Report of the Commission, Department of Forestry and Geological Development

REPORT
OF THE
Commission Department of Forestry and
Geological Development
TO THE
Governor and General Assembly
OF THE
State of Georgia
1933-1934

INDEX

Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL_
3 COMMISSION OF DEPARTMENT________________________________ 4

REPORT, DIVISION OF FORESTRY -------------------------- 5 Needs, Division of Forestry____________________________________ 6 Administration_____ _,______________________ __"_________________ 6

Forest Fire ControL__ -------------------_----------------- -- -- 7 Emergency Conservation Work______________ ______ __ ___________ 8 Educational Work_ ______________ --" ____________________ ------ 11
Publications_ __ _______ ---------------- ______________ --------- 13

StateParks__ ------------------------------------------------ 15

Tree Nurseries_

17

Cooperation in Extension Forestry ------------------------ 18

Cooperation with Civic Clubs_ ------------------ --- -------- 19 Map Showing Location Forestry Activities _ _________________20-21

Fire Statistics_____________________ ____ ___________ __ ______ _____ 22

PULP AND PAPER RESEARCH_ --------------------- - --------- 22

REPORT, DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

24

Functions, Division of Geology___ ___________________ _________ _ 24

PersonneL _______ __ ________________________ __ ____________ __ __ 24

Nature of the Work___________ _____________ ____ ___ ___ ____ ____ _ 25

Work Accomplished in 1933-34_

26

Cooperative Work with U. S. Geological Survey --------------- 26

Projects Under Way

29

Status of Mineral Industry of Georgia________________________ _ 29

Recommendations for Future Work____________ ----- - ---- - ---- 30

FINANCIAL REPORT

35

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Atlanta, Ga., February 1, 1935. To His Excellency, Hon. .Eugene Talmadge, Governor, State of Georgia, Atlanta.
In accordance with Article 4, Section 23 of the Reorganization Bill enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia at its session in 1931, the Commission of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development herewith transmits the following report to you as Governor and to the General Assembly
Respectfully,
- B. M . LUFBURROW, Secretary to the Commission.

COMMISSION OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
1934
Chairman-Governor Eugene Talmadge Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton Alex K. Sessoms, Cogdell J. M. Mallory, Savannah L. L. Moore, Moultrie Perry Middleton, Brunswick T G Woolford, Atlanta
Secretary-B. M. Lufburrow, State Forester, Atlanta

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

5

REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY
By B. M. Lufburrow; State Forester

INTRODUCTION
Forestry activities in Georgia during the biennial period of 1933-34 were influenced by the unusual, chiefly by the emetgenc:v measures launched by President Roosevelt to give thousands of young men employment in the woods.
In an effort to obtain for Georgia its full share of the benefits, the Division of Forestry assumed a burden that taxed its force to the utmost. While some of the state's regular forestry work has suffered, its major enterprise, that of forest .fire .control, ha,s fo\illd a welcomed opportunity for advancement to a point many years ahead of what could have been expected through state effort alone. In fact, . more forestr:v work was done in Georgia in 1933-34 than ever before.
By energetic planning; Georgia was able to qualify for and obtain a greater number of Civilian Conservation Corps camvs in forest conservation work than any other state in the South. For this accomplishment credit is due members of the state forestry force who gave enthusiastic, loyal and unstinted efforts that called for long hours and willingness to go the limits of endurance.
A basis for CCC work on which the federal authorities looked with favor in establishing camps in Georgia 'is the existence of the Timber Protective Organization, in fact, this land owners' timber protective organization, which originated in Georgia, made it possible for the state to get so many camps on privately owned lands. It is therefore suggested that any community desiring a CCC camp in the future would do well to form a timber protective organization as the first step, not that this step will guarantee a camp, but that it is one of the procedures that give promise of consideration by the federaJ_authorities.
During the biennial period the Department of Forest:~::v and Geologicai Development has witnessed rapid advancement in carrying out its state park program. From thi'ee state parks the number has grown to six, and arrangements were practicallY concluded in 1934 for establishing two others. Federal aid has enabled the state to carry on e:x:tensive plans for developil).g and improving these parks.
Forestry educational work with 19.2 rural consolidated .high schools, carried on in cooperation with the Division of Vocational Teaching of the State Department of Education, continued with gratifying success. The vocational forestry camp, which is a part of this project, has also been continued with increasing efficiency.
The monthly publication, the Forestr:v-Geological - Review, has been a means of stimulating interest and promoting plans of forestry development in the state.

6

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The demand for literature dealing with Georgia forestry has been greater than the financial ability of the Division of Forestry to supply.
Service to timberland owners continues to the extent of the Division of Forestry to render it, but it has been restricted in considerable measure for several months to developing the timber protective organizations and in planning CCC work.
Forestry has an important part to play in the solution of the land use problem of Georgia. The state should not leave the planning to federal agencies, but should be in position to at least cooperate and give direction to such undertakings.
The State Forester expresses appreciation of the splendid cooperation of many civic organizations of the state in promoting forestry.
Tribute is paid and gratitude expressed by the State Forester to the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development for the ability it has displayed and the generous gift of time and talents of its members in dealing with the many forestry problems arising in a state that has the largest forest acreage of any in the union.
NEEDS OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY
While marked progress has been made in those lines in which emergency Conservation Work aid has been obtained, other established lines of forestry work on which federal funds cannot be used have suffered. It has been impossible to maintain a full force of district foresters. The demand for forestry bulletins and leaflets cannot be supplied for lack of funds with which to print them. Necessary funds for traveling e~penses of district foresters in meeting demands for aid to timberland owners and for conducting forestry demonstrations at vocational schools have been lacking. In fact, many regular lines of forestry activity have been restricted and rendered less efficient for lack of adequate funds.
Other important lines of work which this Division hoped to develop, such as a forest survey to reveal the state's forest resources ; ;research work to answer many questions of a practical nature for which there is a lack of data ; assistance to farmers in forestry phases of land uses ; a number of forestry demonstration areas, all await sufficiently large appropriations from the state.

ADMINISTRATION
The funds appropriated to the Department of Forestry and Geological Development were allotted and budgeted by the Commission in charge, to the forestry and geological services. The Division of Forestry has kept strictly within the income available to it from the state. Federal aid, under sections 2 and 4 of the Clarke-McNary Act, for fire control and nursery work, continues to provide the greater portion of funds supporting the Division of Forestry.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

7

Administration duties have been greatly increased by federal emergency conservation work represented by CCC activities, and by the expenditures of funds in equipment and buildings on forest areas and parks. An office personnel for handling the details of this emergency conservation work was organized. While the services of the added help are paid for out of Emergency Conservation Work funds, the staff of the forest service is carrying on its part of the ECW administration without increase in its force and without additions to its salaries.
Personnel: The personnel of the Division of Forestry consists of a state forester, educational manager, assistant state forester, seven district foresters, treasurer who is secretary to the state forester, and bookkeeper who is secretary to the educational manager. All members of the staff are technically trained.
The staff membe1s are as follows:
B. M. LUFBURROW, State Fmester, Atlanta
c. A. WHITTLE, Educational Manager, Atlanta
H. M. SEBRING, Assistant State Forester, Atlanta RUSSELL D. FRANKLIN, District Forester, Rome W. D. YOUNG, District Forester, Gainesville C. N. ELLIOTT, District Forester, Augusta W. G. WALLACE, District Forester, Columbus JACK THURMOND, District Forester, Savannah C. BERNARD BEALE, District Forester, Waycross H. D. STORY, JR., District Forester, Albany M;RS. R. S. THOMPSON, Treasurer and Secretary, Atlanta MRS. N. N. EDWARDS, Bookkeeper and Secretary, Atlanta
The personnel of the Emergency Conservation Work in Atlanta consists of the following :
For Forestry camps, an office assistant, bookkeeper-accountant, senior clerk, two stenographers and a messenger.
For Park camps, an office assistant, superintendent of state park construction, landscape architect, senior clerk, secretary and stenographer.
Office space, heat, light and water are provided by cities or counties in which the district offices are located, without cost to the state.

