j^IRST ^INNUAL

EPORT

' tiiic
STATE SCHOOL COMMISSIONER
o Ttat
STATE OF GEORGIA.
1S71

ATLANTA, GEORGIA:
NEW KRA STIvAM PKINTINO 12MTAHL.ISHMKNT. 1671.

WITH COMPLIMENTS OP

ATt.ASTA, <1A.. JA SCARY.

Suit* School CommiNiionor.

PUaic C>cKan^

pIRST y^NNUAL f^EPORT
or T2Jt
STATE SCHOOL COMMISSIONER
ur na.
STATE OF GEORGIA.
1871.
ATLANTA, GEOKGIA:
ni:\v i:i:a hteam puinting xsstaih.ikiimknt.
1S71.

STATE SCHOOL COMMISSIONER'S REPORT.
Department of Education, State oi' Georgia. Office State Scnoor. Commihsioner, Atlanta, Ga., Novcml>or 4,1S71.
To his Excellency licnjamin Conley, Gove,^or Gwjin:
A* rcqniroil by tho 12th and 13tli ftoctionn of tho act npprovotl October 13, 1370,1 have tho honor to Hubmit horowitli the iint annual report of tho Stnto School ComraiHsionor for tnuumisaion to tho Qonoral AMombly.
J. R. LEWIS. State School CommiHsionor.

REPORT.
Tho act approved October 13,1870, provided that "each and every county in tho State shall compose but ono school district for all purposes connected with tho general interest of education in the county," and provided further for the election,'on tho 7th day of January, 1871, of a County Board of Education, one member " from each militia district, and ono from each ward in any city in the county, and ono from each incorporated town, each to servo two years;" it provided further for tho election, on tho same day, in each of the before-mentioned subdivision* of throe school trustee* to serve for one, two and three years, respectively, one to bo elected annually thereafter to serve for three years.
When tho certificate of tho election of these officers had been furnished by the Hon. tho Secretary of State, through tho Gov ernor, to this office, it was found that in some counties, viz., Doug las, Mitchell and Ware, no elections for school officers had been hold, and that in sixteen (16) counties, only a minority of the officers had been elected, while in eighty (80) counties a majority, and in thirty-seven (37) other counties all tho officers had been elected.
Tho election returns wore obtained in many instances only after diligent inquiry and long correspondence.
The law prescribing no other means, these vacancies wore filled by appointment of tho Governor under the provisions of section 66, Code of Georgia, upon tho recommendation of tho other school officers, in all cases where there wore any, and in other cases upon tho recommendation of tho Ordinary, or other promi nent representative of tho county. Many of tbo persons elected declined to qualify or servo, and those vacancies wore filled in the same manner.
From tho election returns, and a careful examination of tho tax digests and census returns, I have found there are in tho one hun dred and thirty-six (136) counties, one thousand two hundred and ninety-one (12vl) sub-districts, of which one thousand ono hun dred and twenty-nine (1128) are Georgia Militia Districts, one hundred end thirty-four (134) are incorporated towns, and twentyeight (28) are wards in cities.

0

school ooxmssiOKsn'rt mu'oirr.

Iu each of those twelve huudrod ami niuoty>ouo (1291) sub-district* thoro should bo ono mouibor of County"Board of Education.
There aro nine hundred and fifty*nino (959) who were elected and have qualified, two hundred and seven (207) who wore ap
pointed to fill original vacancies, ono hundred (100) who were ap
pointed to fill vacancies otherwise created (failure to qualify, resig nation, death, etc.,) and thoro are twenty-five (25) vacancies.
Thoro should bo three (3) trustees iu each sub-district. Thoro aro two thousand eight huudrod and ninety-niuo (2S99) trustees elected and serving, six hundred and sixty-six (GOG) unpointed to
original vacancies, ono hundred (100) appointed to fill other va cancies, and thoro are two hnndrod and eight (20S) vacancies.
All tho members of County Board of Education have boon commissioned by tho Governor, and all tho trustees, bosido notice by tho election officers, have boon officially notified from this office, through tho County School Commissioners, of their oloction
or appointment.
The law further provided that tho County Board of Education, in each county, should moot on tho 7th day of February, and or ganize by electing ono of thoir number President and a Secretary, which last montioned officer, by virtue of his oloction, should Go tho County School Commissioner.
Tho County Board of Education iu each county of tho State has organized according to law, except in tho counties of Bryan, Chat
ham and Coffee; and tho School CommiKaionors have all boon commissioned by tho Governor, excopt in tho counties of Camden,
Dougherty, Loo aud Towns. In each of these tho County Com missioner has corresponded with this offico, but tho Secretary of
State has not been furnished with official notice of tho organiza
tion and election of Secretary. Tho following exhibit, therefore, shows tho number of officers required and serving:

No. rtqulrot*. No. mMu.

County School ConiuiumloauiN ................................................... 13i*.

133

Motntira of County ito&nt of folarution.. ...

... ...I/iDl

TnuUM......................................................................................... 3.*73

1,`iCC 3.0GS

In tho selection of those officers, tho people wore urged, in cir cular letter from this office, dated December 12, 1870, (hereto
appended, marked "A ") which was distributed to leading citizens in every county, and by personal communication in several coun
ties, to select intelligent and influential citizens and property own ers to fill those positions.
In most instances tho result has boon most satisfactory, and in very few counties could better men bo selected for this most responsible duty. Especially is this tho case in regard to tho
County Board of Education aud County School Commissioners*^ those who were opposed to the system, or who took no interest in tho matter, having generally resigned or declined to serve.
Notwithstanding the above facts aro exactly as stated, yet, for various reasons, there ha* boon very little accomplished in many

BCHOOL COMMIBSIONEK'h !IEIX)IIT.



couutios, it boing frequently impossible to obtain a quorum at the mootings of tho County Board, and, at full mootings, difficult to
secure tho nccessarr definite action. This has resulted from doi'ocU, or supposed defects, in the law, the small amount of school fund, and principally from want of confidence in tho permanency
of tho system. The splendid results Accomplished in many of the
counties show what could have boon done iu most of thorn by the same united and intelligent action.
Ono of the first difficulties encountered was tho entire want of information, and confused condition of the names, numbers aud boundaries of the Georgia Militia Districts, the most important
subdivisions of territory for school purposes. I attempted to pro vide for this contingency by circular letter of December 12, 1S70,
from this office, (hereto appended, marked " B ") calling upon tho
County Ordinaries for deunite and official information on all those points. Only about forty (40) responded, and verv few of theso gave all tho information required. Tho fact is, that iu a great
number of counties thoro is no record whatever of tho establish ment and formation, boundaries, etc., of militia districts; and
though tho law required a transcript of tho records of tho Inferior Court to bo filed in tho Executive office at tho capital, showing the order of tho court, forming the districts and establishing thoir
boundaries, such transcripts never have boon furnished, or at least there is no record of thorn to be found. Tho only record to bo
found is a book purporting to give the official numbers and coun ties in which tho districts are; but besides being confused and
incomplete, it is found to bo utterly unreliable os showing the numbers and location of tho districts as recognized and reported
in tho various counties. According to this record, there are twelve hundred and fifty-one (1251) militia districts. The complete re
turns from tho oounties show that, including seven, (7) which aro
reported as words, there are really but eleven hundred and thirtysix (1136) Georgia Militia Districts, and in many instances two or
moro of theso boar tho same number. Tho following is a list of such os have already come to my notice,
and thoro ore doubtless many more:

Tho 32d Georgia Militia District is in Camden, and also iu
Charlton.
The 356th Georgia Militia District is in Twiggs, and also in Wilkinson.
The 404th Georgia Militia District is in Crawford, and also in
U m. >o 542d Georgia Militia District is in Houston, and also in
Pulaski.
Tho 603d Georgia Militia District is in Coweta, and also in Heard.
Tho 752d Georgia Militia District is in Douglas, aud also in
Habersham.
Tho 757th Georgia Militia District is in Campbell, and also in Macon.

8

SCHOOL COMMISHIONEIt'B REPORT.

Tho 770th Georgia Militia District is in Chattooga, and also in
Macon. Tho 792d Georgia Militia District is in Cherokee, and also in
Heard. Tho 900th Georgia Militia District is in Baker, and also in
Lumpkin. Tho 90*lth Georgia Militia District is in Talbot, and also in
Echols. The 934th Georgia Militia District is in Harris, and also in
Randolph. Tho 9C0th Georgia Militia District is in Dado, and also in
"Walker. Tho 962d Georgia Militia District is in Chattooga, and also in
FI "i. io 971st Georgia Militia District is in Baker, and also in
Walker. Tho 992d Georgia Militia District is in Cobb, and also in
Coweta.

Taking theso sixteen (16) coses into tho account, tho excess of numbers over the districts shows that there must bo one huudrod
and thirty-one (131) numbers, at least, that no longer have dis tricts (known and recognized to correspond, or that are known
by any of those numbers. Theso facts, and tho system of num bering adopted, have led to tho most wonderful ignorance of tho
whole matter. Very few citizens in any county can toll how many militia dis
tricts there are in the county, much less tho oflicial numbers, loca tion or boundaries of such districts.
Tho Commissioner of Public Works has been endeavoring for two years to obtain reliable data for tho purpose of showing tho
militia district* noon the very complete nii invaluable mans no is >roparing of each county in tho State. Until recently no had )oen unable to man tho militia districts, except iu ono county. 1
mvo been able to furnish him tho necessary facts to complete a ow other counties, and hope by persevering effort to complete
them all. When perfected, ns contemplated by him, these maps
will be of inestimable value and an honor to tho State. Tho next serious difficulty encountered resulted from defects in
tho law, which is in such general terms, and, in somo instances, in
such indefinite and ambiguous language, that it was frequently
misinterpreted; as, for instance, officers were elected in somo in stances without regard to tho territorial divisions, ns specified in
the law, etc. To provide as far as possible against theso different interpretations, ns already reported, and such as wore evident in the future, circular number ono (1) was issued from this office on
tho 18th day of January, ns approved by tho State Board of Ed
ucation (copy hereto appended, marked MC;") also, at the somo time, circular number two (2) from this office was issued, giving instructions for tho examination of teachers, (copy hereto ap-

hciiool oommihsiokhu'k icetort.

9

pondod, marked "D.") On tho 23d of February, I publiahod a circular letter of matnictions to Hchool olBoers, nketchin^ a plan
of operations, adrisinK union with private school outerprisos, tho absorption of private schools, teachers and buildings into tho common school system, and fixing tho beginning of the scholastic
year on September 1st, that being about the time schools would commence after tho long summer vacation, and give time for col lecting tho reports and statistics for use of tho General Assembly, (copy of circular letter of February 23 hereto appended, marked
*4 E. ; Tho question was raised very early ns to the power granted to
tho County Board of Education, in tho 31st section of tho act, it being very generally contended that, although it conferred upon the boara the power to levy taxes for providing school-houses and school conveniences, it conferred no power to levy taxes for the purpose of paving salaries of teachers. Upon an appeal from the County Board of Richmond county, the matter was referred to the Attorney-General, who gave hw opinion that power to levy taxes for payment of teachers was not granted in tho act of Octo ber 13,1870. The matter was brought before the State Board of Education, when it was found they were divided in opinion; and, inasmuch as the law in any cose left the exorcise of such power optional with tho County Boards, the opinion of the AttorneyCfcnoral--concurred in by the Comptroller-General--together with
tho opinion of the majority of tho State Board, were publisho^in circular number three (3) from this office. May 10, 1871, and Ihe matter, with these opinions before them, left to the discretion of tho County Boards, (copy of circular number three (3) hereto ap pended, marked "F.")
Of course this attacked the law at a vital point; for, without
such power and action bv tho County Boards, tho fund for tho actual support of schools was restricted to that provided in the 13d section of the act--tho State fund proper. It was well known that this would not much exceed $*100,000, without additional ap
propriations, and that it was inadequate to support schools for a term of three (3) months.
With this new of the condition of affairs, the County Boards were inclined to suspend all further effort until the law could be amended, as there was a general feeling of distrust and fear that no money would bo received from the State. They were disin clined to levy taxes for tho erection of school buildings in which they had no means to maintain schools for a reasonable time, and no power to raise funds. Many counties have retained this view of the matter to the present time.
Many counties, however, felt tho imperative necessity of action, and desired to accomplish all that was possible under the law. I, therefore, recommended that schools be established, and that the State fund bo supplemented by subscriptions of tho natrons of each school, so ns to maintain free schools for a term of throe (3) months. (Sec circular letter of July 21st, hereto appended, and
marked u O.")

10

SCHOOL COM MISSION Ed's IlKl'OKT.

Tho most of tho mIiooIh have l>oou ostahliiihcil upon this piau,
with tho expectation that tho money belonging to tho School Fund would approxtmate ono dollar ($1) for each child of school ago,
and that the General Assembly would make Hulhcicut additional appropriations to provide a support for tho schools for three (3)
months. The cities of Atlanta, Columbus and Savannah, with tho county
of Chatham, have each an organized board of education under social acts. In tho city of Atlanta, under Kpccial act approved
September 30, 1870; iu tho city of Columbus, under act axHontcd to December 2-S, 1833; in tho city of Savannah aud county of
Chatham, under act approved March 21, 18t50, amended by act asaented to December Is, 1S6C.
In tho citie* of Atlanta and Columbia, tho Board of Education
i elected by tho City Council; in Savannah, tho Board in solf-pornotuating, except three (3) mombera, who are appointed annually iiy tho Mayor.
Tho general act, approved October 13,1870, did not tako cogni zance of theso special acts, nor proscribo tho manner by which
they should be made to harmonize, nor did it provide that tho duties roauired of officers, under tho general act. should also bo performed by officers under those special act*. To secure har mony and such action as was j>OHsiblo, therefore, a full corps of
officers was elected for tho counties of Bibb and Muscogee, in cluding tho eitics of Atlanta and Columbus, respectively, us required by the general act
' Tho County Board of Education were advised simply to supple ment tho action of tho City Boards so far oh tho cities wore con
cerned, just as might be ueceHsary to carry out tho provisions of the general act, until, by further legislation! tho laws could bo made to harmonize. Such action has been had, and in tho city of
Atlanta preparations aro making for the establishment of a tnorongh system of graded schools--tho city of Columbus having, in addition to tho splendid system of graded schools for white chil dren, already provided, in part, for tho colored children.
From thd city of Savannah and county of Chatham, partial re
turns wore received and no organization was obtained under the general act From a complication of adverse circumstances, it was found impracticable to sccuro such organization by appoint ments, without bringing about conflict between tho two organiza tions, detrimental to tho magnificent public schools already estab
lished by tho existing Board of Education, and injurious to tho
public school interests. School alTairs have, therefore, in that county, been left entirely in tho hands of the old board, which has
consented, through its secretary, to make the reports and enum eration return* required by tho general act, believing that tho
General Assembly would authorize an apportionment of State fund to Chatham' county upon such returns. No publio schools
for colored children have been established in that county, but it is believed tho established authorities will make such pro-

SCHOOL COMMUMIONEIl'fi KEl'OUT.

11

viftiou tu* in jkkhiI>I 80 hoou on tho lawn aro ua<Io lo harmoiiizv
and tho StAte-nid if) apportioned to that county. In roaponH to uutneroua appcdA, a circular of general Hchool
btatiAticti. illitoracy, etc., wiu publihod for tho information of school othcent. (So circular letter of Juno loth, hereto appended,
and marked " H."; Section 5 of tho act of October 13th, 1S70, required tho State
Board of Education to proHcribo tho text-book)) and boob) of rcforonco to bo uacd in tho common kcIiooIh of tho State.
By tho kindneMH of the publishers, thin ollico was sappliod with all tho beat text-book* in uho, for tho examination of the board,
and library of this olheo. Information was sought of all tho County School CommimiionorH and prominent teacher* in the State, and reportf) wore rocoivod from eighty (SO) oouutiea, of all tho
book* m uho, thono in moat gonor&l uho, and thoso preferred. Those facts, together with tho books, wore laid boforo the board,
and after oaroful consideration, a series of text-books was pro scribed for use, and Arrangements wore made with tho publishers
to supply them for introduction until Novombor 1st, at half tho usual retail rates. School officers were notified by circular of
books proscribed, and arrangements made with the publishers.
/See circular number four (4) hereto attached and marked " I.") These books havo been largely introduced into tho schools, both
publio and private, and are reported to give satisfaction. Most of them had previously boon in use in many of tho private schools
of tho State. Suitable school registers to gather and preserve tho most im
portant school statistics have been supplied from this office, and
furnished to the trustees for all tho common schools as fast os re quired.
Tho necessary blanks have boon prepared and distributed for conducting all tbo business of the school organization, viz: Blank
Certificates for tax levy, Teachers' Certificates (for licensing teach ers,) Teachers' Contracts, Teachers' Reports, Teachers' Accounts. Annual Reports of Trustees, Annual Reports of County School Commissioners, Trustees' Returns of Enumeration and County
Commissioners' Consolidated Return of Enumeration, etc. (A copy of each is hereto appended.)
The annual reports provided for obtaining full and complete statistics of all tho educational institutions in the State, both pub
lio and private, and if they had been promptly filled and returned to this office, as roauired, I might havo furnished the General As sembly the most reliable statistics it is possible to obtain. Tho
ontiro'inoxporienc of school officers, the absence of proper rocorda
of educational work performed, the want of system, and familiarity with records and reports, on the part of teachers and school offi cer* : all theso have prevented any great measure of success in
my efforts to obtain such statistics. Tho statistics obtained ore therefor very incomplete, but I am satisfied that the effort has
been productive of groat good in arousing a proper interest and

12

HCHOOL COMiHHHIONEU'S REPOUT.

diroctio^ attention to tho propor (Into, to bo recorded and in tho experience gained, which I trust will result in reaHonably complete and reliable Htatir.ticH another year. Thc.no Mtatiatice are invalua ble ; they show definitely the work accompliHliod, and what is yet to bo done, and whether tho investment has been a profitable ono or not We can havo but a very indefinite understanding of tho whole matter without them.
The immense correspondence and laborious offico duties im posed upon me havo prevented such general canvass of the State ns was desirable. I have done what I could., Tho labor involved in tho preparation of blanks, instruct ions, etc., nos been very great. I have traveled seven thousand ono hundred and eight (7,10S> miles by rail upon official business, and two hundred ana fifty ^250) miles bv wagon. Besides general business accomplished, ! have mot and advised with school officers in twenty-eight (28) counties, and have delivered twenty-two (22) addresses. I have received moro than seventeen hundred (1.700) letters bosido tho reports and returns. I havo written eighteen hundred and forty-seven (1,8*17) letters, and havo preserved complete and perfect record of the entire correspondence. I have distributed 2,450 copies of school law, and 1,250 copies of tho acts of the General Assembly of 1870, including the school law. I have distributed 8,500 copies of the various circulars and circular letters. I have prepared and distributed 38,000 copies of the various blanks for returns, reports, etc., and 2,230 copies of White's School Register.
No school funds or property havo come into tho hands of tho State Board. In very low counties havo any taxes been levied for school purposes, and very little of the amount levied has been col lected. The Old Academy Funds are hold and controlled, so far as reported, by local trustees, independent of the common school officer*; such funds will generally bo used to supplement other funds for tho support of the common schools, but additional legis lation may bo necessary to secure such result in all cases. I have been unable to obtain a report of the amount and disposition of such funds.
The School Fund, which may therefore bo used for the support of common schools, is that sot apart by the act of October 13, 1870.
The Comptroller-General reports that there hod been paid into the troasurv, up to October 1, 1870, moneys !>clonging to the School Flint! as follows, viz:

Fw.ro poll Ux of vm.......................................................................................* W.4S5 Cl
Fmm poll ux of IWW....................................................................................... 0*298 16
IVoiu poll Ux oflH70....................................................................................... W.601 67 From nil nonroaa XMpt poll tax, nhowu by Cainptrolltr'N roiort for
*8* to and *70.......................................... : ...................................... oi.aoo 78 From liquor tux nml t(iv on *hn\v*, from Jiinoury 1 to October 1, 1871... '26,516 87

W27.0S3 <X>

SCHOOL COMMLSKIOM:k'H IXIvKT.

