Economic benefits of the forestry industry in Georgia: 2006 final report

Economic Benefits of the Forestry Industry in Georgia: 2006
Final Report
Prepared for Georgia Forestry Commission Macon, Georgia
Prepared by Community Policy and Research Services Enterprise Innovation Institute 760 Spring Street, NW Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Author B. William Riall, Ph.D.
October 2007
Copyright 2007 All Rights Reserved Georgia Tech Research Corporation Atlanta, Georgia 30332

Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 1 Forestry Dependent Communities .............................................................................. 4
Section 1.............................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 7
Section 2.............................................................................................................................. 8 Definition of the Forestry Industry in Georgia ................................................................... 8
Section 3............................................................................................................................ 13 Economic Benefits ............................................................................................................ 13
Results....................................................................................................................... 14 Comparison of the Forestry Industry with Other Industry Sectors........................... 17
Section 4............................................................................................................................ 19 Economic Dependence...................................................................................................... 19
What Is Economic Dependence? .............................................................................. 19 Approach................................................................................................................... 19
References......................................................................................................................... 28

Executive Summary

Georgia's forestry industry has many components, which interact with all other sectors of the economy in complex ways. The purpose of this analysis is to: (1) quantify the level of economic activity conducted by the components of the forestry industry, (2) estimate economic activity supported in all Georgia sectors by the industry's activities, (3) compare the level of activity in the forestry industry with other industries, and (4) assess the degree of forestry dependence of Georgia's counties.
The forestry industry components, and the level of economic activity represented by them, are shown in Table E-1 for 2006. Economic activity is measured by output (similar to sales revenue), employment, and compensation (defined as wages and salaries including benefits plus proprietor income). These measures are traditionally used in this type of analysis.
Table E-1 shows the forestry industry employed 67,733 in all industry sectors combined, paid an annual compensation of over $3.5 billion, and had estimated total revenue of over $17.8 billion. The activities in the sectors bring dollars into the state, which recirculate in a process called the "multiplier effect." The recirculation touches all major industry sectors as goods and services are bought and sold to meet increased demands by businesses and households resulting from the new resources brought into the state by the forestry industry.

Table E-1: Georgia Forestry Industry Direct Economic Activity 2006

Sector

Output

Forestry Management, Logging, and Misc. Forest Products $1,845,804,352

Lumber and Wood Preservation

$2,057,422,972

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood

$1,259,775,984

Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing

$595,598,848

Pulp and Paper Products

$9,589,567,207

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

$52,269,742

Wooden Furniture and Cabinets

$1,176,198,972

Windows and Doors

$445,641,376

Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$548,023,952

Custom Architectural and Miscellaneous Wood Products

$190,155,372

Total

$17,760,458,777

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages.

Employment
6,152 8,957 6,963 4,500 22,861
314 9,308 2,598 4,618 1,462 67,733

Compensation
$267,437,328 $399,561,280 $352,537,400 $165,216,458 $1,630,396,895
$18,256,298 $342,927,437 $100,483,456 $175,315,696 $60,815,971 $3,512,948,218

The result of the multiplier effect, given by total impacts (which includes the economic activity in Table E-11), is also measured by output, employment, and income and is
shown in Table E-2. Total economic activity supported by the forestry industry in
Georgia, including the multiplier effect and federal payments to landowners of about

1 The economic activity in Table E-1 contains more than just the direct impacts because some of the interindustry purchasing (indirect impacts) is necessarily contained in the estimates of economic activity.

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$12.3 million, is over $27.7 billion. This activity employs 149,347 people whose compensation is almost $6.8 billion.
Another way to examine the forestry industry in Georgia is to compare it with other manufacturing sectors. Table E-3 lists 2006 income and employment totals for each major industry sector sorted by total wages. These data show that forestry ranks second in total income generated, and third in total employment. Food processing ranks first in income and second in employment; textiles (dominated by carpet) ranks first in employment and third in income. Forestry's second rank in income is very close to firstranked food processing in income, reflecting forestry's relatively higher average wages.
Of particular importance to Georgia's state government is how the forestry industry affects its annual budget. This is investigated by estimating the revenues associated with the forestry industry's total economic activity and subtracting the costs associated with providing state services to Georgia's households and companies. Revenues include individual and corporate income tax, sales and use taxes, highway taxes, fees, and miscellaneous revenues. Costs include education, public health, safety and welfare, highways, administration, and miscellaneous. Table E-4 provides the fiscal impact estimates based on total impacts. The forestry industry generates an estimated $580 million per year in revenues for the state budget. When the costs of providing services to all employees are deducted from these revenues, net annual state revenues are over $180 million per year.
Table E-5 extracts information from several tables to present a comparison of the overall results obtained in each impact analysis conducted from 2003 to 2006. All measures show growth between 2003 and 2004 and between 2004 and 2005. The highest growth rates are in industry output which grew between 10 and 14 percent depending on the year and whether it is being calculated for forestry industry activity or total activity. Compensation also increased for these periods. In the 2003 to 2004 period, forestry industry compensation increased by 9.7 percent and total compensation increased by 12 percent without considering inflation. From 2004 to 2005, the rate of increase was somewhat lower 4 percent for the forestry industry and 9 percent for total impacts. Employment increases are more modest, increasing 3 percent and 7 percent for forestry industry and total impacts, respectively, in the 2003 to 2004 period. Although employment from total impacts grew an estimated 6 percent between 2004 and 2005, forestry industry employment was essentially flat.
In the 2005 to 2006 period, forestry industry employment was essentially flat and employment from total impacts fell by 3 percent. The reason for this decline is unclear and seems to be the product of numerous small changes. Productivity increases are apparent in forestry industry sectors (pulp and paper products, for example) as well as sectors stimulated by the multiplier effect which would serve to allow output increases with employment declines. There were also small shifts in which forestry sectors are most active in the Georgia economy (for example, a small decline in veneer and plywood and a small increase in lumber and wood preservation) that may have changed the degree of multiplier effect on the economy as a whole.

