Report of the Commission, Department of Forestry and Geological Development

REPORT
OF THE
Commission Department of F orestr~ and
Geological Developm~nt
TO THE
Governor and Cieneral Assembl~
OF THE
State of Georgia
1931-1932

INDEX

LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL-------------

3

LIST OF' DIVISIONS

4

COMMISSION OF DEPARTME NT__ ___ ___

__

5

REPORT MAIN OFFICE

7

Survey Water Resources ____

10

State Parks ___________________________________

11

Work Educational Manager

14

DIVISION OF FORESTRY _

_

_ __ ________

19

Forest Fire Control ___________________

21

Forestry School Projects______________________________

22

Publicity _______ ________ _______________ _____________ __ ________________

25

State Nurseries ________________________________ ___ __________________________________ 26

F'ire Statistics ____ _______________

______ ____ ____________ _________________ 30

Map of Forestry Activity

____________ __________ 32-33

DIVISION OF GEOLOGY__ _ _ _______________________ ------------------------------ 35

Activities of Staff---------------------------------------

35-48

Recommendations

48

Georgia Water Resource

50

DIVISION PULP AND PAPER RESEARCH ____________

51

Historical Financial

----------------------------- 51

_____________________________________ _

53

Operations _______________

------------ 54

Results obtained

55

Future Work

- ------------------------ --------------- 56

FINANCIAL REPORT

- 58-63

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
January lOth, 1933. To His Excellen.cy, Hon. Eugene Talmadge, Governor, State of Georgia, Atlanta.
In accordance with Article 4, Section 23 of the Reorganization Bill enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia at its session in 1931, the Commission administering the Department of Forestry and Geological Development herewith transmits the following report to the Governor and General Assembly
Respectfully,
S. W McCALLIE,
Secretary of the Commission.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
January lOth, 1933. To the Members of the Commission of Forestry and Geological Development
Pursuant to your instructions, we have the honor to submit this report covering the activities of the Department under your control.
Separate statements of the activities of the State Geologist, State Forester, Research Chemist and Development Agent reporting for the Main Office, are embodied herein.
Throughout the year the Development Agent has observed at first hand the energy, enthusiasm and economy with which the employees of the department have carried on their numerous activities under your control. Service has been the watchword. Results may be indicated but not fully recorded in this report.
I am sure I speak for the personnel of the entire department when saying we are grateful to the Commission for the great amount of time and thought it has given to the development of the department's program of work.
Respectfully submitted,
BONNELL STONE
Development Agent.

MAIN OFFICE DIVISION OF FORESTRY
Organized as
GEORGIA FOREST1 SERVICE
in 1925
DIVISION OF GEOLOGY
Organized as
STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
in 1889
DIVISION OF PAPER RESEARCH
Organized in 1932
Reporting to the
COMMISSION OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF COMMISSION

COMMISSION OF FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
1932
President-Governor Richard B. Russell, Jr Mrs. M. E. Judd, Dalton J Leonard Rountree, Summit C. B. Harman, Atlanta Alex K. Sessoms, Cogdell J M. Mallory, Savannah
Secretary~S. W McCallie, State Geologist, Atlanta

President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt Appearing on the Platform at Warm Springs to Speak on Forestry-Greeted by a Large and Enthusiastic Audience

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

7

MAIN OFFICE

BONNELL STONE, Development Agent, Oxford C. A. WHITTLE, Educational Manager, Atlanta MRS. NELLIE E. EDWARDS, Treasurer, Atlanta

FOREWORD
Since January 1st, 1932, the Department of Forestry and Geological Development has been vested with all powers, functions and duties of the former State Board of Forestry, and all powers, functions and duties of the former Advisory Board to the State Geologists. The two former departments were abolished, but all laws affecting the two former departments were, therefore, made applicable to the new department by this merger and transfer of authority
This department, by virtue of the Reorganization Act, is under the direction of a Commission, consisting of the Governor of Georgia as Chairman, and six members who are appointed by the Governor.
The General Assembly of 1931 made provision for the support of this department by appropriations from the General Treasury, thus changing from the former allocation to forestry of certain privilege taxes. A special appropriation was also made "for the purpose of developing the paper pulp industry in this State."
At the first meeting of the Commission in January, 1932, thre~ divisions of the department were set up for the proper handling of the work. as follows: The Division of Geology, the Division of Forestry, the Division of Pulp and Paper Research. The experts. placed in charge of these divisions were given the titles of State Geologist, State Forester and Research Chemist, while their duties were concentrated in these broad fields of activities.
The work of the Division of Pulp and Paper Reasearch is entirely new, as no other State has provided facilities and established a progressive program for the development of pulp and paper from the pine trees of the south. The outstanding progress made in proper forestry practice in Georgia since 1925 gives a logical background for such leadership in research by this State. The presence of practically all minerals and other economic advantages required in the manufacture of high grade paper also gives Georgia an added incentive to secure a pulp and paper industry within her borders. Very encouraging results have already been obtained in the Research Paper Plant at Savannah in 1932.

8

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

NEW DUTIES

In addition to the further development of forestry and geology, therefore, this department has been given new duties of great importance to the State of Georgia.

Section 24 of the Reorganization Act begins as follows: "It shall

be the duty of the department to encourage the development of NEW

MARKETS for Georgia forest and geological products, and use its

efforts to bring NEW INDUSTRIES into the State." Also in Section

23 of the same Act, the Commission is instructed to "

make pub-

lic reports upon the geological and forest conditions in Georgia, in-

cluding ECONOMIC ,!ND INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS

"

These new duties have been undertaken by the Commission through its Main Office, which was set up for this purpose and for coordinating the work of the three divisions.

MAIN OFFICE PERSONNEL
The personnel of the Main Office cooperates with the heads of the three divisions for the proper development of the department a~ a whole. It also serves the Commission as a central agency for contacts with other State departments and institutions and with the public.
The four employees in the Main Office are the Development Agent, Educational Manager and Editor, the Treasurer and the Office Assistant. As these titles imply, their various duties include the development of markets, industrial surveys and commercial relations, all educational programs and projects, editing publications and news service, and all accounting and bookkeeping for the department.

SPECIAL ACTIVITIES IN 1932
It was necessary in the beginning of the year to make adjustments for the new department and establish an organization plan. This the Commission handled through special comJ:nittees consisting of its members and the Development Agent. The Educational Manager and Editor was transferred from the forestry office to the Main Office for uniform service to the entire department. The former Assistant Educational Manager was made District Forester with headquarters at Augusta, thus completing an original program to organize the State into eight forestry districts. Through the District Foresters the State Forester can supervise to best advantage the decentralized plan of administration.
State nurseries were needed for larger production of forest tree seedlings at lower prices than had ever before been offered in Geor-

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

9

gia, so with F'ederal and State funds available for this purpose, the Commission secured splendid local cooperation and selected sites ::~.t Albany and in Union county, after very careful investigations of several other sites offered in other sections of the State. When these two State nurseries were established on lands leased for 99 years at a nominal figure, they were turned over to the Division of "Forestry for operation. This year the seedlings were sold at half the former prices and at actual cost of production. With a greatly increasing demand for these seedlings, larger quantities will be planted next year, so that many acres of abandoned farm lands, marginal and waste areas may be planted cheaply for future revenue from tree crops. These State nursery sites are so located that thy will grow all species of forest seedlings indigenous to the State.

COOPERATION WITH VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS
Cooperation with the Vocational Agricultural schools throughout the State in the study of the rudiments of practical forestry has
'to brought most gratifying results. Students taking the course iedrii
identify trees, the commercial uses of wood and the :Propagation and care of forests.
The Pulp and Paper Research Division through its head has joined in educational work with prizes to students and talks to students who visit the plant in Savannah.
We also propose to a cquaint -the students in these schools with the varied and enormous mineral r.e_sources of Georgia; enable them to identify at least . the common minerals, and ,have genera} knowledge of their uses and value.
As this cooperative project now heads up in the Main Office, a complete program for the department calls for each division to render its particular service to the schools.

NEW MARKETS AND USES
It is well known that Georgia soils in every county will produce abundant crops of trees when protection from fire and proper management plans are made effective. According to best authority we are fast approaching the time when the annual reproduction of southern pine will equal thE! (ltirriber cut.
The per capita consumption of lumber decreased from 500 feet in 1906 to 300 feet in 1925, and to 120 feet for 1932. ~ Naval stores industry is suffering, not only from the world-wide depression, but from strong competition of synthetic substitutes. These conditions make it urgent that we find new markets and uses for naval stores and other timber products. The coming of pulp and paper mills

10

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

would .be a step in that direction. We believe that systematic research would widen the use of naval stores.
Too many of our mineral products are shipped from Georgia in their raw state and processed elsewhere. The Georgia School of Technology, at its ceramic department, through research and semi-commercial tests, is making progress to correct this situation and it has been the pleasure of your Development Agent to keep in constant contact and cooperate in these efforts.
Chambers of Commerce, city governments and individuals are frequently called upon to prepare industrial surveys for prospective manufacturers, mine operators, or for publicity purposes. The Forestry Division and the Geological Division have on file much data bearing on the forest and mineral resources of the State and this information is available to anyone who may be interested.
Accentuating the depression, producers of lumber, pulp, paper, minerals and many other products have suffered severe competition during the year from Great Britain, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Japan, Russia and other countries by the change in the money standard from the gold to the silver basis. These products and the ocean freights are paid by the American importers in the money of the producing or exporting country In round figures it has amounted to 35 per cent reduction in th~ former prices.
Among others, Congressman Vinson introduced a bill in the last Congress which would equalize the difference and prevent the dumping of these foreign products, and there were hearings before the Ways and Means Committee of the House on the bills. The Development Agent accompanied a delegation of citizens of Georgia to Washington and assisted in the preparation of evidence for the committee.
Some relief was granted in the cases of lumber and coal and it is hoped the present Congress will pass the Vinson Bill which will help the producers of kaolin, fullers earth and other products of Georgia.

SURVEY OF WATER RESOURCES
A special committee consisting of two members of the Commission and the Development Agent has recently completed a study and report on the cost of a survey of Georgia's water resources.
We do not consider stream gauging necessary in Georgia for either navigation purposes or for power development, because such uses are confined to the larger streams and are gauged by the Federal Government, or have been developed or surveyed. What is

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

11

needed is the flow or capacity of smaller streams of sufficient volume for municipal or industrial purposes, upon which there is now no data. Besides the flow of these streams we should have the chemical analyses and temperatures of all streams in the State, so that the proper development of Georgia may be speeded up through general industrial use of its waters.
Streams with a daily minimum flow of 25 milliol). gallons can be used for municipal and industrial purposes. Even streams of a smaller flow are available where it is feasible to impound them. A glimpse of a map of Georgia will show scarcely any, if a single county, but has streams of these classes.
The manufacture of pulp and paper requires a large quantity of water, 25 million gallons being the minimum. Roughly speaking, a stream 15 feet wide with an average depth of 2 feet and flowing 60 feet per minute will furnish that amount, but obviously the supply must be constant,
If the water is turbid, or carries an excess of lime, sulphur and other minerals, it must be treated. Bleacheries and plants manufacturing rayon, chemicals and other products are also large consumers of water of certain purities.
Pulpwood and pulp can be transported a considerable distance, but usually at the expense of the seller. Paper and pulp plants must be near the water supply, as pumping is expensive. Generally speaking, Georgia is blessed with both surface and underground supplies of water, but little is known of the capacity of our smaller streams and the chemical analyses or temperatures of the waters of any streams. Other southern states with second growth pine and advantages similar to our own, have been collecting this information for years. Manufacturers from distant states seeking mill sites in the south have little choice as between states. Water, raw materials, labor, power, fuel and transportation are the controlling requirements. The cost of surveying available streams, including chemical analyses and the recording of temperatures is comparatively a small outlay as the Geological Survey of the United States will share half the cost. We urge the consideration of this work.