13

'rbi ha* b#u lYvill iuto t)i* tnmnry by tb Imwn nf th* W* -torti V Atlnntlo linilrond, to OfltoW 1. 1H*1. th* NUm of 5210,3*/) TV, our
half of which talnnKK to tbn School l,'uiul.................................. SlOo, V.0 St> Th* intr**t uccmin^ lo School Fond ou bomht (V*pO*it<Kl lo mMON It,
uudar not npnrovrd July 28, l^TO, ia unknown.
Total amount tanain^ to th* crllt of School Fund, lea* ltit< rc*t on
bond*.......................................................................................................5432.2S2 l*

In addition to tho above, thoro is in tho hands of tho Honorable tho Socrotary of State, bonds iwiuod under net approved December
11,1S58, to tho amount of $350,000, $150,000 burned November 1,
1859, and $*200,000 iiumod Novemlxr L 1SG0. This money in. by the act, constituted a permanent School Fund, on which th'e State shall pay an annual intercut of six per cent for current oxpcnsoH of schools, and for which tho faith and honor of tho State HtandH pledged. Tho interest has boon paid, or at least the coupons havo been detached, for tho interest duo Novombor 1, 1800, on tho
bonds issued in 1859. Tho interest is therefore due and coupons
unpaid for tho whole amount of thoso bonds ($350,000,) for oleven (11) years, making amount now duo. and that should bo available
for current expenses of schools, $231,000.
Tho returns of tho enumeration of scholastic population wore required by law to bo made to this office on or boforo November 1; therefore no apportionment of School Fund has or could bo mode. Tho returns arc now coming in, and tho apportionment of School
Fnnd can soon be made, and money distributed for support of schools that have already been established, or Uiat shall bo in
operation before August 31,1872. Thoro has boon paid for expenses of this office as follows, to
October 1,1871, viz:

For *alnry of Slat* School Oniml*uon*r........................ ............................. 52.341 62

TravtUnK exp*!!*** of Sut* School CommUMtonar........... .......................... ..

SO

Salary of dark, 10 month* .

1,000 00

I'oatAR*, SCO............................................................................................ 3VT 1H>

FraishL axpr***, toltgramn, *U>............................................................ .......... 248 3H

Atlanta N*w Km, circular*, hlanks *lc............................................................. l.KW HO

Wilnon. llmklo .V Co., school Wtfhtcm.

l.Vi7 .V'.

R. P. Studies' A Co., stationary......................................................................... 1*5 00

Phillip* A Crvr, stationary...................................... ................. ......................... I1H

Auf{ul Fl*h, 2,600 coplm ncbool law............................................................... 125 00

Total exptuiwa to October 1. 1871................................................... 58,308 31

The number of common schools established in tho Slate up to August 31,1870, (tho date of annual report) and including the public schools of Savannah and Columbus, was as follows (08
counties:)

White ochools--Rnulwl. r.T --rulm*1, CG2 -Total,. ., .................... Color**! Hchool* unwind, 11 -mtxo*!. 8<1 Total........................ .................. Nunitrof nnpilH whit*, male, 18,145--F*tual*. 1(1,413 Total .
Number of ruplla-color**!, tualr, 2.6(12 Ftmal*. 2.046 TotaL...

"It* t*" 34.658
6.208

14

SCHOOL COJOUNHOXElt'B HEIGHT.

Number of pupila and branohcR Uught:

MphftU't................................... Srwlhnc............................................................ .. ......

Writim; ............ ............................................... .........

Arithmctm (mcntnl). ... .

......... .

Arithmetic (wrilUin).......................... ...................................

(.nfti'Tmtihv.......................................... .............................

Grtuunuir........... ................................................... .........

Hi^lwr l>ntDflhrN...................................................................

unit*. Color*v

im 2j.r.in 1S.512
13,271
2,fi7H I0,32i 4,9*4 ).4M

1.271
3.0V4
1,992
1,2*2 r'.>H TJ'J :,<*>
2*9 12

From oiticml ftiatemontM mndo to Our ollico by tbo County School CommintiionerH in ninety-nine counties, to dele, there have, alto gether, boon cKtablihliod the following common Reboot*, under tho
act of October 13,1870, (including tho public nchool* of ColumbuH and Savannah, OKtabliahed under *peci*) act*,) very many of them having commenced since September 1, 1871:

Whllo Kchocla. thirtmm hmulrtd *od d/ty-two..................................... . .. l.Wi

Cotorod ncliool*.two liumlml nml twnty-ono...................

221

Total.....................................................................

1.C73

WUHo |>r.nilit...................................... .................. .......................

Co!or^l jmjjoIc......

11.14''

Total........

?0,CW

Many more will l> ontablished ns fast us teachers anti buildings
ran be obtained. Many counties aro waiting for tho distribution of the School Funds, upon which I am aurarod tho full number of
school* will go into immediate operation. Many private Hchool teachers have failed to respond to inquiries
from this office, or from County Sohool Commissionors, and there fore the report* of tho private schools aro very incomplete. Tho
reports from County Commissioners (sixty-eight counties) show tho following private schools, viz:

Srhook

CS4

490

Cotort Krtwolo.

S7

51

rtmato TrJ>ni

To 1*1.

261

741

2X

70

Mai*.

Whita pupil* ...... .............12,wr.

Colorw papita.....

1.4*5

FmuaU.
11.237 1,636

Total.
53.773 3.021

It has boon impossible to obtain tho number in tho various
branches of study. 1 have the honor to enclose herewith (marked " R ") tables com
piled from tho reports of County Commissioners, arranged by

SCHOOL COMMIhhlONEIt'H IlKTOItT.

16

countios, tihowiDg in detail Huoh Htatifiticfi on have boon gathered regarding school-houses, schools, teachers, pupils, Attendance, sal
aries, etc. Many reports have not been received, and these tables will bo completed hereafter, as the reports aro obtained.
I havo the honor to submit herewith appended (marked " 8 **) the written reports of the County School Commissioners, so far as rocoivod. They but partially exhibit tho arduous labors of theso officers under tho most serious difficulties. In connection with tho statistical roports exhibited in tho tables, they show the suc
cess attained nm interest manifested by them in thoir work. They contain many valuable suggestions and recommendations.
Tho enumeration returns not being due until November 1st,
havo very few of them come to hand. When received, they will furnish very reliable information of tho scholastic population in each school sub-district. The census of 1660 shows a scholastic population, from 6vo to twenty Years of age, of 236,464, out of a total white population of o'Jl.'WO, and n colored and white pop ulation from five to twenty years of age of 424,068, out of a total colored and white population of 1,057,286. Tho present
number of children from six to twenty-ono years of age, estimated in the same proportion as in 1860, and assuming tho same number from six to twenty-ono as from five to twenty years of ago, would give 455,762 out of a total population of 1,184,109. I do not be lieve tho enumeration returns will show so many by some thousands.
It is probable tho complete enumeration returns will be in by tho 15ti instant. I shall then be ready to make the apportionment
of school fund, when notified of tho amount in tho treasury for distribution. I havo long since notified the Governor of tho time tho money would be required, and I trust it muv bo ready as de termined "by act approved July 28th, 1870, ami School Law of
October 13th, 1870. Tho schools have boon organized by tho school officers, aud con
tracts made with teachers, which they have filled in good faith, and
now demand thoir money. The same amount expended has never accompliahod os much in tho State of Georgia. Tho faith and honor of tho State stand pledged to pay those school teachers and officers, And unless tho pledge is redeemed, fully and promptly, the school ayatom will suffer a sovoro and diMaatrous check, and tho State of Georgia will feel it* influence for many a dark day.
I have tho honor to make the following recommendations:

1st That section 15, act approved October 13th, 1870, bo
amended so as to designate each county as a 41 county M <m/y in tho
school organization, and each subdivision of tho county, viz: 'Wards of cities, incorporated towns and Georgia militia districts, or parts of Georgia militia districts, constituted school sub-districts,
as 41 districts," and not sub-diatrict as styled in the existing law. 2d. That members of County Boum# of Education be styled
County Sohool Commissioners, and tho Secretory of said Board bo styled County Superintendent. (See section 15 and 17.)

1C

SCHOOL COMMIHHIOSXK's IICFOKT.

3d. That tho prcKont HVHtcm of unmborin^ tho Georgia militia
diHirtcU bo ch&uged mo m to oumbor tho dintricta iu a county ftorioa, iu oacli county, commencing with tho moitt north weMtorlv dint riot
oh numl>or ono, and numboring them in a regular series from west to cant in succcaHivo tiom, so that tho highest numbered district
shall bo most southeasterly. 4th. That no school district shall bo formed with boundaries
otherwise than corresponding with thoso of wards, towns, and
Georgia militia districts, and that if changes in such boundaries bo needful, it shall be done by united action of school officers and
county officers having authority iu tho matter, so as to keep tho school districts and civil or military districts identical.
5th. That County Ordinaries be required to establish and record, within a reasonable time, tho exact boundaries of each Georgia
militia district by motes and bounds that may easily be mapped. (Amendments to section 10.)
6th. That County Superintendents of schools bo authorized to
examine applicants ana grant license to teachers at such other times and places than those mentioned in section 22, as he may deem for tne best interests of tho schools, such action being sub
ject to tho revision and supervision of tho board at any Habsequont meeting.
7th. That section 31 bo amended so as to grant undoubted authority to tho County Board to levy such tax as may be neces sary, together with State fund, to maintain a sufficient number of
schools for tho admission of such children ns wish to attend sohool, for a term of at least throe (3) months in each year, and that said County Board shall roccommend an additional tsrx suffi
cient to maintain tho schools for at least three (8) months moro in each district, which recommendation shall be voted upon at the
regular annual election of school officers by the qualified electors of each county, and if a majority vote in its favor, the tax shall bo
levied and collected,/jm'iV/cd that such tax shall be uniform for tho whole county, except for such towns, or wards of cities, os may
be included in its limits. Sib. Tho tax laws shall be so amondod as to require the tax re
turns to show tho taxable property in each sohool district. 9th. That section 33 bo amended to require the enumeration to
bo taken from the 1st to 15th of September, instead of October, and that the beginning of the scholastic year be fixed by law as
September 1st. lOth. That any city iu tho State containing a population of not
less than 5,000 "iwroons shall havo tho privilege of securing tho
passngo of a special act, giving to her her pro rata part of tho general fund, providing for her a special system suited to the
general wants of her people, exempting her from the general pro visions of tho school law, excepting such an require equal school
privileges to bo provided for all, and except so much os relates to reports and returns and tho general supervision of the State
Board and tho State Comausaioner.

SCHOOL COMMIHSIONKIt'b llETOUT.

17

11th. That County BoordM of Education bo authorized t pay tho Couulv Suporintondout hucIi compoiiHatiou as they may d*tor< mine in addition to that provided iu aoctiou 27, nuc^i additional
compouMAtion to bo paid only from fundi railed by local taxation.

My roaMonH for tho recommendations aro--

1. Designating each county oh a ochool district in tho law is of no avail. Tho county never in called a district, but always a
county, and tho subdivisions aro almost universally called districts, and will bo by school ofllcors, teachers and pooplo. Tho nomen clature proposed is tho natural ono, and, corresponding with tho
Georgia Militia Districts, tho school districts, tho territory so named will never be misnamed when spokon or written of, and it will give opportunity to designate subdivisions of tho districts as
sub-districts, when necessary, aud tho terms will never bo trans posed.
2. Tho same reasons apply for tho designation of school ofticcru proposed. Tho mombors of tho County Hoard aro now, in spite
of tho law, almost universally styled County Commissioners; oven in tho oloction returns they were generally called County
Commissionors, though thoro is but ono Countv Commissioner under tho law--tho Secretary of tho Hoard, t'ho members of
County Hoard aro Commissionors; they perform Commissioners' duties; they supervise all sohool matters; they levy taxes; thev hold property, etc. Tho Socrotary is tho Superintendent, and Ts almost universally so designated; his title would thus always bo
Sven, and never misunderstood or coufoundod with members of juntv Board. 3. Tho present system of numboring tho Georgia Militia Dis
tricts has led to interminable confusion, as appears from facts horotofore stated in this report. Not ono citizen in ton can toll how many districts there aro in his county, or tho official numbers
of them, or von of his own, or where Ihoy aro situated. Tho numlwrs given servo no purpose whatever, excopt to officials and on official business, and lor that purpose they can never bo relied
upon. The system proposed, it is believed, will remedy tho whole matter; it proposes to change no boundaries, but simply to re number tho districts. Every man, woman and child will soon
learn tho number of districts in tho county, simply from hearing
the highest numbered district mentioned. Every citizen will soon learn tho number of his own district, and, knowing that, will know tho numbers and location of tho others. He will know that all
the lower numbered districts arc north of him, aud nil tho higher
numbers south of him; he knows that tho next lower number is west of him, aud the next highest east of him; ho will know where--or very nearly whore--to liud any district in any county. Tho whole population will soon become familiar with these mat
ters, of which most of thorn now know nothing. It may bo ac
complished by simply requiring tho Ordinaries to re-number tho

18

SCHOOL COMMIKMOSEH'h RSFOltT.

dihtrictu in tho order specified, and record tho xamo in tho recortli* of his court, and nino report tho chaugcK made to tho Executive Department. Of course, tho tax-digests and all official docu ments will thereafter designate them by their now numbers.
4. Tho reasons for Uns provision havo boon furnished by tho operations of tho law. Tho boundaries of districts aro troublo-
Momo lines to got over. Every subdivision multiplies tho difficul ties. All modem legislation on tho subject, all tlio efforts of tho
most experienced school men havo l>oou directed recently to tho
consolidation of tho littlo potty districts, and reduction of number of school officers required. What is called the township system is
fast being established under the efforts of experienced school men as tho most economical and efficient.

In all tho rural district*, where the population is sparse, tho districts should not bo less than six (6) miles square, correspond ing with tho townships of tho North and West This division allows the establishment of graded schools os fast as tho density
of population will permit--two or moro primary schools, and ono contra! school of higher grade in each district Tho small dis
tricts necessitate a mixed or ungraded school in each, and the linos are bars to more convenient arrangements for pupils and schools.
It is found that ono such district is better ami more economically managed by three (3) trustees, oven if there be six (6) or eight (8> schools, than it possibly could bo by as many boards of trustees as there aro schools. Take, for example, the original orgnni/4itiou
of Illinois; about one hundred and twenty (120) counties, with ono County Superintendent for each, these divided into about two thousand townships, with four school officers for each, aud tho
townships into about live school districts each, making ten thou
sand school districts, with throe (3) trustees for each, a total of thirty-eight thousand ono hundred and twenty school officors for
a territory loss than that of Crcorgia, Tho work is done easier
nod better by ono-fifth as many, and better, far better schooh; aro established. Georgia has now, as appears from preceding statomenU, ono thousand two hundred and ninctv-ono sohool districts, including tho towns and ward* of cities. This, even leaving out tho towns and wards, and allowing fifty-eight thousand square miles to tho State, would make tho districts average less than sovon miles square. Tho smaller districts aro generally in tho moro
densely populated sections, and tho largo districts aro in sparsely populated sections, just where they ought to bo, and two or moro
schools can l>o established to much better advantage than if they
were subdivided. Tho almost universal complaint of trustees, as to tho complexity
of tho system and amount of labor to bo performed, will bo hoarcl
no moro when they havo become familiar with tho dutios and learned how to perform thorn, as they may with very littlo intor-
fereuoo with their private affairs. Such complaints aro not heard
elsewhere, oven when much more is required.