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Table E-2: Total Impacts by Major Industry Sector 2006

Sector Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting Mining Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Transportation and Warehousing Retail Trade Information Finance and Insurance Real Estate and Rental Professional, Technical, and Scientific Services Management of Companies Administrative and Waste Services Educational Services Health and Social Services Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Accommodation and Food Services Other Services Government and Non-NAICS Industries
Total

Output $2,156,272,640
$12,363,923 $554,235,264
$65,916,184 $17,130,132,480
$1,343,019,136 $893,697,280 $623,207,104 $316,053,056 $707,085,440 $479,028,672 $609,954,496 $380,018,944 $243,014,352 $62,797,008 $528,340,128 $77,018,928 $353,691,456 $521,174,560 $676,562,240
$27,737,507,105

Employment 13,603 41 732 696 65,227 7,590 7,804 9,597 973 3,693 2,991 4,438 2,073 4,396 1,236 6,790 1,559 7,110 8,020 777
149,347

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages; IMPLAN Analysis by EII

Compensation $424,170,944 $3,647,826 $109,390,720 $28,779,840
$3,458,342,400 $504,649,984 $347,114,048 $246,477,376 $77,954,384 $232,249,792 $96,601,056 $250,190,784 $175,057,440 $118,826,800 $35,349,544 $283,315,904 $32,642,004 $119,486,040 $191,626,176 $36,676,720
$6,772,549,782

Table E-3: Comparison of Georgia Industries 2006

Sector

Employment

Food Processing

72,099

Forestry Industry

67,743

Textiles

72,190

Transportation Equipment

46,227

Fabricated Metal Products

27,977

Machinery

24,697

Chemicals

21,085

Printing

21,012

Electrical Equipment and Appliances

14,980

Computers and Electronic Products

13,188

Apparel

6,631

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages

Wages & Salaries
$2,872,175,430 $2,744,945,397 $2,393,142,439 $2,410,259,632 $1,044,358,379 $1,034,231,350 $1,160,012,760
$886,551,366 $837,594,394 $910,811,991 $230,295,940

Table E-4: Fiscal Impact Analysis 2006

Annual State Government Revenues Annual State Government Costs Net Annual Revenues
Source: EII fiscal impact model, SFIA

$579,916,979 $399,560,260 $180,356,718

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Table E-5: Comparison of Results 2003 to 2006

Forestry Industry Economic Activity Output Employment Compensation
Output Employment Compensation

2003
$12,679,309,984 65,706
$3,007,249,626

2004
$14,162,671,796 67,633
$3,299,211,578
2003-2004
11.70% 2.93% 9.71%

2005
$16,150,427,177 67,694
$3,421,577,066
2004-2005
14.04% 0.09% 3.71%

2006
$17,760,458,777 67,733
$3,512,948,218
2005-2006
9.97% 0.06% 2.67%

Total Impacts Output Employment Compensation
Output Employment Compensation

2003
$20,199,375,517 136,022
$5,600,491,974

2004
$22,729,379,114 144,944
$6,276,217,393
2003-2004
12.53% 6.56%
12.07%

2005
$25,972,228,986 154,147
$6,826,524,997
2004-2005
14.27% 6.35% 8.77%

2006
$27,737,507,105 149,347
$6,772,549,782
2005-2006
6.80% -3.11% -0.79%

Fiscal Impact

2003

2004

2005

State Revenues

$514,089,031

$546,361,719

$590,558,427

State Costs

$367,579,485

$391,523,592

$414,483,229

Net Revenues

$146,509,546

$154,838,126

$176,075,198

Source: EII impact assessments and Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages.

2006
$579,916,979 $399,560,260 $180,356,718

Forestry Dependent Communities
The economies of Georgia's counties are all dependent upon their ability to bring resources into their areas. There is no clear definition of "dependence" so two measures were developed. The first is based on employment where "critically dependent" counties have more than 10 percent of their total private-sector employment in the forestry industry. "Very dependent" counties have between 6 percent and 10 percent of their employment in forestry industries and "moderately dependent," "somewhat dependent," and "not dependent" have between 4 percent and 5.9 percent, 1.6 percent and 3.9 percent, and less than 1.6 percent of their employment in forestry industries, respectively. Figure E-1 depicts the degree of economic dependence on forestry, as measured by its proportion of total employment.
Another measure of dependence is provided by wages and salaries. For this measure, counties are considered "critically dependent" if more than 15 percent of total privatesector wages and salaries are from forestry-related industries. "Very dependent" counties have between 10 percent and 15 percent of their employment in forestry industries and "moderately dependent," "somewhat dependent," and "not dependent" have between 5 percent and 10 percent, 2 percent and 5 percent, and less than 2 percent of their wages and salaries from forestry industries, respectively. Figure E-2 depicts the degree of economic dependence on forestry, as measured by its proportion of total wages and salaries.

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Figure E-1 Forestry Dependency Based on Employment 2006

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Figure E-2 Forestry Dependency Based on Income 2006

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SECTION 1
Introduction
Georgia's forestry industry contains many components and supports a significant proportion of the state's economic activity. This analysis quantifies that activity in terms of economic output, employment, and household income where economic output is defined as business revenues and household compensation is defined as wages, salaries (including benefits), and proprietor income. Additional factors considered include how the manufacturing components in the forestry industry compare to other manufacturing sectors, and how the industry affects state government costs and revenues.
The first step in this process is to define the limits of what constitutes the "forestry industry." This is not as simple a task as it may appear because the borders of one industry overlap those of other industries. How this was done and its results appear in Section 2, which also contains estimates of how much economic activity is occurring in each component of the forestry industry.
After the industry was defined and activities quantified, the total economic activity supported by the forestry industry was estimated. Total activity is generally referred to as the "multiplier effect." This effect occurs whenever dollars are brought into the state's economy and recirculated before leaking out. Section 3 explains the methodology used to estimate total economic activity and provides perspective on how important these activities are in the overall Georgia economy.
Section 4 examines how important the forestry components are to the existing industry base in each of Georgia's counties and divides counties into five categories according to their degree of dependence on forestry.

