Report of the State School Commissioner of Georgia to the General Assembly for 1891 and 1892 [1892]

REPORT
OF THK
OF GEORGIA
TO THK
General Assembly,
FOR 1891 AND 1892
S. p. BRADWELL, State School Commissioner.
ATLANTA, GA.: IJEO, W. HA.RRISON, State Printer.
(Franklin Publishing House.) 1892.

Office of State School Commissioner.
Atlanta, Ga., October 26, 1892.
His Excellency, ijoo. W. J. Northen : , My Dear Sir--I have the honor to submit to you the report due from this office to the General Assem bly, and ask you to present it to that body.
Acknowledging with gratitude your many acts of kindness, personally and officially, and your deep interest in the cause of Popular Education, I am with high regard,
Your obedient servant
S. D. Brad well, State School (hnimdxeionrr.

REPORT.
To the General Assembl}/:
The law says, "The State School Commissioner shall make a biennial report to the General Assembly." In obedience to that command, I submit my report cover ing the operations of the common school system for 1891 and 1892.
When elevated to this important office in January, '91, m.v/ first efforts were directed to the education of the people in the interests of the common school system, to appreciate it and indorse it as the only instrumentality by which the education of the masses could be accom plished. The improvement and elevation of the teachers and zeal, diligence and efficiency in the performance of their duties by school officers, and the encouragement and stimulation of the children, have also claimed a large share of my attention. To the discharge of these duties, made obligatory upon me by the law, I have devoted all the time I could spare from the pressing duties of office work. That good results have followed from this policy is beyond question. I am justified in making the asser tion, the common school system is more popular than it has ever been, and fresh impetus has been given to all the interests of popular education.
Through the generosity of many of the railroads, this work has been accomplished at very trifling cost to the State, and without neglect of the onerous duties of the office, which during my frequent but short absences were faithfully and efficiently performed by Major R. J. Guinn, the clerk of the Department.

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I must here acknowledge, with gratitude, the eminent services of his Excellency, Gov. Northen, which have won for him, at home and abroad, the title of the "Friend of Education."

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

I have compiled with great care and after close re search the following table. It will show what Georgia has done for popular education in the twenty-two years the common school system has been in existence, besides a comparison of the small sum appropriated the first year with the amount now set apart will show that the little acorn planted October 27, 1870, has become a giant tree, firmly rooted in the hearts of the people. The sum for each year is the amount paid out after deducting all ex penses of the Department of Education.

THE SCHOOL FUND

For each year since the inauguration of the system.

1871 (paid out in 1873).....

..$174,107 02

1872 (no schoals in operation)................................. ............

1873 ............................................... ."...................................... 250,000 00

1874 ........

265,000 00

1875 ....................................................................

151,304 00

1876.. ...................................................................................... 149,464 98

1877 ...................

150,225 42

1878 .............................

154,378 70

1879 .................... ..............................................;................... 155,264 31

1880 ......................................................................................... 150,789 54

1881.. ..............................................

196,317 53

1882 ..............r................................................. ...................... 272,754 91

1883 .......................

282,221 52

1884 .............................................

305,520 46

1885 .................................................................

502,115 52

1886 ........................................................................................ 312,292 76

1887 ............................................................................................ 489,008 54

1888 ....................................

330,113 73

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1889 .................... 1890 .. 1891!.......................

490,708 14 638,656 05 935,611 09

1892.......................................................................................... 951,700 29

Total....................................................................... $7,307,554 50 Poll tax to date................................................................ 4,021,346 83

Total from all sources.............. ........................ $11,328,901 33
The amount from poll tax is not absolutely correct; for half the time the figures are of record, but for the other half carefully estimated from official data.

EXPENSES

Of the Department of Education for each year from October 21, 1870, to the present time.

1871 (from October 27, 1870, to January 15r 1872)............. $10,248 06

1872 (from January 15 to December 31, 1872).................. 3,257 82

1873 ............................

3,126 41

1874 .........................

4,071 84

1875 ...................................................................

5,463 41

1876 ....

6,390 33

1877 .................................

5,000 00

1878 ......

4,540 20

1879 .....

3,926 93

1880 ....................................................................................... 4,502 73

1881 ....................................................................................... 3,325 24

1882 .........

4,494 45

1883 ....................................................................................... 5,474 19

1884 ........................................................

4,326 55

1885 ......

4,212 56

1886 ......................................................................................

4,167 19

1887 ...............................................

4,500 98

1888 .................................................

4,077 62

1889 ....................................................................................... 4,516 79

1890 ....................................................................

4,764 09

1891 ..........................

4,178 68

1892 ....................................................................................... 4,825 68

Total to date............................................................ $103,391 75
This amount is included in the appropriations, but is always deducted before the apportionment to the sev-

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eral counties is made. The expenses of the department comprise the salaries of the State School Commissioner and his clerk, stationery, postage and other office ex penses, the travelling expenses of the State School Commissipner when absent on official business, and printing. This last is necessarily the chief item of expense, being for the present year $888.18.
In the expense table is, however, included the salaries of the county school commissioners. These officers are paid a^er diemnot exceeding three dollars, and the county boards decide how many days work shall be required of them. The records for the last sixteen years show that the aggregate salaries of the county school commission ers of the state foot up $23,154.73 ^er annum. Esti mating the remaining five years for which no returns were made, and omitting the year 1872 when there were no schools in operation, at the same figures, the result is $496,249.38 as the entire cost of the distribution of the fund since the origin of the system; less than half a mil lion dollars for the disbursement of $11,328,901.33! Only 4% per cent, for a vast amount of work and re sponsibility !
There has been an increase in the amount appropriated for common schools by the adoption of the policy of sup plementing the fund already set apart from the half ren tal of the State road and certain specific taxes by a direct appropriation from the revenue derived from general taxation.
In 1889, when this policy was first put into execution, the direct appropriation was $165,000.
In 1890 it was $380,575.90.
In 1891 it was $640,092.84.
In 1892 it was $597,551.54.

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THE SCHOOL FUND FOR 1891.

The sources from which the fund is now derived are

as follows:

Amount received from direct assessment ............ ............1500,000 00

"

" " half rental of State Road........... 180,648 23

Tax on excess over $3(it),000,000 taxable property............. 140,092 84

" " liquor dealers........................................................... 76,705 76

Fees from inspection of fertilizers..............................

18,092 82

Net hire convicts.................................................................... 16,926 82

Dividends from Georgia Railroad......................

2,046 00

Tax on shows......................................................................... 3,465 30

Lease oyster lands.................................................................. 1,812 00

Total...............................:.............................................$939,789 77 Less expenses Department of Education........................... 4,178 68

Amount apportioned................................................. $935,611 09 Add the amount collected from polls for 1891.................. 208,740 60

Total School Fund of 1891.................. .................. $1,144,351 69

THE SCHOOL FUND FOR 1892.

Liquor tax..........................................................

$112,420 14

Show tax.................................................................................. 3,950 80

Half rental State Road........................................................... 210,006 00

Dividend Georgia Railroad..............

2,046 00

Direct assessment................................................................... 500,000 00

Tax on excess $415,000,000.................................................... 97,551 54

Net hire convicts................................................................... 17,194 81

Sale ungranted lands......... ................................................... 764 00

Fees oil inspection................................................................. 12,592 68

Inspection fertilizers..............................................................

Lease oyster lands..................................................................

Total............................................................................... $956,525 97 Less expenses of Department of Education....,................. 4,825 68

Amount apportioned................................................ $951,700 29
The poll tax, which is paid direct in the several coun ties to the county school commissioner, can only be esti mated for 1892. In all probability it will reach

$215,000.00. This added to the amount apportioned, $951,700.29, will foot up the total for common schools for the present year, $1,166,700.29.
It is proper to explain that nothing was received from the inspection of fertilizers this year in consequence of the diminished sales, less by 100,000 tons, and new liens created by the last General Assembly upon the fees re ceived by the Department of Agriculture. All expenses of the department, including salaries, are paid out of this fund. Since the budget was made up a considerable amount has been paid in which will be available next year. It will be seen that from the inspection of oils over twelve thousand dollars has been received. This isthe first time any money has come into the fund from that source; and next year it is probable that the amount will be materially increased.
There was no return from the lease of oyster lands in time to enter into the school fund for 1892.
FIVE MONTHS SCHOOLS.
With more than a million dollars in sight when I took office, I gave instructions, with the consent and approba tion of the State Board of Education, that the schools should be put in operation for five months. In some counties this was resisted on the ground that the parents in the rural districts could not spare the services of their children on the farm for five consecutive months. I instructed the county boards to arrange the term of five months to suit the wants of the community in the selec tion of the particular five months, and even to allow a division of the term--fifty days at one time, and fifty days at another--if in their wisdom it was for the best interests of the children of the county. This arrange

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ment satisfied the objectors, and contracts were made for five months throughout the State in 1891 and also in 1892.
It is also proper in this connnection to state that I made a ruling that twenty school days make a scholastic month. This ruling secures uniformity throughout the State in this particular. For 1891 and 1892 the oppor tunity was given to every child in Georgia to attend school for one hundred days.
SCHOOL POPULATION.
The school population, as first enumerated in 1871, was 366,388. There has been of course, a gradual increase from that date to the present. The last enu meration was taken in 1888, which was as follows :
White........................................................................................... ...296,388 Colored............................................................................................263,893
Total...................................... .......................... ................. 560,281
* This is the basisupon whichthe present distribution is made. The next enumeration, which the State Board of Education will in all probability order next year befor the apportionment is made, will show that there are at least 600,000 children in Georgia between six and eighteen years of age.
Full statistical tables, which will be appended to this report, will showtheremarkablegrowth of the system and the number of children who are the recipients of its benefits. It will be sufficient here to give the results for 1890 and 1891.
In 1890, the enrollment was :
White....................................................... ..................................... 209,259 Colored............... :................................... ..................................... 134,491
Total enrollment................................................................343,750
The average attendance for that year was 211,786.

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In 1891, the enrollment was :
AVhite..................................................................... ('olored........................................................
Total.................................................................................... 360,268

Average attendance :

White.............................................................................................. 124,436 Colored........................................................................................... 80,790

Total......................................................................................

205,7 226

These figures need some explanation. The enrollment

was greater in 1891 than in 1890 and yet the average

attendance was less. This is easily accounted for in con

sequence of the increase in the length of the school term'

to 100 days. The average attendance means the full

hundred days, and of course there will be more absences

in 100 days than in sixty days.

These figures are also suggestive. They mean that

only 65 per cent, of the children of the State entered

school last year, and only 37 per cent, remained in school

the full period of -100 days.

They will show that of the white school population

74 per cent, entered school, and of the colored school

population 53 per cent., as the white school population

is 296,388, and the colored 263,893. In this calculation

the cities are omitted.

These figures do not embrace the city systems, be

cause the reports from them are too incomplete to fur

nish the necessary data. Judging from the returns which

have been received, I think it would be fair to add 10

per cent, to all the above. This would make 75 Per

cent, in the enrollment and 47 per cent, in the average

attendance.

It will also be seen that 61 per cent, of the pupils last

year were white and 39 per cent, colored ; and the same

proportion holds good in the average attendance. Now

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the school population is 53 per cent, white, 47 per cent, colored. It is therefore apparent that more white chil dren are attending school than colored, in the rural dis tricts. If the cities and towns are included, the relative proportion in attendance is not materially changed.
The school fund is apportioned upon the basis of school population, but paid out on average attendance, or by salaries based, in the main, upon average attend ance. There is no division of the fund between the races --and there cannot be--but it is evident that the negroes are getting their due share of the educational fund of the State, according to population.
The following statistics of the schools for 1891 will be of interest:

NUMBER OF, SCHOOLS.

White............................................... Colored...............................................................
Total............

4,624 2,398 7,022

NUMBER OF TEACHERS.
White................................................................................................. 4,920 Colored............................................................................................... 2,500
Total........................................................................................ 7,420

NUMBER OF PUPILS ADMITTED.
White.............................................................................................. 219,643 Colored............................................................................................ 140,625
Total..................................................................................... 360,268

AVERAGE ATTENDANCE.

White.........................................................

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Colored........ ................................................................................. 80,790

Total..................................................................................... 205,226

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Average monthly cost per pupil paid by the State................ $ .914

No.pupils in Orthography............................................................. 340,028

" " " Reading..................................................................... 286,197

" " " Writing........................................

234,348

" " " English Grammar................................................... 82,227

" " " Geography............................................................... 105,369

" " " Arithmetic................................ ................. .............203,725-

Number of visits paid by County School Commissioners to schools during the year.................................................... 8,143

SCHOOL OFFICERS.
To manage this great system, there are, besides the State Board, which is composed of the Governor, the Secretary of State, the Attorney-General, the Comptrol ler-General and the State School Commissioner, 8oo of ficials. Of this number onlys 135 receive compensation, as follows :
State School Commissioner, salary....................................... $2,000 00 Clerk, salary ......... ................................................................ 1,200 00 133 County School Commissioners, salaries aggregating......39,433 97
Total................................................................................ $42,633 97
The entire machinery of the common school system of Georgia costs less than four (4) per cent. And yet the 133 county school commissioners, the four counties which are under local laws not being included, are under bonds which in the aggregate amount to nearly two million dollars!
Is there any public department of any government administered at so small a cost?
The term of office of County School Commissioner is four years; and as the commission of all of them expired during the present year, I thought it wise to have, the examination and election of these officers held on the same day. I accordingly gave instructions to the boards to

>1.
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hold examinations and elections for County School Com missioners March 10th. I endeavored to surround this examination with every precaution, and I arranged the questions for the examination in order to develop the ap plicant's knowledge, experience and business capacity. This plan was satisfactory, and in the vast majority of cases good, faithful and efficient officers were secured.
The other officials are the members of the Board of Education comprising, in the common school system proper, 665 men, who serve without any pecuniary com pensation. Their only reward is exemption from road,. jury and militia duty. Many resignations have been caused by the law prohibiting a man from holding two offices, but I have endeavored to have these vacancies filled as rapidly as possible, in order that nothing ma^r be lacking in the machinery for carrying on the system.
Twenty-four counties have this year failed to collect State taxes enough to meet the appropriations allotted to them for school purposes. The deficit will of course be drawn from the State treasury, but it should be remem bered that nearly one-half of the school fund is made up from the rental of the State road and certain specific taxes in which all have a common interest, so that in real ity there is no county which did not contribute its share of the school fund which is derived from direct taxation. Besides, it should be remembered that taxation for State purposes is uniform and a citizen of Gilmer or Echols pays just the same tax as a citizen of Fulton or Chat ham, and therefore the individual citizen is entitled to the same protection and benefit from the state whether he lives in city or country. If all the money were paid di rectly into the treasury these comparisons would not be made.

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teachers' county institutes.
The report from the County School Commissioners, which will be appended to this report, will show that the teachers very generally appreciate this effort on the part of the State for their improvement. Under the discre tionary power granted me I ordered several combined sessions to be held. The first combined session was held at Albany, in which nine counties, viz.: Dougherty, Mitch ell, Calhoun, Berrien, Colquitt, Early, Baker, Worth and Lee participated. The very best talent in normal work was secured, and to it I gave my personal supervision. The results were very gratifying, and the teachers were so well pleased that I was requested to call them together again next year.
At Athens I held another combined session, consisting of the counties of Clarke, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Jackson and Greene. This institute I conducted in person, and the results were equally gratifying.' Other sessions were held at Thomasville, Americus and Barnesville. I did not use the power to summon the teachers in combined sessions arbitrarily, but left it to their choice to call them together at their own county site or in combination with other counties at some other point.
The monthly session of these institutes were, in the main, well attended and productive of great good. The opposition to them in consequence( of the expense has almost entirely disappeared. I think that renewed in terest will be taken in these institutes next year.
The following syllabus, which the law required-me to prepare, was used at the monthly institutes, and as a re view at the annual institutes :
i

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PROGRAMME.

I recommend the following programme for the guidance of county school commissioners, the details of which, however, may be varied, to suit the circuir^tances:

9 o'clock a. m. I ......................................... 10 minutes Opening Exercises

Orthography...............................................

30 "

Reading......... ...................................................... 30 "

Writing....................

15 "

Grammar............................................................... 30 "

Recess................................................................. 20 "

Geography.................

30 "

Arithmetic.............................................................45 "

Recess for Dinner................................................. 90 "

2 o'clock p. m. I Science and Practice v ...................................... 30 "
of Teaching, J

Miscellaneous......................................................... 30 "

FIRST SATURDAY.

Orthogeaphy.

SYLLABUS.

1. Definition. 2. The importance of being a good speller. 3. 'Why it should be a daily exercise in school.

Reading.
1. Definition. 2. Importance. 3. Oral and silent reading.

Writing.
1. The importance of writing a plain, clear, legible hand.

English Grammar.
1. The importance of a knowdedge of language. 2. Written language. 3. Spoken language.

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Geography.
1. Definition of terms. 2. The earth--how to teach its shape, its size, its motions.
Arithmetic.
1. The idea of numbers and the origin of figures. 2. Notation and numeration.
Science and Practice op Teaching.
1. School organization. 2. Discipline.
MISCELLANEOUS.
I suggest that the last half hour be devoted to the discussion of questions relative to the previous lectures and to the school laws ; and the day's work to conclude with a short exercise in declamation, with instructions as to position, gesture and bows, and the announce ment of the programme for the next session of the institute. After the expiration of the half hour, I would make this division a matter of adjournment byn majority vote.

SECOND SATURDAY.

Orthography.

SYLLABUS.

1. Vowels and consonants. 2. Syllabication. 3. Pronunciation.

Reading.
1. The alphabet method. 2. Its advantages. 3. Its disadvantages.

Writing.
1. The proper position of the pen and the paper.

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English Grammar.
1. Parts of speech. 2. Their definitions. 3. Their use.
Geography.
1. How to teach location and direction--points of the com pass--distance and position in relation to other objects.
2. Apply these ideas to a map of the school-room and then to map study generally.
Arithmetic.
1. The four fundamental rules and how to teach them.
Science and Practice op Teaching.
1. Sessions--length and divisions. ' . 2. Recess.
3. Rewards and punishments.
MISCELLANEOUS.
[ Same as before. ]
THIRD SATURDAY.
SYLLABUS.
Orthography.
1. Oral spelling. 2. Its advantages. 3. Give tests.
Reading.
1. The word method. 2. Its advantages. 3. Its disadvantages.
Writing.
1. The formation of small letters.

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English Gbammar.
1. Nouns and their properties. 2. Verbs and their properties.

Geography.

,

1. Division of land and water. 2. Topography--elevations and depressions. 3. Climate--causes and effects.

Arithmetic.
1. Common fractions--nature and origin. 2. Reducing, adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing
fractions.

Science and Practice of Teaching.
1. How to keep children interested. 2. How to teach children to study.

MISCELLANEOUS.

[ Same as before. ]

FOURTH SATURDAY.

SYLLABUS.
Orthography;
1. Written spelling. 2. Its advantages. 3. Give tests.
Reading.
1. Sentence method. 2. Its advantages. 3. Its disadvantages.
Writing.
1. The formation of capital letters.

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English Grammar.
1. Parsing and how to teach it. 2. Rules and how to teach them.
Geography.
1. Geography--her people, productions, climate, schools and government.
Arithmetic.
1. Decimal fractions --name and origin, etc. 2. Application of decimal fractions to the currency.
Science and Practice of Teaching.
1. Duty of teachers. 2. Duty of scholars. 3. Duty of parents.
MISCELLANOUS.
[ Same as before. ]

FIFTH SATURDAY.

Orthography.

SYLLABUS.

1. The best methods of teaching spelling. 2. Give tests.

Reading.
1. Best method of teaching reading. 2. Tests in reading.

Writing.
1. Practical illustrations and tests in writing.

English Grammar.
1. The analysis of sentences. 2. Practical tests in parsing.

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Geography.
I. United States--boundaries, divisions, sections, people, in! dustries and government.
Arithmetic.
1. Percentage. 2. Interest. 3. Practical examples.
Science and Practice of Teaching.
' How to teach--by exaniple'and precept-- 1. Industry. 2. Honesty. 3. Truthfulness. 4. Temperance. 5. Avoidance of profanity and vulgarity.
MISCELLANEOUS.
[ Same as before. ]
THE NORMAL SCHOOL.
No more difficult problem was ever given me to solve than when commanded by the General Assembly as Chairman of the Commission on theNormalSchool, to or ganize and operate a college without any money. Through the help of my colleagues on the commission the problem was solved. How, the following report will show :
The following map will give a clear conception of the wide extended influence of the Normal School:

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MAP OF GEORGIA
SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OT STUDENTS ATTENDING THE NORMAL SCHOOL AT ATHENS, GA.,
1892.

Jrf



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The following resolutions speak for themselves:
The State Normal College closed with a grand reception, at which the following resolutions were proposed and unanimously adopted :
Whereas, We, the students attending the Georgia Normal College, at Athens, Ga., at its first session, feeling that the time has been spent most pleasantly and profitably by us, and, whereas we are con strained to express our appreciation of all its benefits ; therefore, be it
`'Resolved 1. That we hereby tender our thanks to the city of Athens for the liberal appropriation made for the purpose of furnishing our Normal College, to the citizens of Athens for their kindness and hos pitality, to Captain Voss, of the electric car line, for his efforts to make our stay pleasant, to Messrs. Haselton & Dozier for their thoughtful generosity and to the University faculty for the many learned and instructive lectures which they have given us.
"Resolved 2. That to Dr. Jabez L. M. Curry, agent of the Peabody fund, who has, by his liberal'donation, made the Georgia Normal College a possibility, we tender our thanks.
"Resolved 3. That we express our highest admiration and apprecia tion to our State School Commissioner, S. D. Bradwell, who, although unsupported by the aid of the State, has founded and made a success of the Georgia Normal College, and that we pledge him our support in his efforts to elevate Georgia to at least an equal educational plane with her sister States.
"Resolved 4. That to President Lawton B. Evans, Miss Mary Bacon, Messrs. Otis Ashmore, L. M. Landrum, G. G. Bond and J. T. Derry, faculty of this the first State Normal College in Georgia, we are due and do now tender them our sincere thanks--thanks born of keen appreciation of their painstaking labor in imparting to us their skill culture and broad experience in school work.
"Resolved 5. That we, the teachers and students at the Georgia Nor mal College, express our appreciation and gratitude to GovernoT Northen for his successful efforts in behalf of popular education and the elevation of the teacher, and we tender him our cordial support as citizens of this great State and claim him as the `model governor.'
"Resolved 6. That we, who have attended the session of the Georgia Normal College, furthermore petition the legislature of our State at its next session to take such steps as will permanently establish and equipdhis Normal School for what we believe to be one of the most important and pressing educational works in Georgia."

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I also desire to state that at my request particular at tention was paid to map drawing, with the view of mak ing it a prominent feature in the schools of the State. A large number of these maps drawn by the students are on file in this department.
THE SCHOOL BONDS.
I find frequent mention by my predecessors in office of the existence of bonds to the amount of $350,000, to be used as a school fund, issued during the administration of Governor Brown. It was urged that this claim should be met and that the legislature should order the interest that would have accrued from these bonds paid into the school fund. The whole matter is now settled, for the last Generel Assembly, by resolution approved December 29, 1890, ordered these bonds which had never been ne gotiated, destroyed; and they were accordingly burned in the presence of the Governor, Treasurer and Comp troller-General. A final disposition has been made of this question, and no further mention will be made of it.
THE POLICY OF THE STATE.
The law says: "Admission to all common schools of this State shall be gratuitous to all the children between the ages of six and eighteen years residing in the sub districts in which the schools are located;" and the only priviso is that colored and white children shall not attend the same school. The State therefore guarantees to every child, white and colored, within her borders, the chance to attend school for a certain period of time each year-- this year 100 days--free of cost. The Supreme Court has rendered a decision that the same principle applies to the city systems.