SCHOOL COMMlHSIONKIi'8 Itr.rORT.
Tho nchool law and tho achool Hvntom aro and munt bo intimatoly connoctod with all tho afTairH of 'tho 8tato. Tho tax lawa most hnrmonixo with it, or it cannot work amoothly.
UnlcA* tho tax roturna show tho property in oach school district, thoro ia no available way, without extra 'trouble and oxponso, to dotormino tho property which shall build certain houses, or main tain certain schools. Thoro is certainly no moro important, as thoro is no more necessary, parjwHo for which subdivisions of counties are required, than as school districts, and such subdivi sion as will servo for that will be very sure to sorvo for any othor that may bo needed.
5. For this recommendation there need be no argument made. Tho necessity is evident. Very many counties havo no records on the matter, but all tho districts are simply recognized by cousent, and tho boundaries frequently unknown dr unregarded. *
6. If County Superintendents are competent for the i>osition, they aro competent for this duty, and although as a general rule it will bo far bettor to examine applicauts in classes, aud boforo tho county board and public, at the regular quarterly mootings, yot thoro aro frequently oases where it is a hardship to the teacher And a groat inconvenience to tho school that a license cannot b# granted between these meetings. It is very generally requested by County Sohool Commissioners, and I boliovo it will not only work well, but is commonly practiced <! '\'.< r&
7. This amendment is vital to the school system; tho power must be given to some authorized body for this purpose, or tho system is and must bo a failure.
I care very littlo whore tho power is left, so it bo unquestionably granted and dearly defined. I believe ono-lmlf the counties in the State would have levied taxes for a school term of from three to six mouths during the last year if tho power had been unques tioned. I care not if it bo left with tho people, if thev are given the opportunity for a trial of tho system; I am sure they will bo ready. What has been done in Savannah, Columbus, ftomnhis, Nashville and other cities, can bo done in others; what has boon and is being done in Missouri and Virginia, can be done in Geor gia. The annual private schools, however expensive, cannot bosupplanted by three months' free schools; tho term must !> ex tended for such length of time as there is need, to reap tho full benefits of the system. Wo can not run a double machine, both public and private schools for the masses. All tho primary educa tion must bo supplied by the free schools, and then private schools of a higher grade will |>rosj>or. Tho people are hungry for school privileges, and a system that shall supply school facilities at tho most economical rates. They look abroad and see tho magnifi cent results of such a system, and desire to move to tho front of modern civilization and participate in the use of this greatest en gine for human progress known in any time. It is simply a quos-

`20

SCHOOL COMillKSIONKUS |;EI*0]IT.

lion whether iho iuomsom nhall bo onlijzhtoned or 110L They can not bo except with a common school systom. Look nt tho stAtistics of tho past. Only `24,087 whito children nttondccl schools of any
kind in 1800, out of n scholastic population of *230,454 (whito) ani tho number of adult, native whito persons, who could not rood or write, was 45,190, out of an adult native white population of 251,575, or almost 18 jxir cent, an reported in tho census returns,
and the best statisticians add 3(> per cent, to those returns to show
the real truth. I behove tho census roturus of 1870 will show a
atill larger per contago of illiteracy. What may wo not expect when tho returns in my ollico show
that thoro wore only 32o whito children in school during tho laat year in Baldwin county, out of a scholastic population (white) of 948; in Brooks county only 50 out of 745; in Columbia only 253
out of 03*2; iu Habersham only 9G9 out of 1,709; in Liberty only 275 out of SCO; in Lowndes only 351 out of 1,53-1; in Talbot only 045 out of 1,702; in Taylor only*318 out of 1,302; in Worth only 109
out of 931. It is unnecessary to quote those statistics; ihoy aro cout* ucd in tables prepared iu this ollico from the oOiciol returns
>f Tmstoet and County Sohool Commissionors. It is futilo to think it can bo romodiod by a private school system; it has boon tried iu Georgia a hundred years. 1 have discussed all summer
the questions that have been Mottled elsewhere for 20, 30, 40 years or more. I believe tho General Assembly will look tho mattor
square in tho foco and act wisely.

8th. This recommendation needs no argument. 9th. This amendment is intended to complete tho labor of trus
tees iu tho school work before tho busy season commoncos, and also to secure tho Annual Report* of Schools and Annual Returns of Scholastic Population at tho samo time.
10th. It will bo ovident to any one who will examine tho subject, that all towns of that size require a difFcrout machinery from that of tho county districts. Under whatever dilTorcnt laws the States
have established the common school system, nil havo found it nocesKarv to provide a special system for tie* 'owns.
11th. This provision is intendiMl to provide for only u few of tho large and densely populated counties.

Iu o melusion, I havo tho honor to state that I have attempted to establish the school system upon an educational basis oulv, ignor ing nil political, sectarian or other considerations. Schools for all, schools for the manes that shall furnish an ordinary education--
this accomplished, the higher educations! institutions are sure to follow. I nave labored against open and secret opposition, gen
eral apathy, and distrust Without money, aud without Iho power to raise any money, wo have given promises, which, however, have boon founded on tho law. The almost universal change iu public
.scntimoiit regarding a common school system, and tho work accomplished, aro sure iudications of the wants and wishes of tho
people.

SCHOOL OOttMLHinONEU`8 lUU'OBT.

21

I am painfully awnro of many orron* and failuros on my part*;
my acta aro open for public acmtiny ; my oxpondituroii havo noon kept within tho lowoat poiwiblo liniitH. 'it would havo boon wiao
to havo expended more, perhaps, in providing uniform record books for school officors, and publishing additional information.
Th books, records, accounts, expenditures, and vouchers, aro

on file for tho inspection of any one.

With the earnest and sinooro desire that by tho wise action of the General Assembly, tho common school system may be retain

ed, perfected, and firmly established, I havo tne honor to subscribe

mysolf,

Your most obedient servant,

J. R. LEWIS,

State Sohool Commissioner.

APPENDIX.
Mom--T*p*ni from "J" to "Q." ntul tho w.Titton rcjx>ru of County Sohool Coramuttiionorii, "8," nr* oraitUxl in tho print*! report.
(A..)
DmimcsKT or Education, State ok Georgia, Office State School Commissioner, Atlanta, Oa., December 12,1870.
Dear Sir--Boliovinj; that you domro tho mont thorough and prompt execution of the Publio School law enacted by the laat General Asscmbl v, and that it can only be accompliahod bv secur ing active, intelfigont, honest, ami impartial school ofticera, I desire to enlist your sympathies and labors in aid of effort* to secure the choice of such men, at tho election to bo held in each militia district, incorporated town, anti ward of any city, on tho first Saturday in January noxt. Four school officers in each aro to bo elected, viz: Throe School Trustees, to servo three, two, and ono years, respectively, and ono member of County Board of Education, to servo two years.
I trust that political and all other differences will bo made sub ordinate to tho moro important consideration of tho educational interests of tho State, and that in the selection of those officers tho principal questions will bo whether tho enudidato is an earnest and sincere advocate of tho Public School System, and competent to perform tho datios.
You will bear in mind that the County Board of Education aro to elect a Secretary, who is tho County School Commissioner. He is tho only salaried officer in tho system, and tho most important of all.
It is very essential that a wise selection should bo made. Of this office the Suoorintondent of Publio Instruction of Virginia says : " Ho should bo a man of force, purity, education, influence, and popularity. His chief duties consist in explaining tho school Isws, examining and instructing teachers, counseling District Trustees, apportioning funds, auditing accounts, attending to all

24

APPENDIX.

Hchool intorotflN. ami promoting f;caorally a spirit of odacation amon^ tho pooplo. A perfect County Suporiotcndout of SchooU would bo a young man, or middlo-agcd runn, of succoaidul oxporionco an a teacher, pleasant manners, irreproachable character, good speaking abilities, architectural taste, a turn for business, energy, talent, prudence, sound opinions, public spirit, zeal for tho education of the people, and faith in the Public School System. Tho man recommemUil for the ollice should be one who combines
the most of these qualifications, among those whoso services can bo obtained."
The pay of County School Commissioner, as fixed by tho law, is throe dollars ($3) for each day actually employed in tho discharge of tho duties required by the*act, tho "County Hoard having power to determine tho number of days ho shall bo employed.
Tho remuneration should secure a man poHsoKniog many of tho above nualifications.
I sbnil be most happy to co-onornto with you, and all interested, to secure the fullest benefits of tho system for your county, and will cheerfully furnish any information at my command.
I am, veryTespectfolly^ your obedient servant,
J. R, Lewis,
State School Commissioner.

(B.)
DrjwuTMKXT of Edccation, State of Oeohoia, Office. State Sciiool Coxxirhionkr, Atlanta, Ga., December 12,1870.
To---------, Ordinary of--------- ctjnnly, State </ Georyia:
Df.au Sir--I have tho honor to request that you will immedi ately furnish this oflice with a transcript from the records of tho Inferior Court and Court of Ordinary of your county, showing:
1st. The official number, (and name, if any,) date of organization and special boundaries of each militia district, or part of district in your county.
d. Name, date of incorporation and boundaries of each incor porated town and city in yonr county; also, boundaries of each ward in cities.
3d. If the records have been lost or destroyed, please furnish the above information from such other sources as are most reliable.
4th. Please to prepare n duplicate of said report for tho use of the County Board of Education, at its first meeting in the court house, on the first Tuesday in February, 1871, with such additional information as they may require in tho discharge of their duties.

APPENDIX,

25

Thin information w ilcainxl in order to make uch provi*ion an will bo nocoiwiary to aoenro to your county iU full abaro of public znonov, and an early and comploto organization under tho public school ayatom authorized by recent act of General Aiwoxnbly.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient nenrant,
J. R. Lewis,
State School Commiwuonor.

(C.)
CIRCULAR No. 1.
(Approved by StAt* Hoard of Edaoolion, iftnimn- IK, IK71.)
ORGANIZATION AND DUTIES OF COUNTY HOARD OF EDUCATION.
L Until otherwise ordered by County Board, each militia dis trict, incorporated town and ward of any city allall bo considered a aub-diatnut, and entitled to one member of County Board and throo Trustees. (Sections 15,16 and 19.)
2. If any town or ward of a oitv includes all tho territory' of a militia district, it shall be entitled to but ono member of County Board and throe Trustees.
8. If a part only of a militia district is included in tho limits of a town or ward of a city, tho ftmaMst of such district shall bo entitled to a member of tho Countv lk>ard and three Trustees.
A. A majority of tho members o! the County Board, in commis sion, shall constitute a quorum, but if less than a majority of tho Board, authorized by law, wore elected, the Board shall adjourn to some future day to allow vacancies to bo filled by appointment, notifying tho State School Commissioner of such vacancies and date of adjourned meeting. (Section 17.)
5. Vacancies on tho County Board shall be filled by appoint ment of tho Governor. (Section 66, Code of Georgia.)
6. All school officers must be residents of tho sub-district and county in which they are to servo. (Section 126, Code of Georgia.)
7. llie first meeting of tho Board shall be at the Court-house, on tho first Tuesday in February, 1871, and the regular mootings of tho Board shall be held on the first Tuesday of every third month thereafter. The Board may adjourn to any day. (Sections 17 and 18.)
8. Tho Secretary of the Board shall be elected at tho session of tho Board, commencing February 7,1871, and biennially there after. (Sections 17 and 18.)
9. The Board may elect as Secretary cither a member of tho Board or anv other citizen of tho county, bnt bo shall not bo a teacher employed in a common school. (Sections 17 and 18.)

26

AITKNDIX.

10. No member of tho Uourd hIihII havo a vote in any matter
in which ho in personally intorested. 11. Tho Hoard tdialf make immediate official roturna of tho
election of tho Secretary, to tho Secretary of State, and to tho
Clerk of tho Superior Court of tho county. (Code of Georgia.) 12. Tho record-book or journal of the proceeding* of tho Board
ahall allow tho date and hour of each meeting, the namcM of mem ber* present, ami generally every official vote, order, rule, regula
tion, or other action of the Board, tho sumo to bo authenticated, at the close of each oossion, by tho official aignaturo of tho Presi
dent and Secretary, (or, in tho absence of tho Secretary, tho tem
porary clerk.) (Section 17.) 13. * At t hoir first session tho Board shall accurately dotormino
tho boundaries of each sub-district of tho county ns at prosent existing, to-wit: each militia district, to., for which purpose tho
Clerk of tho Court of Ordinary and other county officers will fnrnish tho necessary information. (Section 19.)
14. Tho Board will immediately forward to this office, through tho County School Commissioner, an accurate description of each
sub-district, its boundaries, etc. They shall use county linos, land lines, streams and such othor lines as are woll known and already
mapped, (so far as possible), in such descriptions, and accompany tho samo with a rough drawing or map on which said boundaries
shall bo delineated. 16. Tho Board shall make changes in bounds of sub-districts,
and organize now ones, onlj after a full investigation, and when
thoroughly convinced that tho best interests of tho county roquiro such a change. (Section 19.)
1C. To avoid useless and expensive multiplication of divisions,
ono, two or more schools may be established for both whito and colored pupils in each existing sub-district (Section 19.)
17. Tho Board may establish graded or high schools to include tho pupils of two or 'more sub-districts, to be supjiortod pro rata
by the sub-districts benefited. (Section 21.) 18. Section 38, act approved Octolcr 13,1870, does not apply
to private schools, but only to graded or hifdi schools established
by Countv Board, which Board shall proscribe tho terms or tuition
required for admission to said schools. 19. The Board may loose private school-houses, or othor build
ings, for tho use of the common schools, but tho schools estab lished in said buildings shall be froo to all tho pupils, (either whito or colored, as tho case may l>o,) of such sub-districts, for such
time in each year as the schools are supported by, or receive any portion of public school fund. (Sections 21, 31 and 32.)
20. No school shall bo established or receive any portion of tho
public money which is not accessible to thirty or more pupils of the sub-district, except as provided in section 42 of school law.
(Section 19.j 21. Upon tho recommendation of the Board of Trusteos, or in
default of such recommendation, tho County Board shall, as soon

MTENDIX.
aw pmcticaltlo, prooiaHl to levy a tux upon oacb Mub'dietriot, Midiciout to provi<lo, by purchiuto, erection or lenno, the Decennary Hchool-houMV, etc.,M|>ecifyinK the amount to be rained, the per cent, on tho State tax of the nub-diatrict, and, if ho determined, the unmber of dayn' labor aMHae<l npon tho qualified voters of such
Hub'dintrict. (Seotiont 21 and 31.; 22. The lalnjr that may be required under the aocoud clauac of
section 31, act approved October 13, 1870, shall bo expended un der tho direction of tho County 15oard or Sub-district Board of Trustees, but no labor shall bo required of any voter except di rectly upon the school-house or in preparation of material for the
same. 23. Tho Board shall place in tho hands of tho proper officers of
tho county the official order of the Board for such levy, and tho tax shall be levied in the same manner, and under the same regu lations, as all other county taxes. It shall be collected by'the Tax Collector within tho time specified by the County Board, and paid over to tho County Treasurer to tho crodit of said sub-district or county. (Section 31.)
24. All expenses for fuel for schools, repairing, building or fur nishing school-houses, purchasing or loosing school-house sites, renting school-houses, and all othor expenses of schools, except .salaries of teachers and County School Commissioners, shall be paid from tho fond raised by local tax in the county. (Section 31.)
25. The State Educational Fund, distributed to each county, shall only bo used to pay salaries of toachoni, expenses of County School Commissioner, and expense of taking tho enumeration in contingency arising under tho second clause of section 33, act of October 18, 1870. (Sections 31 and 41.)
20. Tho School Fund arising from tax levied for the erection or purchase of school-houses cannot be used for any other purpose. To enable tho fund to bo used for othor expenses, it must bo so stated in order of tho Board levying tho tax.
27. The provisions of the second clause of section 40, act ap proved October 13, 1870, will be enforced for tho year commencing September 1,1871, and thereafter.
28. In militia diatricU, not having tho number of pupils required to establish ambulatory schools, under section 42, act approved October 13, 1870, the said pupils may, nevertheless, draw their pro tala share of State Fund uudor tho provisions of section 45 of said act
29. The County Board shall not audit or approve any accounts rendered from a private school in localities where, by a strict per formance of their duties under tho law, they could organize a common school.
30. Whoa, in any three militia districts, there are white children enough to comply with the law, sub-district schools may be estab lished for them, and ambulatory schools for the colored children, if so few in number as to come under tho provisions of section 42, and vice vermi.

28

AFPEXDDu

31. Tlio County Board Hlmll havo abHolnto Ruporvihiou and con
trol over tho raD-difttricts of tho county, and may approve, or re
voke and annul, tho acta of tho aub-dwtrict TnwtooH. (SoctionB 15 and 31.)

DITTO* OF COUNTY SCIIOOL COMMIKHIONUItS.

32. Tho County CommiKKionor, if also a mombor of tho County Board, shall have a vote on all quoMtions in which ho is not per
sonally interested, or his decisions in question.
33. llo shall hold public examinations of all applicants for license
to teach in tho county, and before tho County Board at each regu lar time of mooting of said Board at tho county site. Ho may hold such examinations at adjourned or special meetings. Ho
should always invito ono or moro educated persons to assist in said examinations. (Section 32.)
34. He shall conduct said examinations and grant licenses in conformity with Circular No. 2 from this office.
35. He shall inquire into any case of incompotency, immorality, cruelty or general neglect of the business of tho school, on tho nart
of any toachor in the county, and, finding sufficient cause, snail revoke any license hold by such teacher. (Section 28.)
36. Ho shall keep a book, in which ho shall enter tho names of all applicants for examination; also, race or color, ago, residence,
date of examination and grade of cortiticate issued. (Section 22.) 37. Ho shall report annually to tho State School Commissioner,
and at anv other time, if required, tho names of all persons licensed, giving color, ago, residence and grade of certiticato; also, tho num
ber examined to whom no licenses were granted, and names of persons whoso licenses havo been revoked. (Section 24.)
38. He shall visit each school in the county at least once each year, and oftoner if practicable. (Section 25.)
30. Ho shall provide himself with a book, in which he shall note the condition of tho school-house, grounds and out-houses; tho appearance and correctness of tho school register; the efficiency
of the teachers; methods of instruction; tho character, record and
standing of tho pupils; tho branches taught; tho text-books and other appliances used, and tho discipline, government and genera)
condition of such school; and from thoso notos ho shall determ ine and report tho relative grade of merit of each school. (Sec tion 25.)
40. Ho shall givo such instructions and advioo to tho teachers
as he may deem expedient, and shall be tho official adviser of tho school officers of the county. (Section 25.)
41. Ho Khali countersign and approve such orders of County Board of Education, and of tho Trusteos of sub-districts, as may
be approved by tho board, keeping an accurate record of all orders
approved, giving tho date, amount, fund on which drawn--as, State Fund, County Fund--to whom payable, for what paid--as, teach ers' saJarv, school site, erection of school-house, rent of schoolhouse, school-house furniture, etc. (Sections 31 and 41.)