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SECTION 2
Definition of the Forestry Industry in Georgia

The forestry industry in Georgia has many diverse components. A general definition would include all service and manufacturing activity related to the growth, harvesting, and use of forest materials that would not exist in Georgia without the presence of extensive forests or forest industries. For example, the papermaking industry would be a part of the forestry industry definition, but retail sales of that paper would not. States without commercial forests still sell paper within their borders.

Therefore, the forestry industry definition used in this analysis includes these broad sectors: forestry, logging, wood products (such as dimension lumber), paper products, manufactured housing, furniture, other miscellaneous wood products, and woodworking and papermaking machinery. The coding North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) is used to define the components of the forestry industry. The NAICS codes and descriptions comprising the detailed definition appear in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1: Forestry Industry Definition Components: NAICS

NAICS Code
113 1131 11311 1132 11321 1133 11331
321 3211 32111 321113 321114 3212 32121 321211 321212 321213 321214 321219 3219 32191 321911 321912 321918 32192 32199

Description Forestry and Logging Timber Tract Operations Timber Tract Operations Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products Forest Nurseries and Gathering of Forest Products Logging Logging Wood Product Manufacturing Sawmills and Wood Preservation Sawmills and Wood Preservation Sawmills Wood Preservation Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing Veneer, Plywood, and Engineered Wood Product Manufacturing Hardwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Softwood Veneer and Plywood Manufacturing Engineered Wood Member (except Truss) Manufacturing Truss Manufacturing Reconstituted Wood Product Manufacturing Other Wood Product Manufacturing Millwork Wood Window and Door Manufacturing Cut Stock, Resawing Lumber, and Planing Other Millwork (including Flooring) Wood Container and Pallet Manufacturing All Other Wood Product Manufacturing

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321991 321992 321999
322 3221 32211 32212 322121 322122 32213 3222 32221 322211 322212 322213 322214 322215 32222 322221
322222 322223 322224 322225 322226
32223 322231 322232 322233
32229 322291 322299
33321 333291
337 3371
33711 33712 337121 337122 337127 337129 337211 337212 337215
333 3332 33321 33329 333291
339

Mobile Homes Prefabricated Wood Building Manufacturing All Other Miscellaneous Wood Product Manufacturing Paper Manufacturing Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Mills Pulp Mills Paper Mills Paper (except Newsprint) Mills Newsprint Mills Paperboard Mills Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Paperboard Container Manufacturing Corrugated and Solid Fiber Box Manufacturing Folding Paperboard Box Manufacturing Setup Paperboard Box Manufacturing Fiber Can, Tube, Drum, and Similar Products Manufacturing Non-folding Sanitary Food Container Manufacturing Paper Bag and Coated and Treated Paper Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Packaging Paper and Plastics Film Manufacturing Coated and Laminated Paper Manufacturing Plastics, Foil, and Coated Paper Bag Manufacturing Uncoated Paper and Multiwall Bag Manufacturing Laminated with Foil for Flexible Packaging Surface-Coated Paperboard Manufacturing Stationery Product Manufacturing Die-Cut Paper and Paperboard Office Supplies Manufacturing Envelope Manufacturing Stationery, Tablet, and Related Product Manufacturing Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Sanitary Paper Product Manufacturing All Other Converted Paper Product Manufacturing Sawmill and Woodworking Machinery Manufacturing Paper Industry Machinery Manufacturing Furniture & Related Product Manufacturing Household and Institutional Furniture and Kitchen Cabinet Manufacturing Wood Kitchen Cabinet and Countertop Manufacturing Household and Institutional Furniture Making Upholstered Household Furniture Manufacturing Non-Upholstered Wood Household Furniture Manufacturing Institutional Furniture Manufacturing Wood Television, Radio, and Sewing Machine Cabinet Manufacturing Wood Office Furniture Manufacturing Custom Architectural Woodwork and Millwork Manufacturing Showcase, Partition, Shelving, and Locker Manufacturing Machinery Manufacturing Industrial Machinery Manufacturing Sawmill and Woodworking Machinery Manufacturing Other Industrial Machinery Manufacturing Paper Industry Machinery Manufacturing Miscellaneous Manufacturing

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3399 Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 33999 All Other Miscellaneous Manufacturing 339995 Burial Casket Manufacturing
Source: North American Industrial Classification System, and Georgia Tech's Enterprise Innovation Institute
The organization of industries on this list is hierarchical, that is, the NAICS code digits increase as the level of detail increases. The highest level of detail is the six-digit level. In some cases, however, the six-digit industry is the same as the five-digit industry, so these duplications are not presented in Table 2-1. For example, industry 11311 (timber tract operations) does not break down into smaller components, so the six-digit industry (which would be 113110) is omitted because it's redundant.
In some cases, the higher-level NAICS industries contain components that are not a part of the forestry industry. For example, metal furniture is included in NAICS 3371, but is not included at the six-digit level used to define the forestry industry. Each component containing only forestry-related industries is indicated by italicized text in the table. Non-forestry-related components have been eliminated.
The level of economic activity in each forestry industry component is measured by output, employment, and income. Measures for the 2006 calendar year appear in Table 2-2, which aggregates the numerous categories from Table 2-1 to a more manageable number. This table shows that total employment in all of the forestry industry sectors is 67,733 and these jobs earned annual compensation (total wages and salaries including benefits) of over $3.5 billion from estimated total revenue of almost $17.8 billion.
Within the industry, Georgia companies have representatives in each of the sectors and subsectors down to the NAICS six-digit level. Based on this aggregation scheme, the highest employment is seen in pulp and paper with 22,861 workers followed by wooden furniture and cabinets with 9,308. Several additional segments have employment exceeding 5,000, including wood lumber and wood preservation, veneer and plywood, and logging and nurseries. Compensation, like employment, is dominated by pulp and paper with over $1.6 billion (about half the total) followed distantly by lumber and wood preservation (almost $400 million) and veneer and plywood at almost $353 million. The largest outputs are produced by pulp and paper (about $9.6 billion) followed by lumber and logging, (about $2.1 and $1.8 billion, respectively) and veneer and plywood at almost $1.3 billion.