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But at the same time, the State invites the parent to come jn as a partner and supplement what she does by an increase in the pay and an extension of the term. The State makes the contract and assumes the government and control of the school and agrees to pay the teacher a stipulated salary or pro rata\ the parent enters into a supplementary contract agreeing to add to the pay of the teacher and the length of the term, and receives cer tain privileges and advantages in return.
A decision rendered by me, known as the Tennille de cision, embodies these principles, and for information is here presented.

Office of STATE SCHOOL COMMISSIONER,

'

Atlanta, Ga., March 10, 1892.

1 Admission of children in said school refused.

L. G. Davis | Application of the Board of Education of

rs.

\ Washington county, before whom said case

Tennille Institute. J is pending for opinion and ruling from the

j State School Commissioner.

After due consideration of the facts in the above case, I deliver the following opinion:

1. Money for educational purposes is voted to the State University and to the common schools. The University, representing higher education, receives aid from .the State through the branch colleges, School of Technology, Georgia Normal, Industrial School, etc. Common schools receive aid from the State through the public school system. There is no provision whatever made for secondary education in Georgia. The common schools represent primary edu cation, which in explicit language, is limited to the " elementary branches of an English education only." By legislative enactment these branches are specially mentioned, viz.: Orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography and English grammar. The State does not propose to pay any teacher for teaching pupils in the middle ground, between the primary and collegiate;
2. Admission to the common schools is free to all the children of tbe State, the nnly restriction being that the schools for the races shall be separate. " The children of the State," by statutory enact ment, comprise those between six and eighteen years of age.

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3. The public school system embraces all schools which receive aid from the state where the elementary branches are taught, and are divided into two classes: the local systems, which are by special law independent in rule and regulations, but dependent in pecuniary aid and in reports upon the public school system, and the common schools proper, which are directly under the control of the machinery of the public school system. Of the latter class there are two divis ions, the schools which continue only during the public school term-- five months now--and the long term schools, sometimes classed as permanent schools. Long term schools are schools which embrace the peiiod allowed by law for the public tcm, where the teacher has a contract with the Board of Education and a supplemental contract with his patrons to teach a private elementary school in connection with the said commomschool. The requirements made of the fjeacher are as follows: he must be licensed; he must be contracted with as above stated; and he must make the same reports and returns to the County School Commissioner as are required of other teachers. The pupil can receive the benefit of anyone hundred days he may attend a long term school. The following is the language of the provision : " Provided that nothing in this Act shall be construed as to prevent any common school scholar from entering said school as a pupil, if the parent or guardian of said pupil shall elect to enter him or her . for the period of the public term and upon the merits of the common school fund only."
4. Private schools as such are not recognized by the public school system, but they obtain the benefit of the public fund by complying with the conditions of the long-term schools. (Sections 51 and 52 of the common school law.)
5. The public school fund for teaching the children of the state can be disbursed in two ways only, to local systems, either directly from the Department of Education, or from the department through the County School Commissioner and to the teachers. Teachers may be paid by a salary or by pro rata upon an average attendance at the discretion of the Board of Education, but in either case a con tract is necessary.
6. The supplemental contract of the long term school between the teacher and the patrons is, of course, voluntary; and while the state is responsible only for the payment of her share, the part the patron agrees to pay is a valid claim, and can be collected in the courts.
7. I know of no law giving boards of education authority to con tract with secretaries of local boards of trustees, or to pay out the funds entrusted to them in any wmy except to fhe teachers. It is nec essary for the teacher, whether he is paid a salary, or pro rain "upon average attendance, to make out his account, and present it to the

26
County School Commissioner to be audited so that the board may order it paid.
8. The policy of the state is to guarantee to every child who will embrace the opportunity free tuition for one hundred days, but asks the parent to supplement her efforts by adding, voluntarily, to the fund she distributes.
These general principles the board in its wisdom may apply to any of the schools under their jurisdiction, as well as to the Tennille In stitute. For their guidance, however, I will make the following ap plication to the case in question:
It appears in brief, that L. G. Davis, a resident and citizen in the sub-district in which Tennille Institute is situated, made application for his children to be entered as pupils in Tennille Institute for the public term, and upon the merits of the common school fund only. Admission was refused unless the usual fee for each child was paid, or unless he would certify that he was unable to pay the fees charged others.
The grounds for the refusal are based by the Tennile Institute upon the following statements:
1. That Tennille Institute is not one of the common schools of Washington county, or of the State of Georgia.
2. That Tennille Institute was in operation prior to the adoption of the Constitution of 1877, and hence exempt from the operation of the law.
3. That the public school laws do not apply to Tennille Institute.
4. That there is a public school in operation in Tennille duly located and recognized by the Board of Education of Washington county.
Therefore, I hold that Tennille Institute being neither a branch of the State University nor a local system, is a private school.
Tennille Institute has no legal existence, either by Act of the legis lature or of the courts.
It is not a system, as it was organized by private parties, not sup ported by taxation, but by voluntary aid from a part of the citizens of Tennille and the surrounding country.
To receive its pro rata share of the public fund it must be regarded as a long term school, and subject to the rules and regulations gov erning such schools, to which allusion has already been made. . There is no poor school fund in Georgia. The child of the million aire is no better than the child of the pauper in the common schools. The free admission of children whose parents are unable to pay into the schools of Tennille has no bearing whatever. There may be other schoo]s in the same sub-district, but the parent has his choice.

27

I therefore, rule that the Tennille Institute, or the teacher thereof,

has no authority to refuse admission to the children of L. G. Davis,

who applies to have them admitted for the public school term of one

hundred days, and upon the merits of the common school fund only.

But the said children are not entitled to any other branches than

those embraced in the curriculum of the common schools.

The Board of Education of Washington county will make the above

ruling their judgment in the case.

S. D. Bradwell,

State School Commissioner. *

PEABODY SCHOLARSHIPS.

Georgia is under renewed obligations to the Trustees of the Peabody Fund. The number of students allotted to Georgia at the Peabody Normal College at Nashville is twenty-two. These scho'arships are awarded under the regulations of the Board of Trustees to students from Georgia who are attending college at their own expense, and not upon competitive examination as in former years. A scholarship appointment entitles the holder to $100 for the scholastic year and transportation to and from tiome. Notwithstanding the fact was known that these schol arships were not awarded upon competitive examination, applications for the appointments were numerous frofn different parts of the State. This institution, with itsaccomplished and scholarly president, Dr. W. H. Payne, deservedly ranks high, and scholarships are eagerly sought after. Each pupil, upon entering the college, is required to sign the following

DECLARATION :
I........ ................... of ...'................Georgia,, was............ years old on the.............day of............. 189... My object in obtaining a "Peabody Scholarship in the Normal College at Nashville is to qualify myself for teaching; and for this purpose it is my intention to remain in that institution two years, if I should be admitted; and I hereby

28
promise to teacli after I have left it at least two years in the public schools of this State, if I have opportunity. I further promise to attend regularly and faithfully upon all exercises required, and con form cheerfully to the discipline and rules which may be prescribed. And should I, for any reason, fail to teach as agreed after graduating, I promise to refund to the President of the College, an amount of money equal to that which I. received from the Peabody Educational Fund. ' I also promise to report myself as often as once each year to the State School Commissioner of this State, either by letter or in person, for two years.
...................................... 189... Signed................................................
From this institution Georgia has derived incalculable benefit, some of her best teachers being graduates of the Peabody Normal School.

PEABODY INSTITUTE FOR 1891 AND 1892.

Another obligation, which cannot be overestimated, placed upon Georgia by the trustees of the Peabody Educational Fund, is due for the generous donation for teachers' institutes. To Dr. J. L..M. Curry, the distingfiished general agent, am I especially indebted for his generous interest in the welfare of Georgia's schools and teachers.

The fuhd placed at my disposal for 1891 was $3,50. This amount was expended as follows:

For institutes, including pay of instructors, advertising and

all other expenses.............................................................. $3,000 00

Amount paid the following public schools :

Covington.....................................................I........... $100 00

Lumpkin................................................................... 100 00

Perry....................

100 00

Sparta.......................

100 00

Waycross.....................

100 CO 50000

Total disbursements...................... . .................. ....... .^S^OOiOO

29
For 1892 the amount received from Dr. Curry was $3,800; and the disbursements were as follows:
Amounts paid forthe Normal Department Georgia Normal and Industrial at Milledgeville to date. $833 28
Am'ts paid for institutes, including all expenses.. 2,600 00
Total disbursements........................................ ............. $3,533 28
Leaving balance to the credit of Georgia Normal and Industrial School................................. ................... $ 266 72*
In order that full information may be given as to the work accomplished by these institutes, I insert the reports made to Dr. Curry of the institutes for 1891 and 1892:
Atlanta, Ga., August 31, 1892. Hon. J. L. M. Curry, Gen'l, Agent Peabody Fund, Washington, D. C.:
Dear Sir--I have the honor to submit to you my report of theTeacher's Institutes, which the generosity of the trustees of the Pea body Fund enabled me to hold for the year 1891.
Under the discretionary power granted me, I decided to hold three Institutes, one for North Georgia, one for Middle Georgia and one for South Georgia; and Lithia Springs, Milledgeville and Waycross were selected as the most suitable plac -s. This was done not from any sectional view or desire to antagonize the three divisions of the State, but to carry the Institution nearer to the teachers and kindle a spirit of friendly emulation between the localities selected. I am well sat isfied that far better results have followed from this division than could possib'y have been expected if I had held but one institute. A larger number of teachers and school officers were brought under the influence of the institutes and more uniform plans of the science of teaching disseminated among those who are engaged in the work of the school-room. The sentiment of school officers throughout the State is a unit in favor of this division.
I also decided to conduct the institutes in person; and during my enforced absences, which were seldom, I planned the work to be done and left an experienced instructor in charge. While it imposed upon me an incessant round of labor, the objects I aimed at were success fully reached, viz.: In giving direction to more uniform methods and coming in close contact with the teachers, thereby increasing their interest and zeal in their vocation and in the Common School System.
In the main, I confined the work of the instructors to the primary branches which are taught in the Common Schools of the State; and

30
as far as practicably the instructors, under my directions, divided their work so as to embrace a two-years' course. This could not be fully carried out for reasons that are apparent. The same teachers and the same corps of instructors are not certain to attend each year. The best that cquld be done under the circumstances was done.
In my judgment the latter part of July and the month of August was the most suitable time for the institutes, as the teachers are more at leisure then, but still, some of the country schools were in progress.
The minutes of each day's proceedings are ready for your inspec tion, and in this report I will attempt only a condensed statement.
LITIirA SPRINGS.
The Institute for North Georgia Was opened July the 21st, and closed August the 1st, with the following Corps of instructors:
Prof. Slaton, Superintendent Atlanta Public Schools--Pedagogy. Prof. Glenn, Elberton Institute--Organic Science in the Common Schools. Prof. Harper, Superintendent of the Halton Public Schools--English Grammar. Prof. Lane, of the School of Technology--Geography. Prof. Noyes, of the Boys' High School, Atlanta--Arithmetic. Miss Marguerite Johnston, lately of the Cincinnati Public Schools -- Elocution. Miss Ida Young, late Principal of Harlem Academy--Beading and Spelling. The work of the regular instructors was ably supp'emented by val uable and instructive lectures by Governor Northen, Chancellor Boggs, Prof. Branson and others. Prof. A. I. Branham and Miss Bunnie Love were Secretaries. No colored institute was held at Lithia Springs at the request of the colored teachers, who said they preferred to go to Milledgeville and Waycross. The institute was in session eleven days. Attendance 134. '
MILLEDGEVILLE.
The Milledgeville Institute opened August the 4th. The following were the instructors for the institute for white teachers :
Prof. Lynes, President Middle Georgia N. & A. College--Organic Science.
Prof. Shecut, Principal Girls' High School, Augusta--Primary Arithmetic.

31
Prof. Frederick, Principal Marshallville High School--Advanced Arithmetic.
Prof. Evans, Superintendent Schools Richmond county--Reading and Spelling.
Prof. Lane, Georgia School of Technology--Geography. Mrs. Keenan, Principal Whittle School, Macon--Writing. Prof. Zettler, Superintendent Bibb County Public Schools -Peda
gogyProf. Woodall, Superintendent Columbus Public Schools - Practical
Talks on Teaching. Prof. Beals, of the Georgia Normal and Industrial School for Girls
-- Normal Training. W. E. Rambo and Miss Jessie Goodall, Secretaries. Attendance 92. The instructors for the colored institute, which was organized in a
building near by at the same timtf, were: Prof. Walker, President of the Colored Teacher's Association, Au
gusta--Elementary Physiology. Prof. Snelson, Principal of the Colored Schools 'of Waycross--Eng
lish Grammar. Miss Lucy Laney, Principal Girls' High School, Augusta--Writing. Mrs. Phillips, Secretary. The white instructors, three each day, supplemented the work of
the colored instructors, and both institutes were under my super vision.
Chancellor Boggs, Pr6f. Branham and others supplemented the work of the instructors in both institutes.
The attendance of the colored institute was 81. The daily programme, which was also pursued at the other institutes, -was as follows : Open with devotional exercises at 8:50 in the morning. Lectures from 9 to 1. In the afternoon two hours were devoted to the "Ques tion Box" and business. The question box in which any teacher was at liberty to place a question, I found to be an interesting and instruct ive exercise. The evenings were occupied by addresses and musical entertainments. Ten days was the term of the Milledgeville Institute.
WAYCEOSS.
The white and colored institutes for Waycross were held for ten days, beginning August the 18th.
The following was the roll of officers: Prof. Orr, Superintendent Public Schools of Brunswick--Pedagogy. Hr. L. B. Clifton, Macon--Science in the Common Schools.

32
Prof. Bridges, Superintendent of the Waycross Schools--PrimaryArithmetic.
Prof. Mangham, County School Commissioner of Taylor county-- Beading and Spelling.
Prof. Baker, Superintendent of the Public Schools of Savannah-- Advanced Arithmetic.
Prof. Moody, Principal Boston Academy--English Grammar. Prof. Lane, Georgia School of Technology--Geography. Miss Lila Jones, Blakely Academy--Writing. Prof. W. W. Sheppard and Mrs. E. K. Head, Secretaries. Attendance 93. The colored institute, also under my supervision, and during my absence under charge of Prof. Snelson, was organized with the follow ing instructors: Prof. Snelson, of the Colored Schools of Waycross--Reading and Spelling. Prof. Walker, of Augusta --Arithmetic. Miss Laney, of Augusta--Writing. Prof. Grant Snelson, Principal of the Columbus High School, Sec retary. Prof. Wright, President of the Colored College and others gave valuable assistance by their lectures. The white instructors visited this institute daily. Attendance 66. Chancellor Boggs and Prof. Beals spent a day or two, giving valuable lectures at this institute.
CONCLUSION.

While the attendance was not as large as anticipated, still the result

is gratifying.

The attendance foots up as follows:

At Lithia Springs.......................

134

At Milledgeville.................................................................

92

At Waycross..............................

93

Total (white)...................................................................... 319

At Milledgeville..................................

81

At Waycross...................................

66

Total (colored)........................................................................... 147
Total (white and colored).......... .............................................. 466An impetus has been given to teacher training and its necessity has been made more apparent. School officers are more diligent in the discharge of their duties, and they have become better equipped

\

33

for those duties; the teachers who were in attendance realize more

fully the responsibility of their calling, and better methods for im

parting information to their pupils are impressed upon their minds ;

and the people generally are more anxious for the dissemination of ed

ucation among the masses.

I am glad to add that the General Assembly has under considera

tion a bill for establishing County Institutes as well aS~a bill to or-

ganize and equip a Normal College for training young men and the

young women of Georgia for the important work of teachers in the

n

Common School System. It is to be hoped that both of these meas

ures will pass.

1

I have had the pleasure and privilege of visiting about forty coun

ties and making educational talks to the people, and everywhere I

have found great interest manifested, a willingness to be taxed for

educational purposes, and a settled determ5 nation that Georgia ha

have "more schools and better ones."

Awaiting your further instructions, I am

Very respectfully,

*

S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.

PEABODY INSTITUTE FOR 1892.
Atlanta, Ga., August 20, 1892.
Hon. J. L. M. Curry, General Agent Peabody Fund, Washington, D. C.:
Dear Sir.--I beg leave to submit to you my report of the Teach ers' Institutes, held through the generosity of the Peabody Trustees, for the year 1892, and a statement of the receipts and disbursements of the fund entrusted to me.
Pursuing the plan I had mapped out last year, under the discre tionary power granted me, I located the institutes at three convenient points where, in my j udgment, the greatest number of teachers could he reached, at Athens, Americus and Savannah; one in each of the three natural divisions of the State. A spirit of generous emulation between the localities /Was aroused from which highly gratifying results followed. I devoted a very large part of my time, from the first of July to the present date, to a personal supervision of each of the institutes, thereby securing uniformity in the execution of de tails in carrying out the programme. While this imposed on me great labor, I am more than compensated by knowing that closer relations were established and keener interest excited among the teachers and school officials.
To perform this work I was obliged to open the institutes at dif ferent dates, hut each occupied the'full time of twenty-five working days. While the months of July and August give the most suitable
3

34
time for holding the institutes, still many of the county schools are in progress at that time, and many teachers who were anxious to attend the institutes this year were deprived of the opportunity.
No secretaries were employed, but one of the instructors was de tailed to keep a record of each day's proceedings, and the minutes are ready for your inspection at any time. I will, at this time give only a condensed statement.
ATHENS.
This institute began July 11th and closed August 13th, with the following faculty :
Prof. L. B. Evans--Pedagogy. Prof. G. G. Bond--English. Prof. Otis Ashmore--Geography. Prof. L. M. Landrum--Arithmetic. Prof. J. T. Derry--History. Miss Mary A. Bacon--Primary. This institute had the benefit of voluntary lectures from Chancellor Boggs, Prof. Barrow and others from the University of Georgia. , During my absence Prof. Evans, whose efficiency cannot be ques tioned, conducted the institute. Here, as well as at Americus and Savannah, I gave instruction relative to school laws. Many flattering criticisms from experienced educators who visited this institute were freely made. The interest of the instructors and the enthusiasm of the teachers in attendance justify me in saying that I have never seen better work done in the line of normal in struction. The attendance at this institute was 213. There was no institute held at this place for colored teachers under the patronage of the Peabody Fund, as they had just had the benefit of the county institutes for five days, with an attendance from five counties'numbering 127.
SAVANNAH,
This institute was opened July 21st, one day after the appointed time, as I was delayed by a railroad accident, but it continued in ses sion for twenty-five working days.
The following constituted the corps of instructors : Prof. W. H. Baker--Pedagogy and Arithmetic. Prof. J. M. Gammon--English. 1 Prof. B. M. Zettler--Geography; Mrs. M. E. Harden--Primary.

35

At the colored institute, which was held in a building near by, the

following instructors were employed:

Prof. E. R. Wright, Miss Lucy 0. Laney and Miss Mary Jackson.

They were assisted in this work by the instructors from the white

institute.



The entire work here, at both institutes, was such as to meet my

warm approval.

The attendance, while not as large as I expected, was composed of

earnest, zealous teachers, who came to receive all the benefit possible.

Prof. Baker was the efficient conductor during my absence.

Enrollment--white, 122.

Enrollment--colored, 138.

AMERICUS.
I opened the institutes at Americus, July 25th, and they were in operation twenty five days exclusive of Sundays.
I was fortunate in securing as instructors the following : Prof. Chas. Lane--Pedagogy aud Geography. Prof. Wm. Harper--English. Prof. J. W. Frederick--Arithmetic. Prof. A. J. Branham--Primary. For the colored: Profs. H. L. Walker, F. Snelson and Mrs. C. A. Oatledge. Daily visits were paid by at least two of the instructors from the white institute who gave instruction on those lines where the need was greatest, and at the meetings at night, general lectures bearing on the duties of teachers were delivered. Prof. Chas. Lane, who bears a reputation second to none, was the conductor during my absence. Enrollment--white, 136. Enrollment-colored, 157. The attendance here comprised teachers from twenty counties, and its influence will be felt over a large area.

SUMMARY.
The attendance at the institute was not as large as expected, owing to the fact that many of the teachers were engaged in school work in the rural districts and had not received their pay ; but this deficiency was atoned for by the interest and zeal of those who attended. To encourage regular and punctual attendance I gave certificates to all who were present the full time. I also secured some very com mendable evidences of the work done in the way of map drawing and other things, which are deposited here in the Department of Educa tion.

36

The total enrollment is as follows:

White.

0

Athens.,....... ..................... ...........................................................213

Savannah.............:.........................................................................122

Americus....................................................................................... 136

Total white........................................................................................471

Colored.

Savannah.................................................................... ................ 138 Americas ...................................................................................... 157
Total colored ........................................................................... 295
Total white and colored.................... .....................................766
I am glad to state that Georgia is showing her appreciation of the generosity of the Peabody Fund by greater efforts in the line of teacher training. The necessity for improved plans and methods has borne fruit in the establishment of laws looking to the improve ment of teachers who are now actively engaged in the work, and the thorough preparation of those wTho are to enter the field in order that they may do more effective work. County Institutes, put in opera tion for the first time this year are accomplishing great good, and already, this law has received the cordial approbation of the people as well as the teachers. The law to establish a normal college is re garded as an evidence of this fixed policy of the State to entrust the education of the children only to those who are trained instructors. From both of these rich fruits will, year after year, be gathered.
The twenty-two scholarships of the Peabody Normal College at Nashville are prizes eagerly sought after; and although it was known that there would be no competitive examinations, hundreds of applications were made.
In the diffusion of education among the masses, Georgia is making rapid advancement. In the many appeals I have made to the people in very many of the counties of the State, I have received a hearty response from the people, white and black, that Georgia must be redeemed from the position she occupies in the column of illit eracy.
With gratitude to the Board of Trustees for their generous contri butions, and to you, the General Agent, for your kind encourage ment and your abiding love for .Georgia, this report is respectfully submitted.
S. D. Bradwell, Stale School Commissioner.

37
The appreciation 'of the teachers and school officials is seen in the many resolutions passed at every institute which has been held during the two years. As indica--tive of public sentiment, I insert one or two of the ten or -twelve sets of these resolutions.
At Milledgeville in 1891:
Recognizing the great neel of an educational awakening in^Georgii, and appreciating the'valuable work being done in this direction by our State School Commissioner, Hon. S. D. Bradwell, through popular addresses and otherwise, we as County School Commissioners hereby express our confidence in his ability and earnestness in ibis great work, and pledge him our most hearty co-operation.
At Lithia Springs in 1891:
Resolved, That the thanks of this institute are due and hereby tendered Hon. S. D. Bradwell, our State School Commissioner, for his kindness, his wise and timely counsels, and, more than all, for his earnest, enthusiastic and intelligent labors for popular education.
2. That he has won a high place in our esteem as a man and an -educator.
3. That we pledge him our hearty support in all his efforts that will promote the highest and best interests of education in Georgia.
At Waycross in 1891:
Resolved, By the teachers and members of the Peabody Institute at Waycross, that we commend the wisdom of Gov. Northen in placing at the head of the common schools of Georgia Hon. S. D. Bradwell.
Resolved, That Commissioner Bradwell, by the zeal, energy and in telligence with which he has administered the duties of his high office, has done much to advance' the educational interests of the State, and has thereby shown'himself to be "the right man in the right place."
Resolved, That w'e assert our appreciation of the marked ability with which Commissioner Bradwell has conducted the exercises of the Peabody Institute at this place."

