2018 Economic benefits of the forest industry in Georgia

Table of Contents
Executive Summary .................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 9 Definition of the Forest Industry in Georgia ............................................................. 10 Economic Benefits .................................................................................................... 17 Economic Impact of Urban and Community Forestry .............................................. 25 Economic Impact by Regional Commission .............................................................. 26 References ................................................................................................................ 29 Appendix ................................................................................................................... 30

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2018

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Executive Summary
Georgia's forest industry has many components, which interact with all other sectors of the economy in complex ways. The purposes of this analysis are to: (1) quantify the level of economic activity conducted by the components of the forest industry, (2) estimate economic activity supported in all Georgia sectors by the industry's activities, (3) compare the level of activity in the forest industry with other industries, and (4) quantify the economic activity of forest industry sectors within each of the 12 regional commissions in Georgia.
This report is the latest in a series that began in 2002, but underwent a significant restructuring in 2003 to reflect the change in industry classification systems from Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) used by data collection agencies (primarily the Georgia Department of Labor) that provide much of the data used in these analyses. Also, some minor adjustments were made in the 2011 NAICS list to reflect the changes in the new 2012 NAICS code definitions.
The forest industry components, and the level of economic activity represented by them in 2018, are shown in Table E-1. Economic activity is measured by output (similar to sales revenue), employment, and compensation (defined as wages and salaries including benefits). These measures are traditionally used in this type of analysis.
Table E-1 shows that 55,089 workers were employed in all sectors of the forest industry in 2018. These jobs were paid an annual compensation1 of more than $4 billion, and generated an estimated total revenue of $21.5 billion.

Table E-1: Georgia Forest Industry Economic Activity (2018)

Sector
Forest Management and Logging Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving
Total

Output
$503.6 M $589.8 M $1,779.3 M $1,769.8 M $605.2 M $13,109.9 M $109.7 M
$2,054.4 M
$966.1 M
$21,487.8 M

Employment

Wages & Salaries

5,609 880
5,806 4,687 2,594 19,572
436

$332.2 M $101.9 M $395.6 M $427.7 M $122.5 M $1,775.7 M
$28.3 M

10,585 $551.7 M

4,920 $281.9 M

55,089 $4,017.5 M

1 Wages and salaries including benefits
Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2018

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The industry's activities bring dollars into the state, which recirculate in a process called the "multiplier effect." The recirculation touches all major industry sectors as goods and services are bought and sold to meet increased demands by businesses and households resulting from the new resources brought into the state by the forest industry.
The result of the multiplier effect, given by total impacts (which includes the economic activity in Table E-12), is also measured by output, employment, and wages and salaries and is shown in Table E-2. Total economic activity supported by the forest industry in Georgia (including the multiplier effect and forestry-related bioenergy firms) was $36.3 billion in 2018. These activities supported the employment of 148,414 people who earned $9.1 billion in wages and salaries (including benefits).

Table E-2: Total Benefits by Major Industry (2018)

Sector
Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting Mining Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation & Warehousing Information Finance & Insurance Real Estate & Rental Professional, Scientific & Tech Services Management of Companies Administrative & Waste Services Educational Services Health & Social Services Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Accommodation & Food Services Other Services Government & non-NAICS Industries TOTAL

Output
$896.9 M $41.6 M
$1,526.4 M $294.3 M
$21,249.4 M $1,860.0 M $744.8 M $1,237.9 M $850.1 M $1,302.5 M $1,617.9 M $1,097.6 M $751.2 M $686.9 M $113.7 M $873.1 M $129.2 M $515.6 M $443.5 M $29.7 M
$36,262.4 M

Employment
9,906 231
1,859 1,810 50,737 7,675 8,553 8,104 1,656 4,821 3,914 8,343 3,040 10,569 1,802 8,253 1,946 8,515 6,486
195 148,414

Wages & Salaries
$553.2 M $13.3 M
$232.7 M $103.0 M $3,731.9 M $662.8 M $273.9 M $497.4 M $228.4 M $351.4 M $108.6 M $627.1 M $377.7 M $341.6 M
$71.3 M $480.5 M
$40.1 M $180.4 M $213.2 M
$16.5 M $9,105.1 M

Another way to examine the forest industry in Georgia is to compare it with the state's other manufacturing sectors. Table E-3 lists 2018 employment and income totals for each major manufacturing sector sorted by employment. These data show that the forest industry ranked second in total employment and in wages and salaries. Food processing ranked first in both employment and in wages and salaries, and transportation equipment ranked third in employment and in wages and salaries.

2 The economic activity in Table E-1 contains more than just the direct impacts because some of the inter-industry purchasing (indirect impacts) is necessarily contained in the estimates of economic activity.

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Table E-3: Comparison to Georgia's Other Manufacturing Sectors (2018)

Industry Sectors
Food Processing Forest Industry Transportation Equipment Textiles Fabricated Metal Products Machinery Chemicals Electrical Equipment and Appliances Printing Computers and Electronic Products Apparel

Employment
68,035 55,089 54,687 51,203 39,377 21,898 21,783 13,890 13,055
5,996 2,446

Wages & Salaries
$4,037.6 M $4,017.5 M $3,826.2 M $2,314.1 M $2,120.4 M $1,598.2 M $1,338.7 M $1,017.5 M
$625.5 M $625.3 M
$96.2 M

Of particular importance to Georgia's state government is how the forest industry affects its annual budget. This is investigated by estimating the revenues associated with the forest industry's total economic activity and subtracting the costs associated with providing state services to Georgia's households and companies associated with that activity. Revenues include individual and corporate income taxes; sales and use taxes; highway taxes; fees; and miscellaneous revenues. Costs include education; public health, safety, and welfare; highways; administration; and miscellaneous. Table E-4 provides the fiscal impact estimates based on total impacts. The forest industry generated an estimated $977.6 million in revenues for the state budget in 2018. When the costs of providing services to all employees are deducted from these revenues, net annual state revenues were $109.8 million in year 2018.