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Table 2-2: Georgia Forestry Industry Economic Activity 2006

Sector

Output

Forestry Management, Logging, and Misc. Forest Products

$1,845,804,352

Lumber and Wood Preservation

$2,057,422,972

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood

$1,259,775,984

Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing

$595,598,848

Pulp and Paper Products

$9,589,567,207

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

$52,269,742

Wooden Furniture and Cabinets

$1,176,198,972

Windows and Doors

$445,641,376

Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$548,023,952

Custom Architectural and Miscellaneous Wood Products

$190,155,372

Total

$17,760,458,777

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages, and IMPLAN

Employment
6,152 8,957 6,963 4,500 22,861
314 9,308 2,598 4,618 1,462 67,733

Compensation
$267,437,328 $399,561,280 $352,537,400 $165,216,458 $1,630,396,895
$18,256,298 $342,927,437 $100,483,456 $175,315,696 $60,815,971 $3,512,948,218

Table 2-3 provides a comparison of the forestry industry activity for 2004, 2005 and 2006. Three measures are included in the comparison: output, employment, and compensation. For the most part, industry sectors showed smooth (though small) increases for each measure throughout the time period. Small output decreases are seen in veneer and plywood, and in woodworking and papermaking machinery for the most recent period, and custom architectural and miscellaneous wood products declined slightly from 2004 to 2005, and then increased slightly from 2005 to 2006.

Small decreases in employment are seen between 2005 and 2006 in veneer, prefab buildings, windows and doors, woodworking and papermaking machinery, architectural wood products, and pulp and paper. Windows and doors show a decrease between 2004 and 2005, and an increase between 2005 and 2006 which eclipses the former decline. Only pulp and paper shows a consistent decline. All other sectors show consistent increases, except for those noted above.

Changes in employee compensation are generally positive, but with a few exceptions. From 2005 to 2006, only woodworking and paper machinery, windows and doors, and architectural wood products showed small declines. Pulp and paper actually showed an increase, even though the level of employment went down. Containers showed a slight decline between 2004 and 2005, but an increase between 2005 and 2006.

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Table 2-3: Georgia Forestry Industry Economic Activity 2004, 2005, and 2006