38
At Americus in .1892 :
Resolved, By the instructors and members of the Peabody Normal Institute, held at Americus, Ga., July 25th, to August 20th, 1892, that the custodian^ of the Peabody fund are hereby heartily thanked for their liberality in establishing this institute, thereby affording to many Georgia teachers the means of improving themselves in the work of their profession.
Resolved further, That Gov. W. J'. Northen has shown himself to he the unselfish and wise friend of public education in Georgia.
2. That h deserves to be known as the teachers' friend. 3. That he merits the warm support of all patriotic Georgians for another term in the office of chief executive of the State. Resolved, further, That State School Commissioner S. D. Bradwell deserves and has the gratitude of all connected with the institute for his sympathetic and valuable help in the work of the past month. 2. That the instructors and members of the institute heartily in dorse his administration of public school affairs in Georgia. 3. That he is emphatically recommended as his own successor in the office which he fills so faithfully and so successfully. Resolved further, That thanks are hereby offered to the Board of Education of the public schools of Americus forthe use of the Jackson street school building; to Supt. W. Harper for many courtesies,, and to the city of Americus in general for their aid in making our stay in their beautiful and progressive city pleasant and profitable. Resolved further, That we tender our hearty and grateful thanks to Profs, Lane, Branham, Frederick and Harper for the earnest and able lectures and thorough instructions in school management and the best methods of teaching in their several departments.
Resolved further, That thanks are due and are hereby offered to Manager Tilton and Clerks Stanfield and Wortham, of the Hotel Windsor, who, by their uniform courtesy, have added so much to the pleasure of the instructors during their stay in Americus.
Resolved further, That thanks are hereby returned to the Americus Times-Eecorder and its accomplished editor, Captain Bascom Myrick, for full and helpful reports of the institute's proceeding, and for numerous courtesies which have aided to make the institute a suc cess.
The colored department of the institute at Americus passed the following among other resolutions :
Whereas, We learn with regret of his Excellency's, the governor, Hon. W. J. Northen, inability to be with us during the last days of

39
our institute work, and in view of his Excellency's deep interest in the cause of educational and the material interests of us as a race and citizens of the great State of Georgia ; therefore be it
Resolved, That his excellency has merited by his interest in the educational work of Georgia, our highest regard and confidence. That by his manly and outspoken protest against lynching he has strengthened the hands of the law-abiding, inspired the timid and defenseless with hope, and has thereby greatly contributed to the peace and prosperity of the commonwealth, and deserves the esteem and high regard of all the citizens of Georgia.
Similar resolutions, expressing appreciation and thanks to 0r. J. L. M. Curry, General Agent of the Peabody fund for his generous donation, and to Gov. Northen for his interest in the education and elevation of the people, and to the State School Commissioner, were passed at Athens and Savannah Institutes, both white and colored.
THE GEORGIA STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION AND THE
SOUTHERN EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION.
Both of these associations met last July in Atlanta. Never before had a larger gathering of prominent ed ucators ever assembled in our midst; and the impetus given to the cause of education here in Georgia by the wise, thoughtful and conservative addresses of such men as United States Commissioner Harris, Superintendents Garrett of Tennessee, Harris of Alabama, Shinn, of Ar kansas, Preston of Mississippi, and others will be seen and felt in the near future.
IGNORANCE AND CRIME.
A proof that ignorance and crime are closely related is shown from the following statistics, kindly furnished

40
by Hon. Geo. H. Jones, Principal Keeper of the peniten tiary :!
" There are 1,940 convicts in the penitentiary--exactly 90 per cent, colored and 10 per cent, white. Of this number 63 per cent, cannot read and write.
Is it not better to be taxed to educate children to `be good citizens, than to be taxed to punish them when they grow up in ignorance and vice and become bad citizens?
THE COUNTRY SCHOOLS.
The schools in the rural districts are particularly under the control of the common school system. The cities, by adopting local systems, which they are enabled to do on account of the aggregation of population and wealth, are in a great measure independent of the State system. It is not, however, fair to suppose that the country districts are entirely destitute of good schools. Some of the best teachers and some of the best schools to be found any where in Georgia are in the small villages and communi ties. It is especially in the country where the blessings of the common school system are most felt and appre ciated. While the enrollment will not show more than 65 or 70 per cent., yet the enrollment varies in this par ticular : A part of the family goes to school this year and the next year they are kept at home and the others go. In three years the common school system will reach almost every child in the State.
In 1880 the illiteracy was appalling: 128,000 white, 392,000 colored; total, 520,000 over ten years of age who could not read and write. The census of 1890, and the enumeration of the school population which will be taken next year, will show a very large decrease in illiter acy. The year 1900 must show no illiteracy in Georgia.

41
To this end, as long as I am the head of the Depart ment of Education of this great State, whatever talent of tongue or pen I may possess, and all my energies shall be bent.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
The State School Commissioner is required to present "a statement of plans for the management, extension and improvement of the common schools." Under this head I would respectfully call the attention of the General Assembly to the following statement :
While the common school system in its general provis ions, is admirably designed, and is often referred to in commendatory terms by distinguished educators from other States, yet in some of the details, in my judgment, it needs revision. The powers and duties of the local authorities should be more clearly defined, and the wide discretion allowed them should, in some cases, be cur tailed. The County Board should be the governing authority and the County School Commissioner its exec utive officer and servant. No ministerial power should be vested in this officer, so that there would not be any conflict between the board and the County School Com missioner, but he should obey the instructions of the board, the right of appeal being always reserved. To illustrate : If the County School Commissioner refuses to audit a teacher's account, the board should have power to compel him to place the account before them. The school courts should have full power to enforce their judgments without any necessity to resort to the courts of law, and the decisions of the State Board of Educa tion should be as conclusive as the decisions of the Supreme Court. Every grant of power to the central

42
authority should be specifically mentioned, or it should be construed, as in the case of the general government and the States, as reserved to the county authorities.
These principles will be made more apparent in the form of recommendations, as follows :
1. I recommend that the State School Commissioner be required to make an annual report to the Governor, instead of biennial to the legislature, and that the date of this report be on or about the first day of April. The report would then show the full details of each year's operations. A biennial report must necessarily be im perfect and incomplete as to the second year.
2. I recommend that all money for common schools, from whatever source derived, including poll tax, be paid directly into the State Treasury. This will insure a more prompt collection of the school money and speedier payment to the teachers. This plan will silence the un just cry against the smaller and less prosperous counties, which has been alluded to in the first part of this report.
3. I would earnestly call the attention of the General Assembly to the following plea of Governor Northen in his first inaugural address : "The teachers in our public schools are the only servants in the State whose pay depends upon contingency and doubt. The honor of the State demands a change. The popular mind is ready for it. All the interests of the State urge upon you favor able consideration.of efficient plans for the better educa tion of the masses."
I recommend that some plan be devised by which the foregoing can be carried out, and that at least a portion of the money due the teachers at the end of each quarter be paid from the Treasury. To the patriotic wisdom of the law-makers, to whom the 8,000 teachers of Georgia stretch forth their hands, this appeal is addressed.

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4. I recommend that the late law establishing Teach ers' County Institutes be so amended that fifty dollars, instead of twenty-five, be paid from the educational fund of each county. This will secure the services of two experts, who can divide the time between the white and the colored institute. And that said law be further amended as to give authority, in explicit terms, to the County School Commissioner to retain from the pay due any teacher an amount sufficient to cover the fines im posed upon him ; and that when the fine money in any .county amounts to as much as fifty dollars, that it be ex pended under the direction of a committee of teachers appointed by the County School Commissioners in the purchase of the most useful books for a teachers' library.
5- I recommend that a regular per diem, not to exceed two dollars a day for each day's actual attendance at the meetings of the County Boards, be paid to the members thereof, and that in every county in the State, the regu lar meetings be held on the^same days, to-wit: the second Tuesday in January, April, July and October, and pro vided there is no change in the law requiring the aca demic and civil years to correspond, a fifth regular meet ing shall be held on the third Tuesday in December for the purpose of reviewing or closing up the year's work. With a sufficient amount to meet expenses, there is no necessity of exemption from road or militia duty. I would further recommend that the County Board be reduced to three members instead of five as at present.
6. I recommend that, in the location of schools, the power of the County Board be restricted by distance of one school from another, obstacles in the road to be traveled by the children and other matters of conven ience, and the same be made subject to appeal to the State School Commissioner.

44
7. I recommend the abolishing of the trustee law, as it has not been adopted by more than one or two counties in the State. . It complicates instead of simplifies the machinery of the system, and is virtually a dead letter.
8. Absolute power is given to the county boards in the purchasing of maps, globes, school furniture, etc. At tention is directed to a circular in the foregoing pages in reference to charts, and the reasons for this recommen dation will be apparent.
I recommend that the power of the board be limited in this particular, and that they be allowed to expend a sum not to exceed one-twentieth of the estimated school fund apportioned to the county for current year in the purchase of the above mentioned-appliances ; and that they be prohibited from signing notes for the pay ment of the same, or taxing the fund for future years. I further recommend that maps and charts be placed under the same regulations as text-books.
9. I recommend that the power of the board be en larged in reference to the building of school houses as mentioned, but unprovided for, in the twenty-first section of the school laws.
There is no more urgent need of the system, particu larly in the rural districts, than comfortable school houses. It is high time for the old log house, unceiled, with huge cracks between the logs, without desks and with the rudest benches, unclean and uncomfortable, to be relegated to the past. Neither Georgia, nor her people, is so pinched with poverty that she cannot provide better school houses than are now to be found in many portions of the State.
I would recommend that power be given to the boards, when any communinty, where the board desires to locate a school, shall agree to furnish half the cost of the school house, to contribute the other half from the school fund of the county, provided the amount thus appropriated in

45
the county shall not exceed one-fifth of the amount fall ing due to that county. This plan will in a few years dot the land with neat school houses; and it can easily be done if sufficiently generous appropriations are made. I commend this subject to the careful consideration of the General Assembly.
10. I am constrained to recommend some legislation in reference to the surplus which some county boards have allowed to accumulate. I have called the attention of school officials to the fact that the law does not contem plate the accumulation of a surplus of the school funds in their hands no more than it does in my hands. I hold that the appropriations for 1891 are intended to be ex pended for the support of the schools of that year, reserv ing a small amount to meet contingent expenses. Some of the boards have disregarded this ruling and have now on hand considerable sums, amounting in the aggregate to $50,114.32.
I recommend, on the principle that when an appropri ation is not all expended, the residue lapses in the treas ury, that the State School Commissioner be authorized to diminish the appropriation to any county the next year by the amount of the surplus in such county, with the ex ception of a small amount for contingent expenses. .
11. The selection and prescription of text-books to be used in the common schools of the State are matters of the gravest importance. The legislature, in defining "the elementary branches of an English education only," has limited the course of study in the common schools to orthography, reading," writing, geography, English grammar and arithmetic. I earnestly recommend that history, particularly of the State, and an elementary text book on the Constitution of the United States and of the State of Georgia be added to the course of study re quired. In my judgment this would be no violation of

46
constitutional limitation, "elementary branches of an En glish education only"; and the necessity for these: addi tions to the curriculum cannot be denied. The right of the State to take charge of the education of the children is based upon the doctrine of self-protection. How can the children become good citizens without some knowl edge of the government, their rights under that govern ment and the duties they owe to it?
I was required by the last General Assembly to inves tigate and report in reference to school books. I re spectfully refer to " Report on the School Book Question " to the General Assembly made in July, '91.
I renew the recommendations therein contained, for subsequent events have strengthened and confirmed my opinions then entertained, as to the necessity, in the in terest of parents and children, and for the improvement of the system, that State uniformity be adopted.
I annex hereto the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report above mentioned:
1st. School books cost too much. 2d. Changes are too frequent. 3d. Free text-books cannot be furnished by the State. It would be impracticable and unwise. 4th. The State cannot, under the constitution, invest her money in the plant and machinery, employ printers and laborers and publish her own books. Therefore, the idea of the State publishing the school books direct is discarded entirely. 5th. County uniformity, which is now the law in Georgia, cannot and will not secure any further reduction in the price of books. 6th. Any change looking towards securing cheap books, srood books, non-partisan books, involves the question of State uniformity. I am, therefore, forced to the conclusion that State uniformity is the only basis upon which these beneficial results can be obtained. 7th. State uniformity is desirable for the following reasons : 1. It is more in accord with the spirit and letter of the constitution which requires that the system shall be as nearly uniform as practica ble. Uniform books will help to make the system uniform. One great obstacle in the more efficient operation of the system is a want of uni formity.

47
2. The experience of other States shows that State uniformity se cures cheaper and better books. It cannot be disputed that 137,000 books can be bought cheaper than 1,000.
3. It would be to the advantage of teacher and pupil in securing better work and increased proficiency.
4. It would also bfe greatly to the advantage of scholars who go from the common schools to the higher institutions of learning that are under the patronage and anthority of the State.
5. Its advantages would be apparent when applied to "county line" schools, and when the parents move from one county to another.
6. It will save fifty per cent, to the parents who will, when one series of books only is used, be forced to buy fewer books, as these books can be handed down in the family to the younger children. It is a well-known fact there are more discarded school books in almost ' every household in Georgia than those in actual use.
7. It would be a subject matter of one contract instead of 137, and, therefore, better books, better in text and quality, could be obtained for less money.
8.-It would not be a barrier to progress in book-making. Remem bering that the State has only to deal with the primary studies, the higher branches would be exempt from its operations. There has not been much improvement in the elementary branches in the last ten or twenty years. The multiplication table, like the decalogue, is per fect. The improvement is in the method, and method is the proper study of the teacher, not the scholar.
9. The objection that State uniformity to be effective must be com pulsory, is not taken into consideration, for the law makes county uniformity compulsory; and it is simply changing the machinery from the county to the State. The State is sovereign ; the county is not.
10. State uniformity is no more a monopoly than county uniform ity. A subject-matter of voluntary contract on the part of both parties cannot be a monopoly.
In view of this information and the facts obtained by close research, backed by long experience in the school-room, and actuated by an earnest desire to discharge properly the duty I owe to the children of Georgia, in obedience to the demands of the resolution, I recom mend that a Book Commission, consisting of the State Board of .Edu cation amd five practical educators to be composed of the chancellor of the State University, one superintendent of a city system and three educators who are identified with the common school system, be ap pointed by the Governor, and that said commission be empowered to contract with publishers for one series of books to be furnished dealers in the State, after duly advertising for bids, upon such terms

48
as will secure a reasonable reduction in price, and that the contract shall be for five years.
I further recommend, that if the General Assembly should add to the branches now taught, a history of. Georgia and an elementry treatise on the Constitution, that the Book Commission be empow ered to contract with Georgia authors for the test, compensation to be paid the authors out of the School Fund, and to contract with pub lishers for the printing of the same.
I also recommend that the series of books, when adopted, shall be used in all the schools which receive any aid from the State, under penalty of the forfeiture of their pro rata share of the Common School Fund.
12. I recommend that the length of the public school term be left to the discretion of the State Board of Edu cation, and that each county shall continue the schools in operation for the designated time under penalty of for feiture of the pro rata due said county.
13. Permanent schools ought to be encouraged, and I recommend such changes in the law as will insure co operation between the State and -the patrons. I also recommend that the " concurrent consent," now required on the part of the County Boards to establish a county line school, be repealed, and that attendance at such schools be placed solely on the ground of convenience.
14. A vexed question to decide, and one which is con stantly recurring is, " When does a pupil pass beyond the boundary of the common school system in respect to the branches of study ?" By a very liberal construction of the law, I have ruled, as my predecessors have done, that a pupil, within the prescribed ages, devoting as much as half of his time to the pursuit of the common school branches, is entitled to be classed as a common school scholar. Under this construction, many pupils who are studying the higher branches draw pay from the public fund.
I recommend legislation that will adjust this matter, and so divide the responsibility with the parent that the

49
money of the State will not be paid for instruction in the higher branches.
15. I am constrained to call the attention of the Gen eral Assembly to the imperfections of the law in regard to the local systems. Acts are passed giving authority to different cities to adopt a system of schools if ratified by the citizens at the polls. ' Sometimes this authority is conveyed in the city charter, and it is frequently the case that several years elapse before its provisions are carried out in this particular. No report is required to be made to this or any other department, and frequently the fjrst: intimation of the adoption of a local system is a demand ' for the pro rata claimed. A report should be filed with the State School Commissioner upon the result of the vote when this matter is submitted to the people, and the officers of the system commissioned through this depart ment.
While the State School Commissioner is authorized to require reports from the -local systems, there is no way of enforcing the law. Only nine of these systems re ceive their pay from this department direct, all the others are included in the p>ro rata of the county, and the amount due the system is not known until the County School Commissioner makes his report. The law should be amended so that it could be enforced.
16. The last General Assembly passed a law provid ing for local taxation by counties. No report has been received of a single county in the State having under the provisions of this Act levied a tax. While I would not recommend a repeal of this law, yet it is apparent that the policy of the State must be to make appropriations, independent of any help from local taxation, to be sup plemented only by the voluntary aid of the patrons of the schqols.
Georgia cannot--must not--take any steps backwards,

50
and I would therefore recommend an increase in the ap propriations so that the amount would be sufficient to operate the schools for six months. This would require a per capita of $2.50 upon the supposition that the enumeration would reach 600,000 next year, and a total school fund of $1,500,000, an increase of about $425,000 over the total fund for the present year, in my opinion? this would, after paying all the expenses of the system, be sufficient to pay at least six dollars per scholar upon average attendance. When six months schools are everywhere put in operation the State will have dis charged her full obligations.
17- I regard the policy of normal training as one of the most important means ot improving the Common School System. The Normal School at Athens, created by the last legislature, should not be left to languish and die. I point with pardonable pride to the great success attend ing the efforts of the commission to operate a Normal School without one dollar from the State; and I join in the earnest plea of the five hundred teachers who were present this summer and the other members of the com mission that this school be made permanent. For this cause I recommend a liberal, appropriation.
18. The work in the Department of Education has in creased to large proportions, and it must increase each succeeding year. Your wisdom will dictate, without any recommendation from me, what steps should be taken.
In conclusion, allow me to commend to you the great interest of popular education--the greatest interest in Georgia--and ask your favorable consideration of its claims upon your generosity, your wisdom and your pa triotism.
Respectfully submitted, S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.

REPORT
ON
Georgia State Normal School
By Normal School Commission.
S. D. BRA DWELL, W. E. BOGG, A. J. BATTLE, W. H. BAKER, L. B. EVANS,
Commission,
October 21st, 1892.

REPORT.
To the Georgia State Normal School Commission:
At the last session of the legislature an Act was passed to " estab lish, organize and maintain a State Normal School, as a branch to the University, to appropriate money for the same, and for other purposes," which was approved October 21, 1891. This Act provided for a school for the education and training of teachers for the com mon schools of this State"; also for the acceptance of the "Rock College" building and six acres of land contiguous thereto near the city of Athens, Ga., which was tendered to the State by the Trus tees of the University for the purpose of establishing a Normal School therein ; also for the establishment of a Normal School Com mission, consisting of the State School Commissioner, the Chancellor of the University and "three citizens of Georgia experienced in teaching to be appointed by the Governor," which co omission should have immediate charge of the Normal School. Acting upon the au thority granted by this Act, the Governor appointed the three fol lowing persons to act with the State School Commissioner and the Chancellor of the University, in constituting the Normal School Commission:
W. H. Baker, Superintendent Schools, Savannah, Ga., for two years; . Dr. A. J. Battle, President Shorter College, Rome, Ga., for four years;
Lawton B. Evans, Superintendent Schools, Augusta, Ga., for six years.
The legislature had not provided any appropriation to defray the expenses of the Normal College for the first year and the Commission found itself embarrassed for lack of funds, and unable to outline and organize any extended policy of work for the school. It was their desire, however, to do what was possible with the funds that could be made available in order to call the attention of the teachers of the State to the fact of the Normal College and secure their indorsement and co-operation in its permanent establishment. For that purpose the commission met in the city of Athens, May 20, 1892, and the fol lowing is an extract from the minutes of that meeting:

54
Athens, Ga., May 20, 1892.
The Commission of the State Normal School met on the call of the chairman : present, Chairman Bradwell, L. B. Evans and Chancellor Boggs. A communication was received from Mr. Baker, expressing his regret that he was detained in Savannah by the pressure of his school duties, and on motion he was excused.
The Commission having carefully inspected the Bock College and found it in an excellent state of preservation, with the exception of some breaks in the plastering on the walls, it was resolved unani mously :
1. That the Normal School hold its session for 1892 in its commodi ous and excellent building, provided that sufficient school furniture can be secured for that purpose.
2. That the teachers in the adjoining counties be cordially invited to hold their institute in our buildings during-the week beginning July 11, and thus secure all the advantages of the schools to be es tablished at the Bock College.
3. That the Peabody Institute he cordially tendered the use of our buildings and corps of instructors, and that the State School Com missioner have plenary power to order such courses of instruction and to name such teachers and lecturers as he may deem best, and to con duct the said institute according to his understanding with the Trus tees of the Peabody fund, the session of the institute to begin July 16, if agreeable to him.
4. tfhat the interest on the Gilmer fund donated by the University of Georgia and amounting to $1,000 in July be hereby appropriated to a continuance of Normal School work from August 13 to Septem ber 2, so as to afford two months instruction free of all tuiton fees in accordance with the provisions of the Act of the General Assembly of Georgia, approved October 21,-1891.
After tea the Commission reassembled at the Commercial Hotel, and after full discussion the following order was passed, establishing various chairs or schools in the Normal College to be conducted by the instructors whose names are engrossed in the same.
1. The School of the Science and Practice of Teaching, Lawton B. Evans, President, of Augusta, Ga.
2. The School of Arithmetic, W. M. Slaton, of Atlanta, Ga. 3. The School of Beading^ Spelling and Writing, Miss Mary Bacon, of Milledgeville, Ga. 4. The School of Geography and kindred topics, Otis Ashmore, of Savannah. 5. The School of English Grammar and Literature, G. G. Bond, of Athens, Ga. 6. The School of History and Civics, Euler B. Smith, LaGrange, Georgia.

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On motion of Dr. Boggs, President Evans and the Chairman of the

Commission were requested to confer wdth the persons named in this

order with reference to their acceptance of the work, assuring them

that all their expenses will be met and a compensation given for their

services as full as the funds economically administered can possibly af ford them.

On motion the president of the Normal School, with the advice and

consent of the Commission, was empowered to fill any vacancy in the departments of instruction and to arrange for additional courses of

lectures, giving preference as far as possible to teachers in the public schools of Georgia.

On motion the services of the Faculty of the University, freely of

fered to the Commission, were accepted with hearty thanks, and

President Evans was instructed to arrange with the heads of the schools this day established for such courses of lectures as the profes sors have offered to give in the Normal College.

Oh motion the thanks of the Commission were tendered to the city

of Athens for the appropriation so generously made toward aiding

us in repairing or furnishing Bock College and to many kind friends

for their counsel and help.

On motion Messrs. Bond & Bernard, of the city of Athens, were re

quested to consult with Chancellor Boggs with reference to using the city's donation for fitting up rooms in the Bock College to he used

as dormitories by persons in attendance on the sessions of the Normal

School, and to establish, if possible, a restaurant on the premises

where meals may be served at the lowest possible rates, thus reduc ing the expenses to all persons in attendance.

On motion the Commission adjourned subject to a call of the chair

man.

