Manual on flag etiquette [1940]

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MANUAL ON
FLAG ETIQUETTE
" T Wave exultantly over the school houses of the land, for education is the keystone of the nation, ana the schoolroom is my citadel."--The American Flag.
GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION M. D. COLLINS
State Superintendent of Schools

GEORGIA STATE FLAG
"I pledge allegiance to the Georgia flag, and to the principles for which it stands, 'Wisdom, Justice and Moderation.'"

MANUAL ON
FLAG ETIQUETTE
Prepared and Issued by
GEORGIA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION M. D. COLLINS
State Superintendent of Schools
GEORGIA 1940
Published by Textbook Division

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Preamble to the Constitution of
the United States of America
WE THE PEOPLE of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect. Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Preamble to the Constitution of
the State of Georgia
To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizens, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution.
Preamble to the Constitution of
the American Legion of America
For God and Country, we associate ourselves together for the following purposes: to uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States of America; to maintain law and order; to foster and perpetuate a one hundred per cent Americanism; to preserve the memories and incidents of our association in the Great War, to inculcate a sense of individual obligation to the community, state and nation; to combat the autocracy of both the classes and the masses; to make right the master of might- to promote peace and good will on earth; to safeguard and transmit to posterity the principles of justice, freedom and democracy; to consecrate and sanctify our Comradeship by our devotion to mutual helpfulness.
(Basil Stockbridge, Atlanta, Georgia, served on the committee which drew up the Preamble to the Constitution of the American Legion.)
*** "If ever there was a cause, if ever there can be a cause, worthy to be upheld by --,,rrom .ThouSg3ChtrsifiCfreomtHatthetheW'r,U itimngans ohfeaHrtorCaac"e eMndaunrne.-" il is the cause of education "

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FOREWORD

It is required by the State Board of Education that the American Flag be displayed by every school in Georgia, weather permitting, each day school is in session The board has authorized the issuance of this manual to be used in the schools. Its purpose is to promote world peace, patriotism, knowledge and practice of proper flag usage, and general appreciation of America and her principles of government.

There is very little legislation regarding the usage of the American flag. The history of its origin and evolution is generally vague. The regulations of the Un.ted States Army and the United States Navy are established for Army and Navy observance, and only custom and common agreement among numerous patriotic organizations govern the civilian's code of flag etiquette. The Division of Information and Pubbcations- of the State Department of Education has, however, done considerable research in preparing the content of this booklet, and the suggestions set forth herein may be accepted by teachers and others as being authentic and reliable, insofar as facts are

obtainable. It is hoped that teachers will lend themselves to the task of properly inspiring
Georgia youth to reverence of our flag, and sufficiently instruct them in proper flag usage to insure a more refined and cultured citizenry. The State Board of Education has established no rules for teachers to follow in this connection, except to request them not to neglect this important phase of education. The manual is designed to aid

in this undertaking. f~"

M. D. COLLINS, State Superintendent of Schools.

February, 1938.

HHi

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Flag Code. National Flag Conference.
Origin and History of the Flag. By George Henry Preble, published by FrankMaurice, Inc., 114 E. 32nd Street, New York City.
The Flag of the United States: Your Flag and Mine. By Colonel Harrison S. Kerrick, published by The United States Flag Association, Washington, D. C.
How the Flag Became Old Glory. By E. L: Scott, published by The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
Flags of America. By Colonel W. H. Waldron, United States Army, published by Standard Printing and Publishing Company, Huntington, West Virginia.
The Flag of the United States: Its History and Symbolism. By Colonel James A. Moss, published by The United States Flag Association, Washington, D. C.
Our Flag. By R. H. Schauffler, published by Moffet Publishing Company, New York. (Georgia Library Commission.)
The Flag of Our Country. By John Morgan Woolen, published by The Globe Book Company, Morristown, Tenn.

M,,,i.f,,flinhe,C,Lomit,pleanyB. ook of The FlaS- By Eva March Tappan, published by Houghton ^ TJr"e ,Flag of America- Published by F. A. Owen Publishing Company, Dansville, New York.

The American Flag. By J. A. Moss, published by The United States Flag Association, Washington, D. C.

The Flag of the United States. By Col. James A. Moss, published by The United State *lag Association, Washington, D. C.
Our Flag. By Dosia Head Brooks, published by Harold Vinal, N. Y. The Evolution of the American Flag. By Lloyd Balderson, published by Ferris and Leach, Philadelphia, Pa.

The Etiquette of the Stars and Stripes. By Emily K. Ide, published by E. K. Ide Boston, Mass.

My Flag. By Charles A. Lutz, published by Lutz Printing Company, York, Pa. The National Flag. By Willis F. Johnson, published bv Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York.

The Flag of the United States. By Fred C. Hicks, published by Heath and Locks, Washington, D. C.

The Flag of the United States. By Col. H. S. Kerrick, published bv E. W. Bowen Columbus, Ohio.

The National Flag, a History. Willis Fletcher Johnson, New York. The Stars and Stripes: a History of the United States Flag. Chas. W. Stewart Boston, lyl5.

. Tm ?"igi" an^Evolution of 'he United States Flag. Rogers Clark Ballard Thruston. Washington (Government Printing Office), 1926. T, Vte-n?ebof the United States: Its History and Symbolism, 2nd ed. Published by Ihe United States Flag Association, 923 15th Street, Washington, D. C. Especially recommended for general use is James A. Moss.

rComTmsit!teFe,kfM,0efm'ohreialVnCJloendtinSetnatteasl oHfaA ll,mWeriacsah-inNgtaotnio,nDal. DCe.fense, Patriotic Educational Etiquette of the Stars and Stripes. Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States,
National Department of Americanism, Washington, D. C.

rn;ZewCel!-F,r Gn %nd ^Un,try-r GarIand W- Powe11' National Director Ameri-

AtlanTa Georgia )"'

found-State Library Commission, State Capitol,

CONTENTS

Preamble to the Constitution

Foreword

Bibliography "The Star-Spangled Banner"

Origin of the National Anthem

Meaning of the American Flag

The Significance of the Flag

History of the United States Flag

Facts About the "Stars and Stripes"

National Flag Conference

Code for Flag Display

Cautions Description of the American Flag

Specifications

Proper Flag Salutes

Pledge to the Flag

Our Flag Salute to the National Anthem

The Shield of the United States

Proper Use of Bunting

Federal Flag Laws

Tributes to the Flag

"The Flag" (Poem) First Flag Flown Over a School House

"Old Flag" (Poem) "Old Flag Forever" (Poem)

"The Flag is Passing By" (Poem)

"The American Flag" (Poem)

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"The Flag" (Poem)

"America For Me" (Poem)___

----

Presenting a Flag to a School

The Flag Speaks

The Story of "Old Glory" The Development of Flag Etiquette

Suggested Flag Days

Georgia State Flag

Confederate Flags

"Flags of the Confederacy"

Georgia's Confederate Flags

Questions and Answers "Reunion--Sons of Confederate Veterans" (Poem)

Special American Flags ' Address Delivered Flag Day--Excerpt

Mottoes of the States of the Union

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( 9 11 lttjy 13
14
16 16 19 19 20 20 21 21 21
21 22 23
24
2*
25 25 26 26 27 27
28
34
35 36

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wuumm

THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER
Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming; Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming; And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
First Chorus: Oh, say, does the star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines on the stream.
Second Chorus: Tis the star-spangled banner, oh! long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
And where is that band who so vauntingly swore, That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion A home and a Country should leave us no more? Their blood has wash'd out their foul footsteps' pollution; No refuge could save the hireling or slave From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave.
Third Chorus: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
Oh! thus be it ever when free men shall stand Between their loved home and the war's desolation.' Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land Praise the Pow'r that hath made and preserved us a Nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto, "In God is our trust."
Fourth Chorus: And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
****
"I would like to insist upon the school children of the State of Georgia being able to sing 'The Star-Spangled Banner.'
"I would like to ask that some suitable provision be made to give every child an opportunity to express the spirit of America in song."
--M. D. COLLINS, State Superintendent of Schools.

THE ORIGIN OF THE NATIONAL ANTHEM

Francis Scott Key was born in Frederick County, Maryland, August 1, 1779 (Dictionary of American Biography). He was graduated from Saint John s Law ^ge, Annapolis, Maryland, and in 1801 began the practice of law at Fredenckstown, Mary-

land. In 1814, Key visited the British fleet in Chesapeake Bay in an attempt to secure
the release of a friend who had been captured. At this particular time the British
troops had invaded Washington. They seized and held as a prisoner, Dr. William Beans a planter. Francis Scott Key and John S. Skinner were sent by President
Madison with a flag of truce to the British General Ross, to request his release.

Their mission was successful. The party was detained, however, by the British commander, who had prepared to attack Baltimore. The attack was made on Fort McHenry. Throughout the long night, Key and Skinner, from the British ship watched the progress of the fight. Anxiously they strained their eyes for a glimpse of the flag that would assure them that their comrades still held the fort. Imagine their joy "when in the dawn's early light," they saw the stars and stripes still triumphantly

waving.

.

Under the spell of the emotion aroused by this thrilling sight, Key immediately

wrote the Star-Spangled Banner. This poem gave vent to his feeling, and inspired the

people of the United States to greater love for the flag and an increased desire to

pledge allegiance to it. When the poem was published it immediately became popular. It was later set
to music and sung to the tune, "Anacreon in Heaven." A few years later Key moved to Washington where he was district attorney for
three terms--1833-1841. He wrote many more poems, which were published m 18b/, but none of them attracted as much attention as the "Star-Spangled Banner.

The Army and the Navy adopted this song as the national anthem many years ago Although it had never been so confirmed by Congress, until March 3 1931, time and custom had already given it this place of honor. This Act passed by Congress was signedby the President, thus making the Star-Spangled Banner the National Anthem

of the United States. Key died in Baltimore, Maryland, January 11, 1843. A monument to him was
erected in 1887, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, i>y James Lick, who gave $60,000

for this purpose. So long as the "Star Spangled Banner" waves over the land of the free, may the
memory of its thrilling origin live in the hearts of America's patriotic citizens.