Sector

2004

Output 2005

2006

Forestry Management, Logging, and Misc. Forest Products

$1,384,113,152 $1,447,089,632 $1,845,804,352

Lumber and Wood Preservation

$1,481,513,824 $1,811,062,188 $2,057,422,972

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood

$1,062,298,144 $1,290,298,688 $1,259,775,984

Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing

$388,201,924

$561,314,328

$595,598,848

Pulp and Paper Products

$7,887,861,361 $8,808,187,803 $9,589,567,207

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

$46,696,992

$53,197,020

$52,269,742

Wooden Furniture and Cabinets

$841,050,860 $1,065,724,056 $1,176,198,972

Windows and Doors

$343,669,472

$405,603,168

$445,641,376

Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$453,711,824

$532,826,960

$548,023,952

Custom Architectural and Miscellaneous Wood Products

$273,554,243

$175,123,334

$190,155,372

Total
Sector

$14,162,673,800 $16,150,427,177 $17,760,458,777

Employment

2004

2005

2006

Forestry Management, Logging, and Misc. Forest Products

6,005

6,133

6,152

Lumber and Wood Preservation

8,505

8,839

8,957

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood

6,588

7,110

6,963

Prefab. Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing

3,494

4,531

4,500

Pulp and Paper Products

25,032

23,150

22,861

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

292

319

314

Wooden Furniture and Cabinets

8,685

8,867

9,308

Windows and Doors

2,522

2,446

2,598

Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

5,031

4,788

4,618

Custom Architectural and Miscellaneous Wood Products

1,479

1,511

1,462

Total
Sector

67,633
2004

67,694
Compensation 2005

67,733
2006

Forestry Management, Logging, and Misc. Forest Products

$234,098,548

$254,133,792

$267,437,328

Lumber and Wood Preservation

$352,721,316

$384,895,901

$399,561,280

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood

$312,041,524

$340,977,212

$352,537,400

Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing

$121,569,812

$164,212,402

$165,216,458

Pulp and Paper Products

$1,616,422,198 $1,594,677,218 $1,630,396,895

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

$18,023,702

$20,414,041

$18,256,298

Wooden Furniture and Cabinets

$301,810,254

$323,074,793

$342,927,437

Windows and Doors

$104,148,424

$104,375,704

$100,483,456

Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$180,908,656

$169,143,160

$175,315,696

Custom Architectural and Miscellaneous Wood Products

$57,467,145

$65,672,843

$60,815,971

Total

$3,299,213,583 $3,421,577,066 $3,512,948,218

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages, and IMPLAN

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SECTION 3
Economic Benefits

Economic impact analyses have used basically the same methods for over 40 years. The tools, although greatly improved in quality and ease of use, are also similar to those in long-time use.
The conceptual basis for estimating economic benefits of an industry is that resources brought into Georgia's economy by the industry raise the level of economic activity. This additional economic activity, commonly called the multiplier effect, supports increased employment, income, and business revenues. These increases are estimated from an input-output model (I/O).
The purpose of an I/O model is to estimate the flows of resources among various economic sectors by using the "recipes" followed by producers. These recipes provide the type and amount of goods and services purchased during production, which are produced by other firms. For example, a pulp mill purchases wood from a logger. The logger, in turn, purchases equipment and fuel from firms, that, in turn, purchase their raw materials from still other firms. Combined with estimates of what percentages of these items are supplied by Georgia firms, the recipes can be used to estimate how much of each item is purchased from Georgia firms and how much is purchased from outside Georgia.
Purchases from sources outside the Georgia economy are known as "leakage," which puts the brakes on the multiplier effect; the higher the leakage, the lower the multiplier effect.
The I/O model used in this analysis is called IMPLAN, devised by the Minnesota IMPLAN Group. It is a nationally recognized model that uses Georgia data to tailor its estimates to the state economy. Still, the model must be modified somewhat to account for differences in specific industry sectors revealed by more current data. For example, the wage and salary data used in this analysis is from 2005, whereas the wage and salary data available to IMPLAN is from 2004.
One area of uncertainty that persists, however, is the level of benefits provided to workers in each of the forestry industry sectors. The available wage and salary information does not include benefits, but the I/O model bases its analysis on wages and salaries that include benefits. An average of 25 percent was assumed for this analysis, based on the latest available U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics compensation cost data for all civilian employment.
The analytical process includes three steps after the industry sectors are defined, as described in the previous section. The first step is to quantify employment, income, and output associated with each of the defined sectors. Several data sources are used to accomplish this.

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The best source for employment and wages is the employment security data collected and maintained by the Georgia Department of Labor. Commonly called ES202 data, it has the advantage of being current, allowing an estimate of the economic benefits occurring in 2006. It has the drawback, however, of not including single-proprietorships (because they have no employees), and it also does not include employees not covered by unemployment insurance, such as governmental employees.
The second task is to divide the forestry industry output into two categories, (1) output that is sold to another Georgia firm and (2) output sold outside the state. Another way to look at this is to recall that the multiplier effect starts from dollars brought into the Georgia economy. Output not sold to another Georgia firm is, by definition, bringing in resources from outside the Georgia economy, and it is these "exports" that fuel the multiplier effect. Forestry industry output used as an input to another Georgia forestryindustry firm is already accounted for in the multiplier effect; counting it again would result in double-counting and would imply a level of production from the input-supplying industry higher than actually observed. For example, if the multiplier effect is calculated for the paper industry, it will include some of the activities of Georgia logging operations. If the entire output from logging was then added to the multiplier effect for paper, it would double-count the logging output that went to the paper industry. The I/O model is used iteratively for these estimations, with the resulting estimates called "direct impacts." Direct impacts are measures of the output from, in this case, forestry industries that is exported to entities outside Georgia (these are considered exports even if they only go to Alabama).
The third step is to use the I/O model to estimate total impacts, which are divided into three components. The first is the direct impacts (the value of resources brought into the state); the second is indirect impacts (impacts from recirculation of resources resulting from forestry industry purchases from other industries; and the third is induced impacts, which result from activities in the household sector. Adding direct, indirect, and induced impacts yields total impacts.
Three measures of economic impacts are provided. The first, output, is a measure of how much each industry or sector produced in 2006 roughly equivalent to a measure of sales revenue. The second measure is income, including all household income and employee benefits. The third measure is employment, or number of jobs, in each forestry-related industry.
Results
Table 3-1 provides estimates of direct impacts for each of the forestry industry sectors contained in the industry's definition. These differ from the level of economic activity shown in Tables 2-2 and 2-3 because Table 3-1 eliminates production consumed by another sector. This eliminates the double counting of production in the multiplier effect of the consuming industry sector. For example, Table 3-1 does not contain much output from the Forestry Management, Logging, and Misc. Forest Products industry segment because most of it appears to be consumed by the various Georgia wood-using industries such as paper and lumber. Logging operations are included primarily as part of the

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multiplier effect by these consuming industries, not as a direct impact separate from them.

Another way to interpret Table 3-1 is to consider the direct impacts to be estimates of the exports of forestry-related industries. This exporting (to anyone outside Georgia) brings resources into the state to support the increase in economic activity estimated by the multiplier effect.

The largest industry segment by far is "Pulp and Paper", which includes all pulping and paper-making activities representing about half of the total industry. The entire forestry industry (totals in Table 3-1) is estimated to export (to a non-Georgia destination) over $15.5 billion with this activity supporting 58,083 jobs with an employee compensation of over $3.0 billion.

Recirculation of dollars brought into Georgia's economy (as measured by the direct impacts) support a higher level of economic activity. This higher level is estimated by applying the IMPLAN input-output model to the direct impacts provided in Table 3-1. The results of this analysis are presented in Table 3-2. Because all industries in Georgia are affected by the forestry industry, Table 3-2 summarizes the impacts by aggregated industry codes (used in the input-output model), which are roughly equivalent to twodigit NAICS codes.

Table 3-1: Direct Impacts by Forest Industry Sector 2006

Sector

Output

Forestry Management, Logging, and Misc. Forest Products

$562,864,256

Lumber and Wood Preservation

$1,492,851,894

Veneer, Plywood, Reconstituted, and Engineered Wood

$1,094,815,888

Prefabricated Wood Buildings and Manufactured Housing

$595,598,848

Pulp and Paper Products

$9,573,173,831

Woodworking and Paper Industries Machinery

$46,167,088

Wooden Furniture and Cabinets

$1,071,662,008

Windows and Doors

$434,148,768

Containers, Showcases, Partitions, and Shelving

$518,849,552

Custom Architectural and Miscellaneous Wood Products

$174,355,460

Total

$15,564,487,593

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages, and IMPLAN

Employment
873 6,654 6,172 4,500 22,818
280 8,540 2,531 4,370 1,345 58,083

Compensation
$51,722,372 $298,009,753 $304,380,588 $165,216,458 $1,627,851,797
$16,248,504 $314,514,959
$97,892,096 $166,013,044 $56,265,947 $3,098,115,517

The largest sector impacts are seen, not surprisingly, in the manufacturing sector, with some $17 billion in output, 65,227 employees, and about $3.5 billion in compensation. A distant second is held by forestry, fishing and hunting (which includes logging and nurseries), with almost $2.2 billion in output, 13,603 employees, and over $424 million in compensation. Together, the economic activity supported by Georgia's forestry industry (including federal payments to landowners of about $12.3 million) totals almost $28 billion, involving employment of 149,347 people whose compensation is about $6.8 billion. This employment represents about 3.6 percent and 4.2 percent of total Georgia employment and wages and salaries, respectively.