S. D. Bradwelj,, Chairman.

Mr. W. M. Slaton and Mr. Euler B. Smith found their engagements of such a nature as to prevent their services to the college. Their

places were filled by the selection of Mr. L. M. Landrum of the Boy's High School Atlanta, Ga., and Mr. Joseph T. Derry of Wesleyan Fe male College, Macon, Ga.

The city of Athens which had generously offered to the Normal

Schocfl the sum of $300 to be expended in buying furniture and re

pairing and cleaning the college building, upon the request of the

Chancellor of the University increased that sum to $500, thereby en

abling the Commission to furnish the hare rooms of the Bock College

with such necessary furniture as was indispensable to the proper

comfort of the students. This money was expended in the purchase of 100 wire cots, 100 chairs, 50 tables, and wdiatever water buckets, tin

basins, slop basins, lamps, and such carpenter \rork as was necessary.

Without this generous donation on the part of the city of Athens the

Normal College would have been unable to open its doors.

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ROCK COLLEGE.
At this point it may not be amiss to speak of the college building itself. Rock College is one mile from the center of the of city of Athens, easily accessible by electric cars, and is a very large, three story, rock structure standing on an eminence 900 feet above the sea and over looking a sweep of country that comprehends five counties and ex tends for twenty-five miles. To the north and west are the moun tains of the Piedmont. To the east and south is the valley of the Oconee, beautiful beyond any power of description. The building was erected from rock quarried on the spot, in 1866, and was de signed for a preparatory school for the University. It since became the seat of the Agricultural College; afterwards an experimental farm station until the trustees of the University, in 1891, gave it to the State to use as a Normal College, which appears to be the most successful use to which it has ever been applied. A more suitable location could not be found for a Normal College than this. It is a sufficient building for all recitations and lecture purposes and can be remodeled in the interior for as good a Normal School building as Georgia will need.
SESSION.
The session of the college began on July 11th, and as above men tioned was divided into three periods. The first week was devoted' to "county institutes" for the five adjacent counties of Clarke, Jackson, Oglethorpe, Greene and Oconee. This was held according to' the institute law, setting aside $25 for each county of the State to hold one institute for the instruction of its teachers. The teachers of these five counties are compelled by the law to attend, and the enrollment of the college for that week was 213 students. The inconje derived from this instruction amounted to $125.
The second, third and fourth weeks were devoted to the session .of one of the five of the Peabody Institutes held in the State, ordered
to be held here by the State School Commissioner, and for which purpose the sum of $800 from the Peabody appropriation to Georgia for 1892 was allowed. The sixth and seventh weeks were devoted to the session of the Normal College proper. For this purpose the in terest on the Gilmer fund amounting to $1,000 was used. It can thus be seen that a gross sum of $1,925. was made available whereby the salaries of the members of the faculty were to be defrayed. All the running expenses, such as janitors, stationery, etc., were paid by the faculty.
There was no difference in the work done during these various sessions. The same faculty was employed in each and the work of one session merged irfto another without break or change, so that theentire seven weeks appeared as one continuous session. In addition to the above mentioned 213 students, an additional number of 112 re

57

ported, making a total roll of 325 present. The roll of the college proper is printed at the end of this report showing the names and addresses of the students. From that it can be seen that 32 counties

were represented as follows, viz : Berrien, Bibb, Burke, Chatham, Clayton, Clarke, Columbia, Deca
tur, DeKalb, Early, Elbert, Franklin, Fulton, Glynn, Gordon, Greene, Habersham, Hall, Houston, Jackson, Laurens, Lumpkin, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Quitman, Randolph, Richmond, Towns, Troup, Walker,

Wilkes.

DAILY SCHEDULE.

The students were required to rise at the 6:00 o'clock rising bell; breakfast at 7:00. At 7:45 the class in higher mathematics met for an hour. At 9:00 prayers in the chapel. From 9:00 to 2:00 classroom work under various professors. Dinner at 2:20. Sundown lecture at 6:00. Supper at 7:00. Evening lecture at 8:00. Retiring bell at 10:00. This was closely observed and the college was very like a large boarding school, in which most of the time was devoted to work and but little left for amusement. The teachers enjoyed themselves, however, for the lawns and balconies were full of afternoon parties, and the moonlight excursions, the trip to Tallulah Falls, the de

lightful reception at Lucy Cobb Institute, all helped to make the time pleasant and the several occasions memorable.

EXPENSE.
There was no tuition charged the teachers. All they need to pay was their railroad fare, which was four cents for the round trip, their board in the college building which was $2.50 per week ; and the incidental expenses, such as car-fare, laundry, etc. Many teachers came from South Georgia and stayed the entire seven weeks, and all expenses did not exceed $40. Many others came from a shorter dis tance, and $30 would have covered all they spent in Athens. Such phenomenally cheap rates for good normal instruction were never offered an}Twhere before. The students boarded in the college, bringing their own bedding, towels, etc. The restaurant was kept by a noted cook, who furnished good, plain, Wholesome food, well cooked and nicely served. The water was clear and cold, and was analyzed by a chemist, who declared it pure and wholesome.

OBSERVATIONS.
In this way the Georgia State Normal College made its beginning. It was cordially and even enthusiastically received by the teachers of the State, and every one of those present went from its instruction better equipped and more zealous for the work of the school-room. The effect of those seven weeks will be felt in many a country school house all the way from the mountains to the. Florida line. The fol lowing observations could be made upon the character of the work and the kind of students.

58
1. The majority of teachers attending the college were from the rural districts, or small villages; very few of the city teachers were there. This was fortunate. Those who need instruction most and for whom the college is specially designed are the country school teachers of our common school system, who constitute the majority of the teachers of the State, and to whom is intrusted the education of the farmers' sons and daughters. At least four fifths of the teachers in the col lege Jast summer were from the country schools.
2. There was manifested a great de -ire on the part of these teachers to learn, a willingness to study and an eagerness to acquire both the facts of the various studies as well as the correct principles of teaching them to younger children. Many had saved dollars out of a pitiful salary or borrowed from their friends in order to come. This spirit was again shown in the way the students studied. From eight to ten hours a day many of them worked and recited in order to improve every moment of the time. They candidly confessed their ignorance of many important things, and anxiously strove to remedy their defects as far as they could in so short a time.
3. There were a great many mere young women in the college than young men. At least four-fifths of the students were ladyteachers. This was to be expected, since the great majority of teachers in the State are young women. This condition of things is universal. Everywhere the young child is by common consent consigned to the tuition of her who has the mother instinct strong enough to give that forbearance and foster that patience without which no school room can be a success.
4. The work done by the faculty of the college was of an intensely practical kind, intended to teach teachers how to teach. Daily recita tions upon all subjects related to education, supplementing the teach ers' knowledge and explaining the ways of imparting it, lectures upon school government and school arrangement, all combined to make practical and immediately available in the school-room all the work of the college.
SUGGESTIONS.
Georgia needs and should support several institutions devoted solely to normal training of the teachers in the common schools of the State. Our sister States all around us are far ahead of us in this matter. All over the United States there are hundreds of Normal Colleges whose sole work is expended upon making better teachers for the village and rural schools. Alabama spends $25,000 a year, North Carolina $15,000, South Carolina $10,000, Virginia $40,000, Maryland $12,500, Missouri $40,000, Texas $20,000, and other States in the same way. Nearly every State in the Union has Normal Schools. Up to this time Georgia has lent her aid to but one institution of the kind, the Normal and Industrial School at Milledgeville, for girls

59
only, which is an excellent institution, but does not claim to be solely a normal training school in the strictest sense of the word. The normal work is one of its departments.
It is a universally accepted doctrine that a State which supports a system of common schools should provide for the training of the teachers employed in that system. It is not good policy to pay out a million dollars to mere tyros in school keeping who do little else than practice on the youth of our State. Summer institutes, exam inations, lectures and the like may improve the teachers of the State somewhat, but they do not create professional teachers. The Normal School.Commission does not maintain that this institution can p*t an expert teacher in every school, but it can send out year by year a number of skilled teachers who would become leaders and teachers of teachers and who would thus disseminate over the State the best educational principles and doctrines.
The Commission charged with inaugurating and maintaining a Normal College find themselves unable to do the State of Georgia justice, or the profession of education a sufficient service under the present condition of affairs and beg leave to make the following sug gestions regarding the Normal College.
1. A sufficient sum of money should be appropriated to thoroughly renovate and remodel the Rock College building. The interior ar rangement of the rooms is unsuitable for normal work, the windows are in need of glass, plastering is off the walls in many places, the heating and lighting apparatus are not in thorough condition, and the exterior needs painting and repairing.
2. No normal school can be inaugurated without school furniture and apparatus. School-desks, benches, maps, globes, chemical and physical apparatus, blackboards, chairs, etc., are indispensable in the proper equipment of any school, and especially one of this im portance.
3. The faculty of the college should be chosen with the gieatest care. No expense should be spared to secure the services of the very best normal workers. These will call for good salaries, else they will stay where they are now at work. A faculty is needed of at least eight teachers in the eight departments of Theory and Practice of Teaching, Mathematics, Natural Sciences, History and Civics, Geog raphy, English Language and Literature, Ancient Languages and Modern Languages. These teachers should he men and women of experience and culture, whose work must he of unquestioned sound ness and merit.
4. The normal college should not be restricted to male students only, as the Act implies. There are too many young women in the State eager and ready to enter the eolfcge and make of themselves valuable teachers, for the legislature to deny them entrance. The

60

day of co-education of the sexes in our higher nor.nal colleges has

come. Let the young men and the young women of Georgia go to

the normal college together, and neither they nor the State will b e

worse off for the perniission.

5. A regular three years course of study should be inaugurated for

nine months in each year. Graduates from high schools and acade

mies who design to become teachers in the State and desire to c >m-

piete their education and at the same time learn the business of

teaching can attend the State Normal College. Here they are taught

the higher mathematics, the ancient and mo lern languages, the

sciences and classical literature, by way of perfecting their acquire

ments, and are also given a thorough and systematic course of study in

the theory and practice of teaching, and made to do actual teaching

work in a model school attached t) the college budding for that pur

pose. Their diplomas upon graduation would then signify that they

were thoroughly educated in the first place, and in the second place

that they were fully prepared to go into any school room in Georgia

, and govern and teach the children tuere with ease and accuracy.

These graduates would be sought for and positions would be wailing

for them all over the state Any community would be glad to secure

the service of a young man or woman normally trained for the school

room. Along with their education they had secured a business

which offered a certain support.

6. The college should als) be in session during the summer months

for the benefit of those teachers whose age and necess ties require

them to labor in the school rooms from October to July. Summer

sessions like the one just held would be of great service to the teachers

now at Work, in giving them an insight into the possibility of bet

ter work and arousing them to a greater enthusiasm in the cause of

education. By this plan of a winter and spring session for regular

students learning to teach, and a summer session for the benefit of

those already teiching, the profession, both present and future, will

be elevated by the work of the college.

7. The commission is very desirous of securing a close relation be

tween the normal school and the common school system of the State,

Their interests are identical and the object of the one is to supply

proper capacity to foster and maintain the other. The Commission

earnestly believes that the normal college could become the " head

common school " of the State for the supply of teachers, and if a lib

eral policy is made to support it that it will become the pride and

glory of Georgia.

Lawton B. Evans,

President of Georgia State Normal College for 1892.



61
1. It was resolved that the above report be adopted as the sentiment of the Georgia State Normal School Commission.
2. That the Normal School Commisson earnestly suggests to the legislature that the sum of 130,000 be appropriated to defray the ex pense of repairing and lemodeling the Kock College building, and of paying the salaries of the faculty of the Georgia State Normal School for the ensuing year.
3. That a copy of the same be furnished the Governor of Georgia with the request that he lay it before the legislature with such recom mendations as his judgment may approve.
4. That the State School Commissioner be requested to incorporate this paper in his report to the legislature on the condition of the common school system of the state. S. D. Bkadwell, Chairman,
Wm. E. Boggs, A. J. Battle, W. H. Baker, Lawton B. Evans.

ROLL OF STUDENTS OF GEORGIA NORMAL COLLEGE, JULY, AUGUST, 1892.

-NAME.

CITY.

COUNTY.

Miss Estelle Booth........... .....Athens.......................Clarke.

" Portia Bunn............. .....Cedartown......... ......Polk.

Mrs. M. Castellow........ . .....Georgetown...... .......Quitman.

Miss Anna Castellow........

li

" Irene Cristy............. .....Athens............... ....... Clarke.

" Norma Curry........... .....Bainbridge........ ......Decatur.

Mr. J. L. Caldwell........... .....Greensboro....... ...... Greene.

" J. Y. Dunaway......... .....Athens............... ....... Clarke.

" J. E. England............

((

Miss Nellie Emery........... .....Brunswick........ .... ...Glynn.

" M. A. Freeman....... .....Cuthbert............ ......Randolph.

" M. I. Hunnicutt..... .....Athens.............. ....... Clarke.

" M. A. Hillsman.......

U

" Annie Hammack.... .....Blakely............. ....... Early.

Mr. S. G. Brinkley........... .....Augusta............ ....... Richmond.

Miss Alice Jones.............. .....Blakely.............. ....... Early. -

" Annie Lyle.............. .....Athens............... ....... Clarke.

" Annie Linton..........

(i

(( '

" Eula Bird................

U

((

" Ferry Bird..............

<1

Mr. C. H. Edwards.......... .....Crawford........... ....... Oglethorpe.

62

NAME.

CITY.

COUNTY.

Miss A. F. Baxter.......... .....LaGrange.......... ......Troup.

" Susan Grerdine........ .....Athens .............. ......Clarke.

" Bessie Bro\fn........... .....Cuthbert............ ......Randolph.

" Lucile Dudley......... .....Senoraville.......... ......Gordon.

" Ida Oliver................ .....Georgetown........ ......Quitman.

" Sal lie Sewell............ .....Cedartown......... ......Polk.

" Dorene Rawls.......... .....Athens .............. ......Clarke.

" Laura Speer.............

<<

44

" Julia Moss..............

U

44

" M. E. Peak.............. .....Philomath.......... ......Oglethorpe.

" Susie Newton.......... .....Athens................ ......Clarke.

" Mazie McDugal.......

U

44

" Genie Harrison.......

......Jackson.

" Eunice Palmer....... .....Athens............. ......Clarke.

" Jessie Jackson.........

<(

"

" Emmie Brown......... .....Hawkinsville..... ......Pulaski.

" Warnie Edge...........

<<

44

Mr. E. R. Williams.......... .....Athens................ ......Clarke.

Miss Clifford Taylor......... .....Shellman........... ......Randolph.

Mrs. A. W. Van Hoose.... .....Gainesville........ ......Hall.

" T. Tisinger..............

il

44

Miss S. Wallace..............

<(

"

Mr. C. W. Carlton........... .....Atlanta............... ......Fulton.

" J. H. Sanford........... .....Siloam................ ......Greene.

Miss Ida Goodrich .......... .....Augusta.............. ......Richmond.

" E. R. Mims.............

<t

44

" Josie Wallace...........

41

44

" Alice Hora..............

44

44

" Constance Butts...... .....Brunswick.......... ..... Glynn.

" A. H.'Meyers.......... .....Augusta............. .....Richmond.

" Hester...................... .....LaFayette........... ......Walker.

Mr. G. W. Trible............. .....Carnesvil e......... ......Franklin.

" N. E. Ware................ .....Hawkinsville..... .....Pulaski.

Miss Lucie H. Greene......__ Decatur............... __ DeKalb.

" Nina Gibbs.............. .....Macon................. ......Bibb.

" Carrie Harden......... .....West End.......... ......Fulton.

Mr. E. L. Ray.................. .....Dublin................ ......Laurens.

Miss E M. Oelmer........... ... .Savannah........... ......Chatham.

Mr. F. M. Osborn............. .....Augusta.............. ......Richmond.

" J. M. Patton.............. .....Ray's Mill.......... ......Berrien.

Miss Nina Shewmake.......__Waynesboro....... ......Burke.

" Eunice Thornton.... .... Athens................ ......Clarke.

" Prince Thornton... .

44

44

Mr. W. A. Tilley............... . ...Shellman.................. Randolph.

63

NAME.

CITY.

COUNTY.

Miss Kate Urqubart........ .....Allen's Station...... ...Richmond..

" May Wood............. .....Auraria................ . ...Lumpkin.

Mr. J. A. Webb................ .....Ray's Mill............. ...Berrien.

" P. G. White............. .....Hiawassee............. ...Towns.

Miss Lucy Watson........... .....Macon.................... ...Bibb.

" Cleo Young............. .....Whitehall.............. ...Clarke.

" M. Lilly.................... __Athens...................

" 0. Lilley..................

(l

" Carrie Barney......... .....Augusta................. ...Richmond.

" Sarah Florence.............Grovetown............

<(

" F. T. Holliday........ .....Washington........... ...Wilkes.

Mr. H. A. Lawrence............ Point Peter............ ...Oglethorpe.

Miss Ophelia Wall........... .....Athens................... ...Clarke.

Mr. C. F. Pittman..................Harmony Grove... ...Jackson.

Miss M. Brumby.............. .....Athens................... ...Clarke.

S. Brumby..............

<<

"

" E. J. Hobbs............. .....Gainesville............ ...Hall.

Mrs. Leonora Land.......... .....Jonesboro ............ ...Clayton.

Miss Maie Land................

U

ii

" L. Melson................

ii

" M. L. Pitts.............. .....Atlanta................. ...Fulton.

Mr. 0. L. Renfroe............. .....Hattie..................... ...Houston.

Miss May Montgomery.... .....Athens................... ...Clarke.

" Mamie Webb........... .....Jetferson............... ...Jackson.

" Clyde Patman.............. Athens.................. ...Clarke.

" Annie Patman. ..i....

U

(i

" Lizzie Parks............. .....Atlanta................... ...Fulton.

Mr. J. J. Jennings........... .....Demorest.............. ...Habersham.

" M. M. Parks.............. .....Atlanta.................. ...Fulton.

Miss Carrie Farmer......... .....Hephzibah............. ...Richmond.

" Sue Jones................ .... Herndon............... ...Burke.

" Ida Quinn................ .....Washington.......... ...Wilkes.

" Susie Bell................ .....Overton.................. ...Elbert.

Mr. W. H. Ki patrick...... .....White Plains........ ...Greene.

Miss C. M. Napier........... .....LaFayette............. ...Walker.

" R. F. Neeson........... .....Washington.......... ...Wilkes.

" A. M. Neeson.........

U

U

" Liza Kilpatrick....... .....Hephzibah............ ...Richmond.

" Willie Hudson.......

U

" Laura Bunn............ .....Macon..................... ...Bibb.

" Jessie Goodall..........

"

64

GEORGIA STUDENTS IN THE PEABODY NORMAL COLLEGE, OCTOBER 17, '92.

M. G. Adams................. .... McDonald .... Scholarship Exp.'s May, '94

Lucy Anderson.............. ... Athens............

"

'94

Jane M. Bailey.................. Savannah........

"

'94

W. D. Bailey.,............... .....Newborn.........

``

'94

Julia C. Bates. ..'......-- ... Macon.............

"

'94

Mary M. Brooke........... . Canton............

"

'94

Lula Collinsworth..........--Eatonton........

"

'93

N. B. F. Close..................... High Shoals ...

"

'93

Mattie Crowlev............. ....Luthersville....

"

'93

Tallulah Guinn.............. ....Conyers...........

"

'93

Anna D. Hale............... ....Atlanta....... .

"

'94

Onie A. Henry................... Sumach...........

"

'93

W. B. Howard............... ....Cohutta .........

"

'93

Myrtis Jarrell.......... . ....... Crawford.........

"

'93

Birdie C. Laramore...... .....Atlanta............

"

'93

Maggie M. McGough... .....Poisyth ..........

"

'93

Jason Scarboro............ . .... Excelsior.........

"

'94

Tacitus Short................. .... Washington....

"

'94

Maud Smith.................. .... Atlanta............

``

'94

J R. Whittle................. __Cohutta............

"

'93

R. A. Whitworth.............. Loganville.......

"

'94

H. B. Adams................ .... Covington......

"

'94

NON-SCHOLARSHIP STUDENTS.
W. T. Aydelott.......... Ella L. Huff................ Ada Jumper.............. . Mrs. Jennie Langston Lizzie McCord............. J. J. Nash................... Lillian John Porter.... Helena Proffitt.......... G. W. St. John...........

............ Oxford. ......Columbus. .......... Parrott. ....... Maysville. ......... Zebulon. Walnut Grove. ......Tallapoosa. .......... Atlanta. ...........Corinth.

I
IMPORTANT CIRCULARS
ISSUED FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION In 1891 and 1892.
Circular No. 1.
APPROXIMATE SCHOOL FUND AND THE PRO RATA OF EACH COUNTY FOR 1891.
State School Commissioner's Office,
Atlanta, Ga., January 15, 1891. To the County School Commissioners of Georgia:
In obedience to the requirements of law I herein conatnunicate to the county boards of education an approximate estimate of the pro rata part of the State School Fund falling to each county for the year 1891, as follows:
As compared with the amount appropriated last year, the State School Fund is increased about forty-four per cent. It is not suffi cient to pay for six months schools, but the compensation for five months will be greater in proportion than for four months last year. By the addition of the poll tax which, of course, is not included in the approximate pro rata for your county, it is hoped the pro rata on average attendance for each scholar will reach at least five dollars.
I, therefore, direct that the common school term' for the year 1891 consist of five months, or one hundred scholastic days, and advise you to make contracts accordingly. You will please notify this de partment in accordance with section 39 of the school law, when ar rangements have been made to put the schools in operation.
Allow me at this time, for the information of all concerned, to call attention to the school legislation passed at the late session of the General Assembly. The Jackson bill, creating a permanent school fund of a large amount, and the bill looking to the payment of the teachers quarterly, did not pass. The impression was very general that both these bills passed. They are still before the Senate.
In the General Appropriation Act the sum of five hundred thou5

66
sand dollars was added to the school fund of 1891, to which I have already alluded.
The tax on the excess of $415,000,000 of taxable property is devoted to the school fund. This will not be available in 1891 and it may he put down as a small amount.
A resolution was passed authorizing the Governor and Treasurer to borrow two hundred thousand dollars for the school fund for 1891. This resolution was drawn in the face of the bill to pay the teachers quarterly, and since that bill failed to become a law, it is inoper ative.
An amendment to section 28 of the School Law authorizing county school commissioners to hold examinations and grant temporary licenses, was passed. The same amendment gives authority' to pay teachers a salary. For your guidance I give the full text of the amendment:
" No applicant for teacher's license shall be examined on any other day than the one designated as above prescribed except in cases where the county board of education shall order a special exam ination. No special examination shall be ordered by said board ex cept for good and sufficient reasons, and to meet some special emer gency. In such cases the questions shall be prepared by the county school commissioner, or by some competent person under his author ity, and their contents shall not be made known to the applicant or applicants until the examination actually commences. Said exami nations shall be conducted under the same rules and regulations as are provided by law for other examinations, but the licenses granted shall be valid only until the next examination ordered by the State School Commissioner, and it shall not be lawful for the county school commissioner of any county other than that in which said special examination is held to indorse a license granted thereunder. The county board of education shall have power, if they deem best, to em ploy teachers at a salary."
I firmly believe that the law-makers of Georgia will continue the good work so auspiciously begun at the late session of the General Assembly, and, in the "fullness of time," the wise suggestions of Governor Northen in his admirable inaugural address will meet with a cordial and generous response.
It is the settled policy of the State to give to every boy and girl within her limits a solid, practical, English education. To this end I invoke from you the same valuable aid and co-operation which you extended to my distinguished predecessor, Hon. Jas. S. Hook.
Profoundly impressed with the great responsibilities of the position to which I have been called, and actuated by an earnest desire to promote, in every way possible, the diffusion of education among the

67

masses, I ask the help of every school officer in Georgia. By our

united efforts, blessed by Providence, Georgia shall be redeemed

from her place in the column of illiteracy, and the cry of her 500,000

children for " Light--More Light," be heard and answered.