FOREST FIRE CONTROL
As a major activity of the Division of Forestry, great progress has been made in bringing forest areas of the state into timber protective organizations. This :Q.as been attained by enlarging the holding of old protective organizations and by the formation of new. At present there are 3,274,902 acres of forest land of Georgia included in the holdings of these timber owners cooperative organizations.

8

FORESTRY A,ND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The fact that only forest uilits belonging to the timber protective organizations were considered eligible for CCC work has resulted in materially stimWating interest in these organizations.
Such TPOs as have been fortunate in receiving CCC work have receive.d material benefits in the development. of fire protection plans, such as the construction of primary firebreaks, the elimination of fire hazards, the construction of truck trails to facilitate quick access of fire fighters and equipment to forest fires, and in the complete mapping of TPO areas.
The aid thus recel ved has been met on the part of timberland owners with the construction of secondary firebreaks, the construction ot TPO telephone lines, the erection of lookout towers, as well as the renewal of CCC firebreaks and maintenance of other improvements. For authorized expenditures made by timberland owners belonging to TPOs, the usual federal reimbursement is allowed under the ClarkeMcNary law, not to exceed 50 per cent of the cost.
The timber ,protective organization method, which originated With the Division of Forestry of Georgia, has not only made it possible to obtain a large number of CCC camps on privately owned timberlands, but it has proven the best means Of assuring that the CCC work Will be maintained. The TPO is a self-governing, cooperative local organization on which responsibility for the success of the undertaking centers largely.
In addition to the 3,274,902 acres belonging to the TPOs, about 550,000 additional acres are lilso under effective fire control. Included in this estimate are the national forests, national parks, national military reserves, state parks, game preserves, town forests and school forests. Other forest lands, mainly unorganized farm woodlots, are given a measure of protection by their owners.
Taken as a whole, it is probable that 14,000,000 of the nearly 27,000,000 acreS of timberland in 'Georgia are receiving some torm of forest fire protection.

EMERGENCY CONSERVATION WORK
The aid received through the Emergency Conservation Work of the Federal Government has enabled the Division of Forestry to develop its program of forest protection arid state parks far beyond expectations, for which, of course, the state is grateful.
The benefits of this work could not be distributed all over the state. Certain qualifications for obtaining CCC camps were reqUired by 'the federal government. Many courtties were not prepared to meet theSe qtl.alifications, and were therefore automatically eliminated. Others having timberland units that could meet the conditions had to take their turn since there were not enough CCC camps to supply all at once.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

9

It is pertinent to say here that the Georgia Forest Service had nothing to do with establishing the qualifications to bernet to secure a CCC camp, nor had it anything to do with the final determination as to where each camp would be located; neither was it within the power of the Georgia Forest Service to prevent the removal of a camp from one section to another of the state, or from Georgia to another state. These administrative acts were in the hands of the federal agencies.
A clear st_atement of conditions determining the location of CCC camps, as set forth by Federal Inspector Charles F Evans, is given herewith:
"The Federal Forest Service states the policy on CCC work on privately-owned forest lands broadly as follows : The camps are supported by Federal funds and therefore are Federal projects. While the State forestry agency, representing the Government, submits recommendations as to location and purpose of all projects in the states, the entire set-up of each proposed camp is closely scrutinized by the United States inspectors whose decision is tinal in the matter and must be followed by State forestry authorities.
"It is not enough that there shall be large areas of private forest land badiy in need of the kinds of work authorized under the President's direction. From the beginning the President has demanded that the State must guarantee continued maintenance o! the CCC work done on private lands.
"In some forest regions, especially in the Northeast, the State itself assumes all responsibility for maintenance of protective improvements. In other forest regions, such as the Southern pine area, the State and the private landowner jointly assume the maintenance obligation.

View of CCC Camp, located at Homerville, Ga.

10

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

"Generally in the South,. therefore, the Federal Government will not accept as a basis ot a reliable guarantee the fact that the owners of the private lands have undertaken, vetbally or in writing, to maintain the improvement& constructed. However, if such owners have back of them a record of consistent care, protection, and development oftheir for~st lands for several years, in cooperation with the State and Federal Government, it is assumed that the required maintenance will be done. Past performance of this character by landowners is recognized by the Government as strengthening such guarantee as the State may make.

"Federal foresters point out that the best guarantee lies in the amount of State forestry funds available ror cooperative work with timberland owners. such State forestry funds must be sutricient in amount to justify a State's guarantee that the protective improvements completed by the CCC camps Will be continuously maintained. Exceptions eXist where the past performance of the landowners, plus the amount ot State funds that properly may be spent in cooperative protection work in their locality, together give assurance or future upkeep of the forest improvements."

A summary of ECW activities on private lands, state parks and other state owned lands, which the Division of Forestry administered from the beginning of the work on April 1, 1933 to January 1, 1935, is as follows:

Miles of telphone lines constructed____________ _ Miles of new firebreaks _________________________ _ Miles of firebreaks maintained__________________ _
Acres reduction of fire hazards________"--------Miles roadside and trailside clearing____________ _ Lookout houses constructed___ _________ __ ______ _ LoOkout towers constructed____________________ _ Man-days fighting fires __________________ _____ __ _
Miles of truck trails constructed___________ __ ___ _
Miles of maintained trucktrails -.:-- ------------Miles of new foot and horse trails_______________ _
Miles of maintained foot and horse trails-,------BU1ldings and other permanent structures com-
pleted or partially completed_________________

777 7 4,657 1,470 86,223
56a 4
39 30,622
671 701 139 41
37

Miles of lineal surveY----- -'-------------- --- ----- 6,487 Acres type-mapped_ ____ ------ __________________3,937,397

Topographic mapping (parks) acres_______ _______ 1,079

Bridges constructed _________ ----------- __ -------

926

Acres cleaned up for fire protection_____ ___ ___ ___

699

Acres forest stand improvement__ -------------

400

Water control, dams, lakes, etc. (parks)__________

3

Acres landscaped (parks) _____ -----------___ _____

210

Acres planted (parks)------- ---------------- - ----

166

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

11

Apparently, Emergency Conservation Work by the Civilian Conservation Corps camps is to be continued. Georgia should share in it as fully as possible. The extent of the State's participation will depend largely on the private land owners and the cooperation of other local eitizens, for only a small portion of the forested area of the State is in national forests and parks.
The conditions to be met by private land owners will he defined in the future as in the past by authorities in Washington. Satisfactory assurance will be reqUired that work done by CCC men will be main'tained~ The tuture of CCC work in Georgia is, therefore, largely up to the land owners themselves.