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Table 3-2: Total Impacts by Major Industry Sector 2006

Sector

Output

Employment

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting Mining Utilities Construction Manufacturing Wholesale Trade Transportation and Warehousing Retail Trade Information Finance and Insurance Real Estate and Rental Professional, Technical, and Scientific Services Management of Companies Administrative and Waste Services Educational Services Health and Social Services Arts, Entertainment and Recreation Accommodation and Food Services Other Services Government and Non-NAICS Industries
Total

$2,156,272,640 $12,363,923
$554,235,264 $65,916,184
$17,130,132,480 $1,343,019,136 $893,697,280 $623,207,104 $316,053,056 $707,085,440 $479,028,672 $609,954,496 $380,018,944 $243,014,352 $62,797,008 $528,340,128 $77,018,928 $353,691,456 $521,174,560 $676,562,240
$27,737,507,105

13,603 41
732 696 65,227 7,590 7,804 9,597 973 3,693 2,991 4,438 2,073 4,396 1,236 6,790 1,559 7,110 8,020 777 149,347

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages; IMPLAN Analysis by EII

Compensation $424,170,944 $3,647,826 $109,390,720 $28,779,840
$3,458,342,400 $504,649,984 $347,114,048 $246,477,376 $77,954,384 $232,249,792 $96,601,056 $250,190,784 $175,057,440 $118,826,800 $35,349,544 $283,315,904 $32,642,004 $119,486,040 $191,626,176 $36,676,720
$6,772,549,782

Table 3-3 provides a comparison between the output, employment and compensation estimates derived in the 2004, 2005 and current study. All sectors showed increases between the 2004 and 2005 estimates, with the largest increases seen in the manufacturing sector. Between 2005 and 2006, however, all sectors declined by small amounts in employment and income, except for transportation, communications and public utilities (TCPU), and retail and wholesale trade, which showed slight increases. All sectors (except mining) did show increases in output between 2005 and 2006.

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Table 3-3: Total Impacts by Major Sector, Comparison of 2004, 2005 and 2006

Sector

2004

Output 2005

2006

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

$1,543,749,376 $1,784,738,944 $2,156,272,640

Mining

$10,116,655

$9,394,378

$12,363,923

Construction

$75,519,600

$99,402,200

$65,916,184

Manufacturing

$13,735,080,960 $15,910,316,032 $17,130,132,480

Transportation, Communication, Utilities

$1,315,964,544 $1,386,277,568 $1,447,932,544

Retail and Wholesale Trade

$1,744,596,096 $1,878,141,504 $1,966,226,240

Finance, Insurance, Real Estate

$1,116,676,320 $1,172,346,080 $1,186,114,112

Services

$3,183,728,832 $3,731,612,280 $3,772,548,982

Total
Sector

$22,729,379,114
2004

$25,972,228,986
Employment 2005

$27,737,507,105
2006

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

11,485

14,232

13,603

Mining

45

38

41

Construction

932

1,080

696

Manufacturing

65,308

65,910

65,227

Transportation, Communication, Utilities

7,922

8,717

8,536

Retail and Wholesale Trade

17,792

19,300

17,187

Finance, Insurance, Real Estate

6,130

6,702

6,684

Services

35,329

38,167

37,373

Total
Sector

144,944
2004

154,147
Compensation 2005

149,347
2006

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting

$338,932,384

$434,053,728

$424,170,944

Mining

$3,208,737

$2,995,445

$3,647,826

Construction

$35,359,572

$42,347,132

$28,779,840

Manufacturing

$3,260,418,560 $3,407,663,872 $3,458,342,400

Transportation, Communication, Utilities

$411,695,640

$446,305,832

$456,504,768

Retail and Wholesale Trade

$728,154,016

$823,291,008

$751,127,360

Finance, Insurance, Real Estate

$292,130,984

$328,468,368

$328,850,848

Services

$1,206,317,500 $1,341,399,612 $1,321,125,796

Total

$6,276,217,393 $6,826,524,997 $6,772,549,782

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages; IMPLAN Analysis by EII

Note: Contains revised values for 2004 and 2005 to correct sector aggregation errors in IMPLAN reports.

Comparison of the Forestry Industry with Other Industry Sectors
It is difficult to appreciate the significance of the impacts generated by the forestry industry without some basis of comparison. This comparison is provided in Table 3-4, which shows that the forestry industry is the third largest industry sector in Georgia, (behind food processing and textiles) in employment and the second largest in wages and salaries.

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Table 3-4: Comparison of Georgia Industries 2006

Sector

Employment Wages & Salaries

Food Processing

72,099

$2,872,175,430

Forestry Industry

67,743

$2,744,945,397

Textiles

72,190

$2,393,142,439

Transportation Equipment

46,227

$2,410,259,632

Fabricated Metal Products

27,977

$1,044,358,379

Machinery

24,697

$1,034,231,350

Chemicals

21,085

$1,160,012,760

Printing

21,012

$886,551,366

Electrical Equipment and Appliances

14,980

$837,594,394

Computers and Electronic Products

13,188

$910,811,991

Apparel

6,631

$230,295,940

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages

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SECTION 4
Economic Dependence