As soon, and as often as circumstances will permit, it will be my

pleasure, as it is made by law my duty, to visit every portion of the

State in the interests of common schools, and see you all " face to

face."

,,

S. D. Bhadwell,

State School Commissioner.

Circular No. 2.
DIRECTIONS TO COUNTY SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS IN REFERENCE TO VISITING THE SCHOOLS AND MAKING REPORTS TO GRAND JURY.
Office of State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, Ga., March 10,1891.
To the County School Commissioners of Georgia:
I deem it my duty to call your earnest attention to the require ments of the school law embraced in section 32. The county com missioner "shall visit each school in his county at least once during the school term, or twice if practicable, and oftener if required by the board, and without notice to the teachers, for the purpose of in specting its management and the modes of instruction, and of giving advice and making such suggestions as shall tend to elevate it in character and efficiency.
A faithful performance of this duty will result in great benefit to the schools of your county and to yourself. The teacher and the scholars will be kept continually on the lookout for the commissioner, who may appear any day, and consequently be more active and dili gent in the discharge of their duties; and you, who are made, by virtue of your office, superintendent of the common schools of your county, will take greater interest in your important work and bring to bear in its performance more energy, more zeal and more en thusiasm.
Your compensation, small as it is, depends, in a great measure! upon the number of days occupied by you in visiting the schools as determined by the board. Your per diem cannot exceed three dol lars, and your visit to each school in the county must be 11 at least once, or twice, if practicable."

68
Keep a record of your visits. This information will be required in your next consolidated reports to this department.
Your attention is also directed to section 46 : "That it shall be the duty of the county school commissioner of each of the counties of this State to make a report of the school operations of the precedingyear to the grand jury, at the spring term of the court, and to place his books before them for examination ; and in making up the gen eral presentments, it shall be the duty of the jury to take proper no tice of the matters thus brought to their attention."
This I regard as a very important requirement of the law, for it is intended to bring you, as an official, and the cause you represent in review before the grand inquest of the county. What a splendid opportunity to touch the great heart of your people and make it throb in unison with the demand for more education in Georgia!! You could even "lay your hands" upon the judge on the bench and enlist his wisdom and his eloquence in stimulating the people to greater efforts.
I earnestly advise you to make these reports as full and complete as the circumstances will permit, showing clearly the school opera tions of last year in detail, the management of the funds in your charge, the property, acquired by the board in school houses, school furniture, etc., the increased interest in education in your county, and, if possible for you to say it, the gradual blotting out of illiteracy in your county.
I request you to send a copy of your report to the grand jury to me; and this department will appreciate a copy of any comments the grand jury may make upon the report submitted by you. These reports will furnish much valuable material which can be utilized in the next biennial report to be issued from this department. If your court has already been held and your report made, you can doubtless obtain a copy of the report and comments of the grand jury , which you can send to this office.
Your faithful performance of these duties will bring us together in closer bonds of united effort for the good of the common schools of Georgia.
S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.

69

Circular No. 5.

,

INSTRUCTIONS^m REFERENCE TO THE GENERAL EXAMI NATION, JUNE 6TH, 1891.

Ofi'ice of State School Commissioner,

Atlanta, Ga.,

189

To the County School Commissioners of Georgia:

Enclosed herewith I send you printed questions ior the general ex

amination to be held Saturday, June 6th. These questions are plain

and practical, bearing directly on the studies prescribed in the com

mon schools. Only one day can be allowed for the examination, and

it should be conducted with justice, fairness and generosity. The

object of the examination is to develop two facts :

1st. Whether the applicant is worthy or not.

:2d. Whether the applicant is competent or not.

To ascertain the first the law provides that "each applicant must

submit with his or her paper satisfactory evidence in writing of good

moral character." The second is made evident from the answers to

the questions propounded.

Permanent license in addition to the above requisites is based upon

the professional character of the applicant. I am in a great measure

guided by your certificate as well as the high grade of the applicant's

papers, and I instruct you not to give those certificates unless the party has

acquired professional character, by experience in the school room. It is the

purpose of this department to make permanent license an honor to

be conferred upon those tehchers whose competency, and moral

and professional character are beyond question.

To guide you in conducting this examination I give you the follcw-

ang instructions:

1. The examination of the white and colored must be in separate

rooms. The hour of beginning and closing the examination is left to

your judgment. All papers must be handed to you with the ques

tion sheet when the examination is closed.

2. All applicants must produce satisfactory evidence in writing of

good moral character. I would advise you to keep these vouchers

for future reference.

3. You can obtain the assistance of any worthy and competent per

son to assist you in the examination.

4. All applicants for permanent license must use pen and ink, and

in no case must] you allow the papers to be carried away to be copied at

the leisure of the applicant. For ordinary license; pencil work will be

sufficient.

4. In grading the papers use 100 as the maximum as heretofore.

To entitle one to the first grade, the average must be 90, the second

.75, and the third 60. Give the applicant the benefit of the fraction.

70
If the applicant's-grade in any branch falls below 50,1 would decline to grant the license.
6. The papers of all applicants for permanent license rpust be sent up within thirty days after the examination.
7. Send a list of the names, ivith the grade alloived, of all successful appli cants to this department.
S. D. Bradwell,
State School Commissioner.
Circular No. 7.
INFORMATION IN REGARD TO RECENT LEGISLATION, AND INSTRUCTIONS TO COUNTY SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS.
Office State School Commissioner of Georgia,
Atlanta, Ga., October 22, 1891. To the County School Commissioners of Georgia:
I address you this circular for the purpose of conveying to you in formation which, in my opinion, is important, and of giving to you and the county boards of education such instructions as the law re quires. The late General Assembly made no important changes in the laws governing the common school system.
The bill establishing the State Normal College, and also the bill for county institutes, have become laws'; and for both these meas ures, looking towards the improvement of the teachers already in the field, and others who propose to enter it, the General Assembly are entitled to the gratitude of all concerned. Instructions relative to both will be issued in due time.
An Act was passed at the close of the session, the result of a con ference between the two branches of the General Assembly, which proposed an entire change in the manner of collecting the school fund, and requiring its disbursement direct from the treasury by warrant from the State School Commissioner. The essence of the bill was in the provision for quarterly payments to the teachers, but by express terms this was not to go into effect until January, 1893. The Governor, in his wisdom, after very careful consideration, vetoed the bill for the fo lowing reasons, which he states very clearly in his veto message :
All the fund, including poll tax, is to be paid into the treasury, but the bill is silent as to its distribution. The old law of distribu tion must, therefore, apply under the apportionment made by the State School Commissioner in July, which does not and cannot in clude the poll-tax. The poll-tax would, therefore, remain in the

71
treasury, at least until after another apportionment in July, 1892, w^s made, and this sum, amountingto nearly two hundred thousand dollars, is needed now to pay the teachers for 1891. In view of all the circumstances, the Governor determined not to risk any delay in the prompt payment of the teachers for services already performed, and knowing that another General Assembly would have ample op portunity to perfect the measure, entered his disapproval of the bill. This department cordially endorses his action in disapproving the bill, and I have no doubt the teachers and school officers of the State will approve his action.
The law relative to the collection and disbursement of the school fund is therefore unchanged
The General Assembly declined to pass a law estab ishing a uni form series of text-books for the common schools. There is no change in the law empowering county boards of education to adopt text-books for their respective counties.
INSTRUCTIONS.
Since there is no change in the collection and disbursement of the school fund, I instruct you to carry out the requirements of Circular No. 6, and to receive the money from the Tax-Collector and pay the teachers as soon as practicable.
County school commissioners who have not reported, as required by sections 8 and 39, must report as soon as the schools are within three weeks of closing, so that they can receive the orders on the tax collectors. The Department of Education will begin to send out these orders on Monday, 26th October.
As there will be some changes in your consolidated reports do not make those reports until the blanks are sent you, which will be done at an early day.
The proposed change of the beginning of the school year did not become law, and the requirement still is that the academic and civil year must coincide. I, therefore, instruct you to make no arrange ments for the schools for 1892 until instructions are issued from this office. The approximate estimates required by law will be sent out about the 1st of January. The approximation cannot be made with any degree of certainty before that date, and the law' allows until January 15th.
Your attention is called to the fact that the law does not contem plate the accumulation of a surplus. What is appropriated for the year 1891 is intended to be used for the support of the schools for that year, allowing the boards of education to use their discretion, when it can be done without curtailing the just and proper pay of the teachers, to purchase maps, globes, etc., as enumerated in section 21. Accurate estimates should be made of the amount necessary to

72
pay the teachers, and to meet other expenses, so as to leave as small an amount as possible in the hands of the county school commis sioner. `
I am glad to say that encouraging reports from the schools of the State are being received.
S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.
Circular No. 9.
ARBOR DAY.
Office of State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, Ga., November 23d, 1891.
To the County School Commissioners of Georgia: Your attention is directed to the following law:
An Act to encourage tree planting and to conserve the forests of the State by setting apart the first Friday in December as "Arbor Day," and for other purposes. Section 1. The General Assembly of the State of Georgia do enact,
That the first Friday in December in each year shall be set apart and consecrated as a day for tree planting, and shall be known through out the State as "Arbor Day."
Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of the State School Commissioner to take the matter of the observance of "Arbor Day" by the public under his general supervision, and through the county school commissioners to cause the public schools of the State to observe "Arbor Day," as the superintendents and teachers may think best, in order to show the pupils the value and beauty of forestry by practical tree planting on school, church and other public lots, lawns, as well as on the public highways.
Sec.-3 Repeals conflicting laws. Approved December 16, 1890. In obedience to requirements of the above law, I hereby declare Friday, 4th day of December next, a legal holiday in the public schools throughout the State for the purpose named in the Act, setting it apart as "Arbor Day." I instruct you to give due notice to the superintendents and teachers of the public schools in your county, in order that they may carry out the objects of the law as they "may think best." I send you a number of programmes of "Arbor Day," from which the teachers may derive some appropriate suggestions.
S. D. BRADWELL, State School Commissioner.

73
Circular No. 10.
INSTRUCTIONS IN REFERENCE TO THE GENERAL EXAMI
NATION, DECEMBER 19th, 1891.
Office of State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, Ga., December 12th, 1891.
To the County School Commissioners of Georgia:
By this mail I send you printed questions for the examination to be held Saturday, December 19th. These questions are plain and practical, bearing directly on the studies prescribed in the common schools. Only one day can be allowed for the examination, and it should be conducted with justice, fairness and generosity. The ob ject of the examination is to develop two facts:
1st. Whether the applicant is worthy or not. 2d. Whether the applicant is competent or not.
To ascertain the first the law provides that "each applicant must submit with his or her paper satisfactory evidence in writing of good moral character." The second is made evident from the answers to the questions propounded.
Permanent license in addition to the above requisites is based upon the professional character of the applicant. I am in a great measure guided by your certificate as well as the high grade of the applicant's papers, and I instruct you not to give those certificates unless the party has acquired professional character, by experience in the school room. Irecom. mend that no application be forwarded to this department unless the applicant has an experience covering at least five years. It is the purpose of this department tcf make permanent license an honor to be conferred upon those teachers whose competency and moral and professional character are beyond question.
To guide you in conducting this examination I give you the follow ing instructions:
1. The examination of the white and colored must be in separate rooms. The hour of beginning and closing the examination is left to your judgment. All papers must be handed to you with the question sheet when the examination is closed.
2. All applicants must produce satisfactory evidence in writing of good moral character. I would advise you to keep these vouchers for future reference.
3. You can obtain the assistance of any worthy and competent per son to assist you in the examination.
4. All applicants for permanent license must use pen and ink, and in no case must you allow the papers to be carried away to be copied at the leisure of the applicant. For ordinary license, pencil work will be suf ficient.

74
5. In grading the papers use 100 as the maximum as heretofore. To entjtie one to the first grade^the average must be 90, the second 75, and the third 60. To find the average in any branch, give the applicant credit in each question for so much of 100 as his answer warrants, sum up these credits and divide by the number of questions under the branch. The quotient will be the average in that branch. To find the general average, add together the averages in each of the branches and divide the sum by the number of branches, and the result wdll be the general average. Answers under "special" should not be graded. Give the applicant the benefit of the fraction. If the appli cant's grade in any branch falls below 50 I would decline to grant the license.
6. The papers of all applicants for permanent license must be sent up wdthin thirty days after the examination.
7. Send'ma list of the names, with the grade alloived, of all successful appli cants to this department.
S. D. Bkadwell, State School Commissioner.
I call your attention also to the following directions : 1. The law authorizes you to employ teachers either by a salary or by the pro rata upon average attendance, as your board may see proper. In either case let your contracts be clearly understood. 2. The law does not contemplate the accumulation of a surplus. This appropriation is for 1892, and not for 1892 and 1893; and ladvise you to make careful estimates, after deducting the expenses of your office and the appropriation which your board in its wisdom has set aside for the purchase of maps, charts, school furniture, etc., of the amount to be apportioned to the schools of your county. 3. The law7 makes provision for county-line schools, but makes the concurrent consent of the two Boards necessary. I advise giving this concurrent consent, placing it upon the broad ground that the State intends for every child to have the opportunity to attend school where it is most convenient. Boards have the powrer to refuse the "concurrent consent," but they have no right to limit the number who attend these schools. 4. The providential clause in reference to the examinations has, as you are aware, been repealed, and you, by permission of your board, are authorized to hold examinations upon questions prepared by yourself, or by some competent person under your authority, to meet these special emergencies. 5. In the matter of indorsing licenses I advise you not to with hold your indorsement unless there is evidence of some fraud or un worthiness.

75
I call your attention to recent legislation in reference to school af fairs. While the General Assembly, in the face of the great demands upon them, did not appropriate the funds necessary for six months schools, yet they inaugurated a policy, which, when substantially aided, will add greatly to the efficiency of the common school system of the State. This policy is embraced in two measures: County institutes for the improvement of the teachers now in the field, and a State Normal School for training those who are soon to enter the field. A law was also passed authorizing counties, upon the recom mendation of two successive grand juries and indorsement by a twothirds vote of the people at the polls, to impose a local tax to supple ment the school fund. The bill to pay the entire school fund directly into the treasury, looking to the payment of the teachers quarterly, owing to some irreconcilable provisions therein contained, failed to become law in consequence of the wise interposition of the Gover nor's veto.
No changes were made in the school laws. In reviewing the school work for the past year there is great cause for encouragement. The number of schools has increased; educa tion is being more generally diffused ; the teachers are becoming more efficient, more earnest andzealousin their w'ork; county school commissioners and boards of education are more fully alive to the importance of their duties; and the people are being aroused to the necessity of building up the common school system. I am glad to state that my humble efforts have been indorsed by the Chief Ex ecutive of the State, whose interest in improving the common school system of Georgia is second to none. I am grateful to you, the county school commissioners and the boards of education and the teachers of the State for the ready sup port you have so readily given me. With the prediction that the year 1892 will mark a bright page in the history of the common schools of Georgia, T send you all the greeting, " Happy New Year."
S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.

76

Circular No. 12.

COUNTY INSTITUTES.

MONTHLY SESSIONS.

Office of State School Com.missionee,-
Atlanta, Ga., January 2d, 1892.

To the County School Commissioners of Georgia:

The duty is imposed on me by an Act of the late General As

sembly to direct you to establish teachers' county institutes for the

public school teachers of each county. The requirements of the Act

are as follows:

,,

1. The county school commissioner is the conductor and presiding

officer of the meetings.

2. The meetings are to be held on one Saturday in each month dur

ing the public school term, said Saturday to be determined by the

county school commissioner.

3. There must be separate institutes for white and colored.

4. The meetings are to be held at the county site or such other

place as may be selected by the county school commissioner.

5. All teachers, white and colored, teaching in Georgia, or having

licenses to teach, unless they have permanently retired from teach

ing, are required to attend all sessions and perform all duties re

quired of them, unless providentially prevented.

6. Attendance is made compulsory under penalty of such fines as

the commissioner and boards may deem just and reasonable, but

every absentee shall have the privilege of having his or her excuse,

stated in writing, duly considered. The money derived from these

fines is to be applied to purchasing a teachers' library.

7. All persons desiring to attend the sessions of the institute are

to be admitted, but they shall be subject to the rules and regulations

while in attendance.

8. County school commissioners are entitled to their per diem for

conducting these institutes, and members of the boards of education

are urged to encourage the teachers by being present at the sessions

of the institutes.

The above, in my opinion, is a plain construction of the law,

which it is my duty to put in operation in each county in the State,

under such rules and regulations as I may deem best, to secure the

faithful and efficient execution of the school laws.

I therefore issue to you the following instructions:

1. As soon as your board has designated what particular five

months will comprise the common school term for the year 1892,

select the Saturday in each month you think most suitable for the

teachers, and give due notice thereof in the same manner and

77
through the same medium through which notices of examinations are given. If you give notices through your local paper, I would suggest something like the following advertisement:
NOTICE TO TEACHERS.
In obedience to instructions from the State School Commissioner, all teachers of this county, white and colored, are required to attend the session of the
Teachers' County Institute,
to be held at--------------------- , on the---------- Saturday in-----------
next.
County School Commissioner.
2. While it is best to have the same Saturday in the month for the time of meeting, yet the selection is left to you, and it might be ad visable to make January, should that be one of the public school months, an exception, as at least ten days' notice should be given of the first meeting. At the first meeting make the selection for the next and announce the date before adjournment.
3. The law makes you the conductor and president of both white and colored institutes, and when you are absent from either meeting appoint some experienced teacher to take your place for the time being. I would suggest appointing your best colored teacher to pre side over the colored institute while you are absent.
4. Appoint one of your teachers as secretary, to call the roll and assist you with the minutes, but the minutes must be left in your possession. It would be best to appoint a different secretary at each meeting.
5. This teachers' institute is a school in which the teachers teach each other how to teach children, over which you are head master, under general rules and regulations prescribed by the State School Commissioner. While the social features attending this gathering of those engaged in this high calling are to be encouraged, still the teachers' institute is a business enterprise, for the success of which you and I are responsible as the servants of the people and the ad ministrators of the law.
May I not ask your earnest and cordial co-operation in this effort to make the teachers in the common schools of Georgia more effi cient in the great work of moulding the minds and characters of the six hundred thousand children of the State? I believe that you will all respond with emphasis in the affirmative.
To the teachers I extend congratulations upon the inauguration of a policy in the school system for which they have long expressed

78
deep concern. Your petitions have been heard and answered by the General Assembly, and upon you grave responsibilities rest. For the honor of Georgia, for the good of the children and for our own improvement, let us join hands and hold up the teachers' in stitutes.
For your direction I send you a' syllabus for each session of the institute. As the common school term for 1892 consists of five months, there will be five Saturdays employed. I would advise full co-operation with the teachers, placing your best teachers as lecturers, in charge of the different subjects, at the same time en couraging the younger and less experienced teachers to take part in the programme.
Reports will be required of you, therefore preserve your minutes. Instructions for the annual institute, which the law requires to be held in the summer months, will be sent to you in ample time.
S. D. Bradwbul, State School Commissioner.



Circular No. 13.

EXAMINATION AND ELECTION OF COUNTY SCHOOL COM MISSIONERS.

Office of State School Commissioner,



Atlanta, Ga., February 6, 1892.

To the County School Commissianers of Georgia:
The term of office of all the county school commissioners expires this year, and, with but few exceptions, in March, April or May. In my judgment it is necessary for the faithful and efficient execution of the school laws with that uniformity in the system required by the Constitution, and in the interest of economy in time, labor and expense in this department, that the examination and election of all the county school commissioners of the State should be held on the same day.
For the reasons above stated, I hereby designate and set apart

THURSDAY, IOtH MARCH NEXT,

as the day for the examination and election of county s chool com missioners throughout the State.
Through you, I instruct the President of, each County Board of Education to give the proper notice, through the usual medium, to applicants, and to hold the examination and election at the time ap pointed according to instructions and upon examination papers which will be sent in due time from this department.

79
While it is not the province of the Department of Education to judge of the eligibility or qualifications of applicants for the office of county school commissioner, yet it is proper that I should call the attention of the Boards of Education to the great importance of filling this responsible office. Too much stress cannot be placed upon the duty of taking into consideration, in addition to the satisfactory ex amination of the applicants, their "moral character, business qualifi cations and general availability."
The law makes the following requirements: Applicants must be citizens of the county - not necessarily free holders. The examination must be satisfactory--satisfactory to the board. It is not a competitive examination. In this connection I deem it my duty to call the attention of the Boards of Education to the following Act passed by the late General Assembly: " No person shall hold, in any- manner whatever, or be commis sioned to hold, more than one county office, except by special enact ment of the legislature heretofore or hereafter made; nor shall any commissioned officer be deputy for any other commissioned officer except by special enatment." To you, the members of the County Boards of Education, is com mitted, by law the important duty of selecting the county school commissioners. May I not expect 133 capable, efficient, faithful, brave and zealous lieutenants ?
S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.
P. S. You will please hand one copy of this circular to the Presi dent of the Board.
Circular No. 14.
CHARTS.
Office of State Schooi, Commissioner.
Atlanta, Ga., April 20th, 1892.
To the County School Commissioners of Georgia: I deem it necessary, through you, to call attention- of County
Boards of Education to their powers and duties relative to the pur chase of charts for the common schools of their respective counties. County Boards of Edcaution are clothed with power to purchase "maps, globes and school furniture"; and while charts are not specially mentioned, they are undoubtedly included under this head,

80
for a chart is a map. These things are purchased for the common use of the schools, and not for individual use. The title to charts, along with other common property, vests in the board; and these charts are to be furnished to the schools, the teachers being held re sponsible for criminal neglect or abuse. Under no circumstances have boards the right to sell or rent them to the teachers or patrons, but they are to be returned to the board at the expiration of the school term.
No teacher in this Stale pays a cent for the privilege of teaching school under the public school system.
The county school commissioner is the agent of the board in the purchase of charts, but he has neither vote nor voice in making the selections or ordering the purchase. He is the proper one to sign all contracts, as agent for the board, for the delivery of charts. As agent, he carries out the orders of the board in giving out these charts to the schools, and receiving them back at the close of the term. He should report to the board any injury to these charts bejmnd the ordinary "wear and tear" of the school-room.
I call attention to the following ruling as to the exercise of this power:
1. The order for the purchase of charts can only be passed at a reg ular meeting, or at a call meeting, of which due notice shall be given, and at which there is a legal quorum present.
2. The action, either verbal or written, of individual members of the board outside of an organized meeting of the board, is null and void, and cannot bind either party at interest.
3. There is no provision for proxies in school laws, and any count, vote or ballot by proxy is null and void.
As to the duty of boards relative to thejpurchase of charts, I earnestly advise! them to use due care and caution. There can be! no question of the value of charts in the hands of efficient teachers, and I trust the time will come when they will be used in every school-room in Georgia. Buy them, providei the money can be spared, from the school fund. If the school fund--not yet adequate for the needs of the children of the State--is taxed too heavily, serious injury will result to the public school system, the children and the teachers.
It is not the intention of this department to interfere with the powers granted to the county boards, but the object of this circular is to give such instructions as in my judgment are necessary for the faithful and efficient execution of the law in the exercise of this power,.and to caution you, the boards of education, against certain box charts and the sharp practice of the agents for their sale. This department is reliably informed that these charts have been offered for sale, on time, at prices ranging from $47.50 down to $9.00. Notes obtained from Boards of Education have been offered in the market

.SI

for one-half their face value. To accomplish the sale, inducements

have been offered by these agents. I am glad to state that I have

discovered no case where these inducements have been accepted, and

but few counties have thus far purchased these charts.

