Third biennial report of the State Board of Forestry to the Governor and General Assembly of the state of Georgia

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT
OF THE
State Board of Forestrg
TO THE
Governor and General Assemblg
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA
1929-1930
B. M. LUFBURROW,
State Forester

INDEX
Letter' of Tr;'imsm1ttal IntroductiOn Administration Personnel Forest Fire Control Assistance to Timberland Owners Fire Control Improvements Education and Utilization Publications Pomts of Activity (Map) Newspaper Service Pubhc Addresses W ark with Schools Summer Camp Roadside Forest Demonstrations Survey Mill Requirements Cooperation with Assqciations Forest Fairs State Nursery and Reforestation State Forest Parks Forest Research Fire Statistics Financial Statement Auditor's Report Financial Statement Summary

PAGE
5
7 7 8 9 13 15 15 15 16-17 18 19 19 21 22 23 23 25 25
27
28
29
30 31 32

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT
OF THE
State Forester
TO THE
State Forestry Board
OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA
192Q 1930
B. M. LUFBURROW State Forester

Georgta State Board of Forestry
( Ex-Offrcw) HON L. G. HARDMAN, Governor
President HON GEORGE H. CARSWELC, Sec. of State
HoN. S. W MCCALLIE, State Geologist
HoN. J PHIL CAMPBELL, Director of Extension, State College of Agriculture
( Appomted) MRS. M. E. JUDD, Dalton J LEONARD ROUNTREE, Summit C. B. HARMAN, Atlanta BONNELL H. STONE, Blairsville ALEX K. SESSOMS, Cogdell
B. M. LUFBURROW Secretary and State Forester

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5

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL FROM THE
STATE FORESTER
MEMBERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF FQRESTRY
SIRS
The Bienmal Report covering activities of the Georgia Forest Servtce for the calendar years 19 29 and 19 30 is herewith submitted.
The factors paramount m the nse or fall of public welfare are our natural resources and mankind's attitude toward them.
Dunng the two years that have elapsed since the last Biennial Report we have experienced a material change in the attitude of the public toward the' forest resources of the State from general indifference to one of widespread active interest and concern.
During thts period the technical staff as planned in the organizatiOn chart of 1926 , has been completed with the exceptiOn of a dtstrict forester for District 3
Forest fire control continues as the major activity This problem is being attacked both by organized effort through the Timber Protective Organizations and through stimulating individual effort. Available federal funds under Section 2 of the Clarke-McNary Law have almost doubled since; 1929 but State funds have not mcreased sufficiently to acquire full federal aid , therefore, $25 000 of federal funds will probably be lost to the State this year for lack of State matching funds.
Georgia has received nation wide attention for its co-operative educational work in forestry with the 150 vocational schools of the State, and much faborable comment has been received on our bulletins and leaflets.
The demand for services made on each branch of our activities has mcreased and has been met as fully as possible. Our system of administration has made it possible to render this service at the lowest cost.
The active interest and support of our program by the Georgia Forestry Association has enabled us to carry on more effectively and economically The State press has been gen-

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

erous in carrying forestry messages to the masses that would not otherwise be reached.
The enthusiasm and intelligent interest of each member of the State Board of Fo.restry are not only very helpful. but an inspiration to the State Forester But for the enthusiastic and intelligent direction of the Board the work could not have made such rapid progress, and for this I wish to express my sincere appreciation.
Respectfully B. M. LUFBURROW State Forester.

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

7

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT
BOARD OF FORESTRY, STATE OF GEORGIA
1929-1930
INTRODUCTION
Previous Biennial Reports covered the work of the State Board of Forestry up to and including December 31 1928. This, the Third Biennial Report, gives a survey of the work .dunng the two years 1929- 1930, with plans for the future work necessary to develop the forest resources of the State.
Defimte and direct responsibility is placed upon the Georgia State Board of Forestry to conduct the State's forestry activities and secure maximum results to the owners of Georgia s 23 725 000 acres of potential forest land. Because of its active interest and intimate detailed knowledge, the Board is able to .direct the work effectively and efficiently and since the Board serves without compensation, its service is rendered with little COSt to the tax payer In fact , Georgia s forest resources, second m stze in the State, with possibilities of an annual income of $163,000,000 or mo.re in finished products, are directed by a Board that merits the wholehearted support of all G eorgians.
ADMINISTRATION
The Governor is ex-officio chairman and presidept of the State Board of Forestry Three other ex-officio members who have the knowledge and interest, as well as experience in conducting affaus of the State, are on the Board . The five appointed members are chosen because o.f their personal experience and knowledge of various activities necessary to develop the forest resources of the State. Under this set up the Governor 1s in direct contact with the work and bas the able council of eight other directors.