What Is Economic Dependence?
Economies are interwoven in a complex web. In general, however, a local economy's economic health depends on the inflow and outflow of resources. Economic base theory calls those sectors within an economy that are responsible for bringing resources in "basic" or "traded" sectors. The resources that are brought in are then (at least partially) recirculated within the local economy to support the "non-basic" sectors. For example, a sawmill will generally sell its products to builders or lumber supply houses outside the local economy. The revenue it receives from these sales is then used to purchase logs from, perhaps, a local logging firm, and it also pays wages to its employees who spend their wages in local restaurants, grocery stores, and the like. As the basic sector grows or declines, so does the non-basic sector.
Forestry industry components are very much part of Georgia's basic industry sector, with products sold worldwide. As such, it is one of the key sources of funds flowing into many local Georgia economies. Where the local economy has many sources of such flows, the growth or decline of any specific sector, such as forestry, may not have significant effects. However, in those communities where forestry is a large proportion of the local basic industry, all economic support activities, such as retail, are likewise generally dependent.
Approach
There is no clear delineation between economic dependence and non-dependence, and there are many possible facets that can be examined to depict the spectrum that describes the degree of dependence. This analysis examines the proportion of the county-level employment and income (as defined by wages and salaries) indicated by the ES202 data that is attributable directly to forestry industries. Multiplier effects are difficult to distribute to individual counties, and were therefore not included in the definition of forestry-related industries. This exclusion serves to underestimate the true proportion of the county economy supported by forestry.
The ranges of county employment attributable to forestry-related industries used to define the degree of dependence is provided in Table 4-1, which also provided the definitions used to define dependence according to the percentage of income (wages and salaries) attributable to forestry-related industries. These ranges were developed judgmentally, and are intended to define "dependence" in a very general sense.
Applying these criteria to Georgia's counties results in a distribution of counties as depicted in Table 4-2 for employment and income. While most (103 using employment and 101 using income) counties are considered either not, or somewhat, dependent on forestry industries, the remaining counties, concentrated in south Georgia, owe significant proportions of their livelihood to forestry.

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Figure 4-1 depicts the degree of forestry-related dependence based on employment and Figure 4-2 depicts the degree of dependence based on income. Table 4-3 provides the percentages of forestry to county employment and wages and salaries used to assign the degree of dependence.

Table 4-1: Definitions of Levels of Dependence

Forestry Employment

Forestry Wages & Salaries

Critically Dependent

> 10%

> 15%

Very Dependent

6% - 9.9%

10% - 14.9%

Moderately Dependent

4% - 5.9%

9.9% - 5%

Somewhat Dependent

1.6% - 3.9%

2% - 4.9%

Not Dependent

< 1.6%

< 2%

Source: EII estimates using Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages data.

Table 4-2: Distribution of Georgia Counties by Level of Dependence

Number of Counties

Employment

Wages & Salaries

Critically Dependent

22

16

Very Dependent

15

13

Moderately Dependent

18

26

Somewhat Dependent

50

42

Not Dependent

54

62

Total

159

159

Source: EII estimates using Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages data.

Tables 4-3 and 4-4 show how overall dependency has changed (for dependency based on employment and income, respectively) over the three years these statistics have been produced. Generally, the number of counties in each of the dependency categories has remained quite stable. The year 2006, however, shows an increase in those counties considered critically dependent largely at the expense of counties considered very dependent.

Table 4-3 Forestry Dependency Over Time: Employment

Critically Dependent Very Dependent Moderately Dependent Somewhat Dependent Not Dependent

Number of Counties

2004 2005 2006

19

19

22

18

18

15

20

20

18

49

49

50

53

53

54

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Table 4-4 Forestry Dependency Over Time: Income

Critically Dependent Very Dependent Moderately Dependent Somewhat Dependent Not Dependent

Number of Counties

2004 2005 2006

14

14

16

17

17

13

26

26

26

42

42

42

60

60

62

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Figure 4-1 Forestry Dependency Based on Employment 2006

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Figure 4-2 Forestry Dependency Based on Income

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Table 4-3: Level and Percent of Forestry in County Economies

County Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb*

2006 Employment
378 610 302
14 314
59 169 511 433 110 1,682
45 198 266 100 354
36 504
13 276
31 993 318 458 1,529
1 156 694 558
17 432 235 2,770 703 832 405 324 123
37 261
18 35 302 2,150

2006 Wages and Salaries
$14,490,009 $21,301,250
$9,771,414 $335,579
$6,072,398 $1,560,602 $7,328,245 $15,803,207 $12,828,002 $2,918,813 $90,202,165 $1,391,302 $5,943,327 $9,041,310 $3,309,942 $10,536,657
$826,817 $15,097,197
$249,219 $9,189,547
$804,974 $46,434,905
$8,988,543 $13,874,867 $89,774,097
$21,840 $4,623,907 $20,450,663 $21,203,327
$354,408 $17,057,632
$7,720,808 $105,521,843
$22,540,579 $18,737,077 $12,917,355
$9,321,100 $4,301,638 $1,217,768 $7,448,916
$385,945 $1,164,479 $8,245,540 $99,114,242

Percent of State Totals

Wages and Employment Salaries

5.70%

6.90%

32.00%

43.70%

8.20%

11.20%

2.60%

2.60%

1.60%

1.10%

1.50%

1.50%

1.10%

1.60%

1.50%

1.40%

5.00%

5.70%

2.20%

2.20%

2.00%

3.10%

1.30%

1.40%

9.20%

11.70%

8.50%

12.50%

1.70%

2.10%

1.50%

1.70%

0.60%

0.40%

7.70%

8.30%

0.90%

0.70%

1.80%

2.00%

1.00%

1.10%

2.70%

4.00%

2.00%

2.00%

18.50%

22.00%

1.10%

1.90%

0.10%

0.10%

2.40%

2.60%

1.50%

1.40%

0.90%

1.00%

2.70%

1.60%

0.40%

0.40%

9.30%

11.80%

0.90%

0.80%

4.00%

4.90%

5.10%

4.80%

1.50%

1.60%

6.60%

8.50%

0.40%

0.50%

2.70%

3.50%

2.90%

3.30%

0.50%

0.40%

0.50%

0.70%

2.90%

3.20%

0.80%

0.80%

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Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin McDuffie