APPENDIX.

20

4*2. Ho Khali require axi itomizoil nocouut to l>o proKcntoil with
each order, which account shall bo numbered to agroo with num
ber of tho order, and shall preserve tho samo as vouchors in his
office. (Sections SI and 41.) 43. Ho shall procure a book, in which ho shall keep a comploto
debit and credit account with tho county, and each sub-district of tho county, showing tho exact condition of tho money transact ions with each, from which ho shall make up tho financial report re quired by tho State School Commissioner. (Section *21.)
44. Ho shall call upon tho County Treasurer, at any time ho
may deem expedient, for a report of nil moneys received into tho treasury for school purposes, tho source from which received,
amounts paid out, and balance on hand. (Section 1*2.) 45. Ho shall distribute promptly all laws, circulars, regulations,
instructions, forms, blanks, etc., wliich ho may receive from, and in accordance with, tho instructions of tho State School Commis
sioner, and shall make timely renuisition for such an may be needed. 46. Ho shall meet each sub-uistrict Board of Trustees at least
once in each year, for consultation and advice, which mootings
shall be held at such times and places in tho sub-district as he may appoint. ^Section 25.)
47. He shall organize, as soon as practicable, a County Teachera* Institute, for the mutual bonoiit of tho teachers and the eleva
tion of the standard of teaching, and general improvement of the condition of tho common schools of his county.
4S. Ho shall report from time to time, to tho State School Com missioner. such matters relating to tho schools of his county and the school work as it may be desirable for him to know, and as will aid him in the performance of his duties. (Section 26.)
49. He shall generally comply with all tho requirements of tho school laws, and rules and regulations prescribed by tho State School Commissioner.
60. He shall carefully preserve all reports and accounts of school officers and teachers, all examination papers of teachers examined
before the County Board, and all documents received from State
School Commissiouer, for use of his office, and at tho close of his official term, or on vacating his office, shall turn them over, with
all books, papors and property belonging to tho office, to his suc
cessor.

DUTIES OP TSUSni*.

51. When no elections havo been hold for sub-district Board of Trustees, they shall bo appointed by tho Governor, and when there are no " remaining Trustees*' to till vacancies, they shal! be ap
pointed in the same manner. (Section 29, Code of Georgia.) 52. Within five days after being notified of their election, they
shall meet and organize by electing ono of thoir members as chair man, and ono as clerk. They Hlmll also ndminiMtor tho oath of office to each othor, record of which hlmll l>o entered in a journal

30

APPENDIX.

of tho procoodingH of tho board, toKothor with a comploto rcoonl

of nil luoctinK* of tho board; and nil traunnctionH thereat to l>

ftnUaentieetea to the signttnro of unr tw. mcmboni. (Sections 29

and 34^1

53. The Truatoes Hlmll meet ae often ns tho btnttncfw of tho

sub-distnet nhull demand, and when reqnircd by tho Clerk, any

two memboni. or tho County School Coinminnioner. (Section 24/)

54. If any Trustee Khali refuse or fail to attend any three con-

sccutivo incotin^H of tho Board without xntiftnetory explanation,

lie nliall lo connidcrcd ns having vacated his ollice, and the remain-

)D(C TruHtoos hlmll proceed to Appoint Ium snccessor.

53. They shall proceed, an noon an practicable, after their or-

ganixation, to socure, by gift, grant, purchaMc,

or otherwise,

the school-sites and school-houses required in the sub-dintrict, con-

Kulting with tho inlmbiiautH and talcing into consideration tho

number, locality, convenience and comfort of tho children of school

ago, having duo regard to tho future. (Section 31.)

50. They may call public meetings of the qualified voters of

the Hub-districtM, whenever they may deem it advisable, for consul

tation and consideration of school matters. (Section 84.)

57. All school property, in whatever manner procured by sub-

district Trustees, shall l>c deeded to County Board of Education.

(Section 20.)

58. They shall make special report of their action, with recom

mendations to the County Board for approval or disapproval,

whenever they may deem it advisable, ana whenever required so

to do bv the County Commissioner. (Section 31.)

59. They shall recommend tho location, number, size, kind and

style of school-houses they may deem it advisable to erect, and

the time, nature and estimated amount of tax necessary to meet

the expenses; ns, also, tho expense for temporary leases, school

furniture, appliances, etc. If tueir recommendations bo approved,

they shall carry the same into effect, under such regulations ns

may be prescribed by the County Board. (Section 31.)

i0. They may, if approved by tho County Board, provide ono

school-house, but with separate rooms for white and colored pu

pils. (Section 32.)

01. They shall niako a written contract with tho teachers em

ployed to tench tho schools in tho sub-district, specifying tho length

of term, compensation per month, and requiring compliance with

all laws and regulations. (Section 80. >

02. They shall visit each school of their sub-district at least

twice in each term, by ono or more of their number, and advise,

assist and counsel with tho teacher for tho best interests, elevation

and improvement of tho schools. (Section 30.)

03. They shall require tho teacher to keep a correct register of

tho school in Hueh form as may bo preHcrilKsl, and to preserve tho

same in good order, and return it to tho sub-district clerk at the

close of each term, or termination of the teacher's c mnection with

the school. (Sections 30 and 35.)

AITKNDIX.

31

C4. They hboll ccrtifr to tho corroctnoiH of Hchool reports rcqniml of teacher* by County ComtnihMoner*, anil to tho correet-
nowi of nuch ncooont* a* Uio)' may present for Horvicos rondorod. They Khali approve no account* until all report* have boon made a* required by law and regulation*. (Section* 30 and 35.)
65. They may, with tho approval of tho County Board, employ teacher* upon the credit of tho fund due the sub*dintrict, at tho ond of tho year, but in no case Khali they approve voucher* for such services to a greater amount than tho wura that Khali l>o in, or due, the county treasury at tho end of tho school year in which such aorvicoH ore rendered.
6G. When two or more Hchool* are established in a Hub-district, tho Trnatoes Khali determine (subject to appeal) which school a a pupil i* entitled to attend, and no dUoriimimtion nhall he made
between said *chool* a* regards school*house*, and fixture*, and tho attainment* and abilities of teacher*, length of torm. time. to.
67. Tho record*, book*, paper*, etc., pertaining to tho Board of
Truatees *hall bo retained and preserved by the Clerk of the Board, and Khali be turned over to hi* *ueee**or in good order upon hi*
vacating the ollice. 68. Tho Trustee* Hlmll make all tho report*, and generally per
form all the duties required of them by tho law nnd regulation*, and conscientiously lalwr for the benefit of tho community as they would if called to perform jury, military or any other public duty.

gexkiul normucnoN*.

60. Whenever in tho law tho number of pupils is mentioned, a*
in section* 10, 37 nnd 4*2, it *hal! l*o taken to mean that number each of white and colored pupil*, ami whenever "a school" is
mentioned, it nluill he taken to moan a Hchool for each race. 70. Teachers shall bo employed by tho month, tho componHa-
tion to bo graded in proportion to tho'qualification* and ability of
the toachor, grade and *i/.o of tho Hchool and importance of work
to l>o done, a* may bo agreed upon by Trustee* and teacher. 71. Toachor* may bo paid at tho end of each month, but pref
erable at tho end of each term, a* may bo agreed upon.
72. By "graded schools " is meant a uchool with ono department only, in which all tho pupils aro about equally advanced in tho branches taught, or ono with two or moro department*, in which tho pupil* aro cla**itlcd according to tho branches taught, and their standing in each branch.
73. Tho County Board of Education has power to create a larger number of sub-district* than there aro existing subdivision*
of the county, but they should preferably seek to oqualizo existing
subdivision* and look 'carefully to a just and economical adminis tration of school affair*. No additional sub-district should be created unlo** some actual benefit to the community is to ouhuc.
74. Tho text-books proscribed by tho State Board of Education
shall be used in all tho common schools of tho State.

32

APPENDIX*

75. Pupil* from ono Hiib-diMtrict may bo udmittod to tho Hchooln of another on Mich toricK oh tlc two Bonrdrt of TruBtoon may ngroo.
70. Tho Bohooln hlmll bo mnintniued at IouhI throo months in tho year, and if tho State fund is inHutTiciont for thoir support for that length of time, tho Countv Board shall levy a tax on tho county nnd sub*districts for tho deficiency.
77. *Tho Trustees may recommend and tho County Board may levy a tax to pay salaries of teachers, nnd maintain the Hchools for such time in each year as in their entimntion the uconvcnionco nnd prosperity of tho schools within their districts" require.
78. All common school funds, from whatever source received, shall !>o turned over to, and held by, tho County Treasurer.
70. Tho County Board has authority to take possesHiou of all school property belonging to tho county, or sub-district*, or that may be legally transferred to them; this does not, however, givo them control over any property belonging to other counties.
SO. Tho County Board should petition tho Ordinary of tho county to establish tho boundaries of sub-districta as they may bo determined upon by an order of tho Court, whoro no record of such boundaries can be found in tho Ordinary's otTico, but said subdiatrict is recognized as a militia district.
J. It. Lewis,
State School Commisaionor.

Ncrr.--Ucfronr* in (yronthnson n]>)H*u(W to crUin A<'cti<uui rrf*>r to Uio "Act to rotaMinh a Syotom of I'uMn* Inatrnction," Approves] Octolwr 13. Ib70.

CD.)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS.
Every precaution should bo taken to make tho examinations fair and just, and to prevent any candidate receiving, through dishon est means, a certificate which ho does not strictly deserve. To this ond tho following instructions will lie observed:
1. Candidates will bo notified, as soon a* practicable after their application, of the place and time tho examination will bo hold.
*2. A now set of questions will b prepared, under tho direction of tho Connty School Commis-ioncr, for each examination, and ton or moro questions will bo given in eacli study.
3. Examine all of the enndidates at one tiiuo, and upon one sub ject at a time--all being provided with pon, ink nnd pnj>cr.
4. State tho questions distinctly, and require tho answers to bo written before the next question is proposed; or all the questions on tho branch under examination may bo printed and distributed to tho candidates; or they may bo written on tho blackboard where all may see thorn.

ATTKNDIX.

33

5. Do not propose, write or distribute tho questions ou Uio sec

ond study until nil Uie questions of tho first sot havo boon answered

nnd collected, and so ou to tho last. C. Allow no candidate to leave Uio room or communicate with

any other person while tho examination in any ono branch is in

progress. 7. In addition to tho written examination, each candidate should

bo required to answer orally such othor questions as may bo neces

sary to accurately determine tho grade of certificate to which ho

is entitled. 8. Mark each answer on tho scale of 10, according to its worth.
Those entirely incorrect mark 0; those porfoet mark 10. and to all

others givo an intermediate value, according to the merits of each.

The sum of the marks thus given to ten answers in one branch will be the grade required in the ncale of 100, or one-half tho sum

of tho marlw thus given to twenty answers, and proportionately of

any othor number of answers. 0. Tho special average of each candidate in each branch, and

his general average in all, will bo thus determined.

10. No candidate will bo granted a certificate whose special Average in any ono branch specified in the law is less than 50, or

whose general average is less than 70.

11. No candidate will be granted a certificate for moro than one

year whose special average in anyone branch is less than 70; whoso general average is less than 00, or who has had less than

ono year's experience in teaching. 12. Certificates for throo years will only bo granted to expe

rienced teachers, whose *}>cci<i] average in each branch shall

.! Mil
13. All candidates will bo required to furnish testimonials frt>m

School Trustees, or othor responsible persons, as to thoir moral

character and experience in teaching. 14. Candidates will be examined and granted such credit as they

merit, in the following additional studies and special qualifications,

if they desire and so state in their application, viz: United States History, Algebra, Geometry, Physiology, Natural Philosophy,

Chemistry, Hook-keeping, Music, Drawing, Gymnastics, Elocution,

School Law of Georgia, Theory and Practice of Teaching.

15. County School Commissioners will bear in mind, in prepar ing the questions, that the object of tho examination is simply to

ascertain if tho candidate is qualified to successfully teach a com

mon school.

J. R. Lewis,

State School Commissioner.

3

31

APPENDIX.

(K.)

Detaktment op Education, State op Georgia, Omen State School Cohmihhioner, Atlanta, Ga., February 23,1871.
I)i:ak Sift--I have so many inquiriett ox to tho boat plan for or;'ani/.iuft and eHtablmbiog Common SchooU, under tho act approved October 18, 1870, that I havo thought beat to duplicato tho follow ing letter for general circulation :

U olionM >' lonie in mint! dint (ho Hut* Futiil in not inCtmtal (o utipiiort Uio

ncU'XiL, hut U in nimply lui]i! out by tho StMo nn n protuinni for ouch mk) voiy com*

funuity tht will ontnni^o mnl'r n Kfiioml wyntoui. ninl inniiitniii froo nchooln lor n

oortiim |M>rlion of unoh vr.vr, with tb- onnuninro thnt If nny county or ub^Untrict

h)uUI ko no fnr iu to provftlo

bulMin^n nml umiutniu Uio flrco ochooU for tliw

inonthn of tk< y* nr. thy will tlinl it to tbrir lulvnntnuo to c<inUnuo Uiin much

looker, nml will\ ln . rfally rnino Urn fuuiln. by Iin'dI tax. fur thnt purpono. It U not

inUmitod to take the ninlii work out of the hnroln of the |mh>|>I ; but, on the contrary*,

the principal imrttnn of wbooj fUmln munt le rained by the local nnthoritiea, ami r'e-

Ininnl in tbrir hnniln until ilinburneil by i'nm]M<tent olftcern, choaen by Ui* people for

tliat duty. The ptirolinnis erection, 're|inlr and leanitu; of nchool bmliiiK. and

the entire otiemtion of the achooU, in lalt in ibo Imnda of thene local nuUiorition :

Mich iteiieial reijulatioua nre prencrlbed an will aecure uniformity, co-operation and

oconomy.

The introduction and mtublinhRient of fnM nchooU everywhere will require time,

patience and i*enwvornnre ; they can not h (brsm) upon tho people ; but by the

canicnt work ut eutiiUMiMtic men by the dinneininatiun of information an to thdr in*

tltumre iijMin the mental, moral, phvnical mid flnniii'ial oonilltJon of anv community ;

by attractive ami aueowetfid example^ the jKop'.e muat be led to auui for, oak for,

niul work for the public nchoola.

A (HKiimun nchool Hyetuni in no exporiinent It ceaaed to Imi that many yearn a^o.

Hero iu Gixtrvm we have lnntni''tive and convinel 14; mrldenco of Ita ndvmitaK', in

OnlumhuN and Savainoh. Kut Ui nyntem tnunt not be made burdonaome or omiren.

nive in Ihi Otttuct I.V- ry ndMttNM rnunt be taUeu of nil cviminy noliooln. builduiK'n

and md of every deecriptiou. Whenever there in a nchool liuildintf, whether owned

by local authoritien, tlttMteen or private individual*, lot lUTMlgtrmenUl be nmde to

Kc*ure it. or ita uae, fur public n<*hooI purpi-m m ; let tho tmoUem, If competent, l.o

examined and liccnned by Uio County ConuniwiiotMir; let them be employed bv con

tract with the nchool nftkrrn an (eachern of the public nchool, the a&ine to l* tiiiown

oj>en an a flee nchool for all Uie children of nchool fr nub-<lintrlct, or nuch

imrt of the nulx-dintrict an may be determined by the Trunteen or County Board.

The nchool thun tcouica a jitiblic nchool, under die entire control of the proper an-

thoritien, for nuch term an the Dublin Sciiool Fund will provide. When the public

fund in exhauntnd the free punila, or thone unable to pay tuition, withdraw from the

nchool, and it continue* for tlio rent of the year an a tuition or nnltncriptiim acbool,

all the more nuocennful and economical fur thoae who are to nup|>oit it, Mcauae of the

aid it tian received from publio fund, and every child, rich or pixir, lion received hi*
pro r<iln ahare of publio nchool 1 rivile^en. In the couroe of time Uie public fund in

incrcnned no that the private ncnool in entirely nuperaeded ; publio achool Imildiutca

are erected ; tliene private ncliool buildinir* |>nan into the linndn of the publio au-

tboririm ; tho private acho<d teacher* are abnorbed into, nnd permanently employe<l

in, tho public ochiadn; they no longer work in opponition to each othor, but or^an-
Iao Tenchera' Inntllutea, e^taldinh a profiT**innal r*j>rU r/u c/e*/A, and work together

fur their own lieneflt and for one common end the elevation of the profetMion and

improvement of 111# nohooln.

When any territory, with nufilcient M'holantic population for the mipportof a nchool,

S nnprovitbd with a echoo) budding, and noneewn lie procured otberwUe. let Immc-

dtat" meanurre lie taken to build one. A*corUin Uie numl>er of pnpiln nnd moat con

venient location ; necum by Rift, private nubtcriplinn or puldJo purehoM, the nchool

die ; determine the kind, nU and cent of ivmvtruction of building, and tho kind and

amount of tax to W levied ; make nuch levy amt put it in the handn of Uio Tax Col

lector for coUeollon; make tho ro-piiiiito contnu'tn mid proceed with tbo work at once.

appendix.