I instruct you, County School Commissioners and members of the

Boards of Education, to invoke the strong arm of the law whenever

th-se bribes are offered, and have the parties arrested and prose

cuted. I advise you to sign no notes. When in the exercise of your

discretionary power you order these purchases, the county school

commissioner is your agent and he can sign a contract. This con

tract is sufficient protection to all parties, and no note is necessary

or contemplated by the law.

Contracts for these charts legally entered into, without fraud or

misrepresentation, can be enforced.

Allow me to repeat:

1. You have discretionary power to purchase charts; but I urge

you to be cautious in the exercise of that power.

2. Prosecute at once the parties who offer these inducements to in

fluence you in (he discharge of your official duty, and report the

matter to this department.

3. I advise against signing any notes.

4. Let c ontracts be made through your county school commis

sioner.

With your aid in this matter, competition between rival agents

for the sale of these educational aids Will not be destroyed but be

controlled by fair and clean methods; worthless appliances and

fraudulent and corrupt methods in introducing them will be banished

from the State.

S. D. Bradwell,

State School Commissioner.

Circular No. 15.

^

COUNTY INSTITUTES.

ANNUAL SESSIONS,

Office of State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, Ga., May 12th, 1892,

To the County School Commissioners, of Georgia:

,

In addition to the monthly sessions of the Teachers' County Insti tutes, the law requires annual sessions of one week's duration during the period of June, July and August, or in such other month as the

6

State School Commissioner may deem best and expedient. Authority is given to the State School Commissioner to combine several counties in one institute to be held in any county designated by him.
In obedience to this law, which you will find in section 12 of the late edition of the Common School Laws, I issue to you the follow ing instructions:
1. Select the week in June, July or August which you think, after consulting your teachers, would be most suitable for the meeting of the institute.
2. In conjunction with your board, choose the expert who is to assist in conducting the exercises of the institute.
3. Use the programme and syllabus already distributed for the monthly sessions, substituting for " First Saturday " " First Day," " Second Saturday " " Second Day," etc.
4. You will make arrangements for separate institutes for white and colored, but both institutes must be held at the same time and in the same locality.
5. All schools which rec ive any portion of the school fund, if in operation, must be suspended for that week, and the salary, or pro rata, of the teacher will go on the same as if he had been teaching. The week at the institute is not to be made good by the teacher, but he will receive 100 days' pay for 95 days in the school room. If the school is not in operation, the teacher receives nothing.
6. You will charge the school fund your usual per diem for con(Jucting the institute. You are the presiding officer of both insti tutes, and when you are absent from either, place an experienced teacher in the chair. Keep minutes of each day's proceedings, as reports will be required of you.
7. The expert who is employed is to give instructions to both in stitutes, and you must call upon your best teachers to assist him in his work. The sum of twenty-five dollars is to be paid the expert for the five days' service, and only that amount and your per diem can be taken from the school fund.
8. An order will be sent you from this department on the school fund of your county for the payment of the twenty-five dollars, which, when receipted by the expert, will be retained by you as a voucher.
9. You will give due notice to the teachers of the time and place of holding the institute. All absentees must be, after their excuses submitted in writing have been duly considered, fined in such amounts as you and your board may consider just and reasonable.
10. Teachers must attend in the counties " of their residence." I construe this to mean the place where the teacher is residing at the time when the institute is held.
11. In carrying out the programme stick to the text. It is impor-

tftnt that the work accomplished be uniform throughout the State.

Under the head of " Miscellaneous " in the programme; there is

ample opportunity for the discussion of other matters.

12. You will, as far as possible, consult the convenience of your

teachers, in order that their expenses may be as light as possible ;

and it is of prime importance that you gain their cordial support ill

this great work. If it is disirable to combine your county with

others, without causing the teachers too much expense, consult all

the teachers concerned, and I will issue the necessary order.

13. Notify this department, as soon as you can, of the time and

plac j of holding the institute, and, the name of the expert selected.

The order suspending the schools and requiring the teachers to at

tend will at once be sent to you.

Any assistance this department can render will be cheerfully given

to you and to the teachers. Upon the success of these institutes

much depends ; and upon this department, the County School Com

missioners and Boards of Education, and the teachers, rest the re

sponsibility of making them the means of improvement to the chil

dren of the State.

S. D. Bradwell,

State School Comtnissidner.

Circular No. 16.
GENERAL EXAMINATION, SATURDAY, JUNE 18, 1892.
Office of State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, Ga., May 25, 1892.
To the- County School Commissioners of Georgia: Notice is hereby given that I have appointed Saturday, the 18th
day of June next, as the time for the examination of applicants for teacher's license throughout the State.
I have made this appointment a few. weeks later than usual in or der that those who are attending the different institutions of higher learning may have the opportunity of being examined in the coun ties where they'propose to teach. The intention of the law is evi dently to require applicants to be examined where they expect to teach, but if at any time subsequent, while the license is in force one desires to teach in another county, his license can be indorsed in the manner prescribed by law. You are not therefore under obligations to examine strangers who do not expect to teach in your county.
Under no circumstances can any fee, charge or lax be exacted or received from the applicant,

84
Onlyone day will be allowed for the examination of both white and colored applicants, but the examination must be conducted in separate apartments.
You are instructed to give at least ten days' notice of the examina tion in the usual way in which such notices are given. You will take every precaution for conducting this examination fairly and impar tially.
In ample time I will send you full instructions for conducting the examination. With these instructions will be sent a sea ed package containing the questions to be propounded the applicants for teach er's licenses. This package must be kept in your custody uhlh the seal unbroken until the day of the examination. On this point you cannot be too careful. The questions must not be seen by any one until the exam ination begins.
You are authorized to provide the necessary stationery and charge the school fund of your county with the cost
S. D. Bbadwei.l, State School Commissioner. P. S. Should the date selected conflict with the Monthly Institute, you are directed to postpone the institute to some other Saturday.
S. D. B.
Circular No. 17.
INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE TO THE GENERAL EXAMINA TION, JUNE 18th, 1892.
Office of State School Commissioneb,
Atlanta, Ga., June 9th, 1892.
To the County School Commissioners of Georgia: Enclosed are the printed questions for the examination to be held
Saturday, June 18th. The examhiation should be conducted with jus tice, politeness and impartidity. The questions must not be seen by any one until the examination begins, and in no case must the lists be allowed to be carried from the room, or exhibited to those who are not applicants. Only one day will be allowed for the exam ination.
The examination of the two races must be in separate rooms. You are at liberty to obtain the assistance of any worthy and com petent person to aid you in conducting the examination and in grad ing the papers submitted. The State does not intend to grant license to teach to unworthy,

85
immoral persons, and therefore you are instructed to require satisfac tory evidence in writing of the good moral character of the applicant.
The other qualifications of the applicants will he determined by the answers to the questions propounded. These questions are plain and practical, and if the applicant cannot answer sixty per cent, of them he ought not to receieve a license to teach in the common schools of the State.
In grading the papers use 100 as the maximum as heretofore. To entitle one to first grade, the average must be at least 90 ; the second 75; the third 60. To find the average in any branch, give the appli cant credit in each question for so much of 100 as his answer war rants, sum up these credits and divide by the number of questions under that branch. The quotient will be the average in that branch. To find thegeneral average add together the averages in each branch, and divide this sum by the number of branches ; the result will be the general average. Answers under "Special" should not be graded, as the special is simply for information. Give the applicant the ben efit of the fraction. If the grade in any branch falls below fifty I would decline to grant the license.
Note the exception to the grading under "Writing." All applicants for "Permanent License" must.use pen and ink. For ordinary license pencil work will be sufficient. In no case must you allow the papers to be carried off to be copied at the leisure of the applicant. Permanent license, in addition to the moral and mental qualifica tions, is also based upon the "Professional Character" of the applicant. I am in a great measure guided by your certificate, and the answers of the applicant himself in the "Special," and 1 direct you not to give those certificates unless the party has acquired professional character by experience in the school room. It is the purpose of the depart ment to make permanent license an honor to be conferred upon those teachers, whose competency, moral and professional character are be yond question. I renew my recommendation that no application be forwarded to this department unless the applicant has an experience covering at least five years. The papers of all applicants for permanent license must be sent up within thi ty days after the examination. Send a list of the names, with the grade allowed, of all successful applicants to this department.
8. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner,

86
Circular No. 18.
TEXT BOOKS.
INSTRUCTIONS TO COUNTY BOARDS OF EDUCATION.
Office of State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, Ga., September 14tb, 1892.
To the County School Commissioners of Georgia : It is made my duty to transmit to the subordinate school officers
such instructions as I may deem necessary for the faithful and effi cient execution of the school laws. I consider this an opportune time to issue, through you, to the county boards of education, instructions relative to text-books for use in the common schoo's, as inquiries and complaints from school officers, teachers, patrons and pupils come to this department almost every day. While I have nothing to do with the selection of text-books, I am charged with the administration of this law as well as other laws pertaining to the common schools. The question is not ivhether the law requiring county uniformity is good or bad, but as Ion* as it is the law, it is my province to see that it is properly administered, and, if it is found to be defective, to recom mend to the law-making power such alterations and amendments as, in my judgment, will be to the interests of the common school sys tem. This will be done at the proper time.
From the school laws, mainly section 23, I deduce the following rulings:
1. The county board of education has the exclusive right to pre scribe what text-books and books of reference shall be used in the common schools. The county school commissioner has neither vote nor voice in the selection of the books; nor is the board under any legal obligation to consult teachers, patrons or agents. This powmr is delegated to the board alone, and the board must shoulder the en tire responsibility.
2. It is made mandatory. The law says: "That the county board of education shall prescribe." Boards refusing or neglecting to pre scribe text-books are derelict in their duty.
3. The board has no right to recommend but to prescribe. There fore, there must be but one set of books in each branch, for two sets of arithmetics, for instance, would not be a prescription. The object of the law is uniformity throughout the county, and a choice between two sets of books would defeat this object.
%. The board has no right to prescribe text-books outside of the branches specifically mentioned by the legislature as constituting the Curriculum of the common schools, viz : Orthography, reading, writ-

si
lug, English grammar, geography and arithmetic. Any board which has prescribed history, physiology, song book, or any text-book of the kind, no matter how elementary in its compilation, has trans cended its power, and such prescription must be revoked. The law makers have defined the " Elementary branches of an English edu cation only," and neither you nor I have any right to go beyond the bounds they have set. The board has no power to recommend; that term is never used in this connection.
5. There are three limitations to be observed by the board in the exercise of this power.-
(1) "The Bible shall not be excluded from the common or public schools of the State."
The proper construction of this proviso is a matter of grave im portance, for this is the only place in the common school laws where the Bible is direclly alluded to. The exclusion of the Bible from the schools by the board is positivelj- prohibited, and any board which has made any requirement that the Bible shall not be used either by teacher or pupil is in open violation of the law, and such require ment should be immediately withdrawn. The use of the Bible in the schools is permissible, not mandatory, and the law leaves it to the option of the teacher.
(2) "When the text-books are prescribed they shall not be changed for five years thereafter, except by a three-fourths vote of all the board."
This proviso fixes the period the prescribed books are to continue in use, and a change cannot be made without the votes of four mem bers of the board. If the change is legally made it can be done as often as the board may see proper; and there is no restriction as to notifying book agents, publishers, teachers or the public generally. This is an absolute grant of power, if it is exercised in a legal man ner. I hold that it is necessary to have a meeting of the board--not the consent in writing of the individual members of the board. It is necessary that this action making a change in the text-books should be taken at a regular meeting, or at a meeting called for the purpose, in which the object of the call is mentioned. The change can only hold good for the balance of the unexpired period of five years. A second period of five years is not a change but a new prescription, and therefore would require only a majority vote. When a contract is made, it should he " For five years, unless changed by a threefourths vote of the bord." This contract, as well as others, should be signed by the county school commissioner as agent for the board. There is no necessity for the board to sign it. The prescription of books is not a subject matter of review by the grand jury, unless it can be shown that from the exercise of that power members of

the board are liable to the charge of " inefficiency, incapacity, general neglect of duty, or malfeasance or corruption in office.
(3) "The county boards shall not be permitted to introduce into the schools any t"xt or miscellaneous book of sectarian or sectional character."
It is history which is mainly subject to criticism on account of its sectionalism ; but history is ruled out in the prescription of books, as it is not in tbe curriculum of the common schools. Sectionalism may sometimes appear in the reading books and against such books boards of education are warned. Sectarianism may sometimes appear in the same books, and great care should be exercised by the boards iu this particular also. The State does not allow any particular denomina tional doctrine or tenet to be taught in the schools, but she does not only allow but requires that morality shall be taught and enforced, both by precept and example. Proof of good moral character is a requisite before a teacher can obtain license to teach.
6. The board has the same power to prescribe books of reference. But such books are chiefly for the guidance of the teacher in the elu cidation of principles and facts in the prescribed text-books, and in the best plans and methods of imparting instruction.
7. The county school commissioner is charged with the duty of seeing that none but the prescribed text-books are used.
8. No teacher shall receive pay for any pupil who is allowed to use any other than the prescribed text-books. This applies to the indi vidual pupil and not to the whole school. The teacher is entitled to his pay for those pupils who do use the prescribed books. In tbe payment of a teacher's account, the county school commissioner in auditing the account should deduct therefrom the proper proportion for each pupil using other books, whether the contract is for salary or pro rata.
9. Among the requisites for eligibility to membership on the board, great stress is placed upon the following: "No publisher of school books, nor any agent for such publisher, nor any person who shall be pecuniarily interested in tbe sale of school books, shall be eligible for election as a member of any board of education or as county school commissioner of any county in this State." It follows that whatever is a disqualification before election is prohibited after elec tion and is a just cause for removal from office.
I charge boards and county commissioners to be particular on this point. Any attempt to secure influence looking to the prescription of books or change in the prescribed books by presents of books, money or anything of value should be met with a warrant for brib ery and the guilty parties brought to justice.
10. In the case of county-line schools, the prescribed books of the county where the school house is located must be the ones used.

89
These instructions apply to all schools which receive aid from the State, except the local systems and such schools as are the creatures of special legislation. They may seem hard, but they are in accord ance with law.
I direct you, the subordinate school officers of the State, to carry out the above instructions. I beg leave to refer you to section $ of the common school laws, wherein dhe proper course for you to pur sue is pointed out, if you are dissatisfied with the above rulings.
S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.

Circular No. 19.

NOTICE OF APPORTIONMENT.

school fund of 1892, $951,700.29.

-

Quota of.................................. County, $.....................

Office of State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, September 15, 1892.
To the Tax-Collector of said County: I am required by law to give you notice of the apportionment of
the State School Fund. I hereby give you notice that the pro rata of your county is the amount above written. In due time you will be presented with my order, for that amount to be paid over to the county school commissioner. I desire to call your attention spe" cially to the law which makes it your duty to retain in your hands of the tscKes first collected a sufficient sum to meet this order and to pay the same to the county school commissioner as soon as the order is presented. Any delay on your part is dangerous to your own inter ests as well as to the teachers of the public schools who are compelled to wait so long for their pay. My order, with the receipt properly filled out and signed, will be received by the Treasurer as cash in the settlement of your accounts with the State.
The poll tax--the net amount collected by you--is to be paid over to the county school commissioner, and that officer is directed to give you a specific and separate receipt therefor.
The above is applicable to all the counties in the State except the cities and counties which are under local laws.
It is unnecessary to mention th ese in detail, as each tax-collecto and county school commissioner knows if there is a local system in the county, and the order that I issue will give directions to whom the money is to be paid.
May I not ask that you act with promptness in this matter, in order that the teachers may be paid promptly ?

90
I send a duplicate of this notice to the county school commissioners for their information and guidance.
County school commissioners are reminded of the requirement that two reports must be made to this department before the order can be sent, viz.: one that the schools have been putin operation for five months of the present year, and the other that the schools are wilhin three weeks of closing.
County school commissioners are requested to send in the neports of county institutes as soon as practicable, in order that they may be embodied in my report to the General Assembly.
S. D. Bradwell, State School Commissioner.

APPENDIX

TABLE No. 1.
Apportionment of Public School Fund for the Year 1891. Amount to be Apportioned, $935,611.09. Basis of Apportionment Census of 1888. School Population, 560,281.

COUNTIES.

School Population.

Counties'pro Rata.

Date of Execution of Order on Tax Collector.

Appling ...................... Baker........................... Baldwin....................... Banks.......................... Bartow.......................... Berrien........................ Bibb............................. Brooks.......................... Bryan........................... Bulloch......................... Burke........................... Butts............................ Calhoun.................... Camden........................ Campbell .................... Carroll......................... Catoosa......................... Charlton....................... Chatham...................... Chattahoochee............ Chattooga..................... Cherokee...................... Clarke*1......................... Clay............................. Clayton........................ Clinch..........................
Cobb............................ Coffee.................... ..... Columbia..................... Colquitt........................ Cowetat................... Crawford...................... Dade............................ Dawson......................... Decatur.......................
DeKalb......................... Dodge........................... Dooly........................... Dougherty .. . .............. Douglas........................ Early......................-.....
Echols........................... Effingham .................

2,489 $ 2,146 4,780 2,773 6,418 12,635 10,377 3,893 1,714 3,742 9,184 3,176 2,670 2,096 3,107 7,050 1,628 1,017 13,186 1,684 3,514 5,178 2,159 2,480 2,620 1,635 6,949 2,346 3,482
1,216 5,935 2,879 1,585 1,977 6,950 5,150
3,203 4,365 4,429 2,697 3,377 1,027 2,050

4,156 63 Decembers, 1891. 3,583 82 November 19, 1891. 7,982 10 October 27, 1891. 4,630 91 October 27, 1891. 10,717 06 October 28, 1891. 4,400 45 November 27, 1891. 17,327 59 October 27, 1891. 6,500 81 October 27, 1891. 2,862 38 October 27,1891. 6,248 64 November 11,:T891. 15,335 78 December 5, 1891. 5,303 92 November 5, 1891. 4,458 90 October 28, 1891. 3,500 32 November 20, 1891. 5,188 69 November 13, 1891. 11,772 00 October 27, 1891. 2,718 76 October 28, 1891. 1,698 39 November 20. 1891. 22,018 44 October 27, 1891. 2,812 28 October 27, 1891. 5,867 88 November 10, 1891. 8,646 26 October 28, 1891. 3,605 53 October 27, 1891. 4,141 60 October 17, 1891. 4,375 40 November 13, 1891. 2,730 45 November 11, 1891. 11,603 83 October 27, 1891. 3,917 82 November 16, 1891. 5,814 94 November 5, 1891. 2,030 72 October 27, 1891. 9,910 45 October 27, 1891. 4,807 93 October 27, 1891. 2,646 95 December 2, 1891. 3,301 59 November 23, 1891. 11,605 50 November 9, 1891. 8,599 50 October 27, 1891. 5,349 01 December 24, 1891.
7,289 05 November 5, 1891. 7,395 93 December 7, 1891. 4,503 99 October 27, 1891. 5,639 59 December 21, 189', 1,715 09 February 4, 1892. 3,423 50 December 5, 1891.

92 TABLE No. 1--Continued.

COUNTIES.

School Population.

Counties'pro Rata.

Date of Execution of Order on Tax Collector.

Elbert........................... Emanuel.. ................... Fannin..........................
Fayette........................ Floyd............................ Forsyth........................ Franklin...................... Fulton.......................... Atlanta (City)............. Gilmer.......................... Glascock ...................... Glynn.......................... Gordon........................ Greene........................ Gwinnett...................... Habersham................. Hall............................... Hancock...................... Haralson......................
Harris.......................... Hart............................. Heard........................... Flenry.......................... Houston....................... Irwin............................ Jackson........................ Jasper..... :................... Jefferson...................... Johnson........................
Jones.......................... Laurens........................ Lee............................... Liberty................. ...... Lincoln........................ Lowndes....... .............. Lumpkin...................... Macon........................... Madison....................... Marion..........................
McDuffie....................... McIntosh ..................... Meriwether ................ Miller........................... Milton........................... Mitchell....................... Monroe......................... Montgomery....... ..... Morgan ........................ Murray................ ..... .

4,883 $ 8,154 11 October 27, 1891. 4,225 7,055 25 November 11, 1891. 2,871 4,794 57 November 27, 1891. 2,948 4,923 16 October 27, 1891. 8,617 14,388 89 November 6, 1891 3,576 5,971 42 October 27, 1891. 4,825 8,057 25 November 19, 1891. 5,004 8,355 68 October 27, 1891. 12,794 21,363 98 October 27, 1891. 3,073 5,131 91 December 2, 1891. 1,227 2,049 09 December 12,1891. 3,192 5,330 64 October 27, 1891. 3,982 6,649 44 October 27, 1891. 4,811 8,033 87 October 27, 1891. 6,421 10,722 07 October 27, 1891. 3,229 5,392 43 November 9, 1891. 6,376 10,646 92 October 28, 1891. 6,130 10,236 10 November 13, 1891. 3,374 5,634 58 November 27, 1891. 5,526 9,227 42 October 29, 1891. 3,582 5,981 44 November 12,1891. 2,965 4,951 55 October 27, 1891. ' 4,925 8,224 25 December 12,1891. 6,669 11,136 23 November 14, 1891. 1,718 2,869 06 November 18, 1891. 6,611 11,039 37 October 27, 1891. 4,411 7,365 87 October 27, 1891. 5,191 8,667 97 October 27, 1891. 2,533 4,230 11 November 10, 1891. 4,104 6,853 18 November 23, 1891. 4,107 6,858 19 November 23, 1891. 2,5i24 4,215 08 November 18, 1891. 3,853 6,434 01 November 9, 1891. 2,252 3,760 84 October 27, 1891. 4,418 7,377 56 October 28, 1891. 2,234 3,730 78 November 28, 1891. 3,711 6,196 87 November 10, 1891. 3,417 5,706 39 October 27, 1891. .2,987 4,988 29 November 14, 1891. 3,001 5,011 67 December 1, 1891. 2,488 4,154 96 December 9, 1891. 7,547 12,601 99 October 27, 1891. 1,450 2,421 50 November 27, 1891. 2,079 3,471 93 October 27, 1891. 3,953 6,601 01 November 17, 1891. 6,167 10,297 89 October 27, 1891. 2,497 4,169 99 December 2, 1891. 5,756 9,611 52 October 27, 1891. 2,942 4 913 14 October 27, 1891.

93

TABLE No. 1--Continued.

COUNTIES.

School. Population.

Counties'pro Rata.

Date of Execution of Order on Tax Collector.

Muscoge................ Columbus (City).... Newton.................. Oconee................... Oglethorpe............. Paulding................
Pickens................... Pierce.................
Pike........................ Polk....................... Pulaski................... Putman................. Quitman................. Kabun...................
Randolph............... Richmond.............. Rockdale........ ....... Schley.................... Screven ............. Spalding................ Griffin (City)........ Stewart.................. Sumter.................
Americus (City)... Talbot.................... Taliaferro.............. Tatnall................... Taylor.................... Telfair...................
Terrell.................. Thomas................ Towns................... Troup........ .......... Twiggs................... Union.................... Upson................... Walker.................. Walton.................. Ware..................... Warren.................. Washington......... Wayne................... Webster................
White.................... Whitfield............... Dalton (City)........ Wilcox.................. Wilkes................... Wilkinson.............