Table E-4: Fiscal Impact Analysis (2018)3 Annual State Government Revenues Annual State Government Costs Net Annual Revenues

$977.6 M $867.8 M $109.8 M

Table E-5 compares the overall results obtained in each impact analysis conducted from 2008 through 2018. Compared to 2017, the industry's 2018 direct output grew by 0.7 percent, employment grew by 2.1 percent, and wages and salaries increased by 4.7 percent. The industry's increased activity resulted in high net revenues for the state government.

3 The Georgia Fiscal Impact Model was originally developed in the 1990s by economists at Georgia Tech. Over the years, the econometric equations in the model have undergone revisions based on the State of Georgia's revenue and expenditure data. One such revision was recently completed. Every equation in the model was re-specified and statistically validated. One result of the new model equations is that expenditures in the model tend to be higher than previous model estimates. Many of the reduced form equations in the model are now driven by either the absolute level of the population, or the growth rate of the population. State expenditures are driven by growth in the state's population. As Georgia attracts jobs, it also attracts people and that drives state expenditures. As a result, comparisons between results from previous versions of the Georgia Fiscal Impact Model may show very different net fiscal impact results for similar sized projects.

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Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*
Output Employment Wages & Salaries

2008 $18,270
57,812 $3,131

2009 $16,906
48,519 $2,770
-7.5% -16.1% -11.5%

Table E-5: Comparison of Results 2008 to 2018
(Dollars in millions; Employment in persons)

Forest Industry Direct Economic Impact

2010

2011

2012

2013

$14,495 $15,082 $16,072 $16,564

43,425

46,378

47,123 48,139

$2,624

$2,972

$2,917 $2,938

Year to Year Percent Change

-14.3%

4.0%

6.6%

3.1%

-10.5%

6.8%

1.6%

2.2%

-5.3%

13.3%

-1.9%

0.7%

2014 $16,843
48,740 $3,030
1.7% 1.2% 3.1%

2015 $19,203
50,385 $3,553

2016 $20,794
51,900 $3,741

2017 $21,348
53,933 $3,836

2018 $21,488
55,089 $4,018

14.0% 3.4%
17.3%

8.3%

2.7%

0.7%

3.0%

3.9%

2.1%

5.3%

2.5%

4.7%

Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*
Output Employment Wages & Salaries

2008 $28,723 128,388
$6,514

2009 $27,200 118,423
$5,561
-5.3% -7.8% -14.6%

2010 $23,643 108,112
$5,377

Total Impacts

2011

2012

$24,975 $27,469

118,459 120,260

$6,491

$6,540

2013 $28,014 127,750
$6,898

2014 $28,674 129,329
$7,119

Year to Year Percent Change

-13.1%

5.6%

10.0%

2.0%

2.4%

-8.7%

9.6%

1.5%

6.2%

1.2%

-3.3%

20.7%

0.8%

5.5%

3.2%

2015 $32,154 133,256
$7,860
12.1% 3.0%
10.4%

2016 $35,237 144,537
$8,529

2017 $35,923 147,380
$8,709

2018 $36,262 148,414
$9,105

9.6%

1.9%

0.9%

8.5%

2.0%

0.7%

8.5%

2.1%

4.5%

Forest Industry Fiscal Impact

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

State Revenues

$539

$472

$448

$487

$691

$700

$721

State Costs

$333

$314

$282

$308

$358

$360

$370

Net Revenues*

$206

$158

$166

$179

$333

$340

$351

Source: Enterprise Innovation Institute (EI2) impact assessments and Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages

*Output, Wages and Salaries and Revenues are not adjusted for inflation

2015 $753 $393 $360

2016 $778 $433 $345

2017 $970 $873
$97

2018 $977 $867 $109

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Impact by Region
Quantifying the economic benefits of the forest industry at the local level is difficult given the limitations in employment and wages and salaries data (non-disclosed data). In previous reports, the approach was to group counties with no disclosed data and report aggregate employment, and compensation. In 2011, a new section was added to the report quantifying the impact of the forest industry in 12 jurisdictions consistent with the state's regional commissions. Figure E-1 shows the map of the 12 regions and counties located within each region.
Figure E-1: Map of Regional Commissions

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Table E-6 shows the impact of the forest industry in terms of output, employment, and compensation in each region.

Table E-6: Forest Industry's Regional Impact (2018)

Regions
Atlanta Regional Commission Central Savannah River Area Coastal Georgia Mountains Heart of Georgia Altamaha Middle Georgia Northeast Georgia Northwest Georgia River Valley Southern Georgia Southwest Georgia Three Rivers Total

Output
$5,724.4 M $1,538.5 M $2,318.7 M
$796.8 M $1,796.6 M $1,324.0 M $1,218.6 M $1,462.2 M
$742.8 M $1,741.7 M $1,610.1 M $1,213.2 M $21,487.8 M

Employment
12,704 3,670 4,770 2,691 4,760 3,493 3,186 3,949 1,973 5,633 4,604 3,654
55,089

Wages & Salaries
$1,070.3 M $287.7 M $433.5 M $149.0 M $335.9 M $247.5 M $227.8 M $273.4 M $138.9 M $325.6 M $301.0 M $226.8 M
$4,017.5 M