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

The members of the Board serve WITHOUT COMPEN SATION bemg satisfied with the realization that they are rendering a service to Georgia. Each member 1s reimbursed the expenses incurred in the performance of his official duties. The total of such cost to the State for the five year period January 1926 to December 1930, is $1 792.38 or an average of $348 48 per annum, or less than $1 00 per day for the service of th1s group of able and efficient directors of the forestry department, a cost so small compared to the service rendered as to find no parallel in the cost of operating any private business. The excellent record of attendance at board meetings is .a cnterion as to the interest and personal responsibility felt.
All available funds are budgeted. Quarter! y statements of receipts and disbursements are submitted to each member of the board in advance of the meetmg and all expenditures are kept within the budget. This system, together with the fixed policy of the board-to adhere strictly to the budget-has enabled the department to operate without creating a deficit smce its existence.
Summing up, we find the work administered by1 Ftxed Responstbiltty The Governor as prestdent and
chauman, with eight advisors, assume the responsibility 2. Low Cost Members of the board serving without com-
pensation, but receiving actual expenses while attending meetings, have mcurred an expense that totals less than $1 00 per day for the past five years. 3 Budget System All expenditures are made under a budget approved by the board in advance of the calendar and fiscal years. 4 Interest of Board Members Attendance averages seven over the five-year period. Each member appointed by the governor has not only part1cular fitness to serve, but has been glad to render serv1ce to the State.
PERSONNEL
The personnel of the department consists of the State Forester the Director of Education and Utihzation, two Assistant

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

9

State Foresters, five District Foresters,* an Assistant Director of Education and UtilizatiOn, a secretary to the State Forester and a secretary to the Director of Education and Utihzation. These employees were appointed because of the technical training and experience that fitted them to give Georgia timberland owners scientific mformatwn and assistance in handling their timber crop.
The headquarters for the Assistant State Foresters are at Gainesville and Macon, and the District Foresters are located at Rome, Columbus, Albany, Waycross and Savannah. The offices of the entire force, together with heat, light, water and in some instances office equipment, are furnished without cost to the State. The work of the staff is primarily with the timberland owner and therefore in the woods, approximately 80 per cent of the time being in the woods assisting the owners in solving their forest problems.
FOREST FIRE CONTROL
The forest fire problem constitutes the major activity of our work. Since the 1927 28 biennial report was issued, federal
*As of March 1, 1931.

Fire break in south Georgia. Note reproduction on right and lack of it on left "~jhere subjected to fire.

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

funds available under Section 2 of the Clarke-McNary Law have increased from $39,000 to $69 750. This increase of $30,750 is due to a slight increase in the federal appropriation for forest fire control work , and to a federal estimate that Georgia has 23,000,000 acres of forest iand, an area greater than the U S. Forest Service had previously recognized . It is on the average basis and at a cost of 4 cents per acre for State wide organized fire control that the increased allotment was made.
These funds are to be matched on a 50/ 50 basis, but State funds available did not perm1t us to secure all the federal forest fire control funds allotted to Georgia in 1930.
The Georgia Forest Service is the designated agency for cooperative work under Section 2 of the Clarke-McNary Law and is responsible for its administration. It received federal funds for forest fire control work, and the intent of the law is that all such funds should be passed on to the timber owner and that each State must carry all necessary administrative or superv1sory cost. Georgia and one other State are the only ones that have failed to meet this requirement. State funds are not sufficient to carry the personnel required by approved nation-wide standards for acceptable fire control practise, and part of this is now carried by federal funds.
The basic principle of Georgia s forest fire control plan is organized group effort. The federal government, the State, the county and the private owner pool their funds for expenditure through co-operative organizations known as Timber Protective Organizations. This offers the most efficient, economical and practical basis for forest fire control work.
The Timber Protective Orgamzation plan1 Reduces the administrative overhead to a m1mmum. 2. Is elastic enough to allow the private owner the use of
h1s labor and machinery for fire protective measures during penods when they would not otherwise be employed. 3 Places responsibility on the pnvate owner thereby insuring active local interest at all times. 4 Affords a channel through which assistance and advice

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11

TOP-Longleaf pine killed by fire near Cogdell, Georgia. MIDDLE-Slash pine killed by fire near Cogdell. BOTTOM-Longleaf reproduction killed by fire near Ocilla, Ga.