3,557 $ 5,939 69 November 9, 1891.

4,130 6,896 60 October 27, 1891.

4,600 7,681 50 November 5, 1891.

2,329 3,889 43 November 5, 1891.

5,210 8,699 70 October 27, 1891.

3,931 6.564 27 October 31, 1891.

2.734 4.565 78 October 29, 1891.

1,771 2,957 57jOctober 29, 1891.

5,235 8,741 45jOctober 27, 1891.

4,319 ',218 23 October 27,1891.

4,949 8,264 33 December 5, 1891.

4.921 8,217 57 November 30, 1891.

1,348- 2,251 16 November 18, 1891.

1,773 2,960 91 November 24, 1891.

5,287 8,828 29 December 12, 1891.

13,691 22,861 97 October 27, 1891.

2,217 3,702 39 November 12, 1891.

1.921 3,208 07 October 27, 1891.

4,623 7,719 91 November 7, 1891.

' 3,031 1,104

J l

5,061 1,843

77 68

October

27,

1891.

4,520 7,547 90 October 28, 1891.

6,047 10,097 49 October 27, 1891.

1,276 2,130 92 October 27, 1891.

4,425 7,389 25 October 27, 1891.

2,518 4,205 06 November 23, 1891.

2,857 4,771 19 October 27, 1891.

2,951 4,928 17 November 5, 1891.

1 997 3,334' 99 November 27, 1891.

4 456 7,441 02 October 30, 1891.

7'913| 13,213 21 November 28, 1891.

1 383 2,309 61 December 7, 1891.

6 400 10,687 00 October 27, 1891.

2'864 4,782 88 November 6, 1891.

2',486 4,151 62 November 28, 1891.

3,607 6,023 19 October 28, 1891.

4,019 6,711 23 December 10, 1891.

5,524 9,224 08 October 27, 1891.

2,101 3,508 67 December 21, 1891.

4,001 6,681 17 October 27, 1891.

8,945 14,936 65 October 27, 1891.

2,491 4,159 97 December 10, 1891.

1,761 2,940 87 October 28, 1891.

2.079 3,471 93 November 27, 1891.

3,419 933-

f l

5,709 1,558

73 11

October

27,

1891.

1,5591 2,603 53 November 9, 180,1.

S,375 8,975 25 November 9, 1891.

3,6651 6,120 05 October 27, 1891.

94

TABLE No. 1--Continued.

COUNTIES.

School Population.

Counties'pro Rata.

Date of Execution of Order on Tax Collector.

Worth........................... *Athens (City)............ tNewnan (City)..........
Grand Totals............

2,652 $ 4,428 84 November 27, 1891. 2,^26 3,884 42 October 27, 1891.
906 1,513 02 October 27, 1891. 560,281 935,611 09

Table No. 2.
CONSOLIDATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS' REPORTS.

COUNTIES.

Appling........................ Baker............................ Baldwin...... .................. B a n k s ........................... Bartow.......................... Berrien......................... B ro o k s .......................... Bryan .......................... Bulloch.........................
B urke........................... Butts............................. Calhoun.......................
Camden........................ Campbell...................... Carroll.......................... Catoosa......................... C h a rlto n .......................

*Qf th is Amount, $],689.50 was paid to Cartersville System

& CC^cOi--O1OiOOt-olOO^IOOCO^OOCxOOOO0OOtToiGOOCtO^lOOo COCOOOOT4O-O*OCOOC^S OoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoOoIoOoOoQ .
m

Compensation of County School Commissioner.

$ ............
202 47 . 500 00
511 87
1,311 04 200 00 235 00 750 00 47 58 476 25 11 04

GO OCOJWCtHW-'C^COO 'C--t*t>o0tOO1 CO1--to`OtoltO4^CctOon)--^`Cc.OcAC^C-1CCOO^ -O^TrttOocOo'--clDCH0O-i"^-J^Coi0--Ci4r^\OCOic4o^o-t4oOtOO'0-l'Oo
m

Postage and other expenses.
Amount expend ed in the purchase of school supplies and buildings.

co>

> w
i-3

aa, 'csS.'.

O00rS^TOocKC-O`O4^t`'tOc0Co't4oo-`'rSL--IO`'CO'Oj'ot^O'-O3Clo'OcnoCC'GJO1 c--C'C1OT4C-'l-'OcObcC'ic-nn'.aiOtsOlii 40^k"--3*COOCtOOOOC--74iCCOO`-c*O4C^lO--O`GltO'0C'OOlOCOO-O'ltOOOiOCOO
.^
tc CO^^ 05^ on 05`l--C*i CO CO GO p>Jh>-15 Cn GO CO Ot 0lfeO5O!/c--On`COtonii0'h--5^`CS.'VOIG'OoOiO'SoOsIO'OfcOOf^OC'o^5'OtCoOO'oOShSl-O`VIcOio0I'5sOCj'OtOOCCUSCIC4bS^i CHn-C40^40-5-l4--^`iO--lOHO-`l4O^COOCC0OCHC-0G0O4Si*ftt0OC-J0tOMtO05C'OO

Amount paid to teachers.
Total of expendi tures.
Amount of Poll Tax received at

hH

!2i

w

>> Q!Mz| >
ir<

s; a-

f1 H
p!z)

cHc

to

>> H

W

g

w

time of settlement with teachers.

!Hz| to

m J-iJsDjH^j-Ct 'i^Cv__4^.Cn--spjT>C5 fcSC54sr---i4^srC0 4^ CCOOIs--aikosStsiiCGi--OC` Cp7OiQ^GT^O'cCoCC'tCCO4jl-'Gb`CoO'5ctCRi'O^-Oi's--Si''ClCOOiGt'cCOciG'CoOOiCJi CO"^3tCC-CCtCO)GS0I4^CXOlG--`CC4filk!--`l--*tCGCCO

Amount of State School Commis- ( sioner's order on the Tax-Collector.

8

m Amount received

JO

JO

from other sources,

X4-* Xht.t41oC-oCtii--*XXc4Xc-"CO to XonMOtoT^1--*`'^ttooJt<tOooitO

including balance on hand from last

Xtt--oltGoOi--t`O-alOc7tOiX4tOi*-xXx>--C`7*i--|O*4X^ Wcn-Xto m

year.

H-1

to

t-i h-1

4x^i--`4^00t-`'4X^'t*.0s4i'5>'4-^4'to^'toSHs-`i'ctos0'itt00''4c0o^l'0Xsrl sOiGiXOtX0 4^CniO--`i'C-->Ot4Oi*COtOCOX4S`ll---"``-O0CXnXi-

Total amount of School Fund re ceived for the year

$ 1,000 00 545 51
1,400 00 1,200 00 2,000 00 1,700 00 1,702 14
375 22 1,500 00 2,932 18
1,050 00 300 00 500 00
1,286 74 2,550 00
740 00 350 00

4^

OO

lStOoI HtO-C*O44^^h*-41.^.!4--i`'W4>i---C`0to ^tSOICt7OT'Hb-o`CCJ7ittlot--O

05O4^<>-X-`Ct004--^`i--`iS--JiCiCT0^4Oi.*}-iJ-KXj^(jXi^t4O^oXo

Balance remain ing on hand. 1

Chattahoochee............. $ Chattooga..................... Cherokee...................... Clarke..................... ... Clay.............................. Clayton......................... Clinch.......................... Cobb............................. Coffee............................ Columbia..................... Colquitt........................ Coweta.......................... Crawford...................... Dade. ........................... Dawson......................... Decatur........................ DeKalb..........:............. Dodge .......................... Dooly........................... Dougherty................... Douglas........................ Early............................. Echols........................... Effingham..................... Elbert......... ..................
Emanuel...................... Fannin......................... Eavette......................... Floyd........................... Forsyth .................. Franklin.......................
Fulton........................... Gilmer.........................

120 00 $ 192 55
400 00 300 00 250 00 200 00 150 00 500 (X) 100 00 306 00 120 00 300 00 372 00 100 00 109 00 600 00 513 00 500 00 365 00 300 00 335 00 200 00 103 67 120 00 500 00 360 00 215 00 250 00 450 00 291 00 107 50 900 00
210 00

6 50 19 55 15 00 51 82 5 00 17 00 10 00 134 70 63 21 32 88 24 70 59 65 4 15 29 29 12 00 64 90 49 25 33 00 25 00 16 85 13 73 23 50 5 16 27 87 31 60 20 24 28 00 15 08 58 00
143 91 92 91 28 77

'

3 316 91

373 25 6,844 19

45 00 10,611 78

170 00 4,135 76

263 40 4,349 03

105 45 5.083 80

3,432 55

222 50 11,917 56

5,175 11 155 00 6|833 00

2,773 67

300 00 11,570 10

96 00 5,586 15

3,173 00

3,830 02

13,536 18

9 531 76

6 345 87

9,722 42

293 49 6,168 50

281 44 4,951 43

406 61 6,544 30

1,938 12

8 988 45

9'275 74

9,168 22

5,428 28

17 00 5,679 66

315 00 v 15,923 28

7,188 90

9,719 41

543 25 8,216 70

6,107 64

* Of this Amount, $2,900.28 was paid to the Rome Public Schools.

3,443 41 7,429 54 11,071 78 4,657 58 4,867 43 5,406 25 3,592 55 12,774 76 5.338 32 6,826 88 2,918 37 12,229 75 6,058 30 3,302 29 3,951 02 14,201 08 10,094 01 6,878 87 10,112 42 6,778 84 5,581 60 7,174 41 2,046 95 4,081 32 9,807 34 9,548 46 5,671 28 5,961 74 16,746 28 7,479 90 9,970 82 9,752 86 6,346 41

619 39 1,584 47 2,000 00
700 00 784 91 976 28
775 00 1,100 00 1,400 00
952 74 900 00 2,040 00 1,027 00 661 11 665 15 1,500 00 1,800 00 1,410 87 2,485 87 1,155 00 1,000 00 1,203 88 358 46 800 00 2,073 80 1,868 91 958 63 1,050 00 2,000 00 1,489 00 1,926 00 1,465 62 1,125 00

2,812 28 5,867 88 8,646 26 3,605 53 4,141 60 4,375 40 2,730 45 11,603 83 3,917 82 5,814 94 2,030 72 9,910 45 4,807 93 2,646 95 3,301 59 11,605 50 8,599 50 5,349 01 7,287 05 7,395 93 4,503 99 5,639 59 1,715 09 3,423 50 8,154 11 7,055 25 4,794 57 4,923 16 14,388 89 5,971 42
8,057 25 8,355 68 5,131 91

129 63 73 75 651 36 407 69 388 40 156 40 217 22 670 07 54 30 183 45 10 44 318 62 223 37 93 91 59 55 1,545 06 38 99 106 49 601 96 2,505 03 129 25 574 78
39 00 50 86 92 06 846 41 23 41 70 85 583 28 78 96 2 05 25 55 90 86

3,561 30 7,526 10 11,297 62 4,713 22 5,314 91 5 508 08 3,722 67 13,373 00 5,372 12 6,951- 13 2,941 16 12,269 07 6,058 30 3,401 97 4,026 29 14,650 56 10,438 49 6,866 37 10,374 88 11,055 96 5,633 24 7,418 25 2,112 55 4,274 36 10,319 97 9,770 57 5,776 61 6,044 01 16,972 17 7,539 38 9,985 30 9,846 85 6,347 77

117 89 96 65 225 84 55 64 447 48 101 83 130 12 599 14 33 80 124 25 22 79 39 32
99 68 75 27 449 48 . 344 48 12 50 262 46 4,277 12 51 64 243 84 65 60 193 04 512 63 222 11 105 33 82 27 225 89 59 48 14 48 93 99 1 36

T A B L E N o . 2 -- Continued.
#0f Amount, $1,730.16 was paid to the Tallapoosa public Schools,

S'lll.iisssssg&s-s.il^

fag

S{3 '?

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O
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5

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oiO-l`acOC>Ohot-Ooa!ot-jtOKpolwOo>o-`itOtt^oO>olpOoo3Koo)it^Oto'>OoaiiOco>oOPT4oKi-oj t
O OC OttO OO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOPO OO OO OO O

Compensation of County School Commissioners.

I--_`IMOCOO'II--C' 05

M M M CO MM-1 M) 05 -* O' O' M O' -4T 05 00 O' r-*

05 O O' --1 -JOiO"'105GM)^04i`C505050'

O' O CC CO C00000c0'0'0'00

: . l . : : :^

i--1 M O' ttoo4^ O'

4u^- Miso



O' I--1





Postage and other expenses.
Amount expend ed in the purchase of school supplies and buildings.

0'_GvOCOCOiOi05C5h-`tOC5 tOj^JO
O GO4"Cci0>c i-^oC10"ol"O--to'"Ho-1^lC^ "^0l'CC0C'b0'5"Oo'CMC0)'DC10"cc'wMIt>0^ HtO-1
M) 4^ tO ^ --'1 tO CO tO "-I 00 4^to O' PC ^ to to 4^- to -J ^ CO O'

Amount paid to teachers.

_p'J-`_GO 4^^ CO O'j-J

JO^JXiJO

'c t0o't"--o't--`'7i---``tI--ii1. ^"4o1*'-cx"^> 00'0'be'' 'cl"o^n '0tt0o''cc40^oC0'oO''Co4O^i

4-. GC to ^ to 05 to I--1 4i- O' O' --1 Qi tO H-1 tO CO tO O' tO IQ *<I ..tO.OL

OC'M co0')cfe -i`'c4c^C0'C1xt0'Oc4o-C~C4O0^' "4c`cG.>'g--0`4o^A -" o'"0too'' o O'
l--1 O' GC GO "-I >--1 OC04^0'0'Q'-J

!^J^.JJJX>.4^jO\iO',>JO' 00 to

lo'"^"00"h-1 "to""'to"To'^Vi'o "

tO Cn(X tO 4^-tO4^4i

a --j cn cc cn rri

4^ C5 to to

-GOC0tOtOO'4^45`O'--`^CO^O t--* ~-J "'T O' Ol i4^ tO GO tO "'t *^7 4--

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H-- H-* Ml M> M M O' M h-4 O'
h-4 4^ t-4 tO O' LO

Total of expendi tures.
Amount of Poll Tax received at time of settlement with teachers.
Amount of State School Commis sioner's order on the Tax Collector.
Amount received from other sources, including balance on hand from last
year.

J -^ -4 to^ JX ro
' t4OH--itO'it----1l'Got'0-'`'to'*t0v'4M jf^-'40'^'' i--`'4 0^''to' l----'l`4^'thtOO^OO''W tO -vt>--`GO0' 00H-`tOG04^H-`G0CC> h4--`i5-0tO0'4-

Total amount of School Fund re ceived for the year.

1-* 540-
tO O) O' tO

OXj4ti5O-a`G0H-'Oi 4C^ tSOO04l^'^k10j 4^0'

-tOa
4`*-


M

4^
tO

*<t
4--

4Q5c- -- ItoM4t^0o't4io*-O l--'` Orio

Balance remain ing on hand.

Jones............................
Laurens...................... .. Lee............................... Liberty......................... Lincoln.........................
Lowndes...................... Lumpkin...................... Macon.......................... Madison........................ Marion.......................... McDuffie...................... McIntosh.................. . Meriwether.................. Miller............................
Milton........................ Mitchell..... i................. Monroe......................... Montgomery................ Morgan......................... Murray......................... Muscogee..................... Newton......................... Oconee.......................... Oglethorpe................... Paulding..................... Pickens......................... Pierce.................. ......... Pike.............................. Polk.............................. Pulaski......................... Putman......................... Quitman...................... Kabun..........................

360 00 180 00 390 00 318 00 270 00
350 00 256 00 300 00 294 00 237 00 150 00 290 00 300 00 . 45 00 140 00 500 00 402 00 258 00 405 00 180 00 300 00 210 00 160 00 375 00 210 00 160 00 225 00 273 00 335 00 425 00 300 00
30 00 122 60

40 00 20 00 55 38 21 34 3 97 5 00 104 50 35 00 30 85 9 00 21 30 50 00 69 50
4 55 30 00 35 20 12 90 59 84 68 00 47 86 10 00 30 22 33 15 2 55 9 15 19 13 67 33 29 40 9 00 43 18
3 65 4 00

2,075 00
200 00 335 73
16 00 95 00 84 8o 148 32 202 66
83 65
165 46
421 00 400 00 150 00 639 80 75 00 499 40 291 00

5,602 70 8,958 54
4,719 52 7,196 25 4.274 97 8,226 39 4,497 54 7,242 40 6,420 32 6,348 71 5,519 82 3.275 40 14,029 64 2 973 24 4 225 92 H 800 no 11,938 00 5 353 63 10 483 04 5 822 23
7J)16 62 *9 339 OR 4 601 40
8,531 50 7,382 15 5 614 23 3,450 36 10 654 70
7,909 96 9,566 57 8,257 75 2,510 72 3^787 30

Of this Amount, $995.Q9 was paid to the Public Schools of Covington.

8,077 70 9,158 54 5,164 90 7,735 59 4,548 94 8,917 12 4,858 04 7,577 40 6,761 17 6,689 71 5,775 92 3,763 72 14,601 80 3,018 24 4,370 47 7,330 00 12,458 85 5,624 53 10,948 48 6,070 23 7,529 94 9,559 66 4,791 62 9,360 65 7,994 70 5,783 38 3,844 49 10,995 03 8,914 16
10,075 57 9,100 33 2,544 37 4,204 90

1,516 23 2,050 00 1,095 01 1,490 66
792 76 1,539 56
800 00 1,153 02 1,118 61 1,196 30
715 65 635 01 2,493 59 600 00 865 00 719 38 1,350 00 1,200 00 1,367 40 1,100 00 500 00 1,600 00 810 57 1,356 04
1,566 10 1,181 00
901 62 2,554 01 1,500 00 1,850 00 1,250 00
300 00 825 95

6,853 18 6,858 19 4,215 08 6,434 01 3,760 84 7,377 56 3,730 78 6,196 87 5,706 39 4,988 29 5,011 67 4,154 96 12,601 99 2,421 50 3,471 93 6,601 01 10,297 89
4,169 99 9,611 52 4,913 14
5,939 69 7,681 50 3,889 43 8,699 70 6,564 27 4,565 78 2,957 51 8,741 45 7,212 23 8,264 33 8,217 57 2,251 16 2,960 91

192 45 337 17
44 137 14
8 71 1 00 529 90 ' 424 72 189 09 604 75 69 94 2,738 00 1,195 94
41 71 184 00 816 89 322 67 31 49 . 49 98 1,536 27 278 16 132 38 66 00 23 67 35 67 32 28 10 98 687 65 95 32 398 48
03 444 73

8,561 86 9,245 36 5,310 53 8,061 81 4,562 31 8,918 12 5,060 68 7,774 61 7,014 09 6,789 34 5,797 26 7,527 97 16,291 52 3,021 50 4,378 64 7,504 39 12,464 78 5,692 66 11,010 41 6,063 12
7,975 96 9,559 66 4,832 38 10,121 74 8,154 04 5,782 45 3,891 41 11,306 44 9,399 88 10,209 65 9,866 05 2,551 19 4,231 59

484 16 86 82 145 63 326 22 13 37 1 00 202 64 197 21 252 92 99 63 21 34 3,764* 25 1,689 72 3 26 8 17 174 39 5 93 68 13 61 93 -- 7 11 446 02
40 76 761 09 159 34 -- 93 46 92 311 41 485 72 134 08 765 72
6 82 26 69

T A B L E N o. 2 -- Continued.
>f this Amount $1,888.68 was paid to th e City of Griffin Public Schoos. >f this Amount $1,249.52 was paid to th e West Point Schools.

CnHHHHHHi-BHiT-HCpcococcGC'bjtd

CO OB. .CC2TfQQ.'T0oJ ^a B

e|| g-SELl-^ge^g^
a B SiS1 o : : . "f5 i | ? &-

ao
d

!HI--z!I QHC

l\5 tO -1 tO tO Ln^ h-i --* ^ 4^ 05 Oi 4^. H- h-* Cn to O"' kt* to I--1 w kU 4- O* o *-l Ot O to 05 o Cn0054^00500i--lOTt04-OOOX"-JO

Compensation of County School Commissioner.

05 O00 00 0055GOIOtO05CtnO4^i--tO1 C0L4Oi.L4O^05 L0O5O0r0tO*tO<l045^
OOtGOCOOO-GOOll----``C tOnOOOOOO OCO^^i--o`oOc-^nJQ OGtCo OOitCOO

to to i-4
M^0C5 o4^

Hto- oto
CO o

oo

05

Postage and other expenses.
Amount expend ed in the purchase of school supplies and buildings.

JOij^-^OJOOi 00^05 Jpi

COJJC' CC 05 4^- M

O IO GO OH H-"to"CO 1o'on10C-'od tO"ot^ . 40s5* OO0*^*4^i*JfO--'*`"O'lt-tIOOtH--`C0O0 ^4t^O0G5CCO4^CCO5v0l^5OtOiCOOr"-'*1

Amount paid (o teachers.

Ox _4- JO jO > CC 4- O * JO ^ CC^ _cO j-J ^ 05 45*. O)
^l----l*1O0CO5iOOOl oOO: C^CO50GOOiil.0--G5O4004054'45tiO*.!cI----o1`'GGoOiC0O5vilOO'oliit'--bO`slHtoO'-oa*o<51'b00i5'ihG4-?*^l
0O-505*<4l -^040O5* O0'*OQOOlMOOOCOCOOCOC1tQ0540i.5COO* ih--J 05 05
Oi--lO0i5!--C|0O*-CM5OC*0X0<0O5l005n00500000*G4O^0^J*450.0tO0G*O^O'Il
GCOCi--`CnGCOi-^O O. OOOcOOTiOOOO

Total of expendi tures.
Amount of Poll Tax received at time of settlement with teachers.

.4"0^ JO J-l_0>5^^4-^ JD -<I 05 --I 05 05 CO -- C5 05 tO 4*. 05"cO ^I'to'oo'o'oi'cO-'Cq'to'M'oo
!^--* GtvO C--OJCOO05H4-_`045i.0tOO!--1O 07*CCCC"O^Jh*k^1O0nCO^ OOOtOOOtOO 0tQ5-G0O!0--5`lj--0`tQC0-i----`Ii--`0t7Oi4i.C(OO4tii~.C>O-^jc0O5tO
CC Cat'-O`IOO i05 !--*4^4tO-4^tO--1 i--`H-`t.C
Oi to Ol 4-- 45* tO 05 0^
I4O5.^45.4^O* 0^5H-`-^ GO WI--*tO Ol Cn 1

Amount of State School Commis sioner's order on the Tax Collector.
Amount received from other sources, including balance on hand from last
year.

jo^4*_Oi 4^.i--`^1C54*05

Total amount of School Fund re

Oi4*.05 05tO"K4i--4^-<rC5 ceived for the yew.

05i--ito

m

4u.

i_i| I 'V

asssgggsggsgs^ssssgjg

Balance remain ing on hand.

Upson.......................... Walker......................... Walton......................... Ware............................. Warren...... ................ Washington................ Wayne.......................... Webster........................ White........................... Whitfield...................... Wilcox.......................... Wilkes.......................... Wilkins<vi...................
Worth...........................

265 00 325 00 240 00 200 00 375 00
550 00 216 75 149 00 123 50 300 00 325 00
390 00 350 00 150 00

21 75! 100 00

36 40!..................

