Total tree and major component green weight of white pine and hemlock in North Georgia / by W. Henry McNab and Alexander Clark, III

r> GEORGIA FOREST RESEARCH PAPER

31
APRIL, 1982

TOTAL TREE AND MAJOR COMPONENT GREEN WEIGHT OF WHITE PINE AND HEMLOCK IN NORTH GEORGIA
BY
W. HENRY McNAB AND ALEXANDER CLARK III

Received

RESEARCH DIVISION

MAY 3 1988
DOCUMENTS UGA LIBRARIES

GEORGIA FORESTRY COMMISSION

AUTHORS

W. HENRY MCNAB is Silviculturist with
the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station at Athens, Georgia. He has a B.S. degree in Forest Management and an M.S. in Silviculture, both from the University
of Florida. He is currently a member of the Utilization of Southern Timber Research Work Unit, where he works mainly
on problems related to the effects of silvicultural practices on biomass yields and
utilization of forest residue.

ALEXANDER CLARK, III, is a Wood
Scientist with the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station at Athens, Georgia.
He received a B.S. degree in Forestry and
an M.S. degree in Wood Technology from West Virginia University. He is a member
of the Utilization of Southern Timber Research Work Unit.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Georgia Forestry Commission for this research. A
special note of thanks is extended to District Ranger Jack R. McCormick on the Brasstown Ranger District, Malcom L. Jowers on the Chestatee Ranger District, and their staffs, U. S. Forest Service, Chattahoochee National Forest, for their assistance in locating suitable areas and carrying out field work connected with this study.

TOTAL TREE AND MAJOR COMPONENT GREEN WEIGHT OF WHITE PINE AND HEMLOCK IN NORTH GEORGIA
BY
W. HENRY McNAB AND ALEXANDER CLARK III

INTRODUCTION

Over 30,000 acres in north Georgia are classified in the White Pine-Hemlock forest cover type, where timber stands are predominantly eastern white pine Pinus
(
strobus ) or eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) (Knight 1973). This forest type is relatively small compared with other types in Georgia and is concentrated in Gilmer, Lumpkin, Rabun, and Union Counties (Figure 1). Over a wider area in north Georgia, these species occur as scattered trees in mountain hardwood

stands. The combined timber resource for these two species is about 9.5 million trees, with a volume of 170 million cubic feet as estimated from the 1972 survey
(Knight 1973).
Installation of industrial wood com-
bustion systems is causing increased de-
mand for fuelwood in Georgia (Bulpitt
and others 1980). Use of whole-tree chippers to convert unused portions of trees, such as crown wood, and unmerchantable species into fuelwood is a new

means of increasing utilization of forest resources (Butts and Preston 1979). The purpose of this study was to develop biomass equations and tables for estimating green weight of the total tree and its components for hemlock and white pine. Biomass equations are available for esti-
mating the weight of common hardwood
growing in association with white pine and hemlock (Phillips and Saucier 1979).

PROCEDURES AND RESULTS

Field
A stratified sample of 28 hemlocks
and 36 white pines was selected from natural, mixed pine hardwood stands in Union and Lumpkin Counties, on the Chattahoochee National Forest (Figure 1). Three to four trees were selected in each 2-inch d.b.h. class from 6 to 18 inches for hemlock and 6 to 24 inches for white pine. The average Girard form class for both species was 79 (Table 1). Site index for white pine at age 50 was about
90.^
The sample trees were felled, measured for diameter, total height, and height to various merchantability limits, and cut into three major tree components: sawtimber, pulpwood, and crown. Saw logs measured to a 7-inch diameter outside bark (d.o.b.) top diameter were cut from trees more than 9 inches d.b.h. Pulpwood only was cut from trees less than 9 inches d.b.h. and from larger trees above the sawtimber top to a 4-inch d.o.b. limit. Crown wood included stem wood less than 4 inches d.o.b. and all the branches. Foliage weight was estimated from sample branches for each tree. Dead limbs were not weighed because most of these would have been broken off of the trees during logging operations. Each component was weighed separately in the field.
Data Analysis