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SECTION 1
Introduction
Georgia's forest industry contains many components and supports a significant proportion of the state's economic activity. This analysis quantifies that activity in terms of economic output, employment, and employee compensation. Economic output is defined as business revenues, and employee compensation is defined as wages and salaries including benefits paid by employers. Additional factors considered include how the manufacturing components in the forest industry compare to other manufacturing sectors, and how the forest industry affects state government costs and revenues.
The first step in this process was to define the limits of what constitutes the "forest industry." This was not a simple task because the borders of one industry overlap those of other industries. How this was done and its results appear in Section 2, which also contains estimates of how much economic activity is occurring in each component of the forest industry.
After the industry was defined and activities quantified, the total economic activity supported by the forest industry was estimated. Total activity is generally referred to as the "multiplier effect." This effect occurs whenever dollars are brought into the state's economy and recirculated before leaking out. Section 3 explains the methodology used to estimate total economic activity and provides perspective on how important these activities are in the overall Georgia economy.
Section 4 quantifies the economic impact of urban and community forestry, a sector that was added beginning with the 2016 report. Section 5 shows the forest industry's output, employment, and compensation in the state's 12 regional commissions.
This report is the latest of a series of reports that began with an analysis of the 2002 impacts, continuing annually to the present analysis. The 2002 analysis is not comparable to the subsequent analyses, however, because of a significant change in the industry classification systems implemented in the 2003 data set. The 2002 analysis was based on the Standard Industry Classification system (SIC), and the later data sets used the North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS). Industry classification changes introduced by the NAICS 2012 code required minor adjustments in the NAICS code selection in the 2011 analysis. The new classification was also used in this year's analysis.
The 2014 report includes revisions of 2012 and 2013 historical data, which were made as a result of a more objective and efficient methodology of retrieving data from the ES202 database provided by the Georgia Department of Labor.

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SECTION 2
Definition of the Forest Industry in Georgia

The forest industry in Georgia has many diverse components. A general definition would include all service and manufacturing activity related to the growth, harvesting, and use of forest materials that would not exist in Georgia without the presence of extensive forests or forest industries. For example, the papermaking industry would be a part of the forest industry definition, but retail sales of that paper would not. States without commercial forests still sell paper within their borders.
The forest industry definition used in this analysis includes these broad sectors: forest management, logging, wood products (such as dimension lumber), paper products, manufactured housing, furniture, other miscellaneous wood products, and woodworking and papermaking machinery. The 2012 North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) was used to define the components of the forest industry. The NAICS codes and descriptions comprising the detailed definition appear in Table 2-1.

Grouping
Forest Management and Logging

Table 2-1: Forest Industry Definition Components: NAICS
Industry Description Timber Tract Operations Forest Nursery and Gathering Forest Products Logging Support Activities for Forestry

Bioenergy

Bioenergy Derived from Forest Products

Lumber and Wood Preservation
Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing
Pulp and Paper Products

Sawmills Wood Preservation Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member Manufacturing Truss Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing
Manufactured Home, Mobile Home, Manufacturing
Prefabricated Wood Building Manufacturing
Pulp Mills Paper, Except Newsprint, Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Folding Paperboard Box Manufacturing Other Paperboard Container Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing

NAICS CODE 113110 113210 113310 115310 221112 221117 321113 321999 321113 321114 321211 321212 321213
321214 321219
321991
321992
322110 322121 322122 322130 322211 322212 322219 322220

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Stationery Product Manufacturing Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing

322230 322291

All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing

322299

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

Sawmill, Woodworking, and Paper Machinery Manufacturing

333243

Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing

337110

Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing

337121

Non-upholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing

337122

Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors

Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Custom Architectural Woodwork and Millwork Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Re-sawing Lumber, and Planing

337127 337211 337212 321911 321912

Other Millwork, Including Flooring

321918

Burial Casket Manufacturing

339995

All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing

321999

Containers, Showcases,

Wood Container and Pallet Manufacturing

321920

Partitions and Shelving

Showcases, Partitions, Shelving, and Lockers

337215

Source: North American Industrial Classification System; Georgia Tech's Enterprise Innovation Institute

As in previous years, this analysis includes all firms producing products related to bioenergy that are derived from forest products. This relatively new industry sector is represented by 16 firms in Georgia. The total employment for this sector in 2018 was 880.
The level of economic activity in each forest industry component is measured by output, employment, and wages and salaries. Measures for 2018 appear in Table 2-2, which aggregates the numerous categories from Table 2-1 to nine larger groups4. This table shows that total employment in all of the forest industry sectors was 55,089 and these jobs earned annual compensation (total wages and salaries including benefits) of $4 billion from estimated total revenue of $21.5 billion.
Within the industry, Georgia companies have representatives in each of the sectors and subsectors down to the NAICS six-digit level. Based on this aggregation scheme, the highest employment is seen in pulp and paper with 19,572 workers, followed by wooden furniture, cabinets, custom arch. & millwork, windows and doors with 10,585 employees and lumber and wood preservation with 5,806 employees.
Compensation, like employment, is dominated by pulp and paper at $1.8 billion (nearly half the total), followed distantly by wooden furniture, cabinets, custom archwork & millwork at $551.7 million and veneer, plywood, reconstituted and engineered wood at $427.7 million. The largest outputs are produced by pulp and paper ($13.1 billion), followed by wooden furniture,

4 There were two changes to the breakdown of categories that were introduced in the 2012 report: bioenergy is shown as a separate sector and windows and doors sector is combined with wooden furniture, cabinets, custom archwork & millwork, windows and doors.