CONCERNING STATE PARKS
The Department of Forestry and Geological Development, through its Main Office, has spent judiciously the limited funds available for park development and maintenance. We anticipate the receipts from concessions and other sources at these parks will in time make them self sustaining.

12

F'ORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Few states embrace as many points of historical, scenic and recreational value as does Georgia. Ancient mounds and artifacts here and there carry evidence of the prehistoric Mound Builders. On the C'oast are remains of ancient Spanish mission buildings established a hundred years before those in California. Indian Springs, where' the State owns a beautiful park, and other sites represent the occupaney of the Indians. Many locations attest Georgia's struggle and cooperation for American independence.
"Liberty Hall", the home of Alexander H. Stephens, recently donated to the State, and other shrines, represent the period of the War Between the States.
Vogel Park at Neel Gap illustrates the wonderful scenic beauty of our Georgia mountains.
Parks representing the Spanish pioneering and .t)le American Revolution period would be very desirable acquisitions." .We hope the owners of some of these sites will, through their generosity and public spirit, donate them to the State and that we may b-e able to accept and preserve them.
As the beginning of a system of State Parks, Georgia has acquired to date the three areas without cost to the State-Vogel State Park, located in Union county where the Appalachian Scenic Highway traverses the Blue Ridge Mountain divide; Indian Springs State Park, located in Butts county on highway No. 42 midway between Atlanta and Macon; Alexander H. Stephens State Park, located at Crawfordville in Taliaferro county on State highway No. 12.
Vogel State Park was very generously presented to the State by Mr. Fred Vogel, Jr., one of the owners of large timber holdings in northeast Georgi'a. The State came into possession of Indian Springs State Park through the treaty of 1825 with the Creek Indians. Ten acres of thi's unit are the remnant of a much larger area ceded to the State by this frehty:' The citizens of the town of Jackson recently
made the State a gift of 12 additional acres, which have been added to this unit :!lt lnd.i'an Springs. The Stephens home, "Liberty Hall",
and some adj<i'ining property were given to the State by the Alexander H. Stephens Monumental Association and the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
VOGEL STATE PARK-This park embraces an area of 166 acres and has within its boundaries some of the most interesting picturesque scenery of the mountain section of the State. It includes the summit of Blood Mountain with an elevation of 4463 feet, one of the finest of our mountains. The area also contains a picturesque waterfall, ann occupies Neel Gap, one of the principal gaps in the Blue Ridge. This area with its wonderful topographic features, great variety of trees and shrubs is admirably suited for recreational pur-

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

13

poses, and compares favorably with such areas anywhere in the United States. The Department has made this area accessible by the construction of trails and other improvements which add greatly to its usefulness.
An adequate sanitary water supply has been developed through the construction of a cement reservoir. Comfortable rest rooms with modern conveniences have been constructed, and picnic and camp grounds, as well as adequate parking areas, have been developed.
A restaurant service is provided under a concession lease, and a limited number of overnight quarters have been provided in the same manner. The area is kept under observation during the fire season and adequate provisions have been made for its protection from forest fires.
The park has been visited by approximately 20,000 persons each year, and an analysis of the guest register maintained there shows that in 1929 visitors came from 42 states, and .from 313 towns a,nd communities in Georgia.
INDIAN SPRINGS STATE PARK-This park embraces an area of 22 acres, surrounding the mineral spring, the water from which was used by the Indians and by white men ever since their discovery of it in the 18th century. The park area is situated at the confluence of two streams and a large part of the area is well wooded. In addition to the curative properties of the waters of the mineral spring, the area is a very attractive one and lends itself to development for recreations.
Owing to the famous treaty of 1825, at which time the Indians gave up their title to a large part of what now comprises the area of Georgia, the park has considerable historic interest. Perhaps no other spot in Georgia is known to so many people. This with its historic background adds greatly to its desirability as a state park.
The Department has done considerable improvement work on the area, which includes the construction of a stone shelter over the spring itself and covering the spring so as to insure its waters against pollution to which it was subjected before this improvement was undertaken. A concrete restroom and complete water 'system has been installed, as well as facilities for taking mineral water baths. The dilapidated elevated walkway from one entrance to the property and spanning one of the streams mentioned has been replaced with a suitable cement structure.
Adequate parking areas have been provided for automobiles, and picnic and camp grounds have been developed and are maintained in keeping with the demand for their use. The area has been made accessible through the construction of trails, and considerable planting of trees and shrubs has been done in an effort

14

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

to restore some of the original forest setting around the spring itself. A wading pool and other playground equipment have been provided for the many youngsters who visit the place every year. Electric lights have been provided for the playground and area immediately around the spring, which makes it possible to use the area by a large number of people who visit the spring a.fter dark. The bath house and restaurant are maintained as a concession, and the State employs a caretaker to look after the property and give it proper protection.
During the past year more than 50,000 people visited the area, this being considerably .more than the number during the previous year, and it is believed that with the improvement of roads in that section that still larger numbers of people will take advantage of the recreational facilities provided there.
ALEXANDER H. STEPHENS STATE PARK-This unit containing 18 acres on which is situated the former home of Alexander H. Stephens and upon which he is buried, has only recently become the property of the State and no improvement work has been undertaken. The Stephens home is in a fairly good state of preservation but some repair work is needed on the building and also on some of the furniture which was formerly the property of Mr. Stephens. Although this place has been given very little publicity, it has be.en visited by a comparatively large number of people during the past ten years. The register contains the names of many thousands of people from many parts of the United States.
This historic shrine came into the State ownership at the instance of the Alexander H. Stephens Monumental Association and the United Daughters of the Confederacy through the good offices of Judge and Mrs. Horace M. Holden of Atlanta. With the continued cooperation of these organizations and their members, "Liberty Hall" will .soon be visited by the American people under more favorable
co~ditions.

WORK OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGER
lJnder the reorganization plan, the ed~cational and publicity work. hitherto functioning under the Division of Forestry, was transferred to the Main Office to serve all divisions.
The Educational ,Manager is in charge of forestry work in vocational agricultural schools; the vocational forestry camp; is editor of the monthly publication of the department; edits bulletins, leaflets and posters; prepares news items released to the press, and assembles and; organizes reference literature for use of the department.

REPORT F'OR 1931 AND 1932

15

Work with Vocational Agricultural Schools-Georgia is the first state to introduce a forestry project in its agricultural Smith-Hughes schools. This step was initiated by the Division of Forestry, which found the Division of Vocational Education of the State willing and enthusiastic in its co-operation.
School forests of ten or more acres were leased for 10 years. Each white and several colored vocational schools obtained school forests which were surveyed and mapped by representatives of the Division of Forestry. The Division also outlined a program of job work in the management of the forests, embracing the growing of forest seedlings, planting, thinning, fire protection, timber cruising and wood utilization.
The educational manager, in company with district foresters, visits from time to time the schools having the forestry projects to assist in promoting the work.
Two or three times each year the district foresters visit the schools and conduct practical demonstrations supplementing the work of the vocational teachers who instruct their students in the rudiments of forestry by using State and Federal bulletins as texts. The teachers have also encouraged boys to conduct forestry demonstrations on their home farms with considerable success.
Three years of work of this nature have amply justified the undertaking. It has resulted in training thousands of rural boys in the principles of practical forestry Those in position to judge have stated

Group of Agricultural Vocational Stu.dents Receiving Certificates of Vocational Forester in 1932.

16

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

th;:lt no school project has proven so popular nor received more enthusiastic support than the forestry project.
Some vocational schools drop out, but others take their places so that the average number of schools carrying on the full forestry projects is about 115 annually. The average number of students taking the fortlstry work in the schools is between 3,000 and 5,000 annually.
Vocational Forestry Camp-For two years a vocational forestry camp has been conducted at Young Harris College in the mountains of North Georgia. One boy from each county having vocational schools is entitled to attend camp. The award of a camp scholarship is made on the basis of a competitive forestry examination, home forestry demonstration, general scholarship and character. A scholarship entitles the holder to attend two camps of three weeks each. If the six weeks camp work is satisfactorily carried out, the student receives a certificate of Vocational Forester
The school work at camp consists of more intensive training along lines taught in the schools, the teaching being carried on by the educational manager and district foresters. The control of students, athletics, etc., is under the direction of an assistant state supervisor of vocational agricultural teaching, assisted by vocatiqnal teachers he selects.
In addition to the class and field work, students are taken on trips of interest into the Great Smoky Mountain National Park and to points of interest in the national forests. Lectures by prominent speakers, and moving pictures relating to forestry are nightly features of the camp.
The Vocational Forestry Camp has undoubtedly stimulated a great deal of interest in the school forestry work throughout the state, and each boy who has been fortunate enough to attend the camp will be a missionary in promoting forestry in his section of the St.ate.
Thirty-nine students received certificates of Vocational Forester in 1932 and around 50 will receive certificates each year the camp is held. This means that about 100 students will attend camp each year, half of them completing the two summers work each year. Eight to ten vocational teachers also attend on scholarship provided by the Division of Forestry
Foreatry-(;.eologic:al Review-With the reorganization, the "Forest Lookout", previously issued by the Division of Forestry, was enlarged and its name changed to the "Forestry-Geological Review'' to serve the entire department. The publication is issued monthly and is distributed to leading land owners, civic and business leaders, county

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

17

agents, vocational schools, mine and quarry interests, naval stores operators, lumbermen, etc. The little publication is serving a useful purpose in stimulating interest in forest fire protection and othet good forestry practices; in bringing to the public information about the progress of work at the paper research plant; in acquainting Georgia with its mineral resources; in promoting the interest in forestry in schools and in creating interest in state parks.
News Service-The Educational Manager sends out weekly news releases touching various activities of the department. They are especially acceptable to weekly papers, while press agencies and daily papers accept articles especially prepared for Sunday editions. These items contain news or timely information and are quite generally acceptable as shown by clippings obtained through a clipping bureau.
Contributions are made by district foresters and geologists of the state to newspapers, trade journals and magazines. The number of contributions accepted show a gratifying interest on the part of the state press in the resources represented by this department.
The number of editorials in state papers and technical journals, especially regarding forestry and the use of southern pines for making paper, is numerous and reflects strong sentiment in promoting these interests in Georgia.
Bulletins, Leaflets, etc.-In line with its policy of rigid economy, the Commission considered it advisable to restrict the publication of bulletins and leaflets as much as pos3ible. The department, therefore, issued no new publications in 1932 and only reprinted new editions of old bulletins and leaflets that were exhausted and were in demand.
Fire posters were much in demand in the spring of 1932, also in the fall. New posters were printed and distributed to supply this need.
Exhibits-It has not been found feasible with present funds and limited personnel to do extensive exhibiting at state, divisional and county fairs, but exhibits have been made at the annual meeting of the Georgia Forestry Association and at a few county fairs. District foresters have placed exhibits at fairs and assisted in arranging forestry features of school exhibits in a number of places. Occasionally the -Educational Manager is called upon to explain the forestry feature of the state museum to visiting school groups and individuals, also to address schools and civic clubs on the subject of forestry

DEPARTMENT TREASURER
All accounting and fiscal duties of the department are performed by the treasurer located in the Main Office. This includes the book-

18

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

keeping of all divisions, the receipt and disbursement of funds and the preparation of monthly and quarterly financial statements for the State Auditor and each member of the Commission. In addition, the treasurer also acts as secretary of the Main Office.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

19

DIVISION OF FORESTRY
B. M. LUFBURROW, State Forester, Atlanta, W D. YOUNG, District Forester, Rome, EVERETT B. STONE, District Forester, Gainesville, C. N. ELLIOTT, District Forester, Augusta, W G. WALLACE, District F'orester, Columbus, H. M. SEBRING, District Forester, Macon, JACK THURMOND, District Forester, Savannah, C. BERNARD BEALE, District Forester, Waycross, H. D. STORY, JR., District Forester, Albany, EITEL BAUER, Nurseryman, Albany, MRS. R. S. THOMPSON, Secretary, Atlanta.