THE MEANING OF THE AMERICAN FLAG
By EDWARD S. HOLDEN
(Many eloquent speeches have been made that recite what the flag should stand for to a citizen of America. One of them is here selected.)
"As at the early dawn the stars shine forth even while it grows light and then as the sun advances, that light breaks into banks and streaming lines of color the Sowing red and intense white, striving together and ribbing the horizon with bar rffuTgent; so, ,,n the American flag, stars and beams of many colored light shine out

together

^^ rf dawn ft means Liberty. and the galley slave, the poor op-

pressed conscript, the down-trodden creature of foreign despotism sees in the American Flag that very P^mise and production of God: 'The people which sat in darkness saw
a great light; and to them which sat in the region and shadow of death, l.ght is

sprung up/

{ew

Q{ one year a{ter the D laration of Independence was

signed the congress of the colonies (sic) in the confederated states assembled and

ordained this glorious national flag which we now hold and defend, and advanced it

fall high before God and all men as the Flag of Liberty. It was no holiday flag gorgeously emblazoned for gaiety or vanity. It was a solemn National symbol.
"Our flag carries American ideas, American history, and American feelings. Beginning with the colonies, and coming down to our time, in its sacred heraldry, in its glorious insignia, it has gathered and stored chiefly this supreme idea: DIVLNE RIGHT OF LIBERTY IN MAN. Every color means liberty; every form of star and beam or strip of light means liberty; not lawlessness, not license; but organized, institutional liberty--liberty through law, and laws for liberty!"
*
The adventurous sailors of the United States have displayed the flag in every part of the world where commerce called them, from the Arctic to the Indies. Our navy has made it respected in peace and in war. It has been planted in foreign countries by armed force: in Tripoli (1805), in Mexico (1846), in Manila, Porto Rico and Cuba (1898).
The exploring expedition of Commodore Wilkes carried it through the Pacific Ocean and to the Antarctic regions (1839). The Arctic expeditions of Kane (1850-53) Hays (1860), Hall (1871), De Long (1879), Greely (1881-83), Peary (1891-98), have unfurled the flag among the icebergs of the extreme North. Stanley carried it to the heart of^Africa (1871 and later). Admiral Byrd planted it in "Little America" at the "bottom" of the world. It is respected everywhere, and everywhere it stands for American freedom, energy, vigor.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FLAG
A flag is more than a piece of cloth with something printed on it. Every flag that has ever waved has had a different meaning. The flag of Rome primarily meant power; the flag of Carthage, military brilliancy; the flag of Atilla, ruthless force and daring deeds; the flag of Genghis Kahn, courage, terror, destruction; the flag which waves over our school means something precious, helpful and patriotic.
The flag of the Union is the flag of the founders of the Republic; and it is our flag today. It has never known defeat. It guarantees us freedom, justice, protection equality, individuality and local self-government.
The Stars and Stripes is the symbol of our Union and our honor, our ideals and our aspiratiqns as a nation. Anything that tends to accentuate this symbolism and to increase respect and reverence for our flag is a patriotic service and contribution to the welfare of our country.
Patriotism is more than a sentiment; loyalty is more than an expression. The one is the acceptance of the duties--absolute and universal--which every citizen owes his country; the other is the sincere and unfaltering determination to perform those duties irrespective of the sacrifice. "In silent grandeur the flag floats over the "raves of the dead, over the homes of the living, the emblem of truth and righteousness inspiring men's hearts on the land and on the sea with faith and hope, the symbol of the power, the unity and the purpose of our Republic, now and forever."
A thoughtful mind, when it sees a nation's flag, sees not the flag but the nation itself; and whatever may be its symbols, its insignia, it reads chiefly in the flag the government, the principles, the truth, the history, that belong to 'the nation that sets it forth.
"Let us then twine each thread of the glorious tissue of our country's flag about our heartstrings; and looking upon our homes and catching the spirit that breathes upon us from the battlefields of our fathers, let us resolve, come weal or woe we will in life and in death, now and forever, stand by the Stars and Stripes."
***
"Through the brightest portion of my life I was accustomed to see our flag historic emblem of Union, rise with the rising and fall with the setting sun. I look unon it now with the affection of early love, and seek to preserve it by a strict adherence to the Constitution from which it had its birth and by the nurture of which its stars have come so much to outnumber its original stripes."--Jefferson Davis, 1850.

HHHHHHHH
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FLAG
The flag of the United States of America is the third oldest of the national standards of the world; older than the Union Jack of Great Britain or the Tricolor of France.
The Continental Congress on June 14, 1777, resolved: "That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white on a blue field, representing a new constellation."
Sometime later Congress voted to adopt, as the national coat-of-arms a spread eagle, and as a motto "E Pluribus Unum." About this there can be no dispute. The difference of opinion arises as to what Congress had in mind at the time it issued the decrees noted above.
Below appears a story which, though it may have no actual historical basis, has come to be widely accepted in the absence of better information relative to the origin of the United States flag.
"General Washington and the committee, which was appointed to look after the matter of the flag, called at the home of Betsy Ross, a young widow of twenty-four, who was heroically striving to support herself by continuing in the upholstery business of her husband, young John Ross, a patriot who had died in service for his country. This committee asked Mrs. Ross if she could make a flag from the rough drawing General Washington showed her. She replied shyly that she would try. She then noticed that the star he had drawn had six points. She informed the committee that a correctly made star should have only five points.. They answered that a great number of stars would be required and that a star with six points could be more easily made than one with five. She responded in a practical way by skilfully folding a scrap of paper; with a single clip of her scissors, she displayed a true, even, five-pointed star.
"The committee was pleased with her star and left the rough design for her to use. She was permitted to make a sample flag according to her own ideas.
"Sometime afterward, the flag was presented to Congress, and the committee had the pleasure of telling Betsy Ross that her flag was accepted as the Nation's Banner.
****
Our flag, like our countrv, developed by a gradual evolution and derived its inspiration from sources as varied as the strains of blood which have flowed into this land to make it the melting pot of the world.
The English point significant^ to the Washington coat-of-arms, a shield ornamented with five alternate red and white bars, and three white stars, representing the rowells of spurs of the days of chivalry. This suggestion which it is believed was originally made by the English poet, Martin Tupper. has since been accepted by the British Archaeological Society whieh regards the Stars and Stripes and the spread eagle as only an advance upon the bar gules, the mullets and the raven oi the old Washington family. To persons unfamiliar with the facts this explanation is apt to appear as plausible. Tourists are not ordinarily experts in heraldry, which is probably the reason why the caretaker of Sulgrave Manor, which was the ancestral home of the Washington family in Northamtonshire, England, continues unchallenged to point out to visitors, as the inspiration of our flag, the coat-of-arms carved over the door ot the ancient dwelling. Visiting Americans, confronted for the first time with the Washington coat-of-arms, are at once struck with the resemblance to our flag and puzzled at the suggestion that an independent people so recently escaped from the arbitrary tyranny of such a monarch as George III would deliberately select as their national emblem the coat-of-arms of any one family, however illustrious or closely connected with the founding of their country. The idea smacks too much of another monarchy, the establishment and perpetuation of a new royal family which would have been the - last thing to which General Washington would have given his consent.
That there is a resemblance' between the Washington crest and our national banner is undeniable, but there are even greater likenesses between the Nat>onal ilag ot Denmark and Switzerland, between those of France and the Netherlands, of Belgium

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and Rumania, and even of Chile, Liberia and the United States. Yet it is not customary to impute to any of these countries the copying of another's flag. The English theory is rapidly being discredited. To quote the Encyclopedia Britannica: "It has been held that the stars and stripes of the American national flag as well as the eagle were suggested by the crest and arms of the Washington family. The latter supposition is absurd for the Washington crest was a raven. The Washington coat-of-arms is a white shield having two horizontal red bars and above them a row of three red stars. This might, by a stretch of the imagination, be supposed to have inspired the original idea that the states of the Union be represented by stars and stripes."

According to the Encyclopaedia Americana, "Careful search now shows that stripes as well as stars were prominently blazoned on colonial and continental flags before George Washington figured in the flag-creating proposition. It is a mere coincidence that these devices are similar."
Two hundred years earlier, Cortez had a flag with twelve stars in a circle; and in 1776, one year before our adoption of the Stars and Stripes as a national emblem, Rhode Island flew a starry banner of her own--a blue flag with white stars. Nor were alternate stripes of different colors a novelty at the time of our adoption of them. Holland had had a trade flag some thirty-seven years before in which yellow stripes alternated with red. Virginia, in 1776, had a flag of thirteen stripes of alternate red and white with a snake spread across the banner over the popular legend, "Don't tread on me."

The two predecessors of our national flag to which it bears the most striking resemblance and which very probably suggested its design to Washington were the flag of the East India Company and that of New England in 1775. The former flag-- prominently displayed in American ports from 1704 until 1834--consisted of thirteen stripes, seven red and six white, with a red cross on a white background in the upper lefthand corner. The second flag which was still fresh in the minds of the framers of the Constitution was the banner of New England in 1775--a white flag with thirteen white stars on a blue field. Replace the red cross of the East India Company with the starry field of the New England Banner and we have our first national flag.
The stars were arranged in a circle to form the "new constellation," a poetic way of referring to the new country which its founders hoped would resemble a constellation, in that, although it be made up of a .number of component parts, it would move as a harmonious whole; for, as Dryden puts it,

"A constellation is but one Though it is a train of stars."

The significance of the color as defined by the Continental Congress was: "White
for Purity and Innocence; Red for Hardiness and Valor; Blue for Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice."

The flag of the United States in the form described was adopted as a national emblem, June 14, 1777, on the recommendation of a committee composed of George Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel George Ross. It was the responsibility of these men to produce the first flag patterned after their design. This is where Colonel Ross' wife, Betsy, and her patchwork flag came into the picture.

A slightly less famous but equally impromptu flag came into being two months

later. Had this incident occurred in the twentieth century, two months would have

sufficed to set up several prosperous flag factories but our forefathers were a little

slower in getting started so that the United States Army continued to fight under the

Union Jack, which bore the British emblem, the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew

in the upper corner next the staff. The incongruity of this situation struck the soldiers

at Fort Stanwix who, not having been provided with a flag by the government, set

about making their own. This hurry-up flag made just before an attack by the enemy

derived its white from ammunition shirts, the blue from the cloak of a captured enemy

and the red from scraps of material in the possession of various persons about the

garrison.