17 34 208 00

50 00! 75 00

31 00 105 00

50 00 220 00

8 25

5 00

17 35

2 19

35 00

37 70 160 00

20 00

10 00

13 69

7,200 34 7,906 80 10,766 02
3,907 50 7,293 00 14,710 59
4,751 62 3,400 83 4,114 43 *8,772 98 3,147 15 10,541 45 6 499 43 6,117 43

7,587 09 1,500 00 8,268 20 1,816 70 11,231 36 1,817 00 4,332 50 1,180 40 7,804 00 907 30 15,530 59 2,691 37 4,976 62 744 72 3,572 18 650 00 4,240 12 750 00 9,107 98 1.600 00 3,669 85 i;055 32 10,951 45 2,044 00 6,789 43 2,651 34 6,281 12 ' 1,222 00

6,023 19 6,711 23 9,224 08 3,608 67
6,681 17 13,427 73 4,159 97
2,940 87 3,471 90 7,267 84 2,603 53 8,975 25 6,120 05 4,428 84

64 15 209 47
191 10 1 67
300 00 329 49 71 93 113 30 19 20 1,117 20 39 63 116 63 146 35 630 62

7,587 34 8,737 40 11,232 18
4,690 74 7,888 47 16,448 59
4,916 62 3,704 17 4,241 10
9^985 04 3,698 48 11,135 88 8,917 74 6,281 46

25 469 20
82 458 24 84 47 918 00
131 99 98
877 06 28 63 184 43 2,128 31
34

Totals and Averages. $ 39,433 97 $ 4,568 10 $ 18,597 97 $940,955 64 $ 1,003.555 68 $172,659 85 $830,772 42 $ 50,237 73 $1,053,670 00 $ 50,114 32
*Qf this Amount, $1,976.03 was paid the Daltcn Public Schools.

- 2-r^$C


C^ 2 |O2tr-'S^-P-4P^a' CD

sodcH2
CG

T A B L E N o. 4. Consolidation of Reports of Private Elementary Schools.

Uoreported.
crS
S',
Reported.

Number of Instructors in Schools Reported.

tN<DI<iCXi tnCo^nOt-i-t^O1l-C01iOwCCCcn>oC^4OOO^M^:tk0--OClll-yN>lD!OzO*H^C^dC.oOOO^ Males.

ctootCooiitoO+oH^<c-^jhct-tg^oC^cOoaCi^--OO`CTCC2cCi ^i-^cOH-^1OcH-o-1 ^tloOCoOic*c^ Females.

33 29

C0O c0n

00
OX

MCO

383 21
294

ttC--oO1

Males.

.........

to
OX

kji.

CvJTj tIOo

0CH2O- CO" ^0O2

131

Females.

1

1

COC^v^CfiO.CrO7fs<.iCC--O2`lt<-O*OC*tC<OIOC0*2O<OlC^2^"'C1Ct0OO2tC^oOXLOOCtO2C100OG2C^CO White.

cn
OX

CrfOs.

^002 t0^o .: 001-*2 ^0 ^cc7oc

260

CtOo Colored.

0ch-4ni ^CtGnooOi-osTthCto-nc--CoJ OtcOCoHoC-tObcOtrOctOO^tiCO^O-4-^*Oohi-taiOO^Oo1OoC

White and

Colored.

Average number of months taught in schools reported.

Average monthly cost of tuition per pupil in schools reported.

Lincoln....... Madison...... Milton......... Monroe....... Morgan ...... Oconee........ Oglethorpe .. Pierce......... Putnam...... Schley ...... Screven....... Talbot......... Tatnall........ Union......... Warren....... Washington White.......... Wilkes........
totals and Averages

9 12 253 227

480

480 84

1 4S

1 14 15 279 227 5 6 255 195

506

506 1 5-7 1 00

* 450

450 2 2-5 1 25

9 10 92 95 29 64 187 93 280 25-6 1 25

10 27 32 202 219 147 167 421 314 735 21-5 1 00

13 13 183 140

323

3

1 40

IS 16 201 144 99 145 345 244 589 3

1 50

2

3 11

3 30 20 11 113 121

20

25 50 234

45 95 284

3 34

J 00 2 46

4 1

4 47 1 28

57 21

22 27 104 49

49 153 49

2i
24

1 50 2 no

9 10 129 116 42 36 245 78 323 2

1 67

17 21 261 . 197 64 48 458 112 570 4 . 1 43

1 1 49 18

67

67 3

1 00

14 17 325 395 268 170 720 438 1,158 4

1 50

40 58 601 590 285 267 1 191 . 552 1,743 4

1 75

1

1 28 26

54

54 34 1 00

4 4 48 76

124

124 4

1 90

37 389 474 6,786 6,283 2.080 2,116 13,069 4,196 17.265 3.7 $ 1 43

COUNTIES NAME OF SCHOOL.

POST-OFFICE.

Baldwin.... Meriwether........................ Banks....... Maysville............................. Banks....... Hickory Level..................... Bartow.... West End Institute............
Bibb............ Alexander Free School.... Burke........ Waynesboro Academy.... Burke........ Girard Academy............... Burke........ viillen High School............ Butts......... Jackson Institute............... Butts.......... Elgin Academy.................. Butts......... Fiovilla High School........ Calhoun... Morgan High School........ Calhoun... Arlington Academy.......... Cherokee.. Rhinhardt college............. Cherokee.. Etowah Institute............... Coweta.... Grantville High School.... Coweta.... Senoia High School........... Coweta.... Walker High School.......... Coweta.... Excelsior Academy......... . Coweta.... Turin High School............. Coweta.... Alex. Stephens Seminary

Meriwether, Ga. Maysville, Ga... Maysville, Ga... Cartersville.......
Macon, Ga........... Waynesboro, Ga. Girard, Ga........... Millen, Ga........... Jackson, Ga....... Elgin, Ga .......... Fiovilla. Ga....... Morgan, Ga....... Arlington, Ga... Walesco, Ga....... Canton, Ga.......... Grantville, Ga... Senoia, Ga........... Newnan, Ga....... Senoia, Ga........... Turin, Ga............ Roscoe, Ga..........

TABLE No. 5.
Report of Private High Schools.

NUMBER OF PUPILS ADMITTED.

- <u

White. Colored.

Total.

M

s 13

csj

fa

21 120 98 30 48 59 71
44
65

s?

s "as

"d g

5 6

25 26

--

o
2

<uov o o

CO o


5uaSsS5>Hsta:n

BRANCHES TAUGHT.

SrH

NAME OF PRINCI PAL.

bi|!
loooj

55 ... 133

55 7 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. $1 81 L. S. McSwain.
133 8K Eng. Branches, French, Classics, j 1 00 H. L. Brock.

119 90
100 96 13 116 187 116 117
51 45 216 172 77 98 104 134 72 100

119 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science, 1 50 C. S. Thompson.

90 10

i Eng. Branches, French, Classics, j | Music, and Science......................... \

2 50 Mrs. J. W. Harris, Sr.

100

< Eng. Branches, Music, Classics, /

1 and Science ..................

)

Free M. L. Parker.

96 3* Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 35 J. C. Bass.

13 5^ Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 1 00 L. H. Smith.

116 4 187 5

Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. Eng. Branches, Classics,-and Science.

22

50
59

M. A.

J. L.

Yeomans. Franklin.

116 8 Eng Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 C. S. Maddox.

117 5 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science, 2 00 EUworth Brown.

51

6%

i Eng. Branches, Mathematics, and )

f Latin..........................

i

2 50 C. L. Fitzpatrick.

45 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 W. Eugene Fink.

216 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 50 C. E. Pattillo.

172 8 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 A. B. Vaughan.

77 5 Eng.'Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 46 H. H. Tye.

98 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 P. F. Brown.

104 9^ Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 50 Daniel Walker.

134 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 33 W. H. Searcy.

72

' English Branches, Classics, and J Bookkeeping......... ......................i

2 2) L. T. Moses.

100 8 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 1 58 W. L. Stalling!*

Crawford.. Knoxville Academy................. Knoxville, Ga... 2 50 45

Decatur... Attapulgus.................................. Attapulgus, Ga.. 2 22 30

Decatur... Whigham.......... ........................ Whigham, Ga... 2 39 30

D#cn.t.nr Calvary....................................... ^n.lvn.ry. fj-fl.

2 36 28

Decatur... Cambridge Graded School.... Bainbridge, Ga.. 4 541 73

DeKalb.... Stone Mountain High School.. Stone M't'n, Ga. 2 61 57

DeKalb.... [iithonia High School.............. Uthonia, Ga ... 4 65 92

DeKalb.... Doraville High School.............. Doraville, Ga.... 3 62 55

Gilmer....... Ellijay Semiiiary...................... R1.llijfl.yr Ga. ... 5 145 117

Greene .... Woodviile High'School............ Woodviile, Ga... 4 56 61

Greene ... Union Point Academy.............. Union Point, Ga. 2 48 35

Greene .... Dawson Institute....................... White Plains, Ga 2 5*

Greece .... Mercer High School............... Penfield, Ga....... 2 33 33

Greene .... * uller AcaRemv................... ... Greensboro, Ga.. 1 30 30

Greene .... Thomas Stocks Institute......... Greensboro, Ga.. 3 67 69

Hall............ Ptillsvillft TTig'h Schnnl

Gillsville, Ga.... 2 50 65

Hall............ Rmit.h's Adadftmy

.... Gainesville, Ga.. 3 98 96

Hall............ Flowery Branch Academy. ... Fl'y Branch, Ga. 2 45 47

Jackson.... Harmony Grove High School. Harmony Gr., Gi 4 130 90

Lincoln.... Liberty Hill Institute.............. Leathersville, Ga 2 52 43

Lincoln.... Lincolnton High School........... Lincolnton, Ga.. 2 57 56

Macon....... Spaulding Seminary................ Montezuma, Ga. i 18 25 Macon....... Marshallvilie High School.... Marshallville, Ga 3 50 53 Milton........ Alpharetta High School.......... Alpharetta, Ga.. 2 ' 95 82

Monroe.... Culloden High School.............. Culloden, Ga..

2 44 28

Monroe..... Smart's Academy..................... Smart's Sta., Ga. 3

Montg'y* Eastman High School.............. Spring Hill, Ga.. 3

Morgan.... Buckhead High School............ Buckhead, Ga... ]

Morgan.... Braswell High School.......... Nolan, Ga........... 1

Morgan.... Madison Institute...................... Madison, Ga....... 5

Oglethorpe Glade School.............................. Pont Peter, Ga.. 1

Oglethorpe Crawford Academy................. Crawford, Ga.... 1

Oglethorpe Messena Academy................. Lexington, Ga...

Oglethorpe Bairdstown Academy............. Bairdstown, Ga.. 2

Oglethorpe Center Academy..................... Stephens, Ga ... 2

Oglethorpe Maxey's High School............... Maxey's, Ga....... :

Oglethoi pe New School............................... Crawford, Ga....

Oglethorpe Winterville Academy............. Winterville, Ga. 2

Putnam ... Eatonton Academy................ Eatonton, Ga.... Randolph . Shfllma,n Tnstitut.fi.................. ShfillmArif TtAi

;*

Randolph Coleman High School............ Coleman, Ga... 2

Schley.... LaCrosse................................... lLaCrosse, Ga... :

51 33 40 25 10 15 17 18 65 70 35 23 23 24 29 39 38 34 30 29 31 18 n 16 24 26 18 22 32 34 30 34 30 25

95 52 69 64 127 118 157 117 262 117 83 108 66 60 136 115 194 92 220 95
113
43 103 177
72
84 65 25 35 135 58 47 68 72 59 49 .... 27 5C ... 4C 6fc .... 64 55

95 6

1 00 J. D. Smith.

52 10

2 00 W. C. Wallace.

69 10

1 75 O. C. Lowe.

64 4

1 80 E. M. Thomas.

127 4

2 08 Chas. McKinney.-

118 8

1 75 E. H. Stevens.

157 8^

2 30 J. G. Jeffcoat.

117 6}6 . Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 E. C. Lester.

262 10

1 25 J. E. Tallant.

117 10

2 25 V. T. Sanford.

83 8 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 25 B. W. Collier.

108 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 40 J. E. Purks.

66 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 Jno. W. Me Whorter..

60 8 Eng. Branches, Classics and Science. 1 75 Talfourd Smith.

136 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 1 75 J. L. Caldwell.

115 5 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 1 00 J. M. Dennis.

194 8 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 1 60 N. A. Moss.

Vi2 10 Eng. Branches......................................... 60 Mrs. J. L. Gartrell,

220 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 J. H. Walker.

95 9 Eng. Branches, Latin and Greek....... 1 75 W. A. Hogan.

113 8

i Eng. Branches, Latin Greek, and I } Science.............................................$

1 83 P. Zellars.

43 10 Eng. Branches and Latin.................... 2 33 Miss Oreola Cheves.

103 10 * Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 50 J. W. Frederick.

177 10 Eng. Branches, Latin, and Science... 2 06 Thos. B. Kirk.

72 9

Lng. Branches, Latin, and Nat* I ural Sciences................................ $

2 00 A. M. Bowers.

84 8 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science. 2 00 E. B. Taylor.

65 834 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 00 T. W. Ellis.

25 a Eng. Branches, Latin and Math^'tics. 1 60 Miss M. L. Bearden.

35 334 Eng. Branches, Latin and Mathe'tics. 1 60 Miss Foma Michael.

135 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 62 Q. L. Williford.

58 6& Mathematics and Languages.............. 2 00 A. W. Matthews.

47 6 Eng. Branches and Classics................ 2 50 A. S. Rhodes.

68 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Music.. 2 50 M. S. Weaver.

72 8 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 00 P. M. Cheney.

59 49

7y2 Eng. Brandies, Classids, and Sciences 7 Eng. Branches and Latin....................

2 25 M. M. Kilpatrick. 2 00 C. H. Edwards.

27 5 Eng. Branches, Ciassics, and Sciences 2 CO Miss S. HartsflOld.

5C 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 50 Geo. B. Atkisson.

4C 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 50 W. C. Wright.

6f 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 50 C. E. Grubbs.

64 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 00 R. B. Daniel.

3 Eng. Branches and Classics............

2 00 J. N. Mott.

COtINTIES

NAME OF SCHOOL.

TABLE No. h--Continued.

Report of Private High Schools.

POST-OFFICE.

NUMBER OF PUPILS ADMITTED. Ol

o

os White. Colored.

Total.

3

BRANCHES TAUGHT.

J~?cu Za a.2
NAME OF PRINCI PAL.

Number of Insti
Males. i
Females. Males. Females. White. Colored. White and
Colored Number of !
Taught. Avetage Mo *Cost of Tuit
Scholar.

Schley... Screven.. Screven.. Screven.. Screven.. Walker... Walton.. Walton.. . Walton... Walton... Walton... Walton... Warren..,

Ellaville High School .... Sylvania Institute............ Mercer Academy............. Free Chapel....................... Pleasant Hope Academy., St. Mary's Institute.......... Loganville High School.. Ragan Institute................ Johnston Institute............ Oak Grove.......................... Social Circle Academy.... Bethlehem High School... Norwood Institute...........

Ellaville, Ga...... Sylvani&, Ga.... Buck Creek, Ga. Rocky Ford. Ga. Cameron, Ga.... Cedar Grove, Ga, Loganville, Ga., Jersey, Ga.......... Monroe, Ga......... Social Circle, Ga, Social Circle, Ga. Bethlehem, Ga.. Norwood,. Ga....

Warren.... Williams Creek Academy... Norwood, Ga....

Warren.... Felt's Academy................... . Cadley, Ga.........

Warren.... Warrenton Academy............ Warrehton, Ga..

Wash 'gton Davisboro High School............ Davisboro, Ga... Wash 'gtou Bethlehem High School......... Warthen, Ga.... Wash 'gton Mt. Vernon Institute................ Riddleville, Ga.. Wash 'gton Harrison Academy................... Harrison, Ga.... Wash 'gton Tennille Institute...................... Tennille, Ga....... Wilkes. .... Washington Female Seminary Washington, Ga. Wilkes....... Fishing Creek Institute....... Danbury, Ga.... Wilkes___ Oak Grove............................... Washington, Ga. Wilkes....... Oakland Academy................... Tyrone, Ga...... ' Wilkes.....- Aohia.......................................... Aonia, Ga............

38 60

6361|

19 19

2204!1

14 10

41 31

43 47

43 41

85 91

9 10

29 32

. 74 57

42 66

43 28

21 23

76 80

47 32

37 19

5540

30 60

56 52

70

21 35 - 12

Totals and averages

204 4,076 3,851 25

69 ... 126 ... 43 ... 39 ... 24 ... 72 ... 90 ... 84 ... 176 ... 19 ... 61 ... 131 ... 1081...,
44 156 79 ... 56'... 84 ... 110 108 70
26 7,927 51

69 iJ^jEng Branches and Classics............ i 2 50[B. K. Scott.

126 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science 2 00 John C. Langston.

43 5 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science 2 00|J. M. Boz-emore.

39 6 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science 2 75 J. O. Irvine.

24 8 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Science 2 63^. J. Flanders.

72 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 00[J. Y. Wood.

90 6 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 5olA. S. Florence.:

84 4 Eng. Branches, Ciassics, and Sciences 2 00 Jas. McD. Radford.

176 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 00 John Gibson.

19 6 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 1 00 C. L. Walcott.

61 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 50 W. M. Jones.

131 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 1 50 J. J. Kilgore.

108 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 1 87 J. M. Ellington.

71

a \ Latin, Book-keeping, and Mathe- ) I matics...........................................j

2 00 J. H. Ware.

44 9 English, Latin and Mathematics....... 1 50 W. A. Ferguson.

156

1n ( Common School, High School, and ) u / Collegiate....................................... j

1 75 J. E. Gross. .

79 10 English,'Latin, and French................ 2 50 L. A. McLaughlin.

56 7 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 1 50 Paul F. Duggan.

84 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 1 40 J. V. Kelley.

110 7 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 00 Geo. H. Ratchford.

. 108 9 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 1 20 E. W. Marshall. -

70 10 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 3 25 Mary R. Bright.

9 Eng. Branches, Classics. andSciences 1 35 S. w. Hawes.

6 Eng. Branches, Classics, andSciences 3 00 J. I. Inghram;

6 Eng. Branches, Classics, and Sciences 2 00 Jas. R. Anthony.

3 Prim. Branches, Algebra, and Latin. 2 00 Mrs. M. E. Simpson.

7,978 7.7+1

1.975+

TABLE No. 6.
Reports of Universities and Colleges.

Instructors.

Productive Property.

including all ,g

Endowment ?

Females. Males. Females, j W hite. Colored. White and
1
Colored. !
Number of Months Taught. Average Monthly Cost of Tuition Per Scholar.

COUNTIES

NAME OF COLLEGE.

POST-OFFICE.

Number of Pupils Admittec .

White. Colored.

Total

Value of al
u ^.

M 0

^E-3u

xha

^

Name of Presiding Officer.

Males.

Number of

33 e

W

!

Baldwin............ Georgia. Normal a.nd Industrial Polle^e MtlledgeviUe, Ga. 12

168

168

168 9 $8 86 $ 75,000 00

J. Harris Channell.

Bibb.................. Wesleva.n Female College ..............~ . Macon r Ga..

18

306

3u6

306 9 "0 00 " 300,000 00 50.090 OOiW. C. Pass. T)`t).

Bibb.................. Mercer University...................................... Macon, Ga.

15 281

281

281

2 00 150,000 00 151,125 00 G. A. Nunnally.

Clarke............... "Home School". *1...................................... Athens. Ga.

8

luo

100

100 9

Miss Cabie Sosnowski.

Clarke............... Lucy Cobb lastitute.................................. Athens. Ga. . . . 16

164

164

164 10 5 00 75,000 00 75,000 00 Miss M. Rutherford.

Clarke.............. "Knox School"......................................... Athens, Ga............ 2

103 154

257 257 8

70 3,5fO 00

L. S. Clark.

Clarke.............. University of Georgia............................... At.hensr Ga. . . . 12 178

178

178 9

250^000 00 413,000 00 Wm.E. Boggs, D.D.,LL.D

DeKalb............ Agnes Scott Institute.............................. . T)eontnrr Ga.

15

266

266

266 10 4 00 111,000 On

Miss Nannette Hopkins.

Fulton....... .... Atlanta University.................................... Atla.ntar Ga...

29

8 1 50 250^000 00 18,000 00 J. H. Hicks, Dean.*

Fulton.............. Clark University....................................... Atlanta.. Ga. Hall................... Gainesville College.. .............................. Gainesville, Ga. . . Hall................... Georgia Female Seminary........................ Gainesville, Ga.

16
150

i1l2l 16

4 224 OOjfi 68 181

16 450 179 197

466 73/t 179 10

1 00 2 50

30m0j^o0o0o0 0000

197 934 3 00 22,000 00

sjooo 00 W, H. Hickman.* C. B. LaHatte, Ph. D^ A. W. VanHoose.

Jackson............ Martin Institute.............. '......................... .TefFerson Ga. Muscogee........ Chappell College......................................... Colnmhns, Ga........

5 108 8 191

10

216
201

216 10 201 9

1 52 6 15

1306,,000000 t000

30,000 00 S P. Urr. J. Harris Chappell.

Newton............. Emory College............................................ Oxford, Ga.

Oconee............. Jemei School...............................................

Randolph........ Andrew Female College............................ Onthhert., Ga.

Randolph........ Southwest Ga. Military and Agrc. Col... r-nthhert. Ga.

Talbot............... LeVert College.........

Talhot.fon , Ga

Thomas............ Young Female College.............................. ThnmR.sville, Ga,.

15 3
10

288

50 100
195

288 150
195

288 9 150 8
195 10

10 135 2

137

37 10

3
4

51 70 123

121

121 10

123

123 10

71 1000
2 50

90,000 00 225,000 00 W. A. Candler.*

5,000
lojooo

0000

John H. Brown. P. S. Twitty.

7,500 00

L. W. Haskell.

4 50

R. A. Ryder.

2 50 36,000 00

John E. Baker.

216 1371 1765 377 480 3136 857 3993 9.2+ 2 94+ 1,743,000 00 992,125 00

T A B L E No. 2. Consolidation of Public School Teachers' Reports.
T o t a l s a n d a v e r a g e s . . l4 >H 24`2 >3 9 8 7 ,0 2 2 l2 ,6 8 8 `2 ,2 3 2 4 , f W l , m l , 2 1 7 ' 2 , 5 0 0 17 , 4 2 0 1 U J g 8 1 0 4 ,8 5 5 ' 6 7 ,5 5 2 l 7 3 ,0 7 3 2 1 9 ,6 ^ 1 1 4 0 ,6 2 5 1 3 6 0 ,2 6 g (1 2i , 4 3 6 1 8 0 ,7 9 0 2 0 5 ,2 2 6 l $ l , 2 1 3 > $ .9 1 4 '3 4 0 ,0 2 ^ 2 8 6 q 9 7 l

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50 CO 50 05 CO C' 50 C

5 Cl 4- -1 0: OP 4-- C; <X It >-- 01 0 5 0--5-----`--X--d05--d> Otn5dXC5O04--I -- It ^- >

Total.
White and j Colored.]

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Males.

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Females.

5 X --` X I-1 d
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Males.

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White and Colored,

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2 S3 88383 x Xx ttd 4-X..4--- -Xb----t-4------- --0'5

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Amount of this Month ly Cost paid by the State.

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OrthographyNo. Puipils.
ReadingNo. Pupils.
Writi n No. Pupils,
English Gram'ar No. Pupils
Geography-- No. FPupils,

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Arithmetic-- No. Pupils.
Number of Visits to Schools during Year.

EBRA-TA..
Page 20, 2d line from bottom, read "annexed" instead of "follow ing."
Page 29, 4th line from top, read " $933.28 " instead of " $833.28. " Page 44, 7th line from top, read " following" instead of "foregoing."