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

of the spenalists of the Georgia Forest Service can be effectively rendered to private timber owners. 5 Enables public agencies to participate to the extent of their obligations and to handle affectively questions that extend beyond the province of the local organization. Individual effort in fire control has proved both expensive and unsatisfactory Organized effort through the timber protective organization system during its five years has proven practicable and inexpensive and has secured good results (see table page 30) due to this form of co-ordinating the activities of

TOP-Forest protected from fire showing excellent growth and reproduction near Baxley, Georgia. BOTTOM-Acrou the road where fire has devastated the forest.

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

13

federal, State and pnvate agencies. A v1sit to the timber protective orgamzation areas will prove convincmg. Results are seen at a glance and th~ wisdom of expending public funds m this manner will be unquestioned, for returns amply JUStify the expenditures.
The demand for co-operative forest fire control work continues to increase, although the lumber and naval stores industries have faced a senous depressiOn during the period covered by th1s report. Pnvate agenCies have so fully realized the importance of growmg trees and of forest fire control that they have made considerabie sacnfices to keep organized fire control work up to standard dunhg this penod, and others have taken up protective measures. Th1s is shown by the mcreased acreage under protection. During 1929 30 the total area hsted in the timber protective organizatiOns reached 1 3 5 1 0 70 acres. It was necessary to protect 410 668 acres of land that was not contributing to protection cost, th1s area either being intermingled with organized areas, or constituted a hazardous boundary Protected lands in or adJacent to natiOnal forests of North Georgia that are under protection amounted to 414 734 acres, which, added to the State's protected area makes a total of 2,17 6,4 72 acres in the State under adequate organized fire control. In addition, there are 850 000 acres m farm woodlots, game preserves, or tracts of less than 10 000 acres under fire protection which are not included in the organized area mentioned.
The grand total under the various forms of protection is 3 026 472 acres or 12.7 per cent of the 23,750,000 acres m Georgia needing protection from fire.

ASSISTANCE TO TIMBERLAND OWNERS
Ninety-nm~ per cent of the 23 y,( million acres of potential forest land 'ln Georgia 1sprivately owned and most of th1s ownership is m small holdings. Less than a million acres of the original timber remains. Five and one-half million acres represent abandoned farm lands. What to do with this vast area

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

of forest land is a problem confronting Georgians. and affects every citizen of the State
Forest fire is both an mdividual and a State problem , but the management of a tract of timber is the owner's problem. The Georgia Forest Service can only hope to reach many of the mdividual owners through its bulletins and leaflets which treat of almost every vital forest problem, and through demonstrational areas which all may v1s1t and learn lessons to apply to their own timberland.
The demand for individual advice dunng the two years 1929 and 1930 has been enormous. Many owners now see a greater present and future value for their woods and w.ant help to make theu forests produce at maximum capacity In-

Forest fire lookout tower, built of cypress, on Pine Island Timber Protective Organization, near Albany, Ga.

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

15

sofar as possible, we are glad to give advice to individual timber owners.
FIRE CONTROL IMPROVEMENTS
Permanent and semi-permanent fire control improvements erected on the organized areas include 17 steel towers 80 to 110 feet in height, 3 wooden towers, 18 7 miles of telephone hne, 3,844 miles of fire break, and 50 miles of fire trail. The purchase of fire fighting equipment such as trucks, trailers, fire pumps, hoes, axes, Texas swatters, rakes, lanterns, and tools amounted to $11 771 during 1929-30.
Expenditures for forest fire control work dunng this period by the State amounted to $29 751 53 by Federal Government $8 7 110 and by private owners under co-operative agreement $65 210.08 a total of $182,071 63 It will therefore be readily seen that for every dollar the State has invested $5 12 is received m return.