EDUCATIONAL WORK
The Division of Forestry is cooperating with the Department of Vocational Education of Georgia in carrying on a forestry project with 192 rural consolidated high schools in 94 counties. Georgia was the first State to inaugurate this type of work, having begun it in 1929.
The chief objective of the forestry project is to teach boys on the farm how to get the greatest returns from their forest lands, just as tl!.ey are taught how to get the most from their agricultural crops.
To make the school work as practical as possible, a school forest of ten or more acres is reqUired. On these areas students are taught by doing forestry jobs. The practical subjacts taught in the classroom and applied in the forest are : The collection, care and marketing of tree seed , making and operating a tree seedbed , planting of trees ; methOds of fire protection and fire fighting, identitication of tree species; uses of woOds; harvesting and marketing of timber; tb,inning and improvement cutting and estimating the volume of standing timber.
As often as a representative of the Georgia Forest Service can do so, he visits the schools and conducts demonstrations along these various lines. Keen interest is shown by the students and abundant evidence is provided that the boys are obtaining a grasp of the practical pllases of forestry that promise to yield results in school territortes.
One of the reqUirements of each boy is that he have ahome forestry
project, just as he has a home project in crops or livestock. On these projects the student is reqUired to plant trees, thin stands and construct firebreaks.
As a resUlt of the vocational school project, there is alreadY evidence of better fire control, better handling of forests and a movement toward tree planting of abandoned fields and open forests. Thousands of vocational students remaining on the farm are the foundation for progress in forestry in a large part of Georgia.

12

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGIOAL DEVELOPMENT

VOCATIONAL FORESTRY CAMP
When the school forestry project had been in progress one year, a vocational forestry camp was inaugurated, the object being to bring together annual.ly outstanding boys showing particular interest in forestry, to take six weeks of intensive training in practical forestry under the gUidance of the staff of trained foresters of the Georgia Forest Service. The camp course of six weeks is conducted in two summer camps of three weeks each.
Those who successfully complete the siX weeks course obtain a certificate of vocational forester, which recommends them as eqUipped to perform several non-techrucal jobs in forestry.
As evidence that this training does eqUip the young men for forestry work, three vocational foresters qualified as assistant technicians in the forest survey now being conducted by the United States Forest SerVice in the south, and the director reports that they have met every reqUirement.
Other .evidence is that the vacational foresters have obtained posi-. tions as foremen in the COO wo1 k and in spite of their youth have made good. A number of vocational foresters have become relief teachers and are rendering excellent serVice in promoting interest in forestry, mainly in conducting adult classes.

Group of Students Receiving Certificates of Vocational Fores~er, Vocational Forestry Camp, 1934.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

13

Quite a number of other vocational foresters have entered the University of Georgia to study forestry.
Prizes An incentive that is proving very helpful in developing interest in the forestry project is that provided by the Georgia Forestry Association. Each year at the vocational forestry camp a cash prize of $75 is given by the association to the vocational agricultural teacher doing outstanding work in forestry, and $50 is given to the student making the best record in two sessions of camp. These are designated "Herty prizes" in honor of Dr. Charles H. Herty. The prizes of the 1934 camp, held at Abraham Baldwin College, Tifton, were presented by T. G. Woolford, president and Judge Ogden Persons, Forsyth, vice president of the Georgia Forestry Associaition.
The teacher winning the prize in 1933 wasT. G. Walters, Moultrie, and in 1934, P L. Elkins, Alpharetta. The student winning the prize in 1933 was Herman A. Braddy, Pavo, and in 1934, Elmon Vickers, Norman Park.
Permanent Camp Needed The vocational forestry camp has been held at various colleges that have lent their hearty cooperation. Efforts are being made to obtain the use of the abandoned forestry camp in Towns county, a few miles from Hiawassee. It is hoped that as soon as possible a permanent vocational forestry camp may be established, not only to save in camp expenses, but to provide a forestry area on which work plans can be laid out for years to come.
School Work Increases As additional funds from Federal sources are made available, the number of schools having vocational agriculture increases. The present school year has shown an increase of over 50 schools, with others in prospect. This increase has enlarged the opportunity for forestry, and entails a greater amount of work on the Division of Forestry to carry on the project.
In this connection, it is befitting that credit be given to the State Superintendent of Education, M. D. Collins, and to the officials in direct charge of vocational agricultural teaching, L. M. Sheffer, Athens; M. D. Mobley, Atlanta, and Geo. I. Martin, Tifton, for their excellent cooperation and encouragement in carrying on the school forestry project.
PUBLICATIONS
Forestry-Geological Review This monthly departmental bulletin is serving an excellent purpose in promoting the activities of the timber protective organizations of Georgia; in fostering the school forestry project; in providing timely information for county agents, as well as forel'itry workers of the State, in providing timberland owners, lumbermen, naval stores operators with a digest of current forestry information, and in keeping leaders of the State informed as to the progress of forestry.

14

FORESTRY .AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The publication also serves the Division of Geology. The timely articles on mineral. resources of Georgia have attracted wide attention and created a greater demand for copies of the publication than it has been possible to supply, making it often necessary to reprint separates of such articles to meet the demand.
Constant requests are being made by interested persons to be placed on the mailing list to receive the Forestry-Geological Review.
Bulletins and Leaflets The demand for bulletins and leaflets on forestry has been far in excess of the ability of the Division of Forestry to supply. Editions have been quickly exhausted, reprinted and again exhausted. Funds have not been available to reprint all the publications needed, nor for putting out new bulletins contemplated.
While a steady demand for literature has naturally come from schools cooperating in the forestry project, it is gratifYing that many requests come from teachers in other schools for literature to use as teaching material.
It is also gratifYing to receive requests for literature from women's clubs and various men's Civic clubs to use in preparing for forestry meetings.
The Division of Forestry is in need of reprints of several bulletins and leaflets, and new publications dealing with harvesting and marketing timber, a text book for use of vocational agricultural teachers in presenting forestry, on parks and other scenic and historic places in the State, to answer requests of prospective tourists, a leaflet on tree planting to supply an increasing demand for information of this nature, a series of posters; a series of lecture charts on forestry.
Press Publicity As a measure of economy, it was deemed necessary to discontil:iue periodic state-wide press releases on forestry, which a clipping bureau service revealed had been very acceptable to newspapers of the State. Newspaper contributions have since then been confined to news items released at the office to press representatives.
Contributions to a number of forestry, lumber, industrial and trade publications have been continued. A large amount of publiCity has dealt with the use of southern pine for paper, a work inaugurated under the Department of Forestry and Geological Development. Considerable State publiCity was also devoted as information inCident to launching the CCC camps in Georgia.
Tourist Information Requests for information from prospective tourists about location, camping facilities and regulations of State parks, and for suggested routings to visit historic and scenic spots of Georgia come to the Department of Forestry and Geological Develop. ment for attention.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

15

In view of the fact that the department does not have a publication dealing with these matters, considerable correspondence-less. effective than illustrated printed inatter-'is necessary. A tourist guide for Georgia is a much needed publication.
Wood Industry Information. Several inquiries have come to the Division of Forestry for information about supplies of 'l;imber for various map.ufacturing. Tl;le greatest number have come from those interested in the pulpwood supplies of Georgia, looking to establishing paper mills. A number have soUght information about hardwood for staves, a few about pine stumps, charcoal material, billets for handles, and for veneer.
The inquiries have been given co11rteous attention and as full information as possible.
Cataloging Literature All bulletins, scientific journals and reports dealing with forestry are cataloged and filed in bulletin cases for reference. In this manner, the Division of Forestry has established a small, but rather complete reference library. Lack of funds has admitted the accumulation of only a few standard books on forestry. The addition of a number of authoritative works on the subject is very much needed.
Exhibits : The demand for forestry exhibit material at state, sectional and county fairs continues. Assistance is given by district foresters in preparing local exhibits, but in many instances we have been unable to cooperate because of the lack of funds to provide the materials.
A number of vocational schools over the state have prepared their own forestry exhibits, and have been instrumental in spreading the cause of forestry by this as well as by other means.

STATE PARKS

Within the period covered by this report, Georgia has made rapid progress in establishing state parks. Up to 1933 the state had only three state parks-Indian Springs, Vogel and Alexander H. Stephens Memorial Parks, the latter being donated to the state late in 1932. Since .January, 1933, the state has acquixed by donation additionallandf' at Indian Springs, Vogel and Stephens Memorial Parks, and new state park areas designated Santo Domingo State Park near Darien and Brunswick; Fort Mountain Park, be~een Chatsworth and Ellijay; Pine Mountain Park, near Warm Springs.

The present area of each park is as follows :

Indian Springs Park___________ _____________157 acres

Vogel Park_______ __

_______259 acres

AlexandlkH. Stephens Memorial Park_________216 acres

Fort Mountain Park_ ___ ____ _____________800 acres

Santo Domingo State Park______ ___ _ ___ ___ 350 acres

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FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Park Donors-The state is indebted for all its park lands to the generosity. of private citizens, since no land for parks has been purchased by the state. The entire area of the Santa Domingo Park was donated by Mr. Oator Woolford, a public spirited citizen of Atlanta, to memorialize the earliest settlements of Georgia.
The crest of Fort Mountain, 106 acres, is an outright gift of Mr. Ivan Allen, Atlanta, another public spirited business man, who desired to preserve and make accessible a unique historic spot of great sceDic value. Donations of public spirited citizens have increased the area at present to 800 acres.

View of Indian Springs Park after Improvements by CCC Workers.
A number of citizens in Harris county and vicinity combined in tendering to the state an area comprising Pine Mountain Park, a site well suited to serve the park needs of a western central section of the state.
The original gift of the home of Alexander H. Stephens and 18 acres has been generously supplemented by citizens of Taliaferro county and citizens of other counties to a total of 216 acres.
The Vogel estate, which made the first contributions for a state park in Georgia, of 160 acres at Neel Gap on the Blue Ridge Mountain, has generously increased its donation to make a total gift of 259 acres.
Through gifts of citizens of Butts county, materially aided by citizens of adjoining counties, Indian Springs Park property has grown from 12 to 157 acres.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

17

Federal Aid : The Department of Forestry and Geological Development has been fortunate in obtaining the services of the CCC workers and ECW funds for developing these park areas. Federal aid has put Georgia forward many years in its state park program, and for this material assistance there is occasion for a deep sense of gratitude.
The Commission of Forestry and Geological Development has in mind other state parks, so that every region of the state may haye one easily accesible. Steps have already been taken to locate one in Telfair and Dougherty counties.
Plans are materializing to provide each state park with club houses, camp quarters, lakes, boating, fishing, play grounds, trails for hiking and landscaping to bring out the natural beauty of each park. Several of these parks are of rare and legendary interest. Museums and arboretums are included in the plans for some of these parks.
Since Emergency Conservation Work funds have been made available
for state parks, the Division of Parks of the U. s. Department of In-
terior has a supervisory relationship, and is cooperating in carrying 9Ut the state's park plans.
The park develpment work already carried out has added gieatly to their appearance and recreational facilities. When the plans for improvements have all been carried, out, the state will have a system of state parks of which Georgians may well feel proud.

TREE NURSERIES
The two nurseries of the state forest service, one at Albany and the other at Blairsville, have been unable to meet the demand for planting stock, so great is the interest in reforestation in the state.

View of State Tree Nursery, Albany.

18

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

These nurseries are operated in cooperation with the federal government by a refund of 50 per cent of the cost. Both were established in 1932 and were ready to supply seedlings the samg year. The plant beds have been extended and an increase in the production of seedlings has been hastened as rapidly as seemed practicable, but apparently it will be impossible to catch up with the demand for some time.
At the Albany nursery, special attention is given to growing slash, lon@eaf and loblolly pines. At Blairsville, attention is directe(j, to growing black locust, black walnut and white pine, the species most in demand in the mountain part of the state. The Blairsville nursery is located on lands of the mountain branch of the Georgia Experiment Station, which cooperates in handling it.
With the assistance of CCC labor and ECW funds, a much needed house for the nurseryman has been constructed at Albany.
In accordance with terms of the Clarke-McNary Law, all seedlings are sold at cost, making it possible for the land owners to reforest their lands cheapl:v.
The number of seedlings grown and distributed in 1933 was 766,9153 and in 1934, 593,313.

COOPERATION IN EXTENSION FORESTRY

From April, 1933, to .July 1, 1934, the Division of Forestr:v maintained cooperation in extension forestry with the State College of Agriculture. This relati,onship was discontinued by mutual agreement.

Under the cooperative arrangement, three extension foresters were employed and direction of the work was given by a state leader in the office of the state forest service. One extension forester was located in upper Georgia, one in middle Georgia and another in south Georgia. BY the COOPerative arrangement; it was possible to so direct the activities of the extension foresters as to coordinate it with the activities of district foresters, and thus effect the greatest efficiency.

It is readily apparent that there should be a coordination of the

activities of extension foresters of the State College of Agriculture with

the activities of the 'state torest service, to obtain the best resUlts. An

agreement with this in mind is being considered.

,

REPORT FOR 1933 AND Hi34

19

COOPERATION WITH TVA
The Division of Forestry has been called upon by the Tennessee Valley AuthoritY for information respecting forest resources of that part of Georgia on the Tennessee river watershed. Information has been given and the ground work laid for cooperative work in forestry development of the area.

COOPERATION WITH CIVIC CLUBS
A large number of civic organizations are giving attention to forestry. The most prominent and efficient of these is the Georgia Forestry Association, the membership of which is made up of a number of prominent citizens of Georgia who are giving their time and means to promoting the state's great forestry resources.
The Georgia Forestry Association was instrumental in creating the state forest service, and has fostered it in every possible way, sponsoring legislation, securing appropriations and aiding in developing plans and policies.
It is therefore appropriate to here express the gratitude of the state forest service for the great assistance rendered it by this boyd of farseeing, public spirited, unse:tfish men and wome:p. of the Georgia Forestry Association.
Special recognition is due the Kiwanis Clubs of the state, which, under the leadership of the chairman of the committee on forestry, L. M. Sheffer, Athens, put on a forest1y program in every club in the state.
Other similar organizations, such as the Rotarians, Lions and Civitans have put on special local programs devoted to forestry. In some instances these organizations have sponsored county-wide forestry campaigns.
Women's civic clubs of various kinds have their committees on forestry and their conservation programs each year. Staff membt>rs of the Division of Forestry are frequently called upon to address the women's clubs.
Chambers of Commerce are manifesting a keen interest in forestnr and are sponsoring every forestry movement in their respective territories, donating office space, heat,, light, water, etc., for district forestera' offices.
Boys' and girls' clubs of various kinds are making forestry one of their studies and in their camp work, forestry being featured.
These and other public activities are creating a strong sentiment favorable to more exacting requirements for forest protection.

Points of Activity, Georgia Forest Service
State Forester' s Hqs . ~ District Foresters'Hqs. C. Members of Commission
1111 State Forest t State Nurseries
~ Timbe~ PrQtective ~ 0 _l_f_Ohrlftl.ean1Vzocataltoionns al Schools
X Colored Voc ational Schools
~ Alpharetta P~oject
P. State Parks
District Forest Boundaries.
X NOTE: Consult the legend column in the upper right hand corner as to character ot work represented by each mark. No erfort has been made to mark the exact spot in every instance where work is canied on, only the county in which work is done being designated.

22

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

FIRE STATISTICS
Forest fires in Georgia for the period of 1933 and 1934 were less prevalent than in the previous biennial period. The public is graduaJJy developing a sentiment against burning the woods. Fewer are purposel;v burning their woods, but it takes only a few people to spread fire over a wide area. The most encouraging feature is that more people are willing to fight fires, and more people are careful about starting fires.
During the period of this report, CCC camps have been established in some of the best timber areas in the state and are constantl:v subject to call for fire fighting. During the period more than 30,000 man da;vs were spent by CCC men in fire fighting. Their services have saved land owners of Georgia many thousands of dollars of propert;v loss.
The possibilities of using young pines for making paper has become widel;v appreciated in Georgia, and has materiallY contributed to the greater willingness to protect the forests.
A report of forest fire losses for the year 1933 and 1934 are given herewith.
Fire Statistics for 1933 Number of fires 15,222; total acres burned over 6,600,548.
Number of fires on areas of the Timber Protective Organization, 1,261; acres covered, 188,560; damage, $306,175.00; percentage burned over 11.
Number of fires on unprotected land, 13,953 ; acres covered, 6,210,000; percentage burned over 29.
Number of fires on national forests, 8; acres covered, 126; damage, $51; percentage burned .06.
The total damage to protected land is $306,175 and to unprotected land, $7,141,730.
!'ire Statistics 1934: Number of fires 25,761, total acres burned 5,469,409. Number or fires on acre.s of the Timber Protective Organization 1,711; acres covered 345,409, damage $413,571; percentage burned over .08 per cent. Number of fires on unprotected areas 24,050; acres covered 5,124,000; percentage burned over 27

PAPER RESEARCH
The Pulp and Paper Laboratory, located at Savanah and directed b;v Dr. Charles H. Herty, concluded its connection with this department at the end of 1933, and since then has been wholly supported b;v funds from othel sources. Satisfactory arrangements were made with those now in charge to perpetuate the state's equit;v in the plant.

REPORT FOR .1933 AND 1934

23

The laboratory maae splendid progress in its paper research in 1933, and it can be stated that the main object of the state's appropriation to the plant-the making of paper from southern pines-was achieved before .the state's support was discontinued.
The gratitude of the state is due Charles H. Herty and his coworkers for their accomplishments, and to the Chemical Foundation, Inc., of New York; to the City of Savannah; to the General Assembly of Georgia; to Mrs. E. T. Comer, Savannah, and to numerous industries for contributions. of money and service in establishing and maintaining the laboratory.
As is well known, the pulp and paper laboratory has continued to function, extending its research into the cellulose field with the result that announcement has been made of the discovery that rayon can be made from pine pulp.

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
DIVISION OF GEOLOGY
By Richard W. Smith, State Geologist
FUNCTIONS OF THE DIVISION OF GEOLOGY
The primary function of the Division of Geology, formerly the Department of Geology, is the survey and development of the State's mineral resources. This results in the creation of more taxable property, thus adding to the prosperitY of the State. This is accomplished by investigating the mineral deposits of the State and disseminating the infermation obtained where it will dd the most good, and by collecting the fundamental geological and physiographic information necessary for an intelligent search for new deposits or new minerals. Georgia is recognized as a state containing a wide variety of mineral resources, many of which are undeveloped. The people of the State must be taught to recognize this wealth thatJies buried under their feet and to do their part in bringing it to the attention of those having capital to establish industries within the State that would use these raw materials. The prosperity of Georgia demands and its resources deserve a better balance between agriculture and industries based on local raw materials.
PERSONNEL
The personnel of the Division of Geology at the beginning of 1933
consisted of s. W McCallie, State Geologist; Richard W Smith, Assist-
ant State Geologist, Geoffrey W Crickmay, Assistant State Geologist, and Miss Margaret Gann, Secretary.
S. W McCallie Samual Washington McCallie, Assistant State Geologist of Georgia from 1893 until 1908 and State Geologist from then on, died, as he would have wished to, at the end of a day's work on October 26, 1933. His years of earnest, painstaking and thorough work, many of them spent in the field, resulted in a large number of authoritative reports on the mineral resources of Georgia. His personal service as State Geologist won for him the confidence and admiration of people in all walks of life. Governor Eugene Talmadge, ex-officio chairman of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development under which Mr. McCallie held office, paid him the following tribute: "The State has lost the services of an efficient geologist and the devotion of one of the most earnest workers I ever knew. He was a high type man, able and conscientious."
State Geologist RichardW Smith, a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cornell University, was Assistant State Geologist from 1926 until the death of Mr. McCallie. At that time he was appointed Acting State Geologist and in December, 1933, was elected to succeed Mr. McCallie as State Geologist.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

25

Assistant State Geolgists: Geoffrey W Crickmay, who has been Assistant State Geologist since 1930, is a graduate of the University of British Columbia and of Yale University.
Lane Mitchell, of Atlanta, a graduate of the Georgia School of Technology, the University of Dlinois, and Rutgers University, was appointed Assistant State Geologist in June, 1934.

NATURE OF THE WORK
Investigations of Mineral Resources and Geology The major work of the Division of Geology is the investigation of the mineral resources of the State. It is necessary to keep in touch with the mines and mineral industries to learn what they are doing and to see if they can be assisted in any way to increase their output and markets and to lower their costs. Newly discovered deposits of minerals must.be investigated to ascertain if possible their commercial value. Technical reports and popular articles must be prepared, published, and distributed. One mineral at a time, or a group of related minerals, is selected for intensive investigation of the deposits throughout the State. The resulting report describes the geology and occurrence of the deposits, gives individual property descriptions, and makes recommendations as to the best means for developing the deposits. General reports on the geology or physiography of the State and geologic maps, the basic information necessary for an intelligent search for undiscovered mineral deposits, must be published. The series of 45 such reports or bulletins of uniformly high standard which have already been published has done much to increase the development of Georgia's mineral industry. A series of timely popular articles has been published in the department's monthly paper, the Forestry-Geological Review. Several of these have been reprinted as information circulars.
Clearing House for Mineral Information The Division of Geology serves as a clearing house for geological and mineralogical information. People within the State write, call, or phone for advice in developing their mineral deposits, digging or boring water wells, or investing in mining companies. The mineral producers ask for help in developing new mining or treatment methods and finding new markets for their products. The Georgia Securities Commission often consults the State Geolgist on the advisability of allowing mining companies to sell stock within the State. Thousands of letters are received from all over the country asking for information on Georgia's mineral resources. Some of these can be answered by sending the printed reports, others by personal letters based on the experience of the Division's personnel. Hun" dreds of rocks and minerals from all parts of the State are sent in for identification and adVice. In the past the personnel of the department included a chemist who made assays and chemical anatyses of important samples sent in for identification or collected bY the State Geologist and his assistants. Lack of finances has caused this serVice to be temporarily discontinued.

26

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Publicity : Nation~Wide pub1ictty on Georgia's undeveloped mtn~ eraJ resources is obtained in several ways. The bUlletins and informa~ tion CircUlars and the Forestry-Geological ReVieW' are distributed to the principal public libraries and universities throughout tllls country and abroad and are reViewed in the prinCiPal trade journals. News items prepared by the DiVision of Geology on new developments in Geor~ gia's mineral industries are sent out by Associated Press and Interna~ tional News. The groWing interest of the public in such news is shown by the steadily increasing colleCtion of clippings on Georgia minerals from papers in Georgia and elsewhere. Lectures and addresses on the State's mtneral resources are frequently given to CiVic organizations and schools. The personnel of the Division are encouraged to write articles on Georgia geology and minerals for both popUlar and sCientific magazines.
State Museum: The State Geolgist is the curator of the State Museum, now housed on the fourth floor of the capitol. Tllls museum includes not only speCimens of the rocks and minerals found in Georgia but displays featuring forestry, agricUlture, birds and animal lite, entomology, and Indian relics. The museum is now badly crowded and needs reviSion, modernization, and room tor expanSion, as recommended Ieter.

WORK ACCOMPLISHED IN 1933-1934
TheworkoitheDiVisionot Geologywrthepast two years was greatly handicapped by a lPrge de"-rease in available appropriation. The expenditures, in round numbers, were $10,500 for 1933 and $12,7!50 for 193-1, contrasted \\ith $20,000 each tor 1931 and 1932. The DiVision of Geology was able to operate under these reduced funds oniy by cutting all salaries 20 per cent, including a voluntary cut by the State Geologist, by granting one of the Assistant State Geologists a year's leave ot absence Without pay, by cutting out the serVices oi the chemist for the diVision and the guide to the State Museum, by cutting down on the field work of the diViSion, and by publishing Only one sma.Il bUlletin. Chemical analYses and 9ssays are a very necessary part or the work of the division and tllls service shoUld be restored as soon as possible.

COOPERATIVE WORK WITH TliE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
The United States Geological Survey in 1934 received a grPnt from Public Works Funds for mineral and geological investigations in the southeastern states. The work in Georgia was in cooperation with the DiVision of Geology of the Georgia Department of Forestry and Geological Development. It included investigations of the gold deposits, the kyarute and vermicUlite deposits, the bleaclllng clay deposits, and a study ot the geology and underground waters of the Warm Springs region.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

27

Gold: The :funds available for the gold investigation were not suHieient to make a detailed study of all of the gold mining sections. The Dahlonega area was selected for detailed study of the relations between the geology and structure of the regJ.on in reference to the gold deposits because an adequate topographic map of this section was available and because there was more mining acti\Tlty there at the time the investigation was made than in any other section. All other active mines and prospects in the State were visited, however. The general resUlts of this investigation were printed in a series of five articles in the Forestry-Geological Re\Tlew, later reprinted as an infmmation CircUlar.

Stevenson Gold Placer Mine, Bear Creek, Walker county. The gravel from the drag-line excavator pusses through a revolving screen, from which the coarse gravel passes out on a conveyor belt to a dump pile. The finer sand and gravel, containing the gold, go through the sluice box.
The detailed report will be printed by the United States GeologJ.cal Survey.
Kyanite and Vermiculite : Kyanite and vermicUlite are examples ot minerals long known to science for which commercial uses have been developed in recent years. Kyanite is an aluminum silicate used in the manufacture ot fire brick and other refractories to enable them to withstand extremely high hellt. VermicUlite is a hydrous mica that has the property of expanding when heated to !'. very light, tluffy powder used as a heat insUlator and in the manufacture of acoustical wall-board. Two kyanite mines were opened in 1934 in Habersham county and vermicUlite was mined just across the State line in North Carolina, but the

28

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

extent of the deposits in Georgia was not known. The investigation of these minerals by the United States Geological Survey was undertaken at the request of the State Geologist. It resUlted in finding large quantities of kyanite in north and middle Georgia. The publication of the detailed report (now in print) as a bUlletin of the Division of Geology Will be followed by a steady increase in the mining of this mineral. Small deposits only of vermicUlite were found, but the published desCriptions ot these deposits may resUlt in the discovery of deposits of more commerCial value.
Bleaching Olays: Bleaching clays have long been one of the majomineral products of Georgia. They include the fUllers earths oi southf west Georgia used in refining mineral oils and the bleaching clays 'Or middle Georgia used in refining vegetable oils. The investigation by

Massive Kyanitc from Fannin county and Kyanite Crystals from Habersham county.
the United States Geological Survey revealed sizable extensions of these deposits and in addition located undeveloped deposits of several types of bleaching clays in south and northwest Georgia. There is every indication that Georgia's production of these clays will continue to increase.
Warm Springs Investigation: The United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Division of Geology ot the Georgia Department of Forestry and Geological Development, made a topographic map and a geologic and mineral resource study of the Warm Springs district, embraCing parts of Meriwether, Harris, Talbot, and Upson counties. G. W. Crickmay, Assistant State Geologist, was loaned to the federal survey to make the geologic investigations. An intensive study, still going on, was made of the ground water conditions of the part of the area im-

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

29

mediately adjacent to Warm Springs in an eftort to determine the origin o1 the warm 11nd cold springs. The 1esulting report, to be published by the United States Geological Survey, will be a guide tor the future development of Warm Springs, now used for the therapeutic treatment of infantile paralysis.

PROJECTS UNDER WAY
Geologic Map and Report: Mining men have long been asking for a detailed large-scale geologic map of Georgia showing the various types of rocks that underlie the State, together with a report describing the rocks, their structural relations, and their relation to the commercial minerals. Work on this was started in 1930. At the present time the complex crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and Mountain sections Qf middle and north Georgia have been mapped and the section of thereport on them is being written. Further work is necessary on the Coastal Plain and the sedimentary rocks of northwest Georgia.
Mica and Feldspar : The State Geologist has nearly completed the field work for a report on the mica and feldspar deposits of Georgia. Minor studies that have been made on various other Ii1inerals have resultedin articles in the Forestry-Geological Review.
School Museums: The collection of rocks and minerals in the State Museum at the capitol attracts hundreds of visitors daily, incluaing many school children. It is impossible, however, for school children from all over the State to come to Atlanta to see this museum. The Division of Geology has, therefore, undertaken the tremendous task of collecting a large number of specimens of some 70 common rocks and minerals found in Georgia for distribution as local museums in selected high schools throughout the State. Each specimen will be properly labeled and will be displayed on a painted wooden block. The only cost
to the school will be that of a locked glass case or cases for the display
and the transportation charges fo~ shipping.

STATUS OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN GEORGIA
Therelative and totalvalues of the principal minerals mined in Georgia from 1924 to 1933 are shown in FigUre 1. The depression has been particularly hard on the bUilding industries. This is reflected in the great decline since 1929 in the production of granite, marble, clay products, Portland cement, sand and gravel. The production of Georgia kaolin has shown less decline. This is due to the fact that Georgia kaolin has largely reillaced the white clays formerly imported from England for use in filling and coating white paper and for ceramic uses. Georgia now furnishes over 60 per cent of the domestic consumption of white clay. Preliminary figures indicate that the production in 1934 will surpass all previous years.

30

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

I<

19f15

19Z6

19 1

l"t2e

19f9

19 50

19 I

~~

19~

A

I

'-+j;"aolin ~

l~

I I

I bauxit~ I,
fUllers

1\

I0

earth &.

ll1~~~~~nJ1

\ 8

XX"'; XX "' X t ><XX ><X[K>V

~ )< ~{!x';r&.nlt>e v

v

V'L'-.
>I'

00.

/\

"\.

,/ II~
~ ll

7

>l;o. >0 >0<.

m"rble
li!'_!!., ~~J~!~~ne

K II ~~>< 1,1_ ,..,_u..

+

5

~y

IIIII

lllllllll

II II

bar lte mica etc.

I I Ll.

..I

I

Graph Showing Georgia's Mineral Production, 1924-1933.
Metallic oree Include iron. manganese. gold and silver. With barite and mica are asbestos, talc.
w. soapstone, slate and coal. fig..es for ochre and clay producta, which together average about $3,500,000,
are not given. Prepared by G. Orickmay.

The production in 1934 will probably show a slight increase in several other minerals. The gold mining industry is having its greatest revival in some 20 or 30 years. The greatest need of the mineral industry in Georgia is for industries located within the State to manufacture for local markets the products for which the raw materials are now shipped elsewhere.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
Geologic Map
The work on the geologic map of Georgia and its accompanying report, described above, should be pushed forward as rapidly as possible in order that it may be ready for publication as soon as funds are avauable. The need for this map and report cannot be over-emphasized.
General Reports
The two most popular bulletins of the Geological Survey have been the general one on the Mineral Resources of Georgia and the educational one on the Physical Geography of Georgia that shows the origin of the physical features of the State and their relation to distribution of population, industry and agriculture. Supplies of these bulletins are low, and new and revised editions should be published as soon as possible.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

31

Kaolin Washing Plant, Edgar Brothers Company near Mcintyre, Wilkinson county
Granites
No report has been issued on Georgia granites since 1902, although granite quarrying is one of our major mineral industries. Many important deposits are not described in the early zeport. The Division of Geology has received many requests from the granite producers for such a report.
Guide to Scenery in Georgia
The varied scenery of Georgia is a potential natural resource that has long been neglected. Thousands of tourists annually pass through Georgia on their way to and from Florida. They should be induced to visit the points of sceruc interest in Georgia rather than to hurry through along the shortest route. The Division of Geology has material on hand to prepare a Popular Guide to the Scenery and Geology along and close to the Dixie Highway, brief but well illustrated. Publication awaits necessary funds. Requests for popular guides of this type were made to the State Geologist by the secretaries of a number of Georgia Chambers of Commerce at their annual convention in Savannah in May, 1934.

32

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Geology of Georgia for Schools
The State Geologist has long desired to write an Earth History of Georgia for high school students. This will be a popular and nontechnical illustrated story of geology as applied to Georgia for use in the schools and for adults with no knowledge of geology. It will be similar to the popular educational handbooks put out by several states.

State Museum
The State Geologist is the custodian of the State Museum on the fourth floor of the capitol. This museum includes exhibits of rocks and minerals, forestry, wild animal life and birds, agriculture, entomology, and archaeology. The Museum is viewed each year by thousands of visitors, both Georgians and people from other states who are passing through Atlanta. Its educational value is shown by the hundreds of school teachers who annually bring their classes to study the exhibits. The exhibits, while superior to many state museums, are crowded and poorly lighted. Many of them have not been changed for years. . As soon as possible they should be modernized. Indirect lighting within the cases should be installed as soon as funds are available. The State Geologist suggests the appointment of a Museum Advisory Committee composed of the State Forester, the Commissioner of Game and Fish, the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the .State Entomologist to aid him in bringing the exhibits up-to-date.
The State of Georgia will probably' in the future build a capitol annex office building on the state-owned property facing the capitol on Capitol Square. When and it'this is done provision should be made to devote an entire floor, preferably the ground flom, to a modern State Museum. This should contain adequate room for the expansion of the museum. The fund for equipping the. building should contain provision for modern display cases. Provision .should be made for a curator and for guides to show visitors through the museum.,

Vermiculite from Lemon's Gap, Towns county.

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

33

Branch museums featuring the products of the region should be installed at the various State Parks. A start in this direction has been made with the Indian Museum at Indian Springs and the aquarium planned b~ the Game and Fish Department at the State Fish Hatchery at Macon.

Cooperative Stream Gaging
The measurement of the flow of the streams of Georgia will give information necessary for the proper development of the State. The information is necessary before anY hYdr<Hllectric power developments can be planned. Most industries need large quantities of water and can be induced to locate in Georgia only if we have the information to furnish them of the supply of water that they can expect from any stream during times of low water as well as normal arid flood-water times. For example, the Aluminum Company of America lo()S.ted their plants at what is now Alcoa, Tennessee, instead of in North Carolina as originally planned, because the State of Tennessee had for years been carrying on stream gaging measurements and could furnish them information on the flow of the streams, whereas North Carolina had no such information. The taxes from this industry to the State of Tennessee has been manytimes greater than the cost of this stream gaging and North Carolina is now carrying on such work.
Stream gaging information will save the Highway Department of Georgia many times the cost of such work. At present all highway bridges and culverts are designed with a very large safety factor to take care of possible floods. If the flow of the streams in flood time were known, this safety factOr could be cut dowri. and the bridges and culverts would cost less. Attempts in the past to cut down this safety factor without this information has resulted in costly replacements of bridges and culverts washed out by flood waters.
Such work to be of value must be continued over enough years to cover extra high floods and extra dry seasons. Georgia should start this work at once. The amount appropriated by the State will be matched by an equal amount from the United States Geological Survey and the work will be done by their experts under the supervision of the State Geologist and a federal enii,neer whose office 'would be l<;>cated in Atlanta.

Cooperative Topog1apbic Mapping
The topographic maps made by the United States Geological Survey are in great demand for all sorts of purposes. These maps are made on the scale of one inch equals one mile and very accurately show every stream, road, house, as well as the elevation and slope of the ground by means of contour lines that represent points of equal elevation. By means of these maps highways can be relocated in the.office, eliminat-

34

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Sewerpipe Plant near Flintstone, Walker county-Uses Georgia Clay.
ing all but the final stake-setting surveys city and town water supplies and sewers can be planned ; areas of stream valleys flooded by dams can be estimated; and all kinds of engineering, mining, and industrial projects can be laid out. Less than half of Georgia has been thus mapped, mostly in the northern part of the State, and many o:f these mltps were made years ago on a different scale with poorer methods and need revision. No accurate maps of any kind have been made of many counties in Georgia.
So great has been the demand throughout the country for these maps in recent years that the United States Geological Surve) has been forced to limit this work to States that will cooperate by paying half of the expenses. The only topographic map made in recent years in Georgia is that of the Warm Springs area, financed by a grant from Public Works funds. Georgia should appropriate enough, to be matched by an equal amount from the Federal Government, to map at least one or two areas each year. The work will be done by tra,ined topographers under supervision of and in areas picked out by the State Geologist.
Increased appropriations for 1936 and 1937 will be necessary to accomplish all of this important work. The Division of Geology is anXious at all times to render service to the citizens of Georgia.

FINANCIAL REPORT
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1933

RECEIPTS

Federal Government, matched funds, fire concontrol__ ________ ___ ______ __ ____ __ _____ ____$36,398 79

Federrieasl __G__o_v_e_r_n_m__e_n_ t_,__m_ _a_t_c_h_e_d___f_u_n_d__s_,__n_u__rs_e_ _- 1,433.29

Donation by Mrs. E. T. Comer, Savannah, Ga.,
for research_ - -- - -- --- ------- -- -- -- ----- 1,000 .00 From State Treasurer on .appropriation, for
operations_________ __ ___ ___ _______ ____ , ___ _ 46,625.00

F. G. VarneJ:, rent on concession at Indian Spri~s for 1933__ _____ ___ ___ ____ _______ __ _ 450 .00

Sale of automobile_ ---- --- -------------- -- 159.00 Sale of fire pumps, and miscellaneous______ ___ 81.rt7

Sale of seedlings (Savings account)-------- -c -- 729.24

Interest on Savings deposits _ ---- -- ----- ---- 21.73

Balances on hand : (from 1932) Federal funds __ _____ ____ "_____ ___________ _ 7,917.06 Comer fund _______ ____________ ___ ________ _ 824.53

Savings account_

275.39

----$95,915.10

DISBURSEMENTS:

Division of Forestry ______ __ ______$61,156 70

Division of Geology

-- - --- -- - - 10,438 79

Division of Research_ ----- ------- 15,738.35 Division of Parks___ ________ __ ______ 2,736.83

Withdrawal from Savings______ ___ _ 993.32

$91,062.99

Balances OI). hand, Dec. 31

O~rations account_

_____ _$ 4 ,818.rt7

Savings account______________ __ 34 .04

Comer fund____ _______ __ _ __

0.00

----:$95,915.10

36

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

DISBURSEMENTS FOR 1933

DIVISION OF FORESTRY:

Personal service_ _________________ __ _________$24, 770.40 Travel, Division personnel and Commission
(prorated)_____________ _________ ___________ 5,726.24

Supples and materials_________________________ 754.19 Communications______________________________ 1,545.55 Printing, including Review (pro rated)_________ 773.12

Repairs_ ----------------------------------Freight, express, hauling______________________ Subscriptions_________________________________

85.37 43.99 11.00

Bond of Treasurer (pro rated)_ ---- - --------- 19.50 Cooperation with Georgia Experiment Station__ 25 .00 Vocational Forestry Camp_____________________ 1,521.69 Reward________________________________________ 100.00 T. P 0. Refunds_________ _____________________ 20,675.50

Cooperation with Extension Service ___________ 2,799.18

Equipment____________________________________ 108.48

Miscellaneous_ ___ ____ ____ ____ __________ __

.50

Nixon Forest Project_ ___________ _________ 83.50

Alexander Stephens Memorial Project___

11 70

Nurseries

Personal service_ Unskilled labor_____________ _

Supplies_ ____ ___ _____ _____________ _

Electric current_

____ _________ _

675.00 511.31 752.06 129.48

Rent ____________ -- - -------------------- 13.60

EExqpuriepsms_ent____-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_

8.67 2.00

Miscellaneous_ _________________________ _

9.67

- - - - $61 '156 70

DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

Personal service________

__________$ 8,606.33

Travel, Division Personnel and Commission_ 1,016.19

Supplies_ __ __ _____ __ ___ ____________ ________ 259 .16

Communications_

___ ___ ___ ______

306.58

Printing (pro rated)_

223.97

Freight and express_

----- ----------

Bond for Treasurer (pro rated)_ ___________

2.06 11 .50

Subscriptions___

13.00

10,438 79

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

37

DIVISION OF RESEARCH:

Personal service _______________________________$12,951.26

Travel_________________________________________ 311.45 Supplies______________________________________ 1,643.42 Communications_ _____ __ ____ __ __ __________ __ _ 90.93

Printing, Review (pro rated)___________________ 145.53

Freight and express_ -------------------------
Electric current_ --------------------------Bond for Treasurer (pro rated)_ __ ___________

71.46
2.10 15.50

lfiscellaneous_ ------------------------------Common labor_ ---------------------------

1.43
505.27 15,738.35

DIVISION OF PARKS

Indian Springs :

Personal service ___________________________$ 1,148.00 Travel_____________________________________ 98.33

Supplies_ -------------------------------Communications__________________________

57.54 23.82

Electric current_ ----------------------- 174.53 Printing, Review (pro rated)_______________ 67.15

Repairs__ ------------------------------Bond for Treasurer (pro rated)_
Equipment________________________________

6.35 3.50
171.00

Permanent Improvements_ -------------- 906.76

lfiscellaneous ________ -------- __________ ___

1.95

$ 2,658.93
Vogel Park:
Equipment______ ----------------------____ 77.90 2,736.83
Withdrawals from Savings account_------------------ 993.32
Total Expenditures for Year__________________________$91,062.99

38

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1934

RECEIPTS

Federal Government, matched funds, fire controL ______ ___ $47, 124.91

Federal Government, matched funds, for nursery____ ___ 1,240.27

From State Treasurer on appropriation____ _____

38,150.00

From F G. Varner, concessionnaire, Indian Springs______ Miscellaneous_ _ ___ _____ ___ __ ____ ____ _____ __________

100.00 79 .37

Sale of seedlings__ __

____ __ __ _________ __ __ 2, 762.67

Balances on hand from 1932

Operations account_______________ ___________ ___ __ __ _ 4,818.07

Savings account____________________ _____________ _

34.04

$94,309.23

DISBURSEMENTS
Division of Forestry _____________________ __ __$71,550.65 Division of Geology__ ___ ____ ___________________ 12,759.89 Division of Parks_____________________ ______ __ _ 3,158.98 Savings account_______________________________ 957.35

$88,426.87 Balances on hand Dec. 31
Operations account_ ___ _________ __ ___ __ 3,974 .54 Savings account________________ ___ ____ ___ _ 1,907.82
- - - - $94,309.23

DISBURSEMENTS IN 1934

FORESTRY:

Personalservice__________________________ __ ___$28,833.27

Travel, Division personnel and Commission

(Prorated)_ ---------------------------- -- - 3,979.14 Supplies_ __________________ ---------- __ ___ ___ 434.87

Communications___________________ ___________ 1,039.80

Printing including Review (pro rated)_______ ___ 659.63

Repairs and alterations ____ -----------------Rent__________________________________________

66.75 1.00

Freight, express, haUling______________________ 18.46

Subscriptions and dues_______________________ 21.00

Cooperation with Georgia Experiment Station__ 100.00

Cooperation with Georgia Extension Service____ 1, 900.00

Equipment______________ ---------------------- 15.48

Bond of Treasurer (pro rated) ___ -------------- 67.00
Unclassified___ --------- - --____________________ 165.35 T. P. 0. Refunds______________________________ 33,794.43

REPORT FOR 1933 AND 1934

39

Nurseries:

Unsk.Jled labor____ _ Seed and supplies_, _____________ _

128.48 204.30

Electric current_ ----------------------

Rent_

Communications_______ ________________ _

Repairs to equipment_

__________ _

73.26 13.60 1.21 3 75

Equipment___________ __

------------

ldiscellaneous ___________________________ _

26.31 3.56

- - - $71,5150.65

GEOLOGY:

Personal service_ ______________ ____________$ 6,885.16

Travel, Division personnel and Commission

(prorated)__________ --------------------- 934.58

Supplies and materials _____ ------------------ 1,144.05 Communications_ ___________________________ _ 327.23

Printing including Review (pro rated)_

1,231.56

Repairs and alterations_

______________ _ 173.96

Rent of eqUipment for library project_r ____ _

94.00

Freight and express_ ------------------------Subscriptions _____________________________ "- __

47.83 38.52

Bond of Treasurer (pro rated)_ ____________ _ 22.00

Equipment ___________________________________ _ 1,732.00

Unclassified____________________________ _

129.00

12,759.89

PARKS:

Indian Springs___ ---C-- _______________________$ 781.00

Vogel Park_

------------------------------ 669.54

ldiscellaneous park expenditures__ _

1,708.44

Disbursements from savings_

3,158.98 957.35

TOTAL DI&BURSEMENTS FOR YEAR________________$88,426.87