SAMPLE LOCATION
NATURAL RANGE STAND-SIZE AREAS
Figure 1. -Natural range of eastern white pine and eastern hemlock in Georgia. Stand-size areas of timber in the White Pine-Hemlock forest cover type are found primarily at higher elevations in the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Standard regression analysis was used to develop prediction equations for estimating green weight of the total tree without foliage and green weight of the stem to a 4-inch d.o.b. top. Independent variables were tree d.b.h. in combination with stem height to a 4-inch or 7-inch
top.
The green weight of sawtimber in trees more than 9 inches d.b.h. was estimated by applying a factor to the predicted stem weight to a 4-inch top. These factors were derived for each species and d.b.h. class by computing the stem green weight to a 7-inch top as a percentage of the weight to a 4-inch d.o.b. top (Figure 2). Both species had about the same percentfactor relationship, probably due to their similar form classes. The distribution of

green total tree weight among the major components of sawtimber, pulpwood, and crown is shown in Figure 3.
Weight of tree crowns without foliage and topwood can be estimated by subtracting stem weight to a 4-inch top from total tree weight. Estimated foliage weights averaged about 3 percent of the
total green weight of wood and bark for
white pine and about 5 percent for hem-
lock.
Yield Tables
Yield tables based on d.b.h. and height

to 4-inch d.o.b. top and on d.b.h. and saw-log merchantable height to a 7-inch d.o.b. top were produced to estimate the green weight of the total tree and its components for the two species. Tables 2-7 give the estimated green weight of wood and bark for the total tree, stem weight to a 4-inch top, and saw-log weight to a 7inch top for white pine and hemlock. The appropriate prediction equations are included with each table. Yield tables based on other cruise measurements, such as d.b.h. alone or in combination with total height, are available from the
authors.

Table 1. --Mean dimensions of sample white pine and hemlock, by d.b.h. class

D.b.h. class (inches)

Sample
trees

D.b.h.
mean

Number

Inches

6

3

8

5

10

4

12

4

14

6

16

3

18

4

20

3

22

2

24

2

Mean

36

6.1 7.8 10.2 12.0 14.2 15.9 17.6 19.9 22.1
23.6
13.9

Total

Height
7-inch top
(d.o.b.)

WHITE PINE

42

_

56

--

73

14

86

34

86

42

92

50

106

67

103

68

104

69

120

95

84

50

4-inch top
(d.o.b.)
24 40 56 69
71
77 90 87 90 108
68

Age

Form
class

Years

25

--

34

-

41

76

52

81

50

77

57

82

60

79

49

80

54

77

72

80

48

79

HEMLOCK

6

4

6.3

46

25

8

7

7.7

48

--

31

10

3

10.2

67

17

49

12

6

12.0

68

26

52

14

4

14.3

81

43

64

16

3

16.0

89

47

69

18

4

18.2

92

58

76

Mean

31

11.6

68

39

50

57

--

57

-

56

75

62

77

85

82

97

82

79

79

68

79

100
^ 95 K | 90 -- ^ 85 --
| 80
is
'
u

10

12

14

16

18

20

D. B.H. CLASS (INCHES)

Figure 2. --Relationship between tree d.b.h. and sawtimber content for white pine and hemlock. The values are given as
the percentage of total stem weight of wood and bark to a 4-
inch d.o.b. top.

WHITE PINE HEMLOCK
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
PERCENT
Figure 3. --Distribution of green total tree weight (without
foliage) among major tree components for 14-inch d.b.h. white
pine and hemlock.

Table 2. --Predicted green weight of above-stump total wood a nd bark without foliage for white pine atid hemlock in north Georgia
based on tree d.b.h. and height to a 4-inch d.o.b. top-

D.b.h.

(Inches) 20

30

40

5

158

221

280

6

214

298

378

7

275

384

487

8

343

479

607

9

416

581

736

10

495

691

876

11

579

808

1024

12

668

933

1182

13

762

1064

1348

14

861

1202

1523

15

965

1346

1706

16

1497

1897

17

1654

2096

18

2302

19

2516

20

21

22

23

24

5

183

6

248

7

320

8

400

9

486

10

579

11

678

12

784

13

895

14

1013

15

1136

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

256 347 448 560 681 811 950 1098 1254 1419 1591 1771 1959

325 441 569 711 865 1030 1207 1395 1593 1802 2021 2249 2488 2736 2993

--'Blocked-in area indicates range of data.
-- Includes 1-foot stump allowance.
-3/Y=0.95548(D 2 H4)^^
^/Y=1.04832(D 2 H4) - 83096

Height to 4-inch d.o.b.