,

Oddly enough the United States has fought under a different flag in every war in which she has participated. The Revolutionary War, as has been stated, was fought

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under a flag with thirteen stars and thirteen stripes. Some of these flags had seven red stripes with six white stripes while others had six red stripes and seven white stripes, inasmuch as the number of each had not been specified other than that there must be a total of thirteen stripes, alternating red and white.
The War of 1812, otherwise known as the Second War of Independence, was fought under a flag with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, eight red and sever, white, Congress having ordered in 1795 the addition of a new star and stripe each for Vermont, which had been admitted to the Union in 1791, and Kentucky, in 1792.
Congress had further flag problems, however, for in 1796 Tennessee was admitted; in 1802, Ohio; Louisiana, in 1812; Indiana, in 1816, each wanting representation in the flag It soon became apparent that if the policy of adding both a star and a stripe for each new state were to be continued indefinitely the flag would assume awkward proportions; so, by way of compromise, it was decided, April 4, 1818, to add a new star for each state but to return to the thirteen stripes representing the thirteen original states It was further provided that the new star should be added on the Fourth of July next succeeding the admission of the new state. By the time of the War with Mexico in 1846, our flag had twenty-nine stars. Today there are 48 stars.
The War Between the States was fought by the North under thirty-four stars. Eleven of the states had declared their stars out of the Union and had formed a Confederate flag in which they were represented by stars; but Lincoln refused to withdraw those states from the Union flag and before the close of the War Between the States two stars had been added, in order to represent West Virginia and Nevada, bringing the number of stars to thirty-six.
At the time of the War with Spain, in 1898, there were forty-five states and during the World War there were forty-eight. Until 1912 there was some confusion as to the proper distribution of the forty-eight stars in the blue field. On October 25, 1912, this matter was definitely settled by the executive order of President Talt that the stars were to be arranged in six rows of eight each, symbolizing the forty-eight states in the order of their ratification. (Thus if you happen to be a Georgian you can locate your star by recalling that Georgia was the fourth state to be admitted to the Union and then, counting from the upper corner next the staff, find her star in the first row,
fourth from the staff.) There are curious facts not generally known about our flag. The first request for
a flag was received by our government from an Indian, Thomas Green, who presented three strings of wampum to the Continental Congress at the same time asking that flags be provided for the Indian chiefs in order to insure for them the protection of
the government. The first naval salute to be given our flag was received by the battleship Ranger
under command of John Paul Jones and came from General La Motte Piquet off the
coast of France. The evolution of our flag is now probably complete unless at some future date
Alaska, Porto Rico, Hawaii or the Philippines attain statehood.
HISTORICAL FACTS ABOUT THE STARS AND STRIPES
1. First flew on the high seas on John Paul Jones' Ranger, November 1, 1777 Jones first carried the flag into the port of a foreign power (the French port of Mantes).
2. First saluted by a foreign power, February 14, 1778 (by France).
3. First sea battle, April 24, 1778, when Jones with the Ranger engaged the British
ship Drake. 4. First carried into England by Captain William Mooers, who sailed the ship Bed-
ford up the Thames to London, February 3, 1783. 5 First borne to China, September 13, 1784, when the ship, Empress of China, en-
tered the port of Macao (Garland W. Powell's book Service, p. 38).
6. First borne around the world by Captain John Kendrick of the Columbia and
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Captain Robert Gray of the Washington, who set out from Boston September 30, 1787. Gray returned to Boston in August, 1790.
7. Charles Wilkes in 1839 carried the Stars and Stripes, first of all flags, to the Antarctic region known as Wilkes Land.
8. April 6, 1909, Commander Robert E. Peary, U. S. N., placed the Stars and Stripes at the North Pole.
9. In 1852-54, Commander M. C. Perry carried the flag into the harbor of Yeddo, Japan, and opened that empire to intercourse with the remainder of the world.
10. The great explorer, Stanley, carried the first flag into the Congo regions of Africa, from the Indian Ocean to the Atlantic.
11. In our day, Commander Richard E. Byrd has carried the American flag to the South Pole. Flying in the plane, "The Floyd Bennett," Byrd dropped the flag at the exact spot indicated by his instruments as the Pole. In his own account, Byrd writes, "When we reached the place ... we opened the trapdoor and dropped the American flag, weighted with a stone from Floyd Bennett's grave. We stood and saluted the spirit of our gallant comrade and our country's flag. That little silk flag and that small stone lie together at the 'bottom' of the world."
THE NATIONAL FLAG* CONFERENCE ON
CIVILIAN FLAG USAGE
A work unattempted since the beginning of the Republic was taken in hand and completed by the National Flag Conference, comprised of the representative delegates of sixty-eight great national patriotic and civic associations, convening in Memorial Continental Hall, Washington, D. C, June 14-15, 1923--at the instance of the National Americanism Commission. A second similar conference was held at the same place May 15, 1924. This council, under the sponsorship of the American Legion, evolved and completed a concise, yet comprehensive code of civilian flag usage. This conference and code have awakened wide national interest and approval, and the code already has unofficially been accepted by the people of the United States as the ultimate authority on the many and much disputed matters concerning civilian honors due the flag of the United States.
The flag, as the living symbol of the American Republic, is entitled to all honor and respect from every citizen. The American people, patriotic at heart, are willing and anxious to pay such honors to their flag. But the manner of bestowal of such honors had never been defined in the hundred and forty-seven years of our Republic.
To supply this need, there had grown up a confused mass of local custom and indefinite traditions, without authority and often at conflict with good usage or good taste. Such traditions served in general only to confuse the civilian mind regarding the flag, and were conducive in the long run to carelessness and lack of respect. The regulations established by the War and Navy Department applied to the flag only as it entered into the ceremonies of the military and naval service. They were not designed for the citizen, and they meant little to the citizen. In the absence of any assured civilian code, the flag of the United States was coming to be looked upon more and more as a bit of bunting to serve the purposes of advertisers or of decorators, alike in halls of council and in street carnivals.
Yet the flag of the United States is a thing that men die for, and it is a sacred thing. Disrespect for the flag symbolizes disrespect of law and indifference and ill will toward our great national establishment of government and country.
To correct these conditions the conference was called. Delegates were in attendance representing sixty-eight great organizations whose membership totals five millions of citizens. The conference was opened in person by the President of the United States, who delivered a forty-minute address to the delegates.
The director of the National Americanism Commission was chosen as chairman ot the conference. Reports were delivered by various speakers on practically all disputed matters and a permanent organization in flag usage was established.
12

mim BBH

mm

CODE FOR FLAG DISPLAY

(Formulated by the Flag Conference Committee.) (See Pages 17-18)

(Note- Neither the Federal Government nor any of the states has enacted laws regarding the manner of displaying or saluting the flag The only thing we have to go by in this respect is the Flag Code which was adopted by the National Flag Con-

ference. The text that follows is based on this code.)

1 The flag should be displayed only from sunrise to sunset, or between such hours as may be designated by proper authority. It should be hoisted briskly but
should be lowered slowly and ceremoniously. The flag should be displayed on all national and state holidays and on historic and special occasions. Being the emblem of our country, however, it ought to fly from every flag-pole every day throughout the

year, weather permitting. 2 When carried in a procession with another flag or flags, the flagof the United
States of America should be either on the marching right--i.e., the flag s own Tighter, when there is a line of other flags,, the flag of the United States of America may

be' in front of the center of that line. (See figure 2.)

3 When displayed with another flag against a wall from crossed staffs, the flag of the United States of America should be on the right--the flag's own right--and its staff should be in front of the staff of the other flag. (See figure 3.)

4 When a number of flags of the states or cities, or pennants of societies are grouped and displayed from staffs with the flag of the United States of America the latter should be at the center or at the highest point of the group. (See figure 4.)

5 When flags of states or cities, or pennants of societies, are flown on the same halyard with the flag of the United States of America, the latter should always be at the peak. When flown from adjacent staffs the flag of the Uniled States of America should be hoisted first and lowered last. No such flag or pennant, flown in the former position, should be placed above, or, in the latter position to the right of the flag ot the United States of America--i.e., to the observers left. (See iigure 5.)

6 When flags of two or more nations are displayed, they should be flown from separate staffs of the same height and the flag should be of approximately equal size. International usage forbids the display of the flag of one nation above that of another

nation in time of peace. (See figure 6.) 7 When the flag is displayed from a staff projecting horizontally or at an angle
from'the window sill, balcony or front of building, the union of the flag should go clear to the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half-staff. When the flag is suspended over a sidewalk from a rope, extending from a house to a pole at the edge of the sidewalk, the flag should be hoisted out from the building towards the pole, union first.

(See figure 7.)

,

8 When the flag is displayed in a manner other than by being flown from a

staff it should be displayed flat whether indoors or out. When displayed either hori-

zontally or vertically against a wall, the union should be uppermost and to the flags

own right-i.e., to the observer's left. In a window it should be displayed the same

w^y-with the union or blue field to the left of the observer in the street. When

festoons, rosettes, or drapings are desired, bunting of blue, white and red should be

used, but never the flag. (See figures 8, 9, 10.) 9 When displayed over the middle of the street, the flag should be suspended
vertically with the union to the north in an east and west street, or to the east in a

north and south street. (See figure 10.)

,,,,,.

10 When used on a speaker's platform, the flag, if displayed flat, should be dis-

played above and behind the speaker. If flown from a staff, it should be in the posi-

tion of honor, at the speaker's right. It should never be used to cover the speakers

desk or to drape the front of the platform. (See figure 11.)