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2018

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cabinets, custom archwork & millwork, windows and doors ($2 billion) and lumber and wood preservation ($1.8 billion).

Table 2-2: Georgia Forest Industry Economic Activity (2018)

Sector

Output Employment

Forest Management and Logging Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$503.6 M $589.8 M $1,779.3 M $1,769.8 M $605.2 M $13,109.9 M $109.7 M
$2,054.4 M
$966.1 M

5,609 880
5,806 4,687 2,594 19,572
436
10,585
4,920

Wages & Salaries
$332.2 M $101.9 M $395.6 M $427.7 M $122.5 M $1,775.7 M
$28.3 M
$551.7 M
$281.9 M

Total

$21,487.8 M

55,089 $4,017.5 M

Table 2-3 provides a comparison of the forest industry activity from 2009 through 2018. Three measures are included in the comparison: output, employment, and compensation. Output (an estimate of the firms' revenues) continued to grow from 2017 to 2018, however at a much slower pace, increasing by 0.7 percent. Prefabricated wood buildings and manufactured housing sector showed the highest growth increasing by 40 percent. Bioenergy reported the highest level of a decline - 32.1 percent.
Employment also showed growth in 2018 with the state's forest industry reporting an increase of 1,156 jobs, or 2.1 percent from 2017. The majority of the jobs were in the pulp and paper products sector. Prefabricated wood buildings and manufactured housing and veneer, plywood, reconstituted, and engineered wood sectors saw the highest percentage growth at 21.3 percent and 13.5 percent, respectively.
Wages and salaries increased in all but two sectors. The bioenergy sector reported a decrease of 31 percent and pulp and paper showed a much smaller decrease of 5.1 percent.

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Table 2-3: Forest Industry Activity 2009 - 2018 Comparison

Sector Forest Management and Logging Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving Total**

2009 $1,454
- $1,359
$664

Output (Millions of Dollars)

2010 $902
-

2011 $805
-

2012* $662 -

$1,176 $1,264

$1,332

$667

$590

$583

$252
$11,018 $86
$996
$497 $579 $16,906

$189
$9,663 $113
$872
$390 $524 $14,495

$180
$10,426 $117
$627
$494 $578 $15,082

$174 $11,297
$90
$1,224
$710 $16,072

2013* $580 $782
$1,272
$1,010

2014 $582 $688 $1,307
$1,071

2015 $605 $439 $1,674
$1,362

2016 $499 $981 $1,690
$1,436

$174
$10,752 $111

$206
$10,936 $118

$312
$12,461 $126

$380
$13,170 $104

$1,249 $1,301 $1,494 $1,710

$624

$634

$732

$824

$16,564 $16,843 $19,205 $20,794

2017 $521 $869 $1,629
$1,499

2018 $504 $590 $1,779
$1,770

$432
$13,214 $101

$605
$13,110 $109

$2,182 $2,054

$901

$966

$21,348 $21,487

Sector
Forest Management and Logging Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving
Total**

2009
5,119 -
5,469
3,137
1,949
18,936 300
6,827
2,973 3,809
48,519

Employment

2010
5,050 -
4,902

2011
5,036 -
5,538

2012*
5,500 -
5,279

3,025

2,916

2,898

1,409 16,939
473 5,905 2,252 3,470 43,425

1,365 19,012
536 4,724 3,156 4,095 46,378

1,285 19,659
479
7,985
4,017 47,102

2013*
5,714 300
5,177 3,651
1,252 18,754
506
8,434
4,135 47,941

2014
5,720 673
5,242 3,848
1,376 18,538
522
8,676
4,145 48,740

2015
5,820 693
5,527 3,947
1,618 18,919
526
9,008
4,326 50,385

2016
5,920 916
5,520 4,108
1,836 18,983
422
9,646
4,549 51,900

2017
5,738 894
5,662 4,131
2,138 19,252
405
11,242
4,471 53,933

2018
5,609 880
5,806 4,687
2,594 19,572
436
10,585
4,920 55,089

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2018

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Wages and Salaries (Millions of Dollars)

Sector

2009

2010

Forest Management and Logging

$238

$239

Bioenergy

-

-

Lumber and Wood Preservation

$250

$238

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood

$158

$163

Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing

$66

$44

Pulp and Paper Products

$1,494 $1,412

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

$17

$28

Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork

$271

$249

Windows and Doors

$126

$100

Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$150

$151

Total**

$2,770 $2,624

*Revised data

**Totals may not add up due to rounding

***Output and Wages and Salaries are not adjusted for inflation

2011 $262
- $290
$162
$49
$1,636 $34
$205
$148 $188 $2,973

2012* $305 - $255 $150
$44 $1,620
$26
$331
$186 $2,917

2013* $251 $39 $259 $238
$51 $1,544
$36
$344
$176 $2,938

2014 $255 $45 $267 $253
$56 $1,575
$38
$362
$179 $3,030

2015 $345 $49 $342 $253
$67 $1,796
$35
$449
$218 $3,553

2016 $294 $80 $318 $242
$71 $2,023
$28
$466
$219 $3,741

2017 $312 $147 $348 $250
$92 $1,872
$28
$547
$240 $3,836

2018 $332 $102 $396 $428
$123 $1,776
$28
$552
$282 $4,019

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Figures 2-1 through 2-3 show output, employment, and compensation changes for each forest industry sector from 2009 through 2018.

