paid.

Number of
Prosecutions
1 1
3 7
1
9 1 17 5 2 1
4 3 1 14 1
3
1
1 10
1
3
7 1
7
6 3 2 212

Total Net Fine
.00 .00 10.00 .00 io.no 75.00 .00 85.00 10.00 .00 .00 90.00 5.00 170.00 .00 50.00 30.00 10.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 40.00 30.00 10.00 140.00 10.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 30.00 .00 .00 10.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 10. 00 115.00 .00 10.00 .00 .00 .00 60.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 70.00 10.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 55.00 .00 .00
60.00 40.00 20.00
2786.35
f,

State's Part of Fine
M
.00 2.50
.00 2.50 18.75
.00 21.25
2.50 .00 .00
22.50 1.25
42.50 .00
12.50
0.00ft 2.50
.00 .00 .00 .00 10.00 7.50 2.50 35.00 2.50 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 7.50 .00 .00 2.50 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 2.50
28.50 short 25e
.00 2.50
.00 .00 .00 15.00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 17.50 2.50 .00 .00 .00 .00 .00 13.75 .00 .00
15.00 10.00
5.00
$681.24

92

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

List of Prosecutions in Which, Though Fines Were Assessed, Tbeie Was No Revenue to the State.

Coffee County--Henry Cheney and D. L. O'Steen, violation of Game Law, manner not specified-
-- fine of ten dollars, to include cost. Remarks-- Costs of court absorbed the fine.
Decatur Dave Sevicord, violating Game Law; motion for new trial pending.

Pulton--C. A. Cheshire, violating Game Law; bond forfeited. Remarks--The sheriff reports that the fi fa calling for forfeiture of this bond was cancelled by order of Judge Calhoun.
Lowndes--B. S. Richardson and T. G. Gillespie, hunting without permission of laud owner; one day imprisonment or one dollar fine. No revenue from this.

Telfair-- Will Crumbley, killing possum; fine of $25.00, to include costs. Absorbed by court officers. No revenue from this.

Twiggs--Will Lewis, hunting without permission of landowner; penalty $32.00 or 3 mouths on chain gang. Fine was remitted to defendant by the Judge. No revenue from this.

In various counties Wardens presented a number of parties whom they had arrested or had had arrested, to the Grand Juries, but although Warden and Prosecutor insisted that they had good
evidence, there was no bill brought in.

I have made no docket eutries on simple arrests; have entered only those cases that have been

tried.

D. L. TURNER, Clerk.

The limited amount of revenue of this Department compared with other states with probably less game grows out of the fact that a man may hunt in his own militia district without a license, many Georgia militia districts are very large and contain a satisfactory stock of game and for the wants of the hunter.
The revenue for one year in the State of Oklahoma was $75,987.40. The Oklahoma Department expended for the conduct of the office alone $34,339.24.
Twenty-two thousand six hundred and sixty-seven dollars were taken in for resident licenses by the county clerks.
Louisiana, $75,857.00.
These states have no militia district exemption or exception to the rule of requiring a license to hunt.
From a recent report I find the following very interesting schedule showing the approximate amount of revenues from licenses in a number of states. I have printed here for comparison :

Alabama
California
Colorado
Connecticut Georgia Idaho
Illinois
Indiana Iowa Louisiana Massachusetts Minnesota Missouri

$ 10.263
126.734
34,494
21,639 20,000 35.6S8 183,314 50,000 90,708 75,857 52,036 20.308 78,068

Montana
New Hampshire New Jersey New York
North Dakota Oklahoma
Oregon Rhode Island South Dakota
Utah Virginia-- Fishing Vermont Washington
Wisconsin

45,322 26.865 57,731 160,000 26,542 70.000 80.000
7,834 29,508 29,326 71,000 44,606 55,000 121,999

Clarke County Decatur County Fulton County Jenkins County Lee County Newton County

Shortage on Payment of Fines by Clerks.

Total cases 2 2 4
1 3 2

Cases paid 1
1
3

Short
1 1 1 1
3 2

$ 2.50 2.50 6.25 2.50 3.60 7.50
$24.85

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

93

Atlanta, Ga., June 21st, 1913.
Statement of Financial Condition of Georgia Department of Game and Fish,
June 10th, 1913.