11. When used in connection with the unveiling of a statue or monument, the

13

flag should form a distinctive feature during the ceremony, but the flag itself should never be used as the covering for the statue. (See figure 12.)
12. When flown at half-staff, the flag should be hoisted to the peak for an instant and then lowered to the half-staff position; but before lowering the flag for the day it should be raised again to the peak. By half-staff is meant hauling down the flag to one-half the distance between the top and the bottom of the staff. If local conditions require, divergence from this position is permissible. On Memorial Day, May 30, the flag is displayed at half-staff from sunrise until noon and at full staff from noon until sunset, for the nation lives, and the flag is the symbol of the living nation. (See figure 13.)
13. Flags flown from fixed staffs are placed at half-staff to indicate mourning. When the flag is displayed on a small staff as when carried in a parade, mourning is indicated by attaching two streamers of black crepe to the spear head, allowing the streamers to fall naturally. Crepe is used on the flag-staff only by order of the President. (See figures 13 and 14.)
14. When used to cover a casket, the flag should be placed so that the union is at the head and over the left shoulder. The flag should not be lowered into the grave or allowed to touch the ground. The casket should be carried foot first. (See figure 15.)
15. When the flag is displayed in the body of the church it should be from a staff placed in the position of honor--at the congregation's right as they face the clergyman. The service flag, the state flag or other flag should be at the left of the congregation. If in the chancel or on the platform, the flag of the United States of America should be placed at the clergyman's right as he faces the congregation, and the other flags at his left (See figure 16.)
16. When the flag is in such a condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for display, it should not be cast aside or used in any way that might be viewed as disrespectful to the national colors, but should be destroyed as a whole, privately, preferably by burning or by some other method in harmony with the reverence and respect we owe to the emblem representing our country.
17. When the National Anthem is played and the flag is not displayed, all present should stand and face the musicians. Those in uniform should salute at the first note of the Anthem, retaining this position until the last note. All others should stand at attention--men removing their hats. When the flag is displayed, the regular "Salute to the Flag" should be given.
**
"The largest American flag ever manufactured measured 90x200 feet, cost $2,500, and was ordered by a leading Detroit department store for display over its facade during the World War days."--Atlanta Journal.
CAUTIONS
1. Do not permit disrespect to be shown to the flag of the United States.
2. Do not dip the flag of the United States to any person or any thing. The regimental colors, state flag, organization or institutional flag will render this honor.
3. Do not display the flag of the United States with the union down except as a signal of distress.
4. Do not place any other flag or pennant above or to the right of the flag of the United States.
5. Do not let the flag of the United States touch the ground or trail in water.
6. Do not place any object or emblem of any kind except the Bible on or above the flag of the United States.
7. Do not use the flag as drapery in any form whatever. Use bunting of blue, white and red.
8. Do not fasten the flag in such manner as will permit it to be easily torn.
14

Do not drape the flag over the hood, top, sides or back of a vehicle, or of a railroad train or boat. When the flag is displayed on a motor car, the staff should be fixed firmly to the chassis or clamped to the radiator cap. 10. Do not display the flag on a float in a parade except from a staff. 11. Do not use the flag as a covering for a ceiling. 12. Do not carry the flag horizontally, but always aloft and free. 13. Do not use the flag as a portion of a costume or of an athletic uniform. Do not embroider it upon cushions or handkerchiefs or print it on paper napkins or boxes.
14. Do not put lettering of any kind upon the flag. 15. Do not use the flag in any form of advertising nor fasten an advertising sign to a
pole from which the flag of the United States is flying. 16. Do not display, use or store the flag in such a manner as will permit it to be
easily soiled or damaged.
DESCRIPTION OF THE AMERICAN FLAG
The Constitution is the basis of all law and the flag is its symbol. The American flag, the emblem of our country, represents liberty, and liberty means obedience to law.
The flag contains thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, representing the thirteen original states; and a star for each state in the Union. The field of the flag; is the stripes, the Union is the blue rectangle and the stars. THE COLORS Or 1 HI, FLAG ARE RED, REPRESENTING VALOR; WHITE, REPRESENTING HOP PURITY AND TRUTH; BLUE, REPRESENTING LOYALTY, SINCERITY AND JUSTICE; AND ITS STARS, HIGH ASPIRATIONS AND FEDERAL UNION THE FLAG IS KNOWN AS "OLD GLORY," "STARS AND STRIPES," "STARSPANGLED BANNER." AND THE "RED. WHITE AND BLUE."
The arrangement of the stars on the flag is regulated by law and executive order, issued October 26, 1912, which provided for forty-eight stars to be arranged in six horizontal rows of eight stars each.
Starting in the upper left-hand corner and reading each row from left to right, gives the star of each state in the order of its ratification of the Constitution and admission to the Union, as follows:
FIRST ROW: one, Delaware; two, Pennsylvania; three, New Jersey; four Georgia; five, Connecticut; six, Massachusetts; seven, Maryland; eight, South Carolina.
SECOND ROW: nine, New Hampshire; ten, Virginia; eleven, New York; twelve, North Carolina; thirteen, Rhode Island; fourteen, Vermont; fifteen, Kentucky; sixteen, Tennessee.
THIRD ROW: seventeen, Ohio; eighteen. Louisiana; nineteen, Indiana; twenty, Mississippi; twenty-one, Illinois; twenty-two, Alabama; twenty-three, Maine; twentyfour, Missouri.
FOURTH ROW: twenty-five, Arkansas; twenty-six, Michigan; twenty-seven, Florida; twenty-eight, Texas; twenty-nine, Iowa; thirty, Wisconsin; thirty-one, California; thirty-two, Minnesota.
FIFTH ROW: thirty-three, Oregon; thirty-four, Kansas; thirty-five, West Virginia; thirty-six, Nevada; thirty-seven, Nebraska; thirty-eight, Colorado; thirty-nine, North Dakota; forty, South Dakota.
SIXTH ROW: forty-one, Montana; forty-two, Washington; forty-three, Idaho; forty-four, Wyoming; forty-five, Utah; forty-six, Oklahoma; forty-seven, New Mexico; forty-eight, Arizona.
When a new state is admitted the star is not added to the flag until the Fourth of July next succeeding the date of admission.
15

The dimensions of the flag are fixed by an executive order issued May 26, 1916. Its length should be just 1.9 times its height.
The union, or part of the flag on which the stars appear, should be seven stripes high and its length 0.76 of the height of the flag. The stars are five-pointed, with one point directly upward.
***

SPECIFICATIONS
Hoist (width) of flag Fly (length) Hoist (width) of union Fly (length) of union Width of each stripe Diameter of each star

1 1.9 7/13 0.76 1/13 0616

Note: By "diameter" of a star is meant the diameter of the imaginary circle on the circumference of which the points of the star touch.
****
PLEDGE TO THE FLAG
In pledging allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, the approved practice in schools, which is suitable also for civilian adults, is as follows:
Standing with the right hand over the heart, all repeat together the following pledge:
"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
At the words "to the flag," the right hand is extended, palm upward, toward the flag and this position is held until the end, when the hand, after the words, "Justice for all," drops to the side.
Civilian adults show full respect to the flag, when the pledge is being given, by standing at attention, men removing the headdress. Persons in uniform should render the right hand salute.
**
PROPER FLAG SALUTES
Saluting the flag means showing it respect. It is "wishing health" to the flag, as the Latin word, salutatio, signifies.
During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, all persons present should face the flag, stand at attention and salute. Those in uniform should render the right hand salute. When not in uniform, men should remove the headdress with the right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Women should salute by placing the right hand over the heart. The salute to the flag in the moving column is rendered at the moment the flag passes. (See figure 17.)
****

PLEDGE TO GEORGIA FLAG

( ''I pledge allegiance to the Georgia flag, and to the principles for which it stands. Wisdom. Justice and Moderation.'"

16

HHBHHI^HMS

carried in a procession

Displayed with crossed staffs_

Cjrouped with otheir flags displayed
from staffs

Displayed with a pennant

Displayed
with flays of other nations

Displayed from a building

Suspended over a sidewalk
17

Displayed against a waj

Suspended over middle ofstreet
Display in unveiling a monument

Display for speakersplatform
Display on Memorial Day Sunrise to noon Noon to sunset

Mourning indicated with small flag --+

jlags displayed in the church
18

Jlaas
displayed
in the chancel

OUR FLAGS

The flag of the United States symbolizes that freedom, equality justice and humanity for which our forefathers sacrificed their personal fortunes and their lives. Today, this flag represents a nation of over one hundred and thirty million free people, its
Constitution and institutions, its achievements and aspirations.

The day devoted to the flag of America is a day of patriotism; for the flag is the symbol of all the endeavors and sacrifices that have come to make the nation great.

On any patriotic day let the flag be displayed whenever possible.

The flag before our eyes is the concrete and constant reminder of the nation thai affords us our privileges and opportunities. Therefore, as the symbol of our nation. we must cherish it and do it reverence.
Two great.factors in America, with its expanse of territory, serve to bind us together--our language and our flag.
The community of thought and action established by possession of the same language is the guardian of unity.
Our flag is the symbol of the spirit of America. Our language is the expression of that spirit. The two must be maintained if America endures.

Our flag above all the schools; one language in all the schools; the flag and the language must be the American ideal.
So long as the flag flies for the signal of our endeavors, so long as the one language is maintained for the expression of our ideas and ideals, there will be a strong unity in our nation.
There are millions of American parents who have never had the time to acquaint their children with the flag, so this duty is entrusted to the teachers.

The first European flag planted on the Western Hemisphere, so far as we have

historic account, was that brought by Columbus, October 12, 1492. Subsequently, when the colonization of the American continent began, each ship went out bearing its re-

spective national flag; so, by the opening of the seventeenth century there had been planted on our shores the flags of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland. Austria,

Denmark and Sweden.

****

This incident occurred in China a few years ago: At a Fourth of July dinner in Shanghai, the English consul in toasting the British flag said:

"Here is to the Union Jack--the flag of flags--the flag that has floated on every sea for a thousand years--the flag on which the sun never sets."

ft was such a strong sentiment that the Americans were a little over-awed, until the American humorist, Eli Perkins, was called to toast the Stars and Sripes. Looking
directly in the faces of the Englishmen, he said:
"Here is to the Stars and Stripes of the New Republic; when the setting sun lights up her stars in Alaska, the rising sun salutes her on the rock-bound coast oi Maine. It is the flag of Liberty, never lowered to any foe. and the only Hag that whipped the flag on which the sun never sets."

SALUTE TO NATIONAL ANTHEM
When the National Anthem is played and the flag is not displayed, all present should stand and face toward the music. Those in uniform should salute at the first note of the Anthem, retaining this position until the last note. All others should stand at attention, men removing the headdress. When the flag is displayed, the regular "Salute to the Flag" should be given.
19

The salute to the Union, one gun for each state, is fired at noon of the Fourth of July at every military post and on board commissioned naval vessels belonging to
the United States. The national salute of twenty-one guns is the salute for the national flag. Salutes are only fired between sunrise and sunset, and not on Sundays, except in international courtesies. The national colors are always displayed at the time of saluting. The salute to the flag is the only salute which is returned, and this must be done within twenty-four hours. United States vessels do not return the salute to the flag in the United States if there is any fort or battery there to do it. Nor do United States vessels salute United States forts or posts. If there are several batteries or forts within sight or within six miles of each other, one of them is designated as the saluting fort, and returns all salutes of foreign men-of-war.
THE SHIELD
The shield of the United States of America has thirteen vertical stripes, seven white and six red with a blue chief without stars.
PROPER USE OF BUNTING
Bunting of national colors should be used for covering a speaker's desk, draping over the front of a platform and for decoration in general. Bunting should be arranged with the blue above, the white in the middle and the red below.
M^ Jropeir
use of
? buntin
20

FEDERAL FLAG LAWS

There is but one Federal statute which protects the flag throughout the country from desecration. This law provides that a trade mark cannot be registered which consists of or comprises, among other things, "the flag, coat-of-arms, or other insignia of the United States or any simulation thereof." (33 Stat. L. p. 725, Feb. 20, 1905.)