EDUCATION AND UTILIZATION PUBLICATIONS

During the two-year period covered by this report, the Georgia Forest Service has issued six bulletins and six leaflets. The more popular bulletins and leaflets are issued in quantities of 5,000 each. The demand for these publications is such that it has been necessary to reprint a number of them. The more technical bulletms have been issued in quantities of 3 000 each. These too have been much in demand.
The bulletins issued smce the last report are as follows

Subject

Author

Planting Pines in South Georgia__ Fred B. Merrill

Profitable Forestry in Georgia ____________C. A. Whittle

Proceedings of the Georgia Commer-

cial Forestry Conference________________C. A. Whittle

Forests and Waters__________________________C. A. Whittle

Number Pnnted
2,000 7,500
1.000 3,000

Points of Activitg of Georgia Forest Ser,rice

LEGENDS

-HEADQUARTERS-STATE FORESTER

~HEADQUARTERS- ASSISTANT ~ STATE. FORESTERS

*HEADQUARTERS-DISTRICT-

.A-

- FORESTERS

W MEMBERS STATE BOARD OF-

...II-

-FORESTRY

JJI( STATE AND TOWN FORESTS

tffml LOCATION OF TIMBER PROTEC-
Q TIVE ORGANIZATIONS WHITE VOCATIONAL AGR. SCHOOLS
X NEGRO VOCATIONAL AGR.SCHOOLS

VOCATIONAL FOREST SCHOOL CAMP

+ROADSIDE DEMONSTRATION-

T

-FORESTS

tR SITES OF RESEARCH WORK STATE NURSERY

DISTRICT FOREST BOUNDARIES

NOTE: Consult the legend column in the upper right hand corner as to character of work represented by each mark. No effort has been made to mark the exact spot in every instance where work is carried on, only the county in which work is done being designated.

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

The leaflets issued since the last report are as follows

Regulations of the Timber Protec-

tlme Organizations ______________ ______ __B. M. Lufburrow 1,000

Why Prevent Woods Fires _____ ___ ________C. A . Wh1ttle

2 0 ,0 0 0

The South a Source of Wood Pulp_C. A. Whittle

3,000

Fire Break Construction ____________________ C. B. Beale

3,000

Forestry in Vocational Agricultural

Schools ----------------------~-----------------C. A. Whittle

3 000

Be Careful About Starting Woods

Fires --------------------------------------------C. A. Whittle

5,000

Posters carrying messages of fire warnings are employed.

Most of those distributed during the biennial period have been

taken from stock previously printed. A large calendar carrymg

information to naval stores operators was issued and distributed

in 1930.

Some assistance has also been rendered to timber protective

orgamzations in preparing and pnnting posters designed for

their own use.

NEWSPAPER SERVICE
The educational department releases an article a week to the newspapers of the State. For the most part these articles have news value and are welcomed by the press as shown by clippings collected by a newspaper clipping service. Information has been supplied from time to time to news agencies which have sent out articles to daily papers of the State.
Photographs and cuts have been provided for newspapers, some of them being used in rotogravure sections of Sunday papers.
It. has been very gratifying to note many editorials on forestry in the State press. These are contributing much to quickening public interest and in laying the foundation for organized effort particularly in forest fire control. In fact, much of the progress in developing forestry sentiment in the State is to be credited to the Georgia press.

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

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PUBLIC ADDRESSES
A number of groups of land owners interested m forming timber protectiv.e organizations have been addressed by staff representatives. Talks have been made before civic organizations such as the Rotarians, Kiwanians, Civitans, Lions, women s clubs, teachers' clubs, b~y scout camps, colleges, schools and in county-wide school campaigns for forest fire prevention.
Invitations to address a sawmill assoctation, the Southeastern Waterworks Association and sections of the Society of American Foresters have been accepted by members of the staff
Five large groups of Georgia farmers allied wlith the Federal Land Bank were addressed in 1930 by representatives of the staff on farm forestry the invitations to participate in the program coming from the Federal Land Bank at Columbta, South Carolina.
The demand for public addresses have, in fact, been greater than it has been possible for the staff to meet.

WORK WITH SCHOOLS
The Georgia Forest Service has concluded its second year's co-operation with the Department of Vocational Agriculture in the State, assisting it to carry out a forestry educational project. There are 146 of these schools in Georgia, 106 being white and 40 colored.
Of the white schools, 98 have school forests of ten or more acres, and of the colored schools, 12 have school forests. In a few instances one school forest is serving two schools. The use of these forests has been obtained under ten year leases from owners, except where the forests are owned by the schools.
These school forests are used for teaching practical forest management. The work is conducted along lines recomm,ended by the Georgia Forest Service. Field demonstrattons are held at the school forests by representatives of the staff on periodical visits to the schools. The major forestry subjects taught and practiced are
(a) Tree identification, (b) gathering tree seed, makmg and

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

operatmg a seed bed and planting, (c) thmning of forests, (d) estimating the volume of standmg timber, (e) fire prevention measures, and (f) uses of timber.
An interesting demonstration to show the effect of fire on tree growth is earned out on each school forest . A quarteracre plot is burned over annually and a s1milar area adjoining is left unburned. Annual growth measurements are recorded. Demonstrations are also being made to show how thinning affects the rate of tree growth.
Begmning with the school year m 1930, plans were inaugurated for having the high school students to make report on forest fires in the reg10n of the schools. Vocational agricultural schools are rural consohdated high schools, with students brought by school busses from a wide region. There-

Forestry Cabin and Students Who Built It. Georgia Industrial College, Barnesville.

