Selections from the annual fertilizer bulletins of the Georgia Department of Agriculture [1909]

THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA

SELECTIONS
FROM THE
Annual Fertilizer Bulletins
Georgia Department of Agriculture
1904 to 1906
HON. T. G. HUDSON Commissioner of Agriculture
"He that maketk two ears of corn, or two blades of grass to grow upon a spot of ground, where only one grew before, deserves better better of mankind, and does more essential service to his counery than the whole race of politicians put together."--Dean Swift.
ATLAK1A" GA.
CHAS. P. B\''l5p..STATS PRI^TZB niO'J

FEOM BULLETIN GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SERIAL NO. 42

Season 1904-1905

INFORMATION IN REGARD TO
Commercial Fertilizers
CHEMICALS

Inspected, Analyzed and Admitted for Sale in the State of Georgia up to August 1st, 1905.
And Other Information in Regard to Fertilizers And Fertilizer Legislation.
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
T. G. HUDSON
Commissioner of Agriculture of The State of Georgia.

JNO. M. McCANDLESS
State Chemist.

P. L. HUTCHINSON,

- * ' ; P.'G: WILLIAMS,

First Assistant State Chemist.. , . \ Second" Assietanlr State Chemist.

AfAR 6 'gfe

FERTILIZER LAW.

u
,Of QEO^

FERTILIZERS, ANALYSIS, INSPECTION, REGISTRATION AND
SALE OP.
No. 398.
An Act to regulate the registration, sale, inspection and analysis of commercial fertilizers, acid phosphates, fertilizer materials and chemicals, in the State of Georgia, and to consolidate all laws relating to said sales, inspection and analysis, and to repeal all other laws or parts of laws in conflict therewith.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, That all manufacturers, jobbers and manipulators of commercial fertilizers, and fertilizer materials to be used in the manufacture of the same, who may desire to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia such fertilizers and fertilizer materials, shall first file with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, upon forms furnished by said Commissioner of Agriculture, the-name of each brand of fertilizers, acid phosphates, fertilizer materials, or chemicals, which they may desire to sell in said State, either by themselves or their agents, together with the name and address of the manufacturer or manipulator, and also the guaranteed analysis thereof, stating the sources from which the phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash are derived; and if the same fertilizer is sold under a different name or names, said fact shall be so stated, and the different brands which are identical shall be named.
SEC. 2. All persons, companies, manufacturers, dealers or agents, before selling or offering for sale in this

<H<H

8

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

State any commercial fertilizer or fertilizer material, shall brand or attach to each bag, barrel or package, the brand-name of the fertilizer, the weight of the package, the name and address of the manufacturer, and the guaranteed analysis of the fertilizer, giving the valuable constituents of the fertilizer in minimum percentages only. These items only shall be branded or printed on the sacks in the following order:
1. Weight of each package in pounds. 2. Brand name and, or, trade-mark. 3. Guaranteed analysis. 4. Available phosphoric acid, per cent. 5. Nitrogen, per cent. 6. Potash, per cent. 7. Name and address of manufacturer.
In bone meal, tankage or other products, where the phosphoric acid is not available to laboratory methods but becomes available on the decomposition of the product in the soil, the phosphoric acid shall be claimed as total phosphoric acid unless it be desired to claim available phosphoric acid also, in which latter case the guarantee must take the form above set forth. In the case of bone meal and tankage, manufacturers may brand on the bags information showing the fineness of the product, provided it takes a form approved by the Commissioner of Agriculture.
SEC. 3. If any commercial fertilizer or fertilizer material offered for sale in this State shall, upon official analysis, prove deficient in any of its ingredients as guaranteed and branded upon the sacks or packages, and if by reason of such deficiency the commercial value thereof shall fall three per cent, below the guaranteed total commercial value of such fertilizer or fertilizer material, then any note or obligation given in payment thereof shall be collectable by law only for the amount of actual total commercial value as ascertained by said official analysis, and any person or corporation selling

BULLETIN NO. 42

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the same shall be liable to the consumer, by reason of such deficiency for such damages, if any, as may be proven, and obtained by him on trial before a jury in any court of competent jurisdiction in this State.
SEC. 4. Be it further enacted, That the words "high grade" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any complete fertilizer, which complete fertilizer contains, by its guaranteed analysis, less than ten per cent, available phosphoric acid, 1.65 per cent, nitrogen (equivalent to 2 per cent, of ammonia), and two per cent, of potash, or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value; that the word "standard" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any complete fertilizer which contains, by its guaranteed analysis, less than 8 per cent, available phosphoric acid, 1.65 per cent, nitrogen (equivalent to 2 per cent, ammonia) and two per cent, potash, or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value; that the words "high grade" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any acid phosphate with potash which shall contain by its guaranteed analysis less than 13 per cent, available phosphoric acid, and 1 per cent, of potash, or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value; that the word "standard" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any acid phosphate with potash, which shall contain, by its guaranteed analysis, less than 11 per cent, available phosphoric acid and 1 per cent, potash, or a grade or analysis of equal total commercial value; that the words "high grade" shall not appear upon any bag or other package of any plain acid phosphate which shall contain, by its guaranteed analysis, less than 14 per cent, available phosphoric acid; and, lastly, that the word "standard," shall not appear upon
any bag or other package of any plain acid phosphate which shall contain, by its guaranteed analysis, less than 12 per cent, available phosphoric acid. It is hereby provided that no complete fertilizer, acid phosphate with potash, acid phosphate with nitrogen, or

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

plain acid phosphate, shall be offered for sale in this State which contains less than 12 per cent, of total plant-food, namely: available phosphoric acid, nitrogen when calculated as ammonia, and potash, either singly or in combination; provided that in mixed fertilizers there shall not be claimed less than 1 per cent, potash and 0.82 per cent, nitrogen, when one or both are present in the same mixture.
It is further hereby provided, That no commercial fertilizers or fertilizer material shall be offered for sale in this State which contains such an amount of water as to render the handling or manipulation of such fertilizers or fertilizer material difficult, or to cause the clogging of fertilizer distributors by reason of its bad mechanical condition. Such wet or bad mechanical condition of any fertilizer shall be carefully observed by all fertilizer inspectors at the time of drawing their samples, and be reported along with the sample to the Commissioner of Agriculture, who, if he (or in his absence the State Chemist) confirms the opinion of the inspector, shall forbid the sale of that lot so inspected.
SEC. 5. Be it further enacted, That all manufacturers and manipulators, or agents representing them, who have registered their brands in compliance with Section 1 of this Act, shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax tags, stating that said tax tags are to be used upon brands of fertilizers and fertilizer materials registered in accordance with this Act, and said request shall be accompanied with sum of 10 cents per ton as an inspection fee, whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue tags to parties applying, who shall attach a tag to each bag, barrel or package thereof, which, when attached to said package, shall be PRIMA FACIE evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this Act. Any tags left in the possession of the manufacturer shall not be used for another season, and shall not be redeemed by the Department of Agriculture.

BULLETIN NO. 42

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SEC. 6. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any manufacturer or company, either by themselves or their agents, to offer for sale in this State any fertilizer or fertilizer material that has not been registered with the Commissioner of Agriculture as required by this Act. The fact that the purchaser waives the inspection and analysis thereof shall be no protection to said party selling or offering the same for
sale.
SEC. 7. The guaranteed analysis of each and every brand of fertilizer or fertilizer material must, without exception, remain uniform throughout the fiscal year for which it is registered, and in no case, even at subsequent registration, shall the grade be lowered, although the proportion of the available constituents may be changed so that the decrease of one constituent may be compensated for in value by the increase of the other or others. Such proposed change must first receive the approval of the Commissioner of Agriculture. A brand name and, or, trade-mark, registered by one manufacturer shall not be entitled to registration by another ; and the manufacturer having first registered and used the said brand name and, or, trade-mark, shall be entitle dto it even should said brand name, and, or, trademark, not be offered for current registration at the time. Nothing in this Section shall be construed as debarring the right of any manufacturer to establish his ownership in, and prior right of registration of, any brand name and, or, trade-mark, whether said brand name and, or, trade-mark, had been previously regis-
tered or not. SEC. 8. No person, company, dealer or agents shall
sell, expose or offer for sale in this State any pulverized leather, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any other form, either as a fertilizer or fertilizer material, or as a constituent of fertilizer, without making full and explicit statement of the fact in registration with the Commissioner of Agriculture, and furnishing satisfactory proof

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

that the nitrogen is sufficiently available and valuable for the purpose for which sold.
SEC. 9. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall appoint twelve inspectors of fertilizers, or so many inspectors as, in said Commissioner's judgment, may be necessary, who shall hold their office for such time as said Commissioner shall in his judgment think best for carrying out the provisions of this Act. The greatest compensation that any inspector of fertilizers shall receive shall be at the rate of eighty-three and one-third dollars per month and his actual expenses while in the discharge of his duty as such inspector. It shall be their duty to inspect all fertilizers, acid phosphates, chemicals, cotton-seed meal or other fertilizing material that may be found at any point within the limits of the State, and go to any point, when so directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and shall see that all fertilizers and fertilizer materials are properly tagged.
SEC. 10. Be it further enacted, That each of the inspectors of fertilizers shall be provided with bottles of not less than eight (8) ounce capacity in which to place samples of fertilizers and fertilizer materials drawn by him, and it shall be the duty of each inspector of fertilizers to draw, with such an instrument as shall secure a core from the entire length of the package, such samples of fertilizers and fertilizer materials as he may be directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture to inspect, or that he may find uninspected; and in the performance of his duty he shall carefully draw samples as fol lows: In lots of ten packages or less, from every package ; in lots of ten to a hundred packages, from not less than ten packages; in lots of one hundred packages and over, from not less than ten per cent, of the entire number, and, after thoroughly mixing the samples so drawn, he shall, by the method known as "quartering," draw from such thoroughly mixed sample to sub-samples, and with them fill two sample bottles, and shall plainly

BULLETIN NO. 42

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write on a label on said bottles the number of said sample, and shall also write on the label on one only of said bottles the name of the fertilizer, acid phosphate, or other fertilizer material, also the name of the manufacturers. He shall then seal both of said bottles, and shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture the said samples so drawn by him, stating the number of sacks from which the samples was drawn, and a full report of the inspection written on a form prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, which report must be numbered to agree with the number of the bottle; and in said report shall be given the name of the fertilizer or fertilizer material, the name of the manufacturer, the guaranteed analysis, the place where inspected, the date of inspection, and name of inspector; and it shall be the duty of said inspectors to keep a complete record of all inspections made by them on forms prescribed by the Commissioner of Agriculture. Before entering upon the discharge of their duties they shall also take and subscribe, before some officer authorized to administer the same, an oath to faithfully discharge all duties which may be required of them in pursuance of this Act.
SEC. 11. Be it further enacted, That a sample of all fertilizers or fertilizer material, drawn by the official inspectors and filed with the Commissioner of Agriculture, shall be marked by number and delivered by said Commissioner of Agriculture to State Chemist, who will make a complete analysis of same, and certify, under same number as marked, said analysis to said Commissioner of Agriculture, which analysis shall be recorded as official and entered opposite the brand of fertilizers or fertilizer material which the mark and number represent; and the said official analysis of such fertilizer or fertilizer material, under the seal of the Commissioner of Agriculture, shall be admissible as evidence in any of the courts of this State on the trial of

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

any issue involving the merits of such fertilizer or fertilizer material.
SEC. 12. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have authority to establish such rules and regulations, in regard to the inspection, analysis and sale of fertilizers and fertilizer material, as shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, and as in his judgment will best cany out the requirements thereof.
SEC. 13. Be it further enacted, That nothing in this Act shall be construed to restrict or avoid sales of acid phosphate or any other fertilizer material to each othei by importers, manufacturers, or manipulators who mix fertilizer materials for sale, or as preventing the free and unrestricted shipments of material to manufacturers or manipulators who have registered their brand* as required by the provisions of this Act.
SEC. 14. Be it further enacted, That any person selling or offering for sale any fertilizer or fertilizer material without having first complied with the provisions of this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof -shall be punished as prescribed in 1039 of the Criminal Code of Georgia; provided this Act shall not go into effect until after the first day of August, 1902.
SEC. 15. Be it further enacted, That there shall be nothing in this Act which shall be construed to nullify any of the requirements of an Act fixing the methods of determining the value of commercial fertilizers by the purchasers, and incorporated in the provisions of the herein amended Ellington bill, which is as follows: An Act to regulate the sale of fertilizers in this State,
to fix a method for determining the value of the same, and for other purposes. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for any purchaser of fertilizers from

BULLETIN NO. 42

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any owner thereof, or agent of such owner, to require of the person selling, and at the time of sale or delivery, to take from each lot of each brand sold a sample of its
contents.
SEC. 2. Be it further enacted, That said sample or samples of fertilizers shall be taken in the presence of both purchaser and seller in the following manner: ''Two cupfuls of the fertilizer shall be taken from the top and two cupfuls from the bottom of each sack, provided there are not more than 10 sacks in the lot, but in lots of 10 to 100 sacks, from not less than 10 sacks; in lots of 100 and over from not less than 10 per cent, of the entire number. The samples so taken shall be intermixed upon some surface so as not t omix dirt or any other substance with the fertilizer. Then from different parts of the pile small portions at a time shall be scooped up in the cup and transformed to a widemouthed bottle of not less than one pint in capacity." This bottle shall now be corked with a suitable cork. The cork must either be pressed home flush with the mouth of the bottle or else cut across until it is flush or even with the mouth of the bottle. It shall then be taken by both parties at interest to the Ordinary of the county, who shall seal the same in their presence in the following manner: He shall completely cover the entire surface of the cork with sealing-wax, and then impress upon the molten wax his official seal, bearing his name and the style of his office. He shall then label the same with the names of the parties and of the fertil-
izers. SEC. 3. Be it further enacted, That said Ordinary
shall safely keep said package, allowing neither party access to the same, save as hereinafter provided. The Ordinary shall receive a fee of ten cents from the party depositing such sample for each sample so deposited.
SEC. 4. Be it further enacted, That should said purchaser, after having used such fertilizer upon his crops, have reason to believe from the yields thereof that said

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, GEOEGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

fertilizer was totally or partially worthless, he shall notify the seller, and apply to the Ordinary to forward the said sample deposited with him to the State chemist, without stating the name of the parties, the name of the fertilizers, or giving its guaranteed analysis, the cost of sending being paid by the purchaser. Before forwarding sample to the State chemist for analysis, the Ordinary shall take the affidavit of the purchaser that he has gathered his crop and believes from the yield thereof, that the fertilizer used was worthless or partially worthless. The Ordinary shall notify the State chemist at the same time that he forwards the sample that he has taken and filed such written affidavit of the purchaser.
SEC. 5. Be it further enacted, That it shall be the duty of said State chemist to analyze and send a copy of the result to said Ordinary.
SEC. 6. Be it further enacted, That should said analysis show that said fertilizer comes up to the guaranteed analysis upon which it is sold, then the statement so sent by the State chemist shall be conclusive evidence against a plea of partial or total failure of consideration. But should said analysis show that such fertilizer does not come up to the guaranteed analysis, then the sale shall be illegal, null and void, and when suit is brought upon any evidence of indebtedness given for such fertilizer, the statement of such State chemist so transmitted to the Ordinary shall be conclusive evidence of the facts, whether such evidence of indebtedness is held by an innocent third party or not.
SEC. 7. Be it further enacted, That in lieu of the State chemist, should the parties of the contract agree upon some other chemist to make said analysis, all of the provisions of the Act shall apply to his analysis and report to the Ordinary.
SEC. 8. Be it further enacted, That should the seller refuse to take said sample when so requested by the purchaser, then upon proof of this fact the purchaser

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shall be entitled to his plea of failure of consideration, and to support the same by proof of the want of effect and benefit of said fertilizer upon his crops, which proof shall be sufficient to authorize the jury to sustain defendant's plea within whole or in part, whether said suit is brought by an innocent holder or not.
Approved December 27, 1890.
SEC. 16. Be it further enacted, That there shall be nothing in this Act which shall be construed to nullify any of the requirements of an Act fixing the methods of inspection and determining the analysis of cottonseed meal, incorporated in the provisions of the herein amended Calvin bill, which is as follows:
A bill to be entitled an Act to require all cottonseedmeal to be subjected to analysis and inspection as a condition precedent to being offered for sale, and to forbid the sale in this State of such cottonseed-meal, if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 6.18 per cent, of nitrogen (equivalent to 7y2 per cent, of ammonia), to prescribe a penalty for the violation of the provisions of this Act, and for other purposes. SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly,
and it is hereby enacted by authority of same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall not be lawful for any person or persons to offer for sale in this State any cottonseed-meal until the same shall have been inspected as now required by law in the matter of all fertilizers and chemicals for manufacturing or composting purposes, nor shall it be lawful to offer cottonseed-meal for sale in the State if it be shown by the official analysis that the same contains less than 6.18 per cent, of nitrogen (equivalent to 7y2 per cent, of ammonia) ; provided), that the provisions of this Act as to the per centum mentioned in this Section shall not apply to meal manufactured from Sea-Island cottonseed, but the Commissioner of Agriculture shall, upon the passage of this Act, fix and make public a minimum per

fr-2

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

centum, which shall control as to the cottonseed referred to in this proviso; provided further, that if any cottonseed-meal shall not analyze up to the required per centum of nitrogen, the same may be offered for sale as second-class meal, provided the analysis be made known to the purchaser and stamped on the sack.
SEC. 2. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be branded upon, or attached to, each sack, barrel or package of cottonseed-meal offered for sale in this State the guaranteed analysis and the number of pounds net in each sack, barrel or package.
SEC. 3. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to take all steps necessary to make effective the provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of this Act.
SEC. 4. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That any person or persons violating the provisions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished as prescribed in Section 4310 of the Code of 1882.
Approved July 22, 1891.
SEC. 17. Be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved December 18, 1901.

STATE OF GEORGIA,
Office of Secretary of State.
I, Philip Cook, Secretary of State of the State of Georgia, do hereby certify that the attached and foregoing eleven (11) pages of typewritten matter contain a true and correct copy of an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia, providing for the inspection, analysis, registration and sale of fertilizers, approved December 18, 1901; the original of said Act being now of file and of record in this department.

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In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of my office, at the Capitol, in the City of Atlanta, this 20th day of June, in the year of our Lord One Thousand, Nine Hundred and Two, and of the Independence of the United States of America the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth.
PHILIP COOK, Secretary of State.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RULINGS BY THE COMMISSIONER INTERPRETING THE NEW FERTILIZER LAW.

fnirst--The grade of the fertilizer is to be considered a part of the "brand name and, or, trademark," and may immediately precede or follow the same, if used at

all.

, ,.

Second_It is optional with the manufacturer whether

he brands the grade on his sacks or not, but if he does

brand the grade on the sacks, then the goods must con-

form to the requirements of the grade, as stated in

Section 3 of the law. Third--In branding the word "potash" the charac-

ters "K20" heretofore in use are to be omitted. Fourth--In case of goods containing 10 per cent,

available phosphoric acid, 0.82 per cent, nitrogen and

1 per cent, potash, or such mixtures 9--1.65--1, or

8 0.82 3, or other combinations which do not reach a

total commercial value equal to that of the standard fer-

tilizer, which is 8--1.65--2, such mixtures are not to be

designated by any grade at all. Such goods may be

offered for sale, and branded with any name the maker

desires to give, provided such name does not indicate

that they belong to a high or standard grade.

Fifth--In printing bags containing acid phosphate

only, or acid phosphate and potash, where all three in-

gredients of plant-food are not claimed, it shall be op-

tional with the maker whether he brands only the guar-

anteed ingredients, as for instance:

Available phosphoric acid

14 per cent.

Or he may brand, Available phosphoric acid

14 per cent.

Nitrogen

--None.

Potash-

None.

But in this latter case the letters of the word "none"

shall be plain and distinct, and of the same size type as

the names of the elements standing opposite them.

Sixth--In the case of goods containing less than 1.65

BULLETIN NO. 42

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per cent, nitrogen they may be branded as "Ammoniated" goods, "guano or fertilizer," or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphate, provided they contain not less than 0.82 per cent,
nitrogen. Seventh--A goods containing 10 per cent, available
phosphoric acid, 0.82 per cent, nitrogen and 3 per cent, potash can not be branded high-grade, since it has not as high a commercial value as the legal high grade.
Eighth--No manufacturer has the right to print the word "ammonia" at all on his sacks.
Ninth--Until further notice the Commissioner fixes, in accordance with the provisions of the Calvin bill, the minimum percentage of nitrogen required by law in the Sea-Island cottonseed-meals at three and seven-tenths per cent. (3.7 per cent.), equivalent to four and one-half (4 1-2) per cent, of ammonia.
Tenth--If it be necessary for lack of space on one side of the sack to turn and print on the other side, this will be permitted, provided the prescribed order be
observed. Eleventh--The word "potash" means potassium
oxide, or K 0, and will be so interpreted; the percentage of potassium sulphate or muriate must not be substituted for the percentage of Potash.
Twelfth--The words "standard" or "standard grade" may be used on the sacks at the option of the manufacturer, if used at all.
Thirteenth--It is regarded as consonant with the spirit of the law to print on the sacks if desired the name of the party for whom manufactured, thus, '' Manufactured for John Smith & Co., by Thos. Brown
& Co." Fourteenth--If desired for distinctive purposes, a
manufacturer may print the word "Georgia," following the words "guaranteed analysis."
Fifteenth--It is hereby ruled that the branding of all fertilizers or fertilizer materials (as described in Sec-

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

tion 2 of the law) shall be upon the sacks or packages themselves, except in the case of cottonseed meals, in which case a tag may be attached to the sacks. Furthermore, the letters used for the words high grade or standard grade (when used at all) shall be of not less than one inch in size, and no smaller letters than threequarters of an inch shall be used in any part of the
brand. Sixteenth--It is hereby ordered that in consonance
with the spirit of Section 8 of the law, that no sulphocyanides or materials containing sulpho-cyanides^ or dried muck or other materials not recognized by scientific authorities as being available sources of plant food, shall be used in any fertilizer sold in this State. All manufacturers are warned against purchasing unfamiliar fertilizer materials without first inquiring of this department as to their character.

AN ACT
To provide for the registration, sale, inspection and analysis of fertilizer materials, in bulk, in this State of Georgia, and to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for the manufacturers, jobbers, dealers, and manipulators of commercial fertilizers and fertilizer materials, to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia, acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk to persons, individuals or firms, who desire to purchase the same for their own use on their own lands, but not for sale.
SEC. 2. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State shall have the authority to

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establish such rules and regulations in regard to the registration, inspection, sale and analysis of acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials, in bulk, sold to persons, individuals or firms, who desire to purchase and use the same as provided in Section 1 of this Act, as shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, and as in his judgment will best carry out the require-
ments thereof. Sec. 3. Be it further enacted, That the same inspec-
tion fees shall be paid by manufacturers, dealers, jobbers and manipulators, who sell acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk, under the provisions of this bill as applies to such goods when placed in sacks, barrels or boxes under the general fertilizer laws of this State, and such inspection fees shall be transmitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture at the time notice of shipment of such acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials- in bulk are made to the purchaser or purchasers, provided for in this Act.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That it is hereby made the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to personally prosecute each and every offender under the provisions of this Act, and upon conviction, such offenders shall be punished as prescribed in Section 1039, of the Code of Georgia, and all fines arising therefrom shall be paid into and become a part of the General Educational Fund of the State.
Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved August 14, 1903.

STATE OF GEORGIA,
Office of Secretary of State.
I, Philip Cook, Secretary of State of the State of Georgia, do hereby certify, That the attached two (2) sheets of typewritten matter contain a true and correct

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GrEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

copy of the Act to provide for the registration, sale, inspection and analysis of fertilizer materials, in bulk, in this State of Georgia, and to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith, the original of which is of file in this department.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of my office, at the Capitol, in the city of Atlanta, this 14th day of August in the year of our Lord One Thousand Nine Hundred and Three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the One Hundred and Twenty-eighth.
PHILIP COOK, Secretary of State.

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REMARKS OF THE OUTGOING COMMISSIONER.

In this, the last fertilizer bulletin of my administration, it is appropriate that I say a few parting words to the people of Georgia. For nearly seven years I have been endeavoring to promote your interests in every way possible and at all times you have given me your sympathy and hearty support in whatever I have undertaken for the common good.
It affords me pleasure to congratulate you on the past two years of prosperity and the hopeful outlook of the future. While some of this is due to improved methods and scientific cultivation, all that human skill could do would avail nothing did not a kind Providence bless your labors with fruitful seasons.
Yet it is also true that Providence helps those who help themselves and that it behooves us to always put forth our best efforts. The hap-hazard farmer, satisfied with primitive methods, can not in this day keep up with the procession. Many of you need no advice from any one, but are capable of giving instruction to others on all matters agricultural. But to those who still cling to old traditions, I would once more say: "Diversify your crops, raise abundance of corn and of wheat, oats, rye, barley, grasses and other forage crops; then make your cotton a surplus crop, and with proper cultivation you need not be uneasy about remunerative prices. Raise also a full supply of hogs, poultry and beef cattle, that with a well-filled larder you may give to your families the comforts that are their due and make them contented with the farmer's life. Add to these the attraction of pretty dwellings, surrounded by lawns carpeted with green and made bright with flowers, and in your dwellings have a choice collection, however small it may be, of interesting books and periodicals and there will grow up in your children a love for the old home place and a desire to build up similar homes, that will always insure for our rural districts a class of sturdy,

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GKOEGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

contented, prosperous farmers, the hope and bulwark

of every State. Asking for my successor, Hon. Thomas G. Hudson,

and all his staff the same cheerful support that they have ever given me, and wishing for you and them pros-

perity and happiness, I bid you farewell as Commis-

sioner of Agriculture.

0. B. STEVENS.

EEMABKS OF THE INCOMING COMMISSIONER.
I avail myself of the courtesy of Mr. Stevens, lately Commissioner of Agriculture, to say a few words to the farmers of the great State of Georgia.
I am fully aware of the responsibility of my position, but with the help of God will undertake the performance of its duties, with a sincere purpose to promote your welfare, which has been so carefully guarded by my predecessor. If I should make mistakes, and to err is human, I hope for charitable judgment and in all my earnest efforts to advance your interests I feel sure of your cheerful co-operation.
As Commissioner of Agriculture, it will be my aim to keep abreast with the times and to run the Department of Agriculture in the interest of the entire people, with "equal Justice to all and special privileges to none"; my motto being: "He that maketh two ears of corn, or two blades of grass to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before, deserves better of mankind and does more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together."
T. G. HUDSON.

BULLETIN NO. 42

27

EEPOET OF THE STATE CHEMIST.

STATE OF GEORGIA, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY.
ATLANTA, GA., August 21, 1905.
Hon. T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.
DEAR SIR : Attached to this report I beg to hand you tables of analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia during the season of 1904-1905. The number of brands analyzed this season is 1,352, against 1,241 the previous year. Tags have been sold during the past season which indicate that 713,582 tons of fertilizers (including 92,740 tons of cottonseed-meal) have gone into consumption in this State against 689,916 last year. An inspection of the tables of analyses, and a comparison of the percentages of plant-food guaranteed by the manufacturers with the percentages actually found by analysis, shows in the great majority of cases that the goods sold in this State run well above their guarantees, and the commercial value of the goods is likewise in even a greater majority of the cases very considerably above the guaranteed commercial value. As I have had occasion to remark before, there is no industry in all the land more honestly conducted than the fertilizer industry, and it is very much to be desired, that the same might be said of some of those industries which touch us much more nearly and vitally. The adulteration of food for man and beast goes merrily on in this great State of Georgia, unchecked by the strong arm of the law. With the aid of the capable and efficient Assistant State Chemists, Messrs. E. G. Williams and J. Q. Burton, I have investigated, so far as our limited time and means would permit, the subject of the

28

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

adulteration of human and cattle foods; the results of that investigation were published in last year's Bulletin (No. 41), and certainly show the urgent necessity for the passage and active enforcement of a stringent law directed against such nefarious practices. We have done our best to arouse public sentiment in favor of such a measure, and are sure from the many expressions and letters we have had on the subject, that the people are with us, and earnestly desire to see such a measure passed. The bill which I have drawn has now been before the Legislature for three years, and has twice received the unanimous recommendation "that it do pass" from the House Committees, to which it was referred, but owing to the congested condition of legislative business in the House, it has not yet been able to get a hearing in the House of Representatives. We are, however, sanguine of a hearing early in the next session of the Legislature. I wish to thank you, sir, for the kind and earnest interest which you have already manifested in a measure of so much importance to the people at large, and with your strong co-operation assured have little doubt we shall se it become a law at a comparatively early date. In this connection, I beg to lay before you a copy of an address delivered before the Interstate Cane-Growers Association at Montgomery, Ala., last January; also, a copy of the resolution passed by that body and the memorial addressed by
them in accordance therewith to the Georgia Legislature; also, a copy of the memorial addressed to the Legislature by the Eetail Grocers Association of Georgia, as evidencing the sentiment and desires of the people'where they have had an opportunity for expression.
Respectfully submitted,
JNO. M. MCCANDLESS, State Chemist.

BULLETIN NO. 42

29

ADDRESS OF STATE CHEMIST McCANDLESS BEFORE THE SUGAR-GROWERS CONVENTION, ASSEMBLED AT MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention:
An actively enforced pure food law is of the greatest importance to all the States, to all classes of citizens, and the gathering of this representative body of cane growers suggests to me its vital importance to you and your infant industry. It has always been the policy of Uncle Sam to protect his infant industries, and he has done this by building his tariff wall so high that no foreigner could climb over it and get the better of his boys in a trade. He has been so intent upon this object that he has neglected to prevent his pampered and overgrown infant boys (the manufacturing industries) from taking advantage of their weaker brothers (the Agri cultural industries) in more ways than Uncle Sam intended they should. Take for instance the glucose industry. It is a great and important industry which produces a valuable and wholesome product and adds many thousands of dollars annually to the wealth of the United States. It was, however, never intended that it should be used for the purpose of adulterating maple or cane syrup, and thus rob the cane and maple syrup boilers of the just rewards of their labor by a literally " syruptitious" and unfair competition. I might multiply instances, such as the substitution of oleomargarine for butter, of cottonseed oil for olive oil, of malt vinegar for cider vinegar; not to speak of those more shameless practices as where water is added to milk and poisonous drugs like formaldehyde and salicylic acid are added without warning to perishable food products to preserve them. The apologists for these nefarious

30

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

practices tell us that these substitutions should be encouraged, since the manufacture of glucose furnishes another market for the corn growers,,that of oleomargarine for the cattle raiser, and that the transfer of the olive groves of Sunny Italy to the cotton patches of the South must inure to the benefit of the Southern cotton planter. Now I might be content to hold my tongue if I believed for one moment, that the corn planter of Kansas ever received a cent a bushel more for his crop on account of the glucose foisted on the public for cane and maple syrup, or the Texas rancher a cent a head more for his beeves because of the oleomargarine that butters the poor man's crust, or the Alabama cotton grower a cent a bushel more for his cotton seed, because the salad oil pressed from it can not be distinguished when served on the tables of the Waldorf-Astoria, from the "sublime oil of Lucca." No, it is only the swindling intermediary who profits materially by these practices. Do not misunderstand me for a moment, I would not reduce by one gallon the glucose made from corn, not by one pound the "oleo" made from beef, not by one ounce the beautiful golden oil which vies in purity and flavor with the finest product of the Italian press. But I would stop dishonesty in trade. I would have every man receive for his dollar, the real substance he pays for, "every ship to sail under its true colors." I would force men who stand high in church and state and social position to cease palming off on the public the false for the true, the sham for the real. I stand on the broad platform that every citizen of the United States has the right to go into the markets of his country and call for whatever product may please his fancy, and is entitled to a reasonable assurance from his State and Government that he has obtained what he paid for, and not a mixture which somebody else thinks is just as good and which was made up for the express purpose of
obtaining money under false pretences. I do not believe in being extreme, nor in driving wholesome foods out

BULLETIN NO. 42

31

of the market simply from prejudice. If a merchant wants to sell a mixture of glucose and cane syrup, let him so brand the compound and put the world on notice what he is selling, and in like manner with oleomargarine or other wholesome but cheap products of the factories. As I stated to the convention at its Macon meeting, I went into the Atlanta market and bought from various stores samples of syrup, asking in each case for their best Georgia cane syrup, and paying fifty to sixty cents a gallon. Practically fifty per cent of these samples were found to be adulterated with glucose. This work was done before the Georgia syrup law went into effect. I may say here that the Georgia Syrup law, like all the Georgia food laws and the food laws of most of the Southern States, provides no machinery for making itself effective; there is no one whose business it is to see that it is actively enforced and executed. Since the syrup law became effective, I know of at least four instances in which it was violated. Some of you may say why do you not, as a State official, see that those guilty of violating the law are punished. I reply that my hands would be more than full, that I must also become the voluntary prosecutor of those violating other Georgia laws directed against the adulteration of numerous other food products, and in so doing must neglect the duties which the State has directly imposed upon me in carrying out the law against the adulteration of commercial fertilizers. In this case the State showed that she was in earnest in passing the law, and has provided the means for the inspection and analysis of the 700,000 tons of commercial fertilizers which were sold within her borders last year, and the crop of over 1,800,000 bales of Georgia cotton, exclusive of other agricultural products, bears witness in the most unanswerable manner to the honesty with which that great fertilizer industry is conducted within her borders. Shall we not give ourselves as much concern for the purity of the food we take into our bodies, as for that

32

GEOBGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of the food which we put in the soil! It has been both truly and humorously remarked "that eating is the chief industry of the human race," and although I was born and bred a "free-trader," I will state that so far as this industry is concerned I am the most ardent of protectionists" Let us protect the stomach, which is the citadel of life, at all hazards; what are we but food transformed into life, action, energy, love and happiness, sorrow and sadness, whatever is good whatever is noble, and whatever is wicked in the world! Shall we not see to it that that food is at least what it pretends to be! Let us not be responsible for the conditions prescribed by the great English poet, when he says

"And the vitirol madness flashes up in the ruffians head, 'Till the filthy by-lane rings to the yell of the trampled
wife, And chalk and alum and plaster are sold to the poor for
bread And the spirit of murder works in the very means of
life. And sleep must lie down armed for the villainous cen-
tre-bits, Grind on the wakeful ear in the hush of the moonless
nights, While another is cheating the sick of a few last gasps
as he sits To pestle a poisoned poison behind his crimson lights."

We, of the Southern States, have been very remiss in this matter of protecting our people against fraudulent food products. Many of the Northern and Western States have actively enforced pure food legislation, and we are becoming the dumping-ground for the refuse which they reject. We need uniform State legislation badly; we also need federal legislation to supplement the State legislation, so that there might be no State or territory, no crack nor cranny in this broad Union of

BULLETIN NO. 42

33

ours where the adulterator could ply his villanous trade in peace and security, no port or harbor from which the strong arm of the Federal Government would not drive him back across the seas to the land from which he came. Is it not strange that though for about fifteen long years good men in the House and Senate of the United States have been struggling to enact such a law that no such law has yet been passed. Dr. Wiley has made such legislation the study of the-best years of his life, and has advocated before committee after committee of both Houses, one of the best pure food laws ever proposed for a nation; it has at last been passed by the House and is now awaiting action by the Senate, as it also awaited action by the Senate at its session of a year ago, and from the ominous way in which consideration of the bill was only a short time ago still further deferred, when pressed for action, it looks as though it might await action by the Senate indefinitely. Gentlemen of the Convention, we can do much to help the passage of this bill; let us memorialize the Senate of the U. S. that our great cane syrup industry (only one among many other great agricultural industries) is suffering for the need of legislation which will protect it against the adulterator, and then let the strong men here from each State take the matter up personally with their Senators, and request them to make it their business to see that the Hepburn bill comes up for action by the Senate at this session. Further, I want to ask this Convention to memorialize the Georgia Legislature to pass the pure food bill, which I have drawn for Georgia modeled upon the Hepburn bill; my bill has been submitted to Dr. Wiley and has his approval; I have several copies of it
here for any who may be interested in such legislation;
I beg that the members here representing the different
Georgia counties see their Senators and Representa-
tives and insist upon action on this bill at the approach-
ing session of the Georgia Legislature. Does not the
fact that adulterated cane syrup now brings 50 to 60

fr-3

34

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

cents a gallon in the retail markets show that there is a demand for the genuine article, which cannot be met at that price under the present conditions of supply and demand without resort to fraudulent practice! Does it not show that if the State only exercised a rigid supervision over the food supply of her citizens, and enforced a fixed standard of purity, that the cane-growers would profit by it? If the adulterated stuff now on the market were forced off, would not the demand exceeding the supply raise the price from 50 cents now asked and obtained for the fraudulent compound to 75 cents or more for the genuine article. Such laws will benefit everybody in general and the farmer in particular, by driving adulterated foods from the market and increasing the demand for pure milk, cheese, butter, honey, syrup and other products of the farm.
In conclusion, Mr. Chairman, I wish to quote the striking words of Senator Paddock, delivered in a speech in the IT. S. Senate in 1892 in advocacy of his pure food bill--"In the name and in the interest of public morality, I appeal to you to set legislative bounds, beyond which the wicked may not go with impunity in
this corrupt and corrupting work. Let us at least attempt to perform our part in the general effort to elevate the standard of commercial honesty, which has been so disgracefully lowered by these deceptions, frauds and robberies, the malign influence of which is everywhere felt. Let us help by our action here to protect and sustain in his honorable vocation, the honest producer, manufacturer, merchant and trader, whose
business is constantly menaced, and often ruined by these unscrupulous competitors, who by their vile and dishonest acts, manipulations and misbrandings are able to make the bad and impure appear to be the pure and the genuine; thus by a double deception, both as to quality and price, making the "worse appear the better" choice to the unintelligent mass of consumers.
In the interest of the great consuming public, partic-

BULLETIN NO. 42

35

ularly the poor, I beg of you to make an honest, earnest effort to enact this law. At best, a great multitude of our people are oppressed by a fear, a never absent apprehension, which they carry to their work by day and to their beds by night, that perhaps at the end of the following day or week or month they may fail to "make ends meet." Under the strain of this grim menace, life itself becomes a burden almost too grievous to be borne. But the thought of helpless wife and children, whose sole dependence he is, renews the courage of the wage-worker from day to day and so he struggles on, praying and hoping to the end. These, Mr. President, are the men, and these the women and children for whom before all others I make this appeal. If you could save to these the possible one-third to the nutritious element of their food supplies, which is extracted to be replaced by that which is only bulk, only the form and semblance of that of which they are robbed by the dishonest manipulator and trader, you would go a long way toward solving the great problem of the laboring masses, whether for them it is better to '' live or not to live," whether it is better to "endure the ills they have than to fly to others that they know not of," which lie beyond the realm of governmental and social upheaval
and chaos.

36

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

MEMORIALS TO THE LEGISLATURE.

At the Convention of the Interstate Cane Growers at Montgomery, Ala., January 25-26, 1905, the followingmemorial address to the General Assembly of Georgia was authorized:
MONTGOMERY, ALA., January 26, 1905.
To the General Assembly of the State of GeorgiaGreeting :
The Interstate Cane Growers Association in convention assembled in the city of Montgomery, Ala., having heard with profound interest and approval the address of Dr. J. M. McCandless, State Chemist of Georgia, on "the importance of actively enforced pure food legislation to the cane-growing States," and recognizing the far -reaching importance of such legislation and having adopted a resolution to memorialize the Senate of the United States, and the several State Legislatures, to pass the Hepburn bill now pending in the Senate of the United States, or some similar legislation, do hereby most respectfully memorialize the General Assembly of the State of Georgia that it is the sense of this convention that the sugar-cane growers of the United States, and especially of the State of Georgia, are in urgent need of protection against the adulteration of cane syrup, one of their chief products; that they fully believe that not only this interest, but many other of their agricultural interests, now suffering from the fierce, unscrupulous and unprincipled competition of the adulterator, will be fully protected by the enforcement of the provisions of the Hepburn bill or similar

BULLETIN NO. 42

'.'>7

legislation; and they most respectfully urge upon your honorable body that such legislation be taken up and passed for the protection and benefit of the people, at the earliest practicable moment.
THE INTERSTATE CANE GROWERS ASSOCIATION.
By B. M. MARTIN, Secretary.

ATLANTA, GA., August 3, 1905.
To the General Assembly of the State of Georgia-- Greeting:
Whereas, at the meeting of the Betail Grocers Association of Georgia, held at Fitzgerald, Ga., on July 11th and 12th last, also at former meetings of this association as well as at each of the annual meetings for the past three years of the National Betail Grocers Association of the United States, resolutions were passed endorsing the Hepburn Fure Food bill now pending before Congress, and
Whereas, a similar bill is now pending before your honorable body and whereas such a bill, or some similar legislation is most desirable for the protection of our customers, ourselves and the citizens of our State, we do most respectfully petition your honorable body that such legislation be passed, at the earliest possible moment, for the protection and benefit of the people.
BETAIL GROCERS ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA.
J. W. KILPATRICK, President.
JOHN BRATTON, Secretary.

38

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

LETTERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

THE ANALYSIS OF A PLANT.
To Georgia Farmer: I wrote you last year a series of letters devoted almost exclusively to the feeding of live stock, the preparation of scientific rations and to the' general principles underlying the scientific feeding of stock. As you have asked me so many questions about fertilizers, I propose now to write you a series of letters on that subject, giving you the benefit of what I may have learned from books and from my experience
as an agricultural chemist. As the prime object of farming and of fertilization is
the raising of crops, we will begin by considering briefly
plant life. What is a plant? Let us examine and make a rough
analysis of one. Pull up a green and vigorous plant, brush the dirt from the roots and throw it down upon the ground with the rays of the sun beating upon it. Soon it assumes a peculiar appearance which we call "wilted." Had you taken the precaution to weigh the plant when you first pulled it up and then weighed it as>ain after a few hours, when it looked badly wilted, you would find that it had lost weight. By putting the fresh plant under a specially constructed glass vessel and setting it in the sun, you could prove to your own satisfaction that the loss in weight was due to the loss of water. The water in the plant heated by the sun rises as vapor, and if you had the special glass vessel I speak of you could see the water of the cotton plant condense in the cool part of the vessel in drops, which you could collect and weigh; and if you were provided with sufficiently delicate instruments, you would find the weight of this condensed water from the cotton plant was exactly equal to the loss in weight which it sustained after being badly wilted.

BULLETIN NO. 42

39

Young plants and vegetables frequently contain as much as nine-tenths of their weight of water.
In making hay we dry out the water of the grass in the sun, and when the grass has lost all the water it will in this way, it is said to be "cured," and becomes hay. This air dry grass or hay still contains from 8 to 12 per cent, of water, which can be driven out of it by heating it to the temperature of boiling water. If we should do that, what was left would be the "dry matter" of the plant.
This dry matter of the plant contains all the valuable elements for which the plant was grown. If we examine this dry matter further, we find in a general way that it is composed of two kinds of bodies, one of which will burn, or the combustible, and another kind which will not burn, the incombustible, or the ash. That part of the plant which burns or goes up in smoke is derived very largely from the air, and is gaseous in its nature.
NATURE OF THE ELEMENTS IN A PLANT.
If, now, we were to analyze these gases which escape on burning the plant, and then analyze the ash which was left, we should find that, besides the nine-tenths water which the original plant contained, the remaining tenth contained these elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potash, magnesia, lime, iron, phosphorus and sulphur, as essential elements; that is to say, we should certainly find all these elements present, as no plant could exist without them, each one being just as necessary as the other to the growth and life of the plant; and if one of them were cut out, the others being present, the plant could not develop.
THE ASH ELEMENT.
Besides those elements just mentioned, however, we should find in the ashes of the plant, silica, chlorine, soda and manganese, and sometimes a few other elements, though none of these last are absolutely necessary to the growth and development of plant life.

40

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

These ash elements, as we may call them, are all derived from the soil. Ninety-five per cent, of the dry matter of the plant comes out of the air, and is derived from the gases which exist in the air, the remaining five per cent, of the dry matter being the ashes, which come out of the soil. So you see the mineral part which comes from the soil, is only a very small part of the original plant, hut yet it is just as essential to the life and growth of the plant as any or all of the others.

HOW DISCOVERED THAT THE PLANT FEEDS ON AIR AND WATER.
Perhaps you would like to know how it was discovered that the air furnished a large part of the dry matter of the plant. An experiment like this was made: Some white sand was thoroughly burned, to destroy the combustible matter there might be in it, dhd then thoroughly washed with acid and water to remove any soluble mineral matter and just leave pure sand. This being put into a box a seed of corn is planted and watered with distilled water, or water containing no mineral. The seed after sprouting and growing as long as it could subsist on the food in the original grain of corn was carefully dried, all the water being driven out in an oven kept at the temperature of boiling water, and then the remaining dry matter was weighed. It was found that the weight far exceeded the weight of the original grain of corn, and also that this excess weight consisted entirely of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; consequently, they must have come from the air and water, as they could have come from no other source.
The atmosphere contains a great abundance of these elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are so necessary to plant life, so that it will not be necessary for us to trouble about them in studying the subject of fertilizers, since they are "given without money and
without price." The ash element which make only five per cent, of the
dry matter of the crop, will concern us very nearly, and

BULLETIN NO. 42

41

as they come out of the soil, I will write you in my next letter about the soil and its elements--those which are abundant, and those which are scarce.

CHEMISTEY IN AGEICULTUBE THE SOIL, ITS ORIGIN VARIE-
TIES OF SOIL.
All living things, both plant and animal, may be traced back to two sources, the soil and atmosphere. In the last analysis every particle of which they are composed must have been derived either from the air or the earth. The food derived from the air is by far greater in quantity than that from the soil, but as the elements of plant food, in the atmosphere automatically renew themselves, there need never be any fear that the atmosphere will be exhausted of the elements of plant food which it contains; the soil, however, is a different proposition. The elements of plant food contained are much less abundant than in the air; in fact, many of them are quite limited in quantity, and the best efforts of the farmer are needed to improve the condition of his soil so as to render the plant food in it more available; to prevent such plant food as exists from washing away, and to add plant food from any other available sources. The soil is any part of the earth's surface which is capable of cultivation and of the production of crops.
HOW SOILS ARE MADE.
The geologists tell us that when the earth first cooled down from a molten condition there was no soil anywhere, but only rock, great granite boulders and rocks of other nature, but that in the vast periods of time which elapsed between the cooling down of the earth's crust and the time when man and other animals began to appear on the earth, the rocks had rotted and crumbled away and produced what we now know as the soil and subsoil. The rain falling upon the rocks sinks into the cracks and fissures, and, freezing therein, tears and flakes off small particles; these in turn, being swept

42

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

along by floods, are ground against each other and gradually reduced to powder. The oxygen of the atmosphere also exerts a chemical effect in converting some of the minerals into oxides. For instance, if you leave a bright, new ax out exposed to the weather you will soon note a coating upon it which you call rust; that is produced by the action of the oxygen of the air upon the iron of the ax, and is really the oxide of iron. In this way, then, by the action of water in freezing and thawing, in grinding and transporting the broken fragments of the rock and by the action of the air in oxidizing the minerals going on for many thousands and thousands of years, possibly millions of years, the rocks have been gradually converted into what we now know
as the soil and subsoil.
DIVISIONS OF SOILS SANDY SOILS.
The subsoil may extend down only a few feet, or it may extend for many feet, but when you get to the bottom of it you will strike the rock, usually the same kind of rock from which the soil was originally derived. Soils may be divided into these general classes--sandy, clayey, limy and peaty, according to whether their principal ingredients consist of sand, clay, carbonate of lime or vegetable matter. A soil which contains over 70 per cent, of sand is called sandy. Such soils usually contain but little plant food. They are ill adapted to withstand a drought, as the sandy particles absorb and retain but little moisture, and the crops would soon burn up in a long dry season; but when the rainfall is abundant or irrigation is at hand these soils are desirable, because they dry out quickly, permit the easy cultivation of the crops and respond quickly to liberal fertilization. They are especially adapted to quick grow-
ing crops.
CLAY SOILS AND LIME SOILS.
A clay soil is one that contains over 50 per cent, of clay, and is exactly the reverse of the sandy soil. Water

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43

percolates through them very slowly and in a very wet season the crops on them suffer from the excess of moisture. They are also more difficult to cultivate. These lands, however, are usually richer in plant food. They are well adapted to the grains and grasses. Limy soils, lime soils, or calcareous soils, are those which contain over 20 per cent, of lime. The lime exists in these soils in the form of carbonate of lime, and is a very valuable element of plant food. It is itself absolutely essential to the plant, and it also aids in breaking up mineral combinations in the soil, and so rendering other elements of plant food available which would otherwise remain insoluble and therefore inert.
VALUABLE PROPERTIES OF LIME.
Lime also aids materially in the decay of organic or vegetable matter in the soil; it also improves the mechanical condition of the soil; it is a great benefit in this way both to sandy and clay soils. It causes the very taining just the right proportion of sand to keep it porous and warm and permeable to water; just the right amount of clay to keep it cool and to obviate the water together, and so improves its power of absorbing and holding water; it also improves the texture of a clay soil by preventing the particles from sticking or adhering so closely together, and thus renders it more porous and friable and easy to work, and also enables water to pass through it more easily, in a measure obviating the dangers of a wet season on clay land. The limy soils are adapted to the grains and grasses and fruits. Peaty soils consist of organic or vegetable matter in a state of partial decomposition, with comparatively little mineral matter. Such lands are usually of a deep black color and are very productive.
The three kinds of soil just described are the extremes of their kind, and the soils which are generally preferred by farmers are mixtures of these, and are known as loams; a soil which contains from 10 to 20

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GrEORGIA DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE

per cent, of clay is called a sandy loam, when it contains from 20 to 30 per cent, of clay it is a loam, and when it is composed of from 30 to 50 per cent, of clay it is a clay loam.
THE IDEAL SOIL.
An ideal or perfect soil is hard to find in nature conloose particles of the sandy soil to adhere more closely running quickly through it like a sieve or evaporating too rapidly from its surface; just the right amount of humus or "decayed vegetable matter to furnish nitrogen and to hold just the proper quantity of moisture like a sponge; also just the proper amount of lime in the soil to furnish plant food, to help liberate the potash from the feldspar and mica minerals in the soil, and also to aid in the decomposition of roots and turned under crops like clover and peas. Plenty of lime in the soil will help convert these into humus which is so highly appreciated by farmers all over the world because it helps to retain moisture, to convert the insoluble forms of nitrogen into the more soluble, and to give to the soil that black color which is usually found in most fertile soils, and which certainly has the power of absorbing more of the heat rays of the sun and thus making the soil warmer than the lighter colored soils can possibly be. In my next letter I will still write you more on this important subject of the soil.
CHEMISTRY IN AGRICULTURE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF
THE SOIL AND THE WHEAT CROP.
Whilst few farmers ever find such a perfect soil as I described to you in the last part of my last letter, yet every farmer has it in his power to improve the soil he starts with however poor it may be or whatever its nature may be, by judicious tillage, fertilizing, draining, ditching, liming, sanding, claying and terracing, according as the conditions of his soil may indicate. He should especially consider his soil and decide to what crops it seems to be best suited, and then devote his

BULLETIN NO. 42

45

energies to raising those crops rather than others which thrive poorly. If now we proceed to analyze a soil as we did a plant a short while since, we should expect to find in it some of all the elements we found in the plant, more especially in the ash of the plant. Let us take the analysis of quite a rich soil; here is about what we should have: Taking one hundred pounds of the dry soil, we should by means of a careful and skillful chemical analysis separate it into the following parts:

POUNDS PER HUNDRED

Carbon

f

These are elements which the plant is obliged to

Hydrogen -j 12.67 > have, but is not dependent on the soil for them,

Oxygen

{

J as it gets most all it needs from the air and rain.

Silica

71.55

Alumina

6.94

Iron

5.17 The elements in this part of the soil are either

Magnesia

1.08 not absolutely essential to plant life or the plant

Soda

0.43 could get along with very small amounts of them.

Sulphuric acid .0.04

85.21

Nitrogen

0.12

Phosphoric acid 0.43

Potash

0.35

Lime

1.22

2.12

The plant must absolutely have all of these to grow and thrive, and though they exist in the soil in small quantity, the plant needs them in large quantity.

Now let us analyze one hundred pounds of wheat plants:

POUNDS PER HUNDRED

Carbon

47.69

Hydrogen

5.54

Oxygen

40.32 All of this comes from the atmosphere and

the rain.

93.55.

POUNDS PER HUNDRED

Soda

0.09

Magnesia

0.20

Sulphuric acid .0.31

Chlorine

0.04

Iron

0.06

Silica

2.75

As you see, these are used in small quantity by the plant, and are supplied in profusion by the soil.

3.45 J

Nitrogen

1.60

Phosphoric acid 0.45

Potash

0.66

Lime

0.29

These the plants must have or die. Most soils

are deficient in them, and the farmer must add

them to get good crops.

i

3.00

46

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Thus you see by a study of these analyses that you find in the soil the same elements which we found in the plant we analyzed in our first letter, and also in this wheat plant. The carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which we find in the soil are of little or no use as plant food, because the plant gets its store of those foods out of the atmosphere. It derives its carbon from the carbonic acid in the air. You will remember that I wrote you in one of my letters last year about the importance of water and carbonic acid; and as it is apt here, I will repeat the paragraph:
WHERE THE PLANT GETS ITS CARBON FOOD FROM.
The water from which the hydrogen and oxygen come is given us free in the form of rain, and the carbon also in the form of carbonic acid, which is breathed out continually into the atmosphere by every living animal on the face of the earth, by every chimney and hearthstone which warms a happy family, by every smokestack, factory and locomotive which minister to our wants and necessities. Carbonic acid forms the principal part of all this smoke, although it is not the black part which we see, but the invisible part which is clear and colorless like the air. Vast streams of it are pouring out constantly into the air. Why does it not stifle and suffocate us as it would if poured into the rooms where we live '. it is because all plant life lives on it, the great forests absorb it; the crops of wheat, corn and cotton consume it: the lilies and the roses eat it and drink it. They take this deadly gas into their wonderful little bodies, and work it over and over together with the water which they suck out of the soil until they have separated the carbon from the oxygen, with which it is combined in carbonic acid, liberating the oxygen, and appropriating the carbon in building the cells and tissues and organs of which the plant is composed.

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47

LIGHT ESSENTIAL TO THE VITAL PROCESSES OF THE PLANT.
This process of the plant in taking its carbon out of the air is a most wonderful one, and goes on only under the influence of light or in the daytime, and the leaf of the plant is the active organ concerned in taking the carbonic acid out of the air. The leaf of the plant is formed of very numerous little cells placed side by side; on the under side of the leaf there are air-spaces between the cells, and over the whole leaf there is a thin skin. In this skin are numerous small holes, is a thin skin. In this skin are numerous small holes, through which the air passes; when it passes into the leaf whilst the sunlight is shining upon it, through some strange vital power, the little cells of the leaf under these conditions break up the carbonic acid of the air, retaining the carbon and setting the oxygen free, which passes out again into the air. When night comes, the carbon thus obtained undergoes a change and passes into the circulation of the plant, going to the various parts of the plant "where it may be needed. So we see that growing plants tend to purify the air by consuming its carbonic acid gas, which is injurious to animal life, and by giving off pure oxygen gas in its place, which is beneficial to animal life. Animal and plant life thus stand in mutual and beautiful relations to each other. Plant life inhales carbonic acid and exhales oxygen; animal life inhales oxygen and exhales carbonic acid. The animal in his lungs and blood causes carbon to unite with oxygen t oform carbonic acid; while the plant in its cells causes the carbon of the carbonic acid to separate from its oxygen.
ANALYSIS OF ONE HUNDRED VOLUMES OF AIR.
Analysis shows the percentage of carbonic acid in the air to be small. Thus a hundred gallons of dry air is composed of--

48

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Oxygen Nitrogen _ Carbonic acid

Gallons.
20.99 78.98 00.03

You say this is a very small amount of carbonic acid; yes, it seems so, but when you come to consider the enormous bulk of the air, it actually is very large. There is so much of it that the volume of air which rests on one acre of your farm, calculating for a height of only fifty feet above the farm, would contain ninety pounds of carbonic acid gas, and this amount never grows less, even when the crops are feeding on it, because it is being constantly renewed from other sources. Therefore, whilst you need never fear any lack of the essential element of carbon, it is well for you to appreciate where it comes from and how important it is. I have said the oxygen and hydrogen found in the plant came also from the air; really they do not come from the air itself, but they come from the water which floats in the air in the form of clouds. These descend as rain upon the soil and are drawn up through the roots of the plant, and the oxygen and hydrogen of which water is composed are appropriated by the plant. You, of course, appreciate the importance of these two elements of plant life, because you know only too well how crops suffer in a dry season. We will consider the other elements in
our next letter.

NITROGEN AND THE WAY IN WHICH IT IS ABSORBED ACTUAL,
QUANTITIES OF PLANT FOOD IN SOILS.
Naturally the nitrogen we find in the plant by analysis next claims our attention. As I told you in my last letter that there are nearly eighty gallons of nitrogen in one hundred gallons of air, you would quite naturally exclaim that there would be no need to bother about providing nitrogen for the crops, as they ought to be able to obtain all they want from the enormous ocean of it floating all around and about them. Yes, one would natur-

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ally suppose so, but alas, it is not true; the plant is helpless to feed on the nitrogen around it in the air, no matter how.thirsty it may be for it. It is like the shipwrecked sailor in the open boat at sea, though parched and dying with thirst yet he can not slake his thirst, though there be nothing but water, water, all about him.
It seems as though there was a certain malice in Nature in so constituting plants that they can not take the nitrogen out of the air directly, yet perhaps it is a good thing they can not, because if they could, life would be so easy that we probably would not exert ourselves as much as we should: Nitrogen being the most expensive element of plant food, it if were provided free of cost like the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, we could grow such enoromus crops at such small cost that the cost of living would be so reduced that a man would not have the same urgent stimulus behind him to work and to labor that he now has.

THE FORM IN WHICH PLANTS ABSOEB NITROGEN.
But to return to our subject, the plant requires nitrogen, but it can not take it through its leaves; it has to take it up through its roots, and in order for the roots to take it up, the nitrogen must be combined as nitrate. It must be in the form of nitrate of soda, or nitrate of lime, or nitrate of magnesia, or nitrate of potash, or some other form of nitrate before the plant can utilize it. If we put any organic matter containing nitrogen into the soil, either vegetable or animal, as cottonseed meal, blood, meat, or even if we plow under green crops, they will begin to decay and putrefy in the soil, until the nitrogen which they contain in the form of protein (about which I wrote you so much last year) is changed into a number of other forms, being finally converted into a nitrate after the decay of the original substance has been fully completed.
As a nitrate it is in a condition where it dissolves easily in water, and is then absorbed by the root hairs

fr i

50

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

and drawn up into the circulation of the plant. Now the vast majority of plants have to obtain their nitrogen in the roundabout manner just described, but there are a few favored plants which are able to obtain their nitrogen out of the air through the instrumentality of certain minute organisms or microbes in the soil. We
will have more to say of this later on. When the organic matters I have described above, animal or vegetable, as cottonseed meal, blood, meat, manure or turned under green crops decay in the soil, the carbon and hydrogen which are contained in them are not absorbed like the nitrogen through the roots into the plant; the plant does not get its supply of carbon and hydrogen m that way. They simply remain in the soil, to form what is known as the humus of the soil, or the decayed organic matter of the soil, which improves its mechanical condition, gives it a dark or black color, and serves as an excellent retainer of moisture and heat in the soil. Eeferring now to the analysis of a rich soil, which I gave you in my last letter, we find that besides the organic substance about which we have just been talking, there are also the inorganic or mineral substances, such as we found in the ashes of the plant we first analyzed.

THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS FOUND IN THE SOIL.

The most abundant substance of all these mineral or ash elements in the soil we find to be silica, or as you are acquainted with it, sand. You will remember there was in this particular rich soil 7.15 pounds of silica out of every hundred pounds, and yet the wheat plant grown on this soil only contained two and three-quarters pounds of silica out of every hundred pounds, and even this was not absolutely essential to the health and growth of the plant. Although we find alumina in the soil, we find none in the plant. Alumina is one of the principal elements of a clay soil. Iron, magnesia and sulphuric acid found in the soil are likewise found in the ash of the plant. Only small quantities of these, how-

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51

ever, are required by the plant, and they are always abundant in soils. Soda is likewise found in both soil and plant, but is not essential to the plant. Phosphoric acid, potash and lime are found in only small quantity in most soils, but exist in considerable quantity in the ash of plants, and each one of them is absolutely necessary to the life, growth and development of the plant. For this reason, the other elements being usually abundant, a soil is said to be rich or poor according to its contents of potash, phosphoric acid, lime and nitrogen.
Potash and phosphoric acid are usually contained in soils in small quantity, varying from about one-tenth of a pound in a hundred pounds of the soil to one pound in one hundred pounds. Although that amount looks small, in reality when you figure it in another way it is not so small; let us figure it by the acre:

WEIGHT OF THE SOIL PEE ACBE.
An average soil when dry, if taken to the depth of nine inches, will weigh three to three and one-half million pounds to the acre. Therefore a soil containing one-tenth of one per cent, of phosphoric acid, would really contain three thousand to thirty-five hundred pounds of phosphoric acid per acre, or as much as could be obtained by the application of ten to twelve tons of high-grade acid phosphate per acre. You would at once then say that a soil containing one-tenth per cent, of potash or phosphoric acid ought to be a rich soil, and should not require any fertilizers, but there you would be wrong, because it matters not so much what is the total amount of potash or phosphoric acid in an acre of soil as it does to know in what condition that phosphoric acid or potash exists.

AVAILABILITY OF THE PLANT-FOOD IN THE SOIL.
The question arises, is it soluble, is it available? Is it in such condition that the soil water can take it up and convey it to the roots and root hairs of the plant,

52

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ready for absorption by tbem into the plant circulation? This is why we find it necessary to put acid phosphate and kainit and other fertilizers on lands which are being constantly cropped; it is because the constant cropping has exhausted or drawn out of the soil the soluble phosphoric acid and potash, available to the plant, and we must either put on a fertilizer containing them ma soluble form, or we must let the soil rest a while, that is "lie fallow," in order that a fresh supply of plant iood may be made available by the slow action of the soil water, the action of carbonic acid, and the other organic acids resulting from the decay of vegetable and animal matters in the soil. If you cannot afford to either put on fertilizer or to let your land "lie fallow," then your next resource is to rotate your crop; that is, to plant on the soil which has begun to fail you some other crop ot a different nature, which may not require so much ot a certain element of plant food as the previous crop did. For instance, follow cotton with peas or clover.

WHAT DETERMINES THE CROP-PRODUCING POWER OF THE SOIL.
In considering the capacity of a soil to produce crops we must remember one thing, and that is that the essential element which exists in the smallest amount settles the question of the crop-producing power of a soil. That is to say, if a soil is very rich in available phosphoric acid, nitrogen, lime, magnesia, and the other essential ash elements, and yet be poor in available potash, that soil can not produce heavy crops without the application of an available potash fertilizer. If that soil has only available potash enough in it to produce ten bushels of corn per acre, or two hundred pounds ot seed cotton per acre, then all you are going to get out of that soil is ten bushels of corn or two hundred pounds of seed cotton, no matter whether there was available phosphoric acid and nitrogen and lime, etc., in the soil enough to produce forty bushels of corn or fifteen hundred pounds of seed cotton. This brings us to the ques-

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53

tion of soil analysis, which we will treat in our next letter.

THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OP THE SOIL NOT OF MUCH PBAC-
TICAL VALUE TO THE FABMEB AND WHY THE WAY FOE
THE PAEMEE TO ANALYZE HIS OWN SOIL.
Eeferring to the statement in my last letter, that if any one element in a soil essential to plant growth be lacking in an available form, then that soil can not produce a good crop, no matter how rich the soil may be in the other essential elements. You naturally exclaim, then, why not have a chemist analyze the soil, and tell the farmer what element or elements are lacking in his soil and what are abundant, so that he will know how to fertilize--whether he ought to apply acid phosphate, or kainit, or cottonseed meal, or lime, one or all, to his land, so as to get the best results, and at the same time use the wisest economy in the purchase and application of fertilizers. Yes, this is a very natural idea, and it was at one time, in the earlier days of agricultural science, thought that by means of a chemical analysis of the soil, that the key had been found by means of which we could unlock the secrets of Nature, and solve all the problems of practical agriculture. It was found however, on trial, that this idea, so beautiful in theory, did not work well in practice. It was discovered, for instance, that a soil which was producing poor crops contained one-tenth of one per cent, of phosphoric acid, or, calculating to a depth of nine inches, about three thousand pounds of phosphoric acid per acre, and yet this soil was in need of phosphoric acid, because when acid phosphate was used on it as a manure it responded with largely increased yields. Evidently the phosphoric acid in this soil, although abundant in quantity, 3,000 pounds per acre, was not in a condition available to the plant, so that it could be absorbed by the roots.

54

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ELEMENTS SOLUBLE IN ACIDS NOT ALWAYS AVAILABLE.
Still when the chemist came to treat this soil with his strong chemicals, he could dissolve the phosphates in it readily. Thus it would happen that a chemist analyz ing a soil and finding in it, say, 3,000 pounds of phosphoric acid, 5,000 pounds of potash, and 4,000 pounds of nitrogen per acre, and knowing nothing else about the soil, except the results of his analysis, would report that the soil contained ample plant food for producing good crops, and was a good soil, not in need of fertilizers, when, as a matter of fact, the soil might be so poor as hardly to "sprout peas." After many trials and efforts to imitate the action of Nature in the laboratory, the conclusion was reached that it was notpossible to tell by a chemical analysis, in the case of cultivated soils, whether the soil was a fertile one or not, or what particular elements should be added to it for the production of
full crops.
ANALYSIS SHOWS THE ULTIMATE RESOURCES OF THE SOIL.
Whilst the chemical analysis is of a failure from this standpoint, still it is of value from another. For instance, if I make an analysis of your soil and tell you that it contains 3,000 pounds of phosphoric acid, 2,500 pounds of potash, and 4,000 pounds of nitrogen, then you would be encouraged to go ahead and make this plant food more available by judicious cultivation and treatment, such as liming, the turning under of green crops, etc., feeling assured that in the end you could bring that soil up to a point where it would yield bountifully. But if as a result of my analysis I should tell you that the soil only contained 150 pounds of phosphoric acid and 200 pounds of potash per acre, why then you would know that the best thing you could do with that land would be to abandon it or give it away, and not waste further time and labor on it. There is, however, a practical method by which you can analyze your soil for yourself far better than any chemist can do it

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55

for you, and by means of which you could tell for yourself whether your soil needs lime, phosphoric acid, potash or nitrogen, one or all. That method is as follows:
METHOD BY WHICH THE FARMER MAY ANALYZE HIS OWN SOIL.
First, select a piece of ground as level as possible, so that rain may not wash the fertilizer from one plot into an adjoining plot. Secondly, for the purpose of the experiment, mark off ten plots, each one just one-tenth of an acre in area. If convenient make the plots long and narrow, say one hundred and thirty-six feet long by thirty-two feet wide; these dimensions would enable you to have eight long rows, four feet apart, in each plot. Any other shape of plot will answer, only be careful to lay off the plots so that they shall each contain one-tenth of an acre, or 4,356 square feet. Separate the plots from each other by paths at least three feet wide, so that the effect of fertilizer in one plot may not be felt in an adjoining plot. It would be well to locate these experimental plots on some of your poorest land, or that which stands most badly in need of fertilizer. When all is ready carefully number the plots from one to ten so that you may keep a record of the nature and amount of fertilizer applied on each plot. Let us suppose that you decide to plant cotton on the ten prepared plots for the purpose of finding out what fertilizing constituent is most needed by your soil when growing cotton. Plant the cotton in your usual manner, after a careful preparation of the soil of the plots, thoroughly ploughing and harrowing the plots in order. Then apply the fertilizers as follows:
No. 1.--No fertilizer. No. 2.--143 pounds of cottonseed meal. No. 3.--200 pounds of 14 per cent, acid phosphate. No. 4.--80 pounds of kainit. No. 5,--No fertilizer. No. 6.--200 pounds of acid phosphate and 143 pounds of cottonseed meal.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

No. 7.--143 pounds of cottonseed meal and 80 pounds
of kainit. No. 8.--200 pounds of acid phosphate and 80 pounds
of kainit. No. 9.--200 pounds of acid phosphate, 80 pounds of
kainit and 143 pounds of cotton seed meal. No. 10.--500 pounds of air-slaked lime.
In many of our Georgia soils lime is sadly lacking, and it may be just the thing needed by the soil, in conjunction with certain other fertilizers; to discover if this be the case, after having fertilized plot No. 2, mark off a strip 2i/2 feet in width diagonally across the plot, that is running from one corner to the opposite corner. Apply to this strip 50 pounds of air-slaked lime, and work in well with the soil and other fertilizer with a rake. Do the same with each of the other plots, omitting No. 10. Then when the crop begins to grow, if lime was specially needed by the soil in any of the plots, you ought to notice a marked superiority in the two and a half foot strip which runs diagonally across all the
rows in all nine plots.*
In the above fertilizers it is presumed that the acid phosphate is the kind most usually sold, containing 14 per cent, of available phosphoric acid, so that 200 pounds supplies 28 pounds of actual phosphoric acid to the plot.
The cottonseed meal is presumed to contain 7 per cent, of nitrogen, so that 143 pounds of its supplies 10 pounds of nitrogen to the plot, and the kainit to contain 121/2 per cent, of potash, so that 80 pounds yield 10 pounds of potash to the plots the kainit is applied to.
In applying the fertilizers observe the following precautions : Sow each fertilizer on the plot to which it is to be applied broadcast, using your best care and judgment to distribute the fertilizer evenly over the entire plot. In order to get an even distribution it is best to sow in such quantity that you will have to go over each plot at least twice to get all the fertilizer distributed. Take care not to sow while the wind is blowing, as it

BULLETIN NO. 42

57

may blow some of the fertilizer on to the adjoining plots. After sowing harrow the ground, and then it will be
ready for you to plant.
Plant thick enough to insure a perfect stand, and at the proper time thin out to a uniform stand. Treat all the plots exactly alike, except as to the fertilizers applied. Prepare the ground in each plot the same, plant the cotton all at the same time, and always cultivate the same and at the same time each day. Take pains to have the same number of plants in each row. It will be well to keep a notebook, with a page for each plot, in which to record your observations.
In this book record: 1st. The kind of fertilizer applied to each plot and the amount applied, on the page set apart for the respective plots from 1 to 10. 2d. Note down the date the cotton was planted. 3d. Note the date the cotton came up in each plot. 4th. When the cotton is about two inches high on the plot containing no fertilizer note the height and appearance of the other plots. 5th. After you have thinned out to a uniform stand record the number of missing plants, if any, in each plot. Of course use every endeavor to have the same number of plants in each plot, but in case of accident to some, be sure to put down the number missing in any plot so as to make allowances. 6. Eecord any other observations of interest during the growth of the crop on the different plots, such as the comparative dates of blooming, number of bolls to the stalk, date of opening of the bolls, height of the stalks after maturity of the plant. 7th. Keep the seed cotton from each plot to itself, weigh it by itself, and record the weight of the seed cotton from plot No. 1 on page No. 1, and so on with the others. When you have picked and weighed the last pound of cotton, then you will, I think, be able to decide for yourself what fertilizer or combination of fertilizers your land requires. Of course, if you have a bad season, very dry or very wet, you will not be able to decide so well, and in that case repeat the experiment

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GTEOKGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGBICULTUBE

another year. In this way you can analyze your own soil, and do it better than the best chemist in the world can do it for you, because you have appealed to the soil itself; you have spoken to it in the language of Nature, and it has replied in the same mute, but eloquent tongue, demonstrating the truth of her answers before your very eyes.
Yours truly, JNO. M. MCCANDLESS, State Chemist.