Figure 2-1: Forest Industry Economic Activity: Output by Sector (Dollars in Millions)
2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009

$0

$5,000

$10,000

Forest Management and Logging Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Pulp and Paper Products Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$15,000

$20,000

Lumber and Wood Preservation Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Bioenergy (Began tracking in 2012)

Figure 2-2: Forest Industry Economic Activity: Employment by Sector

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

Forest Management and Logging Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Pulp and Paper Products Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

Lumber and Wood Preservation Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Bioenergy (Began Tracking in 2012)

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Figure 2-3: Forest Industry Economic Activity: Wages & Salaries by Sector (Dollars in Millions)

2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009

$0

$500

$1,000 $1,500 $2,000 $2,500 $3,000 $3,500

Forest Management and Logging Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Pulp and Paper Products Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

Lumber and Wood Preservation Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Bioenergy (Began tracking in 2012)

$4,000

Economic Benefits of the Forest Industry in Georgia: 2018

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SECTION 3
Economic Benefits

Economic impact analyses have used basically the same methods for more than 40 years. The tools, although greatly improved in quality and ease of use, are also similar to those in long- time use.
The conceptual basis for estimating economic benefits of an industry is that resources brought into Georgia's economy by the industry raise the level of economic activity. This additional economic activity, commonly called the multiplier effect, supports increased employment, income, and business revenues. These increases are estimated from an input- output (I/O) model.
The purpose of an I/O model is to estimate the flows of resources among various economic sectors by using the "recipes" followed by producers. These recipes provide the type and amount of goods and services purchased during production, which are produced by other firms. For example, a pulp mill purchases wood from a logger. The logger, in turn, purchases equipment and fuel from firms, that, in turn, purchase their raw materials from still other firms. Combined with estimates of what percentages of these items are supplied by Georgia firms, the recipes can be used to estimate how much of each item is purchased from Georgia firms and how much is purchased from outside Georgia.
Purchases from sources outside the Georgia economy are known as "leakage," and have an impact on the multiplier effect; the higher the leakage, the lower the multiplier effect.
The impact is calculated with IMPLAN I/O model. IMPLAN is a nationally recognized economic model that uses Georgia data to tailor its estimates to the state economy.5
The analytical process includes three steps following the definition of the industry sectors, as described in the previous section. The first step is to quantify employment, income, and output associated with each of the defined sectors. Several data sources were used to accomplish this.
The best source for employment and wages was the employment security data collected and maintained by the Georgia Department of Labor. Commonly called ES202 data or, more recently CEW (covered employment and wages) data, it has the advantage of being current thus allowing an estimate of the economic benefits occurring in 2018. It has the drawback, however, of not including single proprietorships (because they have no employees), and it also does not
5 One area of uncertainty that persists, however, is the level of benefits provided to workers in each of the forest industry sectors. The available wage and salary information does not include benefits, but the I/O model bases its analysis on wages and salaries that include benefits. An average of 28.9 percent was assumed for this analysis, based on the latest available U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics compensation cost data for all civilian employment.

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include employees not covered by unemployment insurance, such as some governmental employees.
The second task was to divide the forest industry output into two categories; (1) output sold to another Georgia firm and (2) output sold outside the state. Another way to look at this is to recall that the multiplier effect starts from dollars brought into the Georgia economy. Output not sold to another Georgia firm is, by definition, bringing in resources from outside the Georgia economy, and it is these "exports" that fuel the multiplier effect. Forest industry output used as an input to another Georgia forest-industry firm is already accounted for in the multiplier effect; counting it again would result in double-counting and would imply a higher-than-observed level of production from the input-supplying industry. For example, if the multiplier effect was calculated for the paper industry, it will include some of the activities of Georgia logging operations. If the entire output from logging was then added to the multiplier effect for paper, it would double-count the logging output that went to the paper industry. The I/O model is used iteratively for these estimations, with the resulting estimates called "direct impacts." Direct impacts are measures of the output from, in this case, forest sectors that are exported to entities outside Georgia (these are considered exports even if they only go to Alabama).
The third step was to use the I/O model to estimate total impacts, which were divided into three components. The first is the direct impacts - the value of resources brought into the state; the second is indirect impacts - impacts generated from recirculation of resources resulting from forest industry purchases from other industries); and the third is induced impacts, which result from activities in the household sector. Adding direct, indirect, and induced impacts yields total impacts.
Three measures of economic impacts are provided. The first, output, is a measure of how much each industry or sector produced in 2018 roughly equivalent to a measure of sales revenue. The second measure is compensation, including all household income and employee benefits. The third measure is employment, or number of jobs, in each forestry-related industry.

Findings
Table 3-1 provides estimates of direct impacts for each of the forest industry sectors contained in the industry's definition. These differ from the level of economic activity shown in Tables 2-2 because Table 3-1 eliminates production consumed by another sector. This eliminates the double counting of production in the multiplier effect of the consuming-industry sector. For example, Table 3-1 does not contain much output from the forest management and logging industry segment because most of it appears to be consumed by the various Georgia wood-using industries such as paper and lumber. Logging operations are included primarily as part of the multiplier effect by these consuming industries, not as a direct impact separate from them.
Another way to interpret Table 3-1 is to consider the direct impacts to be estimates of the exports of forestry-related industries. This exporting (to anyone outside Georgia) brings

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resources into the state to support the increase in economic activity estimated by the multiplier effect.
Pulp and paper products, which includes all pulping and paper-making activities, continued to be the largest industry segment in 2018 representing 39 percent of the total industry in employment and 63 percent of the entire industry output. The entire forest industry (totals in Table 3-1) exported (to a non-Georgia destination) output valued at $19.8 billion in 2018. These activities supported 48,444 jobs with nearly $3.6 billion in wages and salaries.