INTRODUCTION
(From data of State Forester Lufburrow)
The three previous biennial reports to the State Board of For estry covered activities of the Geergia Forest Service since 1925 when the Administrative Law creating the department was passed. This report covers the calendar years 1931 and 1932, except for details, explained herein.
The bill reorganizing state departments became effective on January 1, 1932. This report, therefore, will combine the work for 1931 and 1932 in so far as is practicable.
The progress of forestry in Georgia along all lines has been
rather remarkable during the past two years. .Au activities have in-
creased in scope and effectiveness. Cooperative work with new agencies has been established and that already undertaken has.been continued and, in many cases, increased.
Forest fire control work continues as a major activity Forest fire fighters organizations of small landowners have been added to the cooperative work, and the timber protective organizations continue to increase in number and the acreage protected to be enlarged. Federal cooperations continues on a very satisfactory and pleasant basis.
The cooperative work with the Department of Vocational Agriculture in 115 vocational agricultural schools completed its second summer camp in August, 1932. Thirty-nine certificates were awarded. This cooperative work is a most valuable asset to the forestry cause in Georgia.
Our cooperative relationship with all other agencies has been most gratifying.
The intelligent direction of the work by the Board and Commission has made the two years' results possible, and my sincere appreciation is hereby expressed.

20

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Previous biennial reports have covered forestry work of the State to January 1, 1931 and this report covers work of the past two years.
The forest resources of Georgia represent a possible annual income of approximately 163 millions of d:lllars (reproduction) This enormous natural resource is being directed by a State organization that merits the wholehearted support of the citizens of the State in order to attain its objectives.

ADMINISTRATION
All available funds of the Division of Forestry are budgeted. This division has maintained its record of living within available funds, having completed the year 1931 with a surplus.
Federal aid, under Sections 2 and 4 of the Clark-McNary Law for fire control and nursery work, respectively, is the source of the greater portion of funds supporting the Division of Forestry

SOURCES OF FORESTRY FUNDS

FEDERAL fORESTRY fUNDS
(AVAILABLE 1931)
$71.750.00
71/o

TOT:f\L STATE TAX REVENUE. 19~1
$30,70'2, 466

FORESTRY!:; PART -$28.659-
0R SMALL fRACTION Of 1%
PERSONNEL
The personnel of the Georgia Forest Service during 1931 consisted of the state forester and a staff consisting of a director of education and utilization, two assistant state foresters, five disrict foresters, an assistant director of education and utilization, a secretary to the state forester and a secretary to the director of education and utilization.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

21

Technical training and practical experience prior to entering the forest .service fitted this personnel to give scientific and practical information and assistance to Georgia's timberland owners.
In 1932, the personnel of the Division of Forestry consisted of the state forester, a secretary, and a staff of eight district foresters.
The headquarters for the district foresters are Albany, Augusta, Columbus, Gainesville, Macon, Rome, Savannah and Waycross. These offices, are provided, together with heat, light and water, without cost to the State.

FOREST FIRE CONTROL
A major activity of the division from the beginning of our work has been forest fire control. A greater portion of this work is supported by Federal funds under Section 2 of the Clark-McNary Law. The Georgia Forest Service has never had sufficient State funds to match the Federal allotment to Georgia for fire control work although during the fiscal year 1932 the State received more Federal funds than in any previous year. In this same year, Georgia was one of very few states to increase the area under organized protection and cooperative expenditures. The intent of the Federal Law is that these funds must be spent for fire control work only, and not for administrative purposes.
The timber protective organizations represent organized grouped effort in fire control. This plan offers the most economical and practical basis of pooling funds of the Federal government, the State, county and private owners for expenditure on fire protection. The administrative cost is reduced to a minimum and the method provided is sufficiently elastic to meet local requirements. It places responsibility on the local landowner and permits him the use of available local labor and equipment. It insures active local interest at all times and affords a channel through which the personnel of the Division of Forestry can render effective service.
The Forest Fire Fighters' organizations, which were inaugurated at the July meeting of the Commission, represent group effort of small landowners throughout the State. They receive service from the personnel of the Division of Forestry similar to that received by the timber protective organizations, and receive Federal aid in the purchase of fire fighting equipment where funds are pooled for its :purchase.
The Forest Fire Fighters' organizations not only emphasize the importance of group effort and provide community leadership but form the basis for building up community sentiment.

22

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The special patrolmen who were used during the 1932 fire seasons promoted an extensive protective undertaking covering 10,306,600 acres with remarkable results. This undertaking disclosed the possibilities of forming the Forest Fire Fighters' organizations mentioned and thus enabled this division to respond to a demand for coQperation in fire control work and to render a real service to the small landowner.
The land listed in the timber protective organizations during 1931 and 1932 reached a total of 1,405,347 acres. This area is under intensive protection and contributes to the cost of same. Within or adjoining organized areas, are lands which it is necessary to protect because of the fire hazard they create to the organized lands. These areas amount to more than 500,000 acres. Land in or adjacent to the national forests in north Georgia under intensive protection that must be kept :free of fire to protect national forests from invading nres amount to more than 482,318 acres. It is estimated that an additional 700,000 acres in farm woodlots, game preserves and small QWnership are under protection and not included in the above, making a total of approximately 3,087,665 acres within the State tha:t are under intensive protection. A total for areas which are under both intensive and extensive protection is about 13,394,265 acres.

ASSISTANCE TO TIMBERLAND OWNERS
An important forestry problem of this State, which has 23,750,000 acres of potential forest land, 99 per cent privately owned and the greater portion of which is in small holdings, is forest management. This is nowlargely a problem of the owner, provisions having been made for the State to help only in solving the fire problem.
Georgia's future development will depend upon how her forest areas are managed. It is a land-use problem affecting more than 632 /~ per cent of the land area of the State, and assistance from the State to the private owner is an essential part of a program of full development and proper use of forest areas.
Each of ..the eight district foresters are cov-ering from 17 to 23 counties, They are helping the landowners on their forestry management problem!7 .in so far as their time will permit and are glad to do so, but it is appar~'nt that they can do very little of the great amount of work needed in directing individual -landowners in their forestry management problems.

SCHOOL PROJECTS IN FORESTRY
The forestry project of 115 vocational agricultural schools of the State made satisfactory progress in 1931 and 1932. These schools

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

23

are for the most part rural consolidated high schools, to which students are assembled by school buses from a wide territory.
Every white school of the State, having a full time vocational agricultural teacher, has a school forest of approximately 10 acres leased for a period of 10 years. A few colored vocational schools also have forests.
These school forests are surveyed and mapped and have management plans made by members of the forestry staff. Each district forester visits the schools in his district two to three times a year and

]lnratinual 1J1nrtsttr Qlrrtifiratt

Awarded by

DIVISION OF FOREST SERVICE

Department of

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

iWf~fis is tn rrrhfy, thafof~G~eoLrgfiaZ. ,M./lr_~~_...._.... _~_~_ph__, ___

having made an acceptible record in Forestry in a Vocational Agricultural School, has now successfully completed six weeks of intensive work under trained foresters of the Department of Forestry and Geological Development of Georgia at the Vocational Forestry Camp, which certification affirms that the person here named has a knowledge of the fundamentals of Forestry Practices and is recommended as qualified to
do non-technical forestry work.

In witness whereof, we affix hereto our signatures and official titles on this the

12 th

~-~~--~~-~~~

Fo~~ .....Chanu, Comm;u;on of

and Geological Development
---J3:.d2t.f,ooi..:.....tf:.-.P...Z44-.:'I-#J~~ ---.State Fomter

Fig. 4--Reproduction of Certificate of Vocational Forester given to rural high school students completing course at Vocational Forestry Camp.

2.4

FORESTR.Y AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

gives dem~mstrations in growing tree. seedlings,. planting, thinning, fire prevention, . estimating the volume of standing timber and wood utilization. Upon each district forester rests responsibility for the school forestry project in hi& district.
l'be vocatiolull agrie~lturltea<~her, gi,yes a definite period of
to time eadi year teacliing. the rudiments of forestry, using for this
purpose State and Federal forestry bulletins. Under the direction of the teacher, students conduct home forestry projects in which planting, thinning and fire protection are carried out.
A feature of the school :forestry project that has stimulated a great deal of .interest i~ the vocational forestry C8'Rl.P held for three weeks in July and August of 1931 and 1932 at Young Harris College in the mountains of northeast Georgia. One hundred boys and a few voc~onal teach~rs attend. The selection of one boy for each county for the camp is by examination, .each contestant also being required to have a home proj~t in forestry and a good general scholarship and character certificate from his teacher. In this way, a high class of boys is assured.
The expenses of the camp are paid from forestry funds. Each student is entitled to six weeks' camp work, three weeks each summer for two summers. If the camp work is successfully performed the student is awarded a certificate of Vocational Forester. The first class received certificates at the camp in 1982. These boys have been taught the fundamentals of forestry and will undoubtedly be enthusiastic advocates of good forestry practices in their home communities.
The camp is in charge of the educational manager with the district foresters acting with him as a faculty The course of study at the camp has been worked out by the state forester, the educational manager and. the district foresters, and is designed to give intensive practical training, mBinly by the job method of teaching, in the fundamentals of forestry
Discipline, recreation and actiVities aside from teaching, are in general charge of M. D. Mobley, assistant state supervisor of vocational education, assisted by a group of vocational teachers selected by him each year.
The state forester believes that this forestry: school work, which the Georgia Forest Service originated, is very valuable and recommends its continuance.
In this connection, it is a pleasure to say that the heartiest cooperation has been received from the heads. of vocational education in the. State and the vocational .teachers, and to them an important share of credit is due for the success attained;

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

25

PUBLICITY
Monthly Publication-During 1931 a 4-page monthly publication entitled the "Georgia Forest Lookout" was issued by the Georgia Forest Service. With the reorganization, this publication, enlarged to eight pages, is now issued under the name, "Forestry-Geological Review", and is in the charge of the main office.
The publication has met an important need in keeping people who are interested in forestry and forestry products and civic leaders informed about the progress of forestry in the State and its needs. Articles appearing in the publication have been widely copied in the State.
News Service--In 1931 a weekly forestry news service for the press of the State was conducted by the Georgia Forest Service. In 1932 this service was transferred to the main office and continued.
These items have been quite generally accepted by the press of the State as shown by clippings received. They have been the means of getting before the great body of the State's citizens timely and important information about forests and parks. For the cooperation of the press, the state forester is very grateful.
Special Articles-Special articles have been prepared by members of the staff for the Associated Press, various newspapers, trade journals and magazines. District foresters have contributed more b newspapers and magazines than heretofore.
In some instances, district foresters have been solicited to prepare a series of articles on forestry for local papers and have made such contributions.
Clipping Service-A state newspaper clipping service was obtained by the Georgia Forest Service for 1931 and is still used. This service makes available once or twice a week the information appearing on forestry in the papers of the State, and affords a check on the use of news items sent out.
It is gratifying to note the space given by the press of the State to matters pertaining to forestry Favorable editorials on forestry are growing in numbers in many of the Georgia newspapers.

PUBLIC ADDRESSES
The Division of Forestry is receiving numerous requests for addresses before various civic and business organizations on forestry It is often necessary to regretfully decline some invitations because of the pressure of other duties.