2/
(feet)--

!

50

60

70

80

336 454 585 729 885 1052 1230 1420 1620 1829 2049 2279 2518 2766 3023 3284 3564

Pounds

WHITE PINE-3/

391

444

528

599

680

772

847

961

1028

1167

1222

1387

1430

1623

1649

1872

1882

2136

2125

2413

2381

2703

2647

3005

2925

3320

3213

3648

3512

3987

3821

4336

4140

4700

4470

5074

4809

5459

5854

495 668 861 1073 1302 1548 1811 2090 2384 2693 3016 3354 3706 4071 4449 4841 5248 5663 6092 6534

90
949 1182 1434 1706 1995 2302 2626 2967 3323 3695 4082 4485 4902 5333 5779 6239 6712 7198

100
1564 1860 2176 2511 2864 3235 3624 4029 4452 4891 5346 5816 I 6302 6803
1
7319 7850

392 530 685 856 1041 1240 1453 1679 1917 2169 2432 2708 2995 3293 3603 3923 4255

HEMLC)CK-'

456

518

617

702

797

906

996

1132

1211

1376

1443

1640

1690

1921

1953

2220

2231

2536

2524

2868

2830

3217

3151

3581

3485

3961

3832

4355

4192

4765

4565

5189

4951

5627

5349

6079

5759

6546

7025

579 784 1013 1265 1538 1832 2147 2481 2834 3205 3594 4001 4426 4867 5324 5798 6288 6793 7314 7850

1117 1395 1696 2021 2367 2736 3125 3535 3964 4413 4881 5367 5871 6394 6934 7491 8066 8657

1851 2205 2584 2986 3411 3858 4327 4817 5327 5858 6409 6979 7568 8177 8804 9449

110
2353 2715 3097 3499 3919 4358 4815 5290 5781 6290 6816 7358 7916 8490
2797 3232 3692 4176 4683 5214 5766 6341 6937 7554 8192 8851 9529 10228

Table 3. -Predicted green weight of stem wood and bark to a 4-inch top for white pine and hemlock in north Georgia based on tree d.b.h. and height to a 4-inch d.o.b. top-- .

D.b.h. (inches) 20

30

40

5

103

148

192

6

143

206

267

7

189

272

352

8

240

345

447

9

296

427

553

10

358

516

668

11

425

612

793

12

497

716

927

13

574

827

1071

14

656

945

1224

15

743

1070

1385

16

834

1201

1556

17

1340

1735

18

1923

19

2119

20

21

22

23

24

5

118

169

218

6

163

234

301

7

214

307

395

8

271

388

500

9

334

478

616

10

402

576

742

11

476

681

878

12

555

794

1024

13

640

915

1179

14

729

1042

1344

15

823

1177

1518

16

1320

1701

17

1469

1893

18

2094

19

2304

20

21

22

23

24

H Block ed-in area indicates range of data.
--II Includes 1-foot stump, illowance. -/ Y=0.38556(DtH4r- '918 ^Y=0.491 37(D 2 H4) 088255

Height to a 4-inch d.o.b.

2/ (feet)

50

60

70

80

90

235 326 430 547 676 817 969 1134 1309 1496 1693 1902 2121 2350 2590 2841 3101
266 367 481 609 750 904 1069 1247 1436 1636 184 3 2071 2305 2550 2805 3071 3347

Pounds

WHITE PINE-3/

277

318

384

441

507

582

644

740

796

914

962

1105

1142

1312

1336

1534

1542

1772

1762

2024

1995

2291

2240

2573

2498

2870

2769

3181

3052

3505

3347

3844

3653

4197

3972

4563

4303

4943

5336

4/
HEMLOCK-

312

358

431

494

565

648

716

820

881

1010

1061

1216

1256

1439

1464

1677

1686

1932

1922

2202

2171

2487

2433

2787

2708

3102

2995

3431

3295

3775

3607

4133

3932

4505

4268

4890

4616

5289

5702

358 497 656 834 1031 1246 1479 1730 1998 2282 2584 2902 3236 3586 3953 4335 4732 5145 5573 6016
402 555 729 923 1136 1368 1619 1887 2174 2477 2798 3136 3490 3861 4247 4650 5068 5502 5951 6415