Receipts in 1911-12 Receipts in 1912-13
Total
General office expenses Telephone and telegraph Express and freight Postage stamps Printing and stationery Trips Office furniture and fixtures Salaries of office force Salary commissioner Extra help in office
-- Special directions per diem
School fund Aquarium
In State Treasury In Bank

Disbursements. Cash on Hand.

$19,067.60 18,516.41
$38,184.01

$ 615.30 159.52 184.50
1041.80 2853.80 1630.97 1274.02 3255.75 3166.66
156.00 2447.30 3083.12 543.81
2748.67 15022.79

$20,412.55 17,771.46

$38,184,01

Atlanta, Ga., June 10th, 1913
Department of Game and Fish In Account with State Treasury.

Account for Season of 1911-12.
September 1st to January 1st, 1912; deposited Automatically applied to School Fuad

$2,000.00 2,000.00

Account for Season 1912-13.

Amounts Deposited August 22nd. 1912 September 12th, 1912

Prior to January 1, 1913.

TOTAL DEPOSITS SEASON 1912-13 WITHDRAWAL'S-- Nov. 23rd, salary of commissioner, 12 mo
Dec. 14th, salary of commissioner, Sept. 1912
Dec. 31st. Expense account, 1911-12 Applied to School Fund

TOTAL WITHDRAWALS

$ 6,000.00 2,500.00
$2,000.00 166.68
5,250.22 1,083.12

$8,500.00 $8,500.00

DEPOSITS--
January 4th January 14th March 1st April 22nd June 6th

Account of 1912-13 Since Januaiy 1, 1913.

WITHDRAWALS--
Jan. 4th, Sept. 1912, expense account Jan. 8th, Oct. 1912, expense account Jan. 14th, Nov. 1912, expense account Jan. 29th, Dec. 1912, expense account Jan. 29th, salary commissioner
1913:
Feb. 7th, Jan. Expense account March 8th, Feb. Expense account Apr. 9th, Mar. Expense account
May 6th, Apr. Expense account May 6th. Salary commissioner 3 months June 5th, May expense account BALANCE IN TREASURY

Deposited since Sept. 1st, 1911
Withdrawn as follows: Automatically applied to School Fund January 1st, 1912 Automatically applied to School Fund January 1st, 1913 Executive warrants to cover expense account Balance in Treasury
IN BANK

$ 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2.500.00
772.70 772.70 860.25 737.73 500.00
859.40 1.059.10 1,301.41 1.265.73
500.00 1,116.01 2,748.b7
$15,022.79

$12,500.00
$12,500.00 $23,000.00
nnnnnn
T',,2->,2 i-i?e'.)T
X2',i754i8'.a6J7 $23,000.00

94

REPORT GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT, 1913.

Statement of Business of Department of Game and Fish.

1911-12.

Prom Licenses Sold.

County

9594")

State Nonres.
FINES:

4758 f 190 J

231 cases
Overpaid hv wardens Prom J. E. Mercer

Total

COLLECTIONS.

$18,991.50
626.47 2.75
46.88 $19,667.60

1912-13.
Prom Licenses Sold.

County

8470]

State

4878 }

Nonres.

148 J

Prom Pines:

213 cases

Shortage, one ease
Prom 1911 accounts From J. E. Mercer

Total

$17,884.50
$ 683.74 1.00
265.76 36.44
$18,871.44

1911-12-- (9 months). School fund Office expense General Stamps Express Printing Trips Telegraph and telephone Salary commissioner 9 months Office force Special directions Office furniture
Total
BALANCE
BALANCE OF CASH ON HAND--
June 10th, 1913 First National Bank American National Bank Treasury

DISBURSEMENTS
$ 2,000.00
131.55 451.80
79.52 1,130.61
512.10 54.64
1,500.00 12 months
931.25 504.00 313.84
$ 7,609.31 $12,058.29

1912-13-- (12 months). $ 1,083.12
544.25 580.00 103.98
1,736.94 1,096.90
122 72 2,000.00 2,262.50 1,934.00
861.45
$12,326.86 17,771.46
.$17,771.46 . 9,311.25 . 5,711.29 . 2,748.12

FOR DUE DATE INFORMATION CHECK "MY ACCOUNT" IN GIL
(https://gil.uga.edu)
Returned DEC 1 4 2010

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