102 137 1,499 113 797
24 1,667
40 207 170
48 481 1,898 766 207 3,638 269
43 990 135 220 148 3,264 286 1,048
6 21 104 372 33 482 301 219 505 694 557 675 423 235 63 178 83 1,276 128 413 156 12 1,629 111 374

$2,731,044 $6,465,462 $95,848,256 $3,959,061 $59,037,353
$632,357 $99,303,448
$1,263,929 $6,656,501 $6,741,745 $1,112,487 $26,388,564 $87,310,082 $28,655,125 $5,575,999 $182,136,053 $6,978,342 $1,030,004 $68,857,565 $2,613,469 $5,799,553 $4,545,020 $116,640,735 $6,955,389 $33,783,853
$179,404 $526,873 $3,589,447 $15,996,182 $1,092,199 $14,907,174 $14,625,789 $4,386,276 $26,429,041 $24,946,196 $17,962,990 $24,187,521 $10,162,969 $6,010,621 $1,488,827 $7,544,137 $2,124,841 $57,990,561 $3,654,360 $21,103,871 $5,027,222 $378,865 $66,029,429 $2,174,476 $19,399,658

1.50% 4.00% 2.90% 0.30% 16.80% 3.20% 18.40% 0.60% 2.70% 3.60% 0.90% 1.20% 4.40% 1.50% 2.60% 0.50% 3.00% 7.20% 2.50% 0.60% 3.30% 2.80% 1.00% 2.00% 1.50% 0.40% 0.30% 2.50% 5.40% 1.30% 1.00% 0.50% 8.30% 2.60% 25.70% 11.90% 12.10% 15.90% 11.30% 1.80% 4.90% 5.70% 6.30% 2.60% 2.40% 10.30% 1.30% 3.20% 1.70% 4.70%

1.70% 7.40% 5.70% 0.40% 35.20% 4.60% 33.60% 0.70% 3.40% 5.60% 0.80% 1.90% 6.00% 1.50% 2.50% 0.40% 3.10% 6.20% 5.30% 0.40% 3.60% 2.80% 0.80% 1.70% 1.40% 0.60% 0.20% 3.80% 8.30% 1.50% 1.00% 0.70% 7.00% 4.50% 33.50% 14.80% 15.50% 15.60% 11.40% 1.70% 7.30% 6.20% 9.40% 2.90% 4.00% 14.10% 1.80% 5.00% 1.10% 9.00%

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McIntosh Macon Madison Marion Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union

4 417 325 618
4 76 187 169 486 121 630
395 165
21 219
10 339 420
46 301
89 1,079
45 51 228 2,036 1,332 245 170
6 264 689
32 645
58 6
178 41 99 26
1,411 333 235 11 7 368 247 41 20

$81,814 $23,243,469 $12,929,579 $21,476,470
$69,230 $1,773,182 $6,729,658 $5,695,819 $20,198,697 $3,151,351 $20,545,319
$0 $15,672,520
$5,585,648 $442,871
$7,586,499 $286,410
$14,486,199 $12,826,261
$1,250,639 $10,910,501
$4,675,434 $33,511,771
$1,846,157 $1,359,575 $7,166,642 $115,229,834 $59,246,609 $6,883,131 $4,570,219
$106,513 $9,870,469 $21,104,827 $1,145,084 $14,775,465 $1,299,363
$349,224 $4,335,997
$521,782 $2,236,491
$507,477 $35,715,655 $11,087,561
$8,459,233 $230,961 $237,658
$10,529,052 $6,948,217 $1,190,620 $507,880

0.20% 11.10%
8.60% 36.20%
0.10% 4.30% 2.10% 2.90% 26.00% 1.80% 4.90% 0.00% 1.80% 2.00% 1.20% 1.10% 0.10% 4.60% 10.00% 1.80% 2.50% 2.70% 15.00% 9.60% 0.90% 10.20% 2.00% 3.30% 17.00% 4.30% 0.20% 1.10% 6.90% 2.90% 5.00% 7.10% 2.50% 3.10% 2.20% 2.10% 1.10% 5.80% 1.60% 2.00% 0.30% 0.60% 1.20% 9.20% 3.30% 0.30%

0.20% 21.10% 12.40% 53.90%
0.10% 4.20% 3.30% 3.30% 41.80% 1.70% 5.50% 0.00% 2.10% 2.30% 1.10% 1.40% 0.10% 6.80% 12.30% 1.90% 3.20% 5.10% 16.50% 17.20% 0.90% 12.90% 3.40% 4.30% 16.10% 4.50% 0.20% 1.40% 7.60% 4.50% 4.30% 5.90% 7.10% 3.20% 1.00% 2.30% 0.90% 5.00% 1.90% 2.80% 0.30% 0.90% 1.00% 11.70% 2.70% 0.30%

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Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson State Total

342 26
354 782 297
94 1,193
258 159 177 812
43 435 190 67,110

$11,479,235 $765,707
$13,076,713 $22,454,749 $10,048,728
$3,023,960 $78,168,468
$7,942,321 $4,968,602 $3,504,586 $22,821,326
$825,838 $10,767,690 $4,881,711 $2,718,684,451

Source: Georgia Department of Labor, Current Employment and Wages

4.30% 0.20% 1.70% 5.00% 21.30% 1.20% 13.10% 47.40% 10.60% 2.60% 1.30% 3.30% 12.20% 6.40%

5.50% 0.20% 2.10% 5.50% 29.00% 1.20% 27.90% 55.60% 13.00% 2.10% 1.10% 2.80% 11.90% 4.70%

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References
Georgia Department of Labor, ES202 Wage and Employment Data: 2006.
U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Census of Manufacturers 2002," http://www.census.gov/epcd/ec97/ga/GA000.HTM
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employer Costs for Employee Compensation," http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost
North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS), http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/naicstab.htm
Bureau of Economic Analysis Input-Output Sectors as contained in "IMPLAN Pro: Data Guide," Minnesota IMPLAN Group, Inc., Stillwater, Minn., 1997.

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