729 927 1146 1385 1644 1923 2221 2537 2872 3226 3598 3987 4394 4819 5261 5720 6196 6689
809 1024 1260 1518 1796 2094 2412 2749 3105 3480 3872 4284 4713 5159 5623 6104 6603 7118

100

110

1260 1523 1808 2114 2441 2789 3158 3547 3955 4383 4831 5298 5783 6288 6811 7353

1970 2303 2660 3039 3440 3864 4309 4775 5263 5772 6301 6851 7421 8011

1383 1666 1971 2298 2647 3017 3407 3819 4250 4701 5172 5662 6171 6699 7246 7811

2144 2500 2879 3281 3706 4154 4623 5114 5626 6159 6713 7287 7882 8497

Table 4. --Predicted green weight of stem wood and bark to a 7-inch merchantable saw-log top for white pine and hemlock in north Georgia based on tree d.b.h. and height to a 4-inch d.o.b. top-- .

Height to 4-inch d.o.b. (feet)?/

D.b.h.

(inches)

20

30

40

50

60

7C

80

90

100

110

9

191

10

275

11

358

12

442

13

528

14

617

15

710

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

9

215

10

309

11

401

12

494

13

588

14

686

15

787

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

275 396 516 637 761 889 1022 1160 1304

356 513 668 825 986 1152 1324 1503 1689 1882 2083

307 442 574 706 842 981 1125 1274 1429

396 570 740 901 1085 1264 1450 1643 1842 2050 2265

435 627 817 1008 1205 1407 1618 1836 2064 2300 2546 2801 3066
483 694 901 1109 1321 1540 1766 2000 2243 2496 2757 3029 3309

WHITE pine!/

512

588 1

739

848

962

1105

1188

1364

1419

1630

1658

1905

1906

2189

2164

2485

2432

2793

2710

3113

3000

3446

3300

3791

3612 3935 4269

4149 4520 4904

5301

HEML 0CK-4/

567

649

815 1058

933 1212

1302

1492

1552

1778

1809

2072

2074

2376

2349

2692

2635

3019

2931

3359

3239

3711

3557 3887 4228

4076 4454 4844

4580

5248

5664

663 957 1246 1539 1838 2148 2469 2802 3149 3510 3885 4275 4678 5097 5530 5977
731 1050 1364 1679 2000 2331 2674 3029 3397 3779 4175 4586 5011 5450 5904 6373

-- Blocked-in area indicates range of data.

,, -{includes 1-foot
3/Y=0.38556<D 2
4/y=0.49137(D 2

stump allowance.

n . con

H4)^91 6 (1 .0-1.26920((7.0)3^580

H4) - 88255 (1.0-1.26920((7.0) 3 - 94580

/(DBH) /(DBH)

4,, .07o2n077
407207

)) ))

737 1064 1385 1710 2043 2388 2744 3115 3501 3902 4319 4752 5201 5666 6147 6645
811 1165 1513 1863 2219 2587 2967 3360 3769 4193 4632 5088 5559 6047 6551 7071

1523 1880 2247 2625 3017 3425 3849 4290 4749 5224 5718 6229 6758 7305

3287 3731 4194 4674 5173 5692 6230 6787 7363 7958

1660 2044 2436 2839 3256 3688 4136 4601 5084 5584 6101 6636 7189 7760

2649 3088 3541 4011 4499 5005 5530 6074 6637 7219 7820 8441

10

Table 5. --Predicted green weight of above-stump total wood and bark without foliage for white pine and hemlock in north Georgia based on tree d.b.h. and height to a 7-inch saw-log merchantable top-- .

D.b.h.