Congress has also enacted legislation providing certain penalties for the desecra-

tion, mutilation or improper use of the flag within the District of Columbia (39 Stat.

L. p. 900, Feb. 8, 1917.)

***

TRIBUTES TO THE FLAG
And for your country, boy, and for that flag, never dream a dream but of serving her, as she bids you, though the service carry you through a thousand hells. No matter what happens to you, no matter who flatters you or who abuses you, never look at another flag; never let a night pass but you pray God to bless that flag. Remember, boy, that behind all these men you have to do with, behind officers and governments, the people even, there is the country herself, your country, and that you belong to her, as you belong to your own mother. Stand by her, boy, as you would stand by
your mother.--Edward Everett Hale. *

"Here's to the land which gave me birth. Here's to the flag she flies; Here's to her sons--the best on earth-- Here's to her smiling skies." ***

It is not the material from which a flag is made that gives it its value or its beauty. A flag is something to rally 'round, something to strive for, something to fight for, something to die for, and something to live for.

THE FLAG
What do you see in the Flag? The Stars and Stripes, you say? Oh, I see much more than that, In our beautiful Flag of today.

What do you see in the Flag? I'll tell you what I see; I see the many men who fought To set our country free.

Because our fathers fought. To set our country free, "Old Glory" is the symbol Of American Liberty.
And so to this wonderful Flag, I will ever be true; And I will always uphold The Red, White and Blue.
Original poem by Duella Wynn, 13 years old (now deceased) in seventh grade, S. R. Young School, College Park, Ga., fall of 1936.

FIRST FLAG FLOWN OVER SCHOOL HOUSE
The first American flag to fly over a public school house in this country was flown over a log-house at Catamount Hill, Massachusetts, in the year 1812. A monument now marks the place, where the little log school house stood, as follows:
21

THE FIRST UNITED STATES FLAG
RAISED OVEK A PUBLIC SCHOOL WAS
FLOATED IN MAY, 1812,
FROM A LOG SCHOOL HOUSE WHICH STOOD ON THIS SPOT.
IT WAS MADE BY MRS. RHODA SHIPPEE, MRS. LOIS SHIPPEE. MRS. SOPHIA WILLIS AND MRS. STEPHEN HALE
AND WAS RAISED BY AMASA SHIPPEE, PAUL DAVENPORT
AND THE LOYAL FAMILIES OF CATAMOUNT HILL.
Today, the American flag, by state laws or by custom, waves "exultantly over practically all the school houses of the land, for Education is the Keynote of the Nation, and the schoolroom is the Citadel of the Flag."
****
OLD FLAG
By HUBBARD PARKER
What shall I say to you, Old Flag? You are so grand in every fold, So linked with mighty deeds of old. So steeped in blood where heroes fell, So torn and pierced by shot and shell. So calm, so still, so firm, so true, My throat swells at the sight of you,
Old Flag.
What of the men who lifted you, Old Flag, Upon the top of Bunker Hill, Who crushed the Briton's cruel will, 'Mid shock and roar and crash and scream. Who crossed the Delaware's frozen stream. Who starved, who fought, who bled, who died, That you might float in glorious pride,
Old Flag?
What of the women brave and true. Old Flag. Who, while the cannon thundered wild, Sent forth a husband, lover, child: Who labored in the field by day, Who all the night long, knelt to pray, And thought that Cod great mercy gave. If only freely you might wave,
Old Flag?
What is your mission now, Old Flag? What but to set all people free, To rid the world of misery, To guard the right, avenge the wrong. And gather in one joyful throng Beneath your folds in close embrace AH burdened ones of every race,
Old Flag.
22

,
HHaHB^HMfl
Right nobly do you lead the way, Old Flag; Your stars shine out for liberty, Your white stripes stand for purity, Your crimson claims that courage high For Honor's sake to fight and die. Lead on against the alien shore! We'll follow you e'en to Death's door,
Old Flag.
OLD FLAG FOREVER
By FRANK L. STANTON She's up there,--Old Glory,--where lightnings are sped; She dazzles the nations with ripples of red; And she'll wave for us living, or droop o'er us dead,--
The flag of our country forever!
She's up there,--Old Glory,--How bright the stars stream! And the stripes like red signals of light are agleam! And we dare for her, living, or dream the last dream,
'Neath the flag of our country forever!
She's up there,--Old Glory,--no tyrant-dealt scars, No blur on her brightness, no stain on her stars! The brave blood of heroes hath crimsoned her bars.
She's the flag of our country forever!
THE FLAG IS PASSING BY
Hats off! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums, A flash of color beneath the sky; Hats off! The Flag is passing by!
Blue and crimson and white it shines, Over the steel-tipped ordered lines. Hats off! The colors before us fly; But more than the Flag is passing by.
Sign of a nation, great and strong To ward her people from foreign wrong; Pride and glory, honor, all Live in the colors to stand or fall.
Hats off! Along the street there comes A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums; And loyal hearts are beating high; Hats off! The Flag is passing by!
-Henry Holcombe Bennett.
23

THE AMERICAN FLAG
When Freedom from her mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air,
She tore the azure robe of night, And set the stars of glory there.
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes The milky baldric of the skies, And striped its pure, celestial white, With streakings of the morning light. Flag of the free heart's hope and home! . By angel hands to valor given; Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
And all thy hues were born in heaven. Forever float that standard sheet!
Where breathes the foe but falls before us, With Freedom's soil beneath our feet,
And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us?
--Joseph Rodman Drake.
THE FLAG
There's no coward stripe upon it, And no shame is written on it, All the blood that's in its crimson
Is the blood of manhood true; There's no base and brutal glory Woven sadly in its story. It's a bright flag, and a right flag,
And the flag for me and you.
It's the flag without a fetter; It's the flag of manhood better; It has never done a mean thing,
Never waved above a brute; Greed and hate is never shielded, Unto wrong it never yielded, It's a fine flag, a divine flag
That in reverence we salute.
It's the flag of all the glory That is written in man's story; It's the emblem of his freedom
And the hope of men oppressed; It asks no disgraceful duty, Never stains with shame its beauty. It's a pure flag, and a sure flag,
It is our flag and the best.
-The American Boy.
Girls and boys of America, you are the hope of the world!
Not men and women of America, not even young men and women of America, but boys and girls! You who carry the unblunted swords of ten to seventeen, you are the hope of the world. Not to die for the world, but to live for the world, to think tor it, to work for it; to keep sharp and unstained by rust the splendid sword of the spirit!
24

I
AMERICA FOR ME
So it's home again, and home again, America for me! My heart is turning home again, and there I long to-be, In the land of youth and freedom beyond the ocean bars, Where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars
--Henry Van Dyke.
PRESENTING A FLAG TO A SCHOOL
Dear Young Friends: I bring the symbol of our liberty, the glorious Stars and Stripes of American Independence. Is there one of us who does not love its gallant folds, whose heart is not thrilled by every wave of its bunting in the free breeze ol heaven ? How can it be otherwise when we remember all that it has stood tor, all tnat it has cost in'battles and in fire, all that it means to every American citizen> \ ou, my young friends, are the future men and women of our nation; into your hands we place this glorious banner; into your care we place its honor, its purity, and its strength. It is your hand that will keep it unsullied, or that will desecrate it with stains of shame. Take it into your care reverently and prayerfully, resolving that no act of yours shall ever bring a shadow of disgrace upon it, even though it be soaked with your life's blood. Pledge your lives to keeping it and all it stands for, unblemished. So far as lies within you, uphold its principles of honor and righteousness before the world.
THE FLAG SPEAKS
"Born during the nation's infancy, I have grown with it, my stars increasing in number as the country has grown in size, the domain over which I wave expanding until the sun on my flying folds now never sets. Filled with significance are my colors of red white, and blue, into which have been woven the strength and courage ot American manhood, the love and loyalty of American womanhood. Stirring are the stories of my stars and stripes. I symbolize the soul of America, typifying her ideals, and aspirations, her institutions and traditions. I reflect the wealth and grandeur ot this great land of opportunity. I represent the Declaration of Independence 1 stand for the Constitution of the United States. I signify the law of the land. I tell the achievements and progress of the American people in art and science; invention and commerce. I wave exultantly over the school houses of the land, for education is the keynote of the nation and the schoolroom is my citadel. I am the badge of the nation s greatness and the emblem of its destiny. The symbol of all we hope to be, I am honored and revered by all who know me. Believing in me, my people sing m prose and poetry the things for which I stand."
"INSULT ME, AND MILLIONS WILL SPRING TO MY DEFENSE! I AM THE AMERICAN FLAG!" --The American Flag: Its Glory and Grandeur, The United States Flag Association.
THE STORY OF OLD GLORY
This story of the origin of "Old Glory" bears retelling: In 1831 in Salem Massachusetts, a brig, the Charles Daggett, was about to set sail on a round-the-world voyage for the Salem Company. Its master was Captain Driver, a comparatively young man who had sailed the seas since boyhood under the emblem of the United States.
A group of citizens had assembled to watch the brig depart. As a gift, the citizens presented a flag to Captain Driver. The person who delivered the flag recounted in his presentation speech the ancient rite of rolling the banner in triangular shape the three points representing the Trinity, and of a priest's blessing and sprinkling holy water on each corner in turn to insure the safe return of the departing traveler. And so the flag was presented, triangularly folded, to Captain Driver. After the Hag had been hoisted and unfurled before the quiet, watching citizens, Captain Driver touched by the gift, the speech, and the scene, shouted out to his townsfellows: III call her
25

Old Glory, boys, Old Glory!" And thus it was that unwittingly he performed a rite of christening not unlike the ancient form.
Captain Driver and his brig and flag went to all sorts of strange harbors and strange lands. In one port he ordered made for him a camphorwood seachest reinforced with brass. When he retired to live in Nashville, Tennessee, he put Old Glory carefully in the chest and took it along as a special treasure to be brought out only on great occasions. It is said that when the Union Army entered Nashville during the War Between the States Old Glory was flying from the capitol flagstaff and that the name "Old Glory" was then for the first time officially recognized by a military group. Since then the name (which indicates a peculiar mixture of reverence and informal friendly affection) has come into nation-wide use.
****
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FLAG ETIQUETTE
1. The first flag to be raised above a school house was at Catamount Hill, Colrain, Massachusetts, in May, 1812. Today such practice is a legal requirement in many states.
2. James B. Upham, a Boston publisher, in 1888 began insisting on a formal flag salute and recitation of the pledge. His plan of celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by flag-raisings and salutes in all American schools was sponsored by the National Education Association. The Flag Pledge, drafted by Mr. Upham, was on that occasion first given.
3. During the War Between the States, the Stars and Stripes began to be widely displayed in the North, in and on churches.
4. In recent years, June 14 has become increasingly regarded as a day for flag commemoration throughout the land. Many governors make special proclamations to that effect.
5. The World War gave special incentive to people to respect the flag. People learned correct salutes, how to use the flag correctly, to regard its use solely as a decoration as an actual abuse.
6. In 1896, the Daughters of the American Revolution sought national legislation to prevent abuse or mutilation of the flag. It was not until 1917 that Congress enacted such a law, applicable to the District of Columbia only.