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

21

fore , these fire reports cover in some cases, as much as 100 square miles, but the average area is nearer 50 square miles.
Cards are placed in the hands of students for making the fire reports. On the cards is a questionnaire calling for the name of the land owner who has suffered fire damage, the number of acres burned over, cause of the fire, and severity of damage.
These fire reports are compiled in the office of the State Forester as a part of the forest fire records on unprotected areas of the State. The land owners having fires are mailed literature on the importance of keeping fire out of the woods and are visited by district foresters.
At the conclusion of the period covered by this biennial report , data on school fire reports was not complete.
In 1929 2,359 students took the forestry work: 1n 1930, there were approximately 2,500 students. Nearly all of these students live on farms. A number have taken up proJects in forestry on their father's farms for which they obtam units of credit in school work. A number of them are also reforesting old fields.
Cl?orgia has the distinction of being the first State to. inaugurate forestry in its agricultural or Smith-Hughes Schools, and as a result, nation-wtde attention has been attracted to the undertaking.
SUMMER CAMP
Plans have been made for holding a summer camp for boys doing outstanding work in forestry The first camp will be held at Young Harns College in the Georgia mountams this year July 27 to August 15 A free scholarship covenng expenses at the camp is awarded by competitive exammations to one boy in each county having vocat10nal agriculture schools. Other vocational students who have done good work in forestry and can arrange to finance their own way will be permttted to attend the camp.
The work at the camp will consist of more intensive training in the subjects given in the schools. Six weeks' training

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

tn camp mill entitle the student to a certificate of VocatiOnal Forester, and recommend him as capable of doing non-technical work in forestry
Through the liberality of the Georgia Forestry Association, one hundred dollars was offered in 1930 as a prize to the vocational teacher doing the best work in forestry This prize went to Professor C. L. Veatch of Commerce. For 19 31 the association offered one hundred dollars to the white teacher and fifty dollars to the colored teacher doing the best work. These awards have not yet been made.
The Georgia Forestry Association has also offered 15 scholarships to the summer forestry camp.
The Georgia Forest Service co-operated with the Amencan Forestry Association and the Georgia Forestry Association in the Southern Forestry Educational ProJect for two years, ending July 1, 1930. Moving picture trucks carried the message of fire protection to the public schools.
A worthy example has been set by the Chamber of Commerce of Rome, Georgia, and schools of Floyd county A \\':eek' s campaign in fire prevention was conducted in all the schools of the county the judges of the courts, Secretary _W H. Foster and representatives of the staff of the Georgia Forest Service participatmg.
ROADSIDE FOREST 0EMONSTRATIONS
Twenty five roadside forest demonstratiOns have been established at as many points on leading highways of the State. The attention of the public is drawn to these demonstratiOns by attractive signs, telhng how natural reforestation has taken place where fires have been kept out. Each sign bears the name of some local organization that IS sponsoring the demonstration, usually a civic organization. Other demonstration forests are to be established. These areas consist mainly of young pines, properly thinned and with firebreaks constructed. Studies are bemg made by the Georgia . Forest Service in a number of these forests to determme growth rates for various tree species on different soils and sites.

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

23

Co-operat10n is also given by the Georgia Forest Service to private timber owners in establishing roadside demonstrations of pine plantmgs.
SURVEY OF MILL REQUIREMENTS
The staff of the Georgia Forest Service 1s makmg contacts with mills and wood manufacturers of the State to learn thetr needs in order to be of service in duecting timber owners to where they can find a market for their various forest products. This survey has not been completed. The information is kept on record in answering mqmnes of ttmber owners.