(inches) 1.0

1.5

Merchantable

tree height

2/
(logs)--

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

- Pounds - - - - -

WHITE PINE^

9

690

786

362

926

983

1033

1079

10

855

973

1067

1147

1216

1279

1335

11

1037

1180

1294

1391

1475

1551

1619

12

1236

1407

1543

1659

1759

1850 1932

13

1454 1655

1815

1950

2069

2175

2271

14

1689

1922

2109

2266

2404

2527

2639

15

1942

2211

2425

2606

2764

2906

3035

16

2519

2764

2970

3150

3312

3458

17

2848

3124

3358

3562

3744

3910

18

3508

3770

3999

4204

4390

19

3914

4206

4462

4690 4898

20

4666

4950

5204

5434

21

5151

5464

5744

5998

22

6004

6311

6591

23

6569

6906

7211

24

7527

7861

HEMLOCK- /

9

653

795

915

1021

1117

1205

1287

10

804

979

1127

1257

1375

1484

1585

11

971

1182

1361

1518

1661

1792

1914

12

1153

1404

1616

1803

1972

2128 2273

13

1351

1645

1893

2112

2310

2493

2663

14

1564

1904

2192

2445

2675

2886

3083

15

1793

2182

2512

2803

3066

3308

3533

16

2479

2854

3184

3483

3758

4014

17

2795

3217

3590

3927

4237

4525

18

3602

4019

4397

4744

5067

19

4009

4473

4893

5279

5638

20

4950

5415

5842

6240

21

5451

5963

6434

6872

22

6538

7054

7534

23

7138

7702

8226

24

8378

8949

-- 'Blocked-in area indicates range of data.

f^

/

Y=3.20569(D Y=2.08195(D

2

)
)-

Q9R88o 5Rf6i

MH

(

'n

(MH)

-

4Q97R61

4.5
1121 1387 1683 2007 2360 2742 3153 3593 4063 4561 5089 5646 6232 6848 7493 8167
1364 1680 2028 2409 2822 3267 3745 4255 4796 5370 5976 6614 7284 7986 8719 9485

5.0

5.5

1741 2077 2442 2838 3263 3719 4204 4720 5266 5843 6449 7086 7754 8452

2519 2927 3366 3836 4337 4869 5432 6027 6652 7310 7998 8718

2137 2538 2973 3442 3945 4482 5053 5658 6296 6968 7673 8413 9185 9992

3117 3608 4136 4699 5297 5931 6600 7304 8044 8819 9629 10474

11

Table 6. --Predicted green weight of stem wood and bark to a 4-inch d.o.b. top for white pine and hemlock in north Georgia based on tree d.b.h. and height to a 7-inch saw-log merchantable top-- .

D.b h. (inches) 1.0

9

567

10

688

11

819

12

961

13

1113

14

1275

15

1447

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

9

429

10

521

11

620

12

726

13

841

14

963

15

1092

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

1.5
679 823 981 1150 1332 1527 1733 1950 2180
570 691 822 964 1116 1277 1449 1630 1821

Merchantable2

tree

height

2/
(logs)--

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

772 936 1115 1308 1515 1736 1970 2218 2479 2753 3040

853 1035 1233 1446 1675 1919 2178 2452 2740 3043 3361 3692 4038

- Pounds
^ WHITE PB

926

993

1124

1204

1338

1435

1570

1683

1818

1949

2083

2233

2364

2534

2662

2853

2975

3189

3304

5541

3648

3911

4008

4297

4384

4699

4774

5118

5180

5553

6004

1054
|
L 1279 1524
17 r >, 20.0 2372 2692 3030 3387 3761 4145 4564 4991 5436
5898 6377

698

816

846

990

1006

1178

1180

1381

1366 I 1598

1564 1 1830

1774

2076

1996

2336

2229

2609

2475

2897

2732

3197

3511

3839

HEMLOCK4-/

929

1036

1126

1256

1340

1495

1571

1752

1818

2028

2082

2322

2362

2634

2657

2964

2968

3311

3295

3675

3637

4057

3995

4456

4367

4871

4754

5303

5157

5752

6217

1139 1381 1643 1926 2230 2553 2896 3258 3640 4041 4460 4898 5355 5830 6323 6834

-- ,Blocked-in area indicates range of data. --2/ Includes 1-foot stump allowance.
^Y=2.78530(D 2 )-91 74>h)0.45512 i/Y=1.013118(D2)0-91343 (MH) 0.71519

4.5
1112 1349 1607 1385 2183 2502 2839 3196 3572 3967 4381 4813 5264 5733 6220 6725
1238 1501 1787 2094 2424 2776 3149 3543 3957 4393 4849 5325 5822 6338 6875 7430