SUGGESTED DAYS TO DISPLAY UNITED STATES FLAG
(Public Buildings and Streets) GENERAL RULES

1. Display from sunrise to sunset. It is the universal custom to display the flag only from sunrise to sunset on buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open.
2. The flag should be displayed on national and state holidays and on historic and special occasions.

IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE FLAG BE FLOWN ON THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL OCCASIONS:
First Monday in September--Labor Day. September 17--Constitution Day. October 12--Columbus Day.
The first Tuesday after the first Monday in November every fourth year--1936 1940, etc. Presidential election.
November 11--Armistice Day. Last Thursday in November--Thanksgiving Day. New Years.

January 20, 1937 and every fourth year thereafter. of the United States.)
January 19--Robert E. Lee's Birthday.
January 30--Franklin D. Roosevelt's Birthday. GEORGIA DAY--February 12. February 22--Washington's Birthday. April 17--Jefferson Day.

(Inauguration of the President

26


--.

Second Sunday in May--Mother's Day. June 3--Jefferson Davis' Birthday. June 14--Flag Day. July 4--Independence Day. Memorial Days--Confederate, April 26. Federal, May 30. World War, May 30.
****
Over only three buildings in America does the national flag fly officially night and day continuously--over the east and west fronts of the National Capitol and over the adjacent House of Representatives and Senate Office Buildings. The two emblems over the Capitol (storm flag size) are replaced every six weeks.

GEORGIA STATE FLAG

The flag of the State of Georgia was not provided for by legislative action until 1879 when "An Act to declare and establish the flag of the State of Georgia passed both Houses and was approved by the Governor on October 17. The description of the flag as given in that Act is as follows: "The flag of the State of Georgia shall be a vertical band of blue next the staff and occupying one-third of the entire flag; the remainder of the space shall be divided into three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which said bands shall be scarlet and the middle band white.' The coat-ofarms of the State was added to the flag in 1905 when the Legislature passed an Act "to reorganize the military forces of the State, to adopt and make of force a military code " etc. The provisions for the flag as found in this law and re-enacted in 1916 in "the Act to reorganize the military forces of the State, to conform the organization and discipline to the requirements of the United States," etc., are as fo lows: The flag of the State of Georgia shall be a vertical band of blue next to the f agstaff, and occupying one-third of the entire flag; the remainder of the space sha be equally divided into three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which shall be scarlet, and the middle band white. On the blue field shall be stamped, painted or embroidered the coat-of-arms of the State." The Act of 1879 originated in the Senate, the bill being introduced by Col. Herman H. Perry, a prominent lawyer and Confederate veteran of Waynesboro --Georgia Official and Statistical Register, 1927.
****
CONFEDERATE FLAGS

When the Southern States seceded from the Union each State used its own flag in place of the Stars and Stripes. Then, when the Confederation of States was effected there arose a demand for a distinctive flag which would be acceptable to all of the

States. March 4, 1861, the same day that Lincoln was inaugurated President in Washing-

ton, the Assembly at Montgomery, Alabama, adopted the first flag of the Confederacy There were many people of the South, who, while they favored secession and

breaking away from the Union, were not so ready to break away from the flag under

which their forefathers had fought and under which they had hved and prospered

through the years. They retained the red, white and blue colors of the old flag. Ihey retained the blue canton and used stars as symbols to represent the States, lliey re-

placed the thirteen stripes of alternate red and white with three of the same colors.

These they denominated "Bars" which gave rise to the popular name of the flag, the

"Stars and Bars."

...

..

.u

Through the years it had been the custom for military organizations to carry their

national and regimental colors into battle when they engaged the enemy. These emblems inspired the soldiers to deeds of valor in the attack, and furnished a rallying

point in the event of a reverse.

,,

At the first battle of Bull Run (Manassas) some difficulty was experienced by

the leaders of the Confederate forces in distinguishing, at a distance, the Stars and

Bars of their own troops from the Stars and Stripes of the Federal forces who opposed

General George T. Beauregard designed the famous Battle Flag of the Confederacy to remedy this defect, and it was retained throughout the war. It is the oblong
27

St. Andrew s Cross in blue with a white border, mounted on a field of red. Thirteen stars on the blue stripe represented the States of the Confederacy. Originally the flag was oblong, but later was made square, the size being prescribed for the arm of the service carrying it.
The "Stars and Bars" was too closely allied to the Stars and Stripes to be acceptable to the people of the South who favored secession and a complete severance ot the ties with the Union, and who were ready to break entirely from the old flag As the war wore on through the years the demand for a modification of the national emblem which would make it more distinctive, became more insistent.
In May 1863, the Confederate Congress at Richmond acceded to the demands of the people of the South and effected the change. They placed the famous Battle Flag ot the Confederacy, which had been transformed from an oblong into a square emblem m the union and substituted a white field for the red and white bars. Thus the "Stars' and Bars of the Confederacy, under the folds of which so many southern lives had been sacrificed, passed into the discard. This new flag weathered the storm for less than a year when it was modified.
At a distance, when the union was hidden by folds, the second Confederate flag, adopted in 1863 could readily be mistaken for a flag of truce, which is a white flag the world over. It therefore did not prove acceptable to the Confederate military leaders in the held. After nearly a year's use, this white flag was modified.
t ,i I ,j extending over the width of the banner and covering the outer half of the field was added. The famous Battle Flag of the Confederacy in its square form was retained in the union.
This was the final national flag of the Confederacy. Under it General Lee conducted the campaign of 1864, which began with the battle of the Wilderness, and terminated with the transfer of the Federal Army across the James River; through the siege of Petersburg; and the final retreat. Under it he surrendered his army to General Grant at Appomattox Court House in April, 1865, and brought to an end the worst war of modern times.
*
FLAGS OF THE CONFEDERACY
There were four official flags of the Confederacy. "The Bonnie Blue Fla " that
ContetWefcon'reZ^ disti"Ct,y a Confederate {1*g. but it was never adopted by the

MarIhl
TU'

'il^i "-""M fIag f thf Confederacy, "The Stars and Bars," D 2i "VM^teoniery, Alabama, by the Confederate Congress.

was

adopted

lRfiq/,., i X ig' "}%? TSS f Wue and thirteen stars came ne (May 1.

with "The ^

P,.aCf f T,'16TStars and Bars-" wllich> at times, had been confused

bodv of the fhfcfh, ^

T An

A ""I

"Bpa'UTle"FkTg">PW reaVs enetm^fh"iiSdecroendfusiino"<a

"hite *" adopted for the corner. Objection arose to

this the third flag, because, at a distance, it could be mistaken for a flag of truce

Another change was made: the lower third of the white space was covered with red and the final flag was adopted May 4, 1865

in hJTMldvvrenf ^'rS combined in thi,s ag-red, white, and blue-are emblematic, chan/es we;, m drCe T" VlrfUef= valor' Purity, and truth; and while the necessary^
ctirrf'erainedlVsam: nglnal deS'gn f ^ Cnfederale "ag' the significance a^.

The four flags of the Confederacy are today memorialized as the insignia of the

four Confederate organizations: Confederate Veterans, Sons of Confederatf Veterans

Daughters of the Confederacy, and Children of the Confederacy.

^

TM,, we

1 love

"TTuhtearSc tars

Ba,ro' 'hU!d have the resPct and courtesy due any flag and Stripes," for which we fight today, "The Old Flag fs

Thoueh not lost

it is only laid away, so do not say forget."

'

--MRS. B. W. HUNT, State President, U. D. C.

GEORGIA'S CONFEDERATE FLAGS
sseecceeddeedd JJaeannuuaarayryfl?19f, l1l8l6^1,aanndl?f*ou"r*d)ay^ s later Wtoeo?k 'p"oslsM essyiongeonferathleusUe'nitTedhe SStatatetes
28

I

IKS

^^gBmO^m Hj^HHH

Arsenal at Augusta. The flag that replaced the Stars and Stripes there was white, carrying a large red star in the center. It is interesting to note in this connection that a lone star flag went with a Georgia company to Texas in the Mexican War (1836), and it is said that this was the origin of the flag later adopted by the State of Texas.
When five or six days after the adoption of the ordinance, General Lachlan McIntosh seized the Custom House at Savannah, he raised there a flag bearing the coatof-arms of the State--the Arch of the Constitution supported by the three pillars. Wisdom, Justice, Moderation--surmounted by six stars to represent the members of
the Confederacy at that time. Over the whole was an eye. The flag usually accepted as the State flag, however, was white, carrying the coat-
of-arms of Georgia. Though never officially adopted, this banner was raised over the
State Capritol, and was also borne *by the State troo*ps during the war.

SUGGESTED COURSE OF STUDY ON FLAG

EDUCATION

The purpose of this particular study is to build patriotism in our youth and to develop a thorough understanding, of the proper display of Old Glory, and its history.
Weekly subjects jor seventeen class periods {one subject per week) :

1. Flag-raising ceremony. 2. Proper respect shown the flag--salute--oath of allegiance.
3. Flags of early Colonial days. 4. Flags of the United Colonies. 5. Birth of the United States flag. 6. The development and growth of the United States flag.
7. Description of the flag. 8. Education and the flag. 9. The Declaration of Independence and the flag. 10. The first appearance of "Our Flag" in battle.
11. The flag and the law. 12. American ideals and the flag. 13. Patriotism and the flag. 14. Proper manner of displaying the flag.
15. Origin of Flag Day. 16. History of "The Star-Spangled Banner."