35

IfiJ bo

to build a lo# hOtMt, or o&o on u'biob a UI>or tax willbo ovnjjj.

bio, nmko mntnvoi* for anrh motorlal m will ! no*.,ow.nry ; when it i* rooUv, lot tho

Tnutoro mil tho votorn touvtlu'r. R|>|<oiiit eonipotast Smonntrn<lont to diroot th*

Inl>or. Mid, in n fow iUvm, i)m work nwy b romplotMl. In oroctinR now huiMiuK*.

lot ihom )>o |>left<ntlv lomtoil. well vontllntiNl, eMily ivml K<ononiIcal!y warmo<l nud

romfortnUy farniahoA. Taotoful arclillts'turo, oonvonUnco, comfort and Ix'outy, will

attract thr pujulo. jjivo them pride nnd mtormt in the M*hool. make It tnor* my to

oeruro c<njiMtoiit toachorm Mid uonvially Im found to aid in the nupjiorf, economy

nnd offootlvene-- of the echool

School olhrere are nutborlxMl to mtaliliMh achooU ojion tho cre<lit of t)ie fhnd to bo

dintributed thU fall ; but it 1 not d Himldo, nor

jKihcy, to do no, except where

there Im n loml fund on hand nrarlv Mifllciont for thoir Hup|>ort, for if the fund flrt

to bo dlNtribuUMl i ontirelv expendthl in advance, it Involvoe the nK'oeity of cany.

iii on the next yearn work unou credit alao. It will le far letter to continue th

NchooU at now orKnnirJNl and lunintainrd until the Nutumar vamtion. Meantime

every preparation may be completed. platiN thoroughly digeetod, and work com

menced upon a eolhUioAlji.

The beginning of tho acliool year ia (Ix<hI at Srptcmtwr Ut. Any time after that

date the free achoola may be opened, nnd by the time the flmt ((uarter'e aalary la dne.

the money, both from State fund and local tax, ought to lie In the county irewmrr.

If local nutboritiea chooae to levy a local tax nafflolroUy large to replace the money

tliey might ue [ireviona to Septemler Ut, nnd ntill leave enough in the treaimry for

the* next ycar'a ox^nace, it might obviate the dlfUoulty, and be forth* beet inteivMe

of manv oommunitiaa.

Taacnent ehotild invariably be employed by the month, nr term, at a fixed ealary.

They may then l>* |iald ncc<irthng to their Intelligence, <dumti*ii and comjiotrncy.

and the oixe and gra<le of tho nchool, nnd the work to I* done. The tuition NV*tem

in unjnat, wnnteful and extravagant. The compamtivly ignorant and Incompetent

teacher, who will tleaoend to um unworthy mvnun to fill'up hin echiKil, althfKigh Wn*

ofltting hia paplla very UUl*, In well jwi.!, ami fnr l*ey<>nd hindaauvfH ; while the better

and more coin(witent teacher, near by. hanempty benebea, anla rninrmbly inndeijuat*

nalary. I>et the authontieM provide the |ny aiid ptipile, and then m* to it thnt the

Uachar dooa Uii duty.

J. U. Lewis,

Stiito Sciiool CommisMioncr.

(F.)
CIRCULAR Nj. 3.
RESOUTTION OF STATE HOARD OF EDUCATION, OPINION OF MAJORITY OF STATE HOARD OF EDUCATION, AND OPINION OF THE HONOKA RLE ATTORNKY-GKNF.UAL OF APRIL 'JH, la7L CONCURRED IN BY THE HONORABLE COMPTROLLER-GENERAL.
ruKAMat.t and ncaoLtmoN UNANmotraLY ADomcr* by thk nTATK iuaod or xdcca-
TtON, AT A MCJtTIKO or OAm DOAHD. NXM> MAY 10, 1S71.
Whereas, Tho power of tho County Boards of Education, under the act approved October 13,1870, to levy a tax to pay teachorn, wa affirmed by a majority of the State Board of Education in Circular No. 1, office State School Commissioner, approved Janu ary 18, 1871;
And Whereas, Tho official opinion of the Honorable AttorneyGeneral, rendered to the State School Commissioner, April `2S, 1871, which is concurred in by the Honorable Comptroller-Genoral, herewith transmitted, denies such power to tho County Board of Education;

30

APPENDIX*

And WHBBSA.S A majority of tho SUto Doard hold to an opin ion, in mipport of tho ri^lit of Countv Boardn to levy a Ux to pay tonchcni, herewith transmitted, it is by a unanimous vote of tho State Hoard of Kduontion :
IteAolvfd, That the County Boardtt of Education aro loft to tnko auch notion, under tho law nnd tho opinionH horowith transmitted, and Circular Xo. 1, in regard to levying tax to pay teachers, as they may determine for themselves.
Gov. R. B. Bullock, President.
J. R. Lewis, S. S. Com. and Sec'y.

OPINION OF THE MAJORITY OF THE STATE BOARD
OF EDUCATION.
Upon examination of tho school law, and moro especially of tho 31st s tclion thereof, wo aro clearly of opinion that tho Ix>gi*latnro has givon to tho County Board of'Education power to impose such a tax ma will bo sufliciont, in addition to tho distributive share of tho Educational Fund of tho State, to maintain a public school in each district at least throo months in each yonr.
Tho section referred to gives to tho County Board power to levy taxes for " providing fuel for schools, repairing, building or furnish ing school-liouses, purchasing or loosing aohool-houso sites, rent ing school-houses, and makina all other provision* nectmtri/ for Utc convenience awl prosperity of the schooU within their distrirtM." It is contended that these latter words, of tho clause quoted, contino tho power of imposing taxes simply to providing articles of tho character of those proviouslv therein specified--that tho Board may impose a tax for tho objects named, ami for others of /fAr chararter, but for no other--for instance, that a tax may bo imposed to procure a water-bucket or a broom, but not for tho employment of a teacher. It docs not seem necessary to argue, or to demon strate, that a teacher is as necessary to the prmperitv of a school as a school-houso or a water-bucket, and that tie* word* in question aro cumulative and not restrictive or moaniuposs, but are intended to include all tho provisions mvosnary to the prosperity of tho
Schools.
It was not thought nocesoary by the Legislature to designate, in express terms, all tho particulars essential to tho convenience and prosperity of the schools- items of manifest and indisputable nocos ity wore comprised under the general wordn, " making all othor provisions necessary for tho convenience and prosperity of tho schools." This, indeed, is tho most important clause of tho section, comprising all tho particulars enumerated in tho preced ing lines of tlio section, nnd more ; and had the particulars--" pro viding fuel, etc."-- included in tho preceding hues, been omitted, still tho words giving tho Board power to make <ifi provisions

APPENDIX.

37

nocotwarr nnd to levy n tax for that purpose, would have included
thoeo particularly enumerated. The force of the clause in not weakened by enumerating some of tho object*! for which tho Board
can impoae n tax. Tho general oompriaca the particularn. Wo are of opinion, therefore, thnt thin Hoction of the law givca
tho power to the Connty Board, generally, to mako all provinions neceawiry for the convenienco and proeperity of tho Hchoola within their diMtrictn, including the employment of teacher*, and that tho
fond* necewarv for all such expenditure*, above tho diatributivo share of tho State fund, ahoula bo rained by a tax levied a* pro
vided in auction 31. The intention of tho Logiidaturo i* an element to bo taken into
conaideration in construing the law. It certainly wn* not tho
intention to mako tho law a dead-letter by it* own term*. If the
construction obtain* that the Board can levy a tax only for pro viding fuel for school*, etc., nnd not for other objects Deccaaary to tho prosperity of tho achool*, the effect will be, practically, to
defeat or suspend the operation of tho law. By section 40, the County Board and the local trustee* aro required" to make provi sion* for school* for three month* in even* year, under penalty of
being made individually responsible for all losses to the district. Now, it iw not an improbable contingency, that tho distributive share of tho Stato Educational Fund may not bo suflicient to
provide all tho requisite* for tlio prosperity and convenience of tho Hchool*, not particularized in section 3i" It follow* that tho
Board must havo tho power to tax. to supply tho deficiency ; such
power, wo believe,` wn* not implied, but expressly granted in flection 31. It is not to bo supposed that tho legislature would
havo required of tho Board certain duties and at tlio same time withheld tho power to perforin those duties. Under such a con struction of tlio law, it become* a nullity, if not an absurdity--a
nullity, because no fit, prudent and responsible man could bo found" to accept tho office of member of County Board or trustee,
where he may become individually liable in damages for the non
performance of n duty imposed on him by a law which, of itself, ha* rendered tho performance of tlio duty impossible. It cannot
bo supposed that tho Legislature, when it required, under a penalty, that a certain thing should bo dono, intended to deny tlio
moan* of doing it; wo cannot suppose the Legislature would enact,
or tho Governor would approve such on nbsudity.

38

appendix.

OPINION OF THE HON. ATTORNEY-GENERAL, CON CURRED IN BY THE HON. COMPTROLLER-GENERAL.

Attobsky-GexebaUr On icE, State of Geoikjia, Atlanta, April 28, 1871.
Orii../, /{. JjcWt*i Stuff School CounuhtoMier, Atlanta, Ou.:
Sir.--Abscnco from tho city, in tho performance of official dulica in other portioua of tho State, ha.s provonted an earlier roaponao to your communication of the tinit iuHtaut, referring to mo tho communication of John S. Davidson, President of tho Board of Education of Richmond county, boarin^ date 28tb ultimo, nnd I now avail myself of tho earliest opportunity of hubmittin^ to you, in compliance with your request, my written official opinion ujwn tho law involved in tho quoxtionn therein presented.
You inquire, first--Havo tho County Board of Education author ity under tho lawn to levy a tax for auch amount as they may xuppoo will bo ncccMUiry, in addition to tho Stato Fund, to maintain tho schools throo months in each year?
After a critical analysis of Uio law, I am compelled to give it as my opinion that no such authority has been granted by tho Gen eral Assembly to tho Comity Board of Education. Taxation is taking from tho people a portion of their property for tho use of tho Government. Under oor form of government tho jiooplo grant tho power of taxation to tho General Assembly for certain pur poses, and prohibit it for any othor than tho expressed purpose*. This grant of authority is given through tho Constitution, and by reference to section 2?, of tlio " Declaration of Rights," contained in our Constitution, you will find what authority for taxation has been granted tho General Assembly. And by reference to section 28, it will lie seen that tho General Assembly is authorized to del egate that authority to county authorities and municipal corpora tions within thoir territorial limits. Neither the county authoritios nor tho General Assembly can tax tho |>oople, except as the peo ple havo granted to them tho right to do so by tho Constitution. Tho General Assembly baa authority to levy a tax for (slucational purposes, and can, if it thinks pro^sT, delegate that authority to tho County Hoard of Education. This brings us to tho question-- //tt* thr Ornctol A*fnil/l>/ granted authority to the County Hoard qf Education to tax the people: and, if 90,/or what pitrjv*nen, and to what extent? It has granted tho power of taxation to said boards for certain specified purpose*, to-wit: for providing sites for schoolhouftc*, either by lease or purchase; for providing school-houses, cither by routing or building; for repairing and furnishing schoolhouxos;* for providing fuel for the use of schools; and for all ex penses of like character. * Tho extent to which they may impose taxes for thoso purposes is not limited by tho General Assembly, but loft to thoir discretion, as tho amount of money noedod for such improvement* will vary iu tho ditTorcnt counties nnd aub-dis-

APPENDIX.

39

trictn. They aro authorized to levy that tax U|>on tho proportv o( tho district,'and upon tho labor of tho qualified voters, as they may dotormino. (The labor tax ia coiihiueml in answering tho
sixth inquiry.) That authority was grunted to tho boards by section 31, of tho
school law, approved October 13th, 1S70, and which reads as fol
lows :

Sixmo* HI. /1*W /* 7 further

llint it

tU* tuy of tlw TvuMmm, io

th(r rNpctiv0 dUtiVu. to nugotUl* nnl makn, tttuier Mtrii ni2nt aihI r< Ko'.Atx'nn

m th County Hoard or Ednoation may prrecrili#, *;! niMveAerj' contnH*te in rrUumi

to providini; fuel for nchool*. ropninm;. huildlntf or funn**hiuR echwl-houw , j*ur-

ehtoina or la*in(t *chool-hiu<c> rontinir m IuniMkium-**. nd mukiuc nil other

).tovl*ionii neorwwry for tho ooovonianc* ntl |tro])*rity of th* cbooln their

diNtriotn; and th* ftind* for nil nuch wponditur** nluill be n\iwl by a imx lovUd ti|toa

the Umble prot>orty of *nil dintrlrt. nnd by MiMumauC on th* labor of the qualiftet

voter* of the aaine. to nuy !k> doterxninod by the County Donel of Eilucatam; wmI

wherever an aaMwamont ii niado on the labor of any voter. Maid a*MMmout may be

diacharged by labor.

Tho County Boards possess no authority to levy a tax, except such as is granted by that section. It makes an enumeration of tho purposes for which those boards can levy a tax, in which enu meration tho legislators evidently named all tlio purposes of tho character intended to bo embraced which suggested themselves to their minds; but fearing they had omitted something necessary for tho convonionco or prosperity of tho schools, they prevented tho enumeration from being exhaustive by adding the words, " and making all other provisions necessary for the convenience and prosperity of tho schools within thoir districts." Those words, added after tho enumeration, possess no moro force, nor do they grant any greater authority than tho words, " and making all othor provisions of like character," would havo possessed or granted had they been used in lieu thereof. We must not only search through this section to arrive at its meaning, but we must search through tho entire act, and soo if other portions of the act aid us any in construing this section. If this section appears to givo tho County Boards authority to levy taxes for tho convenience and prm/rrihj of the schools, bnt docs not appear to givo them authority to levy taxes to raise a fund with which to tnpjport and maintain tho schools, then wo must soo if any othor section of tho act provides for their Hupjwrt and maintenance. Tho mtpporl and vioinfenrtncc of a school may bo provided for, and yet it may bo without many conveniences which would bo conducive to its prosperity. Section 31 provides for thoso conveniences, bnt what section, if any, provides tho *w/>jiort and maintenance? Section 43 provides for their tapport and maintenance; and when the two sections aro taken together there cannot Im> any doubt as to the proper construction of section 31. Section 43 roods as follows:
SxcrtON 43. Ami he U farther rtmdftl. That for th NQpport nn.l toainUnanoa of Uk> oouunoo achoola of tlila StaCo. ch poll tax, aptcial tax on ahovra ami exhibitions on the *nla of Nplritoon* ami malt liquors tho prooeetl* arising from the commutatioua of military service*, all omlowinonta, ilsviasa, gift* ami boquesta made, or

10

AITKNDIX.

herfiAftnr (o lx mtulo, to tho StntA, or Huto Dowd of KitacnUon. iuy nml all otluea-
tionn] fUmU ami ibcomrN not ImIoukuik ,4' r 'Jw tUa Stato t'DivcrNlty, iuuI ona-half Of tho uot oftnilnK* of the Wostarn A AUnnllo ttodr*Ml, ore hereby oi)propriote<1 to the Stale Common S<'hool Fund; ond it hull Iw tho duty of the Stato itoard of EUu*
ration to dotormino the amount which, in addition to the foM'^oiruf. ahouhl Iw rallied annually hy taxation uj>on all Uo Uxidd* ]rotor1y of the State, and to report annually to the Cioueral AiNdiuhly tho rNtiiuite which thev may And neoenNury to aupi>ort a acbool in every ncliool diatnct in th* Stale, of nl front three tmintlia in each year, in
the mimner provided in thia act, the aamo to Iw apportlotMtl w itli other funda, na heroinafter directed.

Thin nection htArtn out with tho propotiitioc thnt tho nppropri/v-
tionH therein mtulo nro lor tho Kuj/fmrt nud maintenance of tho MohoolM. It npproprinteH oDodinlf of tlio not earniogH of tho
AVohtoro Si Atlnotic Kailrotul.nud nil tho proceed* of cortAiu taxed therein ttpocitiod, for thoir support nod muintennoco ; nnd farthor moro provide* thnt if tho amount thua ruined i* not hutHciont to support nnd maintain tho kcIiooIm fur ut leant three months in each
year, it *hnll bo tho duty of tho Stnto Board of Educntion to do tormino whnt additional amount i* nccc&anrv, nnd report their ostimato annually to tho General AMtotubly. In thi* action, it iu
fully fbown thnt tho General AMUombly ontortainod a doubt, ut tho time they were framing thi* law, oh to tho sufficiency of tho taxcu
therein appropriated for tho uupport of tho school* for throo month*. Kutertainiog that douht, they made it tho duty of tho State Board of Education to invcMtignto tho matter and ascertain whnt additional amount would bo uooded, and report tlio *arno to
tho Legislature; but did not grant, oven to tho Stato Board, any authority to levy taxes to raise tho delieioncv. That high preroga tive was not granted, but reserved, by tho General A**omblv. Section 43 provide* for tho mipport ami maintenance of tho school*
by a tax on all the property within tho State, and Mection 31 lonvou it within the discretion of tho local County Board* n* to how much Mhall bo oxtxmded in their respective counties for uchoolhousoM, furniture for tho same, etc., and authorizes them to low tnxeu for those purposes only. Some localitic* mav desire much finer house*, furniture, convenience**, etc., than other*; and tho
General Assembly ha* very wisely loft all those matter* to tho
County Board*, and authorized them to levy a tax for those pur pose*. There cannot l>o n doubt ns to tho proper con*truction of
section 31, and, when properly construed, it doe* not grant to tho County Boards anv authority to levy a tax to create a fund with
which to support tho schools in tho event the Stato fund is insuf ficient. And even if thcro was a doubt, that doubt, in tho lan guage of tho Supreme Court, would absolve tho tax-payer. It iu nn established rule, uniformly sustained by tho Supromo Court,
that laws imposing taxes mu*t be strictly construed against tho Government and liberally construed in favor of tho tax-payer. In
tlio language of tho Supromo Court, where tho right to levy a tax is claimed, `Vo warrant such a stt//positif/ti, the potcer thus claimed
should uusit manifestly a/rpear to have teen drleyated. Nothinj short f/f express words, or unavoidaUe inference, wilt answer the purpose'*
(Soo Go. R., voL 8, p. 23.)

AITKNDIX.