Co-OPERATION WITH ASSOCIATIONS
An organization doing much to further the interest of forestry in the State is th"e Georgia Forestry Association, made up of pubhc spirited citizens, both business and professional, includmg leaders of the press. It has been the pleasure of the Georgta Forest Service to co-operate with this associat10n. The valuable addresses at the forestry conference held under the auspices of the association at Savannah in 1930 were printed

Twenty-two year old longleaf pine Ichaway Plantation, Baker county. Thinned to 300 trees per acre.

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

and w1dely distributed. Assistance was rendered in the preparation of literature which the associatwn has distributed to the pubhc schools of the State. Exhibits and demonstrations have been presented by the Georgia Forest Service at the annual meetings of the association.
It has also been a pleasure to co-operate w1th naval stores organizations. Attractive calendars have been supphed for distribution to naval stores operators. On these calendars are messages concerning improved methods of woods operations, approved alike by leaders of this mdustry and by forestyr authorities.

Fenn slash pine plantation near Cordele, Georgia, making rapid growth, planted 1926.

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FOREST FAIRS
The Second Georgia State Forest Fair was held at Valdosta in November 19 29 What is stated by forestry authonties to be the greatest strictly forest exhl:bit ever made in this country was that dtsplayed at Valdosta. The numerous exhibitors took particular pains to make their displays interesting and instructive. The co-operation of the United States Forest Service, the American Forestry Association, the State School of Forestry Pine Institute of America, United States Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, and a number of industries related to forest protection, wood manufacture, naval stores production, etc. participated. Field demonstrations in firebreak construction, turpentinmg, fire fighting, planting and thinmng were conducted m nearby forests.

STATE NURSERY AND REFORESTATION
Through provisions of the Clark-McNary Act of Congress, $2,000 is annually made available from federal funds for operating a State nursery for raising forest planting stock. The Georgia State College of Agriculture contributes an additlOnal $2,000 annually m,aking in all $4,000 for operating this nursery Through co-operative arrangement witb.t:the College of Agriculture, operation of the nursery is placed i'n charge of that institution. This agreement calls for the sale of forest planting stock to citizens of Georgia at cost.
Not until 19:29 was the nursery established on a production basts of any importance. During that year 400 000 seedlings were grown and sold in 1930 the number was 1 057 000. The nursery 1s now1 prepared to gr~w two million seedlings each year.
The increasing mterest m reforestation m the State md1cates that th1s number of seedlings, or more, may be required annually by Georg1a land owners.
Some of the large land owners of Georgia ar.e raising planting stock for their o"wn requirem~nts. Several vocational agricultural schools are doing likewise. A number of land owners

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

are also transplanting seedlings that have come up naturally on their wooded areas to fields and open places in the forest. It is probably conservative to say that 3,000,000 seedlings are now being planted annually in Georgia. This number should mcrease and doubtless will as interest in reforestation grows.
It is, however recognized that the greater part of Georgia can be reforested without artificial planting. Wherever three to six good seed trees per acre are left by loggers and where fires are kept out, a good stand of pines will be established. Artificial planting, in fact, is needed only on abandoned fields or land bare of seed trees, or where undesirable species are stocking the land.
Specific instructions as to methods of planting are given

LEFT-Seed tree where fires have prevented reproduction. RIGHT-Good seed trees bearing 4 bushels of cones, capable of doing a good job of reproduction.

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

27

m bulletms issued by the Georgia Forest Service, and where these instructions are followed, land owners have been getting good results. These plantings are giving a more rapid rate of growth and will bring the trees to commercial size more quickly than trees grown under natural reforestation.
STATE FOREST-PARKS
Considerable impetus was shown in the public demand for forest-parks during 1929-30. This was demonstrated by the large number of visitors to the two State forest-parks-Vogel Forest-Park at Neel Gap in Union county and Indian Springs Forest-Park in Butts county These forest-parks are particularly well adapted to recreation, to which they are largely devoted.
Vogel Forest- Park. This area of 16 0 acres was donated to the State in 1926 by Mr Fred Vogel, Jr. Qf Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Present improvements are an attractive tea room, ranger's cabin for visitors to register and for information, both equipped with electric lights and running water a rest room with lights and water a water supply drinking fount, observation platform overlooking Blood Mountam Gorge, camp sites, picnic area, parking grounds and a number of trails with signs, pointing out places of interest and cautioning about protecting .the forest from fire.
Thousands of visitors from Georgia, all parts of the United States and from several foreign countries are registered at Vogel Forest-Park. These visitors are enthusiastic about Georgia mountains and express wonder why these potential recreational grounds have not been more fully developed, and why Georgia itself is not awake to its recreational possibilities. We feel the necessity of letting the world know more of the wonderful recreational possibilities the mountains of North Georgia offer and for improving the facilities there as the dem,and increases.
Indian Sprmgs Forest-Park. The historic background of Indian Springs is unsurpassed by any in the State. This spot played an important part in the history of Georgia, and Indian Springs' reputation is national in scope. State ownership dates