17. Flag cautions. A suggested outline oj questions and answers fouorvs:
1--By what authority was the first National flag established? Answer--ll was authorized by the Continental Congress. 2--Quote the exact language of the original flag law. Answer--"Resolved, that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red
and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a

new constellation."

.

3--When was our State first represented by a star in the Union of the National flag.'

Answer--Georgia's first Constitution (1777) was adopted as the fundamental law of

a people which had ceased to be a colony and had become a State. Georgia rati-

fied the Constitution January 2, 1788, and is the fourth star in the first row of

the flag, as represented by the constellations on the flag.

4--Name the original states represented by the stripes in the flag.

Answer--New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Dela-

ware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

and New Jersey.

.

5_When was the law passed that governs the present design of the ilag.'

Answer--April 4, 1818. 6--Mention two early American flags which suggested part of the design of the pres-

ent flag. Answer--Naval ensign, 1776-1777. Striped union, 1776-1777. 7_What was the official flag of the United States between September 3, 1777, and
January 13, 1794? Between May 1, 1795, and April 4, 1818?

29

Answer--The flag of thirteen stars and thirteen stripes was used between September 3, 1777; but, on January 3, 1794, Vermont and Kentucky were admitted to the Union; after that date therefore, the official flag was fifteen stars and fifteen stripes.

8--W....h*e,n.. i..t. i*so ricaios^eud fnruoumi tmhe griuounud ovir a lIOowW fiounadation, whnat should be the apnprronxyiim maaltpe llpennigrttlhi onff aa ffllaargr puonlite,, oevxmp-rueosc*s*e*d! i:n n 1leng.tuh,,s o_rf a_ rftlag dTisplIayedI?^
Ansiwtveerr--- Col. Kerrick in his authoritative book, "The Flag of the United States," says: "To secure best effect and appearance a flag pole, in height above the ground, should be three or four times the length of the flag to be displayed."
9--Mention four contemporary flag designs, other than the Stars and Stripes, which have been established by Congress.
Answer--Yacht Ensign, Revenue Flag, President's Flag, Navy Union Jack.
10--(a) What date do we observe as the anniversary of the flag? (b) When and by whom was the anniversary proclaimed?
Answer-- (a) June 14. (b) President Wilson, 1915.

11--According to a statement ascribed to George Washington, what is the significance of each of the colors in the flag?

Answer--We take the stars and blue union from Heaven, the red from our Mother Country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity representing liberty

12~4ia) oWh,at, ^as l,he inscriPtion on the P^e Tree Flag? (b) On the Rattlesnake flag.' (c) In what colonies did these flags originate?
Answer--(a) "An appeal to Heaven." (b) "Don't tread on me." (c) Massachusetts and North Carolina.

13--What are the proportions of the National flag?
Answer--Width, 1; length, 1.9; width of union, 7/13; length of union, 0.76; width of each stripe, 1/13; diameter of each star, .0616.

14--When and by whom were the present proportions established' Answer--President Taft, 1912; and by President Wilson, 1916. 115--On what days should the flag be displayed?

Answer--On all days of patriotic observance and on the occasion of visits from high government officials. Schools and public buildings should display it every day
16--(a) What naval commander first flew the Stars and Stripes? (b) When and over what ship?
Answer--(a) John Paul Jones, (b) Ranger, July 2, 1777.

17--What is the proper saluate to the flag by (a) man or boy in civilian clothes- (b) by woman or girl?

Answer-- (a) Remove hat and hold it at the left shoulder with right hand over the heart; (b) right hand over the heart.

18--(a) What is our National Anthem? (b) By whom was it written? (c) Under what conditions?

Answer-(a) "The Star-Spangled Banner." (b) Francis Scott Kev. (c) Written while a voluntary captive of the British frigate "Surprise" during a night attack on Fort McHenry, September 13, 1814.
19--How is the flag displayed on Memorial Day? Answer--Half mast until noon, then raised to full staff until sunset.

20--When a flag becomes faded, frayed or otherwise damaged, how should it be disposed of?

Answer--It should be destroyed privately, preferably by burning, or some other method

in harmony with our country.

the

reverence

and

respect

we

owe

to

the

emblem

representingB

21--During what part of the day should the flag be displayed when it is flown from a halyard.'
Answer--Sunrise to sunset.

22--Who gave the name of "Old Glory" to the flag? Answer--Captain William Driver.

23--Is the flag of the United States ever dipped in salute to any individual' Answer--No.

30

m HU

HOHflHG^HI^HI

24--How may the flag be used in connection with the unveiling of a monument? Answer--It should never be used to cover the statue, but should be placed to the
right of it. 25--Is it correct to use the flag for a merely decorative purpose in any printed, painted
or embroidered design? Answer--No. 26--When the flag is suspended from a cord or wire over the center of a street, what
should be the position of the union? Answer--The union should be to the north in an east and west street or to the east
in a north and south street.
27--Describe the striped Union flag. Answer--Thirteen horizontal stripes alternate red and white with the English union
cantoned in the corner. 28--(a) How is crepe used with the flag to indicate mourning? (b) By whose orders? Answer-- (a) On the flagstaff by attaching two streamers of black crepe to the spear-
head, (b) By order of the President. 29--Should the flag be worn as a part of any costume or uniform?
Answer--No. 30--In what war did the Stars and Stripes first replace regimental colors as the offi-
cial flag of the army of the United States? Answer--Mexican War, 1846-47.
31--What is the meaning of a flag flown with the union down? Answer--A sign of distress. 32--Describe the coat-of-arms of the United States. Answer--Chief figure of an American eagle holding an olive branch in his right talon
and a bundle of thirteen arrows in his left. Superimposed on him is a blue shield bearing thirteen vertical stripes, alternate red and white with a plain^blue chief. In the beak of the eagle is a scroll with the motto: "E Pluribus Unum."
33--How should a flag be hoisted, and how lowered? Answer--Hoisted rapidly, lowered slowly and ceremoniously.
34--Quote the pledge of allegiance to the flag. Answer--"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the
republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for
all." 35--How is the pledge of allegiance to the flag given? Answer--Standing with right hand over heart. At the words "to the flag" the right
hand is extended palm upward toward the flag, this position to be held to the end.
36--When used to cover the casket of a veteran, what should be the position of the
union of the flag? Answer--Union of the flag is placed over left shoulder of the body. 37--At what position in a parade should the flag of the United States be carried? Artswer--In front and at the right of a column or section. If other flags are carried
it is placed before them at center of line. 38--(a) Was the flag of the United States flown over front line troops during the
World War? (b) Over what occupied territory was it flown after the Armistice?
Answer--(a) No. (b) Germany. 39--What should be done by all spectators while the flag of the United States is being
hoisted or lowered? Answer--They should stand at attention, men with hats removed.
40--How is a flag correctly displayed on an automobile? Answer--Fix it to a staff at the radiator cap. Do not drape. 41--When a flag is displayed flat against a wall, what should be the position of the
union? Answer--The union should always be at the observer's left. 42--Should the flag be lowered into a grave? Answer--No. 43--Since the passage of the National Flag resolution, what Presidents have issued
executive orders effecting the proportions of the flag?
31

Answer--Presidents Monroe, Taft and Wilson.

44--What is the correct position for the mounted flag on a speaker's platform? Answer--At the speaker's right.

45--(a) When was the first National Flag Conference called? speaker?
Answer--(a) June 14, 1923. (b) President Harding. 46--Is it proper to drape or festoon the flag? Answer--No.

(b) Who was the first

47--Should portions of the air of "The Star-Spangled Banner" be interpolated in any medley?
Answer--No.

48--When was the flag of the United States first borne into a major engagement by the American Army?
Answer--Battle of Brandywine, September 11, 1777.

49--Is it correct to place any object or emblem on or above the flag of the United States?
Answer--Only the Bible.

50--What authority is there for the use of a yellow fringe on the flag'

Tnri923UthriZed by U' S' Army Regulations as Polished by the War Department

51--Over what fort was the first United States flag flown'
Answer--Fort Stanwix in New York, later known as Fort Schuyler, flew the first United States flag, August 3, 1777.
***

A REVIEW OF THE READING COURSE
"THE AMERICAN FLAG" QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1--By whom was the first American flag made? Answer--Betsy Ross.
2--On what date was the American flag adopted as the national emblem? Answer--June 14, 1777.

3-How many stars and how many red and white stripes did the original flag have? Answer--Thirteen stars, seven red stripes, and six white.
4--How many stars and how many stripes does the present flag have' Answer--Forty-eight stars and thirteen stripes.
5--What determines the number of stars and stripes for the flag'
rreZprZesle^n-tia ngddt!htie0nori?gfi.naa,lstcaotl,eoni?es,thneevUenr iocnhan^gdess. a star. The number of stripes, 6--How are the stars arranged?

^Tca,t^ionnSV oi trheVCo!gnhst-itueati-oChn'. symbolizing *e forty-eight states in the order of ratifi-

7--Tell what state each star represents, starting with the first star on the left ton row

Answer-Ftrstrow: 1. Delaware; 2. Pennsylvania; 3. New Jersey; 4. Georgia 5 Con-'

necticut; 6. Massachusetts; 7. Maryland; 8. South Carolina

g

fcsThodeT^L MPVhire; 10- Virginia; 11. New York; 12. North Can,

ThM

17 nLa.nd'\o4- yermont; 15- Kentucky; 16. Tennessee.

K^3i inasr - * - - = - 25 2^arma;17230M1a7nef24LM=i *; ^ 27F^lorid*a: ^T ^ as; 29*io^ wa 3
f^-S^^^^i^sh^r^36-Nevada; 37-Neb--

S46n. iOrkTlaThom4a1;" 4,^7.0MNaewnaLM4e2x'icoW; as4h8i."gAtroinz;ona. Idaho; 44. Wyoming; 45 Utah-'

8--How many times the height is the length of a flag' Answer--1.9 (almost twice).

32

9--How many stripes high is the union of a flag?

Answer--Seven.

10--Upon what date in any year may a star be added to the flag should a new state

be admitted? Answer--Fourth of July, next succeeding such admission.

11--When should the flag be raised and lowered? Answer--Sunrise and sunset unless otherwise ordered.

12--What should one do when the "Star-Spangled Banner" is played or sung?

Answer--Stand with face toward the music.

13--What should one do when the flag passes on parade?

Answer--Face flag, remove hat and stand at attention.