11

Your accond inquiry is, "Have tho County Boanl of Education authority of their own motion, or upon tho recommendation of sub-district trustees, to levy a tax upon tlio county, or any subdistrict, to maintain tho schools for a longer timo'in each year
than threo months, if they think tho convonionco and prosperity of tho schools require it?" They cannot, and for tho reasons
given in answer to tho first question. Your third inquiry is, "Havo tho Tax Collector and county
officers authority, under tho law, and circulars from this office, to collect whatever tax may bo levied by tho County Board, and to enforce said collection by tho ordinary legal process? " Para graph 1st, section t)37, of the Code ol Georgia, makes it most clearly the duty of tlio Tax Collector to collect and pay over to tho County Treasurer all taxes levied under authority of law by the CountV Board of Education. If tho tax-payora refuse to pay said tax, tlben, under parapraph 5, of section IWY, it is his duty to issue his Ji, /<(. and plac^ it in tho hands of the proper officer, whose duty it is, by virtue of paragraph 10, of section 037 of the Code, to proceed to make tho money as with other tax/. ./Via.
Tho fourth inquiry is, "Have tho County Board of Education authority to nay tho County Commissioner (secretary of tho board/ moro than three dollars per day for his services, tho additional pay to come from local tax levied by tho lionrd?'* Tho compen sation of tlio County Commissioner is fixed by tho 27th section of tho school law, approved October 13th, 1870, at three dollars per day for each day actually employed in the discharge of his duties,
anil tho County Board esn neither increase nor diminish it That section rends ns follows:

Sxr. 27. And i* U fnrihrr mtu'lnl, Thnt ihc >un>l Comity <!oromiAji>onr .hull r*.
olve Ihrre itollnm for acIi Uy n-'tualty employ.'.] m tho dlM-liArtfo nf Uio elution ro<iulre<l by OiU iwt, th kmiia to tx* pmit out of th Kriurntioiial Kmul furnl*h<l tho
Hiunty. * I(U cUlm lor Nortico* Khali Im Oloil in * bill of ncmuntN KiuuMt County lioaru of Educsiufti. snI Im vrrlflod by KlThUvit to th* vfftet thnt tho nltt account M
jut nml troo; thnt tho norvico Uiorolu uaih. .1 ^n* hontMtly nnil fnithfully romtoml. nml thnt thn account thomu clniniMl in rlshtlv <hu *m! romsiiiK uuiNiiil WhonMsiil nocouut aluill Imv* l*oon <tulv nulUc<l hy tho <rouuty llnnnt of K.himUan. tbo County TrnMuror ohsll nay tho aalu ccmnil"iomr out of tho rovonuo afrMiii!: /Yocm/oi,
iHiicrcrr, Tluit tno County Itoa/d of Klucntinu khit 11 lutvo ]owor to dotormiuo tho
nmnlMr of (Ia.vm in each year in which Mil County Commiwiioucr may Ulstr iu tho iwrfonnanco of tho dutirM rw|nirrl of him.
The Connty Board can determine how many days the commis sioner shall devote to his duties, but cannot increase or diminish his per diem.
Tno Jf/th inauiry is, "Is thcro any conflict between sections 21 and 30, of tho law approved October 13th, 1870; or does not sec tion 21 allow the County Boards to take charge directly of any or all graded schools, if they see fit, whether for ono or two, or more sub-districts?" Section 21 reads ns follows;

S*c. 21. And t* Itfurther *tutrt*l. That the County Itoanl of IMucation may cKtabhuh auoh ynttltd nchooU in thoir rvapoctivo coudUck a they may think projMr, w iih

12

AITKNDIX.

full powr in rfc]not io mwb nnliooU to etujiloy, puy niul luuu.'ui t<w>'hflm; to Ixiili!,

mul fimilMh tbn uocomm^' tcbool-houno*, purrlumo or lauo ultm Uivrcfor, r

rant Miltiilile Momm nu<l umke nil other nuomMonr provUloiiH relntivo t< moh orbooU

un they mny iloatn proper. mul tt h ll Ik* thi iluly of nuM lhrl of 1*^ 1111*11(1011 to

OXntrim* nU tbe jioweni 00|iferr*l ou

tniNtn* m rrnpect to NnhnllNtriot m'IiooIn,

ichtntrtr NMof* Jlocof trv*t*** hnU

U>

,* th*ir

in day iiul^dLvtricf, an

rtqvlrttl tty thin tid: nii-lit n1iu1 al*o Im the flirthor 1uty of vM IknioI to ]>rNcrilo

ruia aivI n i^iUttotm for tin* KO\>nmimt of tli<i v'bool* within their jnnniliotiou, roa-

aiati'iit will, ihr rr^ulutlo;.* (irtacrtboi) by the Stuto <%iiuiuUloiier for tbo iiiaimK*

auent of tbo nahio.

TIun soction tirnt proviile for tiMMMtnbliMbmontof ^nulcd KohooU, m> contradintiQ^uihlimi from primary sohooU, mul impOHC* nil duticM
concerning the sumo on the County Board, whether ttaoh graded nchool bo exolaaively within and for one anlMlintrict, or for ono, or two or more nub-dintricU. Tho propriety of thoxo dutien being
placed upon the County Board must l>e conceded, tut ono yrailtd or %/< schoul would in many tuMtancoa nuftico for Kovcral Hub^diatricU.
Too next proviaion of this soction is, that whenever the trustees of a sub-district fail or neglect to perform thoir duties pertaining to Hub-district schools, Ute* thoso duties devolve upon the County
Board. Such aro tlio provisions of section 21, and thoro is no conHict with section 30, which proscribes the duties of the trustees
of tho sob-districts. Tbe Htxlh and last inquiry is, "Have tho Countv Board authority
to levy a labor tax upon all tho voters of nny sub-district for tho erection of school buildings, nnd have they tho same authority to
enforce the working out of said tax as road commmsionors havo to enforce road tax under tho Code of Georgia?" Tho authority of the County Board to assess n tax on the labor of tho qualified
voters of a sub-district is claimed under section 31, above mioted, and in my humblo opinion said section is unconstitutional, null,
and void, in so fur as it attempts to authorize tho assessment of such a tax. It matters not by what name it may bo called ; it is nev
ertheless a capitation or poll tax, which is prohibited by the Con stitution, except iu an amount not exceeding ono dollar.
I am sustained iu this view of tho uucoustitutionality of this
)K>rtion of tlio law by tlio very General Assembly which enacted it. Only eight days after the passage of this law--approved October 18,1870--the General Assembly passed an act, not only repealing, but most condemnatory of tho same. Tho act I allude to, as re pealing nnd condemning ns unconstitutional all such laws, was ap
proved October *21, 1S70, nod is as follows:

Au Act to proliiliit Ilia furtVr violation of IWtlon `Sj, Artlrlo l t>( tho Coimtltation at the Statu of Georgia, mul fixing a jM imlcy thornfor.
Wmonun, Artiola 1, aootioti 23, af t)n CouMtltuttou of thU StAtaprriviiliN tluit "ao
)wll tax nluill )m> liivlnl x*.*|ii for <iiliu*nlional j.iirjH'M-*, niul aurh ta\ alull not exciiol oca ttolUr on oach poll, whlrh tho (i-wiral Ao*otuoly In mithori/oil to nNi nn ;** mut
WnruxAN, Crrtam btHtloa polltii*, ln.v,r|iraii'iti mul loon) nuthoritloa of thin Stat* nra in th ImbU of vlolnllnu mill Couitltnlkin hy aaNt'anlni; mul oolliK'thiK onpitation tnviN un rwttnlniUoti f*os ntmvt tax, 'to., tor romidy whoroof:
SrrrtON J. Jl* ft enaetot by U* IjtMrtU Atttjhblt/of (tt* tiiut* of (l*ot<jUt, Tlmt italiall
livui'i forth Ini nnt i\\ fnl for any connty, city or ritrpoTata authority to awoaa or any mpitntlon tax whatovsTt 0xoa*it atraot tax, mi l tbit only aflor opportunity to work tho at roots.

APPENDIX*

13

See. 'i J> It fnriUrr rwtnl f't/ !hr nuthtrUt/ n/ormiUi, Tbi nil Uw r\Uil )<rU of

law* iu

with *! n.-t Im>, muI (hr maiu* urv Iwrrby n*|Hpnlnl.

Appro%-l October 21, 1MT0.

It in h little rcDmrkable that tho muno Goueral AHHombly nhould juimh a law ou tho 18th nf October, 1870, izoooiDg a ciipiUtion Ul*, or granting to Couuty Boards authority to do ao, and then, on tho Jiat of the Mime mouth, declare all mich laws unconstitutional. It in practically immaterial whether thin portion of tho law, approved October 13/is unconstitutional or not, for in either event, it i* in conilict with tho act of Ootol>or 21, and expreasly repealed thereby. Behoving this portion of tlio law to bo violative of tho ConMitution; and finding, moreover, that it was repealed by tho act of Oc tober 21,1 deem it unnocoaaarv to conitider whether or not thoro was any mode prescribed for the enforcement of its collection.
Vciy respectfully, etc.,
Henry P. Farrow,
Attornoy-Gonoral.

(G.)
Department op Education, State ok Georgia, Office State School Commikmonku, Atlanta, Ga., July 21,1871.
lion. Joltn //. Scab, County ScJtool CommiNsicmrr, Qrtcnetijto`0, Gnrnc County, Gtoryia:
Demi Sir--Yours of tho 20th instant is received. On the 3d of Juno 1 gave you a short and concise statement of tlio amount of State School*Fund to bo distributed this fall. To mako tho matter more plain, I will >av that on the first day of April, 1871, the Comptroller-General reported to me that thoro had been paid in, and was standing to tho credit of tho Stato School Fund, $282,000, which did not include tho poll tax of 1870 and some fow ac counts of 1808 nnd 1860, which would increase the amount several thousand dollars. To that amount may be added tho taxon from tho various sources sot aside for school purposes, which may bo paid in up to tho first of November, and also one-half tlio not profits of tho State Itoad up to November 1, (ten months) which would bo $12.),000--in all amounting to between four hundred and four hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Of course tho money is not in tho treasury, for it was authorized to bo used for othor pur pose* by act approved July 28, 1870; but, in accordance with said act, thcro havo been deposited in tho treasury seven per cent, bonds of tho Stnto to secure the fund, and which bonds aro re quired to bo sold by the Governor to replace tho money when noedod for distribution. I havo no fear but tlmt tbo money will bo ready when wanted. Tho only trouble is tho small amount of

14

APPENDIX.

tho fund, which ou^ht to have boon Biipplomontocl largely by local tnxcN lovio<l in oach connty. I Imvo no doubt tho aoholantic j)op-
ulation (children from 6 to 21) will bo about 400,000; no that tlio
Stato Fund will bo only n little more than one dollar for each child of achool ago; but aa it will bo ixnpoKHiblo for all to attend achool-- tho achool ago including a broad limit--tho money can bo uacd in
oach Hub'diatrict for tho pupila who can attend achool. Now, I do
not boliovo tlmt tho avorago attendance will much oxccod 50 per oont. of tlio whole number. At that rate tho State Fund will furniah fieo dollar* for each pupil in attendance--that ought to aun-
nort moat of tho colored achoola and Homo of tho whito Hchoola lor threo montha. For iuhtanco: a aub-diatrict hna ono hundred
oolorod children of achool ago; a toachor may be employed by tho tmateoa at a monthly aalary of $33 J for threo montha; there might b in attendance upon aaid achool from 40 to CO pupila--juat oa
many oa chooao to come from tho aulwliatriot for which tho achool in catabliahod. Now, if no local tax ia levied, you will nood moro
money from acme aourco to maintain tho moat of tho whito achoola for three montha. Manv countiea will pnrauo thia plan. Tho truatcoa will contract with tfco teacher for throo montna at a apocifiod
aalary, agreeing, however, in tho contract to pay only ko much of Mud aalary from State Fund aa they may Imvo for tho purpose, and tho balance by aubacriptiona of tho patrona of tho acnool. Then, boforo tho achool commencoH, tho patrona who aro able aub-
scribo to pay each hia pro rala ahare of whatever deficiency thoro
may bo in tfio State Fund. For instanbo: a aub-diatrict has ono hundred whito children from aix to twenty-one, and therefor will
probably rocoivo S100 of Stato Fund; tho truateoa contract with tho teacher for throo months at $50 per month; tho State Fund pays for two montha and tho patrona subscribing pay for ono month; if thoro should bo twenty-five of thorn, it would* coat each
an average of $2 for throo montha' achool. Now, by thia plan tho trustees arc safe, oh they only agree to pay what they havo re ceived ; the teacher ia secured for hia aalary--part from tho trus
tees nnd part from patrons, who would have to pay him all of his salary if it were a tuition or private achool--and the patrons aro
certainly relieved of a part of the burden, whatever tho Stato aid
may be, and the achool ia mad free to all for throo montha--thus complying with tlio law, bonofitting tho whole community, nnd en titling the aub-diatrict to ita pro rala share of School l\md next year.
As you report you can establish fifteen or twenty whito schools and manv colored, nnd as you have sixteen Georgia militia dis tricts and throo incorporated towns, I presume you propose to es
tablish at least one achool in each. Do not try to havo too many.
If you have a achool of fifty pupila for each on hundred school children reaidont, you will do well for tho first year.
If competent teachers cannot bo secured for all, lot ono bo em ployed for two or moro achoola, teaching ono for throo montha, and then going directly to another for three montha, ao kooping

AJPPXKDDC.

45

tho ^ood toachor^ employed all tho voar at rooKonablo K&larioa and having f'ood hcIiooIm. Of coumo, whoro a toachor can maintain a school on tho tuition plan, after tho throo montha' froo Hchool in cloned, it ought to bo dono. Noxt year, I havo no doubt, tho Leg islature will provide undoubted authority for local tax, ho that tho eohooU may bo mado froo for six months at least.
Tho intorcMt iu tho common school system is growing largely, and I havo no fear but tho Logislaturo next soHnion will amend tho law and mako it stronger and bettor. Every county iu tho Stato is now organized but seven, and four of thoso sovon soon will bo. In seventy-five counties reporting, thoro will bo 1,824 schools if toachors can bo procured.
Push on tho work! Givo us throo months' froo school, by somo means, in every sub-district in your countv. Tho experiment will bo valuable to you, and from it wo shall all loam something.
I am, yours respectfully,
J. R. Lewis,
Stato School Commissioner.

None. Dujili.'tta 1 for mforoiMioo of ncbool odour*.

(H.)
Department or Education, State of Georgia, Office State School Commissioner, Atlanta Ga., Juno 15, 1871.
Tho following statistical tables arc published in response to numerous inquiries made by school ofticors, and others for inform ation of this character.
No arguments aro convincing unless based upon facts. Xo facta can bo of so much importance, in this connection, as tho general statistics herewith presented.
School officers, and others interentod, are respectfully urged to a careful study and comparison of these figure*, with a view to their use in every wav possible, in tho dissemination of information among the people, and to stimulate, by every means, further investigation, by all classes, and secure greater interest in tho important work committed to thoir hands.
Those tables arc ooudonsed volumes, from which any intelligent person will bo able to seloct an array of facts that will make his arguments iu favor of a public kcuooI system convincing and unanswerable.
They are selected from tho reports of tho United States Com missioner of Education, and wore compiled from tho moat rocont official returns.
J. R. Lewis,
Stato School Commissioner.

TABLE 1.

i l<

(/ acX<rt ,ijt <iUc*dlj a! nr4 cttmJbf uA<*< ml tU admit fCfuleik* olftcrJ<4 cW<h toiJ cui vriit,ly MaUr,/itull<ntniff la

KTAlfX

r*oo. *4iwwnr.

IvWin*-x*K-x.......

<

.

Wk^-........
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TABLE a.
TAe OTM, ijjT&jilf, om! oJ>Ji nofl ;o%i tU f<rcrr^pj< c/ SlUrruy, from V cfns\Li <f IfCO, tfi/A n-j}^ri!U vkic\ JdmnimJ
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................

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TUjI

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m wt
n.tji S3.7J4
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17.00 i.m.ary.
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TABLE 3.
rt itUtisi cf Pttpils a*i TvuXfrr.

SI%TIS

Ali6at........... A'kutaji........ CUlfJCVr* ...
..
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IlAjarte...........
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k'ttWk;. ...
I imHu_A_._.._.. Virj-iA). ...

MW-kUu kfAOr*^

Mt't>* ..

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y. CiTxA^Sr^kx-......

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IW Pvcstfjlrxilj.
lik>V ItUtfl.

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Tr-\n <*<.
VTi-ixrtai*....... ^W.inxe.ia..

IXIS9VMO*5 l*?0
IYJJ

y>.m.............. kwtxioo

m.ijp*.......... ........... is^tao

IMUOTO........................ izc,x

i*r........................ iTifK-

tox.tirs.->>..................................... mJi
...............

M.Vii......................

21

1 31 sxK/>.*4ij

lAcskf' C 51

........................ i itMi*

M......................... 54VI*tl S-Jl

3T.t........................ I.m* C JO

44.01 XW/DO.OOO :iji ft 31
31 >tjom v,->.oy ^M (OKiti J XJ 9.XK. OJiiJ.OJ TISCO/

7^0 I >K *;. I.U7 TM
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Vf0t--33I10t

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17.114|,VAIJA7 4rO.M4 V 21

4X0m.141 X-4 l.4>.UW ft-31
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4.gco...........................j.nsx> ft-31
l.4 217^4 III S I* tija>........................1 '.tpvx ft-JJ 4V40)........................ IJfrM*-

JJ7.2J1 XD.OOO.OCIO ICO-XD ft-M

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ii.xii.................. \.w.rrr.
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I 19
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34T.DO JJT.l'A *.W 313.437

1M.H3 1I4.WC> 0.910

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mwm

1.173 XI JCO 13

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331.133

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>S IO 3 63

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TABLE 4
ScXool Fuvncts.

b7\TC<

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(A Ittrrfrto* R<Mt(x

l`r-'Mtvs- i

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frt+u I Ct --lT9 fr'Oi clH'r

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1T22.TNM I* I :<*,TltX\................ . S1.C31 Ml 4.119 20* Cl

I.TTT^IT M nXCCl OJyJSOOO 00 773.SOC CO XMl SIX U

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50

MTKKDn.

a.)