BULLETIN NO. 42

59

LETTERS ON AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

DESCRIPTION OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIALS.

DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER
MATERIALS.
As you and others have written me to know what is the value of the different materials used in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers, I will give you at this point a fairly complete account of the substances principally used. First we will consider in the order of their value in dollars and cents, and their agricultural importance, the nitrogenous materials, or those which yield nitrogen to the plant. Such substances are also known as ammoniates, because under certain conditions the nitrogen which they contain can be converted into ammonia. Now nitrogen and ammonia are not the same thing by any means, but still they are closely related, they are both gases. Nitrogen, as I have described to you before in another place, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, and constitutes four-fifths of the air or atmosphere which envelops the earth. Ammonia is also a gas and is colorless, but it has a pungent odor, the same which you have noticed in spirits of hartshorn or spirits of ammonia bought from the drug store. It laso has a caustic burning taste, and is easily dissolved in water, which nitrogen is not.
Ammonia is made by causing nitrogen to combine with hydrogen. Fourteen pounds of nitrogen combine with three pounds of hydrogen to make seventeen pounds of ammonia, so that ammonia always contains a large amount of nitrogen, but nitrogen never contains any ammonia. And right here it is well for you to understand, that we have all fallen into a very unwise and erroneous habit of speaking about a fertilizer as

60

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

containing such a per cent, of ammonia. As a matter of fact it is rarely if ever the case that a fertilizer contains any ammonia, as such at all, but it does contain nitrogen combined in various forms.
As you know, it is customary, in the careless way of talking obtaining among us all, to speak of cottonseedmeal as containing eight per cent, ammonia. That is wrong; it does not contain any ammonia, but it does contain six and six-tenths per cent, of nitrogen in the form of albuminoids or protein, of which I wrote you so much in my letters on feeding; and this six and six-tenths per cent of nitrogen can under certain chemical conditions be converted into eight per cent, of ammonia. I hope then 1 have made this plain, and when you buy a fertilizer in the future don't imagine because you smell certain peculiar odors about it that you smell ammonia; that is rarely if ever the case; the odors you smell are usually due to animal matters, fish-scrap, etc., and indicate no greater value in the fertilizer than one which has no odor at all.
In the same way a dark or black color is no indication of value in the fertilizer. In point of fact the highest grade fertilizer which could possibly be compounded by the art of man would be snow white in color. The materials used for compounding such a fertilizer would be nitrate of ammonia and phosphate of potash, and these salts when chemically pure are snow white salts. To return now to our description of the various nitrogenous materials. Cottonseed-meal, with which you are fully familiar, stands first in importance in Southern agriculture.
An average meal of good quality will contain six and six-tenths per cent, of nitrogen, which, if converted into ammonia, would be equal to eight per cent.
It also contains an average of 2.7 per cent, of phosphoric acid and 1.8 per cent, potash. It is a very valuable fertilizer, and constitutes the nitrogen base of the

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greater portion of commercial fertilizers manufactured in the South.
Next to cottonseed-meal the materials used most largely in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers are the
"PACKING-HOUSE PRODUCTS."
As little is generally known of these and the manner of their production, I will give you a brief account of their manufacture.
The great packing-houses are located chiefly in Chicago, Kansas City and Omaha, where immense numbers of cattle are slaughtered, and the various parts of the body are put to some special use. Apart from the production of dressed beef, mutton or pork, there is of course a large quantity of waste to be utilized, but the material most interesting to us is that which is used for fertilizers; this consists of blood, of bones, and a mixture of scraps of meat, skin, bones and blood.

DRIED BLOOD.
The material known as "dried blood" is the most valuable fertilizer product, and the richest in nitrogen. In preparing this material, the liquid blood is collected in vats, where it is cooked; this process causes the separation of the protein of the blood from much of the water; it is then put in to presses, where about one-half of the water is pressed out. After pressing it is still damp and in the form of cakes; these cakes are next broken up and dried by passing them through a mechanical drier heated by steam. The damp cakes go in at one end of the machine and dry cakes come out at the other, when they are ground to a powder and sacked ready for market. This blood will usually contain about thirteen per cent, of nitrogen, which is the equivalent of about sixteen per cent, of ammonia, but as in the case of cottonseed-meal, there is actually no ammonia
in it.

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GEOEGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TANKAGE.
The next important product of the slaughter-house is what is known to the fertilizer trade as "Tankage." This is a mixture of blood, bones, waste scraps of meat, etc. This material gets its name from the fact that it is cooked in huge tanks in the first stage of its preparation. It is cooked under steam pressure at a high temperature for several hours. As a result, most of the fat in the mass is melted and rises to the top of the tanks, where it is skimmed off and utilized for soapmaking and other purposes. The bones and the cooked meat, etc., now lie at the bottom of the tank, and the tank water is dark and highly colored--is, in fact, a sort of soup, containing nitrogenous matter in solution. The solid matter, bones, etc., are removed, dried and crushed or ground in the same way as was done with the dried blood product.
CONCENTRATED TANKAGE.
The tank water is run into a vacuum evaporator, the excess of water removed, and a product known as '' concentrated tankage" is the final result of the treatment. The finished material contains about twelve per cent, of nitrogen. The dried and ground bone tankage, or what is known as "simple tankage," contains about sseven per cent, of nitrogen, ten per cent, of total phosphoric acid, and six and one-half per cent, of available phosphoric acid.
BONE MEAL.
There are also three kinds of bone meal produced; raw bone meal, regular bone meal, and steamed bone meal. The first is, as its name indicates, produced by the crushing and grinding of raw bones, after removing any adhering fat or meat. This material contains about four per cent, of nitrogen, twenty-three per cent, of total phosphoric acid, and eight and one-half per cent, of available phosphoric acid. The regular bone meal is cooked under pressure for a few hours in the tanks;

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63

this removes fat and also causes some loss of nitrogen, makes the product grind easier and finer. This grade of bone meal contains about three per cent, nitrogen, twenty-seven and one-half per cent, total phosphoric acid and twelve and one-half per cent, available phosphoric acid. Steamed bone meal is the product of the glue works, and is made by grinding the bone left after boiling all the fat and glue out of them that can be obtained. This process reduces the percentage of nitrogen, so that steamed bone meal will hardly average more than two per cent, of nitrogen, but has about the same amount of phosphoric acid as the ordinary bone meal.

HORN AND HOOi? MEAL, MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT.

Horn and hoof meal is another product of the slaugh-

ter-house. Imperfect horns and dark-colored hoofs are

thoroughly steamed, then dried and ground into meal.

The better quality of horns and hoofs command very

high prices, even as high as $200 a ton, for other pur-

poses, in the manufacture of buttons and novelties;

hence the quantity of this material coming on the mar-

ket is limited. There was formerly a great prejudice

against it, and it used to be considered fraudulent to

use it in fertilizers. Even in standard works on agri-

cultural chemistry of quite recent date the material is

spoken of as being only very slowly available as plant-

food. This, however, has in the past two or three years

been shown to be an error, and the material is now

regarded by those best informed as a rich and highly

available source of nitrogen. It contains about fifteen

per cent, of nitrogen. The quantity of it on the market

is comparatively small. There are many other products

of the packing-house, but these are the chief ones of

interest to the fertilizer trade and to the farmer. In

the next letter I will finish describing the nitrogenous

fertilizer materials, and write you something about

phosphates.

Yours truly,

JNO. M. MCCANDLESS, State Chemist.

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GEOKGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

NITRATE OF SODA.
Cottonseed-meal, blood, tankage, etc., which I have described to you in the last letter, are known as "organic" sources of ammonia, or rather of nitrogen. Habit is so strong, you see, it is hard to get rid of the use of that word ammonia. Nitrogen is much the better term for our use. Besides the organic sources of nitrogen we also have what are known as the "inorganic" sources. I have explained in a previous letter fully the meaning of these two terms, but lest you may have forgotten, I will stop a moment to say that an organic substance may be either vegetable or animal, thus a leaf, a seed, a piece of meat or of skin are organic substances. An inorganic substance is the opposite of these, and is mineral in its nature, a piece of rock or of iron is inorganic. The chief inorganic source of nitrogen, then, is nitrate of soda, also commonly called '' Chili Saltpetre"; saltpetre because it has many of the properties of real saltpetre,'which is nitrate of potash, and Chili because it is imported from Chili in South America.
Nitrate of potash or true saltpetre is a very valuable fertilizing compound, yielding both nitrogen and potash to the plant, but it is much too expensive to buy in this form; it is, therefore, better, or rather cheaper, to buy nitrate of soda and muriate of potash separately, and then mix them together, when we will accomplish practically the same results from a fertilizing stand point, and for a smaller outlay of money, than if we bought the same elements in form of nitrate of potash. Nitrate of soda is such an important salt for fertilizer purposes that I will go into some little detail about it.
The entire supply at present comes from the western coast of Chili. It extends in a narrow strip of land running north and south for about 260 miles, at an average distance of about fourteen miles from the ocean. The country where it is found is a desert, it never rains there and the whole region is bare of vege-

BULLETIN NO. 42

65

tation and destitute of water. The nitrate rock is called ""Caliche" (pronounced Ca-lee-chay), and the best quality has the following composition:

Sodium nitrate Sodium chloride -- Sodium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Insoluble matter Sodium iodate Sodium nitrite Magnesium chloride Magnesium nitrate Potassium chloride

50 per cent. 26 " " 6 " 3" " 14 " "
1" "

100 per cent.
The average quality of "Caliche" contains from thirty to forty per cent, of sodium nitrate, and the poorest quality worked ranges from seventeen to thirty per cent, sodium nitrate. The "Caliche" occurs from six to ten feet below the surface of the ground, and the vein or stratum varies from a foot and a half to twelve feet in thickness.
The process of extracting and separating the valuable nitrate of soda from the rest of the "Caliche," is done by means of water in which the nitrate of soda dissolves, and from which it is crystallized. A description of the process would be tedious. Suffice it to say that a costly plant is required for the purpose, and that the work is so well done that the product when finished contains about ninety-five per cent, nitrate of soda, which is equivalent to 15.65 per cent of nitrogen, or nineteen per cent, of ammonia. An enormous and annually increasing amount is shipped every year. The amount exported every year to Europe and America is about one million tons.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

CHARACTER OF NITRATE OF SODA AND METHOD OF USE.
The material has a great number of uses besides its use as a fertilizer. It is used in the manufacture of nitrate of potash, which is needed to make gunpowder and fireworks; it is also used to make nitric acid, is an essential in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, upon which the whole superphosphate or acid phosphate industry depends, besides a great many other manufac- turing processes. Its great importance as a fertilizer depends upon its high percentage of nitrogen and its complete solubility in water, thus being immediately available as plant food, the nitrogen in it being already in the form of a nitrate, the form in which plants prefer to take most of their nitrogen. The nitrate of soda being readily and freely soluble in water, is ready for appropriation as plant-food as soon as it is put into the soil. Hence it is evident that the best way to use it is by application as a top dressing immediately before or after a rain, usually in the spring, when the plant is up and needs a good send-off to develop growth of stalk and foliage. Used in this way, the results are very sure and very striking.
SULPHATE OF AMMONIA.
One other important inorganic source of nitrogen is the salt known as sulphate of ammonia. It is produced chiefly as a byproduct in the manufacture of illuminating gas from coal; the gas coals all contain a small percentage of nitrogen; when subjected to a dry distillation in retorts, the nitrogen is driven off in the form of ammonia gas, and is finally absorbed in sulphuric acid, from which it is crystallized as sulphate of ammonia. This product usually contains about twenty and one half per cent, of nitrogen when purified, but if sold unpurified, as brown sulphate of ammonia, it may not contain more than eighteen per cent, of nitrogen. Sulphate of ammonia is freely soluble in water, and has this advantage over nitrate of soda, that it does not leach

BULLETIN NO. 42

67

out of the soil so readily as nitrate of soda does, and may, therefore, he applied with other fertilizers in the fall to fall crops without fear of serious loss through leaching during the fall and winter. I have not mentioned all of the various kinds of nitrogenous fertilizer materials, but have sketched briefly the principal ones, from which nearly all the commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia are made. The next great class of fertilizer material we discuss will be the "phosphates."

THE PHOSPHATES.
In letter No. 4, bulletin No. 38,1 alluded to the impor-' tance of phosphoric acid as a constituent of plant-food. It is in the same class with nitrogen and potash, they being the elements found only in small quantity in most cultivated soils, all the other elements necessary to plant life being usually present in profusion. Phosphoric acid, then, must be added to the soil if we expect large yield. The various sources of phosphoric acid, then, are of interest.
Bones were the first and earliest form in which phosphoric acid was applied to the soil. Bones are a combination of organic and inorganic matter. The organic matter in a bone consists mainly of fat and a glutinous matter; the inorganic matter is chiefly phosphate of lime. This dual composition of a bone can be demonstrated very graphically by taking the leg bone of an animal and soaking it for quite a while in weak muriatic acid. This acid will dissolve away the phosphate of lime, which gives rigidity and stiffness to the bone, and leave behind the glutinous flexible animal matter of the bone, which will still retain the shape of the original bone. You can now take this soft organic matter and tie it into a knot, without breaking it. This soft animal matter of the bone is rich in nitrogen, so that a bone fertilizer is a double manure, both phosphatic and nitrogenous. Bones vary a good deal in composition, according to the nature and age of the animal there is not so

68

GEOKGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

much phosphate in the hones of a young animal as in those of an old one. Even in the same animal, the hard thigh bones of an ox, for instance, will contain more phosphate of lime than softer hones from other parts of the animal. Bones to be of value should, of course be ground, and the finer the grinding the better. A coarsely crushed or ground raw bone, which has not been treated to remove any of its original fatty matter, will decay with comparative slowness in the soil, and consequently but little effect might be perceived from its application the first season.
A good raw bone will contain on an average twentytwo per cent, phosphoric acid and four per cent, of nitrogen. Such a bone is quite difficult to grind fine, and on its fineness depends in large measure its value as a fertilizer. But by boiling and steaming much of the fat is removed, which has no value as a manure; some of the nitrogen is also removed in the form of glue and gelatine by the boiling and steaming process. This treatment, however, enables the bone to be ground much finer than the raw bone, and where the process has been carried out very thoroughly, as in the manufacture of glue, the resulting ground bone may contain as high as thirty per cent, of phosphoric acid, but the nitrogen in this case will be reduced to less than two per cent. Actual experiments have shown that all the phosphoric acid from a finely ground steamed bone may become available in one to two seasons in the soil, while that from a coarse ground raw bone would not become fully available in three or four seasons.

THE MINERAL OR ROCK PHOSPHATES.
If bones were the only source of phosphoric acid, modern agriculture would be in a distressing condition, since bones could supply only a very small part of the demand. The prices of fertilizers would be very much higher than they now are; the cotton crop of the South and the grain crops of the world would be very much

BULLETIN NO. 42

69

smaller, and the population of the earth very much less than it now is. So true is it that life itself as counted by generations rises and falls in greater or smaller volume, in unison with the available supply of plant-
food in the soil. A very large proportion of the dense population and increased wealth of the Old World is doubtless due to the discovery of the mineral phosphates. Deposits of these in greater or less quantity have been known for a long time in the Old World, but I shall mention only those fields in this country which
are of great commercial importance to-day. The first of these in point of discovery and development were the South Carolina phosphate beds. These beds are in the neighborhood of the city of Charleston, S. C. The rock is found both in the land and in the rivers in that vicinity. This phosphate is found usually in the form of lumps or nodules, varying from the size of a pebble to quite large masses. The deposits vary from one or two feet to twelve or more in thickness. This rock contains
no nitrogenous organic matter like bone, but is simply a rock phosphate. It is true, however, that among the deposits are found many evidences of life, such as ent localities, and the wood of different parts of the same tree will vary, the ashes from the twigs and young limbs being richer in potash than the ashes from the body or trunk of the tree. and abroad as a source of phosphoric acid; actual mining began here in 1868.

FLORIDA PHOSPHATES.
The next great discovery of phosphate rock in this country occurred in Florida in 1888 to 1889. There are different forms of this phosphate; first, we have the land or boulder phosphate, which occurs in rocky or stony masses of varying size and form, and varying from thirty to forty per cent, of phosphoric acid; thirdly, we have the "pebble" form consisting of small, hard, rounded pebbles, which occur both in the beds of

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the rivers, and in deposits on the land. They are variable in composition, but range from thirty to thirty-six per cent, of phosphoric acid. The Florida rock constitutes a very important source of phosphoric acid, is highly esteemed, and is used largely both at home and abroad.
TENNESSEE PHOSPHATE.

Shortly after the discovery of phosphate rock in Florida, discoveries began to be made in Tennessee, in the vicinity of Nashville, and later still important deposits began to be found in Maury county, Tenn., near Mt. second, the "soft" phosphate, a white powdery material, mixed with more or less kaolin, and containing from eighteen to thirty per cent, phosphoric acid; phoric acid. There are other important phosphate deposits in the world, but those just described constitute the important ones for Southern agriculture. Havphosphoric acid. It is highly esteemed both at home itig mentioned the chief sources of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, we will take a bird's-eye view of the sources of potash.

POTASH, ITS IMPORTANCE AS PLANT-FOOD, SOURCES FROM
WHICH DERIVED WOOD-ASHES, STASSFURT DEPOSITS.

The only source of potash known to our fathers was ashes, mainly wood-ashes, and while potash from this source is a most excellent manure, yet evidently the Pleasant. This rock, like the others, is variable in form and composition, but the marketable varieties range from thirty to thirty-seven per cent, of phosappear to require the special application of potash as a manure. Light sandy soils on the other hand, and some clay soils also appear to be quite deficient in potash and are much benefited by applications of that fertilizer. Soils of this nature, therefore, stand as much in need of constant potash manuring as of phosphoric acid and
nitrogen applications.

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71

Wood-ashes, whilst they may be cheap and easily obtained in countries where large forest areas are to be cleared, in older countries cannot be so easily ob-
tained. Long before fertilizers became a commercial commodity wood-ashes were highly thought of by farmers. But usually when a farmer buys ashes he buys in immense vertebrae of animals, and large teeth of shark, marine and other animals. The South Carolina rock
contains from twenty-six to twenty-eight per cent, of the dark, owing to the fact that ashes vary so widely in their contests of potash. As a rule the ashes from hard woods are richer in potash than those from soft woods. The ash of the red oak, for instance, contains about six per cent, of potash, that of the hickory about nine per cent., some pine woods about four and a half per cent. No definite percentage, however, can be laid down for any special wood, as the same wood will vary in differquantity available must be quite limited. The great majority of soils, especially those which contain much clay, usually hold a large reserve of potash, and do not
It is impossible to fix the value of a lot of ashes, except by special analysis of the particular lot, owing to this great variability in composition, and owing to the further fact that the ashes may have been leached or mixed with more or less dirt. The average analysis for good unleached ashes may be taken as five per cent, of potash, one and a half per cent, of phosphoric acid, and thirty-two and one-half per cent, of lime. According to the values for fertilizers adopted for the present season, a ton of good average ashes at the coast should be worth four dollars and fifteen cents. This calculation allows no value to the lime, although of course it has a decided value on such soils as are deficient in it. Luckily since the-middle of the last century, farmers have been no longer compelled to rely on ashes as a source of potash, but have come to adopt in their stead almost universally what are known as the German or Stassfurt potash salts.

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GEORGIA DEPABTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

These salts are mined in Stassfurt in northern Germany, in the province of Saxony. They were discovered by the Prussian government while boring for rock, salt about the year 1857. At first they were considered worthless, but soon the great chemist, Liebig, began publishing his discoveries concerning plant growth and nutrition, showing potash to be an essential and muchneeded element in the growth and development of plants. This led to the development of the potash mines, and the utilization for agriculture of the precious salts contained in them. The first potash salt works for the manufacture and sale of the potash salts was established in Stassfurt in 1862. Some of the crude ores are suited for agricultural use just as they are dug from the mines, and are known as kainit, carnallite, sylvinit. The kainit contains on an average of about twelve and one-half per cent, of potash, the carnallite about ten per cent, and the sylvinit sixteen per cent, of potash. As there is a great demand for these products all over the world, and the freightage to long distances is quite an item, it became desirable to concentrate the potash in these natural products as much as possible, so as to avoid the cost of transportation on the salts contained in them useless to agriculture.
The great factories of the German Kali Works now prepare from the crude kainit, carnallite and sylvinit, muriates of potash containing forty-five per cent., fifty per cent, and fifty-five per cent, of actual potash, also sulphates of potash containing from forty-eight to fiftytwo per cent, of actual potash, also what is known as "double manure salts" with twenty-six per cent, of potash. A complete analysis of all these various products and some others will be found on another page of this bulletin.
These deposits are practically inexhaustible in quantity and will supply the agricultural world for many years to come. Should they ever become exhausted doubtless new discoveries will be made, and if not, pot-

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73

ash could doubtless be obtained, though of course at greater cost, from such waters as those of the "Dead Sea." There need, therefore, be no fear of the supply running short. Having now given you a brief account of the different raw materials used in the manufacture of '' guano,'' or commercial fertilizers, we will next consider the methods in use by the manufacturers for converting these raw materials into finished products.
THE ACID PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS
OF MANUFACTURE.
The foundation of the great modern industry of commercial fertilizers is the manufacture of superphosphate, or as it is more generally known in this country, of acid phosphate of lime. The materials necessary for this manufacture are sulphuric acid and phosphate rock. The plant required for the manufacture of sulphuric acid is a costly one, and the process is somewhat complicated. Either brimstone from Sicily, or pyrites, which is a compound of sulphur and iron, some of which is imported from Spain and some produced from mines in this country, are the raw materials used in its manu-
facture. The brimstone or pyrites are burned in specially-con-
structed burners, and the sulphurous gases which result from the burning are caused to mix with nitrous gases produced from nitrate of soda, and drawn into great towers made of lead and packed with flints; thence they are drawn into immense leaden chambers or rooms, usually three in a row connected together. In these chambers the sulphurous and nitrous gases a*re mixed with steam, and condensed into sulphuric acid, which falls in rain on the floors of the leaden chambers. It is necessary to construct these chambers of lead, because almost any other material would be destroyed and eaten out by the action of this corrosive acid.
The phosphate rock is hauled to the factory, usually a building located alongside the sulphuric acid chambers,

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

it is there thrown into crushers which break it into small pieces; thence conveyed to the grinding machinery, either steel mills or buhr-stones, where it is pulverized into a fine meal or flour. You would naturally ask at this point, why not use this fine phosphate meal directly on the soil without mixing it with the caustic corrosive sulphuric acid? It is simply because this meal is of a rocky nature and only dissolves with difficulty in the soil waters, and as we have seen plants require their food to be easily soluble in water, so that the roots can suck it in. The phosphate rock meal, no matter how finely ground, dissolves only to a very limited extent in water, and it is necessary to so treat it as to liberate the rock-bound phosphoric acid and render it soluble in water. Hence the necessity for the sulphuric acid.
The phosphate meal (say it is from South Carolina rock, and contains twenty-eight per cent, of phosphoric acid, combined with lime to form sixty-one per cent, of bone phosphate lime) is first weighed, and we will take say one thousand pounds of it, and dump it into a circular cast-iron mixer into which has already been introduced one thousand pounds of sulphuric acid of the proper strength.
The acid and meal are now thoroughly mixed together by machinery in the iron pan. The mixture becomes very hot, the strong sulphuric acid attacks the lime combined with the phosphoric acid of the phosphate meal with amazing and furious energy and appropriates to itself the greater part of the lime in the form of sulphate of lime, gypsum or land-plaster, and liberates at the same moment the phosphoric acid, which is only allowed to retain its hold on a small part of the lime, with which it was first combined.
This smaller portion of lime and the phosphoric acid with which it is combined is what the chemists call mono-calcic phosphate, or superphosphate of lime. It is also known as the acid phosphate of lime. This acid phosphate of lime, or superphosphate is soluble in

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75

water; we have therefore accomplished what we set out to do, rendered the phosphoric acid soluble. This discovery was made by the great chemist Liebig, who thus put the entire world in his debt, laying the foundations of the great fertilizer industry, and rendering an inestimable boon to modern agriculture.

VIOLENT REACTION IN THE MIXEE, NATURE OF ACID
PHOSPHATE.
We will now go back to the mixture which we left in the iron mixer and study it a little further. As we saw the chemical energy of the action of the sulphuric acid upon the phosphate meal was prodigious, steam and hot stifling gases are expelled from the mixture, and finally the semi-liquid mass is dumped into an iron car, run out upon a track, built far above a deep den or pit, the car is tilted and the mass precipitated to the bottom of the pit; this operation is repeated many times, until the den or pit contains hundreds of tons of acid phosphate. The mass lying in the pit gradually becomes drier and drier, owing to the escaping steam, and also to the absorption of some of the water in crystal form by the sulphate of lime or land-plaster which has been formed.
This water which escapes as steam, and which is absorbed as crystal water, came from the sulphuric acid with which it was mixed. The sulphuric acid used in the manufacture is usually what is known as fifty (50) acid, or fifty degree Beaume acid, and contains about fifty-five per cent, of real sulphuric acid, the other fortyfive per cent, being water. After the semi-liquid mass has remained for a few days in the pile, it is dry enough to be handled, and on digging into it we find it to be of a porous honeycombed structure, crumbling easily between the fingers. If the acid phosphate is allowed to remain for a still longer time, still more water dries out from it, and it becomes hard and lumpy, and requires to be broken up in a disintegrating machine, before it can be manipulated or sacked.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

But BO matter how dry it becomes it readily dissolves when placed in water, the water at once acquiring an acid taste. This acid taste is due, not to the sulphuric acid from which it was made, but to the mono-calcic phosphate, or acid phosphate, or superphosphate of lime, which was produced by the splitting up of the phosphate rock by the sulphuric acid. This phosphoric acid is called the soluble or water soluble phosphoric acid. In a well-made superphosphate there is no longer a particle of sulphuric acid remaining as such. Its powerful caustic and corrosive properties have been absolutely killed or neutralized by the lime of the phosphate rock. A wonderful transformation has been effected. We started with powdered phosphate rock and dilute sulphuric acid; in the material which we have produced from them there is neither phosphate rock nor sulphuric acid, but we have a mixture of a little free phosphoric acid, of mono-calcic phosphate, of sulphate of lime or land-plaster, a little water and a little sand, and a few other impurities, such as were found in the phosphate rock to begin with.
The phosphoric acid, the mono-calcic phosphate, and the sulphate of lime are now harmless, soluble in the soil waters, and ready for appropriation as food by the rootlets of the plant.

WHAT INSOLUBLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS.
In practice the composition of the material will vary somewhat from what I have just described; for instance there will usually be present a small percentage of what is known as "insoluble phosphoric acid." This expression refers to a little phosphate rock which escaped the action of the sulphuric acid, because it is safer to use a little less sulphuric acid than is required for all the phosphate rock, than to run the risk of getting too much of this caustic and corrosive liquid, and thus spoil the mixture. Thus, if on studying the analysis of an acid phosphate or other fertilizer, you see that it contains

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one per cent, of "insoluble phosphoric acid," that means to say that the fertilizer contains two and eighteen hundredths per cent, of pure phosphate rock that the sulphuric acid never touched, because the manufacturer didn't put enough sulphuric acid in the mixture to eat up this two per cent, of phosphate rock, and convert it into superphosphate and land-plaster.
This insoluble phosphoric acid, however is not lost, because, while it is not soluble so that the plant may take it up at once, it still remains in the soil, and doubtless becomes acted on in course of time by the soil waters, and eventually appropriated as plant food. There is also another constituent of an acid phosphate which I did not mention during the first description of the process of manufacture, so as to avoid confusing you by crowding too many names and facts together, and that is that in most acid phosphates there are present small percentages of what is known as "reverted phosphoric acid.''
WHAT REVERTED PHOSPHORIC ACID IS.
Reverted phosphoric acid is that phosphoric acid which has reverted or gone back from a condition soluble in water to one which is insoluble in water. For instance, an acid phosphate may be analyzed shortly after making and found to contain say fourteen per cent, of water-soluble phosphoric acid; after standing for a month it might be analyzed again and found to contain only twelve per cent, of water-soluble phosphoric acid, having lost two per cent, of the phosphoric acid soluble in water. On examination it is found that this two per cent, has reverted or changed from a condition soluble in pure cold water to a condition in which it will not dissolve in water, but will dissolve in a solution made to imitate the water of the soil. It is, therefore, regarded as being available for the use and growth; of the plant.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WHAT AVAILABLE PHOSPHORIC ACID IS.
When, therefore, you see in our analysis of a commercial fertilizer the expression "available phosphoric acid" used, you may know that it means the percentages of water-soluble phosphoric acid and reverted phosphoric acid added together, and their sum is called the "available phosphoric acid." Usually the percentage of reverted phosphoric acid in an acid phosphate is small, ranging generally from one to three per cent. I have now described to you in a brief way the principal materials which enter into the manufacture of commercial fertilizers.
THE MANUFACTURE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.
Having your materials, it now remains to make a complete fertilizer, or "guano," as it is popularly called. It is not really a guano, this name properly belonging to the deposits of sea-bird dung and decayed sea-birds found on the rainless islands in the Pacific oceans off the coast of South America, and known as Peruvian guano. This material was extensively used both in Europe and America some twenty-five or thirty years ago, but is now comparatively scarce and rarely offered for sale. The Peruvian guano was rich in phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, making a complete fertilizer ; hence the name guano came to be applied to the complete artificial fertilizer made by simply mixing together ingredients rich in nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash.
The artificial mixture has this advantage over the natural, that it is easyto make a mixture to suit the requirements of any soil or crop, rich in phosphoric acid and poor in potash, or rich in potash and nitrogen and poor in phosphoric acid, or any other combination which might be desired. Suppose a manufacturer wants to make a complete fertilizer containing eight per cent, available phosphoric acid, two per cent, nitrogen and two per cent, potash, and that he has acid phos-

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79

phate, cottonseed-meal, and kainit to make the goods from, how does he go about it? He first sends samples of all these materials to a chemist and has them analyzed.
The chemist reports that he finds the acid phosphate to contain fourteen per cent, of available phosphoric acid, that the cotton-seed-meal contains six and a half per cent, of nitrogen, two and a half per cent, of phosphoric acid, and one and a half per cent, of potash, and that the kainit contains twelve and a half per cent, of potash. With these data to go by the manufacturer, after some figuring, calculates that he can make the goods he wants by taking
1,050 pounds of the acid phosphate 650 " " " c. s. meal 300 " " " kainit.

2,000 pounds.

So he has this formula made up, perhaps five hundred

tons of it, by having all these materials thoroughly

mixed in the above proportions, passing them through

his disintegrators, screens and other machinery, until * he feels satisfied a complete mixture has been effected.

Then to be sure everything is right, he has another

sample drawn from the mixed goods and sent to the chemist for analysis, who, if the mixture has been properly made, ought to report an analysis as follows:

Available phosphoric acid Nitrogen

8.16 per cent. 2.11 per cent.

Potash

2.36 per cent.

Suppose, now, the manufacturer is called upon by a

peach-grower, who has found that he needs a large quantity of phosphoric acid and potash for his crop, to

make him up a goods guaranteed to analyze ten per cent,

available phosphoric acid, three and a half per cent, of nitrogen and seven and a half per cent, potash. The

manufacturer soon sees by a little figuring that he can not make this goods up with the materials he has on

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

hand, but must go into the market and buy higher grade materials. He finds he can not make out of South Carolina rock an acid phosphate high enough for his requirements, but must buy some Tennessee rock. He does so, and after making it up into acid phosphate finds that it analyzes seventeen per cent, available phosphoric acid; he also buys some muriate of potash, analyzing fifty per cent, of potash, and some sulphate of ammonia, analyzing twenty and six-tenths per cent, of nitrogen. Having these data he calculates the following formula:

17 per cent, acid phosphate

1,200 pounds

Muriate of potash

____ 300 pounds

Sulphate of ammonia

-- 300 pounds

Cottonseed-meal

200 pounds

2,000 pounds

After thorough mixing and manipulation in the fac-

tory, as before, he sends a sample of the well-mixed

goods to his chemist, and receives an analysis like this:

Available phosphoric acid 10.45 per cent.

Nitrogen

3.74 per cent.

Potash

7.65 per cent.

which makes him feel satisfied, as he has guaranteed to

make for his customer a complete fertilizer containing

Available phosphoric acid

10 per cent.

Nitrogen

3.5 per cent.

Potash

7.5 per cent.

and he finds that he has done this, with a small margin

to spare. Now I am in receipt of questions from sev-

eral farmers who study the analyses in the bulletins,

wanting to know what it is that makes up the balance of

the one hundred per cent, in the analysis of a fertilizer

like the one first given which contains:

Available phosphoric acid

8.16 per cent.

Nitrogen

2.11 per cent.

Potash

2.36 per cent.

12.63 per cent.

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81

WHAT MAKES THE HUNDRED PER CENT. IN THE ANALYSIS OF

FERTILIZERS.

They write and say, '' Here you have a total of twelve and sixty-three hundredths per cent., what is the balance of eighty-seven and thirty-seven hundredths per cent.? We don't understand it, and we want to know what this big balance consists of.'' Now there are two ways of answering this question; the first is by giving you the formula according to which the goods were made, which was, as you remember, one thousand and fifty pounds of fourteen per cent, acid phosphate, six hundred and fifty pounds of cotton-seed-meal containing six and a half per cent, of nitrogen, and three hundred pounds of kainit containing twelve and a half per cent, of potash. Therefore the goods in question will be found, on reducing these quantities to percentages, to be composed as follows:

Acid phosphate Cottonseed-meal Kainit

52.5 per cent. 32.5 per cent. 15.0 per cent.

100.0 per cent.
There you have your 100 per cent., and this is the mixture which gave the analysis of 8.16 per cent, available phosphoric acid, 2.11 per cent, nitrogen, and 2.36 per cent, of potash.
There is another way of answering the questions of those who want to know what constitutes the eightyseven and thirty-seven one-hundredths per cent. That way would be to make a laborious and costly analysis in detail of all the various ingredients found in the acid phosphate, the cottonseed-meal, and the kainit. That analysis, when completed, would only gratify your curiosity, because the essential elements which, alone are of practical interest, the available phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, have already been given. I have, however, made a complete analysis of a fertilizer, not

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GrEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the particular one we have been discussing, but one very similar to it, made from South Carolina acid phosphate, cottonseed-meal and kainit. I give you below a copy of this analysis, which you will see adds up the full one hundred per cent.:

COMPLETE ANALYSIS OF A COMMERCIAL "GUANO"

OR FERTILIZER.

Per Cent

(a) Mono-Calcic, or Super-phosphate of Lime

9.52

(b) Di-Calcic, or Reverted Phosphate of Lime

3.02

(c) Tri-Calcic, or Bone Phosphate of Lime

1.99

Sulphate of Lime, or Gypsum, or Land-Plaster

24.60

OS

f Sulphate of Potash

3.19

(d) j Muriate of Potash

0.30

[ Potash, or Potassium Oxide (K20) Soda, or Sodium Oxide

0.56 029

Common Salt, or Sodium Chloride

41

Epsom Salts, or Magnesium Sulphate

4.14

Magnesia, or Magnesium Oxide

0.41

Magnesium Chloride

1.86

Pyrites, or Bisulphide of Iron

0.40

Peroxide of Iron

0.63

Alumina

0.64

Fluoride of Lime

0.39

Sand, or Insoluble Silicious Matter __

5.87

Water

9.33

Organic or ] (e) Protein

13.20

Animal and ! Carbohydrates(such as starch, sugar & gum) 8.11

Vegetable

Fat or Oil

4.37

Matter

I Fibre

1.77

(a) Contains water, Soluble Phosphoric Acid (b) Contains Reverted Phosphoric Acid

100.00
5.78 %
1.58

(a) and (b) Contain Available Phosphoric Acid

(c) Contains Insoluble Phosphoric Acid

1

7.36 0.91

Total Phosphoric Acid

(d) Contains actual Potash 2.45 per cent.

(e) Contains Nitrogen 2.11 per cent.

(a) Mono-Calcic, or Superphosphate of Lime

(b) Di-Calcic, or Reverted Phosphate of Lime

(c) Tri-Calcic, or Bone Phosphate of Lime

Sulphate of Lime, or Gypsum, or Land-Plaster

Potash

Soda

1

Sodium Chloride

Bi-Sulphide of Iron or Pyrites

Magnesia

Peroxide of Iron

Alumina

Fluoride of Lime

Sand or Silicious Insoluble Matter

Water

8.27
Per Cent 18.13 5.75 3.80 46.05 0.12 0.38 0.03 0.74 0.14 1.10 1.22 0.75
J 9.29 12.50

100.00

BULLETIN NO. 42

83

(a) Contains water, Soluble Phosphoric Acid (b) Contains Reverted Phosphoric Acid
(a) plus (b) equal Available Phosphoric Acid (c) Contains Insoluble Phosphoric Acid
Total Phosphoric Acid

11.00 % 3.00
14.00 1.74
15.74

PULL EXPLANATION OF THE PEECEDING ANALYSIS AND OF THE

In this analysis of the complete fertilizer, the monocalcic or superphosphate of lime given at 9.52 per cent, contains 5.78 per cent, of water-soluble phosphoric acid. That is to say in one hundred pounds of the fertilizer, there are nine and fifty-two hundredths pounds of superphosphate of lime, which dissolves readily in water, and of this amount five and seventy-eight hundredths pounds are pure phosphoric acid. In like manner, the fertilizer contains in one hundred pounds, 3.02 pounds of reverted phosphate of lime, and of this amount one and fiftyeight hundredths pounds are pure phosphoric acid, not readily soluble in water, but which does dissolve slowly in the soil and soil water. This is also some times called "citrate soluble" phosphoric acid, because it dissolves in a solution of citrate of ammonia made to imitate the action of soil water. The water-soluble phosphoric acid or 5.78 pounds, and the reverted phosphoric acid, or 1.58 pounds, are added together, making 7.36 pounds, and their sum is called the available phosphoric acid, being considered as available for the use of the plant.
Under the "reverted" phosphate of lime you will see in the analysis there are 1.99 pounds of tri-calcic phosphate, or as it is usually called "Bone-Phosphate" of lime. Of this amount (0.91) ninety-one hundredths of a pound is pure phosphoric acid, but it is in the form of tri-calcic phosphate, and will not dissolve in pure water or in the soil water, and it is therefore called the "insoluble" phosphoric acid. It is sometimes also called the "Acid" soluble phosphoric acid because, when the

84

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

chemist analyzes it, he uses strong acid to dissolve it. The "Available" phosphoric acid and the "insoluble" phosphoric acid added together make what is called the "Total" phosphoric acid, or all the phosphoric acid there is in the fertilizer.

VALUABLE QUALITIES OF THE GYPSUM FOUND IN FERTILIZERS.
Referring back to the analysis, under the item tricalcic or bone-phosphate, you will find that the fertilizer also contains twenty-four and six-tenths pounds of sulphate of lime or gypsum or land-plaster, which are all different names for one and the same thing. Gypsum is a good fertilizer of itself, and has a special action of its own in the soil, breaking up the potash-yielding silicates in clay soils and bringing the potash into a soluble form as sulphate of potash. This gypsum, as has been remarked, was formed when the sulphuric acid was mixed with the powdered phosphate rock, and it is now held a prisoner by the lime in such way that it has lost all of its former caustic and corrosive qualities, and can do no harm but only good in the soil.
Under the item of gypsum we find 3.19 pounds of sulphate of potash; this came out of the kainit used in making the fertilizer, and it contains one and seventenths pounds of actual potash (K O). Under this item you find three-tenths of a pound of muriate of potash, which also came out of the kainit, and this contains 0.19 of a pound of actual potash; under this item again you find 0.56 of a pound of actual potash. This came out of the cottonseed-meal. Adding the three actual potash items together, they amount to two and forty-five hundredths per cent. (2.45) or pounds per hundred. Lastly, looking further down the line till you come to the item protein. You already know all about protein, as I have written you so much about it in previous letters. This thirteen and two-tenths pounds of protein contains two and eleven hundredths (2.11) pounds of nitrogen. Now when the State Department of Agriculture analyzes a

BULLETIN NO. 42

85

fertilizer, it does not make such an analysis as this, because it would be too laborious, too costly, and would really do no practical good; so they go at once into the meat of it and analyze the fertilizer for its available phosphoric acid, its nitrogen and potash, and calculate its value from these three ingredients.

The analysis of such a fertilizer as we have been discussing would appear in the annual Bulletin in this form:

Available phosphoric acid Insoluble phosphoric acid Nitrogen Potash

7.36 per cent. 0.91 per cent. 2.11 per cent. 2.45 per cent.

12.83 per cent.
As you see this analysis only foots up twelve and eighty-three hundredths pounds per hundred. You meed no longer ask what constitutes the other eightyseven and seventeen hundredths pounds. All this extra 87.17 per cent, is "filler," filler put in by nature and not by man.
ALL ABOUT "FILLERS." .
In this connection we may profitably say a few words in regard to "fillers." A "filler" may be defined as being any substance put into a fertilizer, or existing there naturally, which is not phosphoric acid, nitrogen or potash. Fillers are of two kinds, natural and artificial. I have just given you an instance of a natural "filler," in the complete analysis of the fertilizer made out of acid phosphate, cottonseed-meal and kainit, and in this mixture only twelve and eighty-three hundredths pounds per hundred consisted of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash; the rest was all filler, put there by nature in the original making of these materials. It is true, man did put in some sulphuric acid, but that was necessary to make phosphoric acid available or soluble, so it can scarcely be considered as an artificial filler.

86

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The artificial "filler" is the filler put in by man for the purpose of reducing the total percentage of plantfood in a fertilizer. The materials used as artificial "fillers" are numerous; they may be sand, powdered cinders, graphitic slate, shale, pyrites cinder, marl, gypsum, etc. All of them are practically without any value as fertilizers; how is it, then, you inquire, that such substance can be put into our fertilizers, if we have an efficient inspection by the Department of Agriculture. I will explain to you how that is. Suppose that a manufacturer, instead of having on hand only South Carolina acid phosphate, cottonseed-meal and kainit when you call on him for an 8-2-2 goods, has on hand some of the highest grade materials known to the trade.

He has, say, acid phosphate made from Tennessee or Florida rock, which contains twenty per cent, of available phosphoric acid; also nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent, of nitrogen, dried blood with fourteen per cent, nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia with twenty per cent, nitrogen, muriate of potash with fifty per cent, of potash ; with these materials on hand he receives your order for a fertilizer, guaranteed to contain as small an amount of plant-food as the law will permit, viz.: twelve per cent., made up of eight per cent, available phosphoric acid, two per cent, nitrogen, two per cent, potash. Considering the materials he has on hand, he figures out this formula:

825 pounds of 20 per cent, acid phosphate

215 "

14 per cent, dried blood

75

16 per cent, nitrate of soda

85

50 per cent, muriate of potash

1,200
Now, in this 1,200 pounds of high-grade materials he has all the plant-food you called for, with a small margin for safety. You called for eight per cent, of a ton in available phosphoric acid or one hundred and sixty pounds, and in his 825 pounds of twenty per cent, acid

BULLETIN NO. 42

87

phosphate he has given you one hundred and sixty-five pounds of available phosphoric acid; you called for two per cent, of a ton, or forty pounds of nitrogen, and in his 215 pounds of dried blood, containing fourteen per cent, nitrogen and seventy-five pounds of nitrate of soda with sixteen per cent, nitrogen, he has given you fortytwo and one-tenth pounds of nitrogen. In like manner you called for forty pounds of potash, and in eighty-five pounds of fifty per cent, muriate of potash he has given you forty-two and a half pounds of actual potash. Now, the best thing both for you and the manufacturer, the cheapest thing for both of you, would be for him to send you that twelve hundred pounds put up in six sacks, which upon inspection and analysis would show:

Available phosphoric acid Nitrogen Potash

13.75 per cent. 3.50 per cent.
3.54 per cent.

But no, you won't have it that way, you must have a ton, ten sacks of 8-2-2; so the manufacturer rather than enter upon a campaign of education with all of his customers, obligingly freights into his factory eight hundred pounds of powdered slate mined some hundred miles away, utterly worthless as fertilizer, and mixes it in with the twelve hundred pounds of good fertilizer making one ton. This mixture on inspection and analysis shows:

Available phosphoric acid

Nitrogen

Potash

,

8.25 per cent. 2.10 per cent. ,_2.12 per cent.

A SMALL QUANTITY OF HIGH-GEADE FERTILIZER BETTER THAN A LARGE QUANTITY OF LOWER GRADE.

Now suppose you had exercised a little common sense and bought the six sacks, analyzing 13.75, 3.50 and 3.54, you would have been saved the cost of mining, pulverizing and freighting of the artificial "filler" to the factory, and the freight on four sacks of it from the factory to your railroad station, and the wear and tear on

88

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

your mules hauling that extra eight hundred pounds ten miles to the farm. Wouldn't it have been much better to have bought the six sacks, and when you got home, if you wanted it in the proportion of 8-2-2, which is a good proportion, to have mixed up the six sacks yourself with wood's earth, or compost, or even sand, before distributing? I think I hear you say, "Well, that's true, but why don't you fix the law and raise the grade so these fellows can't put in all this artificial 'filler.' "
My dear friend, there never yet was, and there never Will be, a law framed which can meet all the conditions of a great social and industrial problem, or which will compensate for the failure to exercise his own intelligence on the part of the individual citizen. Think for a moment, suppose we should pass a law making it impossible to use any artificial "fillers" in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers, by raising the grade to a very high point. Do you not see that by so doing we should at once paralyze this great industry, and cut short the cotton crop of the State, since we would at once bar the use of South Carolina acid phosphate, cottonseed-meal and kainit and a number of other good materials of similar grade, and thus at once raise the price of the high-grade materials to an unheard-of degree by greatly increasing the demand for them?
No, the conditions have been very thoroughly studied in every particular by the commissioners of agriculture of the various States, aided and advised by those best qualified by experience and training to understand the matter in all of its details, and the result of their deliberations is embodied in the new Georgia fertilizer law printed in this bulletin. This law raises the grade of commercial fertilizers from a total plant-food of ten per cent, minimum under the old law to twelve per cent, minimum, and protects the farmer in every way that a good and just law can protect him. It will give him the highest grade of fertilizers he has ever bought; it will protect him against fraud; it will guarantee that he

BULLETIN NO. 42

89

gets every pound of fertilizing value that lie pays for;

in fine, it is the best fertilizer law now on the statute

books of any State, but even such a law can not prevent

the use of "fillers."

Only education on the part of the farmer, and a

demand on his part for the higher grades of fertilizers

will eliminate the use of '' fillers.'' When you and your

brother farmers study the percentages of plant-food in

a fertilizer, and prefer to buy five or six sacks of a high-

grade goods to buying ten sacks of a goods containing

only the same quantity of actual plant-food, then there

will be no more "filler" put into high-grade fertilizer

materials, but the capital of the manufacturer and the

skill of the chemist will be exerted in the effort to take

out of the present low-grade fertilizer materials as much

as possible of the "filler" which God and nature have

put there.

Yours truly,

JNO. M. MCCANDLESS, State Chemist.

90

GEOEGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FERTILIZER FORMULA FOR ALL KINDS OF CROPS.

STATE CHEMIST'S FORMULAS FOR COTTON, WHEAT AND CORN.

I am often asked what formula I would recommend for cotton, what for wheat and what for corn. There is no one who can say what is the best application for any crop, unless he understands the character of the soil, the nature and amount of previous applications of fertilizer, the nature of the crops previously grown, and amounts harvested per acre. However, as it is often necessary j;o give an answer offhand to the question what is a good formula for cotton, I would give this answer. If you want to buy the goods already made, write to the manager of a fertilizer factory nearest you and ask for a goods to analyze as follows:

Available phosphoric acid Nitrogen Potash Use 400 pounds per acre.

7.00 per cent. 2.50 per cent. 2.50 per cent.

If you prefer to make the goods yourself, buy 14 per cent, acid phosphate, kainit and cottonseed-meal, and make up this mixture for each acre you intend to plant:

200 pounds of acid phosphate

145

cottonseed-meal

80 "

kainit

If you want to plant ten acres, then buy ten times those quantities and mix together. The mixture will analyze about as above, 7 per cent, available phosphoric acid, 2.5 per cent, nitrogen and 2% per cent, potash.

FORMULA FOR WHEAT.
It would be an excellent idea to plant wheat on land from which you have previously cut a crop of clover or cowpeas. The roots and stubble of these crops enrich

BULLETIN NO. 42

91

the soil with nitrogen derived from the air. However, if you have not such a field ready choose one from which you have already gathered a crop of cotton. It is the best not to follow wheat with wheat nor corn with wheat. Drag off the cotton limbs and burs with a harrow, turn up the stalks with a plow, and broadcast from twenty to twenty-five loads of stable manure, or stable and cow manure mixed, to the acre. "Lay off the lands" eight feet apart, across the cotton rows and then proadcast 400 pounds per acre of this formula :

1,200 pounds 13 per cent, acid phosphate

600 ''

cottonseed-meal

200 "

muriate of potash

2,000 or buy from your dealer a fertilizer guaranteed to contain:

Available phosphoric acid Ammonia Potash

8.00 per cent. 2.50 per cent.
5.00

which is what the above formula would analyze. In either case broadcast 400 pounds per acre. Then drag a harrow in each land, so as to thoroughly pulverize the soil and mix the fertilizers intimately with it. This treatment also obviates danger of killing the seed wheat by reason of the grains coming in actual contact with the strong chemicals of the fertilizer. Select a good variety of wheat, and broadcast. It would be well to wet the seed with a weak solution of sulphate of copper or bluestone before planting.

In the spring broadcast over the wheat one hundred pounds per acre of nitrate of soda. It would be well to mix each 100 pounds nitrate with four or five hundred pounds of loose fine earth, so as to insure a more even distribution.

A good fertilizer for corn would be the same as that given above for wheat, only omitting the top dressing of nitrate of soda in the spring.

92

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FORMULAS FOR COTTON.
The following formulas for cotton are the result of careful experiments by trained investigators on worn soil. It was found that cotton required a combination of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Phosphoric acid is the dominant element, however, with nitrogen standing next in importance. The relative proportion of the three important elements of plant-food is one part nitrogen, two and a half of phosphoric acid, and threefourths of potash. The quantities required by a crop of 300 pounds of lint cotton per acre are nitrogen 20 pounds, phosphoric acid 50 pounds, and potash 15 pounds. The dozen different formulas given below are so calculated as to contain very nearly these quantities of three important elements, and are so varied as to meet the requirements and the convenience of almost every former. No one formula can be said to have any special advantage over the other; just use the one you can get together with the greatest convenience and least cost to yourself. Each one will analyze about 20 pounds of nitrogen, 50 pounds of phosphoric acid, and 15 pounds of potash in the whole formula. Fertilizers may be applied either in drill or broadcast where used liberally, but if used sparingly drilling is considered preferable. Each formula represents the amount to be applied per acre to get the best results.

Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate Nitrate of Soda

30 lbs. 334 " 125 "

Wood Ashes (unleached) 164 lbs.

Aeid Phosphate

261 "

Cottonseed Meal

286 ''

Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate Cottonseed Meal

20 lbs. 281 " 286 "

Kainit Aeid Phosphate Cottonseed Meal Cottonseed

64 lbs. 273 " ] 43 " 13% bus

Cottonseed Hull Ashes... 45 lbs.

Aeid Phosphate

261 "

Cottonseed Meal

286 "

Aeid Phosphate Nitrate of Soda Stable Manure

266 lbs. 13 "
4000 "

BULLETIN NO. 42

93

Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate Dried Blood

30 lbs. 334 " 167 "

Muriate of Potash

10 lbs.

Acid P. with P. (2%K,0) 312 "

Cottonseed Meal

286 ''

Muriate of Potash Acid Phosphate Nitrate of Soda Cottonseed .. :
Kainit Acid Phosphate Cottonseed

20 lbs. 300 "
64 " 13% bus.
45 lbs. 264 " 26% bus.

Kainit Acid Phosphate Nitrate of Soda Stable Manure

58 lbs. 300 "
70 " 2000 ''

Commercial Fertilizer to

analyze as below:

Available Phosphoric Acid 10.00

Ammonia

4.85

Potash (K20)

3.0IJ

Use 500 pounds per acre.

Any of the formulas given above for cotton would answer well for wheat if the quantity of acid phosphate in each is diminished by one-half, and the nitrogen increased by the amount of money saved on the acid phosphate. But in the case of the wheat the nitrate of soda should not be mixed with the other ingredients, but reserved and applied as a top dressing in the spring, when its effects will be immediate and marvelous, imparting a green rich color to the plant, and if as much as 100 lbs. per acre are used, increasing the yield 5 to 10 bushels per acre.

FARISH FURMAN'S FAMOUS FORMULA.

Barnyard manure

750 pounds

Cottonseed

750 pounds

Acid phosphate

367 pounds

Kainit

133 pounds

2,000 pounds. Use from 400 to 800 pounds per acre

A COMPOST FAMOUS IN LOUISIANA.

Green cottonseed Stable manure Acid phosphate Use 400 to 800 pounds per acre.

100 bushels 100 bushels 2,000 pounds

94

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The Georgia Experiment Station formula for cotton (Colonel Redding, Director) has been tested there with excellent results. It is as follows:

Acid phosphate Muriate of potash Cottonseed-meal

1,000 pounds 75 pounds
700 pounds

1,775 pounds

Apply so as to get from 200 to 500 pounds of acid phosphate per acre.
The formula of the same station for corn and the grasses is--

Acid phosphate Muriate of potash Cottonseed-meal

1,000 pounds 30 pounds
1,250 pounds 2,280 pounds

Apply enough of the above formula to get from 100 to 200 pounds of acid phosphate per acre.

SPECIAL WHEAT FORMULA.
The director of the Experiment Station at Bouregard, France, is authority for the following:
If farmyard manure is supplemented by liberal application of commercial fertilizer, as follows:

Acid phosphate Sulphate of ammonia Muriate of potash

350 pounds 130 pounds
90 pounds

applied in the fall, and followed in the spring by a topdressing of 90 pounds of nitrate of soda, a yield of over 45 bushels of wheat per acre may be attained. The above are the quantities used per acre.

SPECIAL FORMULAS FOR TRUCKING CROPS.
Those who raise early vegetables for market, or what are known as trucking crops, require special formulas.

BULLETIN NO. 42

95

The trucker must get his crop to market early, or he is

likely to find no market for it. He therefore must force

his crop in every practicable way. One of the chief

methods of doing this is by the use of very rich or high-

grade fertilizers, used in very large quantities per acre,

one thousand and even as high as two thousand pounds

per acre of the very highest grade fertilizer being often

used. Large quantities of nitrogen are required and

part of this nitrogen must be in the form of the very

soluble nitrate of soda, which dissolves in water as

readily as sugar or salt. This valuable ingredient of

trucking crops should not be mixed with acid phosphate,

especially if the latter is damp, if the mixture is in-

tended to stand for any great length of time before use.

There is a tendency for the acid phosphate to cause a

decomposition of the nitrate of soda with a resulting

loss of nitrogen. As to the amounts to be used per acre

the trucker must use his own judgment and experience

with his soil, remembering that economy in this direc-

tion has not been found to pay by those wishing an

early market crop of vegetables. It is rarely the case

that less than five hundred pounds per acre will pay.

The formulas given below have been selected mainly

from some of the trucking bulletin's of the North Caro-

lina Agricultural Experiment Station.

A. For Celery: 7 per cent. Ammonia, 5 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. 300 lbs. Nitrate of soda -

800 lbs. Fish scrap

6.9 pr. ct. Ammonia

600lbs.Acid phos. 13 pr.ct. will yield 5. 5 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.

300 lbs. Muriate potash --

8.0 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000

250 lbs. Nitrate soda 600 lbs. Dried Blood
8501bs.Acidphos.13 pr.ct. 300 lbs. Muriate potash--

f 7.2 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield < 5.5 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
\7.8 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

96

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

B. For Irish Potatoes: 6 per cent. Ammonia, 7 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. 300 lbs. Nitrate of soda -_.

600 lbs. Cottonseed meal 800 lbs. Acid phos

.



will

yield

f5.4pr. \ 7.2 pr.

ct. Ammonia. ct. Avail, phos.

acid.

300 lbs. Muriate potash

(8.1 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

2. 300 lbs. Nitrate soda 600 lbs. Fish scrap 800 lbs. Acid phos. 14 pr. ct. 300 lbs. Muriate potash ._

f 5.8 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield \ 6.8 pr. ct. Ayail. phos. acid.
[7.8 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

3. 200 lbs. Nitrate soda 900 lbs. Fish scrap 600 lbs. Dissol'd bone black 300 lbs. Muriate potash __

(6.4 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield \ 6.6pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
[ 7.8 pr. ct. potash.

2,000 lbs.

J

I. 220 lbs. Nitrate soda ...

500 lbs. Dried blood 970 lbs. Acid phos. 14 pr. ct.

([6.1 pr. ct. Ammonia. will yield -j 6.8 pr. ct. Avail. pCos. acid.

310 lbs. Muriate potash __

[8.0 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

5. 300 lbs. Nitrate soda 600 lbs. Cottonseed meal . 800 lbs. Acid phos. 13 pr. ct. 300 lbs. Muriate potash __

f 5.4 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield -j 6.0 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
[8.3 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

6. 300 lbs. Nitrate soda 600 lbs. Tankage 800 lbs. Acid phos. 13 pr. ct. 300 lbs. Sulph. potash,H.G.

[5.5 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield -j 6.4 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
(7.8 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

C. For Beets and Lettuce: 6 per cent. Ammonia, 5 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

l. 300 lbs. Nitrate soda 800 lbs. Cottonseed meal . 600 lbs. Acid phos. 13 pr. ct. 300 lbs. Muriate potash __

(6.2 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield \ 4.9 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
[8.5 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

BULLETIN NO. 42

97

200 lbs. Nitrate soda 800 lbs. Fish scrap 700 lbs. Acid phos. 11 pr. ct. 300 lbs. Muriate potash

f 5.9 pr. ct. Ammonia,
will yield { 5.4 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid, { 7.8 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

D. For Cabbage, Cauliflower, Cucumbers and Melonsi
6 per cent. Ammonia, 5 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 7 per cent. Potash.

1. 300 lbs. Nitrate soda 750 lbs. Cottonseed meal . 700 lbs. Acid phos. 11 pr. ct. 250 lbs. Muriate potash __

f 6.0 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield -j 4.8 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
{ 7.1 pr. ct. Potash,

2,000 lbs.

E. For Spinach: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 8 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid), 6 per cent. Potash.

1. 200 lbs. Nitrate soda . 650 lbs. Fish scrap 920 lbs. Acid phos. 14 pr. ct. 230 lbs. Muriate Potash _.

f 5.2 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield { 7.7 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
\ 6.0 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

2. 300 lbs. Nitrate of soda .. 1

500 lbs. Cottonseed meal .

f 5.0 pr. ct. Ammonia,

1,000 lbs. Acid phos. 14 pr. ct. will yield { 7.6 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.

200 lbs. Muriate potash __

[5.6 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

F. For Radishes and Turnips: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 7
per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. 250 lbs. Nitrate soda 550 lbs. Cottonseed meal . 900 lbs. Acid phos. 13 pr. ct. 300 lbs. Muriate potash ,,
2,000 lbs.

f 4.6 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield \ 6.5 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
[ 8.3 pr. ct. Potash.

G. For Asparagus: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 7 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. '200 lbs. Nitrate soda

'

700 lbs. Cottonseed meai _

f 4.9 pr .ct. Ammonia.

STM ',L ^,cid phos' 13 Pr- ct- wil1 yieId "I 6.1 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.

300 lbs. Muriate potash ..

[ 8.4 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

fr-7

98

GEOEGIA DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

H. For Eggplant and Tomatoes: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 6 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 7 per cent. Potash.

1. 200 lbs. Nitrate soda 700 lbs. Cottonseed meal . 840 lbs. Acid phos. 13 pr. ct. 260 lbs. Muriate potash

f 4.9 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield { 6.3 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
[ 7.4 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

I. For Onions: 5 per cent. Ammonia, 5 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. 200 lbs. Nitrate soda

750 lbs. Cottonseed meal . 750 lbs. Acid phos. 11 pr. ct.



will

yield

f \

5.1 5.1

pr. ct. Ammonia. pr. ct. Avail, phos.

acid.

300 lbs. Muriate Potash __

[8.5 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

J. For Sweet Potatoes: 3 per cent. Ammonia, 7 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 8 per cent. Potash.

1. 100 lbs. Nitrate soda

400 lbs. Fish scrap

f 3.5 pr. ct. Ammonia.

1,180 lbs. Acid phos. 11 pr. ct. will yield -j 7 .8 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.

320 lbs. Muriate Potash __

[ 8.3 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

2. 100 lbs. Nitrate soda 500 lbs. Cotton seed meal .
1,100 lbs. Acid phos. 13 pr. ct. 300 lbs. Muriate potash

f 3.5 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield \ 7 .8 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
[8.3 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

K. For Beans and Peas: 3 per cent. Ammonia, 7 per cent. Available Phosphoric Acid, 7 per cent. Potash.

1." 100 lbs. Nitrate soda |r 450 lbs. Cottonseed meal . I 1,200 lbs. Acid phos. 11 pr. ct.
250 lbs. Muriate Potash ..

f 2.9 pr. ct. Ammonia, will yield \ 7.1 pr. ct. Avail, phos. acid.
[6.9 pr. ct. Potash.

2,000 lbs.

BULLETIN NO. 42

99

FEEDING FORMULAS.

In Bulletin No. 36, issued season 1899-1900, I wrote a series of letters on cattle-feeding, and explained in detail how the feeder might, by the use of a table of analyses of the different feeding-stuffs, calculate in a scientific way the proper ration for his cattle. Many find this calculation to be irksome, and have applied to me for formulas ready calculated. In compliance with this demand I furnish below a number of feeding formulas, some calculated by myself, and some taken from a Bulletin on the subject by the Georgia Experiment Station. The formulas given, unless otherwise stated, are for cattle of 1,000 lbs. live weight; so that if the cow weighs 800 lbs., then 80 per cent, of the ration should be used, or if the cow weighs over 1,000 lbs., say 1,100, then 10 per cent, of the weight of the 1,000 lb. cow ration should be taken and added to the ration.

RULE FOB ASCERTAINING THE WEIGHT OF CATTLE.
A good rule for ascertaining the approximate weight of a cow is this: '' Ordinary cattle girting five feet will weigh 650 to 800 pounds, according to form and fatness; for each additional inch in girt add 25 pounds up to six feet, and for each inch after six feet add 50 pounds.

FORMULA NO. 1.

12 pounds of pea-vine hay.

20 pounds of rye fodder (green).

4 pounds of corn meal.

4 pounds of wheat bran.

2 pounds of cottonseed hulls.

This ration contains:

Dry matter

24.11 pounds

Protein _ __

2.47 pounds

Carbohydrates and fat

__12.83 pounds

Nutritive ratio

1:5.4

100

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

FORMULA NO. 2.
15 pounds of corn and cob meal. 12 pounds of cottonseed hulls. \y.> pounds of cottonseed meal.

This ration contains: Dry matter Protein Carbohydrates and fats Nutritive ratio

27.65 2.51
13.59 __1:6

(The above ration is an example of how to mix when green, succulent foods are not to be had; it would be better, of course, to add to such a ration if possible some green food, or 4 or 5 pounds of turnips, carrots or other roots.)

FORMULA NO. 3.

2.8 pounds cottonseed-meal. 4 pounds corn and cob meal. 3 pounds wheat bran. 25 pounds corn silage. I2V2 pounds mixed hay.
Nutritive ratio

1:5.7

FORMULA NO. 4.
3y2 pounds cottonseed-meal. 3 pounds wheat bran. 7 pounds cottonseed hulls. 17% pounds corn stover. 5 pounds mixed hay.

FORMULA NO. 5.
20 pounds cowpea hay. 10 pounds shredded cornstalks.

FORMULA NO. 6.
20 pounds of mixed hay. 3 pounds of cottonseed-meal. 4 pounds of corn meal.

fe

BULLETIN NO. 42
FORMULA NO. (.
25 pounds shredded corn shucks. 5 pounds cottonseed-meal. 3 pounds wheat bran.
FORMULA NO. 8.
20 pounds cottonseed hulls. 4 pounds cottonseed-meal. 5 pounds wheat bran.
FORMULA NO. 9.
15 pounds cowpea hay. 10 pounds cottonseed hulls.
5 pounds cowpea meal.
FORMULA NO. 10.
15 pounds cowpea hay. 8 pounds cottonseed. 6 pounds corn meal.

*-'***V
^ORfi\^

FOR FATTENING STEERS.
FORMULA NO. 11.
20 pounds cottonseed hulls. 5 pounds cottonseed-meal. Gradually increase to 24 pounds cottonseed hulls and 8 pounds cottonseed-meal.
, FORMULA NO. 12.
20 pounds shredded cornstalks. 5 pounds cottonseed-meal. 6 pounds corn meal. Eation for pigs weighing from 20-70 pounds: 2 ounces of corn meal per quart skim milk. Pigs weighing from 70-130 pounds: 4 ounces per quart skim milk. Pigs weighing from 130-200 pounds: 6 ounces per quart skim milk. Give all they will eat up clean.

102

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

RATIONS FOE HOESES AND MULES AT LIGHT, AVEEAGE AND HAED WOEK.

S. P. Mattox, of Elberton, Ga., writes, asking for some formulas for feeding mules and horses, observing, very correctly, that a mule or horse fed on hay and corn the year round will eat his head off. Yes. this is a very important matter, especially in view of the high price of grain, corn and oats, this year. When the Georgia farmer has failed to raise sufficient corn for his mules, the cost of feeding his work-stock, where he has to buy Western corn at ruling high prices, must make a ruinous inroad on the net sum he has received for his cotton crop. I have, therefore, calculated the following rations for mules and horses at work, and at rest, using as far as possible other nutrients than corn, and reducing the cost of feeding materially. I have given rations for a mule at light, at average work, and at hard work, as it is a great waste of provender, to feed the same quantities under all conditions.
Eations for mules and horses of 1,000 pounds weight, per day.
For horse or mule at light work: 10 pounds peavine hay. 10 pounds corn and cob meal. Nutritive ratio 1:6.9.
Eation for average work: 10 pounds peavine hay. 10 pounds corn and cob meal. 3 pounds wheat bran. Nutritive ratio 1:6.4
Eation for hard work: 10 pounds pea vine hay. 10 pounds corn and co'b meal. 10 pounds wheat bran. Nutritive ratio 1:5.5.

BULLETIN NO. 42

103

Eation for light work: 10 pounds corn-stover. 10 pounds oats. 3 pounds pea-meal. Nutritive ratio 1:6.8.
Ration for average work: 10 pounds corn-stover. 10 pounds oats. 5 pounds pea-meal. Nutritive ratio 1:6.
Eation for hard work: 10 pounds corn-stover. 10 pounds oats. 10 pounds pea-meal. Nutritive ratio 1:5.6.

COTTONSEED-MEAL EATIONS FOE HOESES
AND MULES.
The above rations can be substituted for corn when the latter is high, and are much better balanced, as regards their nutritive ratio, than the average ration of corn and fodder fed to work-stock. Many farmers feed their stock 20 pounds of shelled corn and 10 pounds of fodder (blades), and think they are feeding them in the best manner. As a matter of fact the poor mule gets out of this ration only 2 pounds of protein, when he should, at hard work, have nearly three; and gets over 19 pounds of carbohydrates, when a rational standard of feeding would only call for about 13, the nutritive ratio of the corn and fodder ration being 1:9.6, when it should approximate 1:5.4. In Bulletin 36, page 51, season of 1899-1900, after comparing cottonseed-meal with corn, as to their feeding value, and showing the great superiority of the cotton-seed meal, I made this remark: "In the light of these important facts it strikes me as being astonishing that no experiments appear to have

104

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

>been made to see whether horses and mules will not eat -cottonseed-meal and cottonseed-hulls, one or both, and if not voluntarily, whether they could be gradually trained to do so, by mixing them gradually and by slowly increasing degrees with corn and oats and hays.'' Since then I have heard of some isolated cases, where the cottonseed-meal ration has been used successfully, and as there is no apparent reason why it can not, I ask the Georgia farmers to try some of the following rations, being careful to use only a good quality of cottonseedmeal, avoiding the use of any dark-colored, damaged or musty meal.
Eation for light work: 12y2 pounds mixed hay. 8 pounds ground corn and oats, equal parts. 1 pound bright fresh cottonseed-meal. Nutritive ratio 1:6.7.
Eation for average work: 121/2 pounds mixed hay. 10 pounds corn and cob meal. 2% pounds bright fresh cottonseed-meal. Nutritive ratio 1:6.5.
Eation for hard work: I2V2 pounds mixed hay. 10 pounds corn and cob meal. 4% pounds bright cottonseed-meal. Nutritive ratio 1:5.
Mix in thoroughly with the corn and cob meal, and if not thoroughly relished, try mixing in a little fine salt. I would be glad to have reports from any who may try the cottonseed-meal ration, as to their success.

BULLETIN NO. 42

105

SOME FACTS ABOUT COTTONSEED AND COTTONSEED-MEAL.

One hundred pounds of green ginned seed yield:

Kernels Hulls

Pounds.

54.22

1

45.78

The 54.22 pounds kernel yield:

Oil

Meal

,

20 34.22

The 46 pounds of hulls yield:

Hulls

Linters

,

So the entire 100 pounds of seed yield:

Meal

Oil _ __,

,__,

Hulls

Linters

,

__35.79 10.00
Pounds. 34.22 20.00 35.78 10.00

100.00

The above figures are taken from a work on the cotton-plant issued by the United States Department of Agriculture and represent rather the theoretical composition of the seed than the results obtained in actual practice by oil-mills. The daily practice of the oil-mills would show a composition of about

Kernels

Hulls

_,

Per Cent. 50.1 49.9

And after pressing out the oil and removing the lint from the hulls the yield from a ton of seed would be about as follows:

106

GEOEGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Meal Oil Hulls Linters Loss

Pounds. 740 300 900
, 40 20

2,000

One hundred pounds green cottonseed will yield on an

average:

Pounds.

Ammonia _

,

3.80

Phosphoric acid

1.27

Potash

1.17

One hundred pounds cottonseed hulls will yield on an

average:

Pounds.

Ammonia

0.83

Phosphoric acid L ,

0.25

Potash

1.02

One hundred pounds cottonseed-meal will yield on an

average:

Ammonia _

Phosphoric acid __

Potash

,

Pounds. 8.25
, 2.80 1.80

COTTONSEED-MEAL THE EQUAL OF ANY OF THE AMMONIATES.
A ton of cottonseed-meal of the above average composition is really worth for its fertilizing value this year $23.83, still the market price has been about $22.00 per ton, so that this excellent fertilizer has really been selling below its actual value as a fertilizer, compared with other fertilizer materials. It is one of the best of the ammoniates, and for general farm crops, as cotton and corn, it is equal in agricultural value to any other form in which ammonia is sold, and at the price superior, be-

BULLETIN NO. 42

107

cause usually the phosphoric acid and potash in it are not charged for at all, or are sold below their real value.

HOW TO TELL WHETHEE TO SELL SEED AND BUY MEAL.
Now then with cottonseed-meal selling at $22.00 a ton, but really worth, at the ruling rates for ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash, $23.83 a ton, what is cottonseed worth? A ton of green seed is worth for its fertilizing value, at the ruling rates for ammonia, phosphoric acid and potash $11.25. Now then will it pay the farmer to sell his seed at $11.25 a ton, or seventeen cents a bushel, and buy meal at $22.00 a ton? Decidedly it will. Two hundred and forty pounds, or eight bushels of seed, are considered the manurial equivalent of 100 pounds of meal. If so, one ton of meal would be equal in fertilizing value to two and four-tenths tons of seed.
I have just shown that a ton of seed is worth $11.25, then two and four-tenths tons would be worth $27.00. But the market price for meal this year has been about $22.00, so that the farmer would make five dollars, by selling two and four-tenths tons of seed and buying one ton of meal. This calculation, of course, refers to the fertilizing value of the seed only and takes no account of the oil, the hulls and the linters, which are valuable products. It is sometimes the practice of mills to give the farmer in exchange for his ton of seed one thousand pounds of meal. From a fertilizer standpoint only it is to the advantage of the farmer to make this trade, because there is more manurial value in the 1,000 pounds of meal than in the ton of seed, and the mechanical condition of the meal is much superior to that of the seed for his purposes.
For the information of the farmer the following is, given as the average value of products of the ton of seed after it has gone through the various operations of the oil mill:

108

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

40 gallons of crude oil at 25c

$10.00

740 pounds of meal at $20.00 a ton__ 7.40

40 pounds of linters at 3c

1.20

900 pounds of hulls at $5 a ton

2.25

$20.85
It is, therefore, a question between the farmer and the miller, as to how much of this increased value given to the ton of seed as a result of manufacturing operations rightfully belongs to the miller for his skill, labor, machinery and capital involved in producing this enhanced value, and how much to the farmer who produces the crude seed.

BULLETIN NO. 42

109

INFORMATION ABOUT ASHES.

According to Wiley:
The composition of the ash of woods is extremely variable. Not only do different varieties of trees have varying quantities of ash, but in the same variety the bark and twigs will give an ash quite different in quantity and composition from that furnished by the wood itself. In general the hard woods, such as hickory, oak and maple, furnish a quality of ash superior for fertilizing purposes to that afforded by thesoft woods, such as the pine and tulip trees. The character of the unleached wood ashes found in the trade is indicated by the subjoined analyses. The first table contains the mean, maximum and minimum results of the analyses of 97 samples by Goessmann.

MEAN COMPOSITION OF WOOD ASHES.
Means. Maxima. Minima.

Potash __

Phosphoric acid -

Lime . _

Magnesia . __ _

Insoluble .. _ _ ,,

Moisture ,, _'

,

Carbon dioxide and undetermined __

5.5 1.9 34.3
3.5 12.9 12.0
29.9

10.2 4.0 50.9 7.5 27.9 28.6

2.5 0.3 18.0 2.3 2.1
0.7

The data obtained in sixteen analyses made at the Connecticut station are given below:

Means. Maxima. Minima.

Potash

Phosphoric acid

. ..

5.3

7.7

4.0

1.4

1.8

F 1.9

In fifteen analyses of ashes from domestic wood-fires in stoves thefollowing mean percentages of potash and phosphoric acid were found:

Potash

9.6?

Phosphoric acid

2.32

In leaching, ashes lose chiefly the potassium carbonate and phosphate-
which they contain. Leached and unleached Canada ashes have thefollowing composition:

110

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Unleached Leached (per cent) (per cent.)

Insoluble Moisture Calcium carbonate and hydroxide Potassium carbonate Phosphoric acid Undetermined

13.0 12.0 61.0
5.5 1.9 6.6

13.0 30.0 51.0
1.1 1.4 3.5

In the wood ashes of commerce, therefore, it is evident that the proportion of the potash to the lime is relatively low.
The number of parts by weight of the chief ingredients of the ash in 10,000 pounds of wood of different kinds is given in table below.
POUNDS OF THE INGREDIENTS NAMED IN 10,000 POUNDS OF WOOD.

Dogw'd Syc'mre Post Oak Ash (F. JRed Oak Hick'y

(Cornus (Piatanus (Q. obtu- Ameri- (Quer- (Carya

Florida) Occiden- siloba). cana).

cus tomen-

tals).

rubra). tosa).

Potash .
Phosp'ic acid__ Lime Magnesia . .

9.02 5.72 6.41
14.67

18.06 9.55 24.73 0.49

16.85 6.96
35.61 5.28

14.94 1.15 7.60 0.10

13.95 5.98
27.40 3.05

13.80 5.83
18.40 4.86

White Mag- Georgia Oak nolia Pine (P.
? (M. palus-
alba). Gran- tris).
diflora).

Yellow Black Chestn't Pine (P. Pine (Castana mitis). (Picea vesta or
migra). sativa).

Old field pine
(P. mitis).

Potash

10.60 7.13

Phos. acid . 2.49 3.19

Lime -_ ._ 7.85 14.21

Magnesia __ 0.90 2.94

5.01 1.24 18.04
2.03

4.54 0.96 15.16 0.74

3.02 0.92 12.46 0.10

2.90 1.09 7.93 0.34

0.79 0.73 12.12 1.17

BULLETIN NO. 42

111

USEFUL REFERENCE TABLES.

COMPOSITION FERTILIZER MATERIALS.

TABLE 1.--NITROGENOUS MATERIAL.

POUNDS PER HUNDRED.



Nitrogen.* Phosphoric Acid.

Potash.

Nitrate of Soda

Sulphate of Ammonia

Dried Blood _ _ _ __ .

Concentrated Tankage _ _

Bone Tankage _

_

Dried Fish Scrap .. _ _

Cottonseed Meal

Hoof Meal .

.._

15}^ to 16

19 to 20)4

10 to 14

11 to 12} 1 to 2

5 to 8 10 to 15

7 to 9 6 to 8

6^to iy2 2 to 3

13 to 14

xy> to 2

1)4 to 2

*To convert nitrogen percentage into ammonia percentage multiply by 1.214. Thus 10 per cent, nitrogen is equivalent to 12.14 per cent of ammonia.

TABLE 11.--PHOSPHATE MATERIALS.

Nitrogen.

Available Insoluble Potash.

Phos.

Phos.

Acid.

Acid.

Apatite ______

36.88

Bone Ash _

35.89

Bone Black _ _

28.28

Dissolved Bone Black

16.70

0.30

Keystone Concent'd Phos.

38.81

8.94

Mona Island Guano

0.76

7.55 14.33

Navassa Phosphate _

34.27

Orchilla Guano _._._._._

26.77

Peruvian Guano Average 7.85

8.36

6.90 2.61

S. C. Rock Phosphate -

26-28

S. C. Rock Superphosp'te.

12-15

1-3

Florida Rock Phos. Land

33-35

Florida Pebble Phosp'te

26-32

Florida Superphosphate

14-19

1-6

Ground Bone

2Kto4^ 5-8

15-17

Steamed Bone

1)4 to2H 6-9

10-20

Dissolved Bone

. 2 to 3

13-15

2-3

112

GEORGIA DEPABTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

TABLE III.--POTASH MATERIALS AND FARM MANURES.

POUNDS PER HUNDRED.

Actual Potash.

Nitrogen.

Phosphoric Acid.

Lime.

Sulphate of Potash Double Sulphate of Pot.
and Magnesia

Sylvianit

,_.. . _

Cow Manure (fresh) Horse Manure (fresh) . Sheep Manure (fresh) Hog Manure (fresh) Hen Dung (fresh) _ _ _ Mixed Stable Manure

50 48 to 52
26 to 30 12 to 12^ 16 to 20 15 to 30 2 to 8 1 to 2 5 to 8
0.40 0.53 0.67 0.60 0.85 0.63

2 to 3 0.34 0.58 0.83 0.45 1.63 0.50

7 to 9 1 to 2 1 to\y2
0.16 0.28 0.23 0.19 1.54 0.26

10 30-35 35-40
zy,
0.31 0.21 0.33 0.08 0.24 0.70

FACTORS FOR CONVERSION.

To convert--

Ammonia into nitrogen, multiply by

0.824

Nitrogen into ammonia, multiply by

,

1.214

Nitrate of soda into nitrogen, multiply by

16.47

Bone phosphate into phosphoric acid, multiply by 0.458

Phosphoric acid into bone phosphate, multiply by 2.183-

Muriate of potash into actual potash, multiply by 0.632

Actual potash into muriate of potash, multiply by 1.583

Sulphate of potash into actual potash, multiply by 0.541

Actual potash into sulphate of potash, multiply by 1.85-

For instance, you buy 95 per cent, nitrate of soda and want to know how much nitrogen is in it, multiply 95 per

cent, by 16.47; you will get 15.65 per cent, nitrogen; you want to know how much ammonia this nitrogen is equivalent to, then multiply 15.65 per cent, by 1.214 and you

get 18.99 per cent,, the equivalent in ammonia.

TABLE IV. Average Composition of Stassfurt Germen Potash Salts.

NAME OF SALTS. In 100 parts are contained

J3
--2 ornt K2S04

Mg804 Mg ci a

o . ^<u 9a .2 o o
NaCl

o
So
a
CaS0 4

A. Crude Salts.

(Natural Products.)

Kainit __ Carnalite Silvinit .

21.3 2.0 14.5 12.4 34.6 1.7

"l.l 15.5 12.1 21.5 22.4 26.3 2.4 2.6 56.7

1.9 2.8

B. Concentrated Salts.

(Manufactured Products.)

Sulphate of Potash.

\low

97.2 90.6

0.3 1.6

0.7 2.7

0.4 1.0

0.2 1.2

0.3 0.4

Sulphate of Potash-Magnesia or Double

Manure Salts

50.4

34.0

2.5 0.9

Muriate of Potash

f 90-95%

91.7 0.2 0.2 7.1

I 80-85%

83.5 0.4 0.3 14.5

I 70-75% 1.7 72.5 0.8 0.6 21.2 0.2

Manure Salt, min. 20% Potash Manure Salt, min. 30% Potash

2.0 31.6 10.6 5.3 40.2 2.1 1.2 47.6 9.4 4.8 26.2 2.2
I

Water.

Calculated to Pure Potash K20 Gnaranteed.

w

0.8

12.7

12.8

12.4

dt-1

0.5 26.1 9.8 9.0

3.2 4.5 17.4 12.4

5ozj 0.2 0.0 52.7 51.8 to 0.3 2.2 49.9 48.6

0.6 11.6. 27.2 25.9
0.2 0.6 57.7 56.8 0.2 1.1 52.7 50.5 0.5 2.5 46.6 44.1
4.0 4.2 21.0 20.0 3.5 5.1 30.6 30.0
CO

114

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DISTANCES RECOMMENDED FOR PLANTING. TABLE IV.

Apples (standard) Apples (dwarf) ' Pears (standard) Pears (dwarf) Quinces Peaches Plums Cherries Pigs
Japan Persimmons Mulberries Blackberries Raspberries Currants Gooseberries Strawberries--Hills Strawberries--Matted Rows Asparagus
Rhubarb Grapes Oranges

20 to 30 feet each way. 6 to 10 feet each way.
20 feet each way. 10 to 15 feet each way. 12 feet each way. 20 to 25 feet each way. 15 to 20 feet each way. 14 to 20 feet each way. 10 to 15 feet each way.
20 to 25 feet each way. 20 to25 feet each way.
6 to 8 feet by 4 feet. 6 by 2 feet. 4 to 5 feet by 4 feet. 4 to 5 feet by 4 feet. 15 x 15 inches. 4 x 1 foot. 4 x 2 feet.
4 x 2 feet. 8 x 9 feet. 30 by 30 feet.

NUMBER OF PLANTS PER ACRE AT VARIOUS DISTANCES.

Distance, Inches.

Plants.

Distance, Plants. Inches.

Dis-

Dis-

tance Plants tance,

Feet.

Feet.

Plants

1x 1 1x3 1x4 1x5 2x2 2x3 2x4 2x5 3x3 3x4 3x5 4x4 4x5 5x5 6x6 7x7 8x8 9x9 10 x 10 10 x 20 10 x 24 10 x 30 10 x 30 10 x 36

6,272,640 10 x 48 2,090,880 15 x 15 1,568,160 15 x 30 1,254,527 15 x 36 1,568,160 18x 36 1,045,440 18 x 48
784,080 627,264 FEET
696,960 1 X 1 522,720 1x2 318,175 1x3 392,040 1x4 313,642 1 x 5 250,905 2x2 174,240 2x3 128,013 2x4
98,010 2x5 77,440 3x3 62,726 3x4 31,362 3x5 26,132 3x6
20,908 3x7 20,908 3x7 17,424 4x4

13,068 4x5 27,878 4x6 13,939 4x7 11,616 5x5
9,680 5x6 7,260 5x7
5x8 5x9 43,560 6x6 21,780 6x7 14,520 6x8 10,890 6x9 8,712 6 x 10
10,890 7x7 7,260 7x8 5,445 7x9 4,356 7 x 10 4,840 8x8 3,630 8x9 2,904 8 x 10 2,420 8 x 11 2,074 8 x 12 2,074 8 x 12 2,722 9x9

2,178 9 x 10 1,816 9 x 11 1,556 9 x 12 1,742 10 x 10
1,452 10 x 12 1,242 10 x 15 1,089 10 x 18
968 10 x 20 1,210- 12 x 12 1,037 12 x 15
907 12 x 20 808 15 x 15 726 15 x 18 888 15 x 20 777 18 x 18 691 18 x 20 622 18 x 24
680 20 x 20 605 20 x 24 554 20 x 30
495 30 x 24 453 30 x 30 453 30 x 30 537 30 x 36

884 440 403 435 363 290 242
217 302 242 181 193 161 145 134 121 100 108
90 72
60 48 48 40

AMOUNTS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID, NITROGEN AND POTASH ANNUALLY REMOVED FROM ONE ACRE BY VARIOUS CROPS.

CROP.

Phos-
phoric Acid.

Nitrogen.

Potash.

Wheat

35 bushels.

2,700 lbs

300 lbs

24 lbs. 59 lbs. 31 lbs.

Rye

30 bushels.

4,000 lbs ...

250 lbs

26 lbs 51 lbs. 45 lbs.

Barley

40 bushels.

2,300 lbs

390 lbs

21 lbs. 46 lbs. 38 lbs.

Oats Corn
Buckwheat Potato

60 bushels. 50 bushels. 30 bushels. 200 bushels.

2,900 lbs 4,100 lbs 2,200 lbs 1,450 lbs. leaves and
stubble

275 lbs 950 lbs. cobs

22 lbs. 55 lbs. 62 lbs.

31 lbs. 30 lbs. 21 lbs.

67 lbs. 35 lbs. 46 lbs.

80 lbs. 9 lbs.
74 lbs.

a w
F

Sugar Beets ._. Mangel-Wurzel

153^ tons _ 22 tons .

3 tons 6 tons

32 lbs. 69 lbs. 143 lbs. 46 lbs. 150 lbs. 264 lbs.

H H

GREEN.

DRY.

Meadow-Hay

2J-2 tons

23 lbs. 83 lbs. 85 lbs.

Timothy Green Corn

6 tons __ 11H tons

2 tons

32 lbs. 89 lbs. 94 lbs. 46 lbs. 85 lbs. 164 lbs.

o

Red Clover in bloom

tons

2 tons __

28 lbs. 105 lbs. 96 lbs.

Lucerne Crimson Clover

tons 7 tons

2 tons __ \%/i tons

26 lbs. 113 lbs. 71 lbs. 11 lbs. 60 lbs. 36 lbs.

Sugar-Cane

20 tons

15 lbs. 153 lbs. 44 lbs.

Sorghum

15 tons

24 lbs. 121 lbs. 153 lbs.

Cotton

750 lbs. seed

250 lbs. lint

9 lbs. 26 lbs. 10 lbs.

Hops

600 lbs. strobile _ 1,200 lbs. leaves . 1,500 lbs. Ramber 23 lbs. 84 lbs. 53 lbs.

Tobacco

600 lbs. leaves __ 1,300 lbs. stems _.

23 lbs. 89 lbs. 103 lbs.

Grapes

2 tons grapes

l^T tops ...

2 tons wood

11 lbs. 32 lbs. 39 lbs.

Cabbage

31 tons heads .

88 lbs. 150 lbs. 360 lbs.

Cucumber

25 tons

30 lbs. 86 lbs. 116 lbs

Onions

1}4 tons

37 lbs. 72 lbs. 72 lbs

Oranges

|20 ,000 lbs. (fruit) .

16 lbs. 24 lbs. 103 lbs.

Oi

116

GEORGIA ' DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

COMMERCIAL VALUES OF FERTILIZERS AND
FERTILIZER MATERIAL FOR THE SEASON
OF 1904-1905, AS FIXED BY STATE CHEMIST, OCTOBER 1, 1904.
About the first of October quotations at Savannah on the principal ingredients used in the manufacture of cemmercial fertilizers were as below:
Acid phosphate 13.14 per cent, at $8.50 per ton 2,000 lbs.
Phosphate rock, 68 per cent, bone phosphate $5.09 per ton f. o. b. cars Savannah, Ga.
German kainit $10.50 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars Savannah in sacks.
Muriate of potash $42.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars. Nitrate of soda $44.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars in sacks. Cottonseed meal $23.50 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars. Sulphate of Ammonia $60.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars. Pyrites per unit of sulphur ex-ship Savannah, $7.00 per ton for 50 per cent. ore. Brimstone $22.80 per ton ex-ship Savannah. Western dried blood $3.28 per unit of nitrogen. Bone tankage, $3.28 a unit of nitrogen. Raw bone meal $24.50 per ton 2,000 lbs. Steam bone meal $22.50 per ton 2,000 lbs. Tennessee phosphate rock 75 per cent, bone phosphate of lime, $6.25 per ton at Atlanta.
VALUATIONS.
The above prices are quotations at wholesale figures for lots of 500 tons and over, spot cash ex-ship, car or warehouse, Savannah, Charleston and Atlanta.
The nitrogen of bone meal which passes through a sieve with perforations 1-50 of an inch in diameter is valued at $3.30 a unit.

BULLETIN NO. 42

117

The nitrogen of bone meal coarser than that is valued at $2.00 a unit.

The phosphoric acid of bone meal finer than 1-50 of an inch is valued at 65c. a unit. Coarser than 1-50 inch is valued at 50c. a unit.

Cottonseed-meals are valued as heretofore by multiplying their nitrogen percentage by the value of nitrogen ruling for the season, viz.: $3.30 per unit, and]adding to this result, $3.28 to cover the value of the 1.8 per cent, potash and 2.7 per cent, phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals.

In the case of Sea-Island meals $2.51 is added to cover the 1.5 per cent, potash and 1.9 per cent, phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals.
On the basis of above quotations the following commercial values have been calculated, and have been used in calculating the values of all the goods offered for sale in the State during the season of 1903-1904, as exhibited in the table of analyses:

Available phosphoric acid__ 3V4 cents a pound.

Nitrogen _

16y2 cents a pound.

Potash _

, 414 cents a pound.

It is usual, however, in the fertilizer trade, and very convenient in calculation, to use the system of units. A unit means, in technical talk, one per cent, of a ton, or twenty pounds; so that converting the above prices per pound into prices per unit, by simply multiplying by 20, we have:

Available phosphoric acid

65 cents a unit

Nitrogen

$3.30

a unit

Potash

,

85 cents a unit

For example, suppose we have a fertilizer with 8 per cent, available phosphoric acid, 3.45 per cent, nitrogen, and 2.75 per cent, of potash, we calculate its value thus:

118

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

8% X 65 cents a unit= 5.20

3.45% X $3.30

a unit= 11.38

2.75% X 85 cents a unit= 2.34

Inspection, sacks, mix- } ing and handling. )

18.92 2.60
21.52

Therefore, the relative commercial value of the above goods is twenty-one dollars and fifty-two cents per ton.
The above figures represent, as nearly as we can arrive at it, the wholesale cash cost of the goods at central points of distribution and production. If it is desired to learn the retail cost, it would be necessary to add to the above total the freight to the particular point interested, and also storage, insurance, interest, taxes and the dealer's or manufacturer's profit. The figures I have given above can not, from the nature of the case, be exact, as prices fluctuate from day to day and month to month, but they approach with reasonable accuracy the wholesale cost of the goods.

MISLEADING BRAND NAMES AND A LITTLE ADVICE ON PURCHASING.
It should be borne in mind always that State valuations are relative and approximate only, and are only intended to serve as a guide. It is much to be desired that farmers should study the analyses giving the actual percentages of plant-food more, and pay no attention whatever to names and brands.

USUALLY NO BONE IN BRANDS CALLED DISSOLVED BONE.
They should realize, for instance, that in nine cases out of ten, brands known as "pure dissolved bone" contain not a particle of bone, but are made simply out of phosphate rock. They are every "whit and grain" as good as if they were made from bone, the available phosphoric acid from rock being just as available and identically the same as the available phosphoric acid from

BULLETIN NO. 42

119

bone. The proof that such brands are not made from bone is that they contain no nitrogen, and if they were made from bone the percentage of nitrogen would be stated, and it would be charged for. This is only one instance of the folly of being influenced by names and brands--many might be given.
Eemember that a multiplicity of brands is also expensive to the manufacturer, and you have to pay the cost in the long run. Study the markets, select a time for purchasing when general trade in fertilizers is dull, club together with some of your neighbors whose credit is of the best, or better, who have a little spare cash, and then order from a reliable manufacturer, stipulating, if you have a preference, just.what materials the goods shall be made from, and especially the guaranteed percentage of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Let the maker call it anything he pleases. In this way you will be sure to have a first-class goods bought at the lowest market price. But if you are going to wait till the last minute to buy your fertilizers, at the very time when everybody else wants his, and are going to buy on time and pay interest, why then be assured your fertilizers are going to be expensive--just as your clothing or any of your household goods would be if bought in the same way.

TABLES OF ANALYSES
OF
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
FOR
SEASON OF 1904-1905.

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Atlanta Oil & fertilizer Co. Stisquehannah H. G. Guano

Atlanta, Ga.

Capitola H. G. Guano

Beef, Blood and Bone Mixture

j

Buckeye Special

Gilt Edge H. G. Guano

Gilt Edge Standard Guano

Gilt Edge Cotton Grower

Law. Hawkins' High Grade

Johnson & Brannon's Acme

C. P. Lively & Son's High Grade

Jewell's Slaughter House Guano

Susquehanna Ex. H. G. Dis. Bone &

Potash

Red Cross Dissolved Bone and Potash-

n-2
C CO
jZJM
U

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.



03--

Xi

03 Cu

03

h3

3 Q

236 912 11..88 1.82 2.76 9

57 606 11.03 1.80 2.05 10

3 524 9.35 0.82 2

9

9 62 12.58 1.14 3.6S 10 64 612 11.30 1.84 2. 10

56 605 11.58 1.76 2.27 8

221 910 11.93 .90 1.56 10

58 607 11.45 1.78 2.53 10

59 608 11.28 1.92 2.55 10

213 1516 11.78 2.13 2.58 10

65 613 8.23 1.72 1.60

1.65 3 1.65 2
.82 2 .82 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 .82 1 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2

55 688 13

1 13

4

220 1512 11.98

4.68 10

4

3
1$ ft)
8.5 o
ES g o3 =3
E"- o
18.66 16 44 17 50 16 24 13 18 12 85 17 66 14 35 15 9 16 24 17 85 14 94 14 64 12 65 18 06 16 24 18 42 16 24 19 46 16 24 14 98 14 94
14 45 14 45 14 35 12 50

z Gilt Edge Dissolved Bone and Potash_

Capitola Dissolved Bone and Potash _ A

Wheat and Corn Grower

Q

Capitola Acid Phosphate

C

Mountain Rose Acid Phosphate

Z

Atlanta H. G. Acid Phosphate

H

Allen, II. V. B., Monticello, Cotton Seed Meal

H

Ga

Gray Land Formula __ .'

Q

Adrian Guano Co., Adrian,

Ga

James' Pride

P

Honor Bright

P

Allison & Cannon, Lavonia, Nonesuch

P

Ga

A. & C.'s Pride

R

Alabama Chemical Co., A. & C.'s Cotton Plant __

R

Montgomery, Ala

Georgia H. G. Guano

Y

Rex H. G. Guano

L

Georgia Al Guano

Y

Liberty Bell Guano

B

Big Dollar Guano

G

Red Cross Guano

E

J. B. Jones' Satin Staple .

Y

217 909 9.53

3.54

6

6 11.65

2.46 10

76 969 8.20

4

8

153 1448 13.20

12

55 604 16

16

8

6 14.30

14

6 59

6.92

180 1453 9.75 2.37 4.08

34 1033 10.28 1.65 2.82 9

35 1034 8.78 1.65 2.50 8

36 1035 10.15 .82 3.16 8

105 813 10.60 .90 3.02 10

28 585 10.33 1.65 2.18 8

60 690 10.80 1.71 2.20 10

7 198 11.70 1.65 2

10

65 694 8.40 1.65 2.34

2 23 8.60 2

2.13

50 170 10.75 1.07 3.70 10

239 501 10.40 1..65 3.13 9

64 693 11.55 1.67 2

10

4 2 4 __ -_ __ 6.18 2.47 4

11 69 11 20 12 26 10 SO 11 33 11 20 11 18 10 40 13 00 13 00 11 89 11 70 26 11 23 67 20 21 20 00

1.65 3 1.65 2
.82 3 .82 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 .82 3 1.65 3 1.65 4

17 11 10 44 15 86 14 94 14 57 13 05 15 03 ] 1 35 16 60 14 94
17 13 ie 24
17 34 16 24 15 49 14 94 16 60 14 94 16 25 1:1 35 17 46 1G 44 17 31 17 94

Rex Bone Compound Gold Medal 12-4 Acid and Potash.

L

8 668 11.30

Y 108 1430 12.40

2

10

3.68 12

2 11 64 10 SO 4 13 79 13 80

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

a B.
s.
a.a
03 --
03 rv.

o

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer IngreActually Found by dients Claimed by

S

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

l-H Q

2< o

i.2

XI 03

IS

h3

Alabama Chemical Co., Gold Medal 16% Acid

LL

Montgomery, Ala--Cont. Big Four Acid Phosphate.

Y

Rex Dissolved Bone

G

S. C. Acid Phosphate

B

Alford, D. C. & Co., Hart- German Kainit

B

well, Ga

Landsake Guano

R

Ashepoo Fertilizer Co.

Charleston, S. C_.

Eutaw Blood and Dissolved Bone

DD

Eutaw Blood and Bone Guano

H

Eutaw Golden Fertilizer

V

Ashepoo Gray Land Guano

D

Willingham's Boss Guano

U

H. B. S. & Co.'s Bone Guano

EE

H. B. S. & Co.'s Blood, Bone and Pot-

2 963 16.18 60 704 16 99 832 14.98 62 652 12.65 38 247 27 584 12.25

16

16

14

12

12.02

.66 2

10

61 731 11.48 .99 1.37 10 31 1048 12.45 1.36 1 21 371 11.80 1.78 2.51 10
7 47 10.65 1.90 2.18 4 517 10.75 1.65 1.30 5 1068 10.38 1.83 2.34

12 .85 2
.82 1 1.65 1 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 1 1.65 2

2. 5

:>> . "a* Z
S3 : = E.o Eo g_o3^ E"- OO 3

13 11 13 00 12 33 10 82 10 21 14 43

13 00 13 00 11 70 10 40 10 20 13 60

14 48 12 65 16 02 14 74 18 27 16 24 17 64 14 94 16 12 14 74 17 35 14 94

ash Compound

EE 6 1069 12.58 1.11 1.32 10

Standard Mascot Guano

N 85 780 10.05 1.72 2.47 8

Farmers' Choice Guano

N 82 777 12.03 1.34 2.31 10

Ashepoo Super Potash Acid Phosphate D

8 48 10.98

4.11 10

Ashepoo Golden Harvest Potash Acid

Phosphate

H 10 63 12.18

3.35 10

Byron's Potash Acid Phosphate

N 84 779 10.30

2.16 10

Taylor's Potash Acid Phosphate

LL 18 1298 9.70

4

8

Harper's Bone and Potash

N 77 773 8.98

4.06 8

Ashepoo Acid Phosphate

H 11 1530 15.95

14

Bateman's Acid Phosphate

N 191 1251 15.88

14

German Kainit

E 186 950

14.12

Atlanta Chemical Co., Nor- Nitrate Soda

N 79 774

15.76

folk, Va

Atlantic H. G. Ammoniated Guano HH 29 1056 10.68 1.71 2.32 10

Atlantic Soluble Guano

DD 8 715 9.45 1.69 2.24 8

Anderson Phosphate and Atlantic 16% Acid Phosphate

R 26 583 17.10

16

Oil Co., Anderson, S. C.- Anderson Cotton Fertilizer

J 161 1152 10.95 1.65 2.06 8

Anderson Petrified Bone Guano

KK 6 1228 9.85 1.67 2.02 8

D. A. Baker's Standard

R 22 579 9.38 1.74 2.62 8

Atlanta Fertz. & Imp. Co.,

Atlanta, Ga

E. & C. Special for Truck Farmers

Z

43 596 11.45 .2.81 3.27 9

Planters' XXXX H. G. Blood and

Guano

Z

41 595 11.85 2.02 2.58 10

Smith's H. G. Guano ._*

Z

46 598 11.25 2.20 1.40 10

.82 1 1.65 2 1.65 2
4
2 2 4 4
12 14.81
1.65 2 1.65 2
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
3.30 4
1.65 2 1.65 2

15 55 12 65 16 90 14 94 16 80 16 24 13 22 12 50
13 28 10 80 11 12 10 80 12 30 11 20 11 88 11 20 12 96 11 70 12 92 11 70 12 00 10 20 52 00 48 87 17 07 16 24 16 21 14 94 13 71 13 00 16 90 14 94 16 65 14 94 16 65 14 94
22 09 22 74
19 15 16 24 18 36 16 24

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

A. D. Adair & McCarty Bros.. Atlanta, Ga

Manley's Cotton Grower David Harum Ex. H. G. Guano Adair's H. G. Blood and Bone Adair's Soluble Pacific Adair's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone McCarty's Soluble Bone McCarty's Wheat Special McCarty'a H. G. Cotton Grower Golden Grain Compound Planters' Soluble Fertilizer Adair's Formula Adair's Special Potash Mixture! H. G. Potash Compound Adair's H. G. Dissolved Bone

5. a
u
eg --
fc

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

o .

.CO

-1-3

a-"5

c3

0 *Q

h-1

i^

Z 152 891 13.70

5.24 13

W 68 1208 10.75 3.65 4.67 10 3.30

DD 88 744 11.15 2.82 3.56 10 2.47

Z

69 617 11.75 1.65 2.37 10 1.65

Z

67 615 10.98 1.42 2.53 8

Z 208 905 9.90 1.15 1.54 10

AA 27 1104 10.70 1 10 3.34 10

Z

71 618 12.23 1 96 2.30 10

J

2 278 8.20 1 05 3.23 8

Z

72 619 8.98 1 90 2.62 8

Y 81 699 11.53

2 10

KK 12 1414 8.98

4.10 8

G

49 169 10.60

4.24 10

A

8

8 15.73

14

1.65 .82 .82
1.65 .82
1.65

aS.SrSo
Eo S & oOQ 3
15 95 14 45 16 09 22 74 22 16 19 80 17 68 16 24 16 56 14 94 14 12 12 65 16 04 14 35 18 96 16 24 14 17 13 05 16 92 14 94 11 79 10 80 11 91 11 20 13 09 12 50 12 82 11 70

American Agricultural Adair's H. G. Dissolved Bone No. 16 .

Chemical Co., Carteret, Adair's Dissolved Bone

BB

N.J

... American H. G. Fertilizer

UU

American Blood and Bone

M

Bowker's Cotton Fertilizer

M

Bowker's Nassau Guano

E

Bowker's Ammoniated Bone

F

Skinner's Special Guano

F

Nassau Guano

UU

American Dissolved Bone

F

Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate

UU

Andrew, Glenn & Co., Carl- German Kainit

M

ton, Ga

Pride of Carlton

R

Anderson & Co., Commerce, Gem of Carlton

R

Ga

._

Anderson High Grade

AA

Americus Oil Co., Ameri-

cus, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

B

Arlington Mfg. Co., Ar-

lington, Ga

Cowart's Formula

E

Murray's Formula

E

Arlington H: G. Potash Compound . E

Armour Fertilizer Works, Acid and Kainit Compound

E

Atlanta, Ga

Armour's Cotton Producer

J

Plantation Special

M

48 168 16.45

16

1401 12.53

12

12 1392 11

1.65 2.16 10

18 302 9.20 1.79 2.28 8

1 228 9.10 1.79 2.18 8

132 496 9.33 1.67 2.18 8

77 938 10.63 2 3.34 9

3 79 9.08 1.80 2.34 8

10 1391 9.38 1.65 2.19 8

76 937 16.98

14

5 1390 14.95

14

20 303

13.14

37 781 9.15 1.71 2.84 8

38 782 10.13 1.67 2.60 10

71 1126 11.70 1.77 2.62 10

4 25

6.66

213 1231 11.83 1.44 3.21 8

85 471 10

1.04 3.73 7

180 948 11.63

4.14 10

87 473 11.85 " ~ 4.43 9 65 416 11.75 1.70 3.28 10

2 289 10.80 3.60 2.85 10

1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 3 1.65 2 1.65 2
12 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2

13 29 13 00 10 74 10 40
17 02 16 24 16 40 14 94 16 28 14 94 16 02 14 94 18 95 16 44 16 43 14 94 15 99 14 94 13 63 11 70 12 31 11 70 11 17 10 20 16 59 14 94 16 90 16 24 18 26 16 24

6.18

25 25 23 67

1.65 2 1.24 3.50
4 4 1.65 3 3.30 4

17 76 15 70 13 87 14 06 18 62 23 92

16 24 14 21 12 50 11 85 17 09 23 38

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
iAl LtlKoIH^fo-*, H~.ot. P~~r-- in.t<-

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

OJ o
a o.
U
So3 .--S
a* t-i <D

E

54

No 822

E 107

No. 825

._-...... -- --

- Z

84

No. 853

- - - - - ....... T

22

No. 933

- -- -- I 109

No. 857. _ ...-

0

9

No. 921 _ _

Z

75

Ammoniated Dissol'd Bone andPotash 1

11

Superphosphate with Nitrogen and

Potash, No. 1

._...__-

E

55

Superphosphate with Nitrogen and

Potash, No. 3

Z

80

Heikes'Nursery Stock __ -- M

3

Cotton Standard ,-- ,,

Z

76

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

a

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

,



O

-oe-o.

03
(H
O

e 9

=o o

h3 5- at

c

4

" --

a

A

H

0

3

a .

z

0 CM

943 9.75 1.80 2

8 1.65 2

492 9.63 1.70 2.27 8 1.65 2

879 10.80 1.80 5.58 8 1.65 5

642 9.83 3.88 4.81 8 4.12 3

827 11.08 2.13 3.02 9 2.47 3

567 9.80 3.63 7.20 8 4.12 7

621 11.63 1.77 1.56 9 1.65 1

178 11.65 1.85 2.25 10
*

1.65 2

237 12.45 1.20 1.11 10

.82 1

623 12

98 3.18 10

290 8.30 5

3.20 8

622 10.55 1.65 2.78 8

.82 3 4.95 2 1.65 2

3 2. 3 --
3
5
1E o=
OEo "16 57 14 94 16 40 14 94 20 30 17 49 25 87 23 94 19 40 19 14 27 06 27 34 17 32 14 74 18 18 16 24
15 59 12 65
16 33 14 35 27 21 25 83 17 25 14 94

1 Commerci Claimed ufacturei

No. 282

No. 285

i

No. 583

Blood, Bone and Potash

African Cotton Grower

High Grade

Sunrise Standard

Sunrise High Grade

Sunrise Special

Sunrise Cotton Meal Special

Sunrise Special Potash Mixture . _

Star Alkaline Bone 10-2

Star Alkaline Bone 10-4

Star Alkaline Bone 8-4

Star Alkaline Bone 16-4

Superphosphate and Potash 10-2.

Superphosphate and Potash 10-4-

Superphosphate and Potash 13-4_

Superphosphate and Potash 8-4 .

Sunrise Alkaline Bone 10-2

Sunrise Alkaline Bone 10-4

Phosphate and Potash 14-8

Star Phosphate 14%

H 19 70 8 .75 1.65 3.10

H 89 1054 8 .15 1.77 5

Z

85 625 10 .48 4.23 3.46

MM 21 1161 10 .45 4.20 6.80 9

Y 42 687 10 .28 2.51 3.58 9

I

32 309110 .30 1.79 2.34 10

GG 12 1060 8 .43 1.80 2.28 8

H 63 1053 11 .68 1.65 2.03 10

H 64 1445 11 .20 1.17 2.04 9

DD 71 735 .48 1.65 3.57 10

S

72 1411 .95 1.82 3.18 9

NN 3 1290 10 .73

2.04 10

I

36 312 10 .60

4.36 10

I

33 310 9 .85

3.60 8

I

35 311 16 .25

4.48 16

I 10 177J10 .38

2.03 10

Z 79 877J11 .10

4.21 10

V 63 713ll3 .75
z 83 878 9 .30 c 114 845 10 .20

4.96 13 4.35 8 2.05 10

Y 135 1195 10 .15

4 10

Z 73 620 .65

7.58 14

GG 5 1058 60

14

1.65 2 1.65 5 4.12 3 4.12 7 2.47 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 2 1.65 2 1.65 3
2 . 4
4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 8

16 35 14 94 17 98 17 49 26 31 23 94 29 03 27 99 20 60 19 14 17 18 16 24 15 95 14 94 17 35 16 24 15 47 12 85 17 88 16 24 17 76 16 44 11 30 10 80 13 19 12 50 12 06 11 20 16 96 16 40 11 06 10 80 13 39 12 50 15 74 14 45 12 33 11 20 10 97 10 80 12 59 12 50 18 56 18 50 12 09 11 70

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

Commercial Value Claimed by Manufacturers.

CO

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer IngreActually Found by dients Claimed by

A a

B
3

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

a.s T3 CO

>> CA

o

-Oc-o.

faOc--vs.

O-o

03

hi

.Oa

re*Z -- o

Caoat

03

z

to -tf",
3*xo

a
Ml

CO
o
Q-

IS O 2

m
O PH

Armour Fertilizer Works, Star Phosphate 16%

-- . ... GG

Atlanta, Ga.--Cont

Superphosphate 14%

_

E

Superphosphate 16% _

I

Superphosphate 18% _

_ Z

Dissolved Bone 12%.

__. C

Kainit

_ _.

E

Arnold & Co.,Elberton, Ga. Arnold & Co.'s Standard Guano ._ R

30 1064 16.75

16

53 236 15.95

14

108 826 16.

16

86 626 19.05

18

32 539 14.13

12

69 463

12.58

8 568 9.70 1.30 3.04 8

12 1.65 2

Albany Warehouse Co.,

Albany, Ga_

Pinnacle

. .. .

E

Birmingham Fertilizer Co., Acid Phosphate. _

........ -- GG

Birmingham, Ala_ __ _ Birmingham H. G. Fertilizer

M

Birmingham Standard Fertilizer

B

100 481 10.60 1.30 2.30 8

15 1061 15.75

14

14 299 11.98 1.90 2.20 10

25 96 9.40 1.75 2.37 8

1.65 2
1.65 2 1.65 2

Birmingham Dissolved Bone, Nitrogen

and Potash _. __ .

_- -- LL 76 1272 12.20 1.04 2.56 10

82 1

3
3 a
*i
'3-a
1E o=
oEo "13 48 13 00 12~96 11 70 13 00 13 00 14 98 14 30 11 78 10 40 10 69 10 20 15 77 14 94
15 73 14 94 12 83 11 70 18 52 16 24 16 49 14 94
16 13 12 65

Birmingham Special Blood and Potash

Bone Mixture

M

Birmingham Standard Acid Phosphate

and Potash Mixture

G

Birmingham H. G. Potash Bone

G

Birmingham Prolific Cotton Grower _. G

Birmingham Standard Bone Ash

LL

Birmingham H. G. Acid Phosphate. _. B

Birmingham H. G. Acid Phosphate G

Bradley Fert i 1 i z e r Co., iBirmingham German Kaijvit

G

Boston, Mass

;Bradley's H. G. Soluble Guano

N

Standard Sea Fowl Guano

N

Bradley's Standard Potent Superphos. Y

Bradley's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone O

Bradley's Standard XX Guano

M

Bradley's Standard X Potash Acid

Phosphate

Bradley's Standard Palmetto Acid Butler, Heath & Butler, Ca- Phosphate

milla, Ga

Heath's Cotton and Corn Fertilizer.

1.5 300 11.95 1.05 2.98 10

5 100 10.70

2.88 10

2 829 10.73

4.80 10

15 110 13.05

4.18 12

38 1300 9.30

4

8

17 93 14.98

14

98 831 1(

16

14 109

13 59

117 1248;12.38 1.65 2.27 10

43 768 10.05 1.94 1.36 9

16 341 10.58 1. 1.27 9

88 1314 10.85 1.66 1.52 9

82 1279 10.95 1.83 2.50 8

15 340 11.20

2.15 10

137 1250 15.45

12

114 487 9.33 1.23 3.44 8

Bulloch Oil Mills, States-

boro, Ga

Cotton Seed MeaL

103 t374

5.50

82

16 35 14 35

2 4 4 4
12 1.65 2 1.85 1 1.85 1 1.65 1 1.65 2

11 99 10 80 13 65 12 50 14 63 13 80 12 04 11 20 12 33 11 70 13 00 13 00 11 23 10 20 18 01 16 24 16 68 15 40 16 68 15 40 16 41 14 74 17 86 14 94

11 70 10 80

12 64 10 40 1.23 2.50 15 64 13 98

6.18

21 43 23 07

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Buckeye Cotton Oil Co.,

Augusta, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Macon, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Busha, S.J., Buford, Ga Busha's H. G. Guano

Bartow Investment Co.

Bartow, Ga

Bartow Cotton Hustler

Bostwick Mfg. Co., Bost-

wick, Ga

B. Mfg. Co.'s H. G. Cotton Fertilizer

Cotton Seed Meal

Muriate of Potash

Baker, D. A., Royston, Ga. Baker's Standard

Blackshear Mfg. Co., Black- Farmer's Soluble

shear, Ga

Home Compound

Blood and Potash.

.Oa oa>,
3 C
T3 au; C.S oj-

tH Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

^.

s.0

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

CO

3



0) --

>>
tH

o<n .

o .

>**

a-'o 03

v**,

.2-0

O

J2 03

-- O

O

h-l

X

ea-g

M M

c

O 0.

-G 0

2Eo "o=

OH

O

oj c3

F 101 1285

6.30

6.18

E

8 138

6.18

6.18

H 57 1052 11.48 1.74 2.10 10 1.65

24 06 23 67 23 67 23 67 17 58 16 24

47 1037 10.60

3.03

1.65

18 66 16 44

26 643 11.88 1.66 2.76 10

22 75

7.24

85 873

51.04

114 817 8.85 2.02 2.51

115 818 11.03 1.80 2.04

21 147 9.43 1.54 2.60

20 146 9.35 1.65 2.17

1.65

18 13 16 24

6.18

27 16 23 67

48 43 38 40 80

1.65 2 17 14 14 94

1.65 2 17 44 14 94

1.23 1.50 16 02 13 78

1.65 2 15 95 14 94

Favorite Cotton Fertilizer

Sea Island Standard

Prolific Cotton Grower

Plow Boy Guano

Cotton Cracker Guano

Blackshear Champion Fertilizer.

Walker's Excelsior Fertilizer

4% Potash Mixture

Blackshear Acid with Potash __.

Excelsior Acid with Potash

Standard Acid with Potash

12% Acid Phosphate

13% Acid Phosphate :

16% Acid Phosphate

Kainit

Bainbridge Oil Co., Bain- Muriate of Potash

bridge, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Brown Guano Co., Albany,

Ga

Blood and Bone Guano

Samson Guano

Special Cotton Guano

Dissolved Bone With Potash,

Dissolved Bone with Potash,

Charleston Acid Phosphate,.

O

45 1333'10 .60 1.98 3.33

2.47

18 85 18 50

M 57 1274 .10 1.72 2.08

1.65

15 94 14 94

S

33 746 .40 1. 3

9 1.65

18 30 16 44

S

48 753 .08 1.71 4.22 9

.82

17 72 12 85

O

39 132910 .90 1.30 1.29 9 1.65

o

40 1499 11..70 1.65 2.25 10 1.65

15 06 14 74 17 55 16 24

M

55 1273 11..68 1.65 3.86 11 1.85

18 91 17 94

P

38 1036 11..05

s

34 747 11..10

s

36 749 8. 15

4

10

2.16 10

6.10

13 18 12 50 11. 641 10 80 13 07 12 90

E

18 145 8. 90

4

11 78 11 20

E

17 144 13. 90

12

11 63 10 40

E

23 149 14. 98

13

12 28 11 05

E

24 150 16. 85

16

13 55 13 00

E

22 148

12.23

12 10 39 10 20

S

35 748

52.27

48 44 43 40 80

Y

59 689

6.18

6.18

23 67 23 67

E 105 946 11.58 1.71 2.30 10

G

53 154 13.18 1.33 2

GG 10 1059 10.10 1.93 4.40

M

12 298 9.47

4.66

G 109 836 15.48

2.52 10

E 103 479 15.08

14

1.65 2 17 71 16 24 1.65 2 17 25 14 94 1.65 3.50 19 26 16 21
4 12 71 11 20 4 14 80 12 50
12 40 11 70

Analysis of Commercial Fertilize! s for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED ANE PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

a a
C.2 c3 --

Brown Guano Co., Albany,

Ga Cont

Extra H. G. Acid Phosphate . ._ F

Brooks & Tabor, Royston,

Ga

German Kainit

, -

- E

B. & T.'s Standard Guano. _. _ ... R

B. & T.'s H. G. Guano

R

B. & T.'s Georgia Mixture.. .

R

B. & T.'s Brooks' Best

R

B. & T.'s Black Diamond

R

B. & T.'s Superb Guano

R

Baugh & Sons Co., Balti-

Baugh's H. G. Truck & Cotton Guano. K

Baugh's Animal Bone&Potash Comp'd. B

Baugh's Corn Fertilizer _ .

. K

101
104 100 98 97 110 99 96
44 22 47

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

<D
sX>

Actually Fourd by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

o u

-eocn-o.

+^

c3 t*

c

o

J3

~ o

m o

C3

M

o .

SVG

en *rj J3 a

s a

n

**C "5 S

5 *

o A.

<

- C

498 17

16

480

12.76

812 10.10 1.70 2.30 S

810 11.20 1.65 2.25 10

809 10.05 1.92 2.64 8

815 11

1.92 2.65 11

811 8.88 1.85 2.20 8

808 11.95 2.25 3.22 11

12 1.65 2 1.65 2 1 .05 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 2.45 3

271 11.93 1.94 2.05 10

95, 8.88 1.65 2.74 8

297 8

2.15 5.50 8

1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 4

C8 3
o en
<
ueo --
3 CO

E o Eo "U

13 65 13 00

10 84 16 72 17 23 17 70 18 33 16 34 20 51

10 20 14 94 16 24 14 94 16 89 14 94 20 38

18 49 16 21 16 14 14 94 19 56 13 90

Commercial Value Claimed by Manufacturers.

Baugh's Complete Animal Bone Ferti

lizer

M 11 297 8 2.15 5.50 8

Baugh's H. G. Vegetable Guano

K 45 272 7.58 4.41 7.27 6

Baugh's General Crop Grower

UU 4 1389 10.73 .95 1.73 10

Baugh's Grand Rapid

M

6 293 8.95 2.63 3.32 8

Baugh's 10-4

O 17 560 11.25

4 10

Baugh's H. G. Acid Phosphate

J

11 282 14.03

14

Baugh's 16% Acid Phosphate

U 81 995 16.20

16

Genuine German Kainit Muriate of Potash

J

43 409

u 82 996

12.89 50.40

Brannon, W. A. & Co., Nitrate of Soda

K 46 273

15.64

Moreland, Ga

Moreland Special Fertilizer

Y 129 1192 11.55 2.18 3.34 10

Moreland H. G. Guano

Y 134 1194 11.03 1.65 2.34 10

Moreland Standard Guano

Y 130 1193 9.30 1.65 2.42 8

Blakely Oil & Fertilizer Co., Moreland Dissolved Bone and Potash- Y 128 1191 13.70

3.56 13

Blakely, Ga

Cotton Grower

E

9 139 9.58 1.74 2.55 8

McDowell's Favorite

E 51 234 11.05 1.75 3.70 9

Corn Grower

E 50 233 11.88 .92 3.30 10

B. O. & F. Co's Potash Acid

E 65 245 11.38

4.15 10

New Land Special

E 52 235 10.05

4.38 8

German Kainit Brown Bros., Elberton, Ga. Granite City

E 262 1238

12.04

R

9 569 11.20 1.81 2.61 8

Acid Phosphate

R 55 791 14.28

2.39 10

1.65 5 4.12 7
.82 1 2.47 3
4
12 48 15.26 2.47 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 4 1.65 2 1.65 3 .82 3 4 4 12 1.65 2 2

19 56 17 49 28 25 26 04 14 17 12 65 19 90 18 50 13 31 12 50 11 72 11 70 13 13 13 00 10 78 10 20 42 84 40 80 51 60 50 35 20 13 19 80 17 20 16 24 16 13 14 94 14 52 14 45 16 72 14 94 18 69 16 44 16 15 14 35 13 51 12 50 12 85 11 20 10 23 10 20 18 06 14 94 13 91 10 80

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

S. a
cS --
^fe

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

3 0
X2

IP
O C
Eo
E"- co-3

Benton Supply Co., Monti- Acid Phosphate

R

cello, Ga

Georgia Key Stone

Q

Benton's Big Owl

Q

Blanchard, Humber & Co., Benton's Black Crow

DD

Columbus, Ga

Humber's Compound

K

Acid Phosphate and Potash

K

Acid Phosphate and Potash

K

Baggs & Perry, Camilla, Ga. B. & P.'s Cotton and Corn Producer. _. E

Brazleton Bros., Hoschton,

Ga

Special B. B. B. Guano

EE

Farmers' Club

EE

Barnett, E. A., Washington Dixie Corn Grower Guano

EE

Ga

Barnett's Standard Fertilizer for Cot

ton

54 790 15 25

2.30 10

7 431 12 13 1.90 2.62 10

8 432 10 55 1.96 2.38 8

62 732 10 53 .89 1.10 10

11 259 11 1.66 2.24 10

7 256 13 05

4.27 13

28 268 13 05

4.17 12

112 485 9 73 1.24 2.96

71 1085 11 28 2.12 2.84 11 70 1084 12 73 2.45 2.82 10 76 1534 10 10 1.98 2.61 10

59 711 100.5F0n 1.70 2.76

4 14 46 12 50 1.65 2 18 97 16 24 1.65 2 17 93 14 94
.82 1 13 30 12 65 1.65 2 17 12 16 24
4 14 71 14 43 4 14 62 13 80 1.24 2.50 15 39 14 01

1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2

19 33 16 89 21 34 16 24 17 90 16 24

1.65

17 37 14 94

Barnett's Standard Fertilizer for Cot-

ton

J

Barnett's Potash Compound

J

Barnett's Potash Compound

J

Butts, D.L.,Devereaux,Ga. ZZZ Potash Acid

J

Coweta Fertilizer Co., New-

nan, Ga

Coweta Special Fertilizer

w

Coweta H. G. Fertilizer

w

Coweta Animal Bone Fertilizer

I

Coweta Am't'd Superphos. of Lime and

Potash

Q

Coweta C. S. Meal Fertilizer

F

W. O. C. A Pure Blood Guano

P

Pope Brown's Special Formula for Cot-

ton

J

Aurora Ammoniated Phospho

K

A.A.P.Bone Ammoniated and Potash. V

Sea Bird Special Fertilizer

z

Seabird Standard Fertilizer

z

Seabird Ammoniated Superphosphate. J

Seabird Special Formula Ammoniated. J

Pride of Spalding

C

Boyd's Animal Bone Guano

c

z 13-4 Coweta Dissolved Bone & Potash

176 1153 13.15 1.65 2.14 10

178 1154 11.35

3.40 10

122 1144 15.05

2.88 13

136 1147 10.98

4 10

11 355 10.18 2.47 3.53 10

10 354 10.38 1.67 2.86 10

22 188 9.23 1.65 2

8

105 973 11.33 .82 2.36 10

111 1287 9.28 1.45 2

8

13 394 11.50 1.51 2.27 10

28 402 10.68 1.65 3

9

74 445 9.70 1.90 2.28 9

46 705 11.50 .87 1.36 10

115 637 12.68 2.20 3.50 10

104 1405 8.85 1.85 2.50 8

30 404 11.08 .96 1.77 10

29 403 10.98 .87 3.26 10

229 1259 10.48 1.68 1.22 9

42 545 10.70 1.68 2.37 10

12 591 14.08

5.15 13

1.65 2 4 4 4
2.47 3 1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 3 1.65 2 1.65 2
1.65 3 1.65 1
.82 1 2.47 3 1.65 2
.82 1 .82 3 1.65 1 1.65 2
4

18 39 16 24 12 86 12 50 14 82 14 45 13 13 12 50
20 36 19 80 17 27 16 24 15 74 14 94
14 66 14 35 15 11 14 94 16 98 16 24
17 53 10 44 17 10 14 74 14 09 12 65 21 07 19 80 16 57 14 94 14 46 12 65 15 37 14 35 15 98 14 74 17 10 16 24 16 12 14 45

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Coweta Fertilizer Co.,

10-4 Coweta Dissolved Bone & Potash

Newnan, Ga.--Cont_ 8-4 Coweta Dissolved Bone & Potash_

Coweta Dissolved Bone and Potash

Sea Bird Superphos'te of Lime & Pot'h

Boyd's Acid Phosphate with Potash __

Boyd's Acid Phosphate

Boyd's Acid Phosphate

Sea Bird Acid Phosphate

Sea Bird Acid Phosphate

Coweta 16% Acid Phosphate

Continental Fertilizer Co. Coweta H. G. Acid Phosphate

Nashville, Tenn

Bear H. G. Guano

Bear Beef, Blood and Bone

Bear Economy Guano

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

0> u

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

c.S
c3 --<

f**

8 37 11 48

4.47 10

162 509 11 20

3.72 8

12 199 12 GO

2

10

23 189 9 20

4

8

15 534 11 75

2.09 10

13 533 14 GO

12

18 535 IS 68

14

9 38 15

14

76 839 11 33

12

69 442 16 20

16

70 443 11

14

198 902 12 80 2.50 3.76 10

78 1184 11 20 1.71 2.15 10

235 911 12 63 1.08 3 10

2.46 1.65
.82

2g
>> .
IP 2
S.I-8
Eo
oOO 3
13 86 12 50 13 05 11 20 12 49 10 80 11 98 11 20 12 00 10 80 12 09 10 40 12 79 11 70 12 35 11 70 9 97 10 40 13 13 13 00 11 70 11 70 22 36 19 77 17 34 16 24 16 92 14 35

Bear Standard Complete Guano

DD

Bear Boll Producer

Z

Bear Cotton Guano

Z

Bear Special Wheat and Corn Grower. A

Eddystone Cotton Hustler

W

Eddystone H. G. Ammoniated Bone_- W

Eddystone H. G. Fertilizer

W

Eddystone Bone and Potash

A

Eddystone 13-4

A

Eddystone Potash Formula

Z

Bear Tennessee Best Acid Phosphate- A

Bear Thirteen Four

Z

Bear Potash Special

H

Bear Potash Mixture

Z

Bear Acid Phosphate

QQ

Columbia Guano Co., Nor- Bear H. G. Dissolved Bone

w

folk, Va

Columbia H. G. Cotton Grower

Y.

Columbia Soluble Guano

J

Roanoke Ammoniated Bone

G

J. C. Quillian & Bios. Cotton Guano__ R

Columbia Bone and Potash Mixture .. I
cc Columbia Bone and Potash Mixture __

Columbia Bone and Potash Mixture __ T

67 734 10.35 1.90 3.22 8

184 899 13.15 1.65 1.16 11

192 1438 13.25 1.65 1.22 10

12 11 10.88 85 2.21 10

58 1205 9.08 1.65 4.41 8

5 351 10.75 1.65 2 10

4 350 10.60 2.79 3.56 10

4 4 10.70

2 10

3 3 12.98

4.04 13

199 903 12

2.42 12

in 10 17.25

16

206 1439 14.42

3.73 13

1 665 10.98

4.84 10

133 884 10.73

3.07 10

19 1355 15.28

12

13 356 14.95

14

3 333 10.60 1.70 2.49 10

7 281 9.88 1.88 2.12 8

88 388 10.10 1.53 3.72 9

87 803 9.20 1.72 2.09 8

101 824 10.30

2.24 10

46 1138 13.18

3.60 12

61 868 13.50

2 12

1.65 2 1.65 1 1.65 1
.82 1 1.65 2 1.65 2 2.46 3
2 4 2
4 4 2
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 3 1.65 2
2 4 2

18 32 14 94 17 56 16 04 17 68 15 39 14 34 12 65 17 68 14 94 16 72 16 24 21 71 19 77 11 25 10 80 14 47 14 45 12 45 12 10 13 81 13 00 15 15 14 45 13 84 12 50 11 32 10 80 12 53 10 40 12 31 11 70 17 21 16 24 17 02 14 94 17 36 16 44 16 02 14 91 11 19 10 80 14 22 13 80 13 07 12 10

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

Mark and Number Fertilizer Inspector.
Commercial \ Claimed by ufacturers.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Columbia Guano Co., Nor-

folk, Va-- Cont. . .

Columbia 12% Acid Phosphate

S

Carlton Oil Mill, Carlton, Columbia H. G. 14% Acid Phosphate. E

Ga

Cotton Seed Meal ..

D

Cumberland Bone Phos-

phate Co., Portland, Me. Cumberl'd Bone Superphos'te of Lime- P Conyers Oil Co., Conyers,

Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

DD

Canon Oil and Fertilizer

Co., Canon, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

D

Comer Oil Mills, Comer,

Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

D

Crawford Oil Mill, Craw-

ford, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal _.

A A

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

*>

s
3

Actually Found by dients Claimed by 15

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3 "5 CO

N O .
Q

o

.O o

-Q 03
J

~ o
CB.C

o C n o z

o .

HI'S CD *f,

B
o

Xi ||

SB

0) -- 3 CO
15

Jt3n

E c

o

Eo "-

U

15 527 13.10

116 488 15.35

24 77

6.70

12 14
6.18

11 15 10 40 12 57 11 70 25 38 23 67

31 1032 10.28 1.65 1.34 9 1.65 1 -15 85 14 74

47 672

7.48

6.18

28 55 23 67

15 55

6.82

6.18

25 78 23 67

23 76

6.74

6.18

25 51 23 67

58 1114

6.68

6.18

25 32 23 67

Cooper, W. W. Flowery

Branch, Ga

H. J. C. Sons' High Grade-

EF

Cannichael, J. R., Jackson,

Ga

Butts County Guano

Chiekamauga Fert. Works,

Chattanooga, Term

Ben Hur Guano

DD

Georgia Homestead

DD

Old Glory Mixture

QQ

Chiekamauga H. G. Fertilizer

DD

Chickauuuiga Blood, Bone and Tank-

age Guano

Z

Chiekamauga Special Cotton Comp'd. DD

Chiekamauga Vegetable Compound QQ

Chiekamauga H. G. Plant Food

DD

Haley's Complete Guano

Z

Baker's Standard

Z

Chiekamauga Wheat and Corn Grower A

Chiekamauga 13-4

Q

Chiekamauga Dissolved Bone

QQ

Cumberland Fertilizer Co.,

Nashville, Tenn

Alligator Packing House Guano

H

Alligator H. G. Ammoniated Bone _ H

Alligator Double Extract

DD

Black Hawk H. G. Guano

FF

33 1469 14.03 95

10

56 552 10.90 1.40 2.16 8

19 719 11.38 2.17 5.01 10 31 723 10.23 1.78 2.52 8 12 1354 12.33 .82 1.30 10 18 7is!ll.68 1.65 2.18 10

68 61611.23 .95 2.161 9

17 717 10.80 1.02 4.18 10

8 1353 11.03 1.65 4.44 10

32 724 11.10 1.69 2.44 10

21 880 9.25 2.07 2.53

22 881 8.85 2.15 2.73

17 667 10.33

4 10

70 968 14.05

4.33 13

7 1352 13.98

12

22 1444 9.05 1.65 2.13 21 1046 12.08 1.65 2.44 10 82 740 11.18 2.14 3.28 10 29 1413 11.18 1.93 2.69 10

1.65 2
1.65 2
2.47 3 1.65
.82 1 .65 2
.82 2 1 .65 4 1.65 4 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 .... 4
! 4
1.65 1.65 2.47 1.65

16 54 16 24
16 13 14 94
23 64 19 80 17 26 14 94 14 41 12 65 17 48 16 24
14 86 12 85 16 53 17 94 18 98 17 94 17 45 16 24 17 59 14 94 17 76 14 94 12 71 12 50 15 41 14 45 11 68 10 40
15 73 14 94 17 96 16 24 19 70 19 80 18 50 16 24

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Cumberland Fertilizer Co., Black Hawk S. G. Guano

Nashville, Tenn.--Cont. !North Georgia H. G. Guano ___

Alligator 13-4

Cuthbert Oil Co., Cuth-

bert, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Davisboro Cotton Oil and

Guano Co., l)avisboro,Ga'Cotton Seed Meal

Daniel, T. Z., Millen, Ga___ 'Daniel's New County Guano

Dance, C. II., Toccoa, Ga. Dance's No. 1

Dublin Fertilizer Works,

Dublin, Ga

B. & B.'s Sambo

B. & B.'s Cotton Raiser

B. & B.'s High Grade

B. A: B.'s 10-4

^3

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

"a

3 O



J o



O) --

3 n

B.S
c3 --

0) <
3 a

.2^

a S

FF _ BB FF

57 1130 9.95 1.77 2.48 8

73 i 1100 11.13 1.65 2.40 10

50 11 20 14.08

4.24 13

re-Q
ME o : _g s
a"- Jo's
u
1.05 2 17 00 14 94 2.06.2.50 17 31 18 02
4 15 74 14 45

G 154 1458

6.86

6.18

25 91 23 67

89 1 540

6.18

26 401 9.43 1.68 2

8

43 1245 9.43 1.67 2.13 8

6. IS 1.65 1.65

23 67 23 67 15 97 14 94 16 05 14 94

S

53 756 10.13 1.65 2.68 8 1.65

X

3 4 1003 9.90 .83 3.18 8

.83

,0

48 1459 11.45 1.65 2.14 10 1.65

IX

38 1006 10.90

3.46 10

16 89 14 47 17 29 IS 6P

14 94 13 08 16 24

Davis Warehouse Co., Co- B. & B.'s Kainit

X

lurnbus, Ga

Davis' H. G. Guano

K

Davis' Corn and Cotton Maker

K

Davis' Jno. Cook's Pride

LL

Davis' H. G. Potash Acid

K

Davis, W. A. & Co., Macon, Davis' H. G. Phosphate and Potash __ LL

Ga

Amazon Guano

Daniel Sons & Palmer Co.,

The

Daniel's Cotton and Corn Grower

P

Empire State Chemical Co., Daniel's 4 Guano

S

Athens, Ga

Hodgson's 10-5-3 Guano

AA

Hodgson's 10-3-3 Guano

AA

Red Star Special

J

Tap Root Guano

T

Gem of Athens Guano

D

Hodgson's Standard Guano

JAA

Potomac Guano

AA

O. K. Bone Meal and Potash

AA

Mascot Guano

T

01 1548

12.40

36 270 11.63 1.82 2.88 10

9 449 10.25 1.75 2.44 8

04 1301 11.78 1.45 2.82 10

94 450 13.23

2.11 12

59 1302 10.50

4

10

58 758 9.93 1.65 3.27 8

25 400 10.10 1.74 2.72 8

02 760 10.35 1.86 3.98 8

SO 1455 11.05 3.90 3.58 10

77 1122 11.68 2.92 2.66 10

22 1525 9.85 1.46 4.36 9 33 862 11.98 1.93 2.40 10

2 42 10.65 1.97 2.49 8

70 1121 9.75 2.30 2.42 8

39 1107 9.23 2 2.66 8

81 1124 12

1.34 1.36 9

91 875 10.25 1.15 2.00 9

12 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
2 4 1.65 2
1.65 2 1.65 2 4.12 3 2.47 3 1.65 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 2 .82 2

10 54 10 20 18 60 16 24 17 10 14 94 17 42 16 24 12 99 12 10 12 82 12 50 17 27 14 94
17 21 14 94 18 83 14 94 25 69 25 24 22 08 19 80 17 51 16 44 18 78 16 24 18 13 14 94 18 57 14 94 17 45 14 94 15 97 12 85 14 75 12 85

Hodgson's Special Grain Guano Morning Glory Acid Phosphate King Potash Acid Acid Phosphate with 4% Potash

J D
AA J

20 285 11.40 1.10 3.29 10

1 41 13.43

1.31 12

35 1100 11.25

2.43 10

85 427 12.33

3.32 8

.82 3 1 2 4

16 43 14 35 12 43 11 25 11 97 10 80 13 44 11 20

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Empire State Chemical Co. H. G. 10 and 4 Acid Phosphate _.

Athens, Ga.--Cont

H. G. 12-2 Ac-id Phosphate

H. G. Acid Phosphate

Hodgson's 16% Acid Phosphate-.

Hodgson's 12 % Acid Phosphate.

Hodgson's 13% Acid Phosphate..

Nitrate of Soda

Muriate of Potash

Kainit

Empire Guano Co., Nash-

ville, Tenn

H. G. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

Blood, Bone and Potash

Standard Cotton Grower .

Favorite Manure

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers,

2

3

-Oa.

.a o

42

&*

>-3

D

46 11.38

4.14 10

AA 78 1123 13.60

2.18 12

T

4 639 15.60

14

T

80 872 16.30

16

AA 75 1120 14.60

J2

AA 66 1117 15.25

13

AA 73 1118

15.60 .

T

58 867

52.21

AA 74 1119

12.70

15.60 50 12

2%

"3- '.

S.o

Eo

E"-

GO'S

13 50 12 50 13 29 12 10 12 74 11 70 13 19 13 00 12 21 10 40 12 51 11 05 51 48 51v48 44""38 42 50 10 79 10 20

DD iV

79 737 11.68 1.65 2.26 10 SO 1397 8.25 1.65 3.74 8 62 414 10.05 1.52 2.41 8 68 417 11.98 1.03 3.56 10

1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 3

17 55 16 24 16 57 14 94 16 19| 14 94 16 80 14 35

Sandy Land Special

O

Bruce's Big Boll

DD

Potash Mixture

M

Bone and Potash

M

Bone and Potash

M

Bruce's H. G. Acid Phosphate -

M

W. D. Hawkins' H. G. Guano

EE

W. D. Hawkins' Meal Mixture

EE

Etiwan Fertilizer Co., Plow Brand Ammoniated Dissolved

Charleston, S. C

Bone

E

Etiwan H. G. Acid Phosphate

E

German Kainit

B

Eufaula Oil Co., Eufaula,

Ala

Cotton Seed Meal-

L

Elberton Oil Mill, Elber-

ton, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal.

D

Electric Fertilizer Works,

Savannah, Ga

Electric Guano

S

o Electric Ammoniated Dissolved Bone -

Electric Sea Island Fertilizer

o

Electric Meal Mixture

o

s Electric Double Ammoniated Guano. _

German Kainit

pp

76 1312 12.10 1.11 1.60 10

80 738 9.43 1.48 4.10 8

86 1505 11.40

3.24 10

91 1282 10

2 10

1506 11.63

2.72 8

1281 14.45

14

34 1076 11

1.72 2.58 10

36 1078 10.70 1.83 2.18 10

175 515 10.80 1.65 2.16 8

25 151 15.33

14

7 27

11*. 62

195

6.50

17 57

6.56

70 763 11.25 1.65 2.16 10

57 1336 10.23 1.65 2.48 8

62 1340 10.85 1.43 3

9

61 1339 11.30 1.80 2.34 10

71 764 8.85 2.99 5.20 8

13 1349

12.68

.82 2 1.65 2
4 2 4
1.65 2 1.65 2

15 48 13 50 17 09 14 !)4 12 76 12 50 10 80 10 80 12 47 11 20 11 99 11 70 17 61 16 24 17 43 16 24

1.65 2 12

16 89 14 94 12 56 11 70 9 88 10 20

6.18 . 24 72 23 67

6.18 . 24 92 23 67

1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 3 1.65 2 3.30 4
12

17 18 16 24 16 79 14 94 16 91 16 44 17 86 16 24 22 63 22 09 10 64 10 20

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

XI
a

Actually Found by State Chemist.

dients Claimed by Manufacturers.

3

-oe-o.

a .a

(VS

O

XI

c3 rv.

03

i-5

n

Elberton Guano Co., Elber-

ton, Ga

C. S. Compound-

R 119 820 8.58 1.83 2.53

Edwards, W. C. & Co., Toccoa, Ga

Edwards' Cotton Seed Compound Edwards' Cotton Grower

1242 9.70 1.81 2.28 8 1241 12.05 1.65 2.06 10

Everett Mercantile Co., Pelham, Ga

E. M. Co.'s H. G. Guano for Cotton and

Corn

E 268

Wilder's Potash Compound

E270

Kainit

E 269

1477 1479 1478

9.90 9.35

1.65 2.44 4.56 13.44

Furman Farm Improvement Co.,Atlanta, Ga._ Furman's Extraordinary Furman's H. G. Blood and Bone.

W 57 685 10.83 3.01 5.77 10 W 51 682 10.55 2.38 3.60 10

Furman's H. G. Fertilizer .

z

4 590 11.60 1.65 2.17 10

Furman 'a Cotton Special

| W 21 358 10.20 1.24 3.13 10

1.65
1.65 2 1.65 2
1.65 2 4 12
3.30 4 2.47 3 1.65 2
.82 3

3 a
ES
E"- o
16 35 14 94
16 80 14 94 17 62 16 24
16 54 14 91 12 43 11 20 11 42 10 20
24 47 23 38 20 36 19 80 17 42 10 24 15 9s| 14 35

Furman's Harvest Queen

S

Furman's Pride

H

Furman's Special Cotton Compound __ QQ

Buffalo Bone Fertilizer

C

Farmers' Friend

C

Roswell Standard Fertilizer

EE

Pagett's H. G. Formula.

Z

Furman's Bone and Potash

c

Farish Furman Formula..-

c

Premium Grower No. 4

w

Premium Potash Special

Q

Furman's Dissolved Bone

c

Furman's H. G. Dissolved Bone

c

c Furman's H. G. Dissolved Bone No. 16

Muriate of Potash

s

German Kainit

Q

Farmers' Cot., Oil and Fer-

tilizer Co., Toceoa, Ga_ _. Cotton Seed Meal

D

Flowery Branch Gin & Oil

Co., Flowery Branch, Ga. Cotton Seed Meal.

AA

Farmers' Oil Mill, Royston,

Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

D

Fort Gaines Fertilizer Co.,

Fort Gaines, Ga

Paullin's Clay Co. Fertilizer .

RR

12 525 8.58 .95 54 1051 8.48 1.82 29 1357 10.35 1.85
1 32 11.45 2.10 20 536 11.50 1.73 45 1079 8.23 1.94 06 614 13.18 4 532 10.90 2 33 11.15 53 683 13.93 99 972 8.28 10 39 12.23 3 34 15.65 23 537 16.40 113 1375 109 974

12 61 06 10 73 8 58 10
8 33 12 51 10 30 10 74 13 02 8
12 14 16

13 53

6.58

50 1109

6.56

16 56

6.84

11 1305 10.551 1.68 2.64

.82 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65
48 12 6.18 6.18 6.18 1-.65

13 95 13 05 16 32 14 94 19 72 17 94 19 29 14 94 17 96 16 24 16 05 14 49 13 14 12 10 13 51 12 50 11 79 10 80 14 82 14 45 11 39 11 20 10 55 10 40 12 77 11 70 13 26 13 00 44 08 40 80 10 69 10 20
24 99 23 67
24 92 23 67
25 84 23 67
16 90 15 59

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Fort Gaines Fertilizer Co.,

Fort Gaines, Ga.--Cont. Paullin's Pride Guano

Rust Proof

Bone and Potash

Paullin's H. G. Bone and Potash

Farmers' Oil and Guano

Co., Sandersville, Ga

German Kainit

Field, J. E. & Son, Carters-

ville, Ga

Field's H. G. Guano

Florida Manufacturing Co.,

Madison, Fla

Cotton Seed Meal (S. I.)

Fort Valley Oil Co., Fort

Valley, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

a o. 3 a
u
T3 a>
3.2
oj --

Fertilizer Ingredients Ferti izer Inere-


3

2 Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

2o w.

<5

a-0 2
XTJ

rVS

to *)*,

O Xi 033

J3 o

'S3 2
<5 a

.--
T.

A' a

ES E"-

oo 3

PH

RR 46 1419 12.75 1.40 4.73 11

G 126 956 9.85 1.65 3.54 8

RR 13 1306 13.78

1.74 12

RR 12 1502 12.95

3.16 10

1.25 4 1.65 3
2 4

19 52 17 27 17 44 15 79 13 02 12 10 13 69 12 50

V

29 374

12.68

12 10 77 10 20

FF 18 1412 12.68 1.67 2.16 10 1.65

18 18 16 24

NN 1 1289

3.34

3.70

13 54 14 72

N

62 1519

6.24

6.18

23 87 23 67

Farmers' Cotton Oil Co.,

Americus, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

B

Farmers' Oil and Fertilizer

Co., Lavonia, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

D

Farmers' O i 1 Mill, Com-

merce, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

AA

Farmers' Cotton Seed Oil

Mill, Martin, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

R

Fitzgerald Cotton Oil Co.,

Fitzgerald, Ga

Victoria Standard

0

Victoria High Grade

0

Cotton Seed Meal

M

Federal C h e m ical C o.,

Louisville, Ky

Daybreak Fertilizer

G

The Complete Fertilizer

W

Early Bell Fertilizer

G

Alaga Guano

Y

Anderson's Standard

C

Daybreak Fertilizer AA

U

Daybreak Pure H. G. Acid Phosphate

with Potash

G

Daybreak Pure H. G. Acid Phosphate

with Potash

C

5 ?fi

6.46

11 51

6.92

7 non

7

94 807

6.34

101 1324 9.33 1.50 2.85 8

100 1323 11

1.65 4.52 9

27 1?64

6.66

35 128 10.55 1.90 2.05 8 42 1210 11.10 1.88 2.04 10 16 437 11.75 .94 1.56 10 71 696 11.18 2.25 3.68 10 20 562 10.78 .99 2.13 9 38 990 12.60 1.07 2.59 11

82 386 13.83

1.74 12

11 40 11.80

4

10

6.18
6.18
6.18
6.18
1.65 1.65 6.18
1.65 1.65
.83 2.47
.82 .82

24 59 23 67
26 11 23 67
26 37 23 67
24 19 23 67
16 03 14 94 19 03 10 44 25 25 23 67
17 46 14 94 17 74 16 24 14 65 12 68 20 40 19 80 14 67 12 85 16 52 14 15
13 07 12 10
13 02 12 50

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

u -a o> c.S
t-i <Q

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

S

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

O

X

= o

03

rojc

J2 a

F'ederal Chemical Co., Daybreak Pure H. G. Acid Phosphate

i
Louisville, Ky.--Cont. ,, with Potash

MM

1

Daybreak Standard Acid Phosphate

with Potash No. 1_.

U

Daybreak Standard Acid Phosphate

with Potash No. 2

c

Daybreak Pure H. G. Acid Phosphate- N

Daybreak Pure H. G. Acid Phosphate. U

c Daybreak Standard Acid Phosphate ..

Kainit

o

Nitrate Soda

c

Georgia Chemical Works,

Augusta, Ga

Patapsco Guano

AA

Patapsco Ammoniated Dissolv'd Bone F

41 1166 14.70

3.43 12

83 1451 8.90

4.54 8

143 850 11.33

2.18 10

74 771 15.93

14

46 992 16

16

123 847 14.10

12

21 1334

13.04

232 1261

15.48

18 1101 10.05 1.91 2.26 10

11 84 10.25 1.85 2

8

4 4 2
12 .15 1.65 2 1.65 2

5
it <x '
a.gs
ES
E"- oOO 3
15 05 13 80
12 23 11 20
11 81 10 80 12 95 11 70 13 00 13 00 11 76 10 40 11 08 10 20 51 08 49 50
17 35 16 24 17 06 14 94

Sea Gull Compound '

E

Baltimore Soluble Bone

F

Early Trucker

F

H. G. Melon Fertilizer-

F

Excelsior Fruit Producer

F

Crown Guano

F

Mastodon Ammonia'd Soluble Phosp'te F

Georgia Formula

B

Special Peruvian Compound

F

Cotton Seed Meal Mixture

F

Meal Mixture

F

Good as Gold Guano

F

Superior Meal Mixture

F

Three Oaks H. G. Guano

V

XXX Meal Mixture

V

Excelesior Top Dresser

F

H. G. XX Acid Phosphate with Potash B

Acid Phosphate with 4% Potash

F

Bone and Potash

F

Patapsco Acid Phosphate

NN

H. G. Acid Phosphate

C

Special Acid Phosphate

F

Extra Dissolved Bone Phosphate

B

Dissolved Bone Phosphate

E

100 945 10 .50 1.80 2.21 10 1

2 17 23 14 10

47 218 11 55 1.05 1.15 10

.82 1 14 53 12 65

60 932 8 83 3.98 6.15 7 4.12 5 26 69 24 99

34 212 12 75 3.49 3.20 10 3.30 4 25 11 23 38

20 201 7. 98 .92 6.04 6.50 .82 6 15 94 14 62

26 206 10. 91 1.71 3.32 10 1.65 3 18 15 17 09

16 89 11. 63 1.65 2.17 10 1.65 2 17 44 16 24

11 30 11. 10 1.97 2.68 8 1.65 2 18 58 14 94

18 90 11. 33 .98 4

10

.82 3 16 59 14 35

28 208 11. 08 1.71 1.16 9 1.65 1 16 42 14 74

44 217 10. 10 1.65 2.20 8 1.65 2 16 47 14 94

27 207 11. 63 1.84 3.44 9 1.65 3 19 15 16 44

29 209 12. 95 1.65 2.42 10 1.65 2 18 50 16 24

02 712 9. 53 2.48 2.48

2.46 2 19 07 17 61

8 364 9. 95 .92 3.36

.82 3 14 94 13 05

75 936 5. 43 5.20 4.61 4 6.15 2.50 27 20 27 61

44 = 651 11. 63

4

10

4 13 56 12 50

15 88 8. 48

4.55 8

4 11 97 11 20

14 87 10. 60

2.14 10

2 11 30 10 SO

14 1291 13. 75

1

12

1 12 38 11 25

91 841 12. 80

2

12

2 12 62 12 10

12 85 12. 85

4.07 12

4 14 41 13^80

12 31 15

14

12 35 11*70

86 472 15. 90

13

.... 12 93 11 05

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED

CD o
a o.
c.2
cS rv.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

s

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

h

ow .

O

JZ73

O . j=-a

=u3

O-o

O

JQ O

1

~ o

c
6at

TO JZ

z

H
3 o

5

c
V
Moc

2

&
0

Georgia Chemical Works,

Vugusta, Ga.--Cont

12% Dissolved Bone Phosphate

B

H. G. Acid Phosphate

J

Muriate of Potash

B

Nitrate of Soda

.

B

German Kainit

E

Georgia Fertilizer and Oil

Co., Valdosta, Ga

Valdosta High Standard

NN

South Georgia Complete Fertilizer

E

Farmers' Special Compound

E

Floradora Ammoniated Fertilizer

E

Three (3) States H. G. Soluble Guano E

U. S. H. G. Meal Mixture

E

Dissolved Bone and Potash

B

52 250 12.70

12

17 283 15.85

15

98 1537

50.56

96 1538

15.32

82 1543

13.40

20 1293 10.60 1.65 2.59 9

15 143 10

1.65 2.33 8

248 1495 10.95 1.03 2.82 10

153 506 9.65 1.65 2.22 8

66 944 10.50 1.78 3.33 10

152 505 11.50 1.70 2.11 10

58 251 10.98

2.28 10

48 14.85
12
1.65 3 1.65 2
.82 4 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
2

3 2%

3 a

>> .

1E a=
uEo "-

a* .2
OQ 3

10 85 10 40 12 90 12 35 42 97 40 80 50 55 49 00 11 11 10 20

17 13 16 44 16 52 14 94 15 49 15 20 16 19 14 94 18 12 16 24 17 47 16 24 11 66 10 80

Special Potash Compound AA Bone and Potash Compound . XX Bone and Potash Compound. Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate Acid Phosphate German Kainit

Griffin Oil Co., Griffin, Ga. Cotton Seed Meal.

Georgia Cotton Oil Co.,

Albany, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Atlanta, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal.

Columbus, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal.

Macon, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Rome, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Greene County Oil Co.,

Union Point, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Garfield Cotton Oil Co.,

Garfield, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal.

E

27 224 9 90 --

4 45 8

4 12 81 11 20

0

7 556 13 10

B 59 252 12 08

4 80 13 - --- 4

4 25 10

4

15 19 14 45 14 06 12 50

E 226 1474 14 10 ... ...

12

11 76 10 40

E

14 142 15 28

14

12 53 11 70

B 60 253 17 98

16

14 28 13 00

E 28 225

12 78

12 10 86 10 20

C

7 36

6 30

6 18

24 06 23 67

E

12 141

6 18

6 18

23 67 23 67

W 50 681

6 20

6 18

23 73 23 67

K

3 255 ... -- 6 28

U

6 519

6 42

6 18 6 18

24 00 23 67 24 46 23 67

MM 4 1160

6 32

6 18

24 13 23 67

D 19 72 6. 58

G 18

24 99 23 67

P

75 1041

5 64 ...

6 18

21 89 23 67

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

Commercial Value Claimed by Manufacturers.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Georgia Fertilizer Co., Co-

lumbus, Ga

Lucky Strike

Farmers' Success

Good Enough

Truckers' Friend

Our No Filler

Our Fruit Grower

Magic Wand

O. K. Cotton Grower

Potash Acid No. 4

Potash Acid No. 5

Potash Acid No. 6_ - _

Potash Acid No. 7. _.

Potash Acid No. 8_._

u
CD o
3OSa. maCaD
u Tf3l.SCD
03 --

u o
-Q
3 S

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

"35 *

oU>>

.owCO.


o .
J2T3

s<43J --CS

ooti3

D< X2 o

1 03

-- JoZ

c0Oo

l-l

z

a

en
3o"
B.

-S'E ||

0aoc)
Z

II Ain
O o6o"-

K

17 263 11.75 2.60 3.01 10 2.47 3 21 37 19 80

K

18 264 10.73 1.91 2.43 10 1.65 2 17 93 16 24

K

s 9 258 9.68 1.76 2.69

1.65 2 16 97 14 94

K 15 261 8.98 1.82 7

8 1.65 7 20 38 19 19

K 114 456 11.03 1.83 4.63 10 1.65 4 19 73 17 94

K 147 1367 11.58 3.27 3.42 10 3.30 4 23 81 23 38

K 145 1366 7.35 7.50 4.60 6.50 8.20 4 36 03 37 28

K 115 457 11.93 .93 1.44 10

.82 1 14 63 12 65

K

8 257 10.95

2.23 10

2 11 60 10 80

K 21 266 11.15

4

10

4 13 24 12 50

K 16 262 13.20

2.24 12

o 13 08 12 10

C 167 853 13.90

4.42 12

4 14 73 13 80

K 61 441 14.03

2 13

2 13 42 12 75

Potash Acid No. 9

H. G. Acid Phosphate No. 1

H. G. Acid Phosphate No. 2

Acid Phosphate

German Kainit

Home Mixture Guano Co.,

Columbus, Ga

Home Mixture No. 1

Home Mixture No. 2

Home Mixture No. 3

Home Mixture No. 4

..

Home Mixture No. 6

Acid and Potash No. 2

Acid and Potash No. 4

Acid and Potash 10-4

Acid and Potash 12-2

H. G. Acid and Potash

Acid and Potash 12-4

Acid Phosphate No. 14

Acid Phosphate No. 16

Cotton Seed Meal

Muriate of Potash

Kainit

I 106 825 13.85

K 20 265 16.28

L

4 197 14.68

K 88 460 18.03

L

3 196

13 16 14 18 13.41

15 00 14 45 13 18 13 00 12 14 11 70 14 31 14 30 12 11 39 10 20

G 26 121 10.55 1.65 2

1.65 1 16 59 14 74

G 60 159 11.13 1.43 2.43

1.65 2 16 60 14 94

G

59 158 11.33 1.65 2.22 10 1.65 2 17 28 16 24

I

24 190 10.08 1.69 4.32 8 1.65 4 18 39 16 64

B

48 248 7.08 1.70 7.89 9 1.65 6 19 46 18 99

G 25 120 10.48

2.32 10

2 11 38 10 80

G 27 122 8.30

4.70 8

4 11 98 11 20

K 30 269 11.13

4 10

4 13 23 12 50

G 23 118 12

2.64 12

2 12 64 12 10

K 149 1539 15.80

4.6C 13

4 16 78 14 45

I

25 673 12.80

4.08 12

4 14 32 13 80

G 55 155 15.68

14

12 79 11 70

G 56 156 16.40

16

13 26 13 00

B 50 249

6.20

6.18

23 73 23 67

G 132 958

49.28

50 41 89 42 50

I

68 331

12.76

12 10 84 10 20

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Xa a>
U
H.S
c3 -- 03 En

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

X Actually Found by dients Claimed by

S

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

P

3 C ; 03
ix>> i

O X 03

2-E
a 9

.5

Eo

E"-

O 3

Home Fertilizer Chemical

Works, Baltimore, Md__ Cerealite Top Dressing

ss

Everybody's Fertilizer

ss

Hogansville Oil Mills, Ho-

gansville, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Y

Heard Co. Oil and Fertz.

Co., Franklin, Ga

Heard Co. H. G. Guano

Y

Cotton Seed Meal

Y

Hoschton C. O. Mill and

Mfg. Co., Hoschton, Ga. Jackson Co. Favorite Cotton Producer. DD

Hoschton's Pride and Big Indian Cot-

ton Grower

EE

J. N. Thompson Co.'s Private Brand

H. G. Guano

EE

30 1379

7.84 3.28

29 1378 11.13 1.02 2.24

87 701

6.42

149 1198 11.68 1.67 2.54 10

150 1199

6.24

78 736 11.33 1.65 2.45 10

15 1071 10.95 1.88 1.81 10

19 1075 10.50 1.72 3.30 10

7.42 .82
6.18 1.65 6.18 1.65
1.65 1.65

31 25 29 63 15 09 12 85 24 46 23 67 17 85 16 24 23 86 23 67 17 48 16 24 17 44 16 24 17 89 10 24

Hoschton's 10-4 Potash Acid.

Cotton Seed Meal

Harper & Hewell, Dewy

Rose, Ga

H. & H.'s H. G. C. S. M. Guano

H. & H.'s S. G. C. S. M. Guano

Hartwell Oil Mills, Hart-

well, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Hand Trading Co., Pelham,

Ga

1

Wright's Home Compound McBride's Cotton Formula.

Acid Potash Compound

Acid Phosphate

Harris, R. S. & Son, Beth-

lehem, Ga

Harris' H. G. Cotton Producer.

Bethlehem Standard

EE 75 1088 12.65

4

F,F, 1S 1074

6.34

10

4 4 22 12 50

6.18

4.19 23 67

R 12 572 11.33 1.80 2.20 10 1.65 2 17 77 16 24 R 13 573 11.38 1.68 2.11 8 1.65 2 17 32 14 94

D 14 54

6.52

6.18

24 79 23 67

E 121 491 9.98 1 71 1.81 8.50 1.70 1.50 16 25 15 00

E 120 490 9.50 2.22 3.17 8 1.65 3 18 78 15 79

E 124 493 10.08

4.32 8

4 12 82 11 20

E 122 492 14.55

14

12 05 11 70

EE 57 1080 11.50 2.15 3.20 10 1.65 2 19 88 16 24 EE 60 1083 9.50 1.83 2.28 8 1.65 2 16 73 14 94

Harris, V. V., Monroe, Ga. Good Hope



EE 29 1096 12.15 1.50 2.34 10 1.67 2 17 42 16 30

Harwell, J. L., Newborn,Ga Harwell's Standard Meal Goods.

Hammock, R i s h & Son,

Coleman, Ga

Edison Cotton Lifter

Hammock's H. G. Formula

H. G. Bone and Potash

Charleston Phosphate with Potash.

Q 176 987 10.30 1.91 2.31 8

RR 7 1304 11.73 .96 3.53 10

XV Iv 49 1501 11.43 1.75 2.07 10

G 129 1456 12.25

3.52 10

RR 6 1303 12.90

2 10

1.65 2
.82 3 1.65 2
4 2

17 55 14 94
16 38 14 35 17 54 16 24 13 55 12 50 12 68 10 80

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Hammock, Push & Son,

Coleman, Ga.-- Cont

H. G. Bone and Potash

Heard & Swift, Middleton,

Ga

Middleton Cotton Seed Compound

Hurtsboro Cotton Oil Co.,

Hurtsboro, Ala

Cotton Seed Meal

a p.
u s.H
03 -- 03rv,

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

o .

P-i-S

v <?,

O

Is

>
oS

'M

l-l

)T3 t, > 2 3

ES

03 el

E" O 5 3

E 260 1237 11.03

5.41 10

R 128 1168 9.73 2.17 2.86 8 1.65

K 22 267

6.64

6.18

14 36 14 20 18 51 14 94 25 18 23 67

Hays, A. N., Covington, Ga. A. N. Hays Guano

UD 55 729 11.68 65 2.38 10

Newton County Guano

DD 56 730 12.73 02 2.30 8

Newton County Special Guano

Q 127 979 11.88 86 2.59 10

Newton County Acid Phosphate

DD 54 728 11.90 __ 2.32 10

Newton County Special Acid Phosp'te DD 53 727 11.98 __ 3.80 10

Harris & Moore, Hampton,

Ga

Moore's Special Pride Guano

C 128 1257

1.65 2.38 10

1.65 1.65
.82
1.65 2

17 65 16 24 16 18 14 94 15 35 14 35 12 30 10 80 13 61 12 50
17 30 16 24

Simon Pure Cotton Fertilizer

219 1258 12.53 1.08 3.39 10

.82 3

Harris & Moore's Acid Phosphate with

Potash

C 191 857 14.18

4.12 12

4

Harris & Moore's H. G. Acid Phosphate C 186 856 16.03

16

Jones, W. E. Co., Waynes-

Jboro, Ga

Burke County Fertilizer-

F

5 80 10.10 1.98 2.62 8.50 1.65 2

Jelks, W. A. & Co., Havv-

kinsville, Ga

Our Triumph

Jacksonville Oil Mills, Jack-

sonville, Ala_.

Extra H. G. Guano

Jacksonville H. G. Guano

O 31 1327 10.35 1.42 3.72 8.50 1.24 4 *

MM 30 1162 11.35 1.42 4.14 10

W

2 348 9.88 1.65 2.18 10

1.65 4 1.65 2

Jones, W. O. & Co., Elber-

ton, Ga

Jones' Standard Guano

Acid Phosphate

Acid Phosphate.

R 51 788 11.23 1.90 3.06 8 1.65 2

R 50 787 13.48

5.78 10

4

R 52 789 12.33

2.27 10

2

Jones & Roberts' Fertilizer

Works, Macon, Ga

Old Tyme Guano

Blue Ribbon Guano __.

Bragg Acid Phosphate,

Charleston Rock Acid-

Pure German Kainit.. .

S 127 1491 11.35 1.65 2.45 9 1.65 3

S 92 1371 10.25 1.40 2.44 8 1.65 2

s

93 1372 10

4.54 10

4

N 10 647 15.40

14

s

94 1373

15.20

12

Kitchens, T. L., Mitchell,

Ga

Kitchens Mixture

85 1396 10.80 97 1.67 9

.82 2

17 18
15 31 13 80 13 02 13 00
17 91 15 26
17 16 15 61
18 16 17 94 16 31 16 24
18 77 14 94 16 27 12 50. 12 53 10 80
17 49 16 44 15 95 14 94 12 95 12 50 12 61 11 70 12 92 10 20
14 24 12 85

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

a o.
S.
a.a

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

a

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

Louisville Fertilizer Co.

Louisville, Ky

Eagle H. G. Complete Guano

z

Eagle H. G. Guano

w

Eagle Boll Producer

\v

Eagle Standard Ammoniated Bone_ _ c

Eagle 13-4

z.

Eagle Potash Special

Y

Eagle Potash Mixture

z

Eagle Phosphate and Potash

z

Eagle Excellent Tennessee Phosphate- c

Lawreneeville Oil and Mfg.

Co., Lawreneeville, Ga __ Cotton Seed Meal

DD

Lathrop Cotton Oil Co.,

Hawkinsville, Ga

Mixture No. 1

X

03

-- o .2 =

189 1437 12.53 2.60 3.72 10 2.46

26 675 12.20 1.65 2.98 10 1.65

99 1211 11.93 1.38 2.40 10 1.65

196 859 10.83 1.65 2.40 8 1.65

215 908 14.18

4 13

104 1185 10

4.06 10

139 885 10.75

2 10

142 887 8

4

8

184 855 16

16

98 1384

6.50

6.18

77 1023 8.53 1.50 3.40 8.50 1.24

,

m
B o
a*. <

.35 >2s

0>. 3



35

a-aN

>
E

C 3

E"-

u e

a.as3o a
oOQ 3

22 48 19 77 18 33 16 24 16 94 15 39 17 12 14 94 15 21 11 45 12 55 12 50 11 28 10 80 11 20 11 20 13 00 13 00

24 72 23 67

15 98 13 91

Louisville Mfg. Co., Louis-

ville, Ga

Jones' Favorite

Stone's Cotton Seed Meal Mixtures

Miller's Pride

Clark's Cotton Food Sutton's Special Mixture

Bone and Potash 9-4

Lewis, G. A. & Co., Monti-

cello, Ga

Lewis' High Grade

52 708 9.45 1.74 3. 57 8

50 706 9.90 1.38 2 80 9

51 707 10.03 2.06 3 40 8

82 1040 9.63 1.80 2 45 8

51 1039 10.03 2.06 3 40 8

53 709 10

4 44 9

1.65 2 1.23 2 2.05 3 1.65 2 1.23 3
4

17 51 14 94 15 96 14 20 18 80 17 12 16 88 14 94 15 50 14 41 12 87 11 85

EE 25 1092 10.93 1.71 2 48 10 1.65 2 17 44 16 24

Lowry Bros., Uawson, Ga. Lowry's H. G. Guano

G

Lowry's Standard Guano

G

Lowry's Gray Land Cotton Fertilizer . G

Lowry's Special

G

Lowry's Perfection

G

Lowry's 13-4 Acid

G

Lowry's 10-4 Acid

G

Lowry's 10-4 Acid

G

Lowry's XX H. G. Acid

G

Lowry's XXXX H. G. Acid 18%

G

Lowry's Extra Strong 16% Acid

G

Genuine German Kainit

G

Lewis & Son, Powder

Springs, Ga

Lewis' H. G. Guano

-

W

143 1359 10.18 1.65 2 80 10

77 383 9.25 1.41 3 63 8

136 1517 9.58 1.46 3 72 8

135 961 12.70 1.88 3 .44 10

133 959 12.75 2.05 3 .32 11

150 1362 13.60

3 .63 13

64 163 11.10

4.15 10

78 384 11.33

4.22 10

151 1363 14.60

2

12

138 1358 18

18

149 1361 16.53

16

101 S33

13.16

56 684 12.35 1.70 2.09 10

1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 4 2.46 3 2.47 3
4 4 4
12
1.65 2

17 03 16 24 16 34 14 94 16 79 16 64 19 97 19 77 20 46 20 45 14 53 14 45 13 33 12 50 13 54 12 50 13 79 12 10 14 30 14 30 13 34 13 00 11 18 10 20
18 00 16 24

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Lane, Tillman & Co., Val-

dosta, Ga

Jno. Lane's Kolb Gem

L. T. & Co.'s Premium Bone Compound

a a,
5.G aCO
0.2
03 -- o3 rv.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Xt

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

E

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

03S

P

J3-0

s.s

xi
o3

3 2

o

E 5 E"-

G cj 03
S-l -- t+H
003

133 497 8.80 1.65 2.46

134 498 9.45

4.36

1.65 2 4

15 86 14 94 12 44 11 20

Lowe, T. J., Mableton, Ga. Gray Land

Sandy Land

Dissolved Bone with Potash

Lovett, B. B., Jr., & Bro.

Sandersville, Ga

Sandy Land Rust Proof Formula

Kitchen's Formula

C. S. Meal Mixture

Planter's Pride Guano

D. & W. 1-3 Meal

,

Mos^ul Acid

Z Z Z
r.

150 889 11.05 1.24 2.25

1.24 2.40 15 78 14 58

151 890 11.60 1.62 1.27 10.50 1.24 1.20 16 56 14 53

149 888 12.45

2 10.50

2.40 12 39 11 46

60 1017 9.28 .93 4.52

61 1018 9.10 .70 2.67

24 372 9.73 .82 3

38 1521 9.53 1.42 2.30

0 365 8.93 1.50 2.58

87 1522 10.85

2.80

1

5

.82 3

.82 3

1.65 2

1.65 2

4

15 53 13 08 14 17 15 42 15 54 12 03

16 00 13 06 13 05 14 94 14 94 11 20

Marietta Fertilizer Co.. At-

lanta, Ga

Lion Truck Guano

Lion Ammoniated Bone

Lion H. G. Guano

Lion Power Guano

Lion Cotton Gaano

Lion Special Guano -

Lion Blood and Bone.

Marietta Truck Guano

Maiietta Guano_.

Royal Seal

Cooper's High Grade Guano .

Tonawando Guano

Solid South Guano

Planter's Pride Guano

Magic Cotton Grower

Beef, Blood and Bone Compound

Lion 13-4

Lion Crop Producer

Lion Dissolved Bone and Potash

Lion Potash Compound..

M. F. Co.'s 13-4

-

Marietta Potash Special

Golden Grain Grower

1

56 320 11.65 3.52 4.27 10 3.30 4 18 06 23 38

IZ 182 898 12.80 2.28 3.70 10 2.47 3 21 58 19 80

II

13 64 11.25 1.65 2.43 10 1.65 2 17 41 16 24

W 30 677 10.55 1.93 3.17 10 1.65 2 18 50 16 24

J

90 1140 10.30 1.67 2.92 8 1.65 2 17 28 14 94

1

58 322 11.40 1.30 2.35 9

.82 2 16 29 12 85

N

6 644 11.10 1.30 2.35 9

.82 2 '16 39 12 85

Z 195 901 10.73 3.75 4.61 10 3.30 4 25 85 23 38

I

60 324 8.55 2

3.06 8 1.65 2 17 35 14 94

Y

5 334 10.70 1.94 2.30 10 1.65 2 17 90 16 24

I

59 323 11.05 1.82 2.70 10 1.65 2 18 07 16 24

A

19 17 10.85 1.65 2.60 10 1.65 2 17 30 16 24

C

46 546 9.68 2.27 2.14 8 1.65 2 18 20 14 94

N

4 766 10.45 1.67 2.65 8 1.65 2 17 15 14 94

R 48 786 11.45 1.15 1.56 10

.82 1 15 15 12 65

Y

2S 686 10.80 .83 2.60 9

.82 2 14 56 12 85

Q 148 982 13.05

4.10 13

4 14 56 14 45

A

18 16 11

4

10

4 13 15 12 50

|C

40 543 10.15 __..__ 2.62 10

2 11 41 10 80

J

89 1139 9.03

3.32 8

4 11 30 11 20

N US 1450 13

4.23 13

4 14 .64 .14. .45

I

92 821 10.10

5.76 10

4 14 05 12 50

Z 177 1404 10.70

5.46 8

4 14 19 11 20

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

2 a
-a au)
ST o3 [v.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by State Chemist.

dients Claimed by Manufacturers.

2 .
O <0

- 3

uo>> "3

o

Eo

-- o

a

HX

h3 _2 &

Marietta Fertilizer Co., At-

lanta, Ga.-- Cont

Lion H. G. Acid Phosphate

Z 140 886 18

16

Lion H. G. Dissolved Bone

|C 231 1449 14.18

14

Lion English Acid Phosphate

CC 40 1137 14.40

13

Lion Acid Phosphate

C 230 1260 13.90

12

Marietta Extra Acid Phosphate _

z 111 1408 18

18

Marietta XXXX Acid Phosphate,

1

57 321 16.65

16

Marietta H. G. Acid Phosphate .-

E

44 232 14

14

Piedmont Acid Phosphate

Q 79 970 la.75

12

Floyd's H. G. Guano

DD 89 745 11.18 1.65 1.37 10

Floyd's Standard Guano

DD 85 742 9.75 1.90 2.91 8

Jim Green's Favorite

W 16 357 10.90 2 20 3.18 10

Jewell's Standard

z 102 633 10.63 1.86! 3

8

Jewell's Blood and Bone Compound __ Z 103 634 12.60 .82: 2.95 9

1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 2

14 30 13 00 11 81 11 70 11 96 11 05 11 63 10 40 14 30 14 30 13 42 13 00 11 70 11 70 10 88 10 40 16 46 16 24 17 67 14 94 19 64 16 24 18 19 14 94 15 99 12 85

Jewell's Dissolved Bone and Potash. Kainit

101 632 11.18 163 852

2.72 10 12.13

2 12 17. 10 80 12 10 31 10 20

Maret, A. J., Lavonia, Ga. Lavonia Standard Guano.

Lavonia H. G. Guano

Matheson, Bradley & Co.,

Hartwell, Ga

M. B. & Co.'s Standard Guano

R

Mutual Fertilizer Co., Sa-

vannah, Ga

Lamar Kellar's Special Truck Guano. _ S

B. & S. Special Sea Island Cotton Fertz. M

H. P. & B.'s Cotton Hustler

P

Chas. Ellis Cumberland Fertz

I

Suwannee Ammoniated Bone Guano. TT

Ellis Soluble Pacific

P

Ellis Productive Bone Superphosphate S

Mutual Fertz. Co.'s Blood and Bone E

Mutual Fertz. Co.'s No. 833

P

Eillis' Harvest Fertilizer

E

Long Cotton Grower

P

Potash Mixture

P

Potash Compound

O

Dissolved Bone with Potash

P

Acid Phosphate

M

Acid Phosphate

I

31 587 9.88 1.65 2.24 8 32 588 11.30 1.76 2.28 10

159 1171 10.68 2.10 2.68 8

96 1482 6.98 4.15 6.38 6

17 301 10.50 1.65 3

9

8 392 11.13 1.65 2.60 10

20 186 9.55 1.95 2.37 8

20 1382 8

1.90 2.50 8

6 391 9.60 1.80 1.50 8

41 750 11

1.80 1.66 9

168 512 9.33 2.05 1.05 9

24 399 8.85 2.48 3.57 8

169 513 9.95 1.15 1.35 10

23 398 10.75 2.15 3

9

59 1465 11.98

3.68 10

55 1460 9.38

3.25 8

5 390 11

2.40 10

68 1275 14.25

13

21 187 15.50

14

1.65 2 1.65 2
1.65 2
4.12 6 1.65 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 1 .65 2 1.65 2 1.65 1 1.65 ] 2.47 3
.82 1 1.65 3
4 4 2

16 36 14 94 17 67 16 24
18 74 14 94
26 24 25 19 17 41 16 44 17 48 16 24 17 24 14 94 16 19 14 94 16 05 14 94 17 10 14 74 16 31 14 74 19 56 18 50 13 99 12 65 19 22 16 44 13 50 12 50 11 45 11 20 11 79 10 80 11 86 11 05 12 67 11 70

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

o u
a
3 C
73 C 03
M
0) 5c,


a u

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer IngreActually Found by dients Claimed by

g

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

>>

44

cj

0>et

O 3o

X

J

1-1

O .

PH'S

3 a

S.3

ES

E"- 00*5

Mutual Fertilizer Co., Sa-

vannah, Ga.--Cont

Kainit.

M

Mandeville Mills, Carroll-

ton, Ga

Legal Tender Standard

Y

Georgia Test High Grade

W

XX Improved High Grade

Y

XXXX Ideal Upland High Grade. _ Y

Delta High Grade and Wheat Formula Y

Free State Old Land Special

Y

Legal Tender High Grade

Y

Milledgeville Oil Mill, Mil-

ledgeville, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal.

Q

69 1276

12.96

21 344 9.45 1.68 2.37

102 1213 10.48 1.81 2.98 10

26 1546 10.28 1.72 3.16 10

24 346 10.73 2.20 2.90 10

184 1201 12.50 1.75 3.78 12

27 347 10.55 2.52 3

10

23 1544 11.50 1.80 2.92 10

115 976

6.92

12 11 01 10 20

1.65 2 16 29 14 94 1.65 2 17 91 16 24 1.65 2 17 63 16 24 2 250 19 29 17 82 1.65 4 19 70 19 24 2.50 3 20 31 19 90 1.65 2 18 49 16 24

6.18

26 11 23 67

Madison Oil Co., Madison, .Cotton Seed MeaL
Ga

21 74 4 279

7.10 6.92

6.18 6.18

26 70 23 67 26 11 23 67

Malcolm Oil Mills, Bogart

Ga

Malcolm H. G. Guano

Malcolm Standard Guano.

Cotton Seed Meal

Mallett & Nutt, Jackson,

Ga

B. B. B. Guano_.

Maysville Oil Mill, Mays-

ville, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Monroe Fertilizer Co., Mon-

roe, Ga

Walton High Grade

Monroe Standard

Cotton Producer

Walton Dissolved Bone and Potash.

Montezuma Mfg. Co., Mon-

teziima, Ga

Felton's Favorite-

Cotton Seed MeaL

T 139 1182 10.28 1.85 2

10

T 138 1181 10.45 1.84 2.30 8

T 11 *> 640

7.54

C

49 549 11

1.85 2.48 10

AA 3*> 1105

6.94

EE 24 1091 10.80 1.76 2.39 10

DD 110 1385 10.48 1.82 2.50 8

EE 27 1094 9.50 1.43 2.20 8

EE 28 1095 12.73

3.20 13

B

14 91 11.25 1.80 2.85 10

B 15*i 1176

6.38

Monticello Cotton Oil Co., ^Cotton Seed MeaL
Monticello, Ga

Mitchell County Fertilizer

Co., Camilla, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Manning, W. J., Powder

Springs, Ga

Manning's High Grade .

Q

5 429

Q

44 964

8.08 7.20

E

13 461

6.30

H 51 1050 11.60 1.95 3.04 10

1.65 2 1.65 2 6.18
1.65 2
6.18
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
4
1.65 2 6.18 6.18 6.18
6.18
1.65 2

17 08 16 24 17 41 14 94 28 15 23 67

17 95 16 21

26 17 23 67

17 45 17 53 15 35 13 59

16 24 14 94 14 94 14 45

18 27 16 24
24 33 23 67
29 94 23 67 27 03 23 67

24 06 23 67 19 15 16 24

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Middle Georgia Fertilizer

Co., Dublin, Ga

Mississippi Sawyer Laurens County Guano_

Oconee Gem

Duke's Mixture

Kellam's Pride

German Kainit

McCaw Mfg. Co., Macon.Ga. Cotton Seed Meal _.-__

McDuffie Oil and Fertz. Co.,

Thomson, Ga

..-- Cotton Seed Meal

McClure & Payne, Duluth,

Ga

McClure's H. G. Special

I 3
25a. voaa*>,
u
fl.2
a*

V

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer IngreActually Found by dients Claimed by

i a

a

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

O

-a
>3

=ra-oc

XT3 fc-S

-9

13

03 09

E"-

<

X

45 1013 10.05 1.65 3.98 10 1.65

17 94 16 24

X 42 1010 11.03 .82 2.56 10

.82 3 14 64 14 35

X 39 1007 9.33 1.31 2.97 8 1.65 2 15 50 14 94

X 44 1012 9.33 1.02 3.94

.82 3 15 36 13 05

X 40 1008 9.13 1.30 3.43

1.65 2 15 73 14 94

X 41 1009

14.98

12 12 73 10 20

s

26 531

7.36

6.18

27 56 23 67

CC 21 1135

6.80

6.18

25 71 23 67

EE 73 1086 10.70 1.77 2.50 10 1.65

17 51 16 24

McNair &|Young Co., Wrens, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal.

McDonald & Weaver, Cuth-

bert, Ga

M. & W. Acid and Meal

E

M. & W. Bone and Potash

E

M. & W. Bone and Potash

RR

M. & W. Bone and Potash

RR

M. & W. Standard Acid Phosphate. RR

M. & W. H. G. Acid Phosphate

LL

McConnell, L. J., Royston,

Ga.

Royston High Grade

R

Royston Standard

R

A. M. & P. Acid, Meal and Potash R

McRae Oil & Fertilizer Co.,

McRae, Ga

Telfair Tip Top ..

SS

Cotton Seed MeaL

TT

National Fertilizer Co.,

Nashville. Tenn

Old Hickory Guano

-I

Cotton Guano

I

Blood and Bone

I

Acid Phosphate and Potash

I

Anti-Trust Acid Phosphate and Potash I

Fourteen-Four

Y

56 710

5.82

77 469 10.20 1:65 2.72 8

78 470 10.23

4.41 8

40 1417 11.18

2.05 10

39 1503 11.88

3.44 10

43 1418 13 20

12

9 1296 15 90

14

14 474 11.73 1.65 2.59 10 72 798 11.60 1.96 2.72 8 111 816 11.15 1.68 2.18 10

1 1396 10.60 1.65 3.78 9

5 1381

6 36

66 330 9.25 1.70 2.01 8

62 326 10

1.76 2

10

64 328 11.50 .85 1

10

65 329 12.18

2.48 10

63 327 10.90

3.76 10

68 695 13.90

3.54 14

6.18
1.65 2 4 2 4
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
1.65 3 6.18
1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 1 2 4 4

22 48 23 67
16 98 14 94 12 99 11 20 11 60 10 80 13 24 12 50 11 18 10 40 12 93 11 70
17 86 16 24 18 91 14 94 17 23 16 24
18 14 16 44 24 26 23 67
15 93 14 94 16 60 16 24 13 72 12 65 12 61 10 80 12 87 12 50 14 63 15 10

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Neely, R. C. Co., Waynes-

boro, Ga

Blood and Bone

Burke County

Acid and Potash

Navassa Guano Co., Wil-

mington, N. C

Navassa Wheat and Grass Grower

Navassa Cotton Fertilizer

Navassa Complete Fertilizer

Navassa H. G. Fertilizer

Navassa Clarendon Guano

Navassa Bone Ash

Navassa Special Potash Acid

Navassa Acid Phosphate with Potash

Navassa H. G. Dissolved Bone

Jz;1-1 13 .H
03 -- c3[V,

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

a

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

i

o .

-r=TJ

PH*3

o *t

o
o3

-O o

*-c

bfi

<M fc

|
PL,

3 C

>> .

8-a

OT3

S.S o

E5

E"- ooo 3

8 82 10.48 2.45 1.02

7 81 10.88 1.68 1.78

27 1030 10.48

3.53

1.65 1 1.65 1
4

18 35 14 74 21 08 14 74 12 41 11 20

29 1266 9.58 .82 3.48

10 105 11.55 1.79 2

85 1368 9.68 1.75 1.20 9

123 977 11.73 1.75 2.06 10

28 1265 9.18 1.84 3

8

12 107 11.69

1.72 10

149 1149 11.20

3.33 10

9 104 13.48

2 12

7 102 15.18

14

.82 4 1.65 2 1.65 1 1.65 2 2.47 3
2 4 2

14 47 17 70 15 68 17 74 17 18 11 65 12 71 13 06 12 46

13 90 14 94 14 74 16 24 18 50 10 80 12 50 12 10 11 70

Navassa Acid Phosphate Navassa Unadulterated German Kainit

103 18 80 101

16 12.86

14 17 13 00 12 10 93 10 20

Napier Bros., Macon, Ga Famous Sampson Guano

Nasworthy, F. & Co., Daw-

son, Ga

Terrell County Standard

G

Terrell County Gviano

G

Potash Acid Phosphate -

G

Potash Acid Phosphate _

G

Potash Acid Phosphate _

G

Acid Phosphate

G

Acid Phosphate

G

Acid Phosphate

G

German Kainit

G

Old Dominion Guano Co.,

Atlanta, Ga

W. L. Peel's Extra H. G. Guano

N

Old Dominion H. G. Guano

Y

Old Dominion Guano

H

Uncle Remus H. G. Guano

C

Potent Pacific Guano

z

Farmers' Special Guano

Q

S. P. Thompson's H. G. Guano

DD

H. W. Camp & Son's H. G. Guano Y

Southern Ammoniated Dissolved Bone AA

1370 10.68 1.65 2.84 8

51 152 9.98 1.65 2.35 8

91 830 9.53 1.80 4.16 8 .

104 835 12.80

4

12

32 126 10.68

4.02 10

22 117 11.38

2.12 10

41 131 16.40

16

33 127 16 38

14

39 130 13 78

12

146 1360

12.56

15 1252 10.65 2.53 2.32 10 8 335 10.98 1.81 2.29 10 17 68 8.93 1.65 2.53 8 36 541 11.20 1.70 2.36 10 45 597 10.45 1.65 2.63 8 51 965 11.30 .99 3.15 10 121 1388 10.10 1.86 1.78 10 138 1196 11.48 1.92 2.80 10 18 1101 10.05 1.91 2.26 8

1.65 2
1.65 2 1.65 4
4 4 2
12
2.47 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 3 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2

17 39 14 94
16 51 14 94 18 26 16 64 14 32 13 80 12 95 12 50 11 79 10 80 13 26 13 00 13 24 11 70 11 55 10 40 10 67 10 20
19 83 19 80 17 64 16 24 15 99 14 94 17 49 16 24 17 06 14 94 15 87 14 35 16 80 16 24 18 77 16 24 17 35 14 94

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

JO
S

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

BY WHOM REGISTERED

NAME OF FERTILIZER

u

AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

c.2

PH-S

O

k U

3 o

<Srv.

-- o

(3

Old Dominion Guano Co.,

Atlanta, Ga.--Cont

W. A. Rowe & Co.'s Cotton Grower__

Stafford's H. G. Guano

Blood and Bone

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot-

ash, No. 1

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot-

ash, No. 2

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot-

ash, No. 3

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot-

ash, No. 4

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot-

ash, No. 5

DD

46 785 10

1.77

79 840 11.10 1.93

100 1262 11.08 .82

37 542 10

40 594 8.95

21 649 12.60

10 336 11.28

12 716 13.90

2

8

2.39 10

1 10

2.04 10

4.18 8

2 12

4.31 10

2.04 13

1.65 1.65
.82

ES
16 64 14 94 18 20 16 24 13 35 12 65 10 83 10 80 11 96 11 20 12 49 12 10 13 59 12 50 13 36 12 75

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot-

ash, No. 6 _.

Y

36 1204 13.28

4

13

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone and Pot-

ash, No. 7..

Y

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone No. 1. - BB

121 1189 13.35 57 1399 12.60

3.82 12 12

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone No. 2_- C

55 551 13.40

13

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone No. 3 .. Z

48 600 14.73

14

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone No. 4_. Z

47 599 16.

16

Old Dominion Dissolved Bone No. 5., II 58 1247 17.08

18

Ocilla Oil and Fertilizer

Co., Ocilla, Ga

Our Standard

NN 23 1292 11.02 1.42 2

8

Grain Fertilizer

0

94 1319 12.45 1.44 2.42 10

H. G. Fertilizer Tucker's Best Plow Boy Paulk's Special

0

98 1322 10.78 1.65 4.56 8

o

95 1320 14.20 1.50 2.33 11

o

93* 1318 10.63 1.66 3.93 9

o

91 1316 10.93 .82 3.53 10

Cotton Seed Meal (S. I.)

0

92 1317

4

Cotton Seed Meal

0

97 1321

6.18

Oliver, W. J., Cotton Oil

Mill, Shellman, Ga

W. J. Oliver's Cotton Maker

RR 29 1309 12.30 1.65 3.04 12

W. J. Oliver's Corn Maker

RR 28 1308 11.58 1.38 1.49 9

W. J. Oliver's Acid Meal and Potash_ RR 32 1504 12.15 1.47 1.58 10

W. J. Oliver's Acid and Meal Formula RR 30 1310 9.40 1.68 1.74 8

Cotton Seed Meal

RR 19 1307

5.22

4
4
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 5 1.65 2 1.65 3
.82 3 3.70 6.18
1.65 4 2.47 1 1.65 2 1.65 2 6.18

14 63 14 45

14 51 10 79 11 31 12 17 13 00 13 70

10 40 11 05 11 70 13 00 14 30

16 14 17 49 18 91 18 76 18 31 15 40 15 71 23 67

14 94 16 24 17 49 16 89 16 44 14 35 14 72 23 67

18 61 19 24 15 93 17 44 16 68 16 24 15 72 14 94 20 50 23 67

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

u

^o ^ .

o3 --
o

Is

X!

cS [V.

cS

H

Ober, G. & Sons Co., Balti-

more, Md

Ober's Special Am'ted Dissolved Bone_ b

5 45 13.15 1.89

10

Ober's Farmer's Standard Ammonia-

ted Phosphate

KK 10 1229 10.78 1.76 2.02 9

Ober's Soluble Ammoniated Super-

phosphate of Lime Ober's Farmers' Mixture

D

9 49 11.88 1.78 2.75

_ I

27 191 11.38 1.02 2.56

Ober's Standard Ammoniated Dis-

solved Bone

QQ 26 1356 10.03 1.35 2.04 8

A. & T. H. G. Ammoniated Dissolved

Bone

R 24 581 12.58 1.38 2 10

A. & T. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone. R 23 580 10.33 1.02 2.34 9

Ober's Dissolved Bone Phosphate

E 201 1230.15.35

14

Ober's H. G. Acid Phosphate ,

E 621 24317. 08

16

1.65
1.65
1.65 .82
1.65
1.65 .82

-2

'3 73

ii 32 =

is

S. "3 g s i

6"-

OQ3

19 07 16 24

17 11 15 59

18 52 14 94 15 52 12 85

15 30 14 94

17 02 14 65 12 57 13 70

16 24 12 85 11 70 13 00

Ober's Dissolved Bone, Phosphate and

Potash

JR

Ober's Dissolved Bone, Phosphate and

Potash

Kainit



Oconee Oil and Fertilizer

Co., Athens, Ga

Athens.H. G. Guano

Athens Standard Guano

T

Oconee H. G. Guano

Z

Oconee H. G. Guano

Z

Oconee H. G. Standard Guano

T

Cotton Seed Meal

T

Cotton Seed MeaL.

Muriate of Potash.

Nitrate of Soda _..

25 582 12.55

2.09 10

201 1230 15.35

14

63 244 12.74

12

60 609 11.40 2 2.48 10

28 1183 9.48 1.67 2

8

211 906 11.85 2.12 2.54 10

52 1406 11.73 1.50 2.01 10

2 638 9.48 1.68 2.16

66 870

6.64

130 1180

6.68

54 866

50.75

89 - 874

15.20

2
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 6.18 6.18
50 15

12 52 10 80
12 57 11 70 10 68 10 20
18 71 16 24 15 97 14 94 19 44 16 24 16 88 16 24 16 13 14 94 25 19i 23 67 25 32j 23 67 43 13; 42 50 50 16 49 50

Owens, A. J., Canon, Ga Owens' High Grade

Owens' Acid and Meal Formula . Powhattan Chemical Co.,

Richmond, Va

Magic Cotton Grower

Phoenix Warehouse Co.,

Fitzgerald, Ga

Phoenix High Grade.

Phoenix Standard - -

71 797 11.40 1.78 2.43 10 69 796 12.93 .82 1.18 10

1.65 .2 .82 1

17 94 16 24 14 70 12 65

18 575 10.03 1.65 2.14

1.65 2 16 37 14 94

35 1268 12.15 .82 4.24 10 70 1277 10.78 1.23 2.64 8

1.65 2 1.65 2

16 79 16 24 15 89 T4 94

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED

Putnam Oil and Fertilizer

Co., Eatonton, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Pelham Oil and Fertilizer

Co., Pelham, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Cotton Seed Meal (S. I.)

Perdue, W. J. & Bro.," Car-

rollton, Ga

Perdue's 5 XXXXX.

Pittard, Jno. T., Winter-

ville, Ga

- Standard

Potash Acid

Planter's Oil Mill, Gaines- [

ville, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Pendergrass Oil Mill, Pen-

dergrass, Ga

^Pendergrass High Grade-

0

-C V

Ct4

3
s?

c

"0 t<-v N a ~ 7i

M W

fe

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed bv

e

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

.oe-d. S-B

o

XI a 4

~m> ioa:.

fa fig 0
<: Z &

AA 1 962

6.50

6.18

E 119 489 E 276 1481

6.76 4.10

6.18 3.70

Y

2 1429 11.30 1.85 2.21 10 1.65 2

AA 55 1112 10.05 1.46 3.10 8

AA 57 1113 10.30

4.25 10

1.65 2 2

AA 47 1108

6.40

6.18

EE 74 1087 11.30 1.66

10 1.65 2

.

3M .



03 ^

3 n

>> .

5< "3-

s.ts

E o3 6 .3.2

o

oOO 3

24 72 23 67

25 58 23 67 16 04 14 72

17 91 16 24

16 57 14 94 12 90 10 80

24 39 23 67

17 11 16 24

Cotton Seed Meal to Planters' Cotton Oil Co.,

EE

Augusta, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Pioneer Guano Co., Alba-

ny, Ga

Blood and Bone Guano

GG

Acid Phosphate

E

Kainit

E

Planters' Chemical Co.,

Talladega, Ala

Planters' H. G. Acid Phosphate.

R

Phillips, W. J., Monticello,

Ga--

Jasper High Grade -___

Q

Farmers' Cotton Grower _._.

Q

Rabbit Foot

Q

Klondike Ammoniated Guano

Q

Quitman Oil Co., Quitman,

Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

E

Cotton Seed Meal (S. I.).

E

Read Phosphate Co., Nash-

ville, Tenn----l.-"..i Red Diamond Special

V

Red Diamond Special

Z

Read's Cotton Flower

Q

Read's H.G. Am'ted Dissolv'd Bone__ U

Read's Farmers' Delight e

E

Read's Blood and Bone No. 1

I

6.36

100 1284

6.36

27 1063 9.50 2.13 2.48 8

109 484 14.38

14

108 483

12

165 1172 15.70

14

27 438 10.60 2.04 2.30 10 6 430 9.53 1.74 2.42 8
31 439 9.15 1.82 4.42 8 162 983 11.05 .84 1.20 10

138 500 ____, 5.90 ..:__

171 1240

4.42

.......

15 368 11.68 2.22 3.36 10

61 610 10.35 2.65 3.92 10

126 978 9.73 1.65 3

9

15 988 11.35 1.71 2.29 10

155 1497 9.55 .83 2.76 8

39 314 9.75 1.65 2.26 8

6.18
6 18
1.65 2
12
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 4
.82 1
6.18 3.70
2.47 3 2.47 3 1.65 3 1.65 2
.82 3 1.65 2

24 26! 23 67
14 26 23 67
17 89 .14 94 11.94 11 70 10 20 10 20
12 80 11 70
18 17 16 24 16, 58 14 94 18 29 14 94 13 57 12 65
22 75 23 67 17 09 14 72
20 36 19 80 21. 39 19 80 16 91 16 44 17 55 16 24 13 87 13 05 16 29 14 94

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

a o<
fci-i
-caa .--aa)
S1^

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

6

State Chemist.

Manufacturers,

-J3-3 EVS

O C3

& <5S-S&

a
PH

Read Phosphate Co., Nash-

vile, Tenn.--Cont

Read's Soil Food

DD 41 725 9.35 1.78 2.38

Read's Blood atad Bone Special

E 220 1234 11.93 .89 2

10.

Read's Farmers' Special Manure

DD 42 726 11.40 .86 3.28 10

Read's Matchless Cotton Grower

E 149 504 9.48 1.65 1.41 9

Read's Farmers' Friend

E 126 494 10.13 1.68 1.27 9

Read's Farmers' Favorite

V

1 359 10.40 .91 2

9

Read's Sandy Land Special

P

17 396 11.40 .85 2

9

Read's Special Comp'd C. S. M. Guano V

Read's Full Boll Guano

w

3 360 8.63 1.95 2.17 8 105 1214 11.10 1.74 2.18 10

Read's Soluble Fish Guano

V

7 363 9.60 1.70 2

8

Read's South Ga. Sandy Land Special - E 164 510 9.15 .82 3.05 8

Johnson & Brannan's H. G. Guano C 109 842 10.53 1.85 2.16 10

Read's Alkaline Bone

G

83 387 10.13

2.17 10

1.65 2 .82 1 .82 3
1.65 1 1.65 1
.82 2 .82 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 .82 3 1.65 2
--- 2

.
a

"3 OS

I >

5*
>T3 S

<U 0>

M S.SS

E"-

U

o

16 56 14 94 14 98: 12 65 15 62 14; 35 15 40 14 74 15 79 14 74 14 06 12 85 14 51 12 85 16 48 14 94 17 40 16 24 16 15 14 94 13 83 13 05 17 37 16 24 11 04 10 80

Read's Bone and Potash

Read's Bone and Potash

C

Read's Bone and Potash

G

Read's Bone and Potash

X

Read's H. G. Acid Phosphate

O

Read's Straight Acid Phosphate- -

B

Read's Matchless Acid Phosphate

E

Read's Manure Salts

Q

Read's German Kainit

P

Royster, F. S., Guano Co.

Norfolk, Va

Royster's H. G. Soluble Guano

w

Farmer's Bone Fertilizer ..

D

Potomac Ammoniated Guano

N

Bonanza Guano

U

Royster's Bone and Potash Mixture __ G

Royster's Bone and Potash Mixture __ O

Royster's Bone and Potash Mixture ._ G

Royster's H. G. 14% Acid Phosphate - N

Royster's H. G. 16% Acid Phosphate . Y

Muriate of Potash

N

Nitrate of Soda

N

Kainit

SS

Richland Oil Co., Rich-

land, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

141 1197 11.50 113 844 13.08 80 385 10.03
11 1026 9.50 4 1335 15.35 145 1175 15.03 160 507 12.63 152 1453 20 1045

2.28 10

2 12

4

10

3.50 8

14

13

12

21

12

7 352 11.13 1.91 2.49 10

4 44 10.23 1.78 2.05 8

7 645 10.90 1.78 3.14 9

93 998 8.43 3.71 4.44 8

62 161 11.05

2.37 10

11 559 12.05

3.69 10

61 160 9.03

4.58 8

8 646 15.30

14

79 698 16.05

16

80 775

49.12

76 77?

15.67

16 1377

13.28

102 834

6.18

2 2 4 .4
20 12
1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 3 2.47 3
2 4 4
48 15
12
6.18

12 00 10 80 12 80 12 10 12 52 12 50 11 74 11 20 12 57 11 70 12 36 11 05 10 81 10 40 17 85 17 00 10 20 10 20
18 24 16 24 16 86 14 94 18 21 16 44 24 09 18 50 11 54 11 20 13 56 12 50 12 36 11 20 12 54 11 70 13 03 13 00 41 75 40 80 51 71 49 50 11 28 10 20
23 67

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Rutledge Oil Co., Rutledge,

Ga

R. O. Co.'s H. G. M. M

W. P. Wallace High Grade

Georgia Mule

R. O. Co.'s No. 1 Bone and Potash

R. O. Co.'s No. 3 Bone and Potash...

Cotton Seed Meal

a a
3 > a <v
c.2 ST

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

>

Actually Found by dients Claimed by m

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

s.m

o .

i<

o
oj

*fj
.s 0
s<

_ >a.

wo

03 O

IE so
Eo ^

o

! C ; a!
Is
>>
,Xi ;
O 3

106 1178 11.95 1.80 2.14 10

49 864 11.05 1.73 2.44 10

105 1177 11.48 .94 1.26 10

50 865 11.38

2.12 10

107 1432 11.75

2.85 10

18 641

1.65 2 1.65 2
.83 1 2 4
6.18

18 11 16 24 17 55 16 24 14 23 12 68 11 79 10 80 12 65 12 50 26 37 23 67

Ray, C. P., Lavonia, Ga Ray's Cotton Guano _ Redwine & Hollingsworth,

R 78 800 12.18 1.44 1.80

Fayetteville, Ga

Pride of Fayette

Ramspeck, Est. G. A., De-

HH 1 1055 11.20 1.74 2.40 10

catur, Ga

Ramspeck's Bone Phosphate

Z

Ramspeck's Bone Phosphate Special.. Z

155 892 13.35 1.35 2 10 156 893 9.43 2.94 3.30

1.65 2
1.65 2
.82 1 2.46 3

16 79 14 94
17 66 16 24
17 42 12 65 21 23 18 47

Ramspeck's Bone Phosphate Special. Sunny South Bone Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Sunny South Acid Phosphate Screven County Oil Mills,

157 894 12.05 .1.67 2.59 10

158 895 1425 1.31 1.62 10

159 896 14.30

10

160 897 15.03

12

1.65 .82

Screven, Ga

Screven Plant Fo:d_

Smith, B. G., Supply Co.,

62 1523 9.58 1.65 2.24

1.65 2

Social Circle, Ga

Pride of Walton

DD 63 733 10.58 1.69 2.32 10 1.65

Gold Leaf Standard

DD 117 1387 9.58 1.70 2.40 8 1.65

S. S. A. (Smith's Special Acid)

EE 23 1090 13.23

Swift's Fertilizer Works, Swift's Blood, Bone and Potash H. G.

3.35 13

Atlanta. Ga

Guano

Z 124 883 10.08 3.64 7.45 9.50 3.29

Swift's Special H. G Guano

FF 38 1128 12.03 3.40 3.25 9.50 4.12

Swift's Monarch H. G Guano

M

33 1267 9.55! 3.53 5

3.29

8wit's Pioneer H. G. Tobacco Grower. MM 34 1163 10.53 1.82 5.36

1.65

Swift's Cotton King H. G. Guano

R 83 801 10.68 2.42 2.90

2.47

Swifts Farmer's Favorite

Z

5 1403 8.90 2.65 4.88 9 1.65

Swift's Eagle H. G. Guano

f 15 66 12.08 1.95 i2.63 10 1.65

Swift's Golden Harvest Stand'd Guano H .16 67 9.68 1.65 |2.69

1.65

Swift's Red Steer Standard Guano

F " 1 78 10.75 1.45 2.28

1.65

Swift's Cotton Plant Am'ted Guano __ Q

9 433 10.88 1.66 2.02 9 1.65

Swit's Plow Boy Ammoniated Guano_ G

74 382 11.30 1.65 2

10

.82

Swift's Atlanta H. G. Phosphate and

Potash

79 424 16.18

4.18 15

18 14 16 24 17 11 12 65 3 59 10 80 12 37 10 40
16 16 14 94
17 01 16 24 16 47 14 94 14 04 14 45
27 49 25 57 24 40 24 91 24 69 22 05 19 99 16 64 19 98 18 29 21 26 16 44 19 11 16 24 16 61 14 94 16 29 14 .9.4 16 85 14 74 17 08 12 65
16 66 15 75

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

M5

Si

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

S m

3

e.S

o

ja u

XI a!

J=T3
2 a
< a

Swift's Fertilizer Works,

Atlanta, Ga.--Cont

Swift's Atlanta H. G. Phosphate and

Potash

0

Swift's Atlanta H. G. Phosphate and

Potash

G

Swift's Special H, G. Phosphate and

Potash

Z

Swift's Atlanta H. G. Phosphate and

Potash

Y

Swifts Farmer's Home H. G. Phos

phate and Potash

G

Swift's Planter's S. G. Phosphate and

Potash

A

203 1253 13.10 72 380 13 123 882 13.48 691 13.23 73 381 10.63 22 20 9.73

4.13 12
2.33 12
5.29 12
4.02 13 a
4 10
4.47 8

'5t2 E e S *&
oOO 3
14 62 13 80 13 03 12 10 15 86 15 50 14 61 14 45 12 90 12 50 12 72 11 20

Swift's Wheat Grower S. G. Phosphate

and Potash

A

Swift's Field and Farm S.G. Phosphate

and Potash

Q

Field's Gray Land Mixture H. G. Phos-

phate and Potash

FF

Swift's Special H. G. Acid Phosphate- O

Swift's Cultivator H. G. Acid Phosp'te C

Swift's Special H.G. Acid Phosphate _ I

Swift's Chattahoochee S. G. Acid Phos

phate

Q

German Kainit

J

Standard Chemical and Oil

Co., Troy, Ala

Troy Perfect

E

Hume's Ammoniated Dissolved Bone E

Old Homestead

E

H. G. Acid Phosphate

E

German Kainit-

E

Stevens, Martin & Co., Carl-

ton, Ga

S. M. Co.'s H. G. Guano

R

S. A. L. Standard

R

Southern States Phosp'te &

Fertz. Co., Augusta, Ga. S. S. Superlative Bone Guano

J

S. S. Sea Island Cotton Grower

P

23 21 11.55

2.47 10

11 434110.35

2.14 10

8 1127 12.40 33 1328 17.50
5 35 15.55 48 317 16.85

5.74 12 15 14 16

13 435 12.23 82 425

12 13.08

73 465 10.83 1.76 2.29 8

75 467 11.40 1.77 1.68 8

74 466 13.10 .86 1.36 10

72 464 15.33

! 14

76 468

12.28

39 783 11.60 1.65 2.12 10 5 567 11.20 1.32 2.03

61 415 8.45 3.32 4.22 1 389 10.43 1.79 3.41

'2
1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 1
12
1.65 2 1.65 2
3.30 4 1.65 3

12 16 10 80
11 13 10 80
15 53 13 80 13 97 12 35 12 70 11 70 13 55 13 00
10 55 10 40 11 11 10 20
17 38 14 94 17 27 14 94 15 09 12 65 12 56 11 70 10 43 10 20
17 38 16 24 15 95 14 92
22 62 22 09 18 17 16 44

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Sou. States Phosphate &

Fert. Co., Augusta, Ga.

--Continued

S. S. Old Peruvian Guano

S. S. Old Peruvian Guano

S. S. Giant H. G. Cotton Pusher__.

S. S. Standard Guano

S. S. Paragon Ammoniated Guano

S. S. Menhaden Fish Compound...

S. S. Blood and Bone Guano

S. S. Lawton's Leader

Augusta H. G. Guano

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

P. & F. Ammoniated Fertilizer

S. S. Phospho Potassium

a p,
fcH CO
C.S
03 rv.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

(o0 .

O-<o

O

k

a

2 u

o

ffi .c

ES
E"-

1-1 <

z

. 03
IS >>
i--i *-
O 3

59 241 10.95 1.84 2.35 10 1.65 2

45 752 10.83 1.65 2.14 10 1.65 2

56 993 10.65 1.66 2.34 10 1.65 2

81 776 8.58 1.65 2

8 1.65 2

3 133 9.10 1.93 2.44 8 1.65 2

118 947 10

.95 3.08 10 .82 3

58 994 10.30 .87 2.19 9 .82 2

7 294 10.63 2.12 4.52 10 2.06 4

20 370 11.10 1.81 2.25 9.50 2.06 2

31 376 9.08 1.65 2.64 8 1.65 2

14 367 9.23 1.72 2.48 8 1.65 2

19 369 11.25

4 10

4

17 77 16 24 16 89 16 24 16 98 16 24 15 31 14 94 16 94 14 94 14 84 14 35 14 02 12 85 20 34 19 29 17 69 17 26 16 18 14 94 16 37 14 94 13 31 12 50

S. S. Extra Potash Compound

0

Special Acid Phosphate

V

S. S. Dissolved Bone

J

S. S. Dissolved Bone

E

Savannah Guano Co., Sa-

vannah, Ga

Our Own Ammoniated Bone

J

Excelsior Ammoniated Bone

JJ

Diamond Cotton Food Ammoniated

Bone

V

Pineland Triple Potash Am'ted Bone- J

Peerless Ammoniated Bone

P

Standard Ammoniated Bone

JJ

Bone, Fish and Potash Am'ted Bone. E

Uruguay Ammoniated Bone

G

Peruvian Standard Ammoniated Bone. E

Brazilian Standard Am'ted Bone

G

Perfection Ammoniated Bone

M

Our Jewel Ammoniated Bone

JJ

Wire Grass Land Ammoniated Bone ,, E

Expert Ammoniated Bone

JJ

Fruitland Ammoniated Bone

JJ

Ogeechee Ammoniated Bone

J

XX C. S. M. Mixture

JJ

Pulaski Triple Potash Compound

X

10 558 8.30

4.65 8

4

13 366 8.23

4.66 8

4

78 423 15.10

14

11 140 17.13

16

23 286 8.75 1.77 2.43 8 1.65 2 7 1217 9.18 1.80 2.53 8 1.65 2

30 375 8.80 1.74 2.31 8 24 287 10.13 1.82 3.32 9 10 393 9.75 1.87 2.34 9 21 1222 10.98 1.20 1.62 10 7 137 9.35 .97 3.13 8 67 166 10.93 1.79 2.37 10 113 486 9.63 0.83 2.06 9 66 165 9.28 1.81 2.24 8 9 296 8.53 2.52 4.09 8 29 1226 9.98 3.34 4.58 8 173 514 9.48 0.98 3.08 8 18 1219 9.98 1.45 5.77 9 10 1218 10.50 2.46 4.02 10 156 1150 11.15 2.86 4.48 10 22 1223 10 1.68 2.29 8 2 658 11.30 1.01 3.29 10

1.65 2 1.65 3 1.65 2 .83 1
.83 3 1.65 2
.83 2 1.65 2 2.47 4 3.30 4
.83 3 1.65 6 2.47 3 3.30 4 1.65 2
.83 3

11 94 11 20 11 91 11 20 12 41 11 70 13 73 13 00
16 18 14 94 16 65 14 94
16 02 14 94 18 00 - 16 44 17 08 15 59 15 06 12 68 14 53 13 08 17 61 16 24 13 35 12 89 16 50 14 94 19 92 19 35 23 99 22 09 14 60 13 08 18 76 18 99 20 94 19 80 23 41 23 38 16 58 14 94 16 06 14 38

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

fi O. u
B.2
CJ [V.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

B

y-ri fc-8

O JO d
*3

.S-e a
<2-^

a
PH

Savannah Guano Co.--

(Continued)

8 and 4 Compound

E 56 238 9.25

4.39 8

10 and 2 Compound

E 41 230 10.40

2.20 10

10 and 4 Compound

E 43 231 10.

4.17 10

10 and 4 Compound

S

24 529 11.08

4.07 10

11 and 1 Compound

JJ 27 1225 11.53

2.06 11

13 and 4 Compound

JJ 33 1227 13

4.54 13

English Dissolved Bone Acid Phosp'te G

70 379 12

12

XXXX Dissolved Bone Acid Phosp'te V

44 522 15

15

English Dissolved Bone Acid Phosp'te TT 21 1383 13.60

13

Peerless Acid Phosphate

E

58 240 14.73

14

16% Dissolved Bone Acid Phosphate JJ 14 1464 18

16

Kainit

E 57 239

12.06

12

Muriate of Potash

Q 110 975

50.96

50

a B

<M

3
5<

3->>

.

-8 2

U
E"-

S.I o
SJS.5 OOB

o

12 34 11 20 11 23 10 80 12 64 12 50 13 25 12 50 11 84 10 60 14 90 14 45 10 40 10 40 12 35 12 35 11 44 11 05 12 17 11 70 14 30 13 00 10 23 10 20 43 31 42 50

Sparta Oil Mill, Sparta, Ga. Baron Munchausen. Cotton Seed Meal _.

Scholze Bros., Chattanoo-

ga, Tenn

Complete

Truck Farmers' Friend-

Smithonia Oil Mill, Smith-

onia, Ga

Davy Crockett

Farmers' Favorite.

Cotton Seed Meal .

Senoia Cotton Oil Mills, Se-

noia, Ga

Cotton Seed MeaL.

Shores, W. A., Baldwin, Ga. W. A. S. High Grade

Southern Cotton Oil Co.,

Arlington, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Athens, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Atlanta, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Atlanta, Ga. (Gate City). Cotton Seed Meal-

Augusta, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Cartersville, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Cedartown, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Columbus, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Cordele, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

Dawson, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal-

J 157 1524 11 58 1.72 2.56 10 J 132 1146 --- -- 6.60
QQ 2 1351 11 80 2.03 1.66 8 QQ 1 1350 12 13 1.65 3.57 10

1.65 6.18
1.65 1.65

R 41 784 9 55 1.76 2.14 8 R 126 1167 8 50 2.32 2.94 8 AA 64 116 -- -- 6.92

Y 161 1200

6 54

1.65 1.65 6.18
6.18

R 85 802 10 98 1.75 2.24 10 1.65

RR 51 14?0

6.00

AA 5 1454

6 70

H

7 60

6.46

W 103 1213

6 18

F

38 ?14

6 42

H 23 1047

6 18

W 39 678

6 18

K 63 1365 __ -- 6.50

M 84 1468

6 60

L

1 194

5.90

j

6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18

17 96 10 24 25 05 23 67
18 37 14 04 18 95 17 94
16 41 14 94 18 26 14 94 26 70 23 67
24 85 23 67
17 40 16 24
23 08 23 67 25 38 23 67 24 59 23 67 23 67 23 67 24 46 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 23 67 24 72 23 67 25 05 23 67 22 75 23 67

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Southern Cotton Oil Co,

--Continued

Fort Gaines, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Greensboro, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Commerce, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Jackson, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Jefferson, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Lavonia, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Locust Grove, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Macon, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Monroe, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Savannah, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal (S. I.)

Talbotton, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Washington, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

a o,
.5 s
c.S
03 --
o3 [v.

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Xi Actually Found by dients Claimed by

S

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

I"

3

o

4) ^
3 u

13
S.S o

Eo

03

E"- o

K 125 307

D 20 73

AA 6 1099

C

50 550

EE 72 1470

D 10 50

C

65 553

S

61 759

EE 26 1093

VV 57 1427

I

14 181

D 18 71

6.20 6.46 6.18 6.48 6.66 6.34 6.44 7.24 6.66 3.90 6.40 6.04

6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 6.18 3.70 6.18 6.18

23 73 23 67 24 59 23 67 23 67 23 67 24 66 23 67 25 25 23 67 24 19 23 67 24 53 23 67 27 17 23 67 25 25 23 67 15 38 14 72 24 39 23 67 23 21 23 67

Warrenton, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

Waynesboro, Ga. (Neely

Mill)

1 Cotton Seed Meal

Athens Oil Mill Standard

Dublin Oil Mill Standard

Jefferson Oil Mill H. G

Monroe Oil Mill Standard

Atlanta Oil Mill H. G

Talbotton Oil Mill H. G

Tabotton Oil Mill Standard

Savannah Oil Mill H. G

Savannah Oil Mill Standard

Cordele Oil Mill H. G

Cordele Oil Mill Standard

Commerce Oil Mill H. G

Commerce Oil Mill Standard

Gate City Oil Mill H. G

So. C. O. Co.'sH. G

Wood's Mixture

Brown's Best

i

Quick-Step H. G

So. C. O. Co.'s Acid Phosphate.

So. C. O. Co.'s Acid Phosphate -

J

280

6.36

6.18

24 26 23 76

F

64 933

6.18

AA 60 1115 9.55 1.45 2.43 8

X 79 1022 1053 1.90 2.16 8

EE 17 1073 11.15 1.65 2.16 10

EE 30 1097 8.48 1.92 2.26 8

EE 31 1098 11.40 1.69 2.02 10

I

13 180 12.35 1.44 2.62 10

I

12 179 1120 1.65 2.30 8

Q 175 986 11.45 1.82 1.51 10

V

42 377 9.05 2.03 2

8

o

63 1341 12.45 1.78 2.51 10

E

92 475 9.63 1.73 2.35 8

AA 84 1125 11.60 1.70 2.18 10

II 12 1244 9.75 1.72 2.44 8

C 206 1255 10.23 1.74 2.02 10

DD 22 721 10.98 1.72 2.40 10

V

43 378 8.23 1.04 3.31 8

O

41 1330 9.93 1.73 3

9

Q 173 985 12.20 2.19 2.06 10

j 180 1156 13.15

12

j 179 1155 16.70

16

6.18 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2. 1.65 2
1.65 2
1.65 2 .82 3
1.65 3 3.30 4

23 67 23 67 15 64 14 94 17 54 14 94 17 11 16 24 16 36 14 94 17 29 16 24 17 59 16 24 17 27 14 94 17 32 16 24 16 87 14 94 18 69 16 24 16 55 14 94 17 60 16 24 16 67 14 94 16 69 16 24 17 44 16 24 14 18 13 05 17 30 16 44 19 50 23 38 11 14 10 40 13 45 13 00

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

2. a
o3 rrj

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

J3
S

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

s .
O V)

3 5
03 IrH

3

2;

a-o

3- I

a1> .82-83

o oi

fj
o

ES
E"- ooo 3

Smith, E.A.,Munnerlyn,Ga. Cotton Seed Meal.

F 102 1286

5.94

Smith, Thomas & Co., Gainesville, Ga

S. T. Co.'s H. G. Guano. S. T. Co 'a S. G GuanoSpecial Cotton Grower..

KK 23 1415 11.50 1.70 3.68 10 R 91 805 10.98 1.65 2.261 8 KK 25 1416 11.03 2.47 3.81 10

Simmons & Hill Dawson,

Ga

Hill's S. G. Guano..

Hill's H. G. Guano .

152 1364 9.73 1.22 2.10 8 38 129 10.55 1.71 2.28 10

Shirley, George, Bowers-

ville, Ga

Shirley's H. G. Cotton Seed Guano .

76 799 11.15 1.82 2.46 10

Smith, T. N. & J. W. Ten-

nille, Ga

Smith's Mixture

S. & S. Ammoniated Dissolved Bone..|S

51 755 10.43 .91 3.33 57 757 9.65 1.69 4.771

6.18

22 88 23 67

1.65 1.65 2.47

18 80 16 24 17 09 14 94 21 14 19 80

1.65 1.65

14 72 14 94 17 02 16 24

1.65

17 93 16 24

.82 3 15 20 13 05 1.65 250 18 49 16 01

Smith's H. G. 15 Guano

Smith's 10-4 Acid

Plain Acid Phosphate

Kainit

Smith, C. V. & Co., Ten-

nille, Ga

C. V. S. & Co.'s C. S. M. Mixture.C V. S. & Co.'s Standard Guano . _.

Tennessee Chemical Co., Nashville, Tenn

Ox H. G. Ammoniated Bone Ox H. G. Fertilizer

Ox Cotton Guano

Ox Slaughterhouse Bone

Ox Special Crop Producer

Ox Special Truck Grower

Ox Cotton and Grain Grower

Ox Ammoniated Alkaline Bone

Ox 13-4

Ox Potash Formula

Ox Potash Mixture

Ox Dissolved Bone H. G

Ox Tennessee High Acid Phosphate .

Ox Tennessee High Acid Phosphate.

Tenn. Fertilizer Co., Nash-

ville, Tenn

Tenn. Crop Producer

X 52 1016 9.15 1.02 5.10 9

X

47 1029 10.98

4

10

X

46 1014 15.83

13

X

48 1015

12.09

X

25 661 9.65 .90 3.96 10

s

50 754 9.95 1.45 2.60

Y

13 338

Y

12 337

DD 29 722

D

3 43

Z 258 918

Z 187 900

Y

14 339

Z 146 1541

Y 91 702

H

4 666

H

3 58

A

15 14

J

83 426

C 147 851

1.87 2.21 10

2.46 2.47 10

1.87 2.88 10

1.65 2.38 8

1.11 3.07 10

3.64 4.80 10

1.72 2

8

.97 1.3C 10

4

13

4.09 10

2.03 10

14

16

16

258 918 12.05 1.11 3.07 10

.82
12
.82 3 1.65 2
1.65 2 2.46 3 1.65 1 1.65 2
.82 3 3.30 4 1.65 2
.82 1 4 4 2
.82

16 23 15 40 13 13 12 50 12 88 11 05 10 25 10 20
15 20 14 35 16 05 14 94
17 94 16 24 20 94 19 77 18 70 15 39 17 42 14 94 16 70 14 35 25 76 23 38 17 53 14 94 14 10 12 65 15 00 14 45 13 70 12 50 11 84 10 80 12 41 11 70 13 00 13 00 13 16 13 00
16 70 14 35

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

a p.
5. a
C.2
03 --
.5 ft

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

O
a 9
03
h3

Tenn. Fertilizer Co., Nash-

ville, Tenn.--Cont

Tenn. H. G. Acid Phosphate

._ Z

Tenn. H. G. Acid Phosphate

G

Tabor & Almand Elber-

ton, Ga

Granite City

R

Tuscarora Fertilizer Co.,

Atlanta, Ga

H. G. Cotton Special

Z

Tuscarora Cotton Special

O

Tuscarora Big Crop Fertiizer

Z

Tuscarora Chief

GG

Tuscarora Acidulated Bone and Potash Z

Tuscarora Special Potash Mixture

O

Tuscarora H. G. Dissolved Bone

E

Tuscarora Superphosphate

GG

202 904 17.73

16

46 1518 14.03

14

10 570 8.48 1.71 3.29

212 907 12.23 1.29 4.98 10

80 1313 9.30 1.53 2.18 8

90 628 11.50 1.65 2.10 10

24 1062 8.96 1.72 4.58 8

87 627 15

4.21 13

90 1315 9.48

3.45 8

228 1235 14.93

14

3 1057

18

1.65
1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65

I"
>> . "^ 'S-o
Eo E"- 00 =
14 12 13 00 11 72 11 70
16 54 14 94
19 03 17 09 15 53 14 94 17 29 16 24 17 94 16 64 15 92 14 45 11 69 11 20 12 30 11 70 14 30 14 30

Kainit

GG 31 1065

12.24

Twiggs County Guano Co.,

JelTersonville, Ga

Cotton Guano Jumbo Guano

X 72 1025 10 68 1 65 1.46 10

X 73 1024 10 75 82

9

Teasley & Son, Bow m a n,

Ga

iTeasley's Standard

R 116 819 10

1 85 2.53

Union Fertilizer Co., At-

lanta, Ga

Champion Extra H. G

MM 69 1132 14 60 2 36 2.74 3

Farmers' H. G.

Z

51 602 11 58 1 65 2.05 10

Peruvian H. G Buffalo H. G

Z 179 1410 11 90 1 93 2.21 10
z . 54 603 11 50 1 85 2.43 10

Georgia H. G Cotton States Special

R

19 576 10 90 1 65 2

10

J 107 1141 10 70 1 05 2.44 10

Old Plantation Guano

Z

63 611 11 18 1 94 2.35

Union Cotton Grower

Z 270 926 10 2 10 2.26

Dixie Guano

AA 25 1102 8 75 1 65 2

Beef, Blood and Bone

r

J

Blood, Bone and Potash

Z

z Animal Bone and Peruvian Compound

106 1446 9

1 05 2.28 9

273 1407 13 40 87 2.95 10

253 917 12 53 91 2.76 10

Star Brand

Z 265 922 12 80 84 2.60 10

Farmers' H. G. Potash Acid Phosphate Q

z Georgia H. G. Potash Acid Phosphate -

Dixie Wheat Grower

z

Union Dissolved Bone and Potash

z

58 967 12 20 269 9?5 11 95 267 9?3 11 93 277 1514 14 80

3.58 10

4

10

4

10

2.55 12

12
1.65 2 .82 2
1.65 2
2.47 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65
.82 i.65 1.65 1.65
.82 .82 .82 .82

10 40
16 22 16 24 14 03 12 85
17 35 14 94
22 19 19 80 17 30 16 24 18 56 16 24 18 23 16-24 16 82 16 24 15 08 14 35 19 24 14 94 17 95 14 94 15 42 14 94 13 84 12 85 16 68 12 65 16 08 12 65 15 05 12 65 13 58 12 50 13 76 12 50 13 75 12 50 14 38 12 10

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

ID

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer IngreActually Found by dients Claimetl by

^*
A

s

State Chemist.

3

Manufacturers.
*

3 aj

>> .

>-, (A

O .

a.g

o

.E-O

43

c3

jZ'V
afj

5< ;

STSS

o-o

a.c3 rv.

O
~ o

a o

03

k3

z

iaes.

as
<

6B

E o=

C

uEo"-

oOO 3

UnionTFertilizer Co., lanta, Ga.--Cont

At-

Bone and Potash Mixture

Z

U. C. Potash Acid Phosphate

Z

Georgia Wheat Grower

z

Champion Wheat Grower

z

Royal Wheat Grower

z

Union Potash Acid Phosphate

z

Dixie Potash Acid Phosphate

iz

Merrimac Potash Acid Phosphate

z

U. C. Extra It. G. Dissolved Bone and

Potash

z

Farmers' H. G. Dissolved Bone

IN

Dixie H. G. Dissolved Bone

Merrimac Acid Phosphate

A A

275 930 9.95 261 9.20 9.63 271 927 9.48 263 921 11.38 272 928 12.10 254 1440 12.28 276 1441 11.95 274 929 11.80
260 919 15.08 16 648 14
268 924 15.75 51 1110 12.01

4

8

3.53 8

3.82 8

2.13 10

2.14 10

2.24 10

2.12 10

2.25 10

4.16 13 14 14 12

12 46 11 20 11 86 11 20 12 01 11 20 11 80 10 80 12 27 10 80 12 48 10 80 12 16 10 80 12 18 10 80
15 93 14 45 11 70, 11 70 12 98 11 70 10.40 10 40

T'pson County Oil Mill,

Thomaston, Ga

C. S. Meal

Virginia, Carolina Chem- Atlantic Fertilizer Co.'s Acid Phosphate

ical Co., Richmond, Va. with Potash

I!

Charleston, S. C, Atlan- Baldwin Fertilizer Co.'s Ammcniated

ta, Ga

Dissolved Bone

K

Ga. State Grange Fertilizer

G

Ga. Farmers' Standard

B

Blood, Bone and Potash

J

Blood, Bone and Potash

B

Special Potash and Bone Formula . _ F

Potash Compound

J

Bone and Potash

B

Ga. State Grange Acid Phosphate _ _ S

Berkley Chem. Co.'s Acid Phosphate

with Potash

." O

Acid Phosphate with Potash

Z

Acid Phosphate with Potash

J

Commercial Guano Co.'s Chatham Am-

moniated Vegetator

I

Jones' Special Formula

F

Marriman's Cotton Boll.

-_ F

Complete Cotton Fertilizer

F

54 i 769

6.96

68 795 10

1.50 10

48 275 12.10 1.58 2.08 10

11 106 8.86 1.99 2.58 8

78 655 10.50 1.91 1.28 9

40 408 11.60 .97 1

10

75 654 11.70 .98 1.40 10

41 21611.28

4.18 10

73 419 9.05

4

8

1 22 11.88

2.16; 10

13 526 13.68

... 12

141 981 11.35 ..... 4.09 10

91 029 11.23

2.95 10

124 1145 8.83

3.42 8

41 316 8.60 4.67 5.97 8

71! 935 10.73 .86 3

10

48 219 11.48 1.81 2.15 10

56 931 9.93 1.83 2.10 8

6.18
1.65 1.65 1.65
.82 .82
4 2 4 4.94 5 .82 3 1.65 2 1.65 2

26 24 23 67
10 38 10 80
17 43 16 24 17 10 14 94 16 80 14 74 14 19 12 65 14 62 12 65 13 48 12; 50 11 88 11 20 12 15 10 80 11 49 10 40
13 44 12 50 12 40 10 80 11 24 11 20
28 67 28 35 14 95 14 35 17 85 16,24 16 86 14 94

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Virginia, Carolina Chemical Co., Richmond, Va., Charleston, S. C, Atlanta, Ga_-Continued __ _. Pomona Guano Marriman's Ammoniated Bone..-- Excelsior Bone Compound Georgia Bone Compound Peruvian Bone Compound .. Excelsior Acid Phosphate ... Pomona Acid Phosphate Chicora Fertilizer Co.'s Compound Guano . Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Davie & Whittle's Owl Brand Guano

a o.
*"* CO
u
T3 <D
B.S
03 =
oSr^.

t-l

Fertilizer Ingredients Ferti izer IngreActually Found by clients Claimed by

^
3

6

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

>,
o

-oe-o.

03

O

o

~ o

o

03

(B.C

h3 5- z

o . ^ h-e3

4

1

6o .

CO --
55

es-a

g
0 2H

IE fo
o "O

i a
is 03
u ~

46 1270 9.30 1.70 2

8 1.65

36 229 11 1.91 2.45 8 1.65

58 233 11.10

4.17 10

1 171 10.75

S 3.05 10

2 172 10.60

4.21 8

25 530 14.88

14

89 474 12

12

15 95 14 94 18 13 14 94 13 35 12 50 12 17 10 80 13 06 11 20 12 27 11 70 10 40 10 40

94 1409 11.98 1.90 2.69 10 7 1520 9.43 1.52 1.72 8 32 211 10.10 1.93 2.09 8

1.65 2 1.65 2 1.65 2

18 93 16 24 15 20 14 94 17 29 14 94

Edisto Phosphate Co.'s

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone

F

Acid Phosphate with Potash

F

Dissolved Borie

E

Extra H. G. Superphosphate

BB

Imperial Fertiliser Co.'s __

Blue Ridge Soluble Guano

V

XXX Blood and Bone Guano

G

XXXX Bone and Potash

Y

Acid Phosphate with Potash-.

F

Peerless Acid Phosphate with Potash U

Imperial Dissolved Bone

E

Kennesaw Guano Co.'s

High Grade Guano

I

Standard Guano____ "_--

I

Blood and Bone Meal .

J

Potash Special

- - -

J

Double Potash Bore

F

Wheat Grower

I

Acid Phosphate

--- -

G

Acid Phosphate

- -

G

Powers, Cibbs & Co.'s

Eagle Island Ammoniated Guano

22 203 10.15 1.80 2

24 2b4 9.10

4. 60 8

148 503 12.48

12

53 1398 16.38

_._ 16

68 714 10.08! 1.66 2.09 8

21 110 10.63 1.76 1.30 9

20 343 11.20!

4.01 10

08 941 8.60 . __ 4.34 8

3 516 11.85 .. 1.69 10

04 476 12.20

12

15 182 12

1.76 2.30 10

17 184 9.28 1.76 2

8

36 406! 9.95 .97 2.01 9

35 405 11.25

2 10

00 942 9.25 16 183 10.60

4.12 8 4.06 10

39 130 13.78 -

12

41 131 16.40

14

29 103 .90 1.66 2.64

1.65 2 4
"-
1 .65 2 1.65 1
4 4 2
1.65 2 1.65 2
.82 2 2 4 4
1.65 2

16 83 12 12 10.71 13 24

11 94 11 20 10 40 13 00

16.39 14 94 16 40 14 74 13 29 12 50 11 87 11 20 11 74 10 80 10 53 10 40

18 15 16 24 16 13 14 94 13 31 12 85 11 61 10 80 12 11 11 20 12 94 12 50 11 71 10 40 13.26 11 70

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

5- a
-a <u
C3 --
*fe

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

S

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

r
.Oa-a.

O

X!

-- o

OS

3CS.=C

V "t1.

8

U)

<^~ z

Virginia, Carolina Chemical

Co., Richmond, Va., Raisin Monumental Co.'s

Charleston, S. C, Atlan- Dixie Guano

ta, Ga.--Continued

Giant Guano

Southern Fertilizer Co.'s

p

IS 395 9.93 1.65 2

1.65

z 114 636 9.15 1.93 2.84

1.65

Scott's Gossypium Phospho

H

Georgia State Standard Ammoniated

18 69 10.98 1.72 2.34 4 10 1.65 2

Superphosphate

K

Cotton Boll Guano

B

Oglethorpe Ammoniated Dissolved

14 260 9.73 1.69 2.28 31 98 9.68 1.70 2.55

1.65 2 1.65 2

Bone

E

Scott's Animal Ammoniated Guano E

Port Royal Cotton Fertilizer

Q

High Potash Formula

U

29 226 10.33 1.76 2

97 477 10.15 1.85 1.57

39 440 9.65 1.90 2.07

147 1000 10

.83 3.08 10

1.65 1.65 1.65 2
.82 3

2. >> ,
6.SS
Eo
16 19 14 94 17 31 14 94
17 38 16 24
18 42 14 94 15 66 14 94
16 81 14 94 16 62 14 74 16 90 14 94 14 44 14 35

Scott's Blood Formula

O

Scott's Acid and Meal Formula. _. E

Scott's Gossypium Potassa --

Z

Rome Standard Guano

F

Rome Blood and Bone

F

Scott's Potassa Phospho

H

Tennessee Special Wheat Grower. A

Cotton 4% Acid Phosphate

F

Cotton Boll Bone and Potash

B

Double Potash Phosphate

15

u Ga. State Standard Acid Phosphate_

Scott's H. G. Acid Phosphate

G

Southern Phosphate Works--

Monarch Guano

I

Penguin Guano

B

Ocmulgee Guano

U

Tip Top Dissolved Bone with Nitrogen

and Potash

J

Extra Strong Potash Acid

G

Potash Acid Phosphate

-. G

Black Diamond Acid Phosphate

F

Acid Phosphate with Potash

B

Standard Fertilizer Co.'s--

High Grade Guano...

25 564 11.58 .95 .83 10

31 227 11.18 1.03 1.83 10

241 1515 9.10 1.98 6.18 8

21 202 10.32 1.88 2

8

54 222 11.03 1.13 1.18 10

41 1443 14.05

2.06 13

2

2 11.58

4.09 10

53 221 8.25

8

8 28 12.03

2.28 10

136 1173 9.25

4.14 8

141 1001 13.43

12

4 99 15.48

14

19 185 11.80 1.78 2.45 10 84 657 9.83 1.76 3.62 119 1527 10.38 1.67 1.05

76 421 12 13 108 13.15 20 115 11.23 40 215 15.50 83 656 10.90

1

10

4.10 12

1.14 11

14

10

29 1031 10.35 1.65 3.32

.82 .82 1.65 1.65 .82
1.65 1.65 1.65
.82
1.65

13 95 12 65 14 80 12 65 20 29 19 19 17 20 14 94 14 49 12 65 13 48 12 75 13 59 12 50 11 75 11 20 12 34 10 80 12 12 11 20 11 32 10 40 12 66 11 70
18 22 16 24 17 86 14 94 15 74 14 74
14 74 12 65 14 62 12 10 11 50 10 60 12 67 11 70 13 08 12 50
17 58 16 44

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

Xa! io),
a
-a uv .S

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

o

h3

Virginia, Carolina Chemi-

cal Co., Richmond, Va., Royal H. G. Guano

G

Charleston, S. C, Atlan- Standard Guano

G

ta, Ga. --Continued

Standard Acid Phosphate with Potash G

Standard Bone and Potash.. .'

G

Standard Bone and Potash

G

Standard Acid Phosphate

(!

Stono Phosphate Co.'s Soluble Guano <!

Jas. G. Tinsley 4 Co.'s Stonewall Guano V

S. W. Travers ct Co.'s Beef, Blood and

Bone Fertilizer

i

Wando Phosphate Co.'s Blood Guano C

W. C. Bradley & Co.'s--

H. G. Soluble Guano

K

29 124 11.48 1.65 2.28 10

16 111 8.80 2.03 4

8

18 1131 8.55

4

8

28 123 10.58

4.37 10

19 114 11

2.52 10

45 167 15.40

14

17 112 10.27 2.03 1.40 9

19 342 10.18 1.87 2.11 8

182 115811.13 1.40 1.43 9

38 838 9.43 1.72 2

8

103 453 11.60 1.50 2.44 10

1.65 2 1.65 2
4 4 2
1.65 1 1.65 2
1.65 1 1.65 2
1.65

41 X

O U
Eo o03

17 43 18 41 11 55 13 18 11 89 12 61 17 09 17 17

16 24 14 94 11 20 12 50 10 80 11 70 11 74 14 94

15 66 14 74 16 10 14 94

17 16 16 24

H. G. Potash Acid

K

H. G. Potash Acid

K

Orr & Co.'s--Blood, Bone and Pot'h Z

Cotton and Grain Grower

Z

Ammoniated Bones

I

Fish, Potash and Bones

T

49 277|11.08

4.24 10

90 452 12

2.16 12

97 630 11 63 1.84 2.45 10

248 916 9 55 2.01 2.80

242 913 11 18 90 2.56

123 1433 10 70 1.65 2.24

L. Y. Gibbs Sons & Co.'s-- Gibbs' H. G. Guano Gibbs' Special Cotton Guano

O

43 1332 10 18 1.65 3.33 9

E 195 952 11 33 1.44 2.06 10

Gibbs' Special Stand'd Cotton Guano E 197 953 8 03 1.74 2.29

Gibbs' Georgia Guano

S

69 762 9.50 1.07 3

Truck Farmers' Special Guano

PP 9 1347 11.25 2.70 4.06 10

W. G. & Co.'s Manipulated Guano E 161 508 9.20 1.65 2.10 8

V. C. C. Co.'s Champion Compound. _. E 166 511 9.60 .95 3.12 8

Georgia Planters' Formula

Z 246 914 12.45 .82 3.86 10

Meal and Potash Mixture

E

37 1498 10.08 1.08 3.84 8

Monroe Guano Oil Mill High Grade

DD 86 743 11.35 1.65 1.28 9 F 31 210 12.85 1.65 2.35 10

Oil Mill Standard

F

69 220 10.08 1.65 2.23 8

Washington Oil Mill Fertilizer

jJ 120 1143 9.43 1.66 2.17 8

Washington Oil Mill H. G. Fertilizer; DD 21 720 10.28 1.75 2.86 10

Warren County Oil Mill H. G. Fertz. CC 35 1136 10.55 2.30 2.87 10

Warren County Oil Mill Standard Fertilizer

106 635 8.73 2.26 2.40 8

1.65 1.65
.82 1.65
1.65 1.05 1.65
.82 3.30 1.65
.82 .82 .82 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65 1.65
1.65

13 40 12 50 12 23 12 10 18 28 16 24 17 81 14 94 15 00 12 85 16 89 14 94
17 48 16 44 16 46 16 24 15 49 14 94 14 85 13 05 22 27 23 38 15 80 14 94 14 62 13 05 16 67 14 35 15 97 13 05 16 49 14 74 18 38 16 24 16 48 14 94 16 03 14 94 17 48 16 24 19 47 16 24
17 76 14 94

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.
Virginia, Carolina Chemical Co., Richmond, Va., Charleston, S. C, Atlanta, Ga.--Continued

NAME OF FERTILIZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED.

a a.
a t- CO
Jz;1-1
_ t
c.2
o3 --
03 [Vj

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertilizer Ingre-

Actually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

J5-3

O

2

~ a >-l

4a

Extra H. G 20th Century Guano._. J

H. G. Grain Fertilizer

Z

H. G. Cotton Fertilizer

z

XXXX Blood and Bone Guano

J

H. G. Fish Guano

I

Chesapeake Fish Guano

K

Jack Thompson's Ammoniated Dis-

solved Bone

O

Imperial Truck Fertilizer

F

H. G. Sea Island Fertilizer

__o

Scoco Guano

KK

86 428 11.48 2.47 3

10

If, 593 12.13 1.50 5.18 10

14 592 12.23 1.44 4.94 10

70 418 10.40 1.90 3.03 9

28 192 11.78 1.65 2.01 10

82 446 11.93 2

1.81 10

1!) 561 10.80 1.23 1.10 13 1288 12.03 3.66 4.26 10 42 1331 10.40 1.65 3.24 9 38 1529 8.48 1.87 2.48 8

2.47 3 1.65 4 1.65 4 1.65 3 1.65 2 1.65 2
1.65 1 3.30 4 1.65 3 1.65 2

0> I

>> . S-ot 2 =

Eo

C_o3 c3

O0 =

20 76 19 83 19 48 18 20 17 40 18 48

19 80 17 94 17 94 16 44 16 24 16 24

14 62 14 74 26 11 23 38 17 55 16 44 16 37 14 94

Wilcox, Ives & Co., Savannah, Ga

Leffler's Special Ammon'ted Dissolved

Bone

M

Leffler's Special Compound

S

Complete Cane Fertilizer

M

Double Potash Formula

O

Fruit and Vine

M

Old Dominion Potato Manure

M

Peerless Pineapple Producer

uu

10 and 4 Bone and Potash

F

H. G. 13-4 Special Potash Formula. __ W

H. G. 15-3 Special Potash Formula G

Premium Potash Compound

B

Phoenix Bone and Potash Compound _ K

Coachman's Special

E

Acid Phosphate

J

Premium H. G. Acid Phosphate

K

Muriate of Potash

S

Nitrate of Soda

F

German Kainit

G

Cotton Seed Meal

0

Manure Salts

J

Southern States Stand'd Amo'td Bone E AAAA Triple Potash Ammo'ted Bone CC

48 1271 8.65 1.65 2.32 8

43 751 10.68 .82 3

10

22 305 9.13 3.62 3.06 8

58 1337 9.95 1.50 5.62 8

73 1278 8.25 1.80 8.14 6

38 1269 8.55 3.88 7.52 7

13 1393 4.65 4

6.93 5

94 940 10.88

4.36 10

3 349 13.05

4.87 13

63 162 16.23

3.39 15

27 97 13.55

2.30 12

84 447 13.28

5.93 12

216 1233 16.35

6.86 14

57 412 17.40

16

73 444 16

16

23 528

51.04

78 939

15.72

31 125

12.24

79 1500

5.46

138

20.81

174 1542 9.08 1.66 2.42 8 16 1134 9.73 1.58 3.34 9

1.65 2 .82 3
3.30 2 1.65 4 2.06 10 4.12 8 4.12 6
4 4 3 2 4 8
48 1485
12 6.18
20
1.65 2 1.65 3

15 63 14 94 14 79 14 35 23 07 20 38 18 78 16 64 20 82 21 7!) 27 34 27 51 24 70 24 54 13 37 12 50 15 21 14 45 16 02 14 90 13 35 12 10 16 26 13 80 19 05 18 50 13 81 13 00 13 00 13 00 43 38 40 80 51 87 49 00 0 40 10 20 21 29 23 (17 17 68 17 00
16 02 14 94 16 96 16 11

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers for Season of 1904-1905.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

NAME OF 1F.RTII.IZER OR CHEMICAL REGISTERED

S -
3 a
c.s
w
t

5

Fertilizer Ingredients Fertt izer IngreActually Found by dients Claimed by

State Chemist.

Manufacturers.

3

>. HO .

o .

O

O-o C3

0J ^

,O2

.r-axo:


o

1-3

m

v> M

o b.

<-

O PH

Wilcox, Ives & Co., Sa-

vannah, G.a.-- Cont

Egyptian Stand'd Ammoniated Bone _!jj 26 1224! 10.80 1.22 1.59 10

.83 1

Chilian Standard Ammoniated Bone JJ 19 1220 9.10 1.84 2.54 8 1.65 2

10-4 Compound

CC 8 1131 10.33

10

4

XXXX Dissolved Bone Acid Phosp'te JJ 20 1221 15.25

15

Willingham C. B., Macon,

Ga

Hub Guano

87 1369 10

2.05 3.24 10 1.65 2

Willineham's 11. (!. Acid

5 518 14.80

14

Walton Oil Co., Social Cir-

cle, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

DO 115 1510

6.06

6.18 __

Woodbury Oil Mill, Wood

bury, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal

N 5.5 771

6.62

6.18!,,.

W. W. Wright * Co., Jack-

son, Ga

W. & C.'s H. G. Guano-

C

48 548 10.85 1.65 2.20 10 1.65 2

2

g^ .

S.5 o

E5

g o3 cj

o33

14 99 16 73 12 71 12 51

12 68 14 94 12 50 12 35

18 61 16 24 12 22 11 70

23 28 23 67

25 12 23 67

16 97 16 24

W. & C.'s S. G. Guano

C

Winder Oil Mill, Winder,

Ga

Winder H. G. Guano.

EE

Cotton Seed Meal

FF

Walker Bros., Griffin, Ga_. Cotton Seed Meal

N

Wilkinson Co. Fertz. Co.,

Toombsboro, Ga

Wilkinson Co. Champion Guano

S

Wilkinson Co. H. G. Guano

S

Wilkinson Co. Acid Phosphate...

X

Wilkinson Co. Acid Phosphate and Pot-

ash.

X

Wholesale Mercantile and

Cotton Co., Cartersville,

Ga

Terrapin

W

Warthen & Irvin, Sanders-

ville, Ga

Standard Guano

s

Johnson's Piide.

s

Yow & Cooper, Avalon, (la. Avalon Scientific Special

R

Avalon H. G. Acid Phosphate-

II

Yovv & McMurray, Lavonia,

Ga

Climax.

R

Acme .

R

Young Oil & Mill Co.,

Wrens, Ga

Cotton Seed Meal.

V

47 547 9.93 1.65 2.06 8

58 1081 10.95 1.99 2

10

59 1082

7.04

41 707

6.18

122 1487 10.03 1.45 2

8

123 1488 11.25 1.26 2.01 10

29 064 14.53

14

20 662 10.35

4.40 10

110 1216 11.28 1.70 2.12 10

120 1485 9.15 1.65 2.36 8

119 1484 9.85 1.45 3

8

93 806 10.75 1.65 2.56 9

53 1246 16

16

29 586 11.60 1.65 2.68 10 107 814 9.65 1.79 2.69 8

5 362 3.62

5.24

1.65 2 15 65 14 94

1.65 2 6.18 6.18

17 97 16 24 26 50 23 07 23 67 23 67

1.65 2 1.65 2

15 60 14 94 15 77 16 24 12 04 11 70

4 13 06 12 50

1.65 2 17 34 10 24

1.65 2 1 3 1.65 2

15 98 14 94 16 33 13 05 17 19 15 59 13 00 13 00

1.65 2 1.65 2

17 85 16 24 17 05 14 94

6.18 .... 20 57 23 67

Bone Meal.
The agricultural value of Bone Meal is largely dependent on the fineness to which it has been ground; therefore the following values based on the results of crop experiments are assigned to bone-meals of two different degrees of fineness. The nitrogen of bone-meal which passes through a sieve with perforations 1-50 an inch in diameter is valued at $3.30 a unit, coarser than that is valued at $2.00 a unit. The phosphoric acid of bone meal finer than 1-50 inch is valued at 65c. a unit, coarser than that at 50c. a unit.

Inspectors' Number.
Laboratory Number.
Bone Meal finer than 1-50 of an inch. Phosphoric Acid in fine Bone Meal. Phosphoric Acid in Coarse Bone Meal. Nitrogen in Fine Bone
Meal. Commercial Value Actually Found by
Analysis.

BY WHOM REGISTERED AND PLACE
OF BUSINESS.

NAME REGISTERED UNDER.

a 1
m<u a> a>

Baugh & Sons' Co., )

Baltimore, Md.

\ Baugh'a War'ted Pure Bone Meal ,1 46 410 58.00 12.88 9.32 2.49 l.Sl $24.87

Guaranteed analysis Total Phosphoric Acid 21.00; Nitrogen 3.70.

Peruvian Guanod:
All of the phosphoric acid in these guanos is claimed to be available. This is very probably the case from an agricultural standpoint, but, for the benefit of those who prefer also to know the availability of the phosphoric acid as shown by chemical analysis, that value is also given.

Available Phosphoric Acid. Nitrogen Commercial Value Found
for all constituents by
Chemical Analysis. Commercial
Value Claimed by Manufac-
turers. Commercial Value if all Phosphoric Acid be Avail-
able.

. 12
BD

"BY WHOM REGISTERED

O S.

Si

PL, a

4

NAME REGISTERED UNDER. AND PLACE OF BUSINESS.

8.1

gs
.2 3

o3 0

O

,3*

Baugh & Sons' Co., ) Lobos Peruvian Guano Baltimore, Md. \

M S 2115 26.80 20.20 2.72 3.00 $27 26 ' $25 75 $31 55

19.00

2.50 3.00

The number of bran Is inspected, analyzed and placed jpon the m-arket for each season since the organization of the Department is as follows:

For the season of 1874-5

For the season of 1875-6

For the season of 1876-7

For the season of 1877-8

For the season of 1878-9

For the season of 1879-80

For the season of 1880-1

For the season of 1881-2

For the season of 1882-3

For the season of 1883-4

For the season of 1884-5

For the season of 1885-6

For the season of 1886-7

For the season of 1887-8

For the season of 1888-9

_

For the season of 1889-90

For the season of 1890-1

For the season of 1891-2

For the season of 1892-3

For the season of 1893-4

For the season of 1894-5

For the season of 1895-6

For the season of 1896-7

,

For the season of 1897-8

1

For the season of 1898-9

For the season of 1899-1900

For the season of 1900-1

For the season of 1901-2

For the season of 1902-3

For the season of 1903-4

For the season of 1904-5

110 brands 101 brands 125 brands 127 brands: 162 brands 182 brands 226 brands 270 brands 354 brands 336 brands 369 brands 345 brands 322 brands 337 brands 355 brands 440 brands 492 brands* 608 brands*. 598 brands* 736 brands* 874 brands* 1062 brands* 1178 brands* 1300 brands* 779 brands 699 brands '640 brands 735 brands 895 brands 1241 brands 1352 brands

The number of brands marked with a star are incorrect and misleading, as in the season of 1897-8, 843 brands were inspected, analyzed and admitted to sale, and not 1300.

1 COMPARATIVE TRADE IN FERTILIZERS.
The following table shows the number of tons inspected for each of the last thirty seasons:

There were inspected during the season of 1874-5

.48.648.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1875-S

55,316.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1876-7

75,824.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1877-8 -

93,178.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1878-9 - , .. .85,049.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1879-80 _

119,583.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 18S0-1 _

152,424.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1881-2

125,327.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1882-3

125,377.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1883-4

151,849.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1884-5

170,153.05 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1885-6

. -160,705 00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1886-7

166,078.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1887-8

208,007.39 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1888-9

202,869.36 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1889-90

288,112.30 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1900-1

306,734.00 tons

There were inspected during the season of 1901-2

296,342.00 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1892-3 for

307,519.30 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1893-4 for

315,612.00 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1894-5 for

226,532.20 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1895-6 for . . -335,617.80 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1896-7 for

401,979.10 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1897-8 for

424,081.00 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1898-9 for

342,869.30 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1899-1900 for

412,755.50 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1900-1 for

478,817.70 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1901-2 for

493,808.02 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1902-3 for

628,484.3 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1903-4 for

689,916.5 tons

Tags were sold during the season of 1904-5 for

713,582 00 tons

fr-14

GEORGIA State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 12.

SEPTEMBER, 1904.

THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL

By WILMON NEWELL

CAPITOL BUILDING

Atlanta, Ga.

Georgia State Board of Entomology.
BULLETIN NO. 12--SEPTEMBER, I 904.
THE MEXICAN COTTON BOLL WEEVIL. (Anthoiiomus grandis Boh.)
There are at present but few farmers in the South who have not heard of the cotton boll weevil of Texas. It is doubtful if any insect has within recent years threatened such widespread destruction, and certain it is, that no insect problem has been more difficult of solution than the problem presented by this little weevil from Mexico. The interest manifested throughout the cotton-growing states, in the progress being made by the weevil in its spread, and in the many attempts made to combat it, is universal. Well may it be so, for since the arrival of this pest in the Texas cotton fields about
Fig. 1. Adult Cotton Boll Weevil, Much Enlarged. (After Sanderson, Proc. Second An. Session Texas Cotton Convention.)

214

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

twelve years ago, it has caused the Texas planters a loss aggregating not less than $75,000,000. Dr. L. O. Howard, Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, estimated the loss to the Texas cotton crop,
due to this insect, at $15,000,000 for the year 1903 alone. Estimates made by cotton statisticians and by promi-
nent Texas cotton planters placed the estimate of dam-
age much higher than this. So far as can be seen at present, this pest will ulti-
mately reach all parts of the cotton belt, and estimates made by prominent authorities place the possible ultimate damage at $250,000,000.00 annually. The prospect
of such a loss to the main crop of the South is appalling, and not only those directly interested in the cotton industry, but legislators as well, are giving the problem careful thought and attention. During the winter of 1903-04, the State Legislature of Mississippi appropriated $10,000 to be used in enforcing quarantine measures intended to prevent the entrance of the boll weevil into that State. The State Legislature of Louisiana, convened in special session for the purpose, appropriated $25,000 for a quarantine system against this pest, which is perhaps the most stringent quarantine ever inaugurated against any insect. The State Legislature of Georgia has not been asleep to the possible danger of introducing this insect into Georgia, and during the session of 1904 the General Assembly passed an Act including suitable quarantine measures against the introduction of this pest, and also appropriating a sum of $10,000 per annum for the use of the State Board of Entomology. While this sum of $10,000 is to be used for all the work of the Board, including inspection of nurseries, control of fruit tree insects and diseases, investigations of insects and diseases of garden and field crops, printing and distribution of bulletins upon injurious insects and methods of controlling them, etc.,
as much of this sum as may be necessary will be used for enforcing the quarantine measures against the boll

BULLETIN NO. 12

215

weevil, and in preventing in every way possible the
introduction of this pest into Georgia.
In addition to the appropriation of $10,000, which does not become available for use until January 1st, 1905, the Legislature appropriated a special sum of $2,000.00, made immediately available, in order that the quarantine might be made effective at once, that the Entomologist might take steps to determine whether the boll weevil already occurs in the State, and to disseminate information among the cotton planters regarding this insect.
A portion of this same fund of $2,000.00 is being used for an investigation of the "Black Root"* disease of cotton, and for the investigation of other cotton diseases.
The State Board of Entomology has already distributed copies of this law to all transportation companies operating in this State, has investigated a considerable number of reported occurrences of the boll weevil in Georgia, and is at present engaged in locating so far as possible all localities in Georgia to which agricultural products from Texas--especially cotton products--have been shipped within recent years. All such localities are carefully inspected to determine if the boll weevil is present. While no boll weevils have been found in Georgia up to the present time, yet it is still too early in the investigation to draw any conclusions along this line. It must be remembered that the State Entomologist has not heretofore been furnished with any funds or means for systematically investigating the various reported occurrences of the boll weevil in Georgia, and as the average cotton planter in this State has never seen a boll weevil and would not therefore be likely to recognize it should it appear in his fields, we are not yet prepared to even guess at what may, or may not, occur in the cotton fields of Georgia.
In this work of preventing, if possible, the introduc-
*Neocosmospora vasinfecta (Atk.)

216

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

tion of the boll weevil into Georgia, one of the main objects of the Board of Entomology is to thoroughly familiarize the cotton planters of the State with the appearance of this insect, its mode of attack, etc., in order that they may be on the constant lookout for it. If its first appearance can be promptly detected--and it will appear sooner or later--the chances of exterminating it, or at least of materially reducing its rate of spread, will be greatly increased. The Board must of necessity depend largely upon the hearty co-operation of the planters throughout the State if its efforts along this line are to meet with success.
The present bulletin aims to give only the main facts regarding the boll weevil problem, and by the descriptions and illustrations herein to enable the cotton planter to readily distinguish the boll weevil from all, or nearly all, of the insects resembling it. All planters should watch their cotton fields closely and carefully examine any new or unusual insects that may be found upon the cotton plants. In the case of insects which may so closely resemble the boll weevil as to make their identity uncertain, specimens should be sent to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga., in a tightly closed tin or wooden box. The Entomologist will at all times be glad to inform the sender of the identity of such insects.
The question of remedies are not discussed at any length in this Bulletin for the reason that the pest has not yet been found in Georgia and space can be more profitably devoted to a description of the insect. When the weevil does appear, will be the time for a long and tedious discussion of the measures that have been tried against it with partial success--or as has more often been the case--with no success at all.
HISTORICAL.
Aside from its occurrence in Texas, the boll weevil occurs in Mexico and Cuba. One of these countries, probably Mexico, is undoubtedly the original home of the insect. The boll weevil was first described in 1843

BULLETIN NO. 12

217

from specimens obtained from Vera Cruz, and in 1871 the boll weevil was recorded as occurring at Cardenas in Cuba. The first injury to cotton by this species appears to have been in 1848 in the State of Coahuila in Mexico, although there is some little question whether the damage may not have been caused by the boll worm or the cotton caterpillar.*
In 1885 the boll weevil was received at the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, from northern Mexico. It made its first appearance near Brownsville, Texas, about 1892, having doubtless crossed the Rio Grande Biver in unginned cotton or in cotton seed. Without going into detail, the subsequent history of the insect's progress may be summed up by saying that it has spread at the average rate of about fifty miles a

Fig. 2. Adult Boll Weevil upon a Flared Cotton Square. (From a photograph by E. Dwight Sanderson, State Entomologist of Texas.)
year until now the infested region embraces the greater portion of the cotton-growing area of Texas, and the pest has been found in two or three localities in western
*Hunter, W. D., Bulletin 45, Div. of Entomology, p. 11.

218

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Louisiana. In the case of the latter every possiblemeans has been adopted to exterminate the pest and to prevent its further spread. The efforts of Prof. H. A. Morgan, State Entomologist of Louisiana, along this line, have been attended with remarkable success and in several instances it appears that the insect has actually been exterminated in the case of several limited infestations.

DESCEIPTION OF THE BOLL WEEVIL.
THE ADULT WEEVIL.

The adult boll weevil is a brownish beetle varying in length from one-eighth to five-sixteenths of an inch, and measuring usually slightly over one-sixteenth of an inch across the body at the widest part. The weevil is provided with a long "snout" or "proboscis" and is not unlike the common acorn weevil in appearance. It is not by any means a far-distant relative of the chestnut weevil, the plum curculio and a number of other common weevils with which almost everyone is familiar. The adult boll weevils vary considerably in size as is shown in Figure 4. In color the boll weevils vary from

Fig. 4. A Series of Adult Boll Weevils, Showing Variation in Size.. (After Sanderson, Proc. Second An. Session Tex. Cotton Conv.)
a light gray to a dark chocolate brown or black. As a usual thing, the older the weevil the darker in color it becomes, owing to the miaute hairs or scales wearing off the body-surface. Under an ordinary magnifying glass the weevil is seen to be covered with minute scales, closely resembling hairs. The "elytra" or wing-cov-

BULLETIN NO. 12

219

ers (in the case of beetles what appear to be the forewings are in reality developments of the chitinous bodycovering which cover the true wings, but these "elytra" are not used in flight) are also seen to be finely lined, the fine lines or ridges running lengthwise of the body. By far the most reliable character in distinguishing a boll
weevil from other similar weevils is the presence of two small spines upon the interior of the femur ("upper joint") of the fore-leg. One of these spines is considerably larger than the other. These two spines are not found upon the fore-legs of any other of our common weevils although the occurrence of a single spine is com-
mon to many different weevils. The adult boll weevils pass the winter in trash, rub-
bish grass, old cotton bolls, and similar material about the infested fields, and also in the leaves and trash of timber lands. These hibernating weevils leave such quarters in the spring, at about the time the first cotton is above ground and beginning to form squares, and having fasted since the previous autumn, begin to feed to a considerable extent upon the tender buds and stems of the young cotton plants. As noted above, the weevd has a long beak, at the end of which is a pair of small but very strong mandibles. With these mandibles the outer layer of the cotton bud or square is torn off, the beak inserted into the softer tissue beneath and this latter actually consumed. Punctures are made in a similar way bv the females in which to deposit eggs, as well as for "feeding, but according to Prof. W. D. Hunter, the punctures made for feeding are usually much larger and deeper than those made for receiving the eggs.*

THE EGG.

The egg of the boll weevil is described by Prof. W. E. Hinds as being pearly white in color, elliptical in form, and about .8 mm. (approximately one-thirtieth of an
*Loc. cit. p. 38.

220

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

inch) in length by .5 mm. wide.* The egg is deposited by the female weevil in punctures made in squares or bolls for that purpose. Within the square or boll the egg is well protected from parasites and other enemies. An egg is shown among the anthers in an unopened square in Fig. 6, the position of the egg being indicated by the arrow.

Fig. 6. Unopened Cotton Bloom, Showing Egg of Boll Weevil among the Anthers, Much Enlarged. (After Sanderson, Proc. See. An. Session Texas Cot. Conv.)

The duration of the egg stage varies with the temperature and the time of season. Messrs. Hunter and Hinds have found that during September the egg stage, from time of deposition to hatching, lasts from 2% to 3 days, but that in November when the weather is cooler the egg stage averages from 3'/l> to 4 days.f As a rule the females deposit only one egg in a square or form and more than one is rarely deposited in the same square unless as i's the case during middle and late summer, squares are not produced upon the plants fast enough to accommodate the many females then in the fields. In such cases the eggs are frequently deposited in the

*Hinds, W. E., Bui. 45, Division of Entomology, p <?0

\Loc. eit. p. 21.

6 '*

BULLETIN NO. 12

221

young bolls and sometimes more than one egg is deposited in a single square. As long as there are plenty of uninfested squares in the cotton field there is little or no egg deposition in the bolls. Owing to the difficulties of observation, it is hard to say just what is the general average number of eggs deposited by each female, but Professor W, E. Hinds made careful and accurate observations upon several females, all of which deposited over
225 egg's each.f

THE LARVA.

The larva which

hatches from the

egg within t h e

square or boll, is a

white footless

"grub" with a

brownish colored

head and a pair of

very substantial

mandibles, with

which it proceeds to

feed upon the tissue

Fig. 7. Larva or Grub of Boll Weevil, surrounding it. The

Much Enlarged. (After Sanderson, Proc. entire larval stage

Sec. Ann. Ses. Tex. Cot. Conv.)

is passed within the

square, form or boll in which the egg is deposited, as is also the next or pupal stage. The larva enlarges rapidly after hatching from the egg and by the time it has reached maturity has eaten the greater part of the contents of the average-sized square. During mid-summer the larval stage varies from 6 to 8 days, while in early summer and in autumn it is longer. Prof. Hunter found that during November and December the larval
stage averaged from 20 to 30 days. One of the first indications of infestation by boll
weevil is the flaring of the involucre or "shuck" surrounding the square. This opening of the involucre

tBul. 45, Div. of Entomology, p. 58.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

takes place usually a short time after the larva hatches from the egg and a few days later the infested square is shed by the plant. A characteristic flared square is

^.^
Fig. 8. Boll Weevil Larva- within Cotton Squares. (After a photo by E. Dwight Sanderson.)
shown in Fig-. 2 and also in Figure 12. The presence of boll weevils in any considerable numbers in a cotton field is always accompanied by a profuse shedding of squares. However the latter are often shed on account

Fig. 9. Boll Weevil Larvae within Cotton Bolls. (After a photo by E. Dwight Sanderson).

BULLETIN NO. 12

223

of certain weather conditions, but in this case no insects or larvae are likely to be found within them if they are examined soon after falling. Injury from almost any cause will result in the shedding of squares, and squares which have been eaten into by the boll worm (not boll weevil) are of course shed by the plants. (See Figure 21 ) The presence of white larvae within shed squares or forms should be regarded with suspicion and all such should be carefully examined. In cotton fields badly infested by the boll weevil the feeding punctures and the punctures made for egg deposition cause the squares to shed as fast as formed and before they have any opportunity to develop into bolls.
THE PUPA.

Fig. 10. Pnpsr of Mexican Boll Weevil. (After Sanderson, Proc. Sec. An. Ses. Texas Cot. Conv.)
When the larva has completed its growth it ceases to feed, becomes shorter and broader and enters the "pupal stage," during which it takes no food.
The future proboscis, legs and other parts now begin to appear. The pupa^ are well illustrated m Fig. 10. This stage lasts from 3 to 6 days in mid-summer and is longer at the approach of cold weather. The pupa changes into the adult boll weevil, which emerges from the square or boll (See Fig. 12) and although light in

224

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

color and soft-bodied upon emergence from the square, it soon becomes darker, the body-covering hardens and

Fig. 11. Boll Weevils within Cotton Squares, Ready to Emerge. (After a photo by E. Dwight Sanderson).
the weevil takes its first meal as a fitting celebration of its safe arrival at. maturity.

Fig. 12. Adult Boll Weevil Emerging from Square within which it Developed. (After a photo by E. Dwight Sanderson.)
BATE OF INCREASE AND DESTBITCTIVENESS.
From the foregoing it will be seen that during midsummer the time elapsing between egg deposition and

BULLETIN NO. 12

225

the arrival of the weevils at the adult stage may vary from 12 to 18 days. If an average allowance of 6 days be made for the time elapsing between emergence and the beginning of egg deposition by the adult, a generation may be produced every 18 to 30 days. During late autumn the period of development is of course much lengthened. Upon facts obtained by actual observation in the infested cotton fields of Texas, Prof. W. D. Hunter estimates that the progeny of a single pair of boll weevils may in a season reach 134 millions of individ-
uals.*

Fig. 13. Cotton Squares from which Boll Weevils have Emerged after Reaching the Adult Stage. (From a photograph by E. Dwight Sanderson.)
As each female during her lifetime deposits eggs in each of from 100 to 200 squares, all of which are prevented from making bolls, the magnitude of the destruction will be readily understood.
At the approach of frost in the autumn, the adult weevils seek suitable quarters in which to pass the winter. For the most part rubbish about the cotton fields, leaves in timber lands, grass, partially opened bolls, etc., are selected. In the case of baled cotton which is lying on the ground about gin houses during the autumn, boll
Yearbook, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1903, p. 205.
fr-15

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

weevils are likely to enter the bagging, and if the bale is subsequently moved to other localities the hibernating weevils may be carried with it. During autumn there is also a possibility of weevils, which are seeking hibernating quarters, entering bales of hay, straw, etc., in the infested region. During the hibernating period the boll weevil is in a semi-dormant condition in which it can survive for several months without any food, and during this time it is possible for it to be transported, many miles to new or uninfested localities. In the weevil-infested sections of Texas, boll weevils are found abundant in the cotton seed at ginhouses, as well as in cotton seed hulls. As would naturally be expected, the shipment of these cotton products is often found to be the means of distributing the boll weevil to new localities.
There is a possibility, and even probability, of the weevil being transported in baled hay, straw, etc., when the latter is shipped from the infested section during the fall, winter, or early spring. During the summer months there is practically no danger of the weevils being transported in hay, straw, etc., as at that season the boll weevils are seeking the growing cotton in cotton fields, and have no occasion whatever to enter hay, rubbish, etc.
Skilled entomologists who have carefully studied the boll weevil problem are agreed that there is practically no danger of transporting the weevil in shipments of seed oats, thrashed wheat, etc., during July, August and September, as these grains are harvested at a season when the weevils are in the cotton fields and are not seeking hibernating quarters. In any event, thrashed grain would not offer suitable hibernating quarters for the weevil, and the writer questions whether boll weevils would voluntarily enter thrashed grain for the purpose of hibernating, even were it readily accessible to them.

BULLETIN NO. 12

227

EEMEDIES.
As intimated on a former page of this article, it is not our intention to discuss remedies at this point, as this subject can best be left until the boll weevil is actually discovered in Georgia, and by that time (let us hope) there may be more efficient remedies at hand than are known to-day. To sum up briefly the remedial measures as practiced and advocated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, we may say that the production of cotton in the weevil infested sections is dependent upon using an early maturing variety, planting it early and cultivating it thoroughly so as to force it to an early maturity. By this plan a considerable number of bolls are set upon the plants before the weevils become abundant enough by July 15th or August 1st to destroy all squares as fast as they are formed. In this way a "profit- returning" crop of cotton can be made in spite of the weevil, but if the same improved methods oi culture and improved varieties were used under the same conditions without the weevil being present, doubtless from 25 to 50 per cent, more cotton would be made. In any event, and under any devisable system of cultivation the advent of the boll weevil must bring with it an actual and heavy loss.

THE RELATION OF BIRDS TO THE BOLL WEEVIL PROBLEM.

While the entomologist is trying in every way possible to prevent the introduction of the boll weevil into Georgia, it also behooves the planter himself to do something in anticipation of the problem which he will sooner or later have to confront. It may be one year, or it may be twenty, before the boll weevil appears in Georgia, but if any measures can be taken now, by which the ravages of this insect can be lessened when it does appear, the resulting good to the cotton interests of the State could hardly be overestimated. Such precautions

228

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

lie within the reach of the Georgia farmers. While without doubt, many birds feed to a greater or less extent upon boll weevils, there are two species at least
that are of incalculable value in this respect. These are the common partridge or Bobwhite* and the field lark.f The partridge or quail is a feeder upon both vegetable
and animal matter. While weed seeds and grains make up the bulk of its food in winter, during the summer its food consists mainly of insects. Among these insects is included the boll weevil. Dr. Judd records an instance of a quail having eaten 47 boll weevils during a single morning,| this fact being determined by an examination of the bird's stomach after being shot. The quails are with us during the entire year and while the most good would be expected from them during the summer when the weevils are active, still it is not at all unlikely that they obtain many of the hibernating weevils during the winter, when the birds are constantly engaged in scratching up leaves, trash, etc., in their search for food.
In the case of the field lark, the writer while in Texas during 1902 knew of a case where the stomachs of field larks, shot in a cotton field, were examined. In the stomach of one field lark the remains of 27 boll weevils were found and in the stomach of another 14 were found. It is true that the field lark is rarely with us during the entire year, but it is usually abundant in spring when the boll weevils would be emerging from winter quarters and again in the fall and winter when the weevils are in hibernating quarters. The field lark is mainly a ground feeder, searching over meadows and fields for its food and without doubt many boll weevils are destroyed by it in the weevil-infested sections.
The benefits derived from these birds--so far as the boll weevil problem is concerned--will depend entirely upon their abundance, and if they are plentiful when
*Colinus virginianus. \Sturnella magna. t Yearbook U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1903, p. 196.

BULLETIN NO. 12

2-29

the boll weevil reaches Georgia the ravages of the latter will be lessened considerably. Natural enemies of the boll weevil are scarce, and when an opportunity thus presents itself for allowing two of the weevil's natural enemies to increase before the weevil arrives, it should not be neglected. We do not hesitate to say that the killing of partridges and field larks in Georgia should be absolutely prohibited by legislative action at once, and that competent game wardens should be provided to see that such a law is strictly complied with. We are well aware that such a proposed action upon the part of the Legislature would be vigorously opposed by sportsmen and perhaps by some farmers, but should the interests of the cotton industry be jeopardized in order to furnish pleasure and recreation for a select few? The farmer, even under the existing law, can prevent the killing of birds upon his premises. The question is, will the farmer open his eyes to his own interests and proceed to prevent the destruction of quails and field larks upon his plantation, in order that they may increase to the point of abundance where they will render him most valuable service ?
Unless the farmer does protect these birds, the day will come when he will regret that he has not done so, and it may not be at all surprising if that regret is made all the more intense by the knowledge that his cotton crop is being materially reduced by the attacks of the boll weevil.

230

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

INSECTS FREQUENTLY MISTAKEN FOR THE BOLL WEEVIL.
Many Georgia cotton planters, with commendable zeal, have closely observed the insects occurring in their cotton, fields within the past year, and as a result have discovered many kinds of insects the existence of which was previously unknown to Fig. 14. Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil,
them Many of these Anthonomous grandis, Boh. (After Hun-
,nave ' -b, een mi st. aki en Ater,' B> ui. 45,' Div. of Ent., U. 8. De. pt. of for boll weevils. In order to assist the farmer in recognizing the more common of these, a number of species are illustrated on the following pages, and the differences by which they are distinguished from the boll weevil, pointed out. In most cases the illustrations will make this difference clear, without any added description. All of the insects mentioned have been sent to the Entomologist within the past few months, the senders believing them to be boll weevils. For convenient comparison the genuine boll weevil is shown in Figure 14.*
THE COWPEA-POD WEEVIL.
(Chalcodermus aeneus Boh.)
This little beetle, which is supposed to breed in the pods of cowpeas, is about the same size as the boll weevil, but is a jet black color. The body-surface is smooth shining black, and instead of the wing-covers being finely lined as in the case of the boll weevil, both elytra and thorax are covered with minute impressions.
*The drawings of this and other insects upon subsequent pages, are much enlarged. The single black line at the side of each drawing is, however, the same length as the specimen from which the drawing was made.

BULLETIN NO. 12

231

The use of an ordinary hand magnifying glass will readily distinguish this weevil from the boll weevil. Where cotton follows cowpeas the adult cowpea-pod weevils sometimes attack the young cotton plants soon after they come up, and do considerable damage.

Pig. 15. Cowpea-pod Weevil. (After Chittenden, Bui. 45, Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agr.)
THE ACORN AND CHESTNUT WEEVILS.
The acorn weevil, the chestnut weevil, and other nut-feeding weevils, all of which closely resemble each other, are discovered from time to time upon cotton plants. It is extremely likely that their occurrence upon cotton is purely accidental, as when F.^ lg Acorn Weevil; Baianinus Vict0rCOtton is growing near iensis Chit. (After Chittenden, Bui. 44, or under chestnut or Div. of Ent., u. s. Dept. of Agr.) oak trees. In any event, no damage to cotton need be apprehended from them. A weevil which is typical of the appearance of this group of insects is shown in Figure 16.

132

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE BLOOD-WEED WEEVILS.

During the winter a careful ex-

amination of the stems of ragweed

or blood-weed about almost any

field will reveal the presence of long

slim weevils in the pith or interior

of the stalks. These are the blood-

weed weevils, of which there are

several species. They are readily

distinguished from the boll weevil

by the fact that they are long and

wFi^i lb tereHunterf

BuBi!lPo4o5d,"7Dfivfd.

slim> as shown in the illustration (Figure 17.) The majority of these

of Ent., u. s. r>ept. of blood-weed weevils are one-half

inch or more in length while the boll

weevil is ordinarily about one-fourth inch in length and

of an entirely different shape.

OTHER SNOUT BEETLES.

The plum gouger, Ful-

ler's rose beetle, the im-

bricated snout beetle and

even so common an insect

as the plum curculio have

been mistaken for boll wee-

vils. None of these feed

upon cotton and when

i'ig. 18. Imbricated Snout Beetle, found upon cotton plants Epicaerus imbrimtus Say. (After or among cotton seed their

Chittencien Bui. 45, Div. of Ent., u. occurrence in such places

S. Dept. of Agr.)

^
must be considered as acci-

dental. The imbricated snout beetle is shown in

Figure 18.

BULLETIN NO. 12

233

CLICK BEETLES.

Every country schoolboy is

acquainted with the long, flat-

tened snapping beetles, which

when laid upon their backs,

"snap" violently into the air.

During mid-summer these snap-

Fig. 19. Click Beetle, Monocrepidiu s vespertinus. . (From Chittenden, Bui. 45, Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agr.)

ping beetles are occasionally found in cotton bolls which have been injured by the boll worm. They seem to be present for the purpose of feeding on the de-

caying tissue and exudations following the attacks of

the boll worm. We think it extremely improbable that

they are responsible for any damage to cotton, as we

have never learned of their attacking healthy bolls or

squares. Their shape, as well as their habit of "snap-

ping," when laid upon their backs upon a level surface,

will readily enable anyone to distinguish them from the

boll weevil.

THE COTTON SHARPSHOOTER.

It seems strange that an insect which is not a weevil at all or which is not even a beetle, should be mistaken for a boll weevil.
The cotton sharp shooter, shown in Figure 20, is about one-half inch in

Fig. 20. Cotton Sharpshooter, Homalodisca iri-

&.

anC*

1S

quetra. (After Eiley & Howard in Insect Life), not infrequently

234

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

found upon cotton, which it injures by puncturing both the young growth and the squares and forms. The insect is very agile, running to the opposite side of the cotton stem when approached, and flies readily. It is not easily captured, and this fact alone will always relieve the planter's mind of any fear that it may be a boll weevil. Ordinarily the real boll weevils can be picked from the plants or squares without any precaution being taken to avoid their escape.

THE COTTON BOLL WORM.
(Seliothis armiger.)

Fig. 21. Cotton Squares Injured by Boll Worm Larvae. (Photo by E. I. Smith.)

BULLETIN NO. 12

235

There is a tendency on the part of some persons, not familiar with insects, to confuse the names "boll weevil '' and '' boll worm,'' believing that these terms apply to one and the same insect. As a matter of fact they are entirely distinct and separate insects belonging to two widely separated Orders or groups.
The parent of the boll worm is a moth, not likely to be taken for a boll weevil by even the most unobserving. The attacks of the boll worm larva? upon the cotton squares or bolls often give rise to reported occurrences of the boll weevil. The attack of the nearly-grown boll worm upon the bolls, takes the form of distinct holes, which are about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, made usually in the base or side of the boll. No such injury as this is ever made by a boll weevil. The holes eaten into squares by the very young boll worms may, however, be confused with the holes made in squares by adult boll weevils when the latter emerge. Squares injured by young boll worms are shown in Figure 21. In the case of injury of this kind, a careful search will usually reveal the young boll worm in the act of eating into the square, or even eating within it. The boll worm larva is readily separated from the boll weevil larva. The young boll worm is supplied with legs whereas the boll weevil larva is a footless grub, white in color, and incapable of crawling from square to square as the young boll worms do.

THE GEORGIA BOLL WEEVIL QUARANTINE LAW.
The following Sections from an Act of the General Assembly of the State of Georgia approved August 15th, 1904, are given for the information of transportation companies, planters and others interested.

236

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SECTION 15.--It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly bring
into the State of Georgia any living Mexican Boll Weevil, or any cotton bolls, squares, plants or seeds containing the adult, pupal, larval or
egg stage of said Mexican Boll Weevil unless the person shall immediately upon its discovery at once destroy the same or turn over the
same to the State Entomologist. Violation of this Section shall be punished as provided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.
SECTION 16.--No cotton seed, seed cotton, cotton seed hulls or cotton lint, in bales or loose shall be brought into this State from any points in the States of Texas and Louisiana, or from any other point in any other State or country wherein the Mexican Boll Weevil is known to exist, without having attached thereto in a prominent and conspicuous manner, a certificate signed by a duly authorized State or Governmental Entomologist stating that said cotton seed, seed cotton, cottonseed hulls or cotton lint, was grown in and that the shipment of same originated in, a locality where by actual inspection by said official or his agent, the Mexican Boll Weevil was not found to exist. Any Steamship, Railroad or Express Company or other common carrier, or any firm, person or corporation bringing into this State any of the articles above mentioned, without the specified certificate attached, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. In case any common carrier enumerated violates this Section then the General Manager of such Common Carrier or the Captain of such offending vessel shall be deemed guilty and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.
SECTION 17.--No oats, hay, fodder, husks, straw, forage of any kind, corn in the husk, or shipments of nursery stock, furniture, glassware, machinery or supplies of any description which are packed or partially packed in or with straw, hay, husks, grass, leaves, moss or other material originating upon farms or plantations, shall be shipped into this State from points in Texas and Louisiana or any other State or Country in which the Mexican Boll Weevil is known to exist, without having attached thereto in a conspicuous manner the certificate provided for in Section 16.
SECTION 18.--Transportation Companies shall immediately notify the State Entomologist (Atlanta, Ga.,) when by oversight, negligence or otherwise, any shipments of the nature designated in Sections 16 and 17, without a proper certificate attached, shall arrive at any station or wharf in this State, and it shall be his duty to proceed as speedily as possible, by himself or assistant to investigate such shipment. If upon investigation, he find the shipment to be of the nature herein designated he shall order same removed from this State. Upon failure of the owner or shipper to remove same within forty-eight hours after notice has been sent him by wire, said shipment shall be seized and burned.
SECTION 19.--The State Entomologist and his assistants shall have authority to enter, during reasonable business hours, any depot, warehouse, freight, wharf, transfer, steamship or express office in this State and shall be allowed full access to all way-bills, invoices and bills of lading therein, when he or they may deem it necessary to determine the presence or record of any shipments of the nature designated in Section 16 and 17 of this Act. The State Entomologist and his assistants shall have authority to enter at any time, for the purpose of inspecting shipments therein, or for determining the nature of shipments therein, any express car or steamship when same is in transit or lying

BULLETIN NO. 12

237

at dock or depot in charge of any employee or official of the company owning or operating same. Agents and employees of railroads shall be required to open for inspection any car, sealed or unsealed, at any siding, freight yard or depot in this State, when so ordered by the State Entomologist or his assistant. Any person who shall refuse to comply with the instructions of the State Entomologist or his assistants as nerein specified shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be punished as provided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.
SECTION 20.--The State Entomologist, himself or assistants, shall have power to enter during ordinary business hours any premises, depot, warehouse, cotton mill, oil mill, or other building or place in this State where agricultural products are or are supposed to be, for the purpose of inspecting and determining whether any boll weevils are there present. In case of finding any material therein infested with the Boll Weevil he shall at once given instructions to the owner, agent or tenant thereof, to destroy, fumigate or treat such infested material in such manner as in his judgment he may deem best. But in the event said material should be. ordered destroyed the owner shall be compensated as now provided by law in cases where property is condemned for public use. Failure of the agent, owner or tenant to comply with said directions (unless an appeal be taken as provided for in Section 4 of this Act), or the removal of said infested material or any part thereof from the premises shall be deemed a misdemeanor and shall be punished as provided by Section 1039 of the Penal Code of Georgia of 1895.

GEORGIA State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 13.

OCTOBER, 1904.

Some Common Insects Injurious to the Apple.

By R. I. SMITH.

CAPITOL BUILDING

Atlanta, Ga.



"

-''-'*

''

'



Kg. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3. Fig. 1.--Codling moth, enlarged 4 times. (After Simpson, Bui. 41, Div.
of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) Fig. 2.--Codling moths, natural size. (After Slingerland, Bui. 142, Cor-
nell University Exp. Station.) Fig. 3.--Codling moth larva or "apple worm", enlarged about 3 times.
(After Simpson, Bui. 41, Div. of Ent., TJ. S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board of Entomology.

OCTOBER, 1904

No. 13.

Published by the Georgia State Boa. d of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.. and sent free of charge to all residents of the State who make request for same.

SOME COMMON INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE
APPLE.
R. I. SMITH.
Apple growing in Georgia at present constitutes but a small part of the State's fruit industry. Other fruits, such as peach, plum, pear, etc., have been considered as more profitable and as better adapted to the climate. In South Georgia we find only a few apple trees planted, these being mostly in family orchards for home use or for the strictly local market. In Middle Georgia apples are grown somewhat more extensively, while in North Georgia an apple orchard of commercial importance is not uncommonly met with.
Almost everyone having a family orchard attempts to grow a few varieties of apples, and in fact, such an orchard would not be by any means complete without this delicious and appetizing fruit. Hence it may not be out of place to describe in this short paper a few of the insects which annually interfere with successful and profitable apple production in Georgia.
The fact that one may see standing in various parts of Middle and North Georgia, apple trees so old that the oldest inhabitant does not know when they were planted, indicates that the apple is well adapted to this climate and that with proper care it could be developed into a most important part of Georgia's fruit industry.
The commercial apple grower will find that his trees

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

must be protected from insects and disease, and that they will need fully as much care in this regard as any other class of fruit. Those who grow apples merely for the table will also find much satisfaction in harvesting the clean, healthy fruit which results from proper treatment for, and preventive measures against, the insects that assail the apple each season.
The complete list of insects which at times attack the apple is a very long one, including upwards of a hundred different species. In this paper only four of the most injurious will be considered, not only because mention of more would occupy too much space, but because the ones herein mentioned are of most common occurrence and for the most part are readily recognized by the fruit growers.
THE WOOLY APHIS.
(Schizoneura lanigera.)
This little insect behmgs to the same family as the plant lice which infest the buds and leaves of the apple during the early summer, and differs from the latter mainly in that it secretes a white cottony substance about its body and infests, as a rule, the roots of the trees. Where trees are infested when they come from the nursery they are likely to be found seriously injured in from two to four years after planting. Its presence on the root is indicated by cottony masses, under which, by a close examination, may be detected the brownishpink bodies of the lice. By feeding upon the roots these lice cause abnormal swellings or galls the tissue of which soon dies, and the roots are destroyed. The main support of the tree being thus impaired, a high wind soon topples it over. The root-infesting form of the wooly aphis is shown in Figure 5.
Besides the root-infesting form, there is an "aprial" form (See Figure 4) which attacks the trunk and limbs but the injury from this form is not great. This form feeds mostly in cracks, old cuts or bruised places in the

Fig* 4--Wooly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera). a, Agamic female; b, larva louse; c, pupa; d, winged female with antenna enlarged above; all greatly enlarged and with waxy excretion removed. (Marlatt, Circ No. 20, sec. s., Div. of Ent., U. S. Dept. of Agr.)
Fig. 5--"Wooly aphis (Schizoneura lanigera). a, Root of young tree illustrating deformation; b, section of root with aphids clustered over it; c, root louse, female--a and b, natural size; c, much enlarged. (Marlatt, Circ. No. 20, sec. s., Div. of Ent., IT. S. Dept of Agr.)

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

bark and its presence is readily detected by the white . cottony appearance of the colonies. The damage done by this form is little more than a killing of the bark at the point of attack. The aerial form is readily killed by spraying thoroughly with a whale oil soap solution made of one pound of whale oil soap to each gallon of water; with kerosene emulsion, or with some tobacco solution such as diluted Kose Leaf Tobacco Extract. A home-made tobacco decoction is easily prepared by boiling three pounds of tobacco stems in five gallons of water for three hours, adding water from time to time to make up for evaporation. These colonies on trunk and limbs must be thoroughly drenched with whatever insecticide is used, as the cottony covering protects them effectually from any light application. We consider the serial form more of an advantage than otherwise, as it serves to give the orchardist warning of the more serious injury that is likely occurring on the roots of the trees at the same time.
An apple tree having the roots infested with wooly aphis usually presents a sickly appearance, with a yellowish foliage and a noticeable scarcity of healthy leaves. Examination of the roots will usually disclose the "aphis galls" in such cases.
As the root-infesting form of this insect is the most injurious, it is important that the main remedial measures should be directed against it. The remedy is easy to apply, but its efficiency depends upon its use When the aphis first appears and while the trees are young. Tobacco dust is an effective remedy-and-has been used with most gratifying success in Ohio.*
In applying this to four or five-year-old apple trees, remove the soil for about two or three feet on each side of the tree, and to a depth of three or four inches. Into this opening sprinkle about five pounds of tobacco dust and replace the dirt. Larger quantities should of course be used upon older and larger trees. Other remedies, such as boiling water, potash soap, ashes, etc., have been
*Stedman, J. M., Western Fruit Grower, April, 1904.

BULLETIN NO. 13

245

tried but always with little or no success. The tobacco dust remedy should be applied in the spring as soon as the ground is "settled," and its thorough success will aepend upon its application before the trees get old and become badly infested.

APPLE TREE BORERS.
(Saperda Candida and Chrysobothris femorata.)
A common injury to apple trees is that caused by borers in the main trunk near or just above the surface of the ground. There are two borers which may cause serious damage, known as the round-headed and the flatheaded. These names are descriptive of the larvae of these two different insects, and, as they imply, the one is nearly cylindrical in form, with a head about the same size as the body, while the other has a flattened head, which is very broad as compared with the width of the body. There is also a marked difference in the life-history of the two insects.
The adult round-headed borer is a beautiful beetle, about three-fourths of an inch in length, of a pale, brownish-yellow color above and having two broad, creamy-white stripes running the entire length of the body. These beetles appear during May and June and the females soon thereafter commence to deposit their eggs in cracks or crevices in the bark near the base of the tree. The egg hatches in about'two weeks into a minute worm which immediately bores through the bark and commences to feed on the sap-wood. For the first year, the larvae confine their attacks to the sap-wood, making a disc-shaped burrow about the size of a silver dollar. Unless several are present the injury is not likely to be very noticeable the first season. At the close of the first season the larva or borer, which is as yet but partly grown, goes to the lowest part of the burrow and there remains quietly through the winter. The second year of the borer's life is also passed in the sapwood but it no longer confines itself to a small area, but

246

GEOEGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

may work around a small tree, completely girdling it. When more than one borer is present in a young tree this is often the case. The second winter is also passed in the lowest part of the burrow. The third season of the borer's life finds him boring into the heart of the tree, and in the case of a small tree the channel may extend nearly or quite to the opposite side of the trunk.
The borer attains its full development the third summer, and after boring into the heart of the tree the channel through which it entered is closed with sawdustlike castings and another opening is made through which the adult beetle may escape the following spring. In this latter channel the larva passes the third and last winter of its life, and in spring the complete change to the adult takes place, and there emerges the beautiful
beetle already described. When a borer is discovered in a tree, the only remedy
is to dig him out with a sharp knife. This can best be done in August and September. Knowing the life-history, it is evident that borers should be removed every year, in order to get them while still in their first season's development. If a borer has gone into the heart of the tree a sharp wire may be thrust into the opening and twisted about to kill the borer, even though he may
not be entirely removed. When looking for borers, a sharp lookout should be
kept for discolored patches of bark, which, when pressed with the finger, give way and indicate the hollow underneath. Oftentimes the presence of a borer is indicated by an exudation of sap together with some of the sawdust intermingled. The sap, or gum, however, does not often come out in great quantities as it does upon peach trees which are attacked by the peach
tree borer. In addition to apple trees, the round-headed borer
may attack quince, Juneberry, native crab apple, ash
and possibly other trees. The adult flat-headed borer is a beetle about one-half
inch in length, with a flattened, oblong body, tapering

BULLETIN NO. 13

247

toward the posterior end. The color is greenish-black, with bronzy reflections, while the legs shine like burnished gold. The feet are shining green in color. As to the life-history of the flat-headed borer, but little need be said except that it is supposed to complete its transformations--from egg to adult--in a single year. From eggs that are laid this summer, adult beetles will develop next summer. The remedy is the same as for the round-headed borer and should be attended to at the same time, namely, during August and September.
Aside from the knife remedy, the trees may be protected by a coat of whitewash or a thick alkali soap solution. A still better plan is to wrap the trees, to a height of about eighteen inches, with thick brown paper tied firmly and pressed into the cracks so that no insect can crawl underneath it. Dirt should be piled around the lower end of this band. Whitewash or the soap solution may be applied above the band, but whatever is used for a protection should be applied as early as May 1st to be thoroughly effective. It is also advisable to repeat this application about June 1st, especially if there have been heavy rains. When paper is used this latter should be removed after the first of August. All these exterior coverings and applications of whitewash serve only to discourage the adult beetles from depositing eggs, and have no effect whatever upon borers that may already have entered the tree.
THE CODLING MOTH.
(Carpocapsa pomonella.)
This is one of the insect enemies that have supposedly come to us from the Old World, and it has now spread to nearly all parts of the United States where apples are grown. The annual damage to the apple crop of thecountry by this insect is enormous, being estimated by Prof. C. B. Simpson at 12,000,000 barrels, worth about $11,400,000.* The great majority of the "worms"
Bulletin 41, Division of Entomology, page 18.

Fig. 6--Showing the right time to Bpray for codling moth. The bunch on the left is at proper stage for spraying, while the apples on the right are too far developed for spraying to insure best results. (After a photo by A. L. Quaintance.)

A wormy apple showing the mass of brown material thrown out at the blossom end by the codling moth larvae. (After Slingerland, Bui. 142, Cornell University Exp. Station.)

BULLETIN NO. 13

249

found in apples are the larvae of this insect. An examination of a number of exhibits of otherwise fine apples from North Georgia was made by the writer during the past summer. It was found that fully 95 per cent, of these were wormy. Coming, as these apples did, from- various sections of North Georgia, it is evident that the codling moth is at present working more injury to the apple crop of Georgia than any other pest, the San Jose scale not excepted.
The adult codling moth is a small but beautiful insect, but on account of its diminutive size is seldom noticed by the average apple grower. The adult moths are well illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
The moths appear in the spring at about the time the apple trees are in bloom and eggs are deposited on both the young apples and on the foliage. There are many opinions as to how and where the young larvas first enter the apple, but it is well established that a great majority of the spring generation crawl into the blossom end of the small apples and there burrow into the flesh of the latter. The larva, when partially grown, is of a delicate pink color, and when matured may attain a length of one-half inch or over (See Figure 3).
Many of the wormy apples drop before attaining their full size, but the larvae within them continue to feed until grown, when they burrow out of the apple and select a protected place in which to spin their cocoons. Loose bark and rubbish offer favorable inducements to these larvae, and it is in such material in the apple orchard that many cocoons will be found. A knowledge of this habit is of importance as bearing upon the control of this insect.

REMEDIES.

Spraying with an arsenical poison has been found highly profitable, but this spraying must be done at the proper time or it will be of little value. The right time

250

GEOKGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

for spraying is just after the petals have fallen, and
while the calyx end of the apple is still open. At this
time it also will be noticed that the apples all stand erect in such a way that a drop of water or spray mixture will
be held by the apple as in a cup. (See Figure 6).
Thus the meal that awaits the codling moth larva is a
poisoned one, and as most of the larvae enter the blossom
end of the apple, they will not live to reach the inte-
rior of the'fruit. This poison spray is best applied in
the form of Bordeaux mixture 4-6-50* to which either
six ounces of Paris green or two and a half pounds of
arsenate of lead is added. The poison should be mixed
with a very small amount of water, into a paste, before it is added to the Bordeaux mixture. The arsenate of
lead is preferable to Paris green, as the former is not so readily washed off by rains. Paris green, if used
slightly in excess, is likely to burn the foliage severely,
but with arsenate of lead, there is not this danger. This
*Bordeaux mixture is the most commonly used of all preparations for the control of mildews and fungus diseases of various kinds, although in itself it has little value as an insecticide except as a repellent. For convenience, the ingredients (copper sulphate, lime and water) of Bordeaux mixture, and their amounts, are designated by an abbreviated formula, the number of pounds of copper sulphate (bluestone) being written first, number of pounds of lime written second and number of gallons of water written last. Thus the formula '' 4-6-50'' indicates a Bordeaux mixture made of 4 pounds copper sulphate, and 6 pounds lime in 50 gallons of water. The formula '' 3-9-50'' would indicate 3 pounds copper sulphate, 9 pounds lime and 50 gallons of water, etc. Bordeaux mixture to be thoroughly effective must be prepared carefully. The following method, of preparation will insure good results: Dissolve the bluestone in a barrel or tub, using a small amount of water. If hot water is used the bluestone will dissolve most readily. Before immersing in the hot water tie up the bluestone loosely in a piece of burlap suspended from a cord. Place this in the water and keep moving. The bluestone will have all dissolved in a few minutes, when this soluion should be diluted with clear water to 25 gallons. In another vessel slack the required amount of lime, using boiling hot water and adding water from time to time to prevent burning. When slacked dilute to 25 gallons. Dip up these solutions with buckets and pour them together into a third barrel, holding the buckets so that they are emptied simultaneously and not too fast. The streams should meet and mingle together in mid-air so that the solutions are thoroughly mixed before they reach the surface of the liquid in the barrel. When both solutions have been poured into the third barrel in this manner, stir up the mixture vigorously with a paddle and the Bordeaux mixture is ready for use. It is also now ready for the addition of Paris green or other poison, if poison is to be used. While spraying out the Bordeaux mixture only a pump with a good agitator should be used.

BULLETIN NO. 13

251

spraying should be repeated two weeks later, using the same formula for Bordeaux mixture and the same amount of poison. No danger may be apprehended from these early sprayings with poisoned Bordeaux, as by the time the apples are edible--even for cooking purposes--all of the poison will have been washed off by the rains. When it is also desired to control the apple scab, or where the apples are ordinarily attacked by the bitter rot fungus, a third sprayingshould be given the trees about three weeks after the second. It may be well to emphasize the point that by spraying, we do not mean "sprinkling." Sprayingmeans a thorough but thin application of the spray mixture to all parts of the tree and foliage, as well as fruit, and this application can be made only with a good forcepump which is equipped with a good, fine Vermorel, Mistry or Bordeaux nozzle. He who "sprinkles" may expect failure.
Mention was made above of the fact that apples falling prematurely,-contain the larva? in various stages of development. For this reason all wind-falls should be kept cleaned up during the entire season and either burned or fed to stock, in order that the larva? within them may be destroyed before having a chance to escape. In this way the future generations of the insect will be considerably reduced. Where apples are stored in cellars, bins or out-houses, the latter should be carefully and thoroughly screened to prevent the escape of adult moths which may develop from any infested apples placed in storage. Serious infestations by the codling moth have often been traced directly to carelessness in not properly screening storage cellars.
By taking advantage of the habit of the larva?, after leaving infested apples upon the tree, of crawling down the trunk to find a sheltered place in which to spin cocoons, we also have a simple method of trapping them by putting bands about the tree. For this purpose strips of burlap, old sacks or brown paper may be used. These bands should be four or five inches wide and held

252

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

in place by stout twine.* One band sbould be placed about the trunk of the tree and one around each principal limb. These bands should be put in place within three weeks after the blooming period and examined every week or ten days and all larvse, pupse or cocoons found under them destroyed. Although the cocoons are not over one-half inch in length, they are white in color and readily found. The bands must be examined at least every ten days to prevent the adults from escaping. To place bands upon the trees and neglect them, furnishes the codling moth larvae with the most favorable conditions for successfully reaching maturity.
*The orehardist should not be deluded by the glaring and enthusiastic claims made by the venders of patent "tree bands" and "worm traps." The best of them will serve the purpose no better than last year's worn-out cotton sacks.

BULLETIN NO. 13

253

DIRECTIONS FOB SENDING INSECTS AND
PLANTS.
This office is at all times glad to render any assistance possible in determining the identity of insects and plant diseases and advising measures for their control. '
Do not send insects in envelopes or pasteboard boxes by mail; they are inevitably crushed beyond recognition. Send living insects in strong wooden or tin boxes by mail. No openings are necessary to admit air. Whenever possible enclose some of the food-plant for the insects to subsist on while enroute; specimens showing the injury done are desirable. The name and address of sender should be on every package. It is against the postal regulations to enclose a letter in a box by mail unless sent at letter postage rate. Specimens of catepillars, worms, etc., in alcohol or other liquid can be sent by mail only when in regular mailing tubes. We will be greatly aided if correspondents writing about insect pests will give as full a description of the habits, foodplants, injury and abundance as possible.
Specimens of twigs, living plants with foliage, etc., should be wrapped in damp (not wet) cotton cloth so as to reach us in fresh condition. Fruits showing injury or disease should be wrapped well with paper and packed in a wooden or tin box.
Correspondents can materially aid the work of this office by communicating with us concerning their success or failure in using the methods advised for controlling injurious insects and diseases, giving a careful detailed account of the methods used and the results obtained. Such information will prove of value to all.
WILMON NEWELL, State Entomologist.
B. I. SMITH, Asst. State Entomologist.

GEORGIA State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 17.

OCTOBER, 1905.

PEACH INSECTS A Bulletin of Practical Information

By R. I. SMITH.

CAPITOL BUILDING

Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board of Entomology.

OCTOBER, 1905.

No. 17.

Published by the Georgia State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga,, and sent free of charge to all residents of the State who make request for same

SCALE INSECTS AFFECTING THE PEACH.
General Remarks: Among the numerous insects known to attack the peach in Georgia the several scale insects rank among those of most importance. Out of this class the San Jose scale stands at the head as being the best known and the most pernicious. Few there are who have not heard of this insect, though many persons as yet have not been compelled to fight this pest in their orchards. In Georgia, fortunately, there are still many localities entirely free from this dreaded insect and may with proper precautions remain so for a long time to come. Careful watch should, however, be kept for its first appearance. The San Jose scale cannot under present conditions be prevented from making yearly inroads on previously uninfested territory, and for that reason all who intend to engage in the fruit growing business should be able to recognize this insect at a glance. It is for the purpose of more thoroughly disseminating knowledge regarding the San Jose scale and its control, and for the purpose of calling attention to certain other scale insects liable to become injurious to the peach, that the first part of this bulletin' has been prepared. Strange as it may seem many orchardists are still wholly unfamiliar with the appearance of the San Jose scale, its name only being familiar to them. About the other scale insects that will be mentioned comparatively little specific knowledge is possessed by the average orchardist.
The New Peach scale or West Indian peach scale, as it will be termed, stands next in importance to the one just mentioned. It will, however, be much more readily

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

recognized on account of the white color of the male scales and the marked difference in appearance between the sexes, as described farther on. A very common scale insect in Georgia orchards is one that has been given the name, Cherry scale, though it is more commonly found on peach than on cherry trees. It has often been mistaken for the San Jose scale, and owing to its somewhat close resemblance is not easily distinguishable, except by an expert. This scale while not considered seriously injurious in Georgia, is much more generally distributed than the San Jose scale. Putnam's scale insect is another closely related species and may be mistaken for the San Jose. It is not as prevalent in Georgia as the two forms just mentioned. The soft scale, peach Lecanium, is also frequently met with and deserves careful consideration.
Two other scale insects, namely, the Scurfy scale and the Oyster-shell Bark-louse, sometimes occur on peach trees, but as they are more commonly found on apple they will be reserved for discussion in a bulletin on apple insects to appear at some later date. For all practical purposes they need not be considered among peach insects. Following these general remarks six scale insects will be discussed separately, involving a description as well as remedy for each.
THE SAN JOSE SCALE.
{Aspidiotus pemiciosus Comst.)
This is by far our most destructive scale insect, and one that every fruit grower should learn to recognize as it may attack pear, plum, apple, apricot, quince, persimmon, currant and other tree and bush fruits as well as the peach. It has been demonstrated without a doubt that this scale can be controlled in infested orchards, and it therefore behooves every fruit grower to learn to recognize this pest and be prepared to fight it from its first appearance. By doing so much damage and loss will be avoided.

BULLETIN NO. 17

259

Historical: The exact origin of the San Jose scale was for a long time in doubt though up to the year 1901 it was generally supposed to be a native of Japan or some Eastern country. During that year Prof. C. L. Marlatt made an extensive trip through Japan and after making a careful investigation, came to the conclusion that its native home must be elsewhere. His investigations extended into China and there in the Northern portion was found the native home of the San Jose scale.
In the United States the San Jose scale was first discovered at San Jose, Cal., in the early seventies and soon spread to several orchards in that vicinity. In 1880 the insect was studied and described by Prof. Comstock, then Entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture. It was he who gave this scale the name perniciosus as he declared it to be the most pernicious scale insect in the United States. Several years later-- in 1893--^this insect was discovered in an orchard at Charlottesville, Va. This discovery lead to an investigation revealing the fact that' the San Jose scale had been imported into some Eastern nurseries, probably in New Jersey, five or six years previous to 1893, and from those nurseries it had been widely distributed over the Eastern fruit growing States. When discovered at Charlottesville many other points of infestation occurred and it soon became apparent that extermination would be impossible. Hence every effort was directed toward finding a method of killing the scale in the infested orchards. These efforts have been crowned with success, so that now in Georgia, as well as elsewhere, scale infested orchards are sprayed each year with every assurance of success.
Description: The San Jose scale is so small that any description must be largely general in its nature. The full grown individuals are only about 1-16 inch in

260

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

diameter, hardly

the size of a small

pin-head. Its char-

acteristic shape

and coloring can

only be detected

accurately by the

use of a good

hand lens, and

when examined

closely much va-

riation will be

noticeable b e -

tween individuals.

A full grown

female San Jose

scale is ashy-gray

in color, almost

round in outline,

Pig. l- -Twig with San Jose scale of all ages; magnified five times. (After Alwood, Vir. Crop. Pest Comm., Spec. Bull., No. 45.)

and in the center of the upper surface of the scale there is a small

dark colored ring surrounding the nipple. This nipple

is characteristic of all scale insects belonging to this

same family, its location and color often being a help

in determining the exact species. The nipple is formed

in part by the first molt or cast skin of the young

insect while the subsequent scale formation is due

largely to secretions from the body of the insect, these

secretions gradually hardening when exposed to the air.

Close examination will reveal two or more quite distinct

rings around the nipple. These rings are developed

when the insect undergoes its second, third or fourth

molt. The resulting scale is slightly conical, sloping

evenly in all directions. The above is a description of

the outward appearance of a full grown female scale

formed under perfect conditions. When crowded on a

branch they often assume widely differing shapes.

BULLETIN NO. 17

261

This mature scale as described above conceals the body of the true insect underneath. By using a pin or knife point the hard scale may be lifted revealing the orange-yellow body of the female insect. (Fig. 2.)

Fig. 2.--Old San Jose scale with true insect exposed, to right. (After Alwood, Vir. Crop Pest Comm., Spec. Bull., No. 45.)
they appear on an infested twig.

The male San Jose scale differs from the female by having an elongated growth to one side. In size the males are smaller and often darker in color and the central nipple and first ring will be noticed at the anterior end of the. elongated scale. Fig. 1 represents the comparative size and shape of the male and fern a 1 e scales^ as

Life History: Speaking specifically of the life history of the San Jose scale, the females, when from 33 to 40 days old, begin to give birth to living young. Eggs are never deposited by this species. The young scale insects are almost microscopical in size, having oval-shaped bodies of a bright orange yellow color. Soon after birth they commence moving about looking for a place to settle and commence feeding. Often from 12 to 24 hours are consumed before they settle down and insert the minute beak with which the juices of the plant ae sucked up for the nourishment of the young insect. After these young scale insects once settle and commence feeding their position is never changed, except in the case of the male, which changes to a winged form. At the end of 12 days, according to Dr. L. O. Howard,* the first molt occurs, going to make up the nipple of the subsequent scale as already described, tip to this period the two sexes are exactly alike. When this first molt occurs the insect under the scale changes in appearance, the legs disappear, and the little insects look like yellow flattened balls. At from 18 to 20 days the second molt takes place, and from then on the males and females differ widely in appearance. The males begin the development of the elongated scale covering, while the true insect underneath changes to a pupa, from which there emerges at

262

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE

the expiration of 24 to 26 days the adult winged male, as shown in the illustration. (Fig. 3.) The female insects take longer to become fullymature. Dr. Howard places the time at thirty days. At this age the body of the female contains quite well developed embryonic young, which begin to make their appearance from the 33rd to the 40th day. These minute young insects seek a feeding place as already described.

Examinations of a

scale infested tree dur-

ing summer will show

insects of all sizes from

newly born larva? to full

developed males and

females. Each adult

female may give birth

to from 300 to 400

young, covering a

period of possibly two

Fig. d.--can Jose scale adult male--

.. ,

. ,,

greatly enlarged. (After How- Weeks; hence the farst

ard, Yearbook, 1894, u. s. born may be past the

first molt when the later

ones appear. In Georgia there are at least five genera-

tions each season.

It should have been stated that the male sand females

are nearly jet black except for the central nipple, until

about one-half grown, the ash-gray color appearing

later. These perfectly round nearly black scales, hav-

ing a prominent nipple surrounded by a slightly grayish

ring are very characteristic and easily distinguished

from nearly all other scale insects.

HOW THE INSECT PASSES THE WINTER AND HOW TO DETECT IT.

The winter stage is passed by the San Jose scale as half grown or nearly mature individuals. Most of the mature females perish from cold and exposure to the weather. During winter a badly infested tree will present a gray appearance described by some as looking as though coated with wet ashes. The old dead scales may be packed closely together and piled on top of one

*U. S. Kept, of Agr., Bureau of Ent., n. s. Bull. No. 3.

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another. This color will be relieved in places by the black, circular, half grown scales as described above. The greater number of young scales will be found on the less thickly coated portion of the infested limbs and around the base of young shoots and branches. By drawing a knife blade or thumb nail along an infested branch an oily yellowish fluid will exude caused by crushing the soft-bodied insects under the scales. Another characteristic feature of the San Jose scale is that it causes the bark to turn red at the point of attack. This is especially noticeable on the young wood of the peach. The bark turns red nearly or quite to the wood as determined by shaving off a thin section. Isolated scales may cause a red blotch, in diameter, several times the size of the scale itself. The bark of infested peach trees often shows a marked depressed or pitted appearance, explained by the fact that the bark nearly ceases growth at the exact point of attack, while the surrounding tissue continues to increase in volume. Peach trees badly infested with scale often commence to die the second year, though sometimes when infested at the age of two or three years they will survive for several years afterward. Wherever orchards are watched closely this dying may be prevented by proper remedial treatment as described in the next paragraph.
BEMEDIES. During the many years that remedies have been tested against the San Jose scale, almost everything having any insecticidal value has been tested. The whale oil soap treatment has been given a thorough test in Georgia and other States, and, while giving more or less satisfaction, it has proved to be too expensive for general use. Kerosene and crude petroleum in mechanical mixture and as emulsions were used in Georgia quite extensively during the early fight against the San Jose scale. Both were tested thoroughly by Prof. W. M. Scott, first Entomologist for Georgia, and his results were published in bulletins dur-

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ing 1901-02. He found that the use of either kerosene or petroleum was attended with some danger of killing the sprayed trees--largely on account of careless labor --hence their application has been practically abandoned except in the case of kerosene which is still recommended for summer treatment as mentioned farther on. Caustic soda has been carefully tested and reported on in Bulletin No. 14--still available--as well as many patent scale washes calculated to kill scale but proving to be of very little value.
Results obtained from the use of Lime-Sulphur-Salt washes, tested first in Georgia during the winter of 1901-02, and further tested in the springs of 1904 and 1905, have demonstrated without any doubt that in them a safe and reliable remedy for the scale has been found.
Winter Treatment: For winter treatment of scale infested trees the following wash is recommended to be used as a spray, applying it with a spray pump to every tree in infested orchards. This recommendation is based on the result of experiments that have been conducted by the Georgia State Board of Entomology, and on the experience of large orchardists who have tested this wash on thousands of trees with most excellent results
LIME-SULPHUR-SALT WASH.

Lime

Formula:



Sulphur Salt

Water, to make

20 pounds. 16 pounds. 5 pounds. 50 gals.

Mix the sulphur into a thin paste with a small amount of water and then add it to about 15 gallons of boiling water in a kettle (or in the boiling tank if steam is used) and stir thoroughly. While this mixture is at the boiling point add the stone lime, which will immediately commence to slake, causing violent ebulition. While the lime is slaking much of the sulphur will be dissolved, as will be evident from the rich amber color resulting. The lime should be stirred frequently while slaking and

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water added as necessary to prevent burning or too violent boiling. After the lime is through slaking add the salt and continue the boiling for at least 35 minutes or longer if it seems necessary to dissolve all the sulphur.
This wash when properly prepared should be a dirty yellowish-green color when agitated, but if allowed to settle a clear amber colored liquid will appear on the surface. There is always a residue which settles quite readily, necessitating frequent stirring, or better, constant agitation while in the spray tank. A wash of this kind should be strained through a wire screen or heavy burlap to remove all large particles of lime or other foreign matter that would tend to clog the spray pump. It is essential to have a large per cent, of what may be termed the residue, forced through the pump and onto the trees as it plays an important part toward killing the scale.
LIME-SULPHUR WASH.

r Lime Formula:-^ Sulphur
I Water, to make

20 pounds. 16 pounds. 50 gals.

This wash is made in the same way as the one just mentioned, simply leaving out the salt. The lime and sulphur wash has proved in our experiments practically as effective as the wash including salt. Many fruit growers in Georgia are at present using this formula, and assert that the salt is of no benefit. Some reliable authorities, however, still insist that the salt is essential so it is deemed best at this time to offer both formulas and let individual preference decide which to use. Either one has proved thoroughly effective during the past two seasons.
The lime-sulphur washes as recommended are intended primarily for winter spraying work while the trees are perfectly dormant. They can not safely be used after the trees bud out in spring or at any time during the summer. Badly infested trees should be

to
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W H H O

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Fig. 4.--A complete plant for boiling lime-sulphur wash; built by John T. West, Thomson, Ga.; large water tank in rear above; boiler house to left--not shown in picture; platform supporting 50 gallon barrels fitted with steam connections; 250 gallon spray tank and spraying gang, on right. (Photo, by author.)

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sprayed twice during winter and when this is done, once in December and again in January or February, San Jose scale may be practically exterminated. Trees only lightly infested are usually sufficiently protected by one thorough spraying during January or February of each year.
Summer Treatment: Orchards properly treated during winter will seldom require summer spraying so far as the San Jose scale is concerned. Sometimes, however, a new infestation may be discovered in late spring or summer and in order to prevent the scale from multiplying so rapidly through the summer months, the trunk and main limbs of the infested trees may be treated with the lime-sulphur wash prepared as for winter spraying. It can be applied with a mop or large brush or a spray pump may be used if care is observed to prevent the spray from being thrown on the foliage. A wash of the strength recommended will burn peach foliage severely and often kill back young tender shoots.
KEROSENE EMULSION AS SUMMER TREAT-
MENT.
In 1902 the writer conducted experiments with kerosene emulsion on peach trees, in Maryland, during the month of July. In 1904 further tests were made by the writer in an orchard at Myrtle, Ga., and again in 1905 at Mayfield and Thomson, Ga. At Mayfield the test was made on trees not infested with the San Jose scale, but at all the other places badly infested trees were sprayed. Injury to the treated trees could not be detected in any of these experiments. The first spraying in 1905 with kerosene emulsion was made May 24th and 25th, and the last spraying August 10th. In no case could damage to the trees be detected, except a slight burning of foliage. In view of the results obtained by the various experiments it is deemed safe to recommend the use of kerosene emulsion as a summer treatment for San Jose scale; provided, however, that the work be done strictly according to direction with.

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Pig. 5.--A simple steam boiling outfit for preparing lime-sulphur washes: B, boiler; ss, steam pipes; gg, globe valves; 1 2, 3 and 4, 50-gallon barrels; xx, pipes for drawing off mixture after boiling; F, large pipe carrying liquid from pipes xx to wagon tank or spray-barrel; a, lower end of steam pipe with crossarms and one-eighth inch openings for escape of steam; P, platform 6 feet above ground; j, pipe supplying water from elevated tank or steam j^t; h, water hose for carrying clear water to 1, 2, 3 and 4.

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emulsion properly made, so that the kerosene will not separate in the spray tank.

KEROSENE EMULSION.

Kerosene

Stock solution: -

Hard Soap Or Whale Oil Soap

Water

8 gallons 2 pounds 4 pounds 4 gallons

Place 4 gallons of water in a 15 or 20 gallon kettle, bring this to a boil and in it dissolve the soap. Remove this soap solution--while boiling hot--from the fire and add 8 gallons of kerosene after which the mixture must be violently agitated for about ten minutes. As the kerosene and soap solution combine a smooth, creamy emulsion will result, the bulk will increase somewhat, and when properly prepared the resulting emulsion will remain without separating for several weeks. This emulsion is most readily made by using a small force pump having a direct discharge and throwing a oneeighth inch stream, pumping the solution back into itself with considerable force. After ten minutes pumping the emulsion will be perfect. Soft water should be used for making emulsions, but if such water is not readily obtainable, hard water may be broken by the addition of a little lye and can then be used with safety. Persons making emulsions for the first time should be sure to agitate the mixture as directed, otherwise while it may look thoroughly mixed, it may soon separate when allowed to stand.
The stock solution may be diluted to any required strength. For summer treatment I would recommend using an emulsion containing 20 per cent., of kerosene. In the experiments briefly mentioned above, 25 per cent, emulsion was employed without injury to the trees, but the 20 per cent, strength was almost equally effective; 20 per cent, emulsion kills nearly all the scale when applied during the summer months; 15 per cent, emulsion has often been recommended but it does not always.

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give satisfactory results. It is not advisable to spray trees with nearly ripe fruit, as the fruit absorbs the kerosene and may taste so strong when ripe, as to render it unsalable and unfit for home use.
Note: For a more complete discussion of how to spray and what tequipment is required, and how to prepare lime-sulphur wash, particularly by the steam boiling process, the reader is asked to send for Bulletin No. 14 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology. Application should be made to the State Entomologist, Atlanta, Ga.
PUTNAM'S SCALE INSECT.

(Aspidiotus ancylus Putn.)

Of the scale insects occurring in Georgia this is perhaps the species most closely resembling the San Jose. Fortunately this scale is by no means as destructive and not at present one to be seriously feared. It is well, however, to know what scale insects may occur in the peach orchards, as by watching constantly for all species the more destructive forms will be discovered. In New York State Dr. E. P. Felt records this scale as being the most common species of Aspidiotus on fruit trees and shrubs in that State. In Massachusetts it has been reported as being particularly destructive in an apple orchard. In Virginia this scale is quite commonly mistaken for the San Jose.
Description and Life History. Putnam's scale insect is in many respects similar to the San Jose scale and hence a comparative description only will be given.
The adult female scale shown in Fig. 6 is slightly larger than the San Jose, being about 1-12 inch in diameter. In color they are dark gray, and the nipple is reddish colored and slightly to one side of the center. The male scales are dark gray with the reddish nipple showing prominently. Their elongated shape is well shown in the illustration. Like the San Jose scale this species passes the winter as partly grown individuals, but according to Dr. E. P. Felt,* they are usually more nearly mature than the over-wintering San Jose scales.

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27

Fig. 6.--Putnam's scale insect: 1, group of young scales, enlarged; 2, badly infested twig, enlarged; 3, portion of 2, greatly enlarged; 4, female scale, greatly enlarged; 5, male scale, much enlarged; 6, young scale insect, very greatlv enlarged. (After E. P. Felt, N. Y. State Bull., No. 46.)
In spring the males and females complete their growth, the former emerging as small winged individuals and the latter depositing eggs under the protecting scale. Dr. Felt states that only one brood develops in New York, but in this State there are probably at least two. The rate of reproduction of the Putnam's scale is slow compared to the San Jose scale, which is fortunate, as otherwise it might be a very- destructive insect.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE

REMEDIES.
The over-wintering, partly grown scales may be killed by an application of the lime-sulphur wash as recommended for the San Jose scale. If the infested trees are sprayed during winter no summer treatment will ordinarily be necessary. But if numbers of young crawling insects are observed during summer they may be destroyed by the kerosene emulsion treatment as recommended on page 69.
CHERRY SCALE.
(Aspidiotus forbesi Johnson.)
Historical: This scale insect was first described by Prof. W. G. Johnson in 1896, it having been discovered by him in Illinois in 1894. It frequently occurs on wild cherry and was for that reason given the name, Cherry scale. Prof. Johnson, writing in 1896,f stated that it was not an uncommon thing to find 7 or 8 year old cherry trees in Illinois literally covered with this destructive scale insect. At the same time he stated that many parasites were known to attack this species, and this fact may explain why the cherry scale is no more destructive in Georgia at present.
In Georgia the cherry scale is found in greater or less numbers in nearly every old peach orchard in the State, but in connection with this wide distribution it should be stated that the cherry scale has not been, and can not be considered at present, as a particularly destructive scale insect. In the majority of orchards where it has been discovered in Georgia, parasites have apparently succeeded in holding it in check sufficiently to avoid the necessity of spraying as must always be done to control the San Jose scale.
Bull. N. Y. State Museum, No. 46. tU. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 6, p. 75.

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273

Description and Habits: The Cherry scale, like Putnam's scale insect, is closely allied to the San Jose, and to the novice it is not easily distinguishable. The full grown female scale, as well shown in the illustration,

Fig. 7.--Cherry scale: 1, two male scales, very much enlarged; 2, twig infested with grown scales, natural size; 3, portion of 2, enlarged; 4, full grown female, much enlarged; 5, half grown scale, greatly enlarged. (After E. P. Felt, N. Y. State Bull. No. 46.)
(Fig. 7) is nearly round; natural color yellowish gray; scales rather flat and about 1-12 inch in diameter. Near the center of the scale but always somewhat to one side, is the reddish nipple or exuvia. The male scales are elongated, smaller than the females, and the nipple at
fr-U

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the anterior end is bright orange red. This bright color is especially prominent when the scales have been handled, rubbing off the thin outer surface covering.
The characteristic features distinguishing this species from the San Jose scale, are mainly, that the former are natter, the nipple always to one side and orange red in color,--as compared to the central yellowish gray nipple of the San Jose--and a twig infested with cherry scale alone does not show the small circular black scales like those of the young San Jose. With this description in mind one would hardly confuse the cherry and San Jose scale. The Cherry scale hibernates as partially grown individuals, completing their growth in early spring, and unlike the San Jose scale, the females deposit eggs from which little lice hatch, similar in appearance to the young of the San Jose. Just the date when the first young appear in Georgia from the eggs of the first brood, is not definitely established, and is not necessary for the purpose of this bulletin. There are probably as many as three generations each season in this State. On scale infested trees young crawling lice may be found during almost all of the summer months.
REMEDIES.
The remedies recommended for the San Jose scale are equally effective against the cherry scale. While spraying is not generally practiced against this insect the writer has observed orchards where spraying would be advisable. The winter spraying should suffice if thoroughly done and in that event summer treatment will not become necessary.

WEST INDIAN PEACH SCALE.
(Aulacaspis pentagona Targ.)
This scale insect deserves more than passing attention as it is capable of doing great damage, its importance in Georgia being second only to the San Jose .scale.

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Historical: The West Indian Peach scale is known to occur in many countries among which may be mentioned Engalnd, Italy, Australia, Japan, China, South Africa, Panama and the West Indies. It is supposed that the native home of this insect was either Japan or the West Indies, and from the latter place it has derived the common name, West Indian Peach scale. In the United States this scale is known to exist in Massachusetts, Washington, D. C, Ohio, Florida, Alabama and California, as well as in Georgia. In 1899 Prof. W. M.' Scott recorded its occurrence at Thomasville, Bainbridge, Irby and Ashburn, G-a.,* and reported that about 10,000 trees were utterly destroyed at Irby. The cold winter followed by the February freeze in 1899, froze out nearly all the scale in the South Georgia orchards, and for a while it was not present in destructive numbers. Since then, however, it has gained some headway and considerable spraying has been required to keep it in check. With our present knowledge of the destructive powers of this insect it is well to keep a sharp lookout for fear it may increase' to its former destructive numbers, and also spread to new feeding ground. Since the writer has been with the Department no new cases of infestation by this insect have been discovered or reported. We have reason to hope that this scale will not be allowed to spread further, and it is to help prevent the possibility of such an occurrence that this discussion and description has been prepared. All fruit growers should be prepared to recognize this scale at a glance. By exterminating any newly discovered infestation, the possibility of a recurrence of the calamity at Irby will be reduced to a minimum.
Description and Life History: A glance at Fig. 8 will show the reader that this is an insect quite different in appearance from the preceding forms mentioned above, the chief differences noticeable being the wide variation between the male and female scales, and the shape and color of the former. The adult female scales are gray and not readily noticeable. The nipple is

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GEOHGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

always to one side of the center and characterized by being ridged and comparatively large. These females usually cluster on the trunks of infested trees. The males are most prominent, being white in color, elon-

Fig. 8.--West Indian Peach Scale: a, branch covered with male and female scales--natural size; b, female scale; c, male scale' d group of male scales--enlarged. (After Howard, Yearbook' 1894, U. S. Dept. of Agr.)
gate, parallel sided, and having the exuvia or nipple situated at the anterior end. They prefer to cluster near the base of large limbs and when abundant, give the tree a whitewashed appearance.
Fig. 9.--West Indian Peach scale: Adult male--greatly enlarged. (After Howard, Yearbook, 1894, U. S. Dept. of Agr.)
Concerning the life history Dr. L. O. Howard writes as follows:* "During the winter this insect is found in Washington, D. C, only in the condition of the
*Ga. State Board of Ent., Bull. No. 1. "Yearbook, Dept. of Agr., 1894, p. 267.

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mature female. The eggs are developed early in May, and the young larvae hatch by the middle of the month. The males (See Fig. 9) begin to issue the middle of June and impregnate the females, and the latter begin egg laying by the end of the month. The second generation is full grown by the middle of August, and the third egg laying begins at this time. In this latitude the development is comparatively regular." In Georgia no definite observations have been made to confirm this account, but very possibly a fourth generation may occur in this latitude thereby increasing the rate of multiplication. Everything considered this insect is much to be feared and should be looked for and immediate steps taken to exterminate it when discovered.
REMEDIES.
Winter spraying with the lime-sulphur wash will be found effective, and this is probably the best remedy, though summer treatment with kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution, just after the young have hatched, may at times become necessary. Whenever a fruit grower discovers any infested trees they should be immediately dug up and burned, while the surrounding trees should be given a thorough winter spraying.
PEACH LECANIUM.
(Eulecanium persicae Fab.)
This scale insect, quite unlike the forms just mentioned, is a native European species. It has become established in some Georgia orchards and, in certain instances quite severe infestations have been reported.
Description and) Life History. Unlike the San Jose scale and closely allied species this scale insect does not develop a specific hard scaly covering. The lecaniums are known as naked scale insects, often called "soft scales." "Turtle-back scale" is also a common appelation and one quite suggestive of the appearance of the peach lecanium and other closely allied species. The

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGBICTJ LTURE

insect itself forms the scale and when examined closely it will be observed that the outer body wall is hardened but not separate from the insect within.
The nearly mature female lecanium (Fig. 10) is hem-

Fig. lO.-Peach Lecanium: Newly hatched larva on right; unimpreenated female next; full grown females on twif-natural^ze
(Aiter Howard, Yearbook, 1894, IT. S. Dept. of Agr.)
ispherical, somewhat elongated, brown in color and quite hard in texture. The nearly grown scales may be found clustered on small twigs and branches during winter when they are readily seen. When spring arrives these insects commence to grow and soon the females deposrt eggs. The male scales change to a win-ed insect, but on account of being so small and living only a short time, the adult males are seldom observed The eggs may be found in the hard scale, which when crushed appears to contain only a powdery substance. The female insect shrivels up in the shell and practically disappears when the eggs are developed. From these e<>--s young lice appear, probably for the most part during June in this State. A young lecanium larva is shown m the figure.
When the insects are abundant on peach twigs a per ceptible amount of honey-dew is frequently secreted ibis sweet substance gives rise to a smut fungus which often covers the bodies of the scales, destroying many

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REMEDIES.
It has usually been considered that the best time to destroy the peach lecanium and other leeaniums is just after all the eggs are hatched in early summer. This may be done provided the orchardist will observe the date of hatching and prepare to spray the trees soon thereafter. The unprotected young will succumb to a treatment of 15 per cent, kerosene emulsion or to whale oil soap, one-half pound to one gallon water. Generally speaking such spraying should be done in Georgia about the middle of June. Such work will seldom be necessary, however, wherever orchards are sprayed thoroughly with lime-sulphur wash during winter. The writer has seen one case, however, where a tree infested with peach lecanium and San Jose scale, was sprayed with this wash during February and the lecaniums were apparently unharmed. This must be an exceptional case, however, and was partly explained by the fact that the lime-sulphur wash used was not full strength, owing to lateness of the season, and fear of injuring fruit buds.
PLUM PULVINAEIA.
(Pulvinaria amygdali Ckll.)

The Plum Pulvinaria belongs to the class of scale insects known as "soft scales." While somewhat closely related to the Lecanium scale, just mentioned, it differs much in appearance from the lecanimus proper.
Occurrence in Georgia: This scale was found and reported during 1904 from Marshallville, Macon and Albany, Ga. At Marshallville the infestation involved a plum orchard of several hundred trees, and at Macon it was found on several plants including wild haw and plum. This may well be considered among peach insects as it frequently lives on the peach trees.
Description and Habits': The winter is passed by the half-grown female scales on the branches and twigs of infested trees. In the winter stage they are not par-

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

licularly conspicuous. In spring these over-wintering insects commence to grow and develop the white cottony growth which constitutes the egg sac, and is a very conspicuous object. As the females near maturity a" close examination of an individual would reveal" a small brown, hardish bodied insect at one end of the cottony

Fig. 11.--Plum Pulvinaria: On foliage as found during summer. (From Photo.)
sac. In the sac would be found numerous minute eggs. These eggs hatch in early summer and the young crawl out on the foliage and there develop into the adult form

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as described above. (Fig. 11.) We do not know about the number of broods each year. Before the foliage falls the partly grown females have fastened themselves to the limbs and branches, there to pass the winter.
REMEDIES.
The winter spraying measures ( advocated for San Jose scale are effective against this pest also.

BORING INSECTS ATTACKING THE PEACH.
General Remarks: Peach trees in Georgia are attacked annually by boring insects causing considerable damage, much of which could generally be avoided were these insects more familiar to the fruit growers. The common peach tree borer, which works at the base of the trees, is known by nearly all fruit growers, but many do not know the life history of the insect and therefore do not know how to fight it intelligently. The following description, with remedial suggestions, is intended to be of value by causing greater familiarity with this insect. The fruit-tree bark-beetle should also be made the object of study and watched for each year, and also the peach-twig borer with which many fruit growers are familiar. In general it may be said that the peach-tree borer is one of the worst enemies of the peach in Georgia, though the other boring insects mentioned herewith cause considerable damage in certain years.
THE PEACH-TREE BORER.
(Sanninoidea exitiosa Say.)
Nearly one hundred years ago the peach-tree borer was described, and since that time it has been more or less familiar to fruit growers in the Eastern and Middle States. Before the introduction of the peach into the United States this insect probably lived in wild cherry or plum. It has been determined that the peach-tree borer is a native of the Eastern States and has followed

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGBICULTUEE

the peach wherever it has been planted in the Middle and Western States, until now peach growers in all parts of our country east of the Eocky Mountains are generally familiar with the work of this important peach-tree pest.
4

Fig. 12.--Peaeh-tree Borer; a, adult female; b, adult male; e, full grown larva; d, female pupa; e, male pupa; f, pupal skin partially extruded from cocoon--all natural size. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Circ. 54.)
General Description: The gummy exudations about the base of peach trees caused by the larva? of the peachtree borer, is a well-known sight to every fruit grower. All stone fruits, such as peach, plum and cherry throw out this copious mass of gum when injured in any way, and the peach more particularly. Exudations of a brownish gummy mass, more or less mixed with borings, earth and larval excrement, when occurring at the base of peach or plum trees, indicate the presence of borers underneath. These masses of gum often extend entirely around the base of badly infested trees, but being close to. or beneath the surface of the soil, they may be over looked for some time unless the earth is scraped away from the trees.
The adult peach-tree borers resemble wasps in size and shape, being sometimes mistaken for them. The sexes differ so much in appearance that one would hardly take them to be the same species. The adult moths are shown in Fig. 12, a and b, where the difference in size can be noted. The female moths have the fore wings blue, covered with scales, while the hind wings are transparent, resembling those of the males.

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Both sexes are steel-blue in general body color, but the abdomen of the female is marked with a broad orange band which is absent on the body of the male.
The adult moths appear mainly during the last part of August and the first half of September, as stated farther on, and the females soon commence to deposit eggs. From these eggs minute worms hatch and soon begin to bore into the bark near the ground causing an exudation of gum as mentioned above. When full grown the worms or borers are about one inch in length, yellowish white in color with the head and first body segment brown. (Fig. 12, c.) When full grown the larvae leave their channels in the trees and construct a cocoon at the surface of the ground, near the base of the tree from which they emerged, and change to a chrysalis, or pupa, in the cocoon. From the cocoon the adult moths issue, escaping from the pupal skin which is usuallv left attached to the cocoon as shown at Fig. 12, f.
The above is a very general description of the peachtree borer and its work. A more specific discussion of the life history follows, as it has a direct bearing on the method of treatment and should be well understood.
Life History: Starting with partially grown larvae (borers) as found during winter in infested peach trees, we will follow out the entire life history of the peachtree borer. The writer is indebted to Prof. H. N. Starnes of the Georgia Experiment Station, for the facts pertaining to the life history of this insect, and the following statements are taken--with his generous consent--from his paper before the Georgia State Horticultural Society.* Prof. Starnes' observations show that the larva? are about one-half or two-thirds grown at the approach of spring, having fed until late in fall and probably remained in a hibernating state during a portion of the winter. During the spring and early summer the larva? complete their growth, and it is during this feeding period that a great part of the injury
*Proc. 29th Annual Meeting, Ga. State Hort. Soc, 1905.

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is inflicted on the infested trees. When full grown the larva? leave their channels in the wood and proceed to construct cocoons near the surface of the ground at the base of the trees. These cocoons are dirty brown in color, depending somewhat on the color of the soil. They are about one inch in length. (Fig. 12, f.)
By far the largest number of larva? leave their channels during the latter part of July and the first part of August, though some individuals come out earlier and some later. Immediately after constructing their cocoons the larva? pupate, changing to the pupa or chrysalis, which is a shiny brown object of the shape illustrated at d and e in Fig. 12. The pupa stage lasts from three to four weeks when the change to the adult takes place, and there emerges the adult moth as already described. The cocoons with the pupal skin extruded (Fig. 12, f.) are easily found about the base of infested trees.
Considering that the great majority of larva? spin cocoons and pupate during the month of August and that the adult moths emerge in at least four weeks thereafter, it is evident that most of the adult moths will be found during September. Prof. Starnes states that the majority of moths--in the latitude of Griffin Ga -- emerge between August 26th and September 15th. Soon after emergence mating takes place and oviposition soon follows.
The eggs are very small, oval and light brown in color. They are deposited by the females on the trunk mainly close to the level of the ground, but at times high up on the trunk and even on the lateral limbs. Quoting Prof. Starnes: "The eggs are practically all hatched by October 15th, and the young larva?, which are at first very minute, drop to the surface of the ground and begin to channel into the interior of the tree, where thev remam throughout the winter, dormant a small part of the time, but feeding vigorously throughout fall and spring and well into the summer."

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This point about the egg-laying and hatching, and the manner in which the young larvae bore into the trees is of great importance, as on it hinges the best methods of treatment.
REMEDIAL MEASURES.
Now that we are familiar with the true life history of the peach-tree borer it is evident that some of the timehonored recommendations for preventing the borer must be modified or changed somewhat. The life history, as stated above, is based on work done near Griffin, Ga., and there is a probability that the exact dates given may vary in different parts of the State. However, this variation will not be sufficient to interfere with general recommendations regarding the proper treatment for this insect. Any suggestion made in this article must of necessity be somewhat general in its nature to admit of being applied in all parts of Georgia.
The principal valuable preventive and remedial measures will be discussed under separate heads, based largely on the life history of the insect as already described.
(1) Wrapping: Trees may be wrapped about the trunk with brown paper or newspaper, to a height of eighteen inches. This wrapping should be fastened about the top with small wire or stout twine, to prevent larva? from entering under the paper from above. The wrapping should be put in place by August 1st, at the latest, as it is intended to hinder the first born larva; from reaching the trunks of the trees. Tarred paper might be employed, but as it is only intended to remain for three months some cheaper paper will answer about as well.
(2) Mounding: After the paper covering is in place the soil should be immediately mounded about the base of each tree, ten inches high, covering the lower portion of the paper. Where trees are treated in this way the larva? hatching from eggs high upon the trunk and main limbs, after dropping to the top of the mound, will be

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GEORGIA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE

forced to reach the trees through the paper wrapping, and at a point ten inches above the level of the ground. Before the little larvae succeed in affecting an entrance, many will be devoured by ants and birds. Ants are often our best friends by capturing many little borers soon after hatching and before they have been able to tunnel under the bark, where they would be protected.
(3) Worming After the above treatment, wrapping and mounding, has been attended to by August 1st, as recommended, it might seem that the trees would be thoroughly protected. That is not always true, however, as some larva- may get down under the paper wrapping from above, and some may succeed in forcing an entrance through the paper at the surface of the mound. For these reasons alone, worming should always follow wrapping and mounding. This worming should begin the last week in October, for it has been shown that nearly all the eggs are hatched by October 15th. The reason for worming at this time is" to get as many young larvae as possible before they have injured the trees. Worming at this time will necessitate removal of the paper wrappings, and leveling of the mounds. In fact, to leave the paper on longer in any event, would be to offer protection to the young borers underneath. A knife will not be required for worming as a great per cent of the larvae present will be on the surface of the bark feeding on tender spots and covered with a mass of gum mingled with excrement and borings. This gummy mass, together with the worms beneath, may be scraped off with a curved bill-hook' arrangement, bluntly pointed at one end and provided with a double edge which should not be sharp--about like a dull table knife. This hook may be heavv enough to serve for digging and cutting if desired, and should be provided with a substantial handle about twelve inches long. With such a hook trees can be wormed rapidly. The majority of the young borers will be found on the tree trunks several inches above ground

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287

and being for the most part on the surface, they may be

easily scraped off.

.

The hook mentioned above is one recommended by

Mr. C. M. Porter, of Douglas, Ga., and the writer

believes that no better implement has been devised for

this work.

(4) Caustic and Deterrent Washes: After worming

in fall some form of caustic wash should be applied to

the tree trunks to kill the larvae which have been exposed,

but remain on the trunk, and to prevent the dislodged

larvae from re-entering the trees. It appears to be

somewhat doubtful about a wash applied earlier in the

fall preventing the adults from depositing eggs. Prof.

Starnes reports that eggs are laid on the lateral

branches; this habit has also been observed by the

writer. I have seen moths deposit eggs on the leaves

of nursery stock at least three feet above the ground.

Washes of a deterrent nature applied to peach tree

trunks before the moths appear would probably cause

more eggs to be laid higher up and unless the wash

applied is capable of repelling the little larvae when

hatched, it would be of little value.

Lime-Sulphur-Tar Mixture: A wash that has proved

fairly satisfactory, having both deterrent and caustic

properties, is one first recommended by Prof. W. M.

Scott. It is made as follows: Slake one bushel of lime

in a small amount of warm water. While the lime is

slaking add 10 pounds of sulphur, previously stirred into

a paste. To this mixture add one-half gallon of gas tar

and then dilute with water to about 50 gallons. This

wash carries sufficient lime to form a good coating over

the bark, while not being thick enough to flake off badly

when dry. By adding two pounds of Paris green to the

above we have a deterrent, caustic and poison wash.

Hate's Borer Wash: Mr. J. H. Hale, President of

the Hale Georgia Orchard Co., recommends the follow-

ing wash: Two quarts of strong soap and a half pint

of crude carbolic acid, with two ounces of Paris green,

are thoroughly incorporated in a bucketful of water,

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

and enough lime and clay added to make a thin paste.* A wash of this description, if .applied about July l5th, would act as a deterrent and poison. To be most thoroughly effective it should be applied to the trunk and main limbs and be replaced when loosened by rain.
Prof. Starnes reports that he can not recommend any one wash in view of his experience with many different formulas. For applying to trees just after fall worming he recommends the following:
Lime and Potash Wash: A simple mixture of thick whitewash and ball potash--V/2 pounds lime, 2*4 ounces caustic potash to the gallon of water.
It is quite probable that the lime-sulphur mixtures recommend for San Jose scale treatment may be used with good success. They certainly possess the caustic property necessary to kill young borer larvae and by adding a little more lime than the scale formula calls for, it would cover tree trunks sufficiently to act as a deterrent to both the adult moths and the larva?.
Summarizing the remarks regarding borer washes, none are worthy of unrestricted recommendation. The best time to apply any wash is just after the fall worming. If washes are applied earlier and before the trees are wormed they should be sufficiently thick and caustic to repel larva1 which attempt to enter the trunks of the trees.
(5) Spring Worming: In view of the information now at hand regarding the life history of the peach-tree borer it does not appear advisable to depend on spring worming. The borers are all under the bark in spring and must then be removed with a sharp knife or killed in their burrows with a wire probe. Where other measures have not been properly attended to, spring worming may be necessary and beneficial. It would at least tend to reduce the numbers of adults appearing in fall, and prevent much injury during summer months. In general it would seem preferable to devote considerable time and work to the fall treatment as already
* Formula from Cir. 54, p. 4, Bur. of Ent., U. 8. D. A.

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described, and if some borers have escaped they should be dug out in early spring. A caustic wash may be applied after the spring worming but it will only destroy larva? which have been exposed but not actually killed.
Best results in controlling peach borers ivili be obtained only when the various remedial measures--as suggested--are combined, and each feature of the work given careful attention.
THE FEUIT-TEEE BAEK-BEETLE.
(Scolytus rugidosus Batz.)
(Known also as shot-hole borer.)
Next to the Peach Borer this is the most troublesome boring insect attacking the peach in Georgia. During some seasons very little injury is occasioned by this insect, but during the season of 1905 reports came in to the entomologist mainly during the latter part of June and throughout the month of July, from which it was evident that the bark beetle was more than usually abundant in the peach orchards. Several of these reported cases were investigated by a member of this Department, with the result that we became convinced of the unusual numbers of this insect. While the actual damage to healthy trees was not as great as many fruit growers were led to suppose, the appearance of these beetles in great numbers caused considerable alarm, which might easily have been avoided had the true habits and life-history been known. Hence a somewhat extensive description is deemed advisable.
Historical: This insect is a native European species. In the United States it was first noticed in 1877 in New York, where it was attacking the peach. No doubt many other localities were infested at the same period though not then discovered. It has now been found in all the Eastern States and at least as far west as Kansas. This insect has been known to injure the following fruits: Plum, cherry, apricot, nectarine, apple, pear and quince, as well as the peach.

fr-19

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Habits and Nature of Injury: Early writers usually held to the opinion that the fruit-tree bark-heetle would not attack perfectly healthy trees, and some there are who will still assert that the first writers were correct.
Their statements, however, are not borne out by observations made in Georgia peach orchards, as many growers will bear witness. F. H. Chittenden,* writing in 1898, cites cases where this insect had been known to attack apparently healthy trees, wbere they adjoined old and abandoned orchards, and J. M. Stedmanf states that he has seen peach trees, which were to all appearances perfectly healthy, seriously atacked by the fruit-tree barkbeetle. The writer has upon several occasions found the bark-beetles boring into sound, healthy trees. Two such observations were made in Maryland in 1901-2, Flgf 1F_:u;0rk an(^ *n Georgia the same thing has been Bark-beetle in observed several times. twig--natural ^\ie weight of evidence is conclusive, Chit., u. s. however, that the bark-beetles first attack Dept. of Agr., weakened and dying trees, but often when
cir. No. 29.)' numerous, turn their attack to trees which are apparently in good health. As ap-
priately stated by J. M. Stedman:| "It is very largely a matter of opinion when one pronounces a tree perfectly healthy that has become infested with this pest, but no doubt one should regard a tree as healthy when there is absolutely no reason to suspect anything different except that it has now become attacked by this insect."
The fruit-tree bark-beetle works for the greater part of its life-time under the bark of the infested tree. A tree in which this insect has been breeding will show

"Bureau of Entomology, U. S. D. A., Cir. SS. 29. fMissouri Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 44.
}Loc. cit.

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many branches like Fig. 13, illustrating the nature of the work under the bark, as well as the outward appearance, showing the holes made by the adult beetle. Young peach trees often commence to wither and dry up towards the end of the limbs before any other sign of borers is discovered. When that occurs the insects will often be found beneath the bark as described farther on.
Description: The adult fruit-tree bark-beetle is a small cylindrical beetle, about one-eighth inch in length and only about one-third as broad. They are uniformly black in color except the tips of the elytra or wing covers and a portion of the legs, which are dull red. Fig. 14, a, illustrates the peculiar punctuation on the thorax and wings, and the peculiar blount shaped abdomen is well shown in Fig. 14, b. The young borer or grub is white except for the brown head, as illustrated at d. The pupa--the form assumed by the larva just before changing to the adult beetle--is pictured in the figure at c.
Winter Stage and Life History: The winter is passed by this insect in the larval or grub stage in their channels under the bark. In spring about the middle or latter part of March, the parent beetles eat their way out from under the bark, making little holes scarcely 1-16 inch in diameter. These parent beetles soon commence to bore into the trees, and begin the construction of an egg chamber which is nearly always formed in the direction of the long axis of the limb, or nearly so. They seem to prefer to enter at the base of the limbs, or at the forks made by lateral spurs, and often at the base of buds near the extremities of the small branches. The beetles are frequently found, on badly infested trees, entering the trunk nearly to the base of the trees. The egg chamber' is formed partly in the cambium layer and partly in the wood directly beneath. An egg chamber varies from one inch or less to an inch and a half in length, and as it is formed minute side pockets are constructed to each 3ide, in which eggs are deposited. It is supposed that each female lays about eighty eggs. The minute grubs hatching from these eggs burrow at right angles to the egg chamber. When a limb is badly infested these channels cross and recross one another, until the cambium layer of bark, and the wood just beneath, is reduced almost to powder. The typical egg chambers and side galleries are well illustrated in Fig. 15. The young grubs continue to feed as described until full grown, when they make a slightly deeper burrow and there change to the pupae from which emerge the adult beetles as already described. These beetles escape by simply eating their way out through the bark, making the characteristic

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

od hole, As each beetle must make a hole through which to escape another when entering to construct the egg chamber, the great numof holes found in an infested limb are accounted for.
Generations Each Year: Concerning the number of broods in Georgia each year, no definite observations have been made. In Missouri, Prof. Stedman found three and sometimes a fourth. Considering the fact that many adults were observed this year during the early part of July, and as these must have been the third brood, it is reasonable to predict that we have four generations to contend with in the peach orchards of Geor-

REMEDIES.

a &
Fig. 15.--Bark removed from twig, showing egg chambers and galleries of Fruit-tree Bark - beetle: a, a, main gallery; b, b, side or larval] galleries; c, c, pupal cells--natural size. (From U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Circ. 29.)

Clean Culture: As heretofore stated the bark beetles seem to prefer to breed in dying trees. Herein will be found the clue to a remedy, or more properly speaking, prevention. All dead and dying trees should be destroyed by burning during win-

ter. This work must be done at least before the first

of March in order to destroy all the young borer larva?

hibernating under the bark. All adult beetles--it is

generally supposed--die during winter, hence if all

wood containing young borers is destroyed there will be

practically no borers left to re-infest the orchard the

following spring. Of course, there will always be a

few slightly infested trees left, and from them some

adult borers will develop. A small number of adults in

March may increase to considerable numbers by the

time the second and third broods appear. In addition

to burning all brush and dead trees during winter, the

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293

orchards should be closely watched during summer, and when infested trees are discovered or even single infested limbs, they should be removed and burned.
Fertilizing and cultivating: Slightly infested trees will sometimes recover, after the attacked portions have been removed. To aid this recovery the orchardist should cultivate and fertilize as appears necessary to keep the trees in a healthy, vigorous state of growth. Very healthy trees are more able to withstand an attack from the fruit-tree bark-beetle, than are poorly nourished, slow-growing trees.
Washes: Understanding the life history of the barkbeetle as already described, one will readily perceive that the application of washes either poison or deterrent, cannot be expected to prove of certain value. The larva1 working beneath the bark can not be killed by any exterior application, and the adult beetles do not feed over a sufficient area of the bark to insure successful poisoning. A deterrent wash, one that will repel the beetles, is therefore the most promising. By adding poison to whatever wash is used some beetles may be killed if they attempt to reach the bark through the wash.
The writer has not been able to test the value of the washes that have been recommended by various writers. One that has given fairly good success in Missouri, recommended by J. M. Stedman, is as follows:
Deterrent and Poison Wash.
Dissolve as much common washing soda as possible in six gallons of soft water, and then dissolve one gallon of ordinary soft soap in the above and add one pint of crude carbolic acid and mix thoroughly. Two pounds of lime is then slaked in two gallons of water and filtered so as to remove all dirt and small lumps; this is now added to the above and mixed; while to all is added one-half pound of Paris green or one-fourth pound of white arsenic, and thoroughly mixed.
The above wash will act as a repellant to keep the adult beetles from boring into the trees to deposit eggs. It will not kill the young grubs under the bark. It may poison a few beetles if they attempt to eat through. The trunk and large limbs of trees to be protected must

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE

be kept thoroughly covered with this or any other wash which should be applied about the first of March and as often thereafter as necessary to keep the trees well protected. The first application may be made with a spray pump and then every portion of the tree should be covered. Later applications can not well be applied to the smaller branches and twigs, and for that reason it can not be thoroughly effective.
Wherever orchards are sprayed with lime-sulphur wash for the San Jose scale it is probable that no other wash will be necessary, or at least would not be practical in view of the additional expense.

THE PEACH TWIG BOBEB.

(Anarsia lineatella Zell.)

Early in the spring the orchardist may be looking through his peach orchards and notice that many of the young shoots of the new growth are dying back a few inches from the tips. He will wonder what the cause of this trouble may be. Upon examining the dying twigs a slender brownish worm may be found in the little twig just about at the point where the twig commenced to die. This will usually prove to be the larva? of the peach twig borer. This insect is quite common in many parts of this State, though many peach growers are not aware of its identity.
The peach twig borer is evidently a native of Europe and was probably brought to this country on some shipment of nursery stock. It was first regarded as an important peach pest about the year 1872, according to Marlatt,* when it was reported as causing excessive damage in young peach orchards in Maryland. It has since been reported from many of the peach growing States, and will, in time, if not already so, become cosmopolitan in its distribution.

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295

a/

Pig. 16.--Peach Twig Borer: a, moth with wings spread; b and e, same with wings closed, illustrating normal position. (After Marlatt, TJ. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 10.">

Fig. 17.--Peach Twig Borer: a, new shoot of peach dying from attack of larva; b, larva enlarged; e, pupa enlarged. (After Marlatt, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 10.)

Description and Life History: The adult moth is

shown in Fig. 16 in the natural position, as when resting

on a branch, and with the wings spread to show the

characteristic markings. These moths appear in early

summer from the worms or larvae causing the first dead

twigs as mentioned above. The first brood of moths

soon commence to deposit eggs around the base of the

new leaves as described by rof. C. L. Marlatt,* and from

these eggs minute larva; hatch, at first very small, pale

yellow in color, with black extremities. These larvae

proceed at once to bore into the shoot on which they are

located. Sometimes they enter the shoot and burrow

for a short distance in the center; these burrows being

from one-fourth to one and one-half inches in length.

Or they may simply bore to the center of the shoot, and,

apparently dissatisfied with the location, wander away

to anothe rshoot. Thus a single larvae may bore into

and injure several new twigs in the course of its wan-

dering life. The writer has observed many such cases;

a twig often showing only a small hole with no sign of

*U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 10.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the intruder, though the twig- was found in a dying condition. In California it is claimed that the summer broods attack the growing peaches, but this injury has not been noticed in Georgia, so far as the writer is aware.
The larva? or worm attains a length when full grown of nearly one-half inch; color dull reddish brown, with the head and posterior end dark brown or black. The body tapers toward either end and is sparsely clothed with long hairs. (Fig. 17, b.) When grown the larvae spin a scanty web in the leaves or rubbish about the trees or even in the dried leaves of the injured shoot. In this web the larvae change to the pupa> (Fig. 17, c), from which the adult moths emerge.
Winter Stage: It has been determined that there are probably four broods. The larvae of the last brood seek their winter quarters, and this point in their life history is of great importance, as it offers a chance for easily destroying most of these insects during winter. It has been found by Prof. Marlatt that the larva1 of the last brood construct small silken cells in the spongy bark at the crotches of the branches of the peach, and there pass the winter. In these quarters they are only poorly protected and often fall prey to birds and predaceous insects, and they are also frequently killed by a parasitic mite.
REMEDIES.
It would at first thought be supposed that the larva1 could be trapped when the first dying twigs appear in summer by simply cutting off the injured shoots, and by burning destroy the larvae within. This is in fact a possible remedy, but as stated above, a single larva1 may injure several twigs; hence many twigs might be removed to capture only a few of the insects. Furthermore the larvae attain full growth in about two weeks so that the time during which the worms could be trapped is comparatively short.
*Loc. cit.

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297

Fig. 18.--Terminal twig of peach tree killed by larva of peach twig-borer. (Photo, by A. C. Lewis.)
The larvte passing tlie winter in the crotches of the trees are easily killed by a spray of lime-sulphur wasli as advocated for the San Jose scale. In California this insect is effectually controlled by the winter treatment. Wherever trees must be sprayed for the San Jose scale or other scale insects, the peach twig borer will be so reduced by the treatment that they will not cause serious trouble. Young peach trees could be washed or painted with the lime-sulphur wash where it is not necessary to spray the entire orchard.

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GEOBGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE CUECULIO. (Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.)

Wormy peaches are nearly always found in every peach orchard each year, and much fruit is ruined and thrown away on this account. By far the majority of the worms occurring in peaches in Georgia are the larvae of the Curculio, usually named "plum curculio."
The adult curculio or beetle is commonly called "The Little Turk." Owing to its small size this insect is not generally observed by the average fruit grower, though the worms occurring in the fruit and the marks on the skin are familiar objects.
Description: The curculio, or weevil, as it is sometimes called, is a small, dark brown, rough backed beetle, looking like a dried bud when shaken from the trees, which resemblance is increased by its habit of drawing up its legs and remaining for a time without motion, seemingly lifeless. In other words, this beetle when disturbed will play "possum," and when in that position it is indeed hard to distinguish from a small dried bud. The color is dark brown variegated with white, ochre-yellow and black. The wing covers have short ridges, those in the middle of the back forming two humps which are shiny black; just behind the humps there is a wide band of ochre-yellow and white. The beetles vary in size but average nearly one-fifth inch in length. They are provided with membraneous wings-- under the visible wing covers as described above--with which they fly easily for considerable distances.
Habits and Life History: The beetles pass the winter under protection of weeds, rubbish, etc., in the orchard, under and around peach trees, and also in the leaves and brush in the edge of forests, which frequently adjoin the peach orchards. In spring when peach trees are just pushing out the tender buds, the curculio emerge from their winter quarters and commence to feed on the opening buds. Mating soon takes

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place and by the time the first fruit is set the females are ready to deposit eggs.
The egg puncture made by the female curculio is very characteristic on plums but not as distinct on the fuzzy skin of the peach. Before depositing an egg the beetle first makes a small crescent-shaped incision with the snout, which she also employs to force the egg under the skin. Only one egg is deposited in a place, and as long as plenty of peaches remain unstung only a few will be found with more than one egg puncture. If fruit is scarce several eggs may be found in a single peach.
The eggs thus deposited soon hatch into white, footless grubs which commence to bore toward the center of the fruit, finally lodging near the seed. Such infested fruit often drops when about the size of a grape. Oftentimes a peach may attain a size of nearly one inch in diameter before being stung, and may then develop and ripen prematurely even with a worm within, constituting the common "wormy" fruit. The irritation arising from the egg punctures and the gnawing of the young grubs causes the fruit to become gummy, diseased, and either ripen prematurely or form imperfect fruit. Frequently small holes are eaten in the peaches simply for the purpose of feeding, and from the wounds thus inflicted the gum often exudes, and rot frequently sets in at the injured spot, thus causing much additional injury.
In fallen, wormy fruit the grubs complete their growth and after leaving the fruit enter the ground and pupate. In about three or four weeks the adult beetles develop from the pupae. It is generally supposed that there is only one brood eah year, though this fact has not been definitely established. The egg laying period of a single female may extend over eighty days, which accounts for the fact that small worms are found in nearly mature peaches. It is also possible that a partial second brood occurs in South Georgia.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

EEMEDIES.

Jarring: This is one of the oldest recommendations and possibly the best even at the present time. Taking advantage of the fact that the adult curculio will curl up and drop when distributed, it is possible to capture large numbers by jarring trees over a sheet, from which the beetles can be collected and destroyed. Many devices have been suggested for capturing the curculio in this way. One is a patented affair, shaped like an inverted umbrella, with a slit in one side in which the trunk fits when the arrangement is pushed under the tree. This device is fitted with one wheel and handles like a wheel-barrow. After this arrangement is pushed under a tree the trunk is hit a couple of sharp raps with the padded end of a pole. The curculio thus disturbed, drop to the slanting sheet from which they slide to the center and drop into a can containing a little kerosene. The worst objection to such an outfit it that all insects, including many beneficial lady-bugs, are often destroyed along with the curculio.
The Hale Orchard Co., Fort Valley, Oa., have a simple arrangement, which has been used with success. Two light wooden frames are made, each about 6x12 feet, and in the side of one frame a cut is made, large enough to accommodate a tree trunk. These frames are covered with stout cotton cloth and when placed under a tree, with two of the long edges together, a broad surface is secured, which will catch every insect dropping from the tree above. A padded pole is used for jarring the tree. It requires five men for each outfit, two for each frame and one to jar the' trees. By having several double frames and a large force of negroes a large orchard can be covered in a few hours. Jarring should commence early--at first break of day--and be vigorously performed until about half-past eight in the morning. Later than this hour many of the curculio will be hiding in the rubbish under the trees and thus escape. An orchard can be quite thoroughly protected by jarring

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every morning after the fruit is first beginning to set, continuing the work as long as the beetles are numerous. After the first few days, where the work is thoroughly done, the beetles will become quite scarce.
The advantage of this jarring method over the patent device is that it is cheaper, and the curculio can be collected from the sheets without destroying the beneficial
insects. Spraying: Authorities differ regarding the value of
poison sprays for killing curculio. It is an unquestionable fact that the curculio feed to some extent on the opening buds and also on the fruit; but experiments have not demonstrated that many beetles can be poisoned by spraying. The new buds develop so rapidly that it is almost impossible to keep them covered with poison spray, and by the time the foliage is fully formed the peaches are also large enough to offer food to the adult curculio. Thorough spraying will, however, poison a certain number of beetles, and for this work it would be well to use Paris green in connection with Bordeaux mixture, 4 ounces of Paris green to each barrel. Or arsenate of lead may be used, 2 pounds to 50 gallons of water, or in the same proportion with Bordeaux mix-
ture. Gathering Fallen Fruit: This should properly be
called prevention, as it tends to reduce the number of adult curculio developing each season. It is of great importance to prevent curculio from increasing from year to year. All fallen fruit should be gathered and destroyed by burying or feeding to hogs. This practice is of considerable value by destroying rotton fruit as well as the curculio. Even in orchards where spraying and jarring have been practiced it would be advisable to gather all fallen fruit. This must be picked up every few days to prevent the larva; from leaving and entering the ground.
Clean Cultivation : This hinges closely on to the foregoing paragraph as gathering fallen fruit is really a part of clean cultivation. The adult beetles hide during

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winter in rubbish, weeds, etc., hence all such harboring places should be prevented by keeping orchards clean and free from weeds and brush. Forests immediately surrounding orchards offer abundant winter protection to the curculio, and where the damage would not be too great a portion of these forests adjoining the orchards should be burned over each winter, which would result in destroying hundreds of over-wintering curculio.

PLANT LICE INJUBIOUS TO THE PEACH.
Under this head we have several species, all closely resembling each other in size and shape, though often differing in color. Some species differ quite widely in habits and life-history, and also in .appearance if submitted to close scrutiny. As the treatment recommended for this family of insects is about the same for one and all, and the description of one or two species will serve to illustrate the variation in life history, for the purpose of this bulletin it is not deemed necessary to mention all the different species that might attack the peach.
Indication of Aphis: When peach trees in early spring or summer are discovered with the tips presenting a dwarfed growth, and with the leaves curled and twisted, aphis may be looked for. These will be found on the under side of the curled leaves and often clustered in great numbers around the tender shoot and terminal bud. Hundreds of individuals may occur on a single leaf, as a single aphis is less than 1-10 inch in length.
THE NEW PLUM APHIS.
(Aphis Scotti Sand.)
Although this species has been named "Plum Aphis," it is by no means confined to the plum. Our first knowledge of this particular species dates back to 1898, when it was discovered by Prof. W. M. Scott in a plum orchard at Port Valley, Ga. During that year and the one fob

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lowing it was observed on plum and peach, causing con-

siderable injury to the growing tips of young trees, and

particularly to nursery stock--June-budded peach. In

1899 Prof. Scott determined the life history in general

and since then it has been considered as an important

peach insect.

Life History: The

winter is passed in

the egg stage, these

eggs being found

scattered over the

termina 1 . shoot/.

From these eggs,

which are dark brown

in color, and very

small, small wingless

lice hatch, appearing

just about as the

buds commence to

Fig. 21.--Stem mother of New Plum Aphis. (After Scott, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 31.)

open in the spring. Within a short time these young lice reach maturity and

Fig. 22.--Winged form of New Plum Aphis. (After Scott, U. S. Dept. of Agr., Bur. of Ent., Bull. No. 31.)
become "stem mothers." (Fig. 21.) Each individual is an agamic female, capable of giving birth to living young without the intervention of the male.

304

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Each stem mother gives birth to several young, which in turn reach maturity and bring forth more young in a like manner. The majority of these develop into agamic femaels resembling the stem mother, though some ndividuals develop wings and fly to other localities, where they establish new colonies. These winged agamic females (Fig. 22), give borth to young resembling those from the stem mother. During the season there may be ten or more generations, as described above. From the last generation eac hseason true males and females develop, which mate, thus providing for the winter eggs.
It is no uncommon sight to see a stem mother surrounded by a hundred or more aphis of all sizes. By sucking the plant juices the leaves are made to curl and twist, always toward the side on which the lice are located. When the leaves become badly curled it will be readily understood that the lice are well protected and hard to reach with any insecticide. This characteristic curling of leaves should be carefully noted as it is closely connected with the subject of remedies which will be considered after mention has been made of one more species of aphis.

THE BLACK PEACH APHIS.
(Aphis persicae-niger E. F. Smith.)
Description and Life History: This species, as its name implies, is shining black or deep brown in color. Winged and wingless forms both occur, new colonies being established by means of the former. The young aphis are faint greenish-brown, becoming darker as they near maturity. All these forms will be found on the growing tips of infested peach trees in early spring causing the leaves to curl in the characteristic manner.
Unlike the plum aphis this species does not winter in the egg stage. About mid-summer many of the aphis
*N. J. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 72.

BULLETIN NO. 17

305

on the leaves and branches make their1 way to the ground and to the roots where the winter is passed. Dr. John B. Smith* states that no males have been observed and no eggs have been discovered; hence it is assumed that the black peach aphis breeds agamically all the year round. Early in the spring the root form make their way to the surface and to the branches, and there colonies are formed on the opening buds, later living on the fully developed leaves and tender stems.

BEMEDIES.
Plant lice live by sucking the plant juices, and for that reason they can not be poisoned with arsenicals. Contact poisons must be employed for these insects. For the forms which occur above ground we have a simple remedy, as kerosene emulsion at 15 per cent, strength or a strong soap solution will kill all the aphis with which it comes in contact. Now it will be seen why the matter of the curled leaves becomes significant. It is almost impossible to spray a tree with emulsion, or any solution, so as to reach all the aphis inside the curled leaves. This can only be affected by dipping, Which is out of the question with orchard trees of any size, though it may be practiced with nursery stock. By watching closely for the first appearance of aphis in spring the first colonies may be discovered and destroyed by spraying before the leaves become curled. If many leaves are curled when the infestation is first discovered, it may become necessary to gather the badly curled leaves by hand, and follow with the emulsion to destroy all remaining aphis. (For preparing kerosene, emulsion see directions on page 69.)
Whale oil soap solution, 1 pound to 3 gallons of water, will be found as effective as the emulsion; or tobacco decoction may be prepared by boiling 3 pounds of tobacco leaves or stems, in 5 gallons of water for about three hours. This decoction may be used without dilution and will prove very effective.

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306

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The black peach aphis occurring on the roots of peach trees will seldom become serious if the form appearing above ground is properly destroyed each year, at least enough to reduce them to insignificant numbers. The greatest danger is that this insect may be spread on nursery stock, but even that danger is mitigated by fumigation which is required of all nurserymen in Georgia. Liberal applications of tobacco dust about the roots of nursery stock is valuable for destroying the root form of peach aphis.
Any plant lice occurring on leaves or branches may be killed by spraying with the contact insecticides mentioned above, and no one need fear this form of insect if the first colonies appearing in spring are properly destroyed.
BOOT KNOT OR NEMATODE GALL.
While not an insect, strictly speaking, the nematode worm, which is the cause of root knot on peach trees, should be mentioned in connection with other peach insects. These knots are caused by a small "eel-worm" or nematode, an individual being almost microscopical in size; but the knots resulting from their attack are readily noticed. (Fig. 23.) A close examination of fresh knots will usually reveal the little cavities containing eel worms in all stages of development.
In Georgia it has been observed that the root knot is most prevalent on trees in sandy soils, such as are found in some parts of south Georgia, while in the stiff clay lands this trouble is seldom noticeable.
The symptom of root knot, which can be seen above ground, is usually a scanty yellow growth. Young trees often die from the effect of root knot during the second or third year, but where older trees are attacked they may survive for several years or almost indefinitely, although making a poor growth.
No good remedy for this trouble is known, though much damage therefrom may be avoided by adhering to certain rules.

BULLETIN NO. 17

307

In the first place orchardists should not plant trees

bearing roots which show root knot; or if only a very

little is present it should be carefully pruned off before

planting. Another thing that should be understood is

that the nematode worms live on several common garden

and field crops, such as cabbage, okra, turnip, egg-plant,

cotton and cow-peas. In

the case of the cow-pea,

we have an exception in

the variety known as the

"Iron" cow-pea. This

variety is practically re-

sistant to the nematode

worm and can be planted

with safety in the peach

orchard, and in view of

the fact that so many

cow-peas are grown in

the Georgia peach or-

chards, it is fortunate

that we have this resist-

ant variety. All plants

which are susceptible to

attack from the nema-

tode worm should be

kept out of peach or-

chards where the worms

are known to occur. This

Fig. 23.--Root Knot on peach root caused by '' eel worms '' or nematodes. (From U. S. Dept. of Agr., Farmers' Bull. No. 33.)

practically results in a starving out process.
Insecticides are of little if any value against

the nematode worms. In Florida it was found that

heavy applications of potash fertilizer, either sulphate

or muriate, 3,000 lbs. per acre, were of some value, but

the large amounts necessary make their use prohibitive.

It has been suggested that nematode worms may be

destroyed by heat, and this may be practical over small

areas, especially where only an occasional tree is in-

308

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

fested. Under such conditions each infested tree should be dug up by the roots leaving a fair sized hole, above which a pile of brush and wood could be burned. Afterward by filling the hole with fresh earth from an uninfeste field, another tree could be planted in place of the old one. This tree would be able to develop a strong, vigorous root system before the nematodes again became abundant.
As a general thing it will not be profitable to plant a peach orchard in land where the nematode worms are abundant, as long as uninfested land can be selected. Land once infested will remain so for several years, but the worms will die out gradually if the land is planted in corn or some such resistant crop.

CATERPILLARS.
Caterpillars are not as a rule a serious enemy of peach trees. Every year, however, a few outbreaks occur, but the damage to trees in Georgia in the past few years has been almost of no consequence. A few words, however, in this connection may be of interest.
THE AMERICAN TENT-CATERPILLAR.
(Malacosoma americana Fabr.)
Every one is familiar with the white webs of the tentcaterpillar, which are found on wild cherries and apples in spring, and which increase in size at an alarming rate. This tent-caterpillar sometimes attacks peach trees, and although easily destroyed they are often allowed to work unmolested.
Life History and Habits: During winter the eggs may be seen on small twigs where they occur in a mass, encircling the twig. Each mass contains over two hundred eggs, which are glued tightly together and covered with a glutinous matter which gives the mass a glistening brown color. The mass of eggs is usually about three-fourths inch in length and a little thicker than n heavy plain gold ring.

BULLETIN NO. 17

309

In spring the little caterpillars hatching from these eggs commence at once to form a web in the nearest crotch. As the caterpillars increase in size the nest is enlarged until it becomes a very conspicuous object. The caterpillars feed during the day time, leaving the nest for this purpose. During rainy or cloudy days they seldom wander from the nest.
When full-grown these caterpillars attain a length of about two inches; body quite hairy, and ornamented with a continuous white stripe along the back, while on either side short yellow stripes occur somewhat irregularly. Each caterpillar changes to a pupa in a yellow loosely constructed cocoon which is usually located in some protected place such as a fence corner.

EEMEDIES.
The egg masses may be found during winter while the trees are bare. In spring if trees are closely watched, the little webs may be found while the inmates are still very small. These nests should be cut out and burned or crushed by hand. Such work, however, must be done in early morning or about sun-down, or on dark cloudy days, as at other times many of the caterpillars will be feeding away from the nest and thus escape.

Other Caterpillars.

The tent-caterpillar is easily controlled without spraying, but some leaf-eating worms are not so easily captured. Whenever the foliage of fruit trees is being

destroyed by caterpillars, it may be readily protected by spraying with some arsenical poison. Peach foliage is

very easily injured by arsenical sprays; hence the fol-

lowing dilute formula is recommended to be employed against any leaf-eating caterpillars:

Paris green or Green Arsenoid 1 pound.

Formula: - Quick lime

Water _

,

3 pounds. 175 gallons.

Paris green may also be used in connection with weak Bordeaux mixture, at the rate of 4 ounces of the former

310

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

to 50 gallons of the latter. One spraying with either of the above mixtures will usually kill enough caterpillars, when present, to prevent their causing any considerable injury.

GEORGIA State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 16.

APRIL, 1905.

The Cotton Boll Worm in Georgia.
Insects Injurious to Corn and Truck Crops.

By R. I. SMITH.

CAPITOL BUILDING

Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board of Entomology.

APRIL, 1905.

No. 16

Published by the Georgia State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga., and Bent free of charge to all residents of the State who make request for same.

THE COTTON BOLL WORM. (Heliothis armiger.--Hubn.)

Injury from this insect has long been familiar to all

cotton growers in Georgia, as well as the entire South.

Its regular appearance in greater or less numbers each

year has caused growers to give but little attention to

the injury caused by the boll worm. By referring to

back records we find that the boll worm was reported as

being quite destructive in Georgia in 1899. Prof. A. L.

Quaintance, reporting from the Georgia Experiment

Station on insects of the year, says, '' The boll worm has

been more than usually destructive * * * the sec-

ond brood practically destroyed early tomatoes and

sweet corn *

* by the middle of July complaints

from cotton growers began to be heard * * *."

Since that time it has appeared at various places in

Georgia each year. In 1903 it was reported as doing

considerable damage; and in 1904 reports of its boring

into cotton squares came in frequently during the month

of June, and at various times during July and August.

The fact that boll worm injury was reported so early in

the year in 1904 makes it seem advisable to mention it

quite prominently at this time. In the following para-

graphs it will be seen that boll worm injury to cotton is

not common until about August 1st, when its favorite

food plant, corn, has become hard and distasteful.

The boll worm appeared in considerable numbers in

Georgia during 1904, in the following counties: Ran-

dolph, Pulaski, Dooly, Upson, Meriwether, Decatur,

Jackson, Richmond and Glascock. In Dooly county it

314

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

was charged with destroying 50 per cent, of the cotton squares in several fields, and in several instances the damage was thought to be caused by the Mexican cotton boll weevil. These reports of the supposed boll weevil proved in all cases, upon investigation, to be the work of the cotton boll worm.
Besides feeding on cotton the boll worm is often a serious pest on corn, tomatoes, beans, peas, okra and tobacco. The latter crop is injured by having the buds eaten. All the other crops mentioned are injured by the boll worms boring into the fruit, or in the case of beans and peas, into the pods.

The Insect Described.
The boll worm belongs to the class of insects that have four distinct stages in their development, namely: adult, egg, larva and pupa. The adult is a moth which commonly flies in the night, but when disturbed during the day-time they fly with a quick darting motion that is quite characteristic. The moths vary in size, but in general they have a wing expanse of about one and one-half inches. The color may also vary greatly, ranging from a dull yellow to a dull olive-green with numerous dark spots and markings on the wings. These moths may be easily distinguished from the cotton leaf worm, or caterpillar moth by the fact that when at rest the boll worm moth holds its wings slightly raised and parted to expose a portion of the body, while the cotton caterpillar moths always rest with the wings tightly closed. The accompanying figure shows the general shape and size to good advontage.
Moths usually appear in spring about the time that corn is ten or fifteen inches high,* and in general they prefer to deposit eggs on young corn instead of cotton, the eggs being laid on all parts of the plant, but a preference is shown for silk if it is present.

Quaintance & Bishop, U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers Bnl. 212.

BULLETIN NO. 16

315

The eggs are small, oval in shape, whitish or yellow

in color, and may be seen with the unaided eye. Each

female deposits on an average 1,100 eggs. These eggs

hatch in from 3 to 10 days, depending on the season.

From these eggs minute worms are hatched which are

at first pale green in color, but soon become darker.

The full grown lar-

vae may vary in color from pale

green to brown or

almost black. These

worms are voracious feeders, a sin-

gle individual often destroying a large

number of squares

or bolls. This habit

of going from one place to another on

the plant, for the

purpose of feeding,

explains the reason

why the farmer

finds many young

squares with a hole

in the base but no sign of the trans-

gressor. (See Fig.

2.) Boll worms when first hatched

wander around on

the plant feeding on

the leaves until they

find a square or

form

into

which

Fig.

2.-

-Cotton squares destroyed Worms. (Original.)

by

Boll

they bore. It is dur-

ing this time that the worms may be poisoned with

arsenicals. A full grown boll worm measures from

1% to iy2 inches in length, (see Fig. 1) and they may

316

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

complete their growth during the summer season in about fifteen days.
When full grown the worms descend into the ground where a cell is constructed in which the pupal stage is passed. This period usually covers about two weeks on the average. From the pupa there emerges the adult moth, as already described, ready to mate and deposit eggs for the next generation.
In Georgia there are at least four and possibly five generations, so it will be readily seen that if the boll worms confined their attacks from the first to cotton the damage would be tremendous. In general it may be said that the third brood is one that injures cotton most severely, or at least that has been the generally accepted belief in the past. Last year, however, in 1904, a majority of reports from boll worm injury came to the entomologist during June and July, which showed that it must have been the larvas of the first and second broods that were doing the damage.
EEMEDIES AND PREVENTION.
Of the two, prevention is the best, but for the protection of this year's crop, if the boll worms appear, the remedy must be considered. There are two main methods of preventing injury to cotton. The use of corn planted in rows through the cotton field to serve as a trap, and the application of arsenical poisons to destroy the worms when on the cotton.
Corn as a trap plant should be planted in rows every 200 or 300 feet throughout the entire field. This corn should be planted late, about the middle of May or June 1st, so as to be in prime silking condition about August 1st. As the boll worm moths seem to prefer corn to cotton most of the eggs will be deposited on the corn, which can be destroyed or fed to stock when the worms are partly grown. If an early maturing variety of corn is planted about May 1st, and more of the same variety planted about June 1st, the planter will always have an attractive plant for the moths during the period when

BULLETIN NO. 16

317

Fig. 3.--Method of applying Paris green in dry form to cotton plants. (Photo by Wilmon Newell)

318

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

they are expected to be most abundant. Cowpeas should be planted between the corn rows in time to be in bloom when the corn is in silk. The blooms will attract the moths.
Poisoning should be attempted when the worms first appear on the cotton. Experiments in Texas by Prof. A. L. Quaintance in 1904 showed that it will pay in most cases to poison for the third brood. In Georgia, as the worms of the second brood do so much damage, it will probably be found advisable to poison as soon as the first worms appear on the cotton. This will be about June 1. The old method of applying poison by means of the simple dusting apparatus carried by a man who walks rapidly along the row dusting both sides of the plant at once (See Fig. 3) has proved to be most economical. This fact was demonstrated by Prof. Wilmon Newell in 1903, and reported upon in his Bulletin No. 9, of the Georgia State Board of Entomology on "The Cotton Caterpillar." He found the best way to apply the poison was to mix it with fine lime dust--cheap flour can be substituted--used in the proportion, 1 pound of Paris green to 4 pounds of dust. This should be applied so as to put at least 2 pounds of the Paris green to each acre. Owing to the fact that the boll worms feed to some extent on the leaves and pass frequently from one place to another even when working on the squares and bolls, it is possible to destroy large numbers with the use of poison.
Possibly the most valuable and economical way of fighting the boll worm is to plow the land during the fall and winter, thus breaking up the pupal cells in which the winter is passed. It has been found that nearly all the pupa thus disturbed will die during the winter. This practice should be followed in all sections where the boll worm is known to occur. This is also a valuable way of fighting many other insects such as Corn Stalk Borers, Grub Worms, Squash Vine Borers, and all insects that pass the winter under ground.

BULLETIN NO. 16

319

Fig. 4.--Dusting apparatus for applying Paris green to cotton plants.
The dusting apparatus shown in Fig. 4 is made from a one inch board, 4% feet long and three inches wide, by boring an inch and a half auger hole five inches from each end, and attaching under each hole a sack five inches wide by about fifteen inches long. These sacks can be made from unstarched heeting running about 4 pounds to the yard. If it is found that the poison is being applied too fast or too slow the proportion of lime, or flour and Paris green, must be changed so that the required amount of actual poison will be applied per acre.
ATTACKING OTHER CROPS.
As already mentioned, tomatoes are often injured by boll worms, though when occurring on tomatoes they are generally known as "tomato fruit worm." The damage is caused by the worms boring into the green and ripening tomatoes, in which large excavations are often made. When occurring on tomatoes the worms usually have to be picked off by hand. Poison in liquid form, as recommended further on for cotton caterpillar, may be applied while the plants are small. The worms frequently bore into the stems of tomato plants at first, but soon transfer their attacks to the fruit. Winter plowing of gardens will aid in keeping this pest in check.
Corn injured by boll worms should be cut and fed to stock to destroy the larvae and the eggs which may be present. Early corn is most liable to be infested and a strict cleaning out of all infested plants during June and July will greatly reduce the numbers of the following broods.

320

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

When peas and beans, that will be shelled before using, are attacked, the poison in the form of arsenate of lead or Paris green and lime mixture is recommended.

THE COTTON CATEBPILLAK,

(Aletia argillacea--Hubn.)

This enemy of cotton is mentioned here, and figures

presented principally to show the difference between it

and the boll worm. In 1903 the ravages of the cotton

caterpillar were severely felt in a few counties in Mid-

dle and South Georgia, but reports from its injury in 1904 were very few, and in fact, the injury was not

sufficient to cause any concern among cotton growers.

The main points of difference to be noted between the cotton caterpillar, or leaf worm, as it is sometimes

called, and the boll worm, is in

their mode of injuring the plant.

While the boll worms feed to

some extent on the foliage, the

cotton caterpillars feed entirely

on the leaves and buds unless in

extreme cases where the plant is

entirely defoliated. At such

times they may gnaw into the

squares and green bolls, but sel-

dom do much injury in this way.

Figure 5 shows the adult cater-

pillar moth, which may be com-

pared with the boll worm moth.

Fig. 6 represents full grown

caterpillars. Unlike the boll

worm the caterpillar does not go

into the ground to pupate. This

Fig. 6.--Cotton Caterpillar: a, from side; 6, from

stage is passed in a folded leaf on

above; twice natural size, the plant. There are always

Cf uEill 3E2 several generations each year

Comm.)

and as the complete life cycle

BULLETIN NO. 16

321

from egg to adult may be covered in from three to
four weeks, it is evident that the increase may at times be very rapid.

REMEDY.
The remedy is the same as recommended for boll worms in regard to poisoning. The plants should be watched closely and poison applied while the caterpillars are small--as they are more easily killed then-- and the injury to foliage avoided. Dusting with Paris Green and lime dust should be done during the early morning hours, as it will adhere better to the plants at that time. In wet weather dust is frequently washed off by rains, and in that evnt we would advise the use of Paris green in water, using a formula,
1 pound Paris green, 2 pounds stone lime, 100 gallons water.
Or in place of the above, arsenate of lead (Disparine) may be used at the rate of 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water. The latter will adhere somewhat better than Paris green mixture, but can not always be as readily obtained when needed at short notice.

DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING ARSENATE OP LEAD.
Dissolve 11 ounces of Acetate of Lead in 1 gallon of water, and 4 ounces of Arsenate of Soda in % gallon of water. Stir these two solutions together. The resulting mixture will be Arsenate of Lead which will appear as a light flocculent precipitate, which will readily remain in suspension. This may be diluted to make 50 gallons for ordinary use. It will be found that arsenate of lead will adhere to foliage longer than most other arsenicals.
Disparine is a manufactured preparation of Arsenate of Lead, which is sold in the form of paste and will readily dissolve in cold water. It costs a little more than the home-made article but will be preferred by many as it comes ready to use.
Swift's Arsenate of Lead is a comparatively new preparation that is now on the market. It contains a high per cent, of glucose, which is claimed to help its adhesive property; it is known to be a good insecticide.

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32:

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

THE CORN STALK BORER.

(Diatraea succharalis.--Fab.)

This enemy of

corn has been

known since

early in the nine-

teenth century,

as it was describ-

ed by Rev. Lans-

down Guilding

in 1828,* who

reported its

presence in

sugar-cane i n

the Island of St.

Vincent in the

West Indies. Dr.

Howard con-

cludes that it

must be a native

of the West In-

dies or of South

America where

the cultivation

o f sugar-cane

was first begun

in America. In

1855 this pest

was reported as

injuring sugar-

cane in the State

o f Louisiana,

and in 1881 we

learn that the U.

S. Division of

Entomology

made observa-

tions on the rav-

F'g-

7.--Corn stalk showing holes made stalk borers. (Original.)

by

com

ages

of

this

pest

*Dr. L. O. Howard, Insect Life, Vol. IV, p. 95.

BULLETIN NO. 16

323

in Louisiana, where it was severely injuring sugar-cane. In Georgia it was found in Lincoln County in 1880, and was reported from South Carolina about the same time. In 1881 the corn stalk borer was found doing considerable injury to corn in a large field near Atlanta. It was probably some years previous to this date that the borer began to attack corn as well as sugar-cane. Since 1881 it has been reported at times from various points in Georgia, but the records at hand concerning it are very meagre.
During the month of June, 1904, the corn stalk borer appeared in alarming numbers in the vicinity of Hawkinsville, Georgia. Specimens of the insect and its work were sent to this office by Mr. C. C. Atkinson early in June, and as he reported such extensive injury an investigation was made at once.
On June 20th the writer visited Mr. Atkinson's plantation and found the borers very abundant in a large field of corn near the house. Other fields in the vicinity were examined and in all such borers were found in considerable numbers. In some instances as many as five and six borers in a single stalk of corn and the large number of holes made by each borer made it look as though many more might have been present. (See Fig. 7.)
LIFE HISTORY AND GENERAL APPEARANCE.
The corn stalk borer is a white six-footed larva attaining a size when full grown of about one inch in length (See Fig. 8). The winter is passed in the pupa stage embedded in the corn stubble near the surface of the ground. Early in spring the moths issue from the over-wintering pupae and when the corn is only a few inches high the eggs are deposited on the stem and leaves. These eggs hatch in a short time into small borers which at once commence to tunnel into the stalk and up through the pithy center. The injury may be quite considerable and may even necessitate replanting.
Observations made by the writer show that some of

324

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the borers of the first brood may attain full growth by the first week in June. The change to the pupa at once takes place, usually in the stalk above ground, and adult moths emerge at least as early as the middle of June in the vicinity of Hawkinsville. Moths continue to issue until about the middle of July.

Corn stalk bo-

rers are very ac-

tive and pass fre-

quently in and out

of the stalk in

which they are

working, thus

making a large

number of holes.

The accompany-

ing figure shows

the appearance of

a corn stalk in

which borers were

at work. Most of

the damage is con-

fined to the three

Fig. 8.--A corn stalk cut open showing borers lower joints, but

within. (Original.)

in a few cases

larva? and pupse were found three feet up in the stalk.

BULLETIN NO. 16

325

Figure 9 shows the varva or borer, and pupa about twice natural size.
The adult corn stalk borer is a delicate looking moth, fore wings dull yellowish brown, in some cases having very little color. The males in all cases have the fore wings a little darker than the females, and the former are always somewhat smaller in size. Wing expanse varies from a little over one inch to a litte more than one and one-half inches. The hind wings are always clear white or cream color.
The writer is informed by Mr. Betts, of Hawkinsville, that the corn stalk borer injured his corn in 1900 to an extent of 50 per cent. He has observed that the injury is greatest during dry seasons, as 1900 was very
dry, as was also the season of 1904.

Fig. 9.--Larva and pupa of corn
stalk borer. On left, larva; on
right, pupa--twice natural size. (Original.)

Borers may occur in corn stalks without seeming to injure the yield, but usually a certain per cent, of the stalks are destroyed while the corn is still small. This injury should be guarded against, and can be largely averted by following the suggestions given in the paragraphs on Remedies.

BEMEDIES.
Considering the habit of the corn stalk borer it is evident that the damage cannot be stopped after the borer has once gained access to the stalk, without at the same time destroying the corn. It is not practical to remove the borers, unless from a few stalks of corn in the gar den, as is recommended for the squash vine borer. It is clearly apparent that corn following corn year aftdr

326

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

year is most liable to infestation because of the number of borers that winter over in the old stubble. The usual practice in Georgia of allowing the corn stubble to remain on land is the principal cause of the bad invasions of stalk borers; along this same line rotation of crops offers a relief from the pest. This is an old suggestion, but it remains good.
In infested fields all corn stubble should be gathered and burned to destroy the pupa that are wintering therein. Deep plowing in early spring to bury all stalks that were not gathered will be advantageous. The pupa should be buried so deep that the emerging moths cannot escape.
If rotation of crops, burning stubble and deep plowing are practised, corn stalk borers can generally be successfully controlled.

CORN ROOT WORM. (Diabrotica 12- punctata.--Oliv.)

Corn is often attacked by a root worm soon after the

plants appear in the spring. The injury is caused by

the larva of a beetle that is common in the South and

known as the twelve-spotted Diabrotica, the scientific

name being Diabrotica 12-punctata. To farmers it is

locally known as "bud worm" on account of its causing

the bud to wilt when the roots are

attacked.

The adult Diabrotica is a green

beetle (See Fig. 10) about one-

third to one-half inch in length, ob-

long in outline, tapering toward

the anterior end, and having three

transverse rows of four black spots

on the wings. The adults often

feed voraciously on melon, squash

Fie. 10.--Adult beetle, parent of eorn root worm

lkaTMD n^d0.TM ^c^u, cutombJf?eere,djan<d>n

they have been
-T , almost every

(enlarged). (Original.) farm crop imaginable. In fact,

they are practically omniverous.

BULLETIN No. 16

327

These root worms have been found to injure corn in bottom lands most severely, and especially early plantings. Corn planted after May 5th ao 10th is seldominjured severely, as most of the eggs are deposited previous to that time. When corn is planted early a surplus of seed can be used and in most cases enough plants will be uninjured to insure a full stand without re-planting. A simple rotation of crops will usually suffice to prevent injury from corn root worms. Corn following wheat, rye, or barley is seldom attacked, and the land will generally remain free from root worms for at least two years.
The suggestion that corn can be treated so as to become distasteful to corn root worms, was shown to be worthless by Quaintance in 1900.* So also was the use of kainit as a fertilizer in killing the larvae. In one case he found root worms even worse where kainit was applied.
Melons, squash and cucumber plants attacked by the adult Diabrotica should be dusted with land plaster and Paris green in the morning while the plants are wet with dew. As'this insect eats large holes in the foliage the use of poison will be found advantageous.
As a matter of interest it may be stated that the 12spotted Diabrotica has often been charged with spreading diseases, such as the pear blight, by visiting the blooms and carrying the blight bacillus from one point to another.
THE SQUASH VINE BOBEE. (Melittia satyriniformis.--Hubn.)
Like the corn stalk borer this insect does its damage by burrowing in the stalks of its host plant. Its injury is confined mainly to squash and pumpkins, but melons, cucumbers, etc., may be attacked. The adult moth, parent of the borer, is one of our most beautiful species, and described by Quaintance* as having fore wings opaque, shining olive brown in color, with metallic
*U. S. Dept. of Agr., Div. of Ent., n. s. Bui. 26. *Ga. Exp. Sta. Bui. No 45, p. 47.

^28

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

green reflections; the hind wings transparent with a narrow fringe of scales. Hind pair of legs are thickly fringed with hairs, which on the inside are black, and on the outside orange colored. The body is about threefourths of an inch long and the wings may expand one and one-fourth inches.
The moths appear about the middle of May and deposit eggs on various parts of the plants, mainly along the stem, as determined by Quaintance. Eggs hatch in from six to fifteen days and the larva; attain full growth in about one month.
Observations made by the author during 1904 show that the second brood of adults may begin to appear by July 1st in South Georgia. On June 17th, 1904, summer squash vines were found at Chester, Ga., containing the larva?, one or two in each plant. On July 4th these plants were again examined when it was found that all the burrows or channels in the stalks were empty. By digging down around the plant the tough silken cocoons were found, in one case four at the base of one plant. As not more than two larva? were observed in a single plant June 17th, it seems probable that some had already gone into the ground before that date. On July 4th a few empty cocoons (See Fig. 12)
were found, showing that some adults had already emerged. From pupa secured at this date adult moths were emerging up to July 11th. From these notes it appears that the pupal stage covers from three to four weeks.

Fig. 12.--Pupa and empty cocoon of squash vine borer--twice natural size. (Original.)

BULLETIN NO. Hi

329

HOW TO DETECT PRESENCE OF SQUASH
VINE BORERS.
During the latter part of May and the first part of June examine the vines and if there are any accumulations of yellowish excrement around the stem, carefully cut open the stem and remove the white grub-like borer. This will often save the plant without much injury resulting from cutting. The injury is caused by the borers making large channels in the stem and often causing the whole plant to shrivel and die. Ordinary insecticides and repellants are of very little use. The grower must watch closely and remove the borers when then are present. After the crop is gathered the vines should at once be pulled and burned to destroy all borers of the second brood.
Fall plowing and harrowing the gardens will destroy many pupre; this coupled with clean culture and destruction of infested stalks will result in keeping the borers in check in most cases.
CUTWORMS.
Cutworms may easily be classed as one of our most injurious species of insects. Working silently in the night, as they do, a vast amount of injury may occur before the damage is discovered. A knowledge of the life history and habits is necessary in order to understand how to fight the pest.
Life History--The adult cutworm moths appear during the months of June and July, and soon after arrival begin to deposit eggs on the grass, weeds and rubbish. A grassy sod may be selected as the place to deposit eggs or any field where there is an abundance of grass and weeds. Eggs hatch in a short time, and the young cutworms, at first very small, begin to feed on any succulent vegetation at hand. At this time of the year they are so small and the food so amundant that the injury caused is not noticeable. By the time cold weather approaches the cutworms may be in all stages of

330

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

maturity, from one-half inch in size to nearly full grown. So far no noticeable injury has occurred. Cutworms pass the winter in little earthen cells in the soil under rubbish, stones or any protected place.
In the spring when the land is plowed the cutworms, emerging from their winter quarters with ravenous appetites after their long winter fast, begin to feed on any vegetation at hand. It is therefore evident that the first plants to come up in the garden will be liable to be cut off by the little cutworms.
Description--The adults of our cutworms are moths belonging to the family, Noctuidae, meaning night fliers, and for that reason they are seldom seen unless attracted to lights. Moths range in size from one and one-half to two and one-half inches in wing expanse. Color of front wings dark brown or grey; hind wings always lighter than fore wings. Cutworms have naked bodies, eight pairs of legs, three in front and five at the posterior end of the body; color may vary from dirty green to grey or dirty brown. Full grown worms average one and one-half inches in length.
Remedies--Injury from these insects may be largely prevented by any or all of several methods. First of all should be mentioned fall plowing to expose the pupal cells in which cutworms pass the winter. This should be practised in fields where cut-worms have been numerous. Second, poison the cutworms in the spring with poisoned bran-mash or clover, before the crop is planted. This can be accomplished by fitting land a few days previous to the time when seed is to be sown. For poisoned bran-mash use one pound of Paris green, forty pounds of bran, two quarts of molasses and mix this with just enough water to make a thick dough that can readily be made into balls. This mash may be placed on the land in little heaps just before night-fall. The cutworms being deprived of all other food, if the land has been fitted as suggested, will readily eat the mash while it is fresh.

BULLETIN NO. 16

331

Another very good plan is to spray a small piece of succulent clover with Paris green, one pound to twentyfive gallons of water, cut the clover, and spread it on the land before it has time to wilt. This should be done about sun-down and such bait will be very attractive to the cutworms. It is almost worthless to attempt to poison cutworms after the crop is up, or if there is much grass or weeds on the land.
When tomatoes, cabbages and the like are to be transplanted fit the land several days in advance, let it remain untouched for two or three days, in order that the cutworms may become hungry, and then try poison bait for three nights in succession. Newly plowed sod land should always be treated in this way for reasons already stated. No rubbish or weeds should be left on land after the main crop is removed as it furnishes food for the cutworms during the fall months and protection during the winter.
As some people object to the use of poison bait on account of liability of poisoning poultry and other animals, bands of tarred paper are recommended for use around such plants as cabbage and tomatoes. This paper may be pushed into the ground around each plant to a depth of at least one inch so that the cutworms will not crowl underneath. This will protect the plants while small and the bands may be removed after a few weeks and used around other plants.
SQUASH BUG.
(Anasa tristis.--DeGeer.)
This is the rather large, flattened rusty black bug which injures squash and other cucurbits. This insect has a sharp, pointed beak, through which it draws the sap from the plant. Infested plants become yellow, and sickly and often die.
Remedy--Hand picking of adults when they first appear is recommended. They may also be trapped under pieces of board, or leaves from the plant, laid on the ground and examined each morning.

332

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The eggs are laid in masses on the under sides of the leaves and are readily seen owing to the yellow color. These egg masses should be found and destroyed. If any hatch, the young will be found feeding in groups. These may be crushed between the fingers. Attention to these minor details will usually be the means of preventing serious injury.
Clean cultivation of gardens, keeping all weeds, trash and vines removed, will cause many squash bugs to succumb to the winter weather.
THE CUCUMBEE BEETLE.
(Diabrotica vittata.--Fabr.)
This is the little yellow black-striped beetle that feeds on the young cucumber and melon vine's and damages them badly at times by eating small holes in the leaves. This beetle will be readily recognized by the followingdescription: Beetles about one-fourth inch in length; head and antennae black; general body color yellow,' with a black stripe on each wing-cover, and a third stripe where the wings meet along the back. Stripes run longitudinally.
These small beetles pass the winter under cover of leaves and trash around the garden. In the spring they come out and deposit eggs in the soil near the base of the food plants, and the larva? when hatched live on the roots. These larvs are slender little white grubs and when numerous they may do considerable damage The principal injury is caused by the adults feeding on the leaves.
Remedies--Clean cultivation of the gardens after the crops are off in the fall so as not to leave any rubbish under which the adults may pass the winter. Protecting the young plants with gauze netting while the plants are small. Where plants are protected for three or four weeks, or until they get well started, the injury from cucumber beetles will not be great. Two pieces of wire bent over the plants in the form of a double arch, and thrust firmly into the ground, will make a

BULLETIN NO. 16

333

good frame for a netting to cover young plants. Sprinkling plaster on the plants while young will often serve to keep the beetles away, but protection with netting is the only sure prevention.
COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.
(Doryphora 10-lineata.--Say.)
This troublesome pest of the potato plant is so common that it seems almost unnecessary to mention it. Still the fact of its being common seems to keep many people from learning how easily it may be controlled. It is a fact that our new insect pests often receive more attention and are fought with more vigor than the ones that are always with us.
The Colorado potato beetle derived its name from its native home. Until about the middle of the nineteenth century this beetle was not conspicuous as a garden pest, for before that time it fed on weeds of the same genus as the potato plant.
Life History--Late in fall the beetles enter the ground and hibernate until the warm spring sunshine brings them out. The females soon commence to deposit eggs on the under side of the leaves. These eggs are yellow, occur in clusters and are easily seen. In a short time the eggs hatch into larvae having enormous appetites, which they at once commence to satisfy. The soft-bodied larvae increase in size with alarmingrapidity and when full grown, which is in from three to four weeks, they go into the ground and form a smooth cell in which the pupal stage is passed. There are several broods in the South and larvae of all sizes can generally be found on a plant. Fig. 14 shows an adult beetle.
Remedies--Paris green in any form is death to potato beetles. While the plants are small it may be applied as a dry powder mixed with ten times its weight of cheap flour, land plaster or air-slaked lime. This powder can be dusted on the plants while wet with dew early in the morning, or after sundown in the evening. The

334

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

duster recommended for cotton caterpillar poisoning will be found useful. Or Paris green may be applied m liquid form, by mixing one pound of poison and two pounds stone lime in 125 gallons of water. Tbe lime should always be used to prevent burning of foliage. It is even better to use the arsenical in connection with Bordeaux mixture.

DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING BORDEAUX-PARIS GREEN MIXTURE.

Usually it is best to use Paris green or other arsenical poisons in connection with Bordeaux mixture, thus making one spraying serve two purposes. Bordeaux is used principally for controlling mildews and fungus diseases and m itself contains no insecticidal value, except as a repellant. Combined with arsenical poisons it serves to keep the latter from washing off so rapidly.

For convenience, the ingredients (copper sulphate, lime and water) of

f^T*^TM V "4 thei\aTMTMts, are designated by an abbreviated toimula the number of pounds of copper sulphate (bluestone) being writ-

ten first, number of pounds of lime written second, and number of gallons

of water written last. Thus the formula "4-6-50," indicates t Bor-

deaux mixture of 4 pounds copper sulphate, and 6 pounds lime in 50

gallons water. The formula "3-9-50," would indicate 3 pounds copper

sulphate 9 pounds lime and 50 gallons of water, etc. Bordeaux mixture

to be thoroughly effective must be prepared carefully. The following

method of preparation will insure good results: Dissolve the bluestone

m a barrel or tub using a small amount of water. If hot water is used

the bluestone will dissolve most readily, but the solution must be allowed

to cool before imxmg. Before immersing in the water tie up the blue-

stone loosely in a piece of burlap suspended from a cord. Place this in

the water and keep moving. The bluestone will have all dissolved in a

short time when this solution should be diluted with clear water to 55

gallons In another vessel slake the required amount of lime, using boil-

wWhLen'

s/larke'fd ndi"lu:te

^ to ^ 25

Wat6r
gallons.

frmDiptimuep

tt0hesteimseoltu0tiol>nrse^wnitth bbuurnckinegts.

and pour them together into a third barrel, holding the buckets so that

they are emptied simultaneously and not too fast. The streams should

meet and mingle together in mid-air, so that the solutions are thoroughly

mixed before they reach the surface of the liquid in the barrel. When

both solutions have been poured into the third barrel in this manner stir

up the mixture vigorously with a paddle and the Bordeaux mixture is

ready for use. It m also now ready for the addition of Paris green or

other poison. While spraying out the Bordeaux mixture only a pump with

a good agitator should be used.

'i '

Green arsenoid is an article that may be substituted for Paris green It is of a duller color bulkier, more finely divided, and remains in suspension longer. It can be purchased for a little over half what Paris green costs and pound ror pound it is worth about as much for poisoning insects
Growers are recommended to test this arsenical especially because so much impure Pans green is often placed on the market.

FLEA BEETLES.
Cucumbers, tomatoes, melons, turnips and many other garden vegetables are often attacked early in

BULLETIN NO. 16

335

their life by little jumping beetles that make small round or irregular holes in the foliage, and from their ability to jump, they have been given the name of Flea Beetles. The damage from these little fellows is sometimes very severe as they attack the plants while small and tender. The larva1 are mostly leaf-miners, living in the tissue of the leaves and stems of the host plant, though seldom doing much damage.
Flea beetles vary in size and color, some of them being so small as hardly to be seen, while others, like the grape flea beetle, being nearly one-quarter of an inch long. All have thickened hind legs enabling them to jump readily. They will all be recognized by this characteristic. Color ranges through steel blue, brown and black.
Remedies--(lean culture of the garden is the very best thing to practice, as flea beetles hide in rubbish and trash through the winter. When they appear in the spring young plants may be sprayed with arsenical poisons, unless the plants are protected by a cover as recommended for the Cucumber beetle. It has been found that young plants covered thickly with ordinary Bordeaux mixture are not often severely attacked, the mixture acting as a repellant. Usually it is best to add Paris green or green arsenoid to the Bordeaux as it will poison some beetles. When the plants have attained some size they are seldom injured by these insects. Simply dusting plants with lime dust will drive some species of flea beetles away. However, it can not be depended on in all cases and the best plan is to use an arsenical poison, or cover the plants.
CABBAGE WORMS. (Pontia rapae and Bontia protodice.)
Every one living in the country has seen the common white butterflies that usually appear early in the spring and love to hover around in sunny places; but many perhaps do not know that these butterflies are the parents of our most common cabbage worms, that

336

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

yearly depredate the cabbage patches. There are two common cabbage worms, one known as the imported cabbage worm, and the other as the native cabbage worm. The former was imported many years ago from Europe and the latter is indigenous to this country.
Imported Cabbage Worm (Pontia rapae)--The adult butterfly is white in color with a faint creamy tinge; the males have one black spot and the females two similar spots on each front wing. In addition to this they both have the front wings tipped with black. The' hind wings in both sexes bear a black spot near the front margin. Those butterflies have a wing expanse of from one and one-half to one and three-fourth inches. Worms when grown are green in color, sometimes having an obscure longitudinal black stripe along the back. The worms or larvae when grown change to pupse on the plant, attaching themselves by a silken band. There are several broods and the winter is passed in the pupal stage.
Native Cabbage Butterfly (Pontia protodice)--Adn\t males of this species closely resemble the imported species in size, color and marking. The females, however, look quite different; though white in general color the wings are much marked with angular black spots. The worms show four longitudinal pale yellow stripes, two on each side of the body. In other respects the species are much alike.
Remedies--Experiments show that cabbage worms succumb to any arsenical poison, but its use has not been generally recommended because of prejudice against the use of poison on account of danger of poisoning the consumer. It may be interesting to the reader to know that experiments have been made in winch cabbage heads sprayed with Paris green have been subjected to chemical analysis to find out how much poison actually remained after the first few days In every case there was only a slight trace, if any; certainly not enough to be dangerous. Besides, cabbages grow from the inside out and the outer leaves are

BULLETIN NO. 16

337

always removed before cooking. It may be said that with ordinary care it is safe to spray cabbages with arsenical poison. We do not, however, recommend its use on full grown cabbage.
Paris green or green arsenoid may be used with lime and water, in the following proportions: Paris green, 1 pound; stone lime, 1 pound; water, 150 gallons. Or arsenate of lead may be used at the rate of 2 pounds in 50 gallons of water.
Four sprayings through the season will usually suffice to keep the worms in check. When the plants are nearly full grown the use of fresh Hellebore powder is recommended. This should be dusted on the plants every two or three days. It soon loses its poison property when exposed to the air, hence the necessity of repeating the application so often.

PLANT LICE.
Several truck and garden crops are annually injured by small green, yellow or brown soft-bodied insects that live by sucking the plant juices. Plant lice are so small that they often pass unnoticed until considerable injury to plants has occurred, when the sickly appearance of the plants cause them to be examined. The lice usually occur on the under surface of leaves, when that is possible, though cabbages may be covered all over.
Melon Louse {Aphis gossypii, Glover)--These lice may appear on melons early in the spring, winged individuals coming from some of their many food plants in adjoining fields. The winged forms give birth to living young, and these in turn reach maturity in about eight days, and bring forth more young. The colonies thus formed live on the under side of the leaves and may soon cause small plants to turn yellow and die. The leaves soon become curled and mis-shapen. More colonies are established by winged individuals that fly from one place to another. These lice may continue to multiply all summer, unless checked by artificial means.

fr-22

338

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The winter is passed in the egg stage, and possibly in hibernation.
Remedies--Spraying with kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap solution. To do this thoroughly the vines must be turned over or else use a curved rod to carry the spray to the under side of the leaves. Spray as soon as the first lice appear because when the leaves become curled the lice are hard to hit. Carbon bisulphide may be used to good advantage when the plants are small. Carbon bi-sulphide is a liquid and can be purchased from any drug store. Dr. John B. Smith* recommends using one dram, which is about equivalent to one teaspoonful to each cubic foot of space. A practically air-tight cover must be placed over each plant to be treated. The cover can be made of heavy ducking stretched over a light wood or wire frame. Place the liquid in a shallow dish on the ground and let the plant remain covered for one hour. It is estimated that five doses will cost only one cent if the carbon bi-sulphide is purchased at wholesale prices.
Cabbage Lice--For lice on cabbage we would recommend spraying with kerosene emulsion or soap solution. Oftentimes a strong soap solution made from common washing powder is found fully as effective as the kerosene emulsion. The thing to avoid is letting the lice multiply to great numbers before treating the infested plants. Furthermore, one spraying should not be expected to kill every insect, and as they increase with such rapidity, the second treatment should be given in four or five days after the first. Thoroughly controlling the lice while the plants are small is the best practice.
Plant lice on any crop may be controlled if taken in time. The insects are soft-bodied and easily succumb to any common contact poison.
In cabbage fields all stumps should be pulled out and burned to destroy the lice remaining after the crop is gathered. Also keep down such weeds as mustard,
*New Jersey ExpTSta. BuT7T21, p. 10.

BULLETIN NO. 16

339

shepherd's purse and the like as cabbage lice flourish on such as well as on cabbage. Practice clean culture in gardens and along fence rows and walks near the garden.

DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING KEROSENE

EMULSION.

Formula for stock solution:

Kerosene

2 gallons.

Hard soap (soft soap, 1 quart) __ i/> pound.

Water

1 gallon.

Place a kettle containing one gallon of water over a fire and in it dissolve the soap. The water should be boiling hot. Remove this solution from the fire and add 2 gallons of kerosene after which the mixture must be agitated violently for about ten minutes. As the kerosene and soap solution combine a smooth creamy emulsion will result, the bulk will increase nearly one-half, and when properly mixed the resulting emulsion will remain without separating for several weeks. This emulsion is most easily prepared by using a small force pump having a direct discharge and throwing a oneeighth inch stream, pumping the solution back into itself with considerable force. In six or eight minutes the emulsion, made in this way, will be perfect.
This stock solution of kerosene emulsion may be dluted with water to any required strength, but care should be taken to have it thoroughly mixed before using.

For convenient reference the proper amounts of
water used in diluting the stock solution for certain strengths is given herewith:

For 5 per cent, emulsion dilute with, 37 gallons of water.

For 10 per cent, emulsion dilute with 17 gallons of water.

For 15 per cent, emulsion dilute with 10% gallons of water.

For 20 per cent, emulsion dilute with 7 gallons of water.

GEORGIA State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 18.

DECEMBER, 1905.

PEAR BLIGHT DISEASE.

Cause and Prevention.

PEAR LEAF BLIGHT.

CAPITOL BUILDING

Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board of Entomology.

DECEMBER, 1905.

No. 18

Published by the Georgia State Board of Entomology. Atlanta, Ga., and sent free of charge to all residents of the State who make request for same.
PEAR BLIGHT DISEASE IN GEORGIA.

BY R, I. SMITH.

Introduction. Probably every pear grower in Georgia is well acquainted with the familiar appearance of the blight disease, either through actual experience with it in his own orchards, or from observations made in other orchards. Probably no disease of fruit trees is more evident in its effect or more universally known to all fruit growers. But some perhaps do not know that the common pear blight is identical with the blight of apple, quince, hawthorn and other pomaceous fruits. To scientists this fact has, for a number of years, been known, and this information has been given somewhat wide distribution by the United States Department of Agriculture, through the writings of their expert pathologist, Prof. M. B. Waite. The necessity and value of putting this information in the hands of all fruit growers in Georgia as well as other parts of the South, has made it seem advisable to reprint the known facts regarding the pear blight disease, and the Georgia State Board of Entomology believes this subject to be of sufficient importance to justify its publication as a Bulletin of this Department. We are indebted to Prof. M. B. Waite, Assistant Chief Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology, of the United States Department of Agriculture, for the privilege of reprinting his work, which is included herewith under the head of, '' Cause and Prevention of Pear Blight."

344

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Its Occurrence in Georgia in 1905.
In the spring of 1905 the pear blight caused an unusual amount of injury to both pear and apple orchards in nearly all sections of the State. In some localities the crop was entirely cut off, while in other sections from 50 to 75 per cent, of the blooms were destroyed by the blight bacteria, which caused what is termed "blossom blight." (This form of blight is more fully described farther on.) The writer knows of one case in particular where the annual income from a certain pear orchard has never fallen below $2,000.00 until this year, when it produced very little over $100.00 worth of fruit. Some apple orchards also failed for the first time to produce a good crop of fruit. The unusual weather conditions that prevailed at the time apples and pears were blooming were perhaps favorable to a great increase of pear blight, while at the same time the cold weather caused the death of a certain per cent, of the opening blossoms. The two conditions combined were undoubtedly responsible for the failure of the pear and apple crops in certain parts of the State, particularly in north Georgia, but in most parts of south Georgia it seems safe to say that the greater part of the injury was caused by the pear blight without the aid of cold weather.
The fact that the pear blight germ enters principally through the bloom--as described farther on--and that last spring's cold weather came at about the blooming period, was the cause of misleading many growers into the belief that the cold weather was the direct cause of the blight disease, and that without this cold weather very little of the blight would have occurred. This inference, however, was not true, except perhaps to the extent that the heavy frosts and freezes rendered the trees more susceptible, causing a condition favorable to the development of the blight disease. As will be shown farther on, however, the blight bacteria are spread by insects principally, and the blight can not

BULLETIN NO. 18

345

therefore be directly caused by cold weather, or any condition of the atmosphere.
Pear blight was by no means confined to pear trees during the past season; in fact, as has been mentioned, it was fully as disastrous to apples in some sections. Many apple orchards in north and middle Georgia put on a heavy bloom and gave promise of an excellent crop. At about the time when the petals should have fallen a heavy frost caused some injury, and at about the same time the blossoms were attacked by the blight bacteria with a result that the maiority were destroyed. In some sections that the writer visited the entire injury was supposed to be due to unseasonable frosts and continued cold weather, though a careful examination showed unmistakable evidence of the blight disease. This conclusion was in part justified by the fact that trees without bloom did not show dead twigs, whereas on other trees every twig, bearing a bloom, was killed back from two to ten inches. Cold weather might well be held responsible for the death of many blooms, but it could hardly be expected to kill the twig back of the bloom.
What Can Georgia Growers d)o to Prevent Pear Blight?
This is the question always asked, and one which arises usually after the damage--for the current year at least--has been done. In reply to such questions we must for the present refer those interested to the latter part of this Bulletin in which the cause of pear blight is outlined together with remedial suggestions.
It has already been demonstrated in Georgia, in a few localities, that pear blight can be reduced or prevented to a great extent. Orchards which have received proper care in the way of pruning and judicious cultivation and fertilization, from the first year after being planted out, have been practically free from the pear blight. The great trouble has been, and will continue to be, that young orchards are planted in the vicinity of old and neglected orchards in which the blight develops each year, constituting veritable incubating points for the

346

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

development of the blight bacteria, which under favorable conditions are spread to orchards which would otherwise be free. Those orchards in which very little blight has occurred are the ones which are more or less isolated and where re-infection from other orchards is reduced to a minimum. Naturally in localities wheer the orchards closely adjoin one another the matter of bhght control becomes difficult. But even in such locali ties a systematic and thorough pruning will offer protection in most years. There may be years like the one just past when conditions are such that pear and apple orchards will be seriously affected by blossom blight, even though the trees have been given proper attention. The difficulty in obtaining success in this work lies in getting every orchard in each section properly pruned.
Proposed Work Against Pear Blight.
The value of the pruning method for controlling pear bhght must be demonstrated in Georgia before it can be expected that all growers will take up the work For the purpose of determining just how much good will result by giving pear trees proper pruning for a number of years, and to make this demonstration in such a way that pear and apple growers will get the full benefit resulting from an actual illustration, the Georgia State Board of Entomology has taken the supervision of the pruning of pear orchards in a few representative localities. Work of a nature similar to what will be undertaken by this Department has been conducted quite successfully by Prof. M. B. Waite of the United States Department of Agriculture. This work has been carried on for three years at Cairo, Ga., and also at a point in north Georgia. In the State of Maryland orchards have been treated in a like manner with gratifying re-
SUJ IS.
By a special arrangement, whereby this Department will work m co-operation with the United States De partment of Agriculture, the orchard at Cairo Ga will

BULLETIN NO. 18

347

be under the supervision of a member of the Georgia Department of Entomology. Demonstration work will also be carried on at Smithville, Ga., which is now one of the large pear growing sections of this State, and similar pruning experiments will be undertaken in the western and northern sections of Georgia. It is the intention of this Department to continue the work, that is now being started in each section, for at least three years. In the meantime, before the work is discontinued, all pear growers who are interested in the result, will have an opportunity of visiting and inspecting the work as it progresses. By such an arrangement it is hoped that this work will prove to be of peculiar value to the pear and apple growers of the State.

THE CAUSE AND PREVENTION OF PEAR BLIGHT.
BY M. B. WAITE.
"There is probably no disease of fruit trees so thoroughly destructive as pear blight, or fire blight, which attacks pears, apples, and other pomaceous fruits. Some diseases may be more regular in their annual appearance, and more persistent in their attacks on the fruits mentioned, but when it does appear, pear blight heads the list of disastrous maladies. Again, no disease has so completely baffled all attempts to find a satisfactory remedy, and, notwithstanding the great progress made within the last ten years in the treatment of plant diseases by spraying and otherwise, pear blight has until recently continued its depredations unchecked. It is now known, however, that the disease can be checked by simply cutting out the affected parts. This was one of the first methods tried in endeavoring to combat the disease, but came to be generally regarded as worthless. The remedy which will be discussed in this paper is, in a general way, so similar to the old one that

348

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

at first it may be difficult to see that anything new has been discovered. In the process now proposed, however, there are three vital improvements, namely, the thoroughness and completeness with which the work is carried out, the time when the cutting should be done, and a thorough knowledge of the disease so as to know how to act.'
The method of holding the blight in check was discovered through a careful scientific investigation of the life history of the microbe which causes it. The investigations were carried on in the field and laboratory, and extended over several years. In the short account which follows no attempt will be made to enter into the details of the work, nor to introduce all the evidence to prove the various statements, but simply to give such points as will enable the reader to intelligently carry out the method advocated.
WHAT IS PEAR BLIGHT?
Pear blight may be defined as a contagious bacterial disease of the pear and allied fruit trees. It attacks and rapidly kills the blossoms, young fruits, and new twig growth, and runs down in the living bark to the larger limbs, and thence to the trunk. While the bacteria themselves rarely kill the leaves, at most only occasionally attacking the stems and midribs of the youngest ones, all the foliage on the blighted branches must of course eventually die. The leaves usually succumb in from one to two weeks after the branch on which they grow is killed, but remain attached, and are the most striking and prominent feature of the disease. (See Fig. 1.)
The most important parts of the tree killed by the blight are the inner bark and cambium layer of the limbs and trunk. Of course, when the bark of a limb is killed, the whole limb soon dies, but where the limb is simply girdled by the disease, it may send out leaves again the next season and then die. All parts of the tree below the point reached by the blight are healthy, no more in-

BULLETIN NO. 18

349

jury resulting to the unaffected parts of the tree than if the blighted parts had been killed by fire or girdling.
Blight varies greatly in severity and in the manner in which it attacks the tree. Sometimes it attacks only the blossom clusters or perhaps only the young tips of the growing twigs; sometimes it runs down the main branches and trunk; and again it extends down only a few inches from the point of attack. The sudden collapse of the foliage on blighted branches has led many to believe that the disease progresses more rapidly than it really does. It rarely extends farther than two or three inches from the point of attack in one day, but occasionally reaches as much as one foot.
It is an easy matter to determine when the disease has expended itself on any limb or tree. When it is still progressing, the discolored, blighted portion blends off gradually into the normal bark, but when it has stopped there is a sharp line of demarcation between the diseased and healthy portions.
CAUSE OF THE DISEASE.
Pear blight is caused by a very minute microbe of the class bacteria. This microbe was discovered by Prof. T. J. Burrill, in 1879, and is known to science as Bacillus amylovorus. The following are the principal proofs that it causes the disease: (1) The microbes are found in immense numbers in freshly blighted twigs; (2) they can be taken, from the affected tree and cultivated in pure cultures, and in this way can be kept for months at a time; (3) by inoculating a suitable healthy tree with these cultures the disease is produced; (4) in a tree so inoculated the microbes are again found in abundance.

LIFE HISTORY OF THE MICROBE.
Blight first -appears in spring on the blossoms. About the time the tree is going out of blossom certain flower clusters turn black and dry up as if killed by frost. This blighting of blossoms, or blossom blight, as it is

350

GEORGTA DEPARTMENT OF AURIOUI/TUKE

Fig. 1. PEAR TREE SHOWING KILLED BY PEAR BLIGHT (No-
TICE THE LIMBS OX WHICH LEAVES ARE CURLED A.VD DROOPIXG ) Photograph taken May 29, 1905, Summerville, Ga. Photo by R I Smith

Fig. 2. KELFER PEAR ORCHARD, FOUR YEARS OLD, SHOWING VASE FORM OF PRUNING PRACTICED BY M. B. WAITE. (From Year Book, Dept. of Agr., 1900.)

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,

3

s - '''? sgu
, ',

V
X

. \

* M

fi|&-

'>)'*&

mk.

' '-dag

WmT'"

SSHHSESTI?"

H&llllllll&i^''

EBRCTTUMIS

BSS9HI

*p

H

:'.



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"-*-

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Fig. 3. MANNING PEAR ORCHARD, SHOWING PYRAMIDAL FORM OF
PRUNING.
(From Year Book, Dept. of Agr., 1900.)

352

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

called, is one of the most serious features of the pear blight. ^ One of the most remarkable things about this disease is the rapidity with which it spreads through an orchard at blooming time. This peculiarity has thrown much light on the way the microbes travel about, which they do quite readily, notwithstanding the fact that they are surrounded and held together and to the tree by sticky and gummy substances. They are able to live and multiply in the nectar of the blossom, from whence they are carried away by bees and other insects, which visit the blossoms in great numbers for the honey and pollen. If a few early blossoms are infected, the insects will scatter the disease from flower to flower and from tree to tree until it becomes an epidemic in the orchard. We shall see later how the first blossoms are infected. From the blossoms the disease may extend downward into the branches or run in from lateral fruit spurs so as to do a large amount of damage by girdling the limbs. Another way in which the blight gains entrance is through the tips of growing shoots. In the nursery, when trees are not flowering, this is the usual mode of infection. This is often called twig blight, a good term to distinguish it from blossom blight, provided it is understood that they are simply different modes of attack of the same disease.

CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE DISEASE.
The severity of the attacks, that is, the distance which the blight extends down the branches, depends on a number of different conditions, some of which are under the control of the grower. It is well known, however, that the pear and quince are usually attacked oftener than the apple. Some varieties of pears, like Duchess and Keiffer, resist the disease much.better than others, such as Bartlett and Clapps Favorite. It may be stated in a general way that the trees most severely "injured by the blight are those which are healthy, vigorous, well cultivated and well fed, or, in other words, those that are making rapid growth of new, soft tissues. Climatic-

BULLETIN NO. 18

353

conditions greatly influence the disease, warm and moist weather, with frequent showers, favoring it; dry, cool, and sunny weather hindering it; and very dry weather soon checking it entirely.
The pear blight microbe is a very delicate organism and can not withstand drying for any length of time. In the blighted twigs exposed to ordinary weather it dries out in a week or two and dies. It causes the greater part of the damage in the month or two following blossom time, but twig blight may be prevalent at any time through the summer when new growth is coming out. In the nursery severe attacks often occur through the summer. In the majority of cases, however, the disease stops by the close of the growing season. At that time the line of separation between the live and dead wood is quite marked, and probably not one case in several hundred would be found where the diseased wood blends off into the healthy parts and the blight is still in active progress. In the old, dried bark, where the disease has stopped, the microbes have all died and disappeared.
It has been claimed that the blight microbe lives over winter in the soil, and for a long time the writer supposed this to be the case; but after careful investigation the idea was abandoned, for in no instance could it be found there. Unless the microbes keep on multiplying and extending in the tree, they soon die out. This is a very important point, for it affords opportunity to strike the enemy at a disadvantage. In certain cases the blight keeps up a sort of slow battle with the tree through the summer, so that at the close of the season, when the tree goes into a dormant condition, active blight is still at work in it. This is also true of late summer and autumn infections. In these cases the blight usually continues through the winter. The germs keep alive along the advancing margin of the blighted area, and, although their development is very slow, it is continuous. Probably the individual microbes live longer in winter. At any rate, the infected bark retains

fr-23

354

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

its moisture longer, and generally the dead bark eontains living microbes during a much longer period than it does in summer. It has already been found that this microbe stands the cold well. Even when grown in broth in a warm room they may be frozen or placed in a temperature of 0 F. and not suffer.
When root pressure begins in early spring the trees are gorged with sap. Under these favorable conditions the microbes which have lived over winter start anew and extend into new bark. The new blight which has developed in winter and spring is easily recognized by the moist and fresh appearance of the blighted bark, as contrasted with the old, dead, and dry bark of the previous summer. The warm and moist weather which usually brings out the blossoms is particularly favorable to the development of the disease. At this time it spreads rapidly, and the gum is exuded copiously from various points in the bark and runs down the tree in a long line. Bees, wasps, and flies are attracted to this gum and undoubtedly carry the microbes to blossoms. From these first flowers it is carried to others, and so on till the blossoms are all killed or until the close of the blooming period. Even after the blooming period it is almost certain that insects accidentally carry the blight to the young tips and so are instrumental in causing twig blight also. The key to the whole situation is found in those cases of active blight, (comparatively few), which hold over winter. If they can be found and destroyed, the pear-blight question will be solved, for the reason that without the microbes there can be no blight, no matter how favorable the conditions may be for it; to use a common expression, there will be none left for seed.
TREATMENT FOR PEAR BLIGHT.
The treatment for pear blight may be classed under two general heads: (1) Methods which aim to put the tree in a condition to resist blight or to render it less liable to the disease; and (2) methods for exterminating

BULLETIN NO. 18

355

the microbe itself, which is of first importance, for, if carried out fully, there can be no blight. The methods under the first head must unfortunately be directed more or less to checking the growth of the tree, and therefore are undesirable except in cases where it is thought that the blight will eventually get beyond control in the orchard. Under the head of cultural methods which favor or hinder pear blight, as the case may be, the following are the most important.
Pruning.--Pruning in winter time, or when the tree is dormant, tends to make it grow and form a great deal of new wood, and on that account it favors pear blight. Withholding the pruning knife, therefore, may not otherwise be best for the tree, but it will reduce to some extent its tendency to blight.
Fertilizing.--The better a tree is fed the worse it will fare when attacked by blight. Trees highly manured with barnyard manures and other nitrogenous fertilizers are especially liable to the disease. Overstimulation with fertilizers is to be avoided, especially if the soil is already well supplied.
Cultivation.--The same remarks apply here as in the case of fertilizing. A well-cultivated tree is more inclined to blight than one growing on sod or untilled land, although the latter often blight badly. Generally good tillage every year is necessary for the full development of the pear and quince trees, and it is more or less so for the apple in many parts of the country; but the thrift that makes a tree bear good fruit also makes it susceptible to blight. Check the tree by withholding tillage, so that it makes a short growth and bears small fruit, and it will be in better condition to withstand blight than it would were it cultivated. In cases where thrifty orchards are attacked by blight and threatened with destruction, it may often be desirable to plow them once in the spring and harrow soon after plowing, to plow them only, or to entirely withhold cultivation for a year, mowing the weeds and grass or pasturing with

356

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

sheep. A good way is to plow the middle of the space between the rows, leaving half the ground untouched.
Irrigation.--In irrigated orchards the grower has the advantage of having control of the water supply. When such orchards are attacked, the proper thing to do is to withhold the water supply or reduce it to the minimum. Only enough should be supplied to keep the leaves green and the wood from shriveling.
Extermination of the blight microbe.--We now come to the only really satisfactory method of controlling pear blight--that is, exterminating the microbe which causes it, by cutting out and burning every particle of blight when the trees are dormant. Not a single case of active blight should be allowed to survive the winter in the orchard or within a half mile or so from it. Every tree of the pome family, including the apple, pear, quince, Siberian crab apple, wild crab apple, the mountain ash, service berry, and all the species of Cratsegus, or hawthorns, should be examined for this purpose, the blight being the same in all. The orchardist should not stop short of absolute destruction of every case, for a few overlooked may go a long way toward undoing his work. Cutting out the blight may be done at any time in the winter or spring up to the period when growth begins. The best time, however, is undoubtedly in the fall, when the foliage is still on the trees and the contrast between that on the blighted and that on the healthy limbs is so great that it is an easy matter to find all the blight. It is important to cut out blight whenever it is found, even in the growing season. At that time of the year, however, it can not be hoped to make much headway against the disease, as new cases constantly occur which are not sufficiently developed to be seen when the cutting is done. In orchards where there are only a few trees, and the owner has sufficient time to go over them daily, he will be able to save some which would otherwise be lost. However, when the trees stop forming new wood, the campaign should begin in earnest.

BULLETIN NO. 18

357

In cutting out the blight, great eare must always he' taken to cut on the healthy wood well below the lowest point discolored by the disease. It is usually safer to cut a foot or more on apparently sound wood, although by at least carefully studying the case it may not be necessary to go so far below.
An important matter in cutting out the blight is to carry along some disinfecting solution with which to sterilize the knife or other tools used. For this purpose any one of the following solutions may be used: Mercuric chloride, or corrosive sublimate, 1 part to 1,000 parts of water; 5 per cent, carbolic acid solution; or, a solution of chloride of lime. The first may be best prepared by purchasing tablets of a definite amount at a drug store. These tablets can be kept in a small bottle, and a pint or quart bottle filled with water and one of the tablets-added. Upon concluding work the bottle should be emptied to avoid the danger of poisoning children or unsuspecting persons. By this means the danger of using this deadly poison may be avoided. Carbolic-acid solution may be prepared by simply adding a tablespoonful or more to a bottle of water and shaking it up. The saturated solution, which contains about 5 per cent, of carbolic acid, is the proper strength to use. A solution of chloride of lime will answer about the same purpose and is made by adding 20 parts of water to 1 part of the commercial chloride of lime, shaking it up and pouring off the clear liquid. This is only fit for use while fresh. Any of these solutions can be carried by the operator, and a strip of cloth a yard or so in length should be fastened to the clothing, leaving one end hanging free. When cutting into active blight, the ends of the cloth may be kept saturated with the disinfectant and the knife sterilized by wiping before using it on the sound wood. It is also better to ivipe off the wound on the sound wood with the saturated cloth, otherwise there will be danger of leaving the bUght germs on the cut surface and merely starting the blight over again. A knife used to cut into blighting tissue

358

GEOEGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUEE

becomes subsequently a veritable inoculating instrument, and should always be sterilized before using on healthy tissues.*
Of course, the greater part of the blight can be taken out the first time the trees are gone over. If this be in midsummer, the trees should all be again carefully in-^ spected in the autumn, just before the leaves shed, so as to get every.case that can be seen at that time. After this a careful watch should be kept on the trees, and at least one more careful inspection given in spring before the blossoms open. It would doubtless be well to look the trees over several times during the winter to be certain that the blight is completely exterminated. In order to do the inspecting thoroughly it is necessary to go from tree to tree down the row, or in case of large trees to walk up one side of the row and down the other, as in simply walking through the orchard it is impossible to be certain that every case of blight has been cut out.
The above line of treatment will be even more efficacious in keeping unaffected orchards free from the blight. A careful inspection of all pomaceous trees should be made two or three times during the summer and a sharp lookout kept for the first appearance of the blight. It usually takes two or three years for the disease in an orchard to develop into a serious epidemic, but the early removal of the first cases will prevent this and save a great deal of labor later and many valuable trees.
In doing this work it must be remembered that success can be attained only by the most careful and rigid attention to details. Watch and study the trees, and there is no question that the time thus spent will be amply repaid."

Paragraph extracted from article by M. B. Waite, in Yearbook Department of Agriculture, 1900.

BULLETIN NO. 18

359

LEAF BLIGHT OF PEAE AND QUINCE.
BY B. I. SMITH.
In connection with the discussion of the true pear blight it seems desirable to mention the leaf blight which is entirely distinct from the former disease. Leaf blight is caused by the fungus Entomosporium maculatum, while the true pear blight is caused by a bacteria or germ. Pear twigs attacked by true pear blight show curled and blackened leaves--this feature being very prominent, (see Fig. 1)--but usually the leaves themselves are not killed by the pear blight disease, but die as a necessary consequence, following the death of the twig to which they are attached.
Leaf blight is one of the most serious diseases of the pear, and it is also frequently abundant on the quince. The blight first develops soon after the leaves become fully expanded in spring, appearing first as minute reddish spots on the upper surface of the leaves; these spots soon enlarge and penetrate to the lower surface of the leaves. As they increase in size and numbers considerable areas of the leaves may become involved by the fungus itself while the areas in between the spots become greatly weakened. The reddish spots soon change to a deep brown with dark center, finally becoming nearly black. With a magnifying glass minute black dots may be discovered in the center of the spots, these dots being the fruit or spores of the fungus. When leaves are badly affected it results in severe shedding, so that the pear trees often appear as bare in mid-summer as they normally would in winter. Almost complete defoliation is frequently encountered in the pear orchards in south Georgia. This of course results in great injury to the trees, which are prevented from stor-

360

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ing up materials of growth necessary for their continued health and development.
Unfortunately leaf blight is by no means confined to the leaves but appears on both twigs and fruit. The former are attacked much the same as the leaves. The fruit first becomes covered with reddish pimples, soon changing to nearly black, while the diseased tissue begins to crack in such a manner as to ruin the fruit. Even when pears attain full size, the cracking may be so severe that the fruit will be unsalable.
Hot, dry weather seems to be favorable to an increase Of pear leaf blight, though the disease is liable to develop almost every season. When young tender leaves are attacked the result is that they become curled, due to a contraction of the diseased areas. Full grown leaves usually retain their shape even when completely covered by black spots.
One result of severe defoliation is that pear trees are forced into a second growth if weather conditions are at all favorable, and frequently the second growth of leaves are attacked and destroyed by the fungus. This lack of foliage in middle and late summer is almost sure to induce many fruit buds to open late in the fall, thereby decreasing the chances for a crop the following year. Pear orchards in south Georgia are sometimes white with bloom during the latter part of October, and riot infrequently small fruit is developed.

REMEDY FOR THE LEAF BLIGHT.

Experiments have shown that the leaf blight is readily controlled by the proper use of Bordeaux mixture. Early spraying, before the leaf buds expand, is not necessary in controlling this disease, though for many other troubles the early spraying is advisable. One thorough spraying with Bordeaux as soon as the trees are in full foliage--about two to four weeks after the blossoms fall, according to B. M." Waite,* and a second application two weeks later, is usually sufficient to control the disease

BULLETIN NO. 18

361

for the season. On rapidly growing nursery stock it is often necessary to spray five or six times to keep the new foliage covered as fast as it appears. For adult pear trees Bordeaux mixture at the rate of 4 pounds of blue stone (copper sulphate), to 6 pounds lime in 50 gallons of water should be the strength employed. For nursery stock it would be well to use a weaker strength.

*earbook, Department of Agriculture, 1900, p. 389.

GEORGIA State Board of Entomology

BULLETIN No. 15.

FEBRUARY, 1905.

An Inquiry Into the Cyanide Method of Fumigating Nursery Stock.

By WILMON NEWELL.

CAPITOL BUILDING

Atlanta, Ga.

BULLETIN
OF THE
Georgia State Board of Entomology.

FEBRUARY, 1905.

No. 15.

AN INQUIRY INTO THE CYANIDE METHOD OF
FUMIGATING NURSERY STOCK.*
BY "WILMOKT NEWELL.
The fumigation of dormant deciduous trees and shrubs with hydrocyanic acid gas is now generally conceded to be the most reliable and effective method of ridding these plants of such insects as wooly aphis and San Jose scale. The process is in general use throughout the United States, and in many States nurserymen are required by law to fumigate their nursery stock with hydrocyanic acid gas before placing it upon the market.
For several years past, Georgia nurserymen have been required to fumigate all deciduous nursery stock sold, and as this work has been largely under the direction of the writer, he has had many opportunities to note the effectiveness of the method. In some cases it has been found that living San Jose scale has successfully passed through the fumigating process, even'where the operators were trustworthy and careful, the fumigating houses apparently air-tight, and the chemicals used guaranteed to be pure. In view of the extremely poisonous nature of hydrocyanic acid gas, these failures of the fumigating process to be thoroughly effective seemed all the more remarkable. The great effectiveness of hydrocyanic acid gas will be understood when it is realized that when one ounce of 98% cyanide of potash (with necessary amounts of sulphuric acid and water) is used to 100 cubic feet of space, the amount of gas evolved constitutes only about three-tenths of one per cent, of the combined mixture of gas and air within the fumigator-
*FOT a general discussion of this process see Bulletin No. 11 of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, which will be sent on request.

366

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ium. Nevertheless, in an experiment carried out under the direction of Prof. F. M. Webster, trees heavily infested with San Jose scale and protected with a heavy layer of earth failed to show any live scale insects within a year after being fumigated with the above amount of cyanide.*
It therefore seemed desirable to institute an inquiry into the fumigating methods and chemicals used, with a view to determining the causes of these occasional failures. Chemical analyses of various potassium cyanides upon the market were first undertaken, and as the work progressed additional lines of investigation suggested themselves. A number of important points have been brought to light which we believe have been largely overlooked by inspectors and others who have been using the cyanides for fumigating nursery stock. While the investigations have by no means been completed, still the facts obtained seem to warrant their publication at this time.
Dr. Edgar Everhart, President of the Southern College of Pharmacy, was employed to make the chemical analyses, and the analyses given herein are entirely his works. The writer is also under many obligations to Dr. Everhart for many valuable suggestions relative to the lines of investigation which should be pursued, and in fact the present Bulletin is little more than a resume of Dr. Everhart's work.
It is regretted that circumstances are such that this investigation can not at present be pursued further. There are many interesting points which remain to be determined. An examination of the various sulphuric acids upon the market, to determine to what extent they may contain hydrochloric, nitric or other acids, would be valuable, as the work already done shows conclusively that the presence of any mineral salt (other than sulphates) in the cyanides, or free inorganic acid mixed
*We do not know of stny published account of this experiment The facts were communicated to the writer in a personal letter from Prof Webster.

BULLETIN NO. 15

367

with the sulphuric acid used, will result in the decomposition of a considerable amount of the prussic acid* evolved. An inquiry into the physiological changes which may take place in plant tissues as a result of exposure to prussic acid, and the extent to which the resistance of the plant may be modified or altered with relation to other insecticides or fungicides, applied subsequent to the fumigation, would doubtless open up a most interesting field and the results obtained would in all probability be of immediate practical application. For example, a case was encountered in which peach trees were dipped in a lime-sulphur mixture within a few days after being fumigated, with consequent severe injury. Careful investigation of all the conditions failed to reveal any cause for this injury and it seems possible that the effect of the hydrocyanic acid gas was to increase the susceptibility of the trees to injury by the lime-sulphur mixture.
History of Fumigation With Hydrocyanic Acid Gas.
The credit of first discovering the efficiency of hydrocyanic acid gas against scale-insects belongs to Prof. D. W. Coquillett who, while experimenting with the Black scale, Cottony-cushion scale and San Jose scale in California during 1886, found that this gas would readily kill these insects.f In 1889 he found that the best results were secured by adding the dry cyanide to a mixture of one part sulphuric acid and two parts of water. This plan and these proportions have, with slight variations, been in general use ever since. Prof. Coquillett's experiments in the fumigation of infested orchard trees continued in California for several years, and in the spring of 1894, soon after the discovery of San Jose scale at Charlottesville, Va., he carried on further experiments in fumigating scale-infested trees at that
point.!
*In this Bulletin the term '' prussic acid" ia used throughout as synonymous with "hydrocyanic acid gas."
t Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1887, page 124. Insect Life, Vol.'VI, p. 324.

368

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The first use of hydrocyanic acid gas for fumigating nursery stock seems to have been by Mr. W. R. Guinnis of the San Diego county (Cal.) Board of Horticultural Commissioners, who in 1894 reported to Dr. L. 0. Howard of the United States Department of Agriculture, that he had successfully fumigated 40,000 infested trees, generating the gas beneath large sheets with which the trees were covered.* While in the earlier experiments in fumigating orchard trees, the 58% cyanide of potash was generally used, it appears that Mr. Gunnis was among the first to adopt the 98% cyanide, for in January, 1896, he reported that he had used one ounce of the 98% cyanide to each 100 cubic feet of space to be filled by the gas.f
We have not been able to learn who first constructed boxes and houses for fumigating nursery stock, although tight buildings lined with felt were recommended by Prof. F. M. Webster in 1897,$ and during the same year Prof. Webster fumigated considerable stock at Dayton, Ohio, using a small building therefor. We believe this to have been the first fumigating house used-- at least in the East.
Since 1898 the use of one ounce of 98% potassium cyanide to each 100 cubic feet of space to be fumigated has been general. The amounts of sulphuric acid and water used with the cyanide have varied to a considerable extent, the majority of recommendations, however, specifying an amount of acid in excess of what was theoretically necessary for chemical combination with the cyanide. The amount of water mixed with the acid has also varied. This discepancy in the formula? advised by different entomologists was practically disposed of by the adoption of the "1-2-4" formula, i. e., one ounce of 98% cyanide of potash with two fluid ounces of acid and four of water, by the Association of Horticultural Inspectors in 1903.

*Bul. Xo. 3, n. s., Div. of Entomology, p. 60. Hoc. cit. tBul. 81, Onio Exp. Sta.

BULLETIN NO. 15

369

Examination of Cyanides Sold by Various Dealers.
Upon the discovery that fumigation was not in all cases effective, even under conditions that apparently met every requirement, it was immediately suspected that the cyanide of potash used was not as represented. Samples of cyanide were purchased from various sources, the dealers of course being ignorant of the purpose for which they were desired, and in many cases not even aware of the identity of the purchaser. The amount of prussic acid in each was determined by Dr. Everbart and the results are given in the table below. It should be understood at the outset that the amounts of prussic acid are expressed in their equivalents of potassium cyanide (KCN). In the event of a sample containing a large amount of sodium cyanide (NaCN), which contains more prussic acid weight for weight than potassium cyanide, the percentage of cyanogen may, when expressed in its KCN equivalent, exceed 100%.
It will be noticed from the table, that the earliest examinations did not take into account the possibility of sodium chloride (common salt) being used as an adulterant. The importance attaching to this point was not discovered until later in the investigations.
From these analyses we are forced to the conclusion that the greater number of cyanides sold to nurserymen for fumigating purposes are far from being 98% pure, and while we regret to say so, many wholesalers and manufacturers have filled orders for "98%" cyanide, with inferior stuff totally unfit for fumigating purposes and of course entirely unreliable. This has been done either intentionally or through gross carelessness. Neither is excusable.
Under such circumstances it is therefore an occasion of much satisfaction when a really good cyanide like that manufactured by Merck & Co., or that manufactured by the Baker & Adamson Chemical Co., is encountered. In our opinion a purer cyanide than that which

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

we purchased of the Baker & Adamson Chemical Co., could not be manufactured. With reference to Merck's, the fact that two samples purchased approximately six months apart, one from a retail dealer and the other from the factory, varied but .03% in the amount of KCN contained, and that both samples were free from adulterants, speaks well for the reliability of their product and the care which must be exercised in its manufacture and packing.

TABLE i. ANALYSES OF VARIOUS SAMPLES OF POTASSIUM CYANIDE.

Sam-

Date

ple Purchased.

No.

Purchased of

Manufacturer.

1% KCN Repre-|% KCN Act-lAmt. Sodium See

sented or Guar-] ually found by Chloride

Foot-

| anteed.

Analysis.

Present.

note.

1 June 27--04

Retail Druggist,

Unknown

98

45.5

Not

b

Atlanta, Ga.

Determined

2 June 27--04

John B. Daniel, Atlanta, Ga.

Merck & Co. | "98-100"
1

99.77

None

a

3 July 26--04 Jacobs Pharmacy Co.,

Roessler &

99

Atlanta, Ga.

Hasslacher

98.85

Not Determined

4 Nov. 12--04 Alabama Nursery Co.,

McKesson &

99

Huntsville, Ala.

Robbins.

92.95

Not

b

w

Determined

5 Nov. 15--04 Retail Dealer No. 1,

Unknown.

98

Marietta, Ga.

6 Nov. 18--04

Alabama Nursery

McKesson &

98

Company.

Robbins.

44.77 96.77

Not

b

Determined

H

Not

Determined

7 Nov. 30--04 (Received from a Georgia McKesson &

Nursery).

Robbins.

93.72 1

Not

) Determined

O

8 Dec. 12--04 Retail Dea4er No. 2, Marietta, Ga.

Mallinckrodt "Fused"

49.35

1 12.71%

b-f

OT

9 Dec. 17--04

Alabama Nursery Company.

McKesson & "98-99" (OrigiRobbins. nal se'ld 1 lb.can

103.4

12.35%

c

10 Dec. 22--04 Mallinckrodt Chem. Works Mallinckrodt "C. P." New York.

96.4

10.13%

d

11 Dec. 22--04

Merck & Company,

Merck & Co. "98-100" | 99.74

New York.

1

12 Dec. 23--04 Baker & Adamson Chem. 1 Baker &

99

99.91

Co., Easton, Pa.

| Adamson

None None

13 Dec. 26--04 Roessler & Hasslacher Chem. Co., New York.

Roessler & Hasslacher

"98-99"

98.11

9.19%

e
--1

co to

a. Examination for sodium chloride in this sample was made several months after the first analysis.

O

b. In justice to the dealers whose cyanide was found impure and below the required standard of 98 per cent., it should

w Q

be said that all of them, upon being advised of the impurity of their cyanide, promised to immediately discard the stock on

hand and secure cyanide for their trade which was of the required purity. The retail dealer is not always at fault, for job- O
bers and manufacturers are often known to fill orders for 98 per cent, cyanide, with the commercial fused cyanide running

from 40 to 60 per cent. In the case of sample No. 1, we examined the bill of sale sent the retail dealer in Atlanta, and this

bill specified 98 per cent, cyanide. Yet upon analysis this same cyanide was found to contain but 45.5 per cent. KCN.

W H

e. Sample No. 9 is composed largely of sodium cyanide, rather than potassium cyanide, hence the apparent high percentage composition when expressed in terms of KCN. It was found that the presence of the sodium chloride caused a decomposition

w a
H

of a considerable amount of the prussic acid evolved, as will be shown in detail further on. The 12.35 per cent, of sodium

chloride caused such a decomposition that the total amount of prussic acid evolved and available from this sample, approxi- O

mated the amount that would be secured from a chlorine-free cyanide analyzinging 95.10 per cent. KCN. When expressed in terms of efficiency for fumigating purposes this cyanide is therefore virtually a "95.10" per cent, cyanide.

o >

d. Contained 6.15 per cent, chlorine, corresponding to 10.13 per cent, sodium chloride.

a B

e. Contained 5.58 per cent, chlorine, corresponding to 9.19 per cent, sodium chloride.

d
t-1

f. Contained 7.5 per cent, chlorine corresponding to 12.71 per cent, sodium chloride.

H
d

5

BULLETIN NO. 15

373

What Takes Place in a Fumigatorium?
It was decided to obtain a knowledge of something more than the mere fact that hydrocyanic acid gas is liberated when potassium cyanide is added to a mixture of sulphuric acid and water.*
Experiments were therefore made to determine the exact amount of prussic acid evolved and available from a given amount of KCN of known purity, the amount of KCN that remained unaltered and the amount of prussic acid decomposed (and therefore lots) in the reaction.
"One ounce of 98% cyanide to each 100 cubic feet" has for several years been accepted as the standard amount of cyanide for the fumigation of hardy dormant deciduous trees, yet so far as we can learn, no one has attempted to arrive at the exact amount of free and available prussic acid which is secured in practice from this amount of cyanide. We have fallen into the somewhat ridiculous error of considering so much cyanide of potash as our standard, when in reality the amount of free available prussic acid should constitute the standard regardless of what the percentage composition of the potassium cyanide may be.
To determine the points above-mentioned, the following experiments were made.
Experiment 1.--A porcelain evaporating dish was placed on the sill outside of one of the laboratory windows, and into it was poured four fluid ounces of water and to this was added two fluid ounces of sulphuric acid.f Immediately afterwards, one ounce of very pure cyanide (99.7% pure), wrapped in filter paper, was dropped into the mixture and the window quickly closed. Almost instantaneously reaction occurred, large volumes
*The reaction is KCN+H,S04=HCN+KHS04 and not "2KCN+ H2S04=2HCN+ii.2S01" as given in Johnson's "Fumigation Methods."
t Whenever reference is made in this paper to sulphuric acid, a specific gjrayity of 1.84 is implied.
{Pure -HCN is of course colorless and the whitish appearance of the escaping gas is probably caused by steam and possibly to some extent by minute particles of KCN being driven off mechanically by the violence of the reaction.

374

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

of gas escaping from the liquid and appearing as a whitish cloud.| After five minutes the violence of the reaction ceased and after ten minutes no escape of gas was perceptible. After forty minutes the dish and its contents were taken into the laboratory. A crystalline mass, chiefly bi-sulphate of potash, remained in the bottom of the dish.
The temperatures noted were as follows: Temperature of air, 14.*
Initial temperature of acid and water mixture, 110. Temperature after 20 minutes, 48. Temperature after 40 minutes, 32. As the boiling point of prussic acid is 26y2, the final temperature was more than sufficient to volatilize it. The contents of the dish were carefully washed into a 500 cc. flask and an aliquot part taken for the determination of the potassium cyanide remaining in the liquid. It was found that 5.7% of the cyanide had not been evolved. In other words, 5.72% (5.7-5-99.7) of the available cyanide remained in the generating dish. Another experiment identical in all respects, was made with an impure cyanide, one containing 49.35% KCN. During the reaction the only difference observed was that the clouds of prussic acid evolved were much more dense in color. An analysis of the resulting contents of the generating jar showed that they contained 5.07% potassium cyanide, or in other words, 10.27% of the available cyanide remained in the generating dish.
This effectually disposes of the assertion, sometimes made, that the residue remaining in the generator is harmless.! The reader can judge as to the poisonous-

*The temperatures given are in degrees Centigrade. To obtain the

equivalent in the Fahrenheit scale multiply the number of degrees C bv

9/5 and add 32.

a

j

tW. G. Johnson, in his "Fumigation Methods" (p. 11), advises pouring this residue around fruit trees "close to the trunk" in order that the
potash may be utilized as a fertilizer. The excess of sulphuric acid in this residue will quickly destroy any living wood with which it comes in
contact, and such a practice is very likely to kill or seriously iniure the trees. Other writers have made the same error.

BULLETIN NO. 15

375

properties of a mixture containing from 5 to 10% of potassium cyanide.
Experiment 2.--This experiment was carried on to ascertain something of the nature of the evolved gases. Necessarily smaller amounts of the cyanides were used, but the relative proportions were maintained. Thus, five grams of cyanide were used with 21 cc. of water and 10.5 cc. of sulphuric acid. The same cyanides used in Experiment 1 were employed.
No artificial heat was used, but only that evolved by the mixing of the acid and water. All determinations were quantitative. An idea of the manner in which this experiment was carried out can be obtained by consulting Figure 1. The flask A was used for generating the prussic acid, the bottle B served as a guard and was empty, the bottle C contained more than enough nitrate of silver solution to absorb the prussic acid evolved, while D contained another solution of silver nitrate to absorb any prussic acid that might escape the solu-
tion in C. In A was placed about 5 grams of the potassium
cyanide and to this was added 21 cc. of water, without any attempt being made to dissolve the cyanide. From a separatory funnel provided with a safety tube to prevent any possible escape of gas, there was gradually allowed to flow into A 10.5 cc. of sulphuric acid. The gas evolved was passed by its own pressure at first, through the two solutions of silver nitrate-in C and D. After the gas ceased coming off, air was drawn through the whole apparatus until every trace of prussic acid evolved had been passed through the silver nitrate. The silver cyanide thus produced was filtered off from the excess of silver nitrate, washed and determined quantitatively. The undecomposed cyanide in the generating flask A was also determined, and of course the difference between the sum of these two quantities and the total amount of cyanide in the original sample gave the amount of cyanide decomposed (lost) in the reaction. This loss was probably due to the decomposing

376

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

action of the mineral acid with the consequent forma-
tion of ammonium formate. The following results were obtained.

The 99.7% cyanide gave:

Prussic acid evolved and available 35.92%, equivalent to 86.47% KCN

Prussic acid not evolved

4.47%, equivalent to 10.76% KCN

Prussic acid decomposed and lost 1.03%, equivalent to 2.47% KCN

This indicates that 86.74% of the prussic acid is avail-

able for fumigating purposes and that 35.92% of prus-

sic acid is evolved from the sample.

The 49.35% cyanide gave:

Prussic acid evolved and available 17.65%, equivalent to 42.29% KCN

Prussic acid not evolved

.86%, equivalent to 2.07% KCN

Prussic acid decomposed and lost 1.99%, equivalent to 4.78% KCJN

This shows that in this sample, 86.10% of the prussic

acid is available and that 17.65% only is evolved.

In the case of the pure sample 10.8% (10.76^-99.7) of the total cyanide remained unaltered, and in the case

of the impure cyanide (49.35% pure) 4.2% of the total cyanide remained unaltered. As off-setting this, however, it will be noted that only 2.5% of the total KCN in

the former was decomposed, whereas in the latter 9.7% of the total cyanide was decomposed and lost.

There is an apparent disparity between the amounts

of cyanide remaining unaltered in this experiment and

in the case of Experiment 1. It should be borne in mind, however, that in this experiment the acid was slowly added to the mixture of cyanide and water and the gas was evolved slowly, whereas in Experiment 1

there was an excess of acid present during the reaction, instead of an-excess of cyanide; also that the reaction

was violent and of short duration at a time when the acid and water mixture was at its highest temperature. It seems likely that under the latter conditions consid-

erable cyanide is removed mechanically from the generating dish by the violent ebulition.

It was thought that if a method could be devised whereby the cyanide could be added to the acid and water mixture, and the temperature maintained as near

as possible to the temperature obtaining in the acid as

BULLETIN NO. 15

377

ordinarily used in fumigating houses, this method would be more comparable with what actually takes place in a fumigatorium. It was of course impracticable to add the solid cyanide to the acid as is done in practice and attempt to collect the gas evolved. Such an attempt would also be decidedly dangerous to the operator. The method devised by Dr. Everhart and detailed in Experiment 3 is thought to be the closest possible approach to the conditions which actually exist when the cyanide is added to the acid and water mixture when fumigating nursery stock.
Experiment 3.--In this Experiment the same apparatus was used as in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1 it was found that the initial temperature of the acid and water mixture was 110 degrees, and although this temperature could not be exactly duplicated with the apparatus used, still the flask A was kept throughout upon a water bath, the water in which was kept boiling. The temperature therefore approximated 100 degrees while the gas was being evolved, and the average temperature was doubtless as high as that of the mixture referred to in Experiment 1.
10.5 cc. of sulphuric acid were mixed with 13 cc. of water and the mixture was introduced into the generating flask A shown in Figure 1. A solution of 5 grams of the cyanide sample was allowed to flow gradually from a separatory funnel into the hot acid. The separatory funnel was provided with a safety tube with a mercury seal to prevent the escape of gas. The prussic acid was passed through the bottles C and D as in Experiment 2, except that in this Experiment C and D contained an ammoniacal solution of silver nitrate instead of a simple aqueous solution of that salt. For twenty minutes the gas was allowed to bubble through the silver solution from its own pressure, while the temperature was kept at the boiling point. The acid liquid was then allowed to cool while a stream of air was drawn through the apparatus to carry every trace of the evolved prussic acid into the silver solution.

378

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Determinations were made of the prussic acid evolved and absorbed by the silver nitrate, of the potassium cyanide not decomposed by the sulphuric acid and remaining in the generating flask A, and of the sodium chloride of each sample which was also retained in the generating flask. Three samples were treated, one containing 99.7%, one containing 49.35%, and one containing 103.4% of KCN. The latter sample was really composed largely of sodium cyanide, but it is here mentioned in its equivalent of potassium cyanide.

The 99.7% potassium cyanide gave:

Prussic acid evolved and available 37.40%, equivalent to 90.05% KCN

Prussic acid not evolved

3.38%, equivalent to 8.14% KCN

Prussic acid decomposed and lost

.63%, equivalent to 1.51% KCN

Sodium chloride

none

This indicates that 90.31% of the total prussic acid is available and that there is 90.05% of available cyanide of potash in the sample.

The 49.35% potassium cyanide gave:

Prussic acid evolved and available 17.51%, equivalent to 42.16% KCN

Prussic acid not evolved

1.09%, equivalent to 2.62% KCN

Prussic acid decomposed and lost

1.90%, equivalent to 4.67% KCN

Sodium chloride

12.71%, equivalent to 7.71% HC1

This indicates that 85.41% of the total prussic acid is available and that there is 42.16% of available cyanide of potash in the sample.

The 103.4% potassium cyanide gave:

Prussic acid evolved and available 35.68%, equivalent to 85.91% KCN

Prussic acid not evolved

2.32%, equivalent to 5.60% KCN

Prussic acid decomposed and lost 4.94%, equivalent to 11.89% KCN

Sodium chloride

12.35%, equivalent to 7.50% HC1

This indicates that 83.07%; of the total prussic acid is available and that there is 85.91% of available cyanide of potash in the sample.

These results are perhaps more readily compared by reference to the following table:

BULLETIN NO. 15

379

TABLE II.

Sample

% Prussic Acid
contained

% Sodium % of Prus- % of Prus- % of PrusChloride sic Acid de- sic Acid not sic Acid contained composed evolved evolv'd and
available

99.7%

41.41

0

1.52

8.16

90.31

49.35% 20.50

12.71

9.22

5.31

85.4

103.4% 42.94

12.35

11.50

5.4

83.07

By this method the pure cyanide yielded 3.57% more available prussic acid than by the method employed in Experiment 2. We are obliged to conclude that the method of adding cyanide to the mixture of acid and water is preferable to any method of adding the acid mixture to the cyanide. The order in which the water, acid and cyanide are brought together in ordinary practice evidently can not be improved upon.
The most striking feature noticed in Table II is the greater decomposition of the prussic acid which took place when sodium chloride was present in the samples. This suggested further experiments to determine to what extent sodium chloride causes decomposition of the prussic acid evolved.

Effect of Sodium Chloride in Causing Decomposition of Prussic Acid.
In order to ascertain exactly to what extent the presence of sodium chloride and of nitrates in the cyanide of potash would cause decomposition of the prussic acid evolved, the following experiments were made:
Experiment 4. Merck's pure cyanide, intentionally adulterated with sodium chloride, was treated with sulphuric acid in the manner described in Experiment 3. The experiment was carried on Under precisely the same conditions and with the same apparatus as was Experiment 3.
Five grams of potassium cyanide (99.7% pure) were mixed with 15% of common salt. This mixture, dissolved in 8 cc. of water, was allowed to flow gradually

380

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

into 10.5 cc. of sulphuric acid mixed with 13 cc. of water. The prussic acid evolved was passed through an ammoniacal solution of silver nitrate, and determinations made quantitatively of the prussic acid evolved and available.

The following results were obtained:

Prussic acid evolved and available 35.50%, equivalent to 81.53% KCN

Total prussic acid in sample

43.42%, equivalent to 99.7 % KCN

Prussic acid decomposed

7.92%, equivalent to 18.17% KCN

Experiment 5. Another experiment, using the same amounts of acid, water and potassium cyanide, while the percentage of sodium chloride was increased to 16.23%, gave the following results:

Prussic acid evolved and available 34.15%, equivalent to 78.42% KCN

Total prussic acid in sample

43.42%, equivalent to 99.7 % KCN

Prussic acid decomposed

9.27%, equivalent to 21.28% KCN

Experiment 6. Still another experiment was made,

using 5 grams of the 99.7% cyanide mixed with 9.91% of sodium nitrate dissolved in 8 cc. of water. This was

allowed to flow into a mixture of 10.5 cc. of sulphuric acid and 13 cc. of water. The results were as follows:

Prussic acid evolved and available 39.52%, equivalent to 87.04% KCN

Total prussic acid in sample

43.42%, equivalent to 99.7 % KCN

Prussic acid decomposed

3.90%, equivalent to 12.66% KCN

To state these results in another way, bearing in mind that sodium chloride coming in contact with sulphuric acid yields free hydrochloric acid and that sodium nitrate under the same conditions yields free nitric acid, it appears that the presence of

9.36% HC1 (15% NaCl), causes the loss of 18.17% KCN. 10.13% HC1 (16.25% NaCl), causes the loss of 21.28% KCN. 7.34% HN03 (9.91% NaN03), causes the loss of 12.66% KCN.

whereas, by using the same cyanide (99.7% pure), without chlorides or nitrates present, but 1.51% KCN is decomposed (See Experiment 3).

It is obvious that the presence of any foreign substance in the cyanide of potash, which upon the addition of sulphuric acid will liberate a second mineral acid, will result in greatly diminishing the amount of available prussic acid.

BULLETIN NO. 15

381

Amount of Available Prussic Acid Not Necessarily Pro
portionate to the Amount of Cyanogen in a Given
Sample of Potassium Cyanide.
The question is not infrequently asked by nurserymen whether or not an inferior cyanide, the cyanogen content of which is known, can be used in sufficiently large quantities to secure the exact amount of hydrocyanic acid gas required; whether, for example, two ounces of a 49% cyanide or three ounces of a 33% cyanide cannot be safely substituted for one ounce of 98% cyanide. In general, the question must be answered in the negative. The exact amount of prussic acid available from a sample of potassium cyanide can be determined only by a process the same, or similar to, the one used in Experiment 3. If we consider each per cent, of available prussic acid as a unit, then it is clearly seen that two ounces of the "49.35%" cyanide used in Experiment 3 will yield 35.02 "units" of available prussic acid instead of 37.4 units as would be expected (that is, the number of units obtained from the 99.7% cyanide). With the impure cyanides the difference between the amount of available prussic acid actually secured and that which should theoretically be secured, will vary with the amount of sodium chloride (or other mineral acid) used as an adulterant. In the case of a "60% " cyanide, for example, the question naturally arises: "What makes up the other 40%?" We have found sodium chloride present in low-grade cyanides and it is perhaps the cheapest adulterant that can be used. Our experiments have also shown that the greater the amount of sodium chloride present, the greater the loss of available prus-
sic acid. Even in the case of cyanides which show a high analy-
sis--which contain cyanogen equivalent to 98% or over of KCN--the amount of prussic acid available is not necessarily proportionate to the cyanogen shown by analysis. The "103.4%" cyanide used in Experiment 3 offers an illustration. Taking the 99.7% chlorine-free

382

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

cyanide (one ounce of which yields 37.4 "units" of available prussic acid), as a basis, one ounce of the "103.4%" cyanide should yield 38.78* units of available prussic acid, when as a matter of fact it yields but 35.68f This difference of 3.1% available prussic acid is of course equivalent to 7.5% "available" KCN or 8.3% of "total cyanide." Expressed in still another way, this "103.4% " cyanide is, so far as its use for fumigating purposes is concerned, equivalent to a cyanide of the same quality as Merck's which analyzes 95.11%4 Hoiv Can the Nurseryman Be Sure of Obtaining Pure
Cyanide of Potash?
The reader who has carefully perused the foregoing may feel inclined to ask this question. We must admit that in view of the many inferior cyanides upon the market and the presence of adulterants in still other cyanides which show a "high analysis," the question is rather a perplexing one. For the present at least, we can offer but one solution. In the investigations made of various cyanides upon the market we have found only two that fulfill all the requirements and that can be considered as thoroughly reliable for fumigating nursery stock. One of these is Merck & Co.'s "98-100%," and the other is the Baker & Adamson Chemical Co.''s
'Obtained by the proportion: 99.7: 37.4: : 103.4:*
tThe criticisms in this Bulletin relative to cyanides should be understood as applying to these cyanides only when used for fumigating nursery stock. In other commercial uses, as for example in the cyanide process of extracting gold, where very dilute solutions of the cyanides are used, it is not likely that sulphuric acid would cause any appreciable decomposition. In fumigating buildings or cars for the purpose of destroying obnoxious insects, the decomposition of the prussic acid is not of such importance, as a considerable excess of cyanide can be used to insure a gas sufficiently strong. In fumigating nursery stock, however, the margin between the strength of gas necessary to be thoroughly effective against scale-insects and the strength which is injurious to plants is not great and hence it is desirable that the exact amount of prussic acid used should be known.
JAlso obtained by the proportion: 90.05: 85.91::99.7:?, or 90.05:
$ Table I does not represent all of the cyanides which we have examined. Other samples have been so manifestly inferior tnat a chemical examination was entirely unnecessary to establish that fact

BULLETIN NO. 15

383

"99%" cyanide.* Both these were found free from adulterants and fully up to the standard of purity guaranteed by the manufacturers. The nurseryman should always insist upon receiving these cyanides in original sealed packages. The sealed cans or bottles containing the cyanide should not be opened or tampered with between leaving the factory and being opened by the nurseryman for immediate use. Exposure of the cyanide to air for any considerable time will permit of its absorbing moisture, with consequent deterioration. The only way in which the nurseryman can be sure of obtaining pure cyanide, is by purchasing one or the other of the above-mentioned brands, in original sealed cans or bottles. To enable nurserymen to more readily identify these two brands, photographs of original onepound packages are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
Temperature Necessary for Evolution of the
Prussic Acid.
Experiment 7. Four fluid ounces of water at 20 were mixed with two fluid ounces of sulphuric acid (Sp. G. 1.84) also at 20. The initial temperature of the mixture became 110, and this may be considered as the temperature actually secured in ordinary practice when the regular "1-2-4" formula is used. Into this mixture at 110 was placed one ounce of 98% cyanide and the entire mixture exposed to the outside air (having a temperature of 14), for forty minutes. At the end of this time the mixture still had a temperature of 32. As the boiling point of prussic acid is 26y2, the temperature throughout the entire forty minutes was sufficient to volatilize the prussic acid.
When four ounces of water were mixed with one ounce of acid, a temperature of but 81 was secured, and while this is still far above the boiling point of prussic acid,
*There may of course be other cyanides upon the market which will meet all requirements for fumigating purposes, but we have exercised reasonable diligence in searching for them, and our efforts have not met with success

384

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

it is very doubtful if the temperature of the mixture would bo above 26y2 at the end of forty minutes. Two ounces of water and one of acid would of course give an initial temperature of 110, but owing to the reduced volume of the mixture the introduction of the one ounce of cyanide would cause a much greater reduction of temperature than when the two ounces of acid and four of water are used. It is also very probable that as much as four ounces of water are necessary to properly dissolve the potassium bisulphate formed, in order to prevent this bisulphate from forming a deposit about the KCN, thereby reducing the amount of prussic acid generated.
The mixture of four ounces of water and two of acid, to each ounce of cyanide, meets every requirement in that it permits volatilization of an apparently maximum amount of prussic acid, and we do not consider a change to a more dilute acid or to a lesser amount of water and acid as advisable.
Conclusions.
1. Failure to obtain satisfactory results in fumigating nursery stock has in many cases been due to the use of impure or adulterated cyanide, which is often represented and sold as being pure.
2. In generating the gas, a somewhat greater amount of hydrocyanic acid gas is obtained when the cyanide is added to the mixture of acid and water, than is obtained when the acid and water- mixture is added to the cyanide. The former method, which is ordinarily practiced, is therefore preferable.
3. The presence of sodium chloride (common salt) in the potassium cyanide causes decomposition and loss of hydrocyanic acid gas and hence a reduction in the amount of gas actually available for destroying insects. The greater the extent to which the cyanide is adulterated with chlorides or nitrates, the greater the loss of hydrocyanic acid gas.

BULLETIN No. 15

385

4. The most common adulterant in low-grade cyanides is likely to be sodium chloride and hence, owing to the loss of hydrocyanic acid gas by decomposition, increased amounts of low-grade cyanides can not be safely substituted for pure cyanide when fumigating nursery stock.
5. When sodium chloride occurs in a "high-grade" cyanide, the amount of potassium cyanide indicated by a chemical determination of the cyanogen present is not proportionate to the amount of available hydrocyanic acid gas obtainable from such cyanide. In other words, a chemical analysis showing a high percentage of potas' sium cyanide in a given sample, is not wholly reliable unless such analysis also shows the absence of chlorides, nitrates, etc.
6. Of the different cyanides examined, only two, Merck & Co.'s "98-100% " and Baker & Adamson Chemical Co.'s "99%," were found to meet all the requirements of a cyanide for fumigating nursery stock. Nurserymen are therefore advised to use one or the other of these two brands, purchasing them only when in original sealed packages.
7. The temperature secured by the mixture of two fluid ounces of sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.84) and four fluid ounces of water produces apparently the maximum volatilization of the hydrocyanic acid gas evolved from one ounce of cyanide, and the alteration of this proportion or a reduction of the volume of acid and water used appears undesirable and unnecessary.

FIG. 1.

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BULLETIN SERIAL No. 41 (C) MARCH, 1905.

THE SELECTION AND PREPARATION OP
SEED CORN
A CIRCULAR OP INPORMATION.
BY CHAS. W. DAVIS,
NORTH GEORGIA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, DAHLONEGA, GA.

ISSUED AND DISTRIBUTED UNDER DIRECTION OP
O. B. STEVENS, Commissioner, R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant.

CAPITOL BUILDING.

ATLANTA, GEORGIA

Considering this an opportune time for impressing upon our farmers the great necessity of reducing their cotton acreage and turning their attention more than ever before to the cultivation of corn and other crops than cotton, we have decided to issue and send out this excellent Bulletin, prepared by Prof. Chas. W. Davis, who has given the subject of corn much thought and careful study, both from a practical as well as a scientific standpoint.
0. B. STEVENS, Commissioner.
R. F. WEIGHT, Assistant.

PART I.--A discussion of the low yield of corn in the State; importance of careful seed selection; evil effects of barren stalks; the breeding plot; pure-bred varieties; importing seed corn; white and colored varieties; time and manner of selecting seed; storing and testing the seed.
PART II.--How to judge seed corn.

390

GEOBGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

PAET I.

SELECTION AND PEEPARATION OF SEED CORN.

Cotton and corn have long been the principal money crops of the South, and yet the census of 1900 shows the average yield of corn in Georgia to be less than ten bushels per acre. In the South before the Civil War, the area devoted to corn was greater than that devoted to cotton; but since then the cotton acreage has increased at an enormous rate, while the corn acreage has increased more slowly.
Since 1870 it has been the tendency of Southern planters to produce cotton to the exclusion of other crops, relying upon railroads to transport, corn from the great corn-producing States of the middle West.
The over-production of cotton last season, thus reducing the price, will no doubt cause a diversification of crops in the South; hence the production of corn will receive greater attention than formerly; and as the interest in corn-growing increases, greater efforts will be made to increase the yield per acre. The average yield of corn per acre in the State is surprisingly low, being only 9.8, 9.2 and 9.1 bushels for the years 1899, 1889 and 1879 respectively. The average yield last year was probably not over eleven bushels. The following table will show graphically the comparative yield of Georgia and a few of the other States:

YIELD OF CORN PER ACRE.

Iowa, - - - Illinois, -. - Virginia, - - Alabama, - - -
S. A. States, - United States, -
Georgia, - - -

10

20

30

40

29 1 38 8 19 2 12.8 14 1 28 1
9 8

BULLETIN NO. 41

391

This low yield is no doubt due to several causes. Among these are: the exhaustion of the soil by methods of cultivation prior to the Civil War; poor methods of cultivation at the present time; planting best land to cotton; growing poor varieties; and failure to get a good stand on account of careless selection of seed. Not only will diversification of crops, which the present over-production of cotton is expected to bring about, cause a larger acreage to be planted in corn than formerly; but the recent increase in the number of products manufactured from corn will have a marked effect also, as there are at present 108 commercial products and 47 food products obtained from corn. Perhaps the products of corn are less susceptible to adulteration than any other products. It is so cheap that it would be folly to spend even the time to adulterate it; so when you buy a preparation of corn, whether it be corn meal, corn starch, or some fancy prepared breakfast food, you may rest assured that you are carrying home corn, instead of some worthless substance as an adulterant. This is another reason why corn should receive more attention in the South.
Examine the following table:
VALUE, IN MILLION DOLLARS, OF GEOBGIA'S FARM CROPS.

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Cotton, - - - Corn. - -, - Hay and Forage, Vegetables, - Wheat, - - . - Oats, - - - - Fruits. - - - - I

As corn ranks next to cotton in value in the State, is it not deplorable that the yield per acre is so low? That the extremely low yield of corn in the South is not due

392

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

to unfavorable conditions of soil and climate is evidenced by the fact that the largest yield of corn on record was grown in South Carolina--namely 237 bushels per acre. The census of 1880 gives the second largest yield per acre for any whole country in the United States to Issaquena County, Mississippi. Besides, the long season here during which it ir(ay be grown, gives us a special advantage in its production.

>-

IMPORTANCE OF CAREFUL SEED SELECTION.

The object of this Bulletin is to show that much can be done by the proper selection of seed corn. Whatever profit we may make, either in the quality of the crop or in the yield, may be frequently counted as clear profit. A few farmers in the State frequently produce from 75 to 100 bushels per acre. In 1899 there were 3,477,684 acres planted to corn in Georgia. Suppose the average yield per acre could be brought up to twenty bushels. This would be a gain of several million dollars to our farmers. Is it possible to increase the average yield to twenty bushels per acre? There is no reason why it could not be done; but we must select better seed, grow better varieties, and use better methods of cultivation.
If we could have each stalk in the field produce one good ear, the secret of a good yield would be found. One hundred fair-sized ears of the commonly cultivated varieties will make one bushel of shelled corn. When stalks stand 24 inches apart in rows four feet wide, there are 5,445 stalks per acre which should produce fifty-five bushels. Does it not look easy?

BARREN STALKS.

Did you ever go over your field and make an estimate of the number of barren stalks found therein. You would no doubt be surprised at the number. Barrenness is a great source of loss in the production of corn. Last fall in examining a number of corn fields in the State, the writer found the percentage of barren stalks

BULLETIN NO. 41

393

to be very high, even much higher than one would suspect. Not only do these stalks reduce the yield per acre, but they rob the productive stalks of plant food, light and moisture; and what is still worse, they produce pollen in abundance which fertilizes the good stalks, thereby reducing the vigor and increasing the barrenness of the succeeding crop when seed is selected from this field. Cross-fertilization is beneficial, provided the pollen is from a strong, vigorous, and productive plant. As a kernel will produce a plant like both parents, and the number of pollen grains in a tassel is about 49 million, we can readily imagine the evil effects of allowing a large number of barren stalks to mature pollen.
THE BREEDING PLOT.
Every farmer, or several farmers combined, should have a breeding plot or seed patch for the purpose of improving the seed. Corn being a wind-pollinated plant, the plot should be isolated, say at least a quarter of a mile, as this is a safe distance to separate varieties to prevent a troublesome cross-pollination. If possible, the plot should be located on the same kind of soil as that in which the selected seed is to be planted. Let it be uniform in fertility, drainage, etc., so that differences in productiveness of individual ears can be noted. Choicest ears should be planted, one ear to a row. Have the rows numbered, and plant by hand, so that it may all be done as nearly alike as possible. Bemove tassels from all feeble, diseased, and non-productive stalks before they shed their pollen. Keep a record of the yield of the different rows, and select your ears for next year's seed patch from the rows giving you the best type sought, with the greatest yield per acre. Do not expect too much the first year, for the varieties of corn grown in Georgia have never been bred to any particular type. However, you will be surprised to find such differences in the record of individual ears. The fol-

394

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

lowing table giving the result of an experiment at the Iowa station will give yon some idea of what you may expect:
RECORD OF INDIVIDUAL EARS.

-Ear No.

Bushels

75 [Yielded 90.56 bus. per acre

per

j

Acre

93 [Yielded 36.06 bus. per acre

Bu. per A. 90.56
36.06

Percent
of
Stand

77 [Gave 96.5 per cent, of a stand
-j
73 [Gave 43 per cent, of a stand

83.03 36.27

Number broken Stalks

54 [Gave 258 broken stalks or 64 per cent i
85 [Gave 41 broken stalks or 8 per cent

67.52 76.57

Number barren Stalks

19 [Gave 79 barren stalks or 21.5 per cent -!
83 [ Gave 6 barren stalks or 1.5 per cent

50.5 75.85

Number
of Suckers

37 [Gave 106 suckers or 21 per cent
{ 75 [Gave 0 suckers

79.93 90.58

Thus you see a -wide variation in individual ears.

The yield ranges from 36 to 90 bushels per acre. The

lowest yield was produced by ear No. 73, and was due

to a low per cent, of stand. Ear No. 19 gave 21.5 per cent, barren stalks, while ear No. 83 gave only 1.5 per

cent. We notice, too, a wide range in the number of

broken stalks and suckers.

Suppose you continue to plant, year after year, the progeny of such ears as Nos. 73 and 19; can you expect

a good yield? You undoubtedly are doing this to some extent every season.

If you have no isolated spot for your breeding plot, then select a uniform piece of land as nearly as possible

in the center of your corn field; plant the best corn next to the breeding plot, and grade off so that the poorest

corn planted is farthest away. You will find this

method will improve your corn wonderfully. If you are interested in a scientific way you can ac-

complish a good deal by breeding and selection. One

noted corn breeder has said:

"We have been able, by selecting ears having long shanks, to increase the length of the shank nearly two

PIG. 7.

BULLETIN NO. 41

395

feet in five years' selection. By selecting ears with tall stalks, we have been able to increase the height of the stalk almost three feet in five years. By selecting ears from stalks having narrow leaves, we have been able to decrease the width of the leaf. By selecting ears high on the stalk, we have been able to raise the average height of all ears in the field; and by selecting ears low on the stalk, we have been able to lower all the ears in the field. By selecting ears high in protein, starch, oil or mineral constituents, we have been able to increase the per cent, of these elements of composition in the kernel, so that the value of the crop as a feed, or for glucose purposes, has been infinitely increased."

PUEE-BBED VARIETIES.

That seed corn is the best which produces the largest yield per acre; and there can be no doubt that pure-bred varieties will accomplish this result. If you plant mixed varieties your corn can not be uniform in the tasseling and silking period; consequently it will be impossible to have a uniform pollination. As the butt silks appear first, and the tip silks last, among the early stalks there will be a large number of ears with poorly filled butts, while the very late stalks will have many ears with poorly filled tips.
One of the first principles, then, in purchasing seed corn is to purchase that which is true to type; that is, it must produce the variety from which it purports to come. Unless this is done you have made a partial failure already.
Four years ago in Illinois, what is called the Illinois Seed Corn Breeders' Association was organized. The object of this organization was to furnish pure-bred corn to corn-growers and to prevent the loss from poor seed sent out by seed dealers. This work has been so successful, that the State Legislature appropriates ten thousand dollars annually for experimenting along the lines laid down by this Association.

396

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

IMPORTING SEED CORN.
Do not import seed corn from a distance for a bulk of your crop. Corn varies with its environment, and the variety which succeeds best in one State may prove a failure in another. Before extensive importation of seed corn is made from a distant locality, it would be well to test the variety on a small scale. On the whole, it would be better to import seed from a locality north of you than from one south. Southern grown varieties will produce large stalks with heavy foliage, but will be late in maturing, while Northern grown varieties will be much smaller in ear but will mature earlier.
Last summer at the Iowa Agricultural College, the writer made a careful study of more than eighty varieties from different parts of the United States, all planted at the same time. Studying these varieties daily, it was surprising to see such a wide range in variation. That which matured earliest was from Minnesota, the latest from Louisiana. The latter had not produced tassels as late as the 20th of August.
We often hear it said that growing the same variety of corn on a farm, year after year, will cause it to "run out." Such is not the case unless the farmer who starts with a pure-bred variety gives no attention to seed selection, or allows the detrimental effects caused by crosspolhnation or mixed varieties.
PURCHASING SEED CORN ON THE EAR.
Do not hesitate to pay a good price for seed corn (xood seed at a high price is better than poor seed at a low price. Remember that your only safeguard is to insist that it be sent to you as ear corn. Under no cir cumstances receive it if it is shelled. Of course seed dealers will offer several reasons for their unwillingness to sell corn in the ear, but if honestly expressed their chief reason would be that by so doing they are unable to dispose of a large number of small ears It is evident that they can not improve the corn by shelling it.

FIG. 8.

BULLETIN No. 41

397

If all who buy seed corn would insist that it be delivered as ear corn, there would be a demand for unshelled corn, and as seed dealers find it to their profit to meet the demands of their patrons, this reform could be easily brought about; and the imposition upon growers by unscrupulous men would cease. A number of dealers in Illinois this season have advertised corn to be shipped in the ear.
Moreover, seed corn shelled a considerable time before