26

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Dr. Charles H. Herty has rendered valuable service to this division by speaking before gatherings arranged by district foresters.
A notable address at a district forestry meeting, arranged by the district forester and the Meriwether Timber Protective Organization was that made November 29, 1932, at Warm Springs, by President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. Governor Roosevelt is a member of the Meriwether Timber Protective Organization and is an enthusiastic advocate of forestry.
The growing demand for addresses on forestry in the State may be taken as an indication of a growing interest in forestry

COOPERATION
The Georgia Forestry Association, composed of public spirited citizens in all walks of life, has given real assistance and cooperation to the Georgia Forest Service and its successor, the Division of Forestry in all of its undertakings from the beginning of the work.
The cooperative work with the Federal government under Sections 2 and 4 of the Clark-McNary Law has been conducted on a very high plane and the best of relationships exist.
We have also enjoyed the cooperation of the following bureaus and stations of the United States Forest Service: The Bureau of Chemistry and Soils; the forest experiment stations at Asheville, North Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana; and Starke, Florida.
We have also cooperated very closely with the director of the Georgia Experiment Station at Griffin, in forestry research work; with the director of extension of the State College of Agriculture at Athens; with the Forestry School at Athens and various State departments.
STATE NURSERY
The Commission of Forestry and Geological Development, at its first meeting in January, 1932, authorized the establishment of two state nurseries and the use of Federal aid funds for the growing of forest planting stock.
One nursery was established at Albany, consisting of 11.5 acres of land on the county farm under a 99-year lease, the Chamber of Commerce of Albany donating the equivalent of $300 for a water supply for the nursery.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

27

Because of a late start, only loblolly, longleaf and slash pine seed were planted in this nursery We expect to produce approximately three-quarters of a million seedlings from this nursery in 1932.
The nursery in Union county on the Georgia Experiment Station grounds contains 3.4 acres. The director of the station has granted this division the use of this land under a 10-year lease. Black walnut, black locust, yellow poplar, white pine, shortleaf pine and loblolly pine were planted at this nursery in 1932.
The demand for planting stock of both nurseries this year has

Fig. 5-View of State Tree Nursery at Albany, April, 1932.
been most gratifying. At the present time the orders for seedlings have exceeded the supply with the exception of slash pine, and before the planting Reason ends, we expect to receive orders for all of the slash pine.
On account of an obligation assumed in accepting Federal aid funds for operating the nurseries, the planting stock is sold at cost to farmers and timberland owners. Only forest tree planting stock will be grown at these nurseries. Commercial nurserymen are not intet'ested in producing forest tree stock because of the small amount of profit to be made. Farmers and timberland owners can not afford to buy this stock from an investment standpoint unless the cost is very low The Division of Fot'estry, is, therefore, conferring a real benefit on the landowner and the State by making it l'JOSsible to

28

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

cheaply plant those areas that are now idle and are not within reach of seed trees where natural reforestation can take place.
STATE FORESTS
An offer of 100 acres of land in Richmond county near Augusta by Mrs. Eliza H. S. Nixon to be used as a state fore$ was accepted by the Commission at its meeting on July 8, 1932. The deed was pre-

Fig. 6-View of pine seedlings at Albany State Tree Nursery in November, 1932
pared, the title examined and approved by the State Attorney-Gen eral's office on October 5, 1932.
The Gwinn Nixon State Forest will be used for demonstration and experimental purposes. This forest is typical of a considerable forest area of middle Georgia. It will be administered on a business basis and will be put on a self-supporting basis as soon as practicable, so that it will be of very little cost to the State. On this area we hope to solve some of the forestry problems of middle Georgia.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

29

The need of state forests in other sections of the State is obvious if the Division of Forestry is to give, through demonstrations and practice, similar service to the remaining area of Georgia's 23,750,000 acres of forest land.
FOREST RESEARCH
There are many problems confronting the users of southern timber. Georgia, with the largest forest area of any State in the Union, and with natural advantages, has barely touched the various possibilities in which wood can play a vital part in the State's development.
This division is cooperating with the Georgia Experiment Station at Griffin through its mountain branch in Union county in an effort to develop plans of management of farm woodlots of the principal types of north Georgia. Studies are being made of various phases of forest growth as influenced by its past usage. We are also cooperating with the station in a study of forest nursery seed bed problems and problems that deal with methods of harvesting and storing tree seed, treatment of seed to prevent attacks of diseases and promote higher germination, management of seed beds for individual species including spacing and cultural and fertilizer requirements of the seedlings.
This division is also cooperating in research with the United States Forest Servic Experiment Stations in New Orleans, Louisiana; Starke, Florida; and Asheville, North Carolina; and with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils in naval stores research.
TUNG OIL TREES
Considerable interest in growing tung oil trees exists in the lower counties of Georgia. Planting in that region seem to be making favorable progress. How far north tree will grow has not yet been determined.
This division is watching with interest experimental plantings of a hary species from north China, at the Georgia Experiment Station. Thus far these trees have survived winters of middle Georgia but they have not been grown sufficiently long to justify definite re::!ommendations.
Those contemplating investing in tung oil trees should make a thorough investigation, especially of results in Florida where several years of experiments have been carried on.
ALPHARE'l'TA COMMUNITY PROJECT
In cooperation with a committee from the University Board of Regents, several state departments have selected old Milton county as an area in which these agncies will concentrate and coordinate their respective work in an effort for the betterment of rural life.

30

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

The Division of Forestry has made a survey of the 83,394 acres included in the project. The survey map gives a complete picture of the entire area, showing the farm land, forest area by type and age classes, pasture land, abandoned areas, improvements, roads, streams, settlements, and so on.
The report covers the economic history of the old county's lanu uses, the present condition of its farm lands, amount and kind of standing timber, history of forest fires, and recommends methods of organized fire protection with estimated cost.
The report also recommends a detailed management plan for the forest area. A possible annual growth of some ten million board feet on a sustained yield basis is estimated which would provide sufficient timber to keep a community mill operating the year round.
Forestry work will be coordinated with other state agencies through a local committee composed of land and home owners in the area.

FIRE STATISTICS
The summer, fall and winter of 1931 and spring of 1932 were recorded as the longest drouth in 20 years or more. The forest fire situation became serious in midsummer of 1931 with increasing intensity until April, 1932. The entire personnel of the Georgia Forest Service was assigned to duty in south Georgia during November and part of December, 1931. Many state and county agencies were called upon to assist and the response was most gratifying. The State Highway Commission and many county commissions rendered valuable assistance through road crews, machinery, maintenance crews and instruction to their personnel. The press of the State was untiring in its effort to assist, for all of which the Georgia Forest Service is thankful.
The acreage burned in 1931 was held to a very low figure considering conditions. In the early part of 1932 losses were the heaviest on both protected and unprotected lands. In some counties 90 per cent of the forest areas burned over, while in others where timber protective organizations functioned for four or more years, the burned area was held as low as 3 per cent, including both protected and unprotected lands.
The special fire patrolmen assisted materially in both prevention and suppression, as shown by the record of areas burned in the localities they covered.
Conservative estimates tabulated from limited records or surveys cover the unprotected areas. The figures for the timber protective organizations (organized protection areas) are, however, accurate.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

31

The records under prevailing fire conditions are considered encouraging.

FIRE STATISTICS FOR 1931 Area covered (in acres)

....
~ Q)
:><
1931

s:I :

".Q..'.)
~
z0

0
0
=.~
0 ..,
P..]
E-.:f~

I~
.!0'.:,..!~',:
I ;:l
S::,.o
Z0 !i~

- "' !~':...,

..,0~ Q"...).' <..\1,

z~rz.0.

0
E-<

728 1,507,661 500,000 482,318 2,489,979

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!':
Q)
0
....
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p..
.017+

11.1 Q) ~
s~
CIS
A
$76,471

Figures for 1932 could not be compiled until after the first of the year and, for this reason, are not included in this report.

Points of Activit'9 of Georgia Forest Service

HEADQUARTER S- STATE FORESTERS
* HEAOQUARTEil5 -DISTRICT FORESTERS
1::? MEMBERS OF COMMISSION
* STATE AND TOWN FORESTS
+STATE NURSERIES

lil!llTIMBE.R PROTECTIVt.- ORGA\IIZATIONS
FOREST FIRE FIGHTER-
= -ORGANIZATIONS
Q WHITE VOCATIONAL SCHOOL.S X COLORED VOCATIONAL -
VOCATI ONAL FOREsf~~~L.S
-SCHOOLCAMP ROADSIDE DEMONSTRATI ONS
R SITES OF RESEARCH WORK
*fJ PLANTINGS

~ALPHARETTA COMMUNITY~

f:~

,__. PROJECT

-'''~ TEMPORAR Y HEADQUARTERS

/,~,-:;

,_,FOREST PATROL.MHI

- DISTRICT FORE.ST ~
~BOUNDARIE S

NO T E: Co n sult i he lege nd column in t he upper right hand corner as to character of work represented by each mark. No effort has been made to mark the exact spot in every instance where work is carried on, only the county or section in which work is done being designated.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 193~

35

DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

S. W McCALLIE, State Geologist RICHARD W SMITH, Assistant State Geologist GEOFFREY W CRICKMAY, Assistant Geologist MISS MARGARET GANN, Clerk

PERSONNEL
(From data of State Geologist McCallie)
The personnel of the survey, in addition to the State Geologist, js at present as follows: Richard W Smith, Assistant State Geologist; Geoffrey W Crickmay, Assistant State Geologist; Miss Margaret Gann, clerk; porter. Both of the assistants are highly trained geologists. Mr. Smith holds degrees from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Cornell University, while Dr. Crickmay holds degrees :from the University of British Columbia and Yale University
EQUIPMENT
The equipment of the survey consists of an up-to-date chemical laboratory (now in storage); two Ford coupes for field work; a geological library, consisting of several thousand volumes; a museum, one of the most complete and best-arranged of its kind in the southern states; field equipment consisting of cameras, aneroid barometers, Brunton pocket compasses, collecting bags, geological hammers, etc.
ACTIVITIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SURVEY DURING THE YEAR
S. W McCallie: During the year my time has been taken up in :general routine office work, such as answering correspondence, identifying specimens, making an occasional visit to the assistant geologists in the field, and visits to oil prospect wells being put down in :south and northwest Georgia. I also spent considerable time in collecting and compiling statistics on the mineral resources of the State, which work was carried on in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Mines and the Federal Bureau of Census. The min-eral and water power data are as follows:
VALUE OF THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF GEORGIA FOR 1931
Asbestos, Ocher* --<-----------------------------------------------$ 5,839 Barite, Bauxite ____ ---------------------------------------------------- 264,001

36

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Cement, Lime (mostly cement)---------------------------- 1,336,457

Clay ------------------------------------------------------------------

1,656,433

Clay Products ---------------------------------------------------------- 1,194,371

Coal, Granite (mostly granite)------------------------------ 2,076,505

Fullers Earth

-------------------------------------- 844,917

Iron Ore ___ -------------------------------------------------------------- 51,513

Limestone

658,544

Manganese -------------------------------------------------------------- 78,824

Marble ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 3,350,351

Mica, Chlorite, Gold ------------------------------------------ 20,761

Sand and Gravel ------------------------------------------------------- 204,593

Slate, Talc _______________

169,326

11,912,435 WATER POWER__________________________ 11,235,312

23,147,747
The value of the mineral resources of the State for 1931 shows a decrease of $3,221,339 compared to the previous year
*When there are less than three producers of any one product, its value is reported in combination with some other product, as Asbestos and Ocher.

NOTES ON INDIVIDUAL MINERALS
ASBESTOS
Asbestos is a fibrous mineral, somewhat resembling wood in physical appearance. It is non-combustible and is extensively used for insulation purposes. Only one company reported the production of asbestos in the State in 1931: namely, the Clayton Paving Company, located in White county near Cleveland. The total value of the output of asbestos for 1931 was approximately only 38 per cent of that of the previous year.