14--What is the significance of the colors on the American flag as defined by the

Continental Congress? Answer--Red for valor, white for purity and innocence, and blue for reverence to

God's justice.

15--How should the flag be carried in a procession when displayed with another flag;

with a number of other flags?

Answer--When carried in procession with another flag or flags, the flag of the United States should be either on the marching right, i.e., the flag's own right, or when

there is a line of other flags, the flag of the United States may be in front of the

center of that line.

If)--When was the first American flag carried in battle?

Answer--September 11, 1777.

17--Recite the pledge to the flag. Answer--"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the

Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice

for all."

18--What ship was the first to fly the American flag in the Pacific?

Answer--United States Frigate Essex, January 26, 1813.

19--Who gave the name "Old Glory" to our national flag?

Answer--Captain William Driver of the brig "Charles Daggett."

20--When did the flag complete its first trip around the world?

Answer--August 10, 1790.

****

CAMPAIGN OF EDUCATION ON AMERICAN FLAG

Q_When was the Stars and Stripes adopted as the United States flag?
A.--June 14, 1777. Q.--During what period in United States history did the United States flag consist of:
(a) Thirteen stripes and thirteen stars? (b) Fifteen stripes and fifteen stars?
A.--(a) In 1777. (b) During War of 1812.
Q.--How many stars in our flag? A.--48.
Q.--Why? A.--One for each state. Q.--How many stripes in our flag? A.--Thirteen.
Q.--Why? A.--One for each of the original colonies. Q.--What is the color of the uppermost stripe? A.--Red. Q.--What is the color of the lowest stripe? A.--Red. Q. What United Slates flag ceremonial occurred during the World War that more
closely united the two Anglo-Saxon nations?

33

A.--The entrance of this country into the World War, April 6, 1917, was celebrated in both England and France by the national observance of United States Day. In London a beautiful and impressive service was held at St. Paul's Cathedral, with the King and Queen present, and for the first time in history, a flag other than the Union Jack vis hoisted to the top of Victoria Tower, at Westminster, where during the day the Stars and Stripes fluttered fraternally with the English flag above the Houses of Parliament. The American flag was also displayed on business houses, churches, and private residences. In Paris, the American flag was raised over Eiffel Tower and an open-air service held, while airplanes, decorated with French Tricolor and the Star-Spangled Banner of the United States, circled above.
Q.--What is the National flag called in the Navy? A.--Ensign.
Q---Over only what three buildings in America is the flag flown officially and continuously day and night?
A.--Over the Capitol, House of Representatives Building, United States Senate Building. (Recently it has been placed over the monument of Francis Scott Key, at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, author of "The Star-Spangled Banner.") ***
REUNION--SONS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS
Bugle or Fife: Here comes the flag that my father fought, But he taught his sons to love it And to place no other above it.
Kettle Drum:
He thought when he fought that he fought for the right; He thought when he taught that he taught for the right; I think he was right when he thought he was right; So, "Bonnie Blue Flag," good-night, good-night!
--Wightman F. Melton.
SPECIAL AMERICAN FLAGS
1. The Commission Pennant of the Navy. 2. The President's Flag. 3. The Vice-President's Flag. 4. The Secretary of State's Flag. 5. The Flag of the Secretary of the Treasury. 6. The Flag of the Secretary of War. 7. The Flag of the Secretary of the Navy. 8. The Flag of the Secretary of the Interior. 9. The Flag of the Secretary of Commerce. 10. The Flag of the Assistant Secretary of Commerce. 11. The Flag of the Secretary of Labor. 12. The Flag of the Immigration Service.
13. The Revenue or Custom House Flag of the Treasury Department (adopted
14. The United States Coast Guard Flag. 15. The Surgeon-General's Flag (Public Health Service). 16. The Public Health Flag.
17. The Bureau of Navigation Flag (Department of Commerce). 18. The Bureau of Fisheries. 19. The Bureau of Lighthouses. 20. Marine Corps Flag.
34

HU^HBMH
21. The Admiral's Flag. 22. The Vice-Admiral's Flag. 23. The Rear Admiral's Flag. 24. The Commodore's Flag. 25. The Consular Flag. 26. The General's Flag. 27. The Lieutenant-General's Flag. 28. The Major General's Flag. 29. The Brigadier General's Flag. 30. The Red Cross or Hospital Flag. 31. The Church Flag. This brief list by no means exhausts the number of special American flags. The Army, the Navy, the Department of Commerce, and the War Department all have numerous special flags.
EXCERPTS FROM AN ADDRESS BY HONORABLE SOL BLOOM
Director General of the United States Constitution Sesquicentennial Commission
(Washington, D. C, Flag Day, 1937) There are four symbols of our nation. They are the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, the Great Seal of the United States, and our Flag. As I have watched the flag tonight, I have considered one unusual aspect of it-- the fact that it is the only one of the four symbols of the United States about whose history little is known. But the origin of the flag remains a mystery, and we probably shall never know the facts about it. This is in spite of the fact that a most complete and romantic story associated with Betsy Ross has been told for the last 60 years or more, and believed by millions of people. It is unfortunate that there is no credible historical data to support the story. What we do know is that on June 14, 1777, the flag, very much as we know it today, became a reality, differing only in the number and arrangement of the stars from today's flag. If a distinction can be drawn among the four symbols of our nation, I would say that the Declaration of Independence is our symbol of liberty; the Constitution the symbol of union and of the sovereignty of the people in our government; the Seal the symbol of the authority of our government; and the Flag the symbol of all these combined, with the addition of its being our representative in foreign countries. The others are symbols of things significant to us in the United States. But the flag is our international symbol. And where it waves, in every quarter of the earth, the world knows the power and the greatness of our country. This Constitution, and the laws in pursuance of it, and treaties made under the authority of the United States, are the supreme law of the land. And every member of the legislative, executive and judicial divisions of the states as well as the National Government must be bound to support our Constitution. In all the world there has never been a more emphatic, plain-spoken document guaranteeing the rights of the people--not of the people of bygone days, but of you and me as we live our lives today. And that is why I say that the Constitution is the people. It is the reason that the flag is more intimately connected with the Constitution than anything else. Tonight, as we gather here to celebrate the creation of the flag of the United States, ma true sense we are celebrating the Constitution, the charter of our liberties. And whenever we look at the flag waving in the breeze, we should be grateful to Almighty God for the Constitution of the United States that has kept the flag waving for the last 150 years, and that will continue to be its support long after we are gone.
35

MOTTOES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION

The motto of the United States, adopted by Act of Congress, June 20 1782 isE Pluribus Unum (Out of Many, One)

The mottoes of the States of the Union are as follows, the date following the name where given, being that of the adoption of the seal: ALABAMA--December 29, 1868, Here We Rest ARIZONA--1863, Ditat Deus (God Enriches) ARKANSAS--May 3, 1864, Regnant Populi (The People Rule) CALIFORNIA--Eureka (I Have Found It) COLORADO--1861, Nil Sine Numine (Nothing Without God)
CONNECTICUT--October, 1842, Qui Transtulit Sustinet (He Who Transplanted Still Sustains)
DELAWARE--Liberty and Independence DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA--Justitia Omnibus (Justice to All) FLORIDA--1846, In God We Trust
GEORGIA--December 5, 1799, Wisdom, Justice, Moderation IDAHO--March 5, 1886, Esto Perpetua (May It Last Forever) ILLINOIS--August 26, 1818, State Sovereignty--National Union

lA^c7CFebirUary 2V81t7J,U/JLibertieS We Prize' and 0ur Rights We Wil1 Maintain ^KENNl1nU^C"KvYa--n,Dhrecyem^ber8o20n,' ^17o9o2A, SUT,rnaitpeed,r^WSepeS.rtaan^d,VD*iv1i6deSdtarWs eThFraollueh Difficulties) LOUISIANA--Union, Justice and Confidence
MAINE--June 9, 1820, Dirigo (I Direct)

MARYLAND-August 12, 1648, Fatti Maschii Parole Femine (Manly Deeds and Womanly Words) ScutoBonae Voluntatis Tuae Coronasti Nos (With the Shield of Thy Good-Will Thou Hast Covered Us)

MASSACHUSETTS-December 13, 1780, Ense Petit Placidam sub Libertate Quieten, (With the Sword She Seeks Quiet Peace Under Liberty)

MICHIGAN-1835, Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam Circumspice (If Thou Seekest a Beautiful Peninsula, Behold It Here)

MINNESOTA--1858, Etoile du Nord (The Star of the North)

M MTItS!SnOSnUpRIrPI-IJranFueabrryUa11r1y V182I2,9\SaYluirstUPteopeut liArSmuipsre(mBa?

VaIor and Lex Esto

(AWrTMelf)are

of

People

Is the Supreme Law)

MONTANA--May 24, 1864, Oro y Plata (Gold and Silver)

NEBRASKA--March 1, 1867, Equality Before the Law

NEVADA--February 24, 1866, All for Our Country

NEW JERSEY--October 3, 1776, Liberty and Prosperity
S m^P^'SieTch Eund (U Grows As II Goes)

NOS nAinTA^Fh89,3' E7T?Ua,n TMed <T, Be Rather Than To Seem)

nmn * A, ? !A Tbertyand-U?10n' Now and Forever- 0ne a"d Inseparable

^ OKLA.H,,OS MA--'.Labv or'

OJ!m"pnei.nal\Vmi.ncInit

Im perio
(LT abor

C(AonnquEemrsP'Arell WTihthinings)^

Empire)

OREGON--1857, Alis Volat Propriis (She Flies with Her Own Winss)

KRHUH UfcO , ISnLAlN^D^--^16T 64, ^H2 op' e189' VirtUC' Libert^ and InSndenfe

SOUTH CAROLINA-Animis Opibusque Parati (Prepared in Mind and Resources). Dum Spiro, Spero (While I Breathe I Hope)
SOUTH DAKOTA-Under God the People Rule TENNESSEE--1796, Agriculture, Commerce UTAH--Industry
VERMONT--September, 1866, Freedom and Unity

WAS^rS^kfC(BSyTnd ST1"18 "^ ^ l ^^ WESwTayyiFreemeArSePtember ^ 1863' Mmani SemPer Liberf <Munta'e^ Al-
WISCONSIN--Forward TMn??I^G^185;,Cedant Arma TSae <L Arms Yield to the Gown) INDIANA, NEW HAMPSHIRE and TEXAS have no motto

36

Atlanta Lithograph C

FLAGS OF THE CONFEDERACY L! RRARIES

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