Table 3-1: Direct Impacts by Forest Industry Sector (2018)

Sector
Forest Management and Logging
Bioenergy Lumber and Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing Pulp and Paper Products Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery Wooden Furniture, Cabinets, Custom Arch. & Millwork, Windows and Doors Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving Total

Output Employment

$214.6 M $586.4 M $1,306.8 M
$1,579.8 M

2,422 875
4,264
4,265

$594.2 M
$12,485.9 M $102.1 M
$1,999.0 M
$919.1 M $19,788.1 M

2,549
18,674 406
10,332
4,657 48,444

Wages and Salaries
$148.0 M $101.3 M $290.6 M
$393.2 M
$120.4 M
$1,692.5 M $26.4 M
$537.4 M
$266.6 M $3,576.4 M

In addition to direct employment, Georgia's forest industry generates economic activity and supports jobs in other sectors of the state's economy. The total impact is estimated by applying the IMPLAN input-output (I/O) model to the direct impacts (provided in Table 3-1.) Table 3-2 summarizes the impacts by aggregated industry codes (used in the I/O model), which are roughly equivalent to two-digit NAICS codes.

As shown, all industries in Georgia are impacted by the activity of the forest industry. Manufacturing continued to see the biggest benefits, with $21.3 billion in output, 50,737 employees, and $3.7 billion in wages and salaries in 2018. A distant second in output and wages and salaries was wholesale trade with $1.9 billion and $662.8 million, respectively; while administrative and waste services was second in employment with 10,569 employees. The total economic activity supported by Georgia's forest industry totaled $36.3 billion. This activity supported the employment of 148,414 people who earned $9.1 billion in 2018.

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Table 3-2: Total Benefits by Major Industry (2018)

Sector
Agriculture, Forestry, Fish & Hunting Mining Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Transportation & Warehousing Information Finance & Insurance Real Estate & Rental Professional, Scientific & Tech Services Management of Companies Administrative & Waste Services Educational Services Health & Social Services Arts, Entertainment & Recreation Accommodation & Food Services Other Services Government & non-NAICS Industries
TOTAL

Output
$896.9 M $41.6 M
$1,526.4 M $294.3 M
$21,249.4 M $1,860.0 M $744.8 M $1,237.9 M $850.1 M $1,302.5 M $1,617.9 M $1,097.6 M $751.2 M $686.9 M $113.7 M $873.1 M $129.2 M $515.6 M $443.5 M $29.7 M
$36,262.4 M

Employment Wages & Salaries

9,906 231
1,859 1,810 50,737 7,675 8,553 8,104 1,656 4,821 3,914 8,343 3,040 10,569 1,802 8,253 1,946 8,515 6,486
195

$553.2 M $13.3 M
$232.7 M $103.0 M $3,731.9 M $662.8 M $273.9 M $497.4 M $228.4 M $351.4 M $108.6 M $627.1 M $377.7 M $341.6 M
$71.3 M $480.5 M
$40.1 M $180.4 M $213.2 M
$16.5 M

148,414

$9,105.1 M

Table 3-3 extracts information from several previous tables to compare the overall results obtained in each impact analysis conducted from 2008 through 2018.

In the 2008-2009 period, forest industry output declined by 8 percent, and employment and wages and salaries from total impacts fell by 16 and 12 percent, respectively. The decline was not a surprise given that the U.S economy was in recession. The two sectors that declined the most (in percentage terms) were prefabricated buildings and veneer, plywood, and reconstituted wood products. Productivity increases were apparent in forest industry sectors (pulp and paper products, for example) as well as sectors stimulated by the multiplier effect, which would serve to allow output increases with employment declines.

From 2009 to 2010, the decline in industry activity accelerated with output declining by about 14 percent. Employment and compensation, however, declined by smaller percentages, compared to the previous year, with declines of almost 11 percent and 5 percent, respectively. Total impacts did not decline as much in percentage terms in all parameters, probably because compensation declined the least, and induced impacts almost always depend on income. In the

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fiscal impact analysis, both revenues and costs declined, but because the cost decline was slightly larger than the revenue decline, net revenues actually increased slightly.
The forest industry's activity picked up pace in 2011, showing growth after three years of continuous decline. Both direct and total impacts showed improvement. However, total impacts showed higher growth in percentage terms than direct impacts. In the 2010 to 2011 period output increased by nearly 6 percent, employment increased by nearly 10 percent, and wages and salaries increased by an impressive 21 percent.
As Table 3-3 shows, the trend of positive growth continued in the 2011 2017 period among all metrics, with the exception of wages and salaries that showed a slight decline of 2 percent from 2011 to 2012. Direct and total output impacts showed the highest growth at 14 and 12 percent, respectively, during the 2014 2015 period. Compensation also showed substantial growth during this time period increasing by 17 percent for direct impact and 10 percent for total impacts. Employment from direct impacts showed the highest level of growth during the 2016 2017 period with 4 percent. Employment from total impacts grew by 9 percent from 2015 to 2016.
While the industry continued to grow in year 2018, the rate of growth in direct and total output of 1 percent, which is equivalent to sales, was smaller than in previous years. The slower rate of growth may indicate a lower level of activity within sectors of the forest industry. Wages and salaries from direct and total impacts increased at higher rates, nearly 5 percent respectively. Employment grew 2 percent from direct impact and 1 percent from total impact.

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The annual percent-change information in Table 3-3 is also presented graphically in figures 3-1 and 3-2. Figure 3-1 presents a graph of output, employment and compensation of direct activity, while Figure 3-2 presents these metrics for the total economic impact. It should be noted that these data are in nominal dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation. As the graphs show, all direct and total impact metrics realized growth compared to 2017 rates, with wages and salaries showing the highest increase in direct and total impacts.

Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*

2008 $18,270
57,812 $3,131

Output Employment Wages & Salaries

2009 $16,906
48,519 $2,770
-7.5% -16.1% -11.5%

Table 3-3: Comparison of Results 2008 to 2018
(Dollars in millions; Employment in persons)

Forest Industry Direct Economic Impact

2010

2011

2012

2013 2014

$14,495 $15,082 $16,072 $16,564 $16,843

43,425

46,378 47,123 48,139 48,740

$2,624

$2,972 $2,917 $2,938 $3,030

Year to Year Percent Change

-14.3%

4.0%

6.6%

3.1% 1.7%

-10.5%

6.8%

1.6%

2.2% 1.2%

-5.3%

13.3%

-1.9%

0.7% 3.1%

2015 $19,203
50,385 $3,553
14.0% 3.4%
17.3%

2016 $20,794
51,900 $3,741

2017 $21,348
53,933 $3,836

2018 $21,488
55,089 $4,018

8.3% 2.7%

0.7%

3.0% 3.9%

2.1%

5.3% 2.5%

4.7%

Output* Employment Wages & Salaries*

2008 $28,723 128,388
$6,514

Output Employment Wages & Salaries

2009 $27,200 118,423
$5,561
-5.3% -7.8% -14.6%

Total Impacts

2010

2011

2012

2013

$23,643 $24,975 $27,469 $28,014

108,112 118,459 120,260 127,750

$5,377

$6,491 $6,540 $6,898

Year to Year Percent Change

-13.1% -8.7% -3.3%

5.6% 9.6% 20.7%

10.0% 1.5% 0.8%

2.0% 6.2% 5.5%

2014 $28,674 129,329
$7,119
2.4% 1.2% 3.2%

2015 $32,154 133,256
$7,860
12.1% 3.0%
10.4%

2016 $35,237 144,537
$8,529

2017 $35,923 147,380
$8,709

2018 $36,262 148,414
$9,105

9.6% 1.9%

0.9%

8.5% 2.0%

0.7%

8.5% 2.1%

4.5%

Forest Industry Fiscal Impact

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013 2014

State Revenues

$539

$472

$448

$487

$691

$700 $721

State Costs

$333

$314

$282

$308

$358

$360 $370

Net Revenues*

$206

$158

$166

$179

$333

$340 $351

Source: Enterprise Innovation Institute (EI2) impact assessments and Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages

2015 $753 $393 $360

2016 $778 $433 $345

2017 $970 $873
$97

2018 $977 $867 $109

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Percent Change

20.00% 15.00% 10.00%
5.00% 0.00% -5.00% -10.00% -15.00% -20.00%

Figure 3-1: Annual Percent Change in Direct Economic Activity

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Output

Employment

Wages & Salaries

25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00%
5.00% 0.00% -5.00% -10.00% -15.00% -20.00%

Figure 3-2: Annual Percent Change in Total Economic Activity

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Output

Employment

Wages & Salaries

Percent Change

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Comparison of the Forest Industry with Other Manufacturing Sectors
It is difficult to appreciate the significance of the impacts generated by the forest industry without some basis of comparison. This comparison is provided in Table 3-4, which shows that the forest industry is the second largest industry sector in Georgia, behind food processing, in employment and in wages and salaries.

Table 3-4: Comparison to Georgia's Other Manufacturing Sectors (2018)

Industry Sectors
Food Processing Forest Industry Transportation Equipment Textiles Fabricated Metal Products Machinery Chemicals Electrical Equipment and Appliances Printing Computers and Electronic Products Apparel

Employment
68,035 55,089 54,687 51,203 39,377 21,898 21,783 13,890 13,055
5,996 2,446

Wages & Salaries
$4,037.6 M $4,017.5 M $3,826.2 M $2,314.1 M $2,120.4 M $1,598.2 M $1,338.7 M $1,017.5 M
$625.5 M $625.3 M
$96.2 M

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SECTION 4
Economic Impact of Urban and Community Forestry

Urban and community forestry6 provides significant benefits to communities around the state. This study quantifies the sector's economic impact in the state of Georgia.

For the purposes of this study, urban and community forestry includes these sectors:

NAICS Code
111421 541320 561730 924120 925120

Industry Description
Nursery and Tree Production Landscape Architectural Services Landscaping Services Administration of Conservation programs Administration of Urban Planning and Community and Rural Development

Using data provided by the Georgia Department of Labor,7 it was determined that urban and community forestry employed 33,113 people in year 2018 who earned $1.2 billion in wages and salaries and generated $2.2 billion in economic activity. The spending by these companies and their employees generated additional activity in other sectors of the state's economy. Overall, urban and community forestry companies in 2018 created and supported 46,400 jobs with wages and salaries of $1.8 billion and generated $4.2 billion of economic activity.

Table 4-1: Economic Impact of Urban and Community Forestry: 2018

Direct

Indirect and Induced

Total

Employment

33,113

13,287

46,400

Wages & Salaries

$1,151.8 M

$645.7 M

$1,797.5 M

Output

$2,226.8 M

$1,946.9 M

$4,173.7 M

The impact values of urban and community forestry are separate values from the impact of forest industry and are not included in the charts and tables shown in other sections of this report.