CIRCULAH No. 4.

LIHT 01' TEST*BOOKS 1'HEKCIllBRD FOB U8E IN THE COMMON SCHOOLS OF THE STATE OF GEORGIA.

Office State School Commissioner,
Atlanta, Ga., Juno 1,1871.

Tho following is puhlishoil for tho iuforrafttion and gnidanco of County School CominisHionors, School Officers, Toaohors, and others interested:
At a mooting of tho State Board of Education of tho State of Georgia, convened at tho office of his Excellency Govornor R. B. Bullock--all tho mombors being present--tho following text-books and books of reference wore adopted, and proscribed for uso in tho Common Schools of tho State, viz.:

Webster's Elomcntnrv Spelling-Book. Bubfished by D. Appleton Si Co., Now York.

Holmes' First Reader. Holmes' Second Reader.
Holmes' Third Reader. Holmes' Fourth Render. Holmes' Fifth Render. Holmes' Sixth or Academic Render. Holmes' History of the United States.
Published by University Publishing Co., Now York.

Parson, Dunton Si Scribner's National System of Penmanship-- Writing Books, 1 to 12.
Payson, Dunton Sc Scribner's National Writing Tablet*--0 num bers. Published by Woolworth, Ainsworth Sc Co.,New York.

Sanford's First Lessons in Analytical Arithmetic. Sanford's Intermediate Analytical Arithmetic.
Sanford's Higher Analytical Arithmetic. Published bv J. B. Lippincott Sc Co., Philadelphia.
Harvey's Elementary Grammar.
Harvey's English Grammar. Published by Wilson, Hinkle Sc Co., Cincinnati.

Donnell's Manual of Prose Composition. Published by John P. Morton Sc Co., Louisville.

Cornell's First Stops in Geography.

AlTENDIX.

51

Cornoll'H Primary Geography. Cornell'* Intermediate Geography.
Corneli'a Grammar School Geography. Cornell's High School Geography anti Atlas. Cornell's Physical Geograph v.
Cornell's Series of Outline \faps, with Key--13 numbers. Published by D. Appleton A Co., Now York.

Webster's Primary School Dictionary.
Webster's Common School Dictionary.
Webster's High School Dictionary. Webster's Academic Dictionary.
Published by Ivison, IMakoman, Taylor A Co., Now York.

Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Published by O. A C.* Merriam, Springfield, Moss.

Tho above books to bo supplied by tho publishers through agents and dealers conveniently for tho people, at " introductory rates," (one-half retail prices,) until November 1,1871; and there after at tho nsual rates.
Tho Board further unanimously recommend, that each schoolhouse be provided with one copy of Webster's Unabridged Dic tionary, one Terrestrial Globe, and a complete series of Cornell'* Outline Map*.
J. R. Lewis,
State School Commissioner.

<OlNTfS.

AUiraci of County School Commissioner^ Hcforts,

No orbool
tSbaorib>*'*4# daJn*pAcTb.Oaieli

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Alsiraci o f County Sc/tcol Commissioners Reports.--Continued.

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AUlnu.i c/ County School Cuminixsioncis* Iteyjrls--Continual.

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Commissioners jteporti-- Continued.

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AUlrcutc/ County School Commisnonns* lUforh.--CWiuiraf.

cor.smn.

AUlrad of County School Commitfioncr* Rtports--Continual.

Nrm!*r c<
TMXtcorf*ArjrU. | NcmlafJcUtric^4abrl

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Ojictal Duties ef County Select Commissioners.

ExtdaiUoe* c4 7t*el*r*

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Mat* Api'llc*nU. ruuln Al>L>lle*tiU. r*|DU IUJkImI.
No. ftobooU TMML Iu Hrho-4 vuiutlou. Iu LiunluMloo. In InallluU Work In Other Duties.

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LIST OL*
SCHOOL OFFICERS STATE 01 GEOHGIA.

J. R. LEV/IG, Stt School Co*rT>ti-onr, Al'.ant*. C. T. WATSON. CU.fc.

COUNTY SCHOOL COMMISSIONKUS.

COVKTTf.

n* mi:.

r>T-orrux.

rtr*oric.

a(ii>uiiu......... i- m.

Jaatiar............ . W. R. Parnaiv... UooltraUo.

h*kr............... Ttio.W. yinuthtf

JaflarwoO......... I). O. Fhllii|M I/Ailavlila.

IUltllu..........JuMi lluiiiiiuDd MillMlnovtlk.

JohUMin........... U. If. Uatou., WrlisMavltla.

lunk*.............IT. 0. Ciiandlar ..ijfuroar.

Juiiia................ ill. W.Laatar.,.. Clliiton.

r. I<4rt. ' .... Itot.t. 0. *oxm>.. < '4r(>'rvilU

iwirtliin..

Jaa. OttMtlUaO NaalivlUa.

I^urana.......... W. H Kaniaav... tniblln. law................... Mam'l C. Wynbc. Nurkvilla.

mto........ I'r-H k .. Ilryw* ..

xv. D. WUliama.. | Macon. K T. KiutaiAiij. gullnian.

Ubatty............ IlChj. I'arway,,,, Hinaavilla.
unoua........ O. It. HtruUicr... Unrolnum.
I/JW ndaM......... A. J. paaaant.... Valdosta,

Iiatloeb...

>. W. Maaaa. ..laialMburo.

I.uuipkm........ nsnj. F. hmnn.. HalUonaaa.

Hulk a ..

J^rujr A. Mur}4>y!irtmn'a LAnillnii M.-n.............. It. A. Hudson..,. Montacuma.

Hutta,... CkOlMNia .

K. R. ISiumI........Indian Horlutfa. J. J. Ii*-k............ Unman.

I Madlauu.......... T. P. Clavaland.. Faoll. ! Mari' n............ J. II. Imnliam... HuanaVlaU.

('anutan .

O. It. Ailama,... M. >Ury`a.

Mrlmffla.......... X. A. ntiwd.......... rtiomaon.

CaaiptMU

J. y. lun'k ., Kalrtrtint.

Mi-IMoah........ M. W. Wiia.u..., I*artau.

Ckmotl...

Ninmat A. nrown auwd.ui,

Moriwothar.,, Wqi. T. Havlll... araanvllla.

Catnua*..

T. I*, l ul............ lUU./K.d.t

Miliar.............. M. Ib Jtdiliaon..,I'Mlqiiltt.

OMrUra

K. 0. Alt'Klunay Tradrr'a lllll.

Mlltun............ Tboa. I. I.awla... Alpliarvtla.

iltaUiAin.

.Mil.'ball.......... M. h. Poor*........ Camilla.

ithattAttoucliM!N. lt<mnl. CuaMta.

Monroa............ r. M. Hooiau.... Foray th.

<?hatf<M*a m
Cbamka*.. Clarka....... .
.......
<".4yV>l>.........

W. T. Irvin*........InuiumarrUla. M. l*u.iiit..........IwooOatMk.
T- r. Andaraon.. WaUli.llla.
Jolm O. Walla... Kurt Ualita*. Itubart !^>iau ... Juitaaboro.

Miwirtoiuary.. O. M. T. McXaod Ml. Vsrnoo. Mi irnan............ C II. Andrawa,, Madtwin. Murray............ n. U. Usury........ hprtDtf Flaca. Muaaotfta .. ., W. W. Flawallau Colunibua. Nan tun............ II T. Mtian.........Otford.

ainch......... II. D. t. CJulu ... Lawtun.

OCwofbfaba.................
Columbia..,

John W. llakar., Uarlatla.
C. H. noranea...|haaduaC

FaUldUl/......... Jaa. O. Danton,, Dalian. FlOkana.......... A. P. Mulllbat.. Jaatiar. I'urxa............. L. 11. Oraanlaaf.. ItUrkahaar.

Colquitt ..., Cowata

IItt.. KK.. Wntna>UAlniai.,.....iMjor|iaaani>ifatta*ludr.it.

Pika................ D. D. Peitan........ Ctnlbn. Polk................. A IIuniloMtnii ,, I'Mtar Timn.

Crawford........;Jnhn W. I Ilia.... Knox villa.

Pulaski

John ImldUf.... HawklnavlUa.

da................J.T. Hrlla..TratltOB.

Putnam.......... W. W. Turner .. batontou.

Hawaon.......... John J. (Itahoii,. iHwaunvtlla.

tjuitnian....... .. I* C. A Warren Oaorvrtnvm.

DaratU'.

)l>d>'t W. I>*via . Ilaliibrliltfo.

Ileb.in......... V. A. ftlrrklsy ... clayl'W

tiaXalb..

W. II. Mrn-kUinl Ikaoatur.

, Randolph..... J. t. 1warns. tbiikbart.

Hooly....

O. I*. Hwaarlnfii n Vlanna.

Illolimoad,,,, Ibmj. Na* y.... .1 Aiia>-<a.

Ikxbja ...

I lav Id M. nuriiauiKaaunan.

Il'M'kilale .... D M. Park r. .

iNioalaa.

John O. ikiWdnu iu.lt upni.^a.

| M.'hly............. Jnbli N. IIii.Ihui

Ilona Ikartjr. J. N. Inyratiam.. I AUiauy.

M. fevall.......... W U Ma'b.iw >>,/*. Ion.

Kaflybloal XV. 1`arry UUValji.

M|taldlim ....... H, . Morrow (irtAu.

Krhi4a..............,'J. F. Traarott.... nuianvitla
i mnrUai.i., Namuol n Ftlman M|irlni;A*l<l.

Miawart

W n Itaot^Hi I.uiuiiklu.

Miinila/..,........ Wn. a Wilaun A marbum.

taiwrt.......... II. J. Ouaa. Jr... j KUirrton.

Talbot. .... w k. W'arthn..

KmanuaL... J<>*a|>bua Camp.'MaalnaatKiro.

Tailalerro........ Oao. F llrlaluw.

Fannin...... J. D. M.-Dauial Mnraantnwn.

Tbmall

laalab IV. a*l*y . IteldvllU.

I'ayatta........ C. J. Fall..............Manilla.

Taylor.............. A. M. Rliod.a ... llutlar.

Floyd........... M. A. Navtn........ Kunia.

Tarratl........... L. VI. I*niiartl.. Dawson.

Foraytfc.... U. I* FatlanMiii. iruiiiiulnir.

Telfair............. Alai. M. Dtima, Markvllla.

I'rmnkUn. .. Itb-baM |>, Yov. Ckmaavtlla.

'Ihomaa..,,,,, W. F. UulMiit.,, ThoUMirvlIlo.

Fulton

J. XV. Vaiuilnc.. Atlanla.

Tuwiia............ . J. O. hmphana ., I|ia*s*a.

nilruar............. N. 1a Oalmru. FJlUy.

I n mi.................. John RToola... 1 aiirai.^o.

olaaowk........... J. J. Ilviuan..... <)|li*>n.

Twljapi........... .0. W. Tharp.... <lr>atXdvilla

Olyiin...............A. (lark........ Mruna*Ul.

Cnlon.............. Wm. 0. lliii/haa. Illairavllla.

tllWtia............. JohO II rvala,..|(4rM>naUiro.

11 t.'lnon............... John M. Oreaiia. rhomaaton.

(fordnti............. H. (J. Hunt..........iCalUunn.

Walker............. J. C. (Temetita .. I.nl'ay atle.

(rwlui.att.........J. N. (ilatm.......... . luwr< ni *'villa, f Walton........... <. A. Nunn* ly.. Vlunroa.

I tal.i*baiii tliiaa J. lluitnra. U'larliaavHla. Hall................. II M. Itradlay... 'uainaavllla,

War*............... Thoa. I*. O'Neal Wareeboro. 1 Warren .......... a. H. Moriran Warreaton.

HaM-ork.......... W. II. IUm....,, havaraaiu,

I* Waalilit|/u>.i... II. N. llolli&atil,, Mandaravilla.

llaiaUun.........Wm. J. Waliun. 1`urbanau.

, Way ,a ............ a. II. I'tirdnm... hrravnn.

llama..............J<wJ T. J< li*u.n llMiliio<. Itart................. liliaa. XV. Maid.-ll IU ir |
Itaard..............J. H MartaM.. Franklin llanry...............V H- Nili. .. WrlKinuuxb. Ituuall'll..........M. >! IVrr> Irwin................Wm i. U.IU.- . irin.l.> Jarkun........ O J N Wt*-* Jrr*r.

j Wt'inlnr.......... Haa|. F. lUrrall. Preetnn. w:.*u............... M. K Palumr.... Cleveland.
, Witr.m............. Miapben Ibiwati.. AMieviil*. 1 Wi ana.............. F. T. M.in|>ei>n.., Wa*lilMtun.
\tm n.bi .... VViiktl'M-iti ,,,, F. iliamtiam.,., Irntutoii. W. c IlKhanlaon Daltoo. Wurth............. Th*a. f. Wantrail Vine'. Mills.

>0

j^IRST

NNUAL

EPORT

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
STATE OF GEORGIA.
1871.
ATLANTA, QEOKGIA:
NEW ERA STEAM PRINTINO KHTAJlUMIMKNT.
1871.

ST ATI- BOARD OK EDUCATION.
BENJAMIN CONLEY, Governor, ProHidontH. P. FARROW, Attorney-General. D. G. COTTING, Secretary of State. MADISON BELL, Comptrollor-Gouoral. J. R. LEWIS, State School Comim*Hioncr, Secretary.

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, State of Georgia.

To hi* Excdlmcy Benjamin Conley, Governor G<or<jia:

Pnrunant to tho roqniroments of section six of tho Act Approved

October 13,1870, tho State Board of Education herewith forward

a report of tho doings of said Board for transmission to tho Gen

eral Assembly.

By order of tho Board.

J. R. LEWIS,

S. S. Commissioner and Socrotary.

Atlanta, Go., November *1,1871.

REPORT
or j uk
STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION.
Tho Board convened on tho 27th day of October, 1S70, at tho office of tho Governor, and organized by electing his Excellency It. B. Bullock, President, and J. It. Lewis, State School Commixnioner. Secretary. Proceeding to buxincKx, the Board adopted a eal, an ininreswon and written description of which has been de posited with tho Secretary of State, ax required by section four, net approved October 13, 1870.
Tho Board authorized tho Secretary (State School Commixaionon to employ a clerk at a salary of twelve hundred dollars <$1200) per annum, pursuant to section 14, act approved October 13. 1870.
Tho Board further authorized the State School Commissioner to proceed to certain States "to examine tho school laws, organi zation of schools, text-books in ux*\ school architecture, school furniture, etc., and obtain such information regarding the common school* of those and other States as ho may think important," etc.
At a mooting of the Board, convened on the 18th day of Janu ary, 1871, the State School Commmsionor submitted circular num ber 1 from his office, containing regulations and general instruc tions for tho government of tepool officers, and circular number 2, containing instructions for tho examination of teachers, which wore unanin.oiihlv approved and adop'. d lv the BoarcL (Oopiet are hereto appended, marked "A" and " B.'")
At a mooting of tho Board, convened MaydO, 1871, tho question an to tho power of County Boards of Education to levy taxes for the payment of salaries of teachers was brought l)foro*tho Board, together with tho opinion of the Attorney-General. After discus-

sc

APPENDIX.

Mion, tho Bcmril mloptotl a reaolutioii, winch wna order* <1 pubIihIhm!, together with tho opinion of the mNjoritv and minority of tho Board, in circular numoor 3 from the ofhee of tho State School CommUnioner. (CJopy hereto appended, marked "0.")
At a mooting of tho Board, convened oc the Slut day of May, 1871, tho Board adopted a aerie* of toxt-booka and books of ref erence, to be UHcd in tho common sohoola of tho State, oh reouired by Hcction five of the act approved October 18,1870, an published from tho office of tho State School Commisaioner. (Copy hereto appended, marked MD.M)
The Board hiut tho honor to report that no fund* or property of any kind have come into tho poMMOMxion of the Board. They would respectfully refer to the report of tho State School Com missioner for a statement of tho organization and w*ork accompliahod under tho law, and tho condition of School Fund and ex penditure* made. It would appear from the report of the Comp troller-General, that there ha* been paid into tho State Trenanry, to the credit of the State School Fund, up to the first day of Oc tober, 1871, tho sum of throe hundred and twenty-BOven thousand and eighty-threo dollar* and nine cents, ($327,683 09,) exclusive of receipts from tho Western A: Atlantic Railroad--one-half of tho net proceeds of the road--which have been paid into tho treasury since tho lease of the rood, and since such net proceeds were ap propriated to tho State School Fund by act of October 13, 1870, amount to tho sum of one hundred and five thousand one hundred and ninety-nine dollars and eighty-nino cents ($105,199 89.)
Tho Treasurer reports that bonds to tho amount of two hun dred and sixty-eight thousand dollars ($268,000) have boon depos ited in the treasury to secure the fund under tho act approved Joly 28, 1870. The amount of interest which has accrued to tho School Fund on these bonds has not been reported.
It appears that there are in the hands of tuo Secretary of State bonds of the State issued in 1859 and 1860 to tho amount of three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, ($350,000,) which were, by act approved December 11, 1858, set apart as a permanent School Fund, the interest of which bonds may 1h> used for tho current expenses of the schools. Thoro are now duo and unpaid interest coupons on said bonds to tho amount of two hundred and thirtyone thousand dollars ($231,000.)
The expenditures to October 1, 1871, from School Fund, havo been exclusively for tho expenson of tho offico of the State School Commissioner, and amount to the sum of eight thousand three hundred and eight dollars and thirty-one cents ($8,308 31)--said expenditures having been audited and approved by the Board.
In obedience to the requirements of section 43, act approved October 13, 1870, tig* Board have tho honor to report tnat, in their opinion, tho sum of six hundred and fifty thousand dollar* will be required for tho support of a school in each school district in tho State for a term of three months. This estimate is based

APPENDIX.