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THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

back to 1801 Today it is a very popular forest-park, visited by thousands every year Twelve acres were added in 1930 as a gift to the State from the Jackson Ktwanis Club. Recent tmprovements have added to its attracttveness and there has been a marked increase in the number of visitors in 1929-30
Recreatwnal Demands. Georgta owes it to her citizens to provide pubhc playgrounds suffictent in size and number to accommodate her people. This demand is increasmg yearly A number of State forest-parks will be needed to meet this demand. With proper admimstration, forest-parks will be selfsustaining, so far as maintenance is concerned.
FOREST RESEARCH
Research workers continue to find new uses for wood. Recent research has opened up new channels of unlimited possibilities for southern timber. The South is recognized as the leadmg producer of wood because of its natural advantages, of tree species, rainfall, growing season and topography Dr. Chas. H. Hetty's work on southern pines has aroused thinking people of the State to an appreciatwn of mdustrial possibilities of Georgia in pulp and paper manufacture. He is pomting the way to more forest industries to utilize the forests that can be grown and harvested at such low cost to the owner here in the South.
Besides pulp and paper possibilities, there are other fields yet untouched where wood is to play a vital part in the progress and development of the South. Cellulose manufacture m the trm of rayon, artificial leather etc. is just as promtsing as the pulp and paper industry but without chemical research to determine the adaptability of southern woods to these new products, these promismg fields must remain undeveloped.
During the two-year period covered by this report we find some material progress in forest research. The Georgia Forest Service is co-operating directly with the Appalachian Forest Expenment Statton and the Georgia Experiment Station through its branch at Blairsville in Union county in a research project started in 1930. The first bulletin on this work is now avail-

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

29

able. It contains much valuable information collected on types and rate of growth m the mountain hardwood section.
Research wo.rk at the Southern Forest Experiment StatiOn of the U S. Forest Service in New Orleans and at Starke, Florida, has been of considerable value to the naval stores industry and to forestry in general. Direct co-operation of the Georgia Forest Service with Dr Austin Cary of the U S. Forest Service in practical demonstrations in South Georgia has been carried on. The studies of Dr Ziegler of the U S. Forest Experiment Station in New Orleans, and of Dr Shingler in the Bureau of Chemistry have been of great value to forestry and the naval stores industry of Georgia.

FIRE STATISTICS
During the tw'o-year period covered by this report, there has been a small reduction in the total area burned over both in 1929 and 1930, although there is an increase m the actual number of fires occurring. This is a healthy sign in that it indicates that private owners are becoming concerned and some definite effort is being made by them to suppress fires. Otherwise, with the increased number of fires the total area burned over would be larger
The fire statistics on unprotected areas for the enure State are estimates. These figures are conservative. They were checked as far as possible and the results are believed to be fatrly close.
The figures for the protected areas-the timber protective organizations-are accurate. Here also we notice an increase in the number of fires in 1930 over 1929 This is due to the fact that there is a small increase in the total acreage under protection and to a very unfavorable fire season also to large fires on two new units which had just gotten under way and were not fully organized.
The fire statistics for the State as a whole for the years 1929 and 1930 and for areas under control of timber protective organizatiOns, are as follows

30

THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT

FOR STATE

Year No. Fires

Area Covered Acres Burned Total Damage

1929 19 I 03 23 725,000 Acres 4 948 205 $4,048 205

1930 21 734 23,725,000 Acres 4,605 193 $4 631,415

FOR TIMBER PROTECTIVE ORGANIZATIONS

Year No. -Fires

1929

104

1930

239

Area Covered Acres Burned Total Damage

1 212,071 Acres

10,558

$13 205

1 351,070 Acres

13,613

$25,674

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

RECEIPTS

1929 Balance (book) from previous year_______________$14,425.42 F'rom State, allocated funds ____________________________ 23,508.52

F'rom State for Indian Springs________________________ 2,754.94

From Fed. Government, Sec. 2 (fire control) 38,850.49

From Fed. Government, Sec. 4 (nursery) 1,616.44

From Individuals -------------------------------------------

40.22

Interest on bank balances________________________________ 367.04

1930 $21,107.23
26,937.90 5,121.72
37,523.23 1,670.52 223.76 537 71

$81,563.07 $93,122.07

DISBURSEMENTS

Administration:

Salaries -------------------------------------------------------- $ 6,300.00 $ 6,300.00

Travel, State Forester---------------------------------- 1,733.37 1,922.10

Travel, Board Members ------------------------------ 372.64

610.80

Office expense, including porter________________ 329.76

260.00

Postage, telephone, telegraph ____________________ 327.28

453.83

Printing ---------------------------------------------- __________ 2,037.89

632.15

Supplies and Equipment ---------------------------- 234.84

704.71

Miscellaneous, including express ________________ 329.55

160.54

----------

$11,665.33 $11,044.13

Field:

Salaries, 5 men and stenographers____________ 9,268.92 Travel, 5 oifices___________________________________________ 5,166.61 Postage, telephone, telegraph ______________________ 45.09
Supplies and Equipment ---------------------------- 657.56 Miscellaneous ---------------------------------------------- 296.24 Special (exhibits) ------------------------------------ ____

12,228.00 7,083.27 110.7:? 1,058.31 233.74 94.f?8

$15,434.42 $20,808.72

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE

31

Bureau of Education:
Salaries, Dir Ed., Asst. & Stenographer____ Travel, Dir. of Ed. & Asst. __________________________ Postage -------------------------------------------------------Printing -------------------------------------------------------Supplies and Equipment ______________________________ Miscellaneous, including express ________________ Highway signs ----------------------------------------------

1929
4,402. 1,990.90
372.00 2,161.91
494.52 80.51

1930
4,749.99 2,406.87
500.00 1,550.81
792.48 146.77 403.70

F~rest-Parks:

$ 9,501.84

Improvements __________ ----------------------------------- 2,594.50 Indian Springs ---------------------------------------------- 2,920.51 Southern Forestry Educational Project ________ 3,057.94 Refunds to Timber Protective Organizations__ 13,814.86 Nursery Project ---------------------------------------------- 1,466.44 Research, North Georgia --------------------------------
South Georgia ------------------------------

$10,550.62
3,154.34 4,971U7 2,473.51 15,030.18 1,811.34
500.00 414.25

Total Disbursements ------------$60,455.84 $70,760.26 Balance December 31 ________ 21,107.23 22,361.81

$81,563.07 $93,122.07

STATE AUDITOR'S COMMENTS

In 1927- All records are full and complete." In 1928- 'The records are neatly and accurately kept, and all
disbursements covered by proper vouchers." In 1929- 'Payments are supported by proper vouchers. The
records are being satisfactorily handled. The State Forester is bonded." In 19 30-"The records of the State Forestry Board are neat, accurate and full, enabling us to commend those in charge for their industry and efficiency "

GEORGIA FOREST SERVICE FINANCIAL STATEMENT

RECEIPTS: Calendat Years

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

Borrowed from Bank on personal endorsement of members of Board, to begin work ------------------------------------------------
From State, tax collected on forest industries ---------------------------------------- --------------
From Federal Government under Sec. 2, Clarke-McNary Law ------------------------------
From Federal Government under Sec. 4, Clarke-McNary Law ------------------------------
From State for Indian Springs ._______________ From Individuals for transportation ex-
pense, examining timberlands, etc. ________ From Gainesville Chamber of Commerce
for Vogel forest-park -----------------------------Interest on bank balances __________________________ Balance from previous year____ _______________ ___
Funds spent by T P Os. under co-operative agreement -----------------------------------------TOTAL __ _______________. __ __ __ ----------------------

$1,000

825 $13,402.42 $11,354.58 $ 18,360.90 $ 23 ,508.52 $ 26,937.90

None 4,185.15 19,991.60 42,465.6_4 38,850.49 37,523.23

1,484.00 3,000.00

1,616.44 2,754.94

1,811.34 5,121.72

152.09

399.17

220.00

$1,825

523.85 $18,111.42

---------- .. ------------- ------
2,555.40
$34,053.67

275.00 73.95
3,474.14
$ 69,532.80

---------------367.04
14,425.42
$ 81,522.85

---------------537 71
21,107.23
$ 93,259.13

None 7,342.10 51,046.58 53,815.11 48,499.90 46,016.66 $1,825 $25,453.52- $85,100.25 $123,347.91 $130,022.75 $139,275.79