6 Urban and Community Forestry can be defined as the planning, establishment, protection, maintenance and management of trees and associated plants, individually through arboricultural practices, in small groups, or under forest conditions (open spaces, greenbelts, roadside screens, parks, woodlands, curb areas, and residential developments) within cities, their suburbs, and towns for their economic, environmental, physiological, sociological and psychological public health benefits (developed from the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978, as amended through 2008).
7 Source: Georgia Department of Labor, ES202 data

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Section 5
Economic Impact by Regional Commission
Regional Economies
Economies are interwoven in a complex web. In general, however, a local economy's economic health depends on the inflow and outflow of resources. Economic base theory calls economic sectors responsible for bringing resources in "basic" or "traded" sectors. The resources that are brought in are then (at least partially) recirculated within the local economy to support the "non-basic" sectors. For example, a sawmill will generally sell its products to builders or lumber supply houses outside the local economy. The revenue it receives from these sales is then used to purchase logs from, perhaps, a local logging firm. It also pays its employees who spend their wages in local restaurants, grocery stores, and the like. As the basic sector grows or declines, so does the non-basic sector.
Forest industry components are very much part of Georgia's basic industry sector, with products sold worldwide. As such, it is one of the key sources of funds flowing into many local Georgia economies. Where the local economy has many sources of such flows, the growth or decline of any specific sector, such as the forest industry, may not have significant effects. However, in those communities where the forest industry is a large proportion of the local basic industry, all economic support activities, such as retail, are likewise generally dependent.
Approach
Employment and income data limitations at the county level make it difficult to quantify the local economic impact of the forest industry. Instead, this report shows the forest industry's impact on Georgia's 12 regional commissions. Table 5-1 shows a list of the regional commissions and their respective counties.

Regions Northwest Georgia Georgia Mountains ATL Regional Commission Three Rivers Northeast Georgia Middle Georgia

Table 5-1: Regional Commissions
Counties
Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Dade, Fannin, Floyd, Gilmer, Gordon, Haralson, Murray, Paulding, Pickens, Polk, Walker, Whitfield
Banks, Dawson, Forsyth, Franklin, Habersham, Hall, Hart, Lumpkin, Rabun, Stephens, Towns, Union, White
Cherokee, Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fayette, Fulton, Gwinnett, Henry, Rockdale Butts, Carroll, Coweta, Heard, Lamar, Meriwether, Pike, Spalding, Troup, Upson Barrow, Clarke, Elbert, Greene, Jackson, Jasper, Madison, Morgan, Newton, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Walton Baldwin, Bibb, Crawford, Houston, Jones, Monroe, Peach, Pulaski, Putnam, Twiggs, Wilkinson

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Central Savannah River Area River Valley Heart of Georgia Altamaha Southwest Georgia

Burke, Columbia, Glascock, Hancock, Jefferson, Jenkins, Lincoln, McDuffie, Richmond, Taliaferro, Warren, Washington, Wilkes
Chattahoochee, Clay, Crisp, Dooly, Harris, Macon, Marion, Muscogee, Quitman, Randolph, Schley, Stewart, Sumter, Talbot, Taylor, Webster
Appling, Bleckley, Candler, Dodge, Emanuel, Evans, Jeff Davis, Johnson, Laurens, Montgomery, Tattnall, Telfair, Toombs, Treutlen, Wayne, Wheeler, Wilcox
Baker, Calhoun, Colquitt, Decatur, Dougherty, Early, Grady, Lee, Miller, Mitchell, Seminole, Terrell, Thomas, Worth

Southern Georgia

Atkinson, Bacon, Ben Hill, Berrien, Brantley, Brooks, Charlton, Clinch, Coffee, Cook, Echols, Irwin, Lanier, Lowndes, Pierce, Tift, Turner, Ware

Coastal

Bryan, Bulloch, Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn, Liberty, Long, McIntosh, Screven

Source: Georgia Department of Community Affairs

Figure 5-1: Map of Regional Commissions

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This analysis examines the proportion of each region's output, employment, and compensation (as defined by wages and salaries) indicated by the ES202 data that is attributable directly to forest industries. These figures were calculated using 6-digit NAICS level data and should be considered as approximate estimates. Table 5-2 shows that as in the previous years, the Atlanta Regional Commission, Southern Georgia and the Heart of Georgia Altamaha are the top three regions with the largest employment in the forest industry. See Figures A-1 through A- 3 in the Appendix for maps showing each region's output, employment, and wages and salaries.

Table 5-2: Forest Industry's Regional Impact (2018)

Regions
Atlanta Regional Commission Central Savannah River Area Coastal Georgia Mountains Heart of Georgia Altamaha Middle Georgia Northeast Georgia Northwest Georgia River Valley Southern Georgia Southwest Georgia Three Rivers Total

Output
$5,724.4 M $1,538.5 M $2,318.7 M
$796.8 M $1,796.6 M $1,324.0 M $1,218.6 M $1,462.2 M
$742.8 M $1,741.7 M $1,610.1 M $1,213.2 M $21,487.8 M

Employment
12,704 3,670 4,770 2,691 4,760 3,493 3,186 3,949 1,973 5,633 4,604 3,654
55,089

Wages & Salaries
$1,070.3 M $287.7 M $433.5 M $149.0 M $335.9 M $247.5 M $227.8 M $273.4 M $138.9 M $325.6 M $301.0 M $226.8 M
$4,017.5 M

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References
Bureau of Economic Analysis Input-Output Sectors as contained in "IMPLAN Pro: Data Guide," IMPLAN Group, Inc.,2019.
Georgia Department of Labor, ES202 Wage and Employment Data: 2018.
North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS): http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naicstab.htm
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employer Costs for Employee Compensation"

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Appendix
Figure A-1: Regional Forest Industry Employment: 2018

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Figure A-2: Regional Forest Industry Wages and Salaries: 2018

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Figure A-3: Regional Forest Industry Output: 2018

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