5.0
1685 1977 2290 2624 2978 3352 3746 4161 4595 5048 5521 6013 6524 7054
1926 2257 2613 2991 3393 3818 4265 4735 5226 5739 6275 6831 7409 8008

5.5
2391 2739 3109 3500 3911 4344 4797 5270 5764 6278 6811 7364
2796 3201 3631 4086 4564 5067 5593 6142 6715 7310 7929 8570

12

Table i'. --Predictec 1 green weight of stem sawtimber wood and bark fo white pine and heml ock in north Georgia based on tree
d.b.h. and merchantable height to a 7-inch d.o.b. top--'.

D.b.h. (inches) 1.0

9

365

10

528

11

690

12

855

13

1024

14

1200

15

1383

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

9

276

10

400

11

522

12

646

13

774

14

906

15

1043

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

1.5
437 632 826 1023 1226 1436 1655 1884 2122
367 530 693 857 1027 1202 1384 1574 1772

Merchantable tree he ight (logs)2--/

1

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

- - Pounds

496 719 940 1164 1394 1634 1883 2142 2413 2695 2989
449 649 848 1049 1257 1471 1695 1927 2170 2422 2685

549 795 1039 1286 1541 1806 2081 2368 2667 2979 3304 3641 3993
525 760 992 1228 1471 1722 1983 2256 2539 2835 3143 3463 3795

WHITE PINE 3/

596

639

863

925

1127

1209

1396

1497

1673

1794

1960

2101

2259

2422

2570

2755

2895

3103

3234

3466

3586

3844

3953

4237

4334

4646

4730

5070

5139

5509

5964

HEMLOCK 4/

597

666

864

964

1129

1259

1397

1559

1673

1866

1959

2185

2256

2517

2566

2862

2889

3222

3225

3597

3575

3988

3939

4394

4318

4816

4710

5253

5116

5707

6176

678 982 1284 1590 1905 2232 2572 2927 3296 3682 4083 4501 4935 5385 5852 6335
733 1060 1384 1713 2052 2402 2767 3147 3543 3955 4384 4831 5294 5775 6274 6789

j
4.5
i
715 1036 1354 1677 2009 2354 2713 3087 3476 3885 4306 4747 5204 5679 6172 6681
797 1152 1505 1863 2231 2612 3003 3421 3852 4300 4767 5252 5756 6279 6821 7382

5.0
1
1420 1759 2107 2469 2845 3237 3646 4072 4516 4978 5458 5956 6473 7007
1622 2008 2404 2815 3242 3687 4151 4634 5137 5660 6204 6767 7351 7955

5.5
2200 2578 2970 3380 3807 4252 4715 5198 5699 6219 6758 7316
2573 3012 3469 3946 4442 4959 5497 6057 6638 7242 7867 8513

--1/ Blocked-in area indicates range of data.

-- Includes 1-fooj sjump allowance.

nL )n^^< |'y=2.78530<
PY=1.03118(

D D

o2

)
)-

911 3;4^3((MMHH)

1 .0-1.26920((7.0)3- 9 4580/(DBH) 4.07207

-

71515

(1.0-1.26920((7.0)

3

-

94580

/(DBH)

407207

)
))

13

LITERATURE CITED
Bulpitt, William S.; Aton, Carol L; Allen, J. Fred. Industrial wood combustion system. Ga. For. Res. Pap.13, Macon, GA:
Georgia Forestry Commission; 1980, 15 p.
Butts, Paul M.; Preston, Druid N. Whole tree A chipping... forest management tool. Ga. For. Res. Pap. 4. Macon, GA:
Georgia Forestry Commission; 1979. 8 p. Knight, Herbert A. Forest statistics for north Georgia. Resour. Bull. SE-25. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station; 1973. 34 p.
Phillips, Douglas R.; Saucier, Joseph R. A test of prediction equations for estimating hardwood understory and total stand
biomass. Ga. For. Res. Pap. 7. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Commission; 1979. 8 p.
14

1:11
3 ElOfl DMSSM ESfl^
15

GEORGIA
FORESTRY
A. Ray Shirley, Director
John W. Mixon, Chief of Forest Research