87

upon nn nttomlnDOO of fifty per o*ut. of tho ho'iolAHtio |H*pnlniion
iu Maul koIiooIh, and au nvora^o ox|>ouho for tho tuition of each
pupil in attoodanoo of one dollar t>or month. KHtiraatiu>{ tho available fund, therefore, na herotofore dotniled,
Rafter deducting tho expeDHoa of tho office of School CommiK* ikt. it tin* Hinonut of four humlmd ami tumu-threo thounnnd
nino hnudriHl anti aovoutv-four dollara and Hixty*Hovon couta, <$4*23,974 fi7.) it ia r'Mjx>otfullv rocommondod that* proviaioue bo mado for tho naymeut of couponn duo on tho bond* iMnued under act of December 11,1853, auvl that tho sum of one dollar and fifty couta ($1 50) for each child between six and twenty-ono years of Ago, bo apportioned and distributed to each county, according to tho scholuHtio population reported; and further, that tho Board 1m> authorized to include tho city of Savannah and county of Chat* ham iu nuch apportionment, upon receipt of enumeration return*,
made by authority of the Board of Education of that county, or ganized under act of March 21, I860; and also any other county whoao enumeration .return* are irregular, hut Khali be approved
by State Board os furniahing hufficiently reliable data. * Attention i* ronpoctfully invited to tho recommendation* of tho
State School CommiH*ionor in hi* report, tho Kamo being approved and recommended by this Board.
All of which i* respectfully aubmitted. By order of tho Board.
J. K. Lewis,
S. S. Comminhioner and Secretary.

1 diiiHont from so much of tho above report a* may bo oonstrued to mean that ono-half of tho money paid into the treasury a* net earning* of tho Wofltern A Atlantic lUilroad belong* to the School
Fund. My opinion is, under the law, that all the exponKOhof said road mu*t bo deducted from it* gro** earning*, ami after that i*
done, that one-half the net profit* thu* oMcortained belong* to tho School Fund. I also dixHent from *o much of *aid report as would Hoem to recognize the right to collect iuterent on certain bond* in
the offico of tho Secretary of State, iKsnod in 1859 and 1860, a* a part of tho lawful School Fund of the State. I alao diaaont from
that portion of tho report which recommend* tho collection of intorcHt on bond* referred to a* having boon issued December 11, 1858.
Madison Bf.ix, Comptroller-General.

Note.--For oopim of circuUm mnrkcl A." "B,** C"nn*I D,*' Suu SohtMil OomnlwaionT. Api>i(Ux. C,'* ,,D,M F" aad "L"

report of

*

_^



f

department o dilnfati0n, ^tate of ^eorjia,

prrtCK $TATK pCHOOU COMMIMION*l,

<5fyan/a,

^Sfcc&n/tl Sfi, /S'//.

Deaii Sin--In nnNwor to numoronH Irttorn of inquiry on th hubjoct, tho following information in furniHho<] to County School Commiftftionent, nchool officer* and toucher*.
Th general School Fund of tho Stato of Georgia i* derived from throo *ourco*t viz: State tnxc, income from permanent Educational Fund, and ono-half of tho net earning* of tho Wo*tcrn k Atlantic Itailroad.
Tho two ti rut named under paragraph 1, woction 3, article G of tho Comditution, adopted July 21, 18GS, which read* an fol low* :
"Tho Toll Tux allowoU hv tht* Conutilotton, nny Educiitiouul Fuml now be. longing (o Ihia Btivto -oxcopt (ho ondowmoitt of, And debt duo to, tho Suto Univomlly--or thot nuy hmaflor bo obtAino<t in any way, n oiwrinl tax on nbowa aud oxhibitionn, nnd on tho milo of opirituonM and molt liquore--which the ((onoral Anoombly in horoby imtlMirizod to aaucu. and tho procood* fron Uo com mutation for military narvico, ore horoby act n|art nnd devoted to tho mipport of common oohooU."
Tho loht named under aection 43 of tho act approved October 13,1870, (School Law) which read* a* follow*:
"Scanox 4U. Ami fco It fttrthtr niadnU T)mt for the rapport nnd mnintononeo of
tho common M'hoolN of thia Stnto, tho poll tnx, apocinl tax on whoua and oxhtbi* *.ion, on tho nnlo of xplrituouH nnd limit Uqnom, tho procooda nrifciuK from the conmmtutlon of militniy m nice*, nil endowment*. dovim!, Kitla nnd bo<inofit

o
inatlo. or h<*m\fi4>r to l* ramie, to Uio S(nt, or Stat JUmipJ of HdooAtion, any and all oduentionnl fuml* and inooniM not lMlmii(int{ to, ami duo tho Stnto Univar* oity, and ouvbalf of tho not Miniln^* of tint Wrotorn .V AUantir Railroad, aro horoby approprintod t tho State Cotnmon School Fund, ate., to."
Tho pormuncnt School Fuml of tho Stato was doterminod by act of 1852, which roads as follows. (So laws of 1851 2, p. 1.)
An net to provide Fir tint < dm ation of th poor, approved January 22, 1862.
Stenov 1. 1(0 it mneirt 6y the G*n*r>ti yUmnNy of U,t StaU of Otonjla, lliat idbtocn humlrvd and tlurty-Uuvo HharrM of 111 cajtital atock of tlio Rank of tho StaU of Georgia, oiuht hundred and ninety aliarea of the capital atock of the lanU of AuKuata, and one hundred aud if;hty*ux "hare* of the capital atock of the <. op/ia Railroad A ItankhiK Coinj.\ny, nil belonging to thU State, be hereby **t a|nrt aa a (tennanent fund for the education of the poor ; * * * and the
ncri, of the Mock ao lielonging to tlio State, and (that) U to b purchaeed, ahull
1> un Ur the control aud management of tho Trenaurer, for the porpoaoa aforeaokf
And also by act nsHontcd to Docombor 11th, 1858, which, bosides enacting "that ono hundred thousand dollars of tho not oarnings of tho Western & Atlantic Railroad shall bo annually appropriated to tho purposes of education as hereinafter spe cified," provides as follows. (So laws of 1858, p. 51.)
"Scomos 10. IU U/ur(h*rervtr<Al, Thai whenovor tho Governor ahall, try meaaa
of the Sinking Fund, or by any oUier fund Applicable to the purpoeo, jay and lake up any portion of the bon<U of th |>ubUo debt, he ehall i*u an o<|Ua1 amount of Ixmda iu auma of ono thousand dollars bearing Intereat at aix |cr cent, payable nt auoh perkxl in Ui fntare, a he may deem beet for th object* and intereaia in viow, to Ut Secretary of Stat a* th truaUe of the Kdumtiounl Fund of Geor gia, no that a* th public di'hl U ex'inguUlt^l. tho IVuciUionnl Fund altall bo in-creoM'd ; and tb intereM on uul Flucittioruil Fuu '. liall 1m Annually approprlited to (slncntlotml punroaca."
J `n-lof this act thoro wore issued, November 1st, 185'J, l>omls to tli .unount of $150,000, and November 1st, 1SG0, bonds to tho amount of $200,000, which arc now in tho hands of tho Socrotary of State, and upon which there is now duo aud un paid interest coupons to tho amount of $231,000.
This fund was recognized nnd protected as well os tho annu al appropriatiou of ono hundred thousand dollars, by tho Gen eral Assembly of 180G, by section (J of act approved March 12, 1SGG, which reads as follows: (See p. 10, laws of 1SG5 G6.)

3

Sscnotf C. Thnt all lawn lr(ofor* jxuumxI npproprifttiivR ll> income of th#
WtnUm It Atlantic Itailroad for other purpo###, U, and the **nie are hereby,
repealed, except in aeh cane# whor# th# repeal of tho eamo would opemte iw a violation of contract: /VorWa/, That nothing in thla act ahall be so conatruet iu to repeal an act to provide for the allocation of the children of this State between certain ogee, and to provide an annual oinking ftind for the extinguiahmenl of the public debt, Maonted to December 11, 18W; but the not income appropriated by Maid act ahall not be paid until the interest on State bond*, and the three per cent Kinking fund, ahall be find oot nulde. **

For tho paymont of tho intoroat on these bonds, tho faith and honor of tho Stato havo boon most solemnly pledged. Tho bonds themselves, and tho bank stock sot apart by act of 1852, havo always, by law, boon recognized as tho permanent School Fund of tho Stato of Georgia, and as such wore sot apart by tho Constitution of 1868 to tho support of common schools. Tho Comptrollor-Gonorol, in his report of April 1st, 1871, esti mates tho value of tho stock of tho Georgia Railroad nt $18,600, and tho other bank stock as worthless.
Tho School Fund, from whatever source received, is paid into tho treasury, and not kept separate from other funds. Appro priations aro made to bo paid from any funds iu tho treasury, and tho School Fund is therefore usod to pay members of tho General Assembly, or othor expenses; aud, indeed, all tho Sohool Fund had been paid ont in this way before tho dato of tho act to establish a common school system. It has boon paid out as fast as received into tho treasury over since. // is now Uintj paid to f/w members <y* the General Assembly, ami (o meet (Alter expenses of tlte Slate,
To moot this stato of facts, and to comply with tho Constitu tion and laws, tho General Assembly, in 1870, provided for tho issuo and sale of bonds of tho Stato, to roplaco tho School Fund in tho treasury for distribution as might be required. Seo act of July 28th, 1870, (laws of 1870, p. 3) of which tho following is a copy:)

An Act to aot apart ami necuro the School I'uml.

SscnoN 1. lit U eruidtil by 0# .Sm/ifo ami Jhm.it of

ta O'tntru',

AtatinUy mtt, ami U U htrtby tna<i+l by thi tamt. That tho Comptroller General

-hall forthwith proceed to ascertain the exact amouut due the Cducatioual I*ud1

up to the Ut July, 1870.

Sjmttioh 2. That from time to time, without delay, aa definite amount# are aa-

certained to lie due aaid fund, he ehail report tho aame to hie Excellency the

Governor, who ahall thereupon dopoait with the Troaaurer ecven j^r rout Umda

of thle State to each an amount aa will perfectly aecuro the School Fund.

i

SscnoN 3. TL*t nfti.l tiondj nhall rratio io tho iraiiury, to noUl arul#r the direction of th* Governor, to meet RpprojjriAllone for erhool puqKHX*, nnd for no other pnrpoee ; end thnt the intermit ncrrolnx on auoh Umde ehnll he immi-ennunJijr oreilited to tho School Fund.
Srcrtoji 4. That nil money* whioh are now loaned out by the Troneorer, with all the intermt that Iten aooraed thereon, nhell he immedietely refunded end pieced in the treasury of thU State, end the Treaaorer ahall forthwith comply with tho joint reeolution, approved Joly 16, 1H70.
Approved July 2k. 1870.

Tho act of October 13, 1870, therefore wont into o)>orAtion and the Mchoobi wore c*tnbliflhod upon tho credit of tho fund ^uArAntectl by tho nbor recited laws. About 1,900 toachom have boon employed and haro rendered faithful aorvioo ujjou tho plod^ca therein givon. County Sohool Commiftaionent have labored earnestly to carry out tho law, and hare fully earned tho small aalariea now duo them.
Thoro has boon received into tho treasury, by report of tho Comptroller-General, to October 1,1871, $3157,083 09 from tho taxon sot apart to school fund by tho Constitution, Thoro has boon rocoivcd into tho treasury as ono-half tho not earnings of tho Western A Atlantic Knilroad from January 1st to October 1st, 1871, $105,199 89. The claim that this in not neL earnings until all the debts of tho road, or of tho State, on account of tho road aro paid, is simply an effort to use this fund for othor purposes contrary to tho above law, and tho universal history of appropriations from State Road oarnings. Net earnings of tho State Road exactly identical with receipts since January 1st, havo boon appropriated by laws identical in terms, and have been usod to moot such appropriations, from tho establishment of tho road to tho present time. It will bo noticed that it is net earnings not net proceeils. The sum named is ono-half tho net earnings of tho road from January 1st to October 1st. Under the above recited act of July 28th, 1870, seven per cent, bonds of this State should havo boon deposited in the treasury, to socuro tho whole amouut of School Fund--thoro havo been de posited only bonds to tho amount of $268,000.
Tho availablo School Fund should bo as follows:

lUoaipt* from lax<* aet apart by Cooalitutioa to October I, 1871 .... 1327.083 09 On**half tha oat earning* of Waatam t Atlantic lUilroad................. 105,190 80 Inter**! on permanent fund. **UblUh*<l by act 1838............................ 231.000 00

Total

*663.282 08

Thin dooM not include roooipU from [mIocIc of tho Goor^in Railroad k Banking Company and intercut on $268,000 bonds in tho troasury, which would bo much more than sadiciont to cover tho expenses of this ofhco thus far--which oxponseM are paid by warrants drawn by tho Governor, tho same as all other expenses of tho Executive department, and ruA by warrants of tho Sohool Commissioner.
The quoation is asked "when will tho school moneys bo distributed?" I answer, that under act of July 28th, 1870, tho bonds of this Stato should be deposited in the treasury to *ocoro the wholo amount, and said bonds should bo sold nt once to roplaco the Sohool Fund, for immediate distribution, as pro vided by section 41 of aot of October 13tb, 1870, which reads as follows:

"Sacrxos 41. And (* it JurlKtr

That th* qooU ot tb* gontml Sohool

Fund found boloogfaji to **oh ootmty In tb* HtaU uluUl b*. rvt tho do** of <wcb

n*o*l sohool ymr. upon an order of tho StaU OoinmiMloaer on tha Trwtfnror.

*nt to and dopodud with th* r**p**tiv* County Trea^orem, who *h*U b holdan

for anoh amount upon tholr offloial bonds as Trsasursm, who shaU dlsbura* th*

**mo to th* various sohool district* in his county, upon order of th* trust***,

ooontsmgnwl by th* County Commissioner or County lioard of Education.'*

I am informed by tho Governor that tho bonds of tho State cannot be sold or negotiated to roplaco tho School Fund-- that the passage, by the present Logialatnre, of tho oot entitled "An Act to protoct tho people of the State of Georgia against tho illegal and fraudulent issuo of bonds and securities, and for other purposes connected with the same;" renders it utterly impossible to raise money npon tho bonds of tho Stato.
Tho Legislature alao passod an aot of which tho following is a copy:

An Act to s*our* to Hducstimial l*urpo**a th* fund now du* to th* Dspartmant of Education, to fund tho sam*. and for othor purpo***.
Ssenow 1. It* t/ tnorttd 6y tA* Geiuml AnttmlAy, Thai th* Govornor of thi*
8uto b* authorisod and rqulrd to inu* tho bonds of this Suto to tho amount of throo hondrwl and tw*uty-ov*n thousand and olghtyfour dollar*, bo*ring
aoven p*r c*aU intor**!, to bo poyablo scmi-AnnuaUy on th* first day* of January
and July of each and *v*ry year; Raid bond* to booom* duo ton year* from tho dato thorooC which bond* shall bo dopoaitod with tho Tr*a*nr*r of Ihia 8UU. Tho Intoroot on aaid bond* shall bo paid to th* Btato School Oommiaaionor :
PrmdiUd, That this act ahall not bo construed to authoriro th* iaauo of any other oduoatlonal bonds under listing laws, but any other Uau* of oduoationa bond* under such law* U hereby forbidden.

G

Suction '1 J* ii farther tiutrtfl, 'Dut the inlorrtt ftconiiny frmn uuJ boDtla
hall 1h> paid out by tl Male School Commbuiooor to th Trcaaurrni of the repoctive rountlM under tho proviuona and direction* of an art entitled "an act to provide a Syntem of Public Inatruelion M approved October 13, 1870, and the acu anendatory thereof
8*r*noN 3. Ik U fnrO+r enacted. That all bonda of thU State and other obli^a-
tione heretofore leaned for educational purpoeee under th* art of 1870, be can-
celed and burnt by the Treasurer of Ihia State in preeence of the Governor and the Comptroller^GeneraL
timertos 4. lie itfurther enacifl, Tlut all lavm and parte of law* conflirtin^ with
thie art be, ami the name are heret>y, rejtealetL

(Signed) (Slgnwl)

J. D. Waodelu ClerltJ of Houee.
T. W. J. Him, Secretary of Senate.

(Sitnud) JAUKS M. SMITH, Sfwaker of llouee.
^Signed) L. M. TRAMMELL, President of Senate.

Tho above act boiDg passod within tho last five days of tho HOAnion and not having boon returned with tho approval of tho Govornor, has not bocomo a law, but it indicatoM action that probably will bo taken, unless tho members of tho Gonoral Assembly aro led to chongo thoir opinions.
It will bo soon that it proposes to fund tho school moneys and distribute tho intorost upon tho fund a year from 7iowt instood of tho wholo amount, now, os provided tor by existing laws and also to destroy tho bonds already deposited to socuro tho fund.
Tho injustice to toaehors and school officers, who havo ren dered services in good faith, is so apparent, that it is hoped their protest will bo so heard as to influence tho future legisla tion on tho subject The resolutions of tho General Assembly
that toaehors will bo paid when tho Poll Tax of 1868,1869 and 1870 is collected, etc., will bo soon to bo very poor encourage ment, when it is understood that all moneys that may bo re ceived from that source will not bo in tho treasury nt tho ond of another year, but being paid out ns fast ns rocoivod for other purposes, can only bo replaced by tho sale of bonds at last.
Tho Amondmonts to tho School Law of October 13th, 1870, already proposed and passed in tho lower House, but not acted upon by tho Senate, continue tho school system now in force with somo changes in organization. The changos proposed will cost tho Stato $100,000, a year for supervision moro than tho existing law.

Tho number of HchooU already oatablincd under th law, a# reported to thin olheo in--

WlUtoMhoolM........................... 1.C7C WhiU 1WJ.IU............................ Ce.C8
Colomt ohooU......................... 2h0 Colored pupiU............................ 14,412

ToUl hcIiooU......................

1.8U Total ptiplU...................................M).00

It roU with tho people and tho Loginlataro, whether thouo teaohors and the school officers shall bo paid for thoir services ns pledged by tho Constitution and laws.
I am very respectfully, &c.,

J. R. LEWIS.
Sratv School Comkimxokeu.