BARITE
Barite is a very heavy mineral, usually of a white color It is known to occur in the following counties of the State: Bartow, Whitfield and Murray, but only in the first named county has it been extensively worked both during and subsequent to the World War. At present only two plants are operating: the Paga Mining Company and the Riverside Ochre Company. The latter company ships its product in raw state after washing, whereas the other company grinds and otherwise treats its ore before placing it- on the market. Barite is largely used in the making of lithophone, a variety of white paint.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

37

It is also used in the manufacture of paper, rubber, barium salts, as well as for refining sugar, glazing pottery, and in enameling iron. The total amount of barite put on the market in 1931 was practically the same as that in 1930; the value per ton, however, was slightly greater, the average price per ton being approximately $5.30.

BAUXITE
The .ore from which the metal aluminum is made is call_ed bauxite. It is a hydrated oxide of aluminum. Bauxite was first discovered in America near Rome, Floyd county, Georgia, in 1887 The first shipment of the ore was made in 1888. The following counties of Georgia have produced bauxite in commercial quantities Floyd, Polk, Bartow, Gordon, Chattooga, and Walker, in northwest Georgia; and Wilkinson, Sumter, Macon, Stewart, and Meriwether, in middle and south Georgia.
Only two producers reported production of bauxite in 1931 both plants being located in Sumter county, near Andersonville. The average price, on boards cars, dried, was approximately $6.00 per ton. All of the bauxite produced in 1931 was consumed in the chemical industry

CEMENT
The total value of Portland cement produced in 1931 was $383,906 less than in 1930. The plants reporting production are as follows: Pennsylvania-Dixie Cement Corporation, Clinchfield, Houston county ; Southern States Portland Cement Company, Rockmart, Polk county; and Georgia Cement and Products Corporation, Portland, Polk county The price per barrel of Portland cement in 1931 was 33 cents less than in 1930.

CLAY (KAOLIN)
Eight counties reported production of clay in 1931 which, named in the order of the value of their output, are as follows : Wilkinson, Twiggs, Glascock, Richmond, Houston, Hancock, Taylor, and Baldwin. Most of these clays were used in the paper industry, although a considerable amount was used in refractoring potter and other industries. The total value of the clay in 1931 was $1,656,433, which was a decrease of $304, 776 compared to the production in 1930. Thevalue of the clay put on the market was approximately $6.00 per ton. Georgia still remains the leading state in the production of high grade clays.

38

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

CLAY PRODUCTS
The value of clay products in 1931 was $1,194,371, which is $279,740 less than that of the previous year.

COAL
Only one company, the Durham Land Company, whose mine is located on Lookout Mountain in Walker county, about 12 miles south of Chattanooga, reported production of coal. The value of the coal produced by this company in 1931 was $26,757 (55 per cent) greater than that of the previous year.

FULLERS EARTH
Fullers earth is a variety of clay used mainly in refining mineral and vegetable oils. Four counties reported production in 1931, which, named in the order of production, are as follows: Decatur, Twiggs, Wilkinson and Stewart. The value of production in 1931 was over a million dollars less than that of 1930. The average price of fullers earth in 1931 was approximately $11.00 per ton.

GOLD
The value of the gold output in 1931 was limited to a few thousand dollars. The main activities, which consisted chiefly of prospecting and development work, were confined to Lumpkin, McDuffie, Cherokee and Hall counties.

GRANITE
Eight counties reported granite production which, named in the order of the value of production, were as follows: DeKalb, Elbert, Warren, Madison, Henry, Greene, Hancock, Oglethorpe. The three leading uses to which the granites are now being put are for building stones, concrete, and monumental purposes. Granite is also being extensively used for paving blocks, curbing, road material, etc. The total value of granite produced in the State in 1931 was $2,031,845, which was an increase of $34,911 over that of the preceding year.

IRON ORE
Only two counties reported production in 1931 of iron ore: namely, Polk and Floyd. The total production of 20,745 tons was valued at $51,513, a decrease of approximately $100,000 from that of 1930.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

39

LIME
The only plant reporting production of lime in 1931 was the Ladd Lime and Stone Company The plant of this company is located in Bartow county, near Cartersville. The entire output was used mainly for building purposes.

LIMESTONE
Six counties reported limestone production in 1931, which, named in the order of the value of their production, are as follows Houston, Gilmer, Bartow, Pickens, Polk, Crisp. The value of the total output was $658,544, an increase of $280,484 over that of 1930. This increase is mainly accounted for by an increase in the use of limestone in road surfacing. In addition to road construction, the stone is also used for tarraza (floor covering), poultry grit, rubber filler, paint, paper mills and agricultural purposes.
MANGANESE
Four producers, all of Bartow county: namely, J T Thomasson, H. C. Simpson, F D. Smith, and Manganese Corporation of America, reported production of manganese in 1931. The total value of the production was $411,124 less than that of the previous year.
MARBLE
Three counties reported marble production in 1931: namely, Pickens, Randolph, and Cherokee. The main output was from Pickens county, and was produced by the Georgia Marble Company The total value of the marble produced in the State in 1931 was $3,350,351, which was an increase of $528,391 over that of the previous year. Georgia marble is largely used for monumental purposes and for structural work. 1Many of the most magnificent buildings now being constructed in the United States are made of Georgia marble. It is indeed gratifying to know that Georgia's greatest mineral industry, the marble industry, increased in 1931 the value of its output approximately 18 per cent over that of the previous year
MICA AND CHLORITE SCHIST
Both mica and chlorite schist were produced in 1931. The main output of the former was from the following! counties: Rabun, Upson, Monroe, and Elbert, while the sale of chlorite schist was confined to Cherokee county The value of these two mineral products was approximately 2 per cent less than that for 1930.

40

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

OCHER
Only two companies reported production of ocher in 1931; namely, the Riverside Ochre Company and the Cherokee Ochre Company Both of these companies operate in Bartow County, near Cartersville. The value of the output of ocher was less than onethird of that of 1930. Ocher is made up largely of iron oxide and is used in the manufacture of linoleum, oil cloth, coloring for mortars, etc. Its value per ton ranges from $10 to $15 or more when pre-pared for market.
SAND AND GRAVEL
Nineteen counties reported production of sand and gravel last year. These counties, given in order of the value of production, are :as follows Crawford, Muscogee, Dougherty, Effingham, Talbot, Bartow, Thomas, Telfair, Chatham, Warren, Echols, Wheeler, Coffee, DeKalb, Taylor, Mcintosh, Jasper, Richmond, Emanuel. The total value of the production was $204,593, a decrease of $23,803 below that of the previous year.
SLATE
Slate was produced in Bartow and Polk counties in 1931. The main output was from Bartow county It was marketed in the form of granules, and used in the manufacture of composition roofing. The total value of the production in 1931 was approximately 43 per cent less than that. of the preceding year.
TALC
Only two companies reported talc production in 1931, namely, the Cohutta Talc Company and the Georgia Talc Company The mines and plants of both of these companies are in Murray county, near Chatsworth. The value of the output of these companies was less by approximately 26 per cent than that of the previous year.
WATER POWER
The total water power of Georgia for public use in 1931, as reported by the United States Geological Survey, was 680,928,000 kilowatt-hours, which was 179,809,000 less than in 1930. Rating the value of water power energy at an average of 1.65 cents per kilowatt-hour generated, the gross value of the output of Georgia water power development for 1931 was $11,235,312.
FIELD WORK
R. W Smith: Mr. Richard W Smith, Assistant State Geologist, makes the following statement concerning the mica, feldspar and

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

41

primary kaolins which he has been investigating during the present year's field work
The first geologic work on the mica and feldspar deposits of Georgia was begun in 1912 by the Geological Survey of Georgia and resulted in the publication in 1915 of Bulletin 30, "A Preliminary Repdrt on tl;le Mica Deposits of Georgia", by Dr S. L. Galpin, then assistant state geologist. This was a most timely and useful report, for the World War, already begun, greatly increased the demand for mica for electrical insulation and at the same time cut off the supplies of mica from India and Brazil. Prospectors demanded the report in such numbers that the entire edition has longi been exhausted. The mining activity of 1917 and 1918 resulted in the discovery of many deposits of mica not previously known and not described by Galpin. A need has long been felt for a new report that would describe not only the new deposits but also the old ones in the light of modern mining and marketing methods.
The commercial deposits of mica, often called isinglass, are found in the Piedmont Plateau and mountain sections of Georgia in tabular and lens-shaped deposits called pegmatite dikes or veins. Pegmatite is largely made up of the same minerals that are found in granite-quartz, feldspar, and mica-but usually in very large rather than small crystals. It is probably one of the final phases of a nearby intrusion of granite. The pegmatites, in addition to quartz, feldspar, and mica, often contain comparatively rare minerals such as tourmaline, beryl, apatite, columbite, tantalite, rutile, and the radioactive minerals, some of which are of commercial value.
Mica was first mined in Georgia by/the aborigines who used it for ornaments and looking-glasses. The early white settlers knew of the mica deposits and perhaps occasionally dug out sheets for glazing the few windows in the more primitive cabins, but it was many years before they were commercially mined. Several mines were opened in the mountains of north Georgia between 1880 and 1885 and furnished large sheets of mica for glazing the windows of stoves. The industry declined with the importation of mica from India, in spite of a growing demand for mica as an insulator in the electrical industry. A protective tariff limited the imports of the smaller sizes of mica about the beginning of the present century and increased the demand for domestic mica. Considerable mica was mined in Georgia from 1900 to 1907, but following the panic of 1907 practically none was mined until 1914.
The wartime demand for domestic mica resulted in pr.9specting all over middle and north Georgia. The greatest activity took place in some of the Piedmont counties which had received very little attention in the earlier mining. Upson and Monroe counties, which were

42

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Qnly briefly described by Galpin, furnished considerable mica of excellent quality. The height of the mining took place in 1918 when 208,200 pounds of sheet mica and 40 tons of scrap mica with a total value of $80,050 were reported. Since that time the demand for and price of domestic mica has greatly declined and with it the mining of mica in Georgia.
North Carolina and New Hampshire produce the greater part of the mica mined in the United States at the present time, with minor amounts reported from Maine, Connecticut, Virginia, G~orgia, Alabama, South Dakota, New Mexico, and Colorado. An increase in the price of mica would result in more activity in the states, such as Georgia, that are now minor producers. This will probably gradually come about as the cheaply-mined deposits of North Carolina and New Hampshire are exhausted.
Feldspar, a silicate of aluminum containing varying amounts of potash, soda, or lime, is used as a flux in the manufacture of glass, white ware, glazes, and enamels, and as an abrasive in scouring soaps and window-cleaning compounds. It is mined from pegmatite dikes in the following< states, named in order of their production in 1930: North Carolina, Maine, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Virginia, California, New York, Colorado, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Arizona. It has never been mined in Georgia.
The feldspar of pegmatite dikes is often weathered near the surface to a very white clay called kaolin, or primary kaolin, to distinguish it from sedimentary kaolin such as is found in the Coastal Plain of middle and south Georgia. These primary kaolin deposits, if present in large enough quantities, can be washed and used in the manufacture of white ware.
Quartz or flint, when absolutely pure and finely pulverized, is used in the manufacture of glass and white ware. Beryl is used as the Qre of beryllium, a metal that is nearly twice as lig~1t in weight as aluminum and is finding uses in alloys where lightness and strength are desired. Occasionally beryls of gem quality are found. The various radio-active minerals are used as ores of radium and uranium.
The task of getting up a new report on the mica deposits and associated minerals of Georgia was assigned to me in 1931. One month of 1931 and seven months of 1932 have been spent on field work in 24 counties. It was decided to make this report as comprehensive as possible rather than a reconnaissance report, as was the previous one. The method of investigation followed in each county was to obtain advance publicity in the county newspapers, telling of the nature of the survey and asking the owners of property with outcrops of mica, feldspar an~ primary kaolin to notify me of their location. These outcrops were then visited and examined as well as

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

43

possible without actual prospecting. Hand samples of the mica or feldspar were often taken to supplement the notebook descriptions. In a very few cases it was possible to take fairly representative samples of feldspar or primary kaolin. Ceramic tests should be made of these samples at the end of the entire field work. In this way nearly all of the outcrops of mica, feldspar and kaolin, as well as the old mines, were visited, including a few mines that were operated previous to 1912 but not described in Bulletin 30.
I also visited a number of deposits of cyanite, an aluminum silicate mineral closely related to sillimanite. Recent experiments have shown that cyanite, although not suited for making the sillimanitetype of spark plug! cores, can be used in the manufacture of highgrade fire brick and other refractory shapes where long service under high heat with little or no shrinkage or expansion is necessary. (See article Cyanite in Georgia; A Museum Mineral Becomes Commercial, in the December issue of the Forestry-Geological Review )
The field work to, date indicates that there are a large number of pegmatite dikes or veins in Georgia. Many of these contain mica, and some possibly feldspar and primary kaolin, in commercial quantities. Many others, however, are too small to be worked except during times of exceptionally high prices.
The value of mica greatly increases with the size of the sheets, The deposits of sheet mica are by nature very pockety and are seldom continuous for any great distance in either a horizontal or vertical direction. The vein may pinch out or may change in character, the mica disappearing or changing to small or twisted piec-es. A promising outcrop may, therefore, lead to a large deposit or only a small pocket, and a large deposit may have a very meagre surface showing. Nearly every mica outcrop is, therefore, of interest and should be prospected to a depth of three or four feet by a trench at right angles to the vein. At this depth the width and character of the vein should show and it can be determined whether or not further prospecting would be justified. Deposits containing mostly the small or twisted and broken blocks of mica suitable only for grinding are of value only if large enough or numerous enough in the immediate vicinity to pay for the investment in a grinding mill.
The commercial micl'l. has by no means been exhausted from all of the abandoned mica mines in Georgia. Many of them have been worked by miners with no capital or knowldge of the proper mining methods. These men "ground-hogged" their way down, skimming out the cream of the sheet mica and. wasting the smaller sizes and scrap mica. As soon as the sides of the untimbered pit started to cave in or they struck; water or hard rock, off they went to rob another outcrop, too often failing to pay the owner his expected royalty Such

44

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

methods often result in an outcrop so cut up that future mining must be done from a shaft in the firm ground on either side of the vein.
Feldspar and kaolin, having a low value in the crude state, must. be in large deposits close to railroad transportation to be of commercial importance. The majority of the Georgia deposits visited thus far are too small to be worked. A few of possible commercial importance have been sampled or described. The gTowth of the mica industry will undoubetly bring to light commercial deposits of feldspar and kaolin in Georgia. The feldspar industry of North Carolina, which now surpasses the mica in annual value, did not begin until long after the mining of mica there. The time spent in visiting the small deposits is by no means lost, for the information recorded may prevent unwise investment later.
It is estimated that at least 15 months more work will be required on this report. It will take a long and busy field season to visit the remaining 41 counties that may contain outcrops of mica,. feldspar or primary kaolin. Some of these counties probably contain few deposits of interest and can be visited in two or three days, but others contain many old mines and prospects and will require a week or ten days apiece. The mountain section of the State, in which th~ work was necessarily slow, because of lack of roads, !)as largely been completed.
The large representative samples of feldspar and kaolin which are collected should be given chemical and ceramic tests. The chemical analyses will have to be made outside. The ceramic tests could bemade by me at the Ceramic Laboratory of the Georgia School of Technology under a cooperative agreement similar to that by which the ceramic tests on the sedimentary kaolins, brick clays, and shales were made. This would probably add about two months to the time estimate previously made. The writing of the report and its preparation for the printer will probably take three or four months after the last. field work is done.
G. W Crickmay: Dr. G. W Crickmay, Assistant State Geologist~ makes the following statement concerning the mapping of the crystalline rocks of Georgia:
The area of crystalline rocks in Georgia at an early date attracted the attention of geologists, but it was not until 1913 that thefirst detailed geological map appeared in the form of a folio description of the Ellijay quadrangle. The most detailed mapping to date is that of W S. Bayley on the Tate Quadrangle, an area containing the important marble deposits of the State. In addition to these maps, the reports of the Georgia Geological Survey which deal with mineral deposits of crystalline rocks, add valuable details in areas that have not been mapped.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

45

More recently a need has been felt for a general geological map showing all the published knowledge, supplemented by new information in intervening areas, and correlating all the information avail:able on the crystalline rocks. Such maps have been prepared for the ..states of Alabama, Tennessee and Virginia in the Southern Appac lachian region. In August, 1930, the writer, in company with Dr. W :S. Bayley, started a reconnaissance survey of portions of northern Georgia. During the field seasons of 1930-32, most of the area under -consideration has been surveyed in preparation of a State geological map. The following report outlines the present status of the geological mapping and the purposes of the work, together with comments .on field and office work.

During 1932 my time has been distributed between field and of:fice work as follows:

Jan. 1 to April 1-0ffice work ___

_3 months

April 1 to Nov 1-Field work ____________...7 months

Since the start of the present project, I have spent in the office 7 months, in the field 26 months. In 1932 thirty counties were :mapped.

A geological map embraces features which are economic, scientific and educational. The economic features are two-fold. In the first :place, the map shows the location and areal distribution of valuable :rocks, particularly granite, granite gneiss and marble, which together :yielded in 1931 nearly one-half of the total mineral production of the state.

Marble is found in Georg:a in two belts: the Murphy marble belt :and the Brevard schist beit. In the former the marble form discontinuous masses from the North Carolina line to near Canton, Cherokee county Marble production of the state is limited to this area. A small area in Haralson county, near Buchanan, probably represents an extension of this same belt. Marble deposits in the Brevard schist -occur near Gainesville, Alto, and east of Clarksville, but their physical nature is such that these deposits cannot be used for structural :material.
Granite and granitic gneiss are most common in the Piedmont :and -production is limited to that area. In the thirty years since the publication of the last report on the granites of the state by T L. Watson, production of this stone has greatly increased. One of the 1atest developments is the quarrying of pink granite at three quarrit'!s in the Elberton area. This stone combines the textural qualities of the ordinary grey granite with a fine pink color.
All.the varieties of granitic rocks were included by Watson un.aer a common designation on his maps. Now the different varieties of

46

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

granite are used for different purposes. A strongly gneissic rock, like the Lithonia granite, is not suited for monumental work. The texture determines to a large extent the use to which any granitic rock is particularly adapted. It would be a decided improvement to have a map showing the areas where each type of granite occurs. On the state geological map which is now near completion, the granitic rocks are divided into four types based on texture, and each type is designated by a distinctive symbol.
The second economic feature of the geological map is that it shows the distribution of rocks with which particular mineral deposits are associated. For example, the gold deposits of the Dahlonega area occur in a belt of certain fine-grained schists and gneisses. On a map of small scale it is not possible to show the location of actual ore bodies, such as gold-quartz veins, but it is possible to show the rocks with which the veins are associated. When this is done, it is found that the gold-bearing rocks of Dahlonega form a belt more or less continuous from Lake Burton in a southwesterly direction to near Tallapoosa and this belt, as shown on the map, embraces the principal gold deposits. The gold deposits of McDuffie county also occur in a belt of distinctive rocks. The association of talc and asbestos with basic rocks is another case in point. There is some indication that the pegmatite deposits, now being studied by the Geological Division, show a preference for particular types of rock as host, so that, when these relations are fully worked out, prospecting for these deposits can be restricted to the areas where such rock types occur
A geological map is prepared in accordance with scientific methods; all the known facts are collected and presented, even thoug'll. many of these facts may offer no other benefit to mankind than satisfaction of a natural desire to understand the composition and geological history of the state. In the struggle of mankind upon the earth for useful products, science is the advance spy system, industry the captured territory Scientific curiosities of yesterday are economic necessities of today Mineral deposits, that yesterday belonged in the sphere of science, find themselves today in the realm of industry The following is illustrative of countless examples that could be cited. With the development of the aeroplane engine, it became necessary to make spark plug porcelain that could withstand far higher temperatures than in the ordinary internal combustion engine. Research showed that such a porcelain could be made from the orthosilicate o;f aluminum, which occurs in nature as the minerals andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite. And these minerals, which were known to science two decades ago simply as minerals peculiar to certain metamorphic rocks, were at once sought after and became essential to the progress: of aviation.
It is only by correct interpretation of obscure rock types that the

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

47

geological history of the crystalline rocks can be fully understood. The result obtained from the present work does not profess to be a final dictum; new mineral deposits will be discovered, new information will come to light. As Sederholm said of his geological map of Finnland, a geological map of any area of pre-Cambrian rocks must represent a summary of existing knowledge rather than a final analysis of the subject.
Of the 73 counties in which crystalline rocks occur, there remain 10 to be mapped. The plan for the following year is to complete the mapping of these counties. It will also be necessary to examine in de.tail certain crucial areas to obtain data for which a reconnaissance survey does not allow time.

Up to the present time I have spent but one month in the officefollowing my field work of 1932, and in all my field work since 193(} I have spent but 7 months in the office for 26 months in the field. This length of time has been far too short to assemble all my field notes or to describe all the specimens that have been collected. This: is particularly true in so far as my office work must include a survey of past reports of the Geological Department so that all published information can be correlated and incorporated in the State Geological map.
The collections of the Geological Division have been sorted out: and arranged. A representative suite of samples of each mineral or rock studied by the Survey has been preserved in our collectiens. A card catalogue of thin sections has been started, the immediate purpose of which is to systematize the records, to facilitate reference t<> sections, and to avoid duplication of the work of others.
We now have a map of most of the counties covered in the present project. It is my aim to place the geology on these county maps and keep them in the office as a permanent record. Included will be a short description of each county, its geology and mineral deposits,. compiled from my own field notes and supplemented by information already published in our bulletins.
In July, 1933, a section of the International Geological Congress. made up of about 75 geologists from all parts of the world, will visit Georgia. During 1931 a route was mapped out and a description prepared of mineral properties for this excursion. This description is now in press and will be published as part of the Geological Congress Guide book covering the mineral deposits of the southern states. In Georgia the congress will visit the Cartersville mining district, making a study of manganese, ochre and barite. It is possible that they will also visit the marble quarries at Tate.

48

F'ORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL D-EVELOPMENT

RECOMMBNDATlONS
An appropriation sufficient to permit the survey to employ a competent state geologist, two well-trained assistant state geologists, a reliable chemist, a clerk and janitor, and pay field and office expenses with a sufficient balance for printing the economic and scientific reports issued by the Survey, is essential- for effective maintenance of this division.

NEED OF' TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
The unit for topographic maps adopted by the United States Geological Survey is a quadrangle bound by parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude. These quadrangles, or sheets, are published in uniform size about 16 1h by 20 inches. The scale varies from % inch to 2 inches per mile, the most common scale being one mile to the inch, with 20-foot contours.
Each quadrangle or sheet is designated by the name of some well-known city, town, or prominent natural feature situated in the quadrangle. The maps are printed in three colors. The cultural features, such as roads, railroads, cities and towns, as well as the lettering, are in black; the water features-streams, lakes, ponds, etc..are in blue, while the features of relief-hills, mountains, etc.-are :shown in brown contour.
Federal Survey Map: The outline map herein shows the area, indicated by parallel ruling, tl:at has so far been mapped by the Federal Survey, which area constitutes approximately 41 per cent of ihe entire area of the State. It will be seen from the illustration that the topographic maps so far compieted are confined to the northern .and eastern part of the State, little having been done in the central and southwestern part. Many of these maps in the northern part of the State made 20 or more years ago are largely of a reconnaissance nature and are badly in need of revision.
Mineral Resource Development: Topographic maps probably reach their maximum value in the development of the mineral resources of the country The topographic map forms the base map on which the geologist lays down the various geologic formations and iraces out the distribution of the commercial minerals and rocks. Without such a map it is impossible for him to work out any satisfactory report on the mineral resources of a section or to suggest trustworthy plans for their commercial development. It is a notable fact that the states which are leading in the development of their mineral :resources are those which are well advanced in topographic work. 'This is well illustrated in the case of New York, Pennsylvania and

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

49"

~LEGfND~

MRPPED RRERS

Shaded Part Shows Areas of Georgia that have been Topographically Mapped.
West Virginia. These states are now wholly or largely supplied with topographic maps. No state can expect to attain the maximum development of its mineral resources until it is supplied with up-to-date topograhpic maps.
All topographic maps of Georgia up to the present time have been made by the United States Geological Survey without any expense whatever to the State. This policy, however, has recently been changed so that topographic maps at present are only made in the states which pay 50 per cent of the cost of the maps. This means that topographic mapping by the Federal Government in Georgia is

50

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

now at an end unless the legislature sees fit to provide means to have the work continued.
A large number of the northern and western states and not a few of the southern states have adopted this plan in topographic map work. Tennessee appropriates $16,000; and Kentucky, formerly, $75,000; while Georgia, the Empire State of. the South, makes no appropriation whatever for this important line of work.

GEORGIA WATER RESOURCES
Georgia's rivers and streams are among the State's greatest assets and as yet there is little known in the way of definite facts concerning many of them. Rivers, in their natural state, are subject to wide variations of flow. There is a great surplus in wet seasons and a corresponding deficit in dry seasons. In times of flood they are a menace, while controlled and utilized they are a source of great wealth. The streams should be made to serve the people constructively instead of destructively
Water for municipal, domestic and industrial uses, the development of power, the control of floods, the improvement for navigation and for all other purposes, r equire continuous records of river discharge over a period of years sufficient to establish the maximum and mean flow conditions.
Together with stream gauging, we should have chemical analyses and temperatures and study the decrease of the flow of artesian wells in such cases as at Savannah and other communities along the Sea Board.

REPORT F'OR 1931 AND 1932

51

REPORT DIVISION OF PULP AND PAPER
RESEARCH

Chas. H. Herty, Research Chemist Geo. C. McNaughton, Assistant Research Chemist Bruce Suttle, Plant Engineer W F Allen, Chemist Geo. Lindsay, Chief Mechanic J B. Osborne, Jr., Plant Assistant F W Hendricks, Plant Assistant Spencer Noble, Volunteer Frank W McCall, Volunteer Jos. Fox, Volunteer

HISTORICAL
(From data of Research Chemist Herty)
Four factors led to the establishment of the pulp and paper research laboratory located at Savannah, Georgia
First, a quantitative determination of the resin content of young slash pine, the most prolific producer of oleoresin for naval stores, established the surprising fact that the young pine as it stands in
the woods contains approximately the same amount of resin as the
spruce pine of northern climates, the tree most largely used throughout the world for paper production.
Second, small-scale laboratory experiments proved that this young slash pine could be just as readily pulped by the sulphite process as spruce, the resultant pulp being bleached with equal facility as that from spruce; and experiments pointed favorably to the preparation of groundwood, mechanical pulp, from the same young pines, thus indicating the possibility of the manufacture of newsprint, which consists of approximately 80 per cent of groundwood mixed with 20 per cent of sulphite pulp.
Third, the reforestation program already well under way in the State through intensive fire control over approximately two million acres necessitates the thinning of such new timber tracts, an expense to the timber grower who needs a market for such thinnings unsuited to the ordinary uses of wood.

52

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Fourth, the existence of some twenty-three millions of acres of cut-over pine lands and five millions of acres of abandoned farm lands constitute a serious economic waste. Such lands are well suited to the development of pine growing and there appeared a possibility that through utilization of these waste lands for this purpose there could be developed large quantities of raw material for supplying many white paper mills, thus indicating the prospect of a new industry in the State that would offer pay to the farmers and timberlanrl owners, would increase employment among our people, bring in capital, create new taxable values, and would tend toward a general increase of prosperity of the State.
With these points before it the last Legislature made an appropriation of $20,000 a year for the fiscal years 1932 and 1933 for the maintenance and operation of an experimental pulp and paper laboratory, provided a fund of $50,000 should be contributed to the State for the purpose of equipping such a laboratory. This conditional appropriation was made available through the gift of $50,000 by the Chemical Foundation, Inc., of New York City, an organization whose profits are devoted to education and research in chemistry and the allied sciences and their application to industry

Fig. 7-lnterior View of Pulp and Paper Research Laboratory at Savannah.
The problem of housing and of obtaining additional contributions for operation remained to be solved. A number of cities were

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

53

(}esirous of obtaining the location of the laboratory; accordingly offers were solicited from any interested city and after a careful review of the details of these offers the Commission accepted the offer Qf the Industrial Committee of Savannah, Georgia, which offer included without charge to the State for five years, the use of a building well adapted to the purpose, of unrestricted electric current for both power and lighting, of an abundant supply of suitable water, .ample wood for all experimental needs, and fuel oil for the steam used in the digester and in drying paper.
Orders were then immediately placed for the equipment, and the Qrganization of a technical staff begun. The material began to reach Savannah the last week in December, 1931, and the staff reported for, duty on January l, 1932. Installation was immediately commenced and was completed by the middle of May, 1932. (It is a pleasure to make acknowledgment here of the generous assistance, without cost, of the engineering staff of the Central of Georgia Railway in this work of inst'ailation and of the contributions by this railway and by the merchants of Savannah of all the material used in the foundations for the machinery.)

F"INANCIAL
It soon became evident that to fit up this laboratory so as to carry logs through to finished paper a larger sum would be required than was first thought. This situation was frankly laid before the manfacturers of equipment who, foreseeing the possible new opening on a large scale for their equipment, generously made extra dis- counts, which made possible the installation of complete equipment for making newsprint on a semi-commercial scale.
Nothing. was left, however, for equipping. the testing laboratory so essential in guiding the course of research and for informing manufacturers of the exact quality of the product turned out from the laboratory. This situation was laid before the Chemical Foundation, Inc., which under authorization of its president, Mr. Francis P Garvan, made a further contribution of $7,000, thus enabling the QUtfitting of a first-class testing laboratory Here again completion of the outfit was made possible by further discounts by manufacturers of testing equipment;
Some manufacturers both of the operating machinery and of the testing equipment made their contributions in the form of indefinite loans of the material they manufacture. With the exception of these all the machinery and testing apparatus has by form.al transfer become the pr,operty 9f the State of Georgia.
With the work of installation completed we were about to lose .a valuable mechanic and an assistant mechanic because of the lack

54

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

of funds. This situation was saved by a contribution of $4,000 by Mrs. E. T Comer, which allowed the services of these two men to be continued for a year.
As the work proceeded the need of further funds made itself evident and this was relieved by a contribution of $1,000 by the City of Savannah and of $767.50 which the Industrial Committee of Savannah raised from private citizens.
This staff has worked in complete harmony with the utmost zeal and is thoroughly imbued with the spirit of research. Attention is specially called to the spirit of the three volunteers, all young Georgians and graduates of technical schools, each of whom has agreed to work for the period of a year without any remuneration. They keep the same hours and give just as devoted service as the paid members of the staff. Their hope is that through this year's experience they may fit themselves for good positions in southern white paper mills, in the future existence of which they have full conlidence.
On December 15, 1932, Mr. J B. Osborne, Jr., resigned because of an offer of a far more lucrative position. It was with great regret that Mr. Osborne's resignation was accepted for he had given energetic and loyal service throughout his connection with the laboratory

OPERATIONS
Thirty-two (32) shipments of wood have been received, totaling seventy-seven and a half (77%) standard cords.
The first run of the grinder for mechanical pulp was made on May 5, 1932. Seventy-three (73) runs have been made to date.
The first cook for mechanical pulp was made on May 12, 1932Forty-two (42) cooks have been made to date.
The first paper machine run was made on June 10, 1932. Thirtyeight (38) runs have been made to date.
Earlier shipments consisted of 4-foot logs peeled in the woods. More recently the shipments have consisted of the entire length of the tree trunks with the bark on, peeling being done in the laboratory.
Through the courtesy of a number of manufacturers of newsprint the laboratory has been furnished with commercial samples of sulphite groundwood and of newsprint. These have been carefully tested and serve for comparisons with the products made in the laboratory.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

55

RESULTS OBTAINED

As a result of the seven months of systematic research in the laboratory it has been established:
First, that the young pines free of heartwood (under twentyfive years of age), regardless of species, can be pulped by the sulphite process, and can be ground for mechanical pulp.
Second, that the sulphite pulps from seasoned woods of all species can be bleached readily.
Third, that in seeking to avoid "blue stain", an inherent danger in hot humid seasons, green sapwood pines can be pulped or ground readily with the production of even lighter colored pulp than that from seasoned wood.
Fourth, that pulps from green wood have shown no signs of pitch in the digester, on the pulp stone, in the beaters, or on the paper machine.
Fifth, that the pulps so prepared are remarkably light colored proving admirably adapted to newsprint manufacture and indicating a low requirement of bleach in experiments on book and bond papers, which will be taken up later.
Sixth, that by mixing sulphite and groundwood in the proportions characteristic of newsprint, sheets of good formation have been produced, such mixed pulps having a freeness and wet strength which indicate clearly the possibility of very successful use on modern large-scale fast machines.
Comparisons are constantly being made with sulphite and groundwood pulps and with samples of stock newsprint furnished us by manufacturers and publishers. A comparison of Run Number 23 with that of a paper used by one of the leading metropolitan dailies shows figures that are strictly comparable, the bursting test being somewhat higher on the experimental paper while the gloss is a bit lower due to no weights being used on the calender rolls:
COMPARATIVE TESTS OF NEWSPRINT FROM GEORGIA PINE

(Wood: Loblolly pine, fast growth, av. age 13 years, av. diam., peeled 5.75 inches)

Georgia Newsprint Weight _____________ ----------------------------------- 31.58 lb.
Thickness_ _---------------------------------------- 0.00343 in.
BursL---------------------------------------------------- 8.40 points Burst Ratio________________________________________ _______ 0.266

Newspaper Samples 32.00 lb. 0.00353 7.30 points 0.228

.&6

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Tear,--Across __ ------------------------------ 19.80 gr.

20.0 gr.

Length---------------------------------------20.80 gr. -Tensile-Across______________________________________ 1.29 kg.

22.0 gr. 1.17 kg.

Length--------------------------------------- 1.88 kg. Gloss..---------------------------------------------------- 32. 66 o/o Porosity (Gurley 100 cc.) --,---------------- 30.34 sec.

2.27 kg. 34.86 o/o 26.4 sec.

Oil Penetration (Av both wire and

felt sides)------------------------------------- 60.80 sec.

66.0 sec.

Specimens of newsprint manufactured in the laboratory have

been furnished the secretary of the Southeastern Newspaper Pub-

lishers' Association and the director of the Newsprint Service Bur-

eau. These officers in turn have distributed the samples to each mem-

ber of their respective organizations, the Newsprint Service Bureau

including in its membership ail the manufacturers of newsprint in

the United States, Canada and Mexico. As a result of this, wide-

spread interest has been developed in the possibilities of this section

and every new development in the work attracts immediate atten-

tion.

The laboratory has been visited by numerous paper manufacturers, paper consumers and by organized groups who through ,their -visual inspection of the work have been enabled to get an idea of the -direct bearing of the work on reforestation and on the future prosperity of the state.

FUTURE WORK

The limited funds for equipment made necessary a set-up of the laboratory in such a manner that a number of pieces of equipment "Serve a double function in different types of work. This necessarily 'Slows down the research output of the laboratory It is hoped that -each type of work can be made perfectly independent so that the work may go forward as rapidly as the staff can handle it.

Real progress has been made in the manufacture of sulphite pulp but much work remains to be done to enable a determination of those conditions of operation which will b'ring out the full strength -of the fiber and make it thoroughly competitive with those now in use in the paper industry

While there has been decided progress in Thcreasing the length of fiber of the groundwood manufactured much work remains to be done on the numerous variables that are inherent in this work. There -are real difficulties which must be overcome because of the wide difference in the structure of the cells of the spring and of the summer wood so characteristic of wood grown in warm humid climates. Furthermore, attention must be paid to the difference between rapidgrowing wood characteristic of open stands as compared with the narrow-er ringed wood of the slower growing trees where rate of growth has been retarded by overcrowding and by fire.

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

57

Now that paper approaching commercial standards has been prepared, more attention will be given to the surface finishing of the same and studies will be undertaken of the behavior of the various runs of paper as to fitness for printing, especially the matter of opacity and printing ink consumption.
Approximate quantitative records have been kept during the progress of the work on the properties of the fibers, but from now on more attention will be given to quantitative yields, power consumption, etc., with a view to enabling an accurate determination of the cost of manufacture.
To date the work has been confined to newsprint because its development promises the use of large volume of logs, thus aiding the reforestation program and giving, it is hoped, employment to a maximum number of people in the woods. However, when this problem has been carried to an extent where it is felt that we are justified in urging the establishment of newsprint mills in Georgia work will be shifted to other lines, the first of which will be a thorough study of the bleaching of fibers. For this work the purchase of additional equipment will be necessary which will be somewhat expensive because of the destructive action of the bleaching agent on ordinary metal.
It will then be necessary to study the retention of fillers by these fibers for paper used, for instance, in the manufacture of books and magazines. Nothing is known on this subject and this work will offer an interesting joining-up of two Georgia industries, one an already existing industry, for Georgia produces the greater part of clay (kaolin or china clay) used as a filler in paper manufacture; the other the potential and hoped-for industry of white paper manufacture from young Georgia pines.
The application of coating clays on the paper manufactured in the laboratory must also be studied. Additional equipment must be bought for this but it will be well justified, for it will join work with the coating clay industry, another Georgia industry
There is a third Georgia industry which must be associated with the work, viz. the use of rosin size as in the manufacture of writing paper.
Finally, it is highly desirable that as soon as possible thorough studies of alpha cellulose from the chemical pulp of these pines should begin. This product goes into a large number of modern industries such as rayon, smokeless powder, celluloid, artificial leather, etc. The time of the present staff is completely taken up with the manufacture of paper and its testing. An additional chemist experienced in alpha cellulose work will be necessary in order to initiate this work.

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FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

FORESTRY FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1931
On December 31, 1931, the State Forester was relieved of the duties of treasurer by the Commission under the reorganization setup, and this statement covers only the year 1931:

RECEIPTS

Balance from previous year (Fed. Funds)--------------------$ 22,502.63

From State, allocated funds------------------------------------------ 28,659.41 From State for Indian Springs_________________________________________ 4,912.58

From Fed. Gov't, Section 2 (fire control only) --- ------ 45,484.44

From Fed. Gov't, Section 4 (nursery) ------------------------------ 1,397 73

From F G. Varner, concessionaire at Indian Springs________ 250.00

From petty cash fund, Ind. Springs Park.._________________________

7.33

Interest on bank balances----------------------------------------

386.30

$103,600.42

PAYMENTS

Expense

Administration ------------------------------------- -------------$ 11,907.95

Education and Utilization ----------------------------- 14,224.94

Field Offices ------------------------------------------- 26,760.54 State Forest Parks

Vogel ------------------------------------------$ 993. 95 Indian Springs -----'----------------------- 5,057. 61

6,051.56

Forest Fire Protection --------------------------------------- 23,830.70

Total Expense Payments .__________.$ 82,775.69 Non-Expense
Transfer to State College of Agriculture Nursery Project ----------------------------------------- ------------- 1,397 73
Transfer to Georgia Experiment Station Forest Research Project ---------------------------------------- 1,2 00.0 0
Transfer to C. A. Whittle, Treasurer, Dept. Forestry & Geological Development -----------------'--- 18,224.39

Total Payments ------------------------------1 03,59 7.81

Balance-December 31, 1931

Petty Cash-Indian Springs Forest Park__________________

2.61

$103,600.42

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

59

STATE AUDITOR'S COMMENTS
The comments of the State Auditor during the entire time that the State Forester was treasurer for the Georgia Forest Service are as follows:
In 1927-"All records are full and complete."
In 1928-"The records are neatly and accurately kept and all disbursements covered by proper vouchers."
In 1929-"Payments are supported by proper vouchers. The records are being satisfactorily handled. The State Forester is bonded."
In 1930-"The records of the State F'orestry Board are neat, accurate and full, enabling us to commend those in charge for their industry and efficiency "
In 1931-"The books of the State Forestry Board were well kept and accurate and reflect credit on the accounting personnel; every aid was given the examiner in making this examination."

FINANCIAL STATEMENT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR 1931
Receipts
:Balance in Treasury Jan. 1931 -----$ 646.96 Balance in Bank Jan. 193L__________ 275.83 .Appropriation for 1931 _______________ 20,000.00

Disbursements
Geologists' Salaries: State Geologist 1 year _________ $4,500.00 1st Asst. State Geol. 1 year____ 3,000.00 2nd Asst. State Geol. 1 year 2,583.33

$20,922.79

$10,083.33 Office Salaries:
Chemist, 3 months ------------------$ 325.00 Clerk of Dept., 1 year _____________ 1,327.00 Custodian of Museum, 1 year__ 300.00 Porter, 1 year __________________________ 525.00
Secretary of Board, 1 year_____ 83.33

$2,560.33

60

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

General Expenses: Postage -------------------- --- -----------$ 93.14 Freight and Express ---------------- 10.61 Telephone and Telegraph -------- 104.93 Printing and Stationery -------- 4,366.85 General Expenses --------------------- 1.00 Library ------------------------------------- 67.29 Travel Mileage ----------------------- 462.03 Travel Expense ----------------------- 2,032.39 Laboratory Expense ________________ 7.00
Laboratory Equipment ------------ 500.00 Field Equipment --------------------- 119.46 Museum Expenses - ---------------- 15.45 Office Expenses ---------------------- 470.61

$8,250.76 $20,894.42

STATEMENT-GEOLOGICAL DIVISION 1932
State Appropriation ------------------------------------------------------------$15,0 00.0 0 Less 11.! % Deficit ------------------------------------------- --------------------- 1,725.00

Total available for 1932------------------------------------- ----------------- $13,275.0(}

Expenditures:

Personal Service ----------------------------------------$11 ,515.83
Travel Expense ------------------------------------------ 1,407.58
Supplies -------------------------------------------------------- 368.25 Tel. and Tel. and Postage ____________________ ____ 190.38

Subscriptions --------------------------------------------

16.0 0

1 3 ,4 9 8 .04-

Expenditures in excess of appropriation _____________________ _________$ 223.04

FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF DIVISION OF PULP AND PAPER RESEARCH LABORATORY
Appropriation by the State of Georgia for maintenance and operation for 1932 ____________$20,000.00
Contribution by the City of Savannah______________ 1,000.00 Contribution by Industrial Com. of Savannah__ 767 .50
$21,767.50

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

61

Contribution by Mrs. E. T Comer for salaries ....__________________ 4,000.00

TOTAL FOR MAINTENANCE AND
0 PERATIO N 1932 ----------------------------------------------- $2 5,767.50 Contribution by Chemical Foundation, Inc. for equipment .. 57,000.00

TOTAL -------------------------- -------------------------- $82,7 67. 50

Expenditures:

Cost Plant equipment installed________________________$58,767.50 Personal service ___________________ $19,433.31

Travel expense ---------------------Unskilled labor ---------------------Telephone, telegraph, postage Freight and drayage ______________

163.32 784.75 115.41 146.16

Supplies ------------------------------------ 531.93 Equipment and installation 2,851.40 $24,026.28 $82,793.78

Expenditure in excess of income --------------------------------------- $26.28

STATEMENT, INDIAN SPRINGS 1932
State appropriation ----------------------------------------------$5,000.00 Less 11% o/o ------------------------------------------------- 575.00
$4,425.00 Received from concession ---------------------------------- 300.00 Balance 1931 appropriation unexpended___________ 863.55 $5,588.55

Expenditures:

Personal service __ -----------------------$ 425.25 Travel ------------------------------------- 269.94
Supplies ------------------------------------ 436.7 4 Electric current ------------------------ 203.47 Repairs and alterations __________ 427.33
Drayage ------------ ---------------------- 4.50 Insurance ____________-------------------- 219.50
Equipment -------------------------------- 442.20 Permanent improvements ________ 2,493.26

4,922.19

Unexpended balance available for 1933 ____________ _______ $666.36

62

FORESTRY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

1932 STATEMENT FORESTRY AND MAIN OFFICE

Receipts:
State appropriation ---------------------------------------------- $2 5,00 0.00 Less 11% o/o deficiency --------- ---------------------------- 2,875.00 $22,125.0():

State balance from 1932 appropriation _______________________________ 63.09

U S. Section 4, Nursery matched funds ________________________________ 2,699.08

U. S. Section 2, Fire control matched funds ____ ________________ ____ 17,456.3&

Interest on bank balances ---------------------------------------------------- 220.42

Fire pumps sold ------------------------------------------------------------------- 122.16

Cash balance Georgia Forest Service, 1931._____________ _________ _ 18,224.39

Cash used out of Federal T P 0. funds _______________________

5,028.3S

Total receipts ------------------------------------------------------- --------$65.938. 8 8.

Expenditures:

Forestry Division:

Personal service ---------------------------------------$25,855.84

Unskilled labor ----------------------------------------- 657.3 9

Travel expense ----------------------------------------- 10,825.71

Supplies ------------------------------------------------------ 2,719.10

Equipment ------------------------------------------------- 2,661.06

Telephone, telegraph, postage ------------------ 638.03

Electric current ------------------------------------------ 129.05

Printing and subscriptions ------------------------ 420.19

Freight and express -------------------------------- 142.86

Rent North Georgia Nursery____________________ 13.60

Refund to Nursery, Athens ________________________ 402.88

State Forest, Augusta ------------------------------- 62.95

Miscellaneous --------------------------------------------

30.00

Summer School Camp -------------------------------- 1,953.50

Cooperative enterprises:

Ga. Experiment Station ____$300.00

Naval Stores Tests ______________ 338.14

Alpharetta Project ______________ 240.50

878.64

47,790.80

REPORT FOR 1931 AND 1932

Main Office:

Personal service --------------------$10,450.00

Travel ---------------------------------- 2,178.29 Postage, telephone, telegraph 1,228.17 Printing and publicity ____________ 1,393.55

Supplies ---------------------------------- 715.74 Freight and express ______________ 45.04

Photographic service and subscriptions ______________________
Office furniture ---------------------Insurance and bonds ____________
Repairs and alterations ______
Miscellaneous ------------------------

37.00 77.50 92.74 108.00
1.50

63 16,327.53

Vogel Park:

Personal service ----------------------$

1.00

Repairs and alterations ______

449.53

Freight and hauling ________________ 20.50

Insurance ---------------------------------- 78.00

Equipment -------------------------------- 50.25

Permanent Improvements

1,121.25

1,820.55

Total Expenditures _____________ ------------------------------------------$ 65,938. 88

STATEMENT FEDERAL FUNDS

Received from U. S. Treasurer, Sec. 2, Fire Control Total receipts_______________________$58 ,63 6. 61

Disbursements:

Reimbursement on State expenditures _______ _______ _17,456.36 Reimbursement to T P 0. members _________________ 18,202.42
Paid rewards --------------------------------------------------------- 4 00.00 Spent for Special Fire ControL______________________"-- 8,504.42
Used for Forestry expenditures make up deficit 5,002.95

49,566.15

Cash in bank in Federal Fund account ______________-----------$9,070.46
ALEX K. SESSOMS, Chairman Finance Committee, Commission of Department of Forestry and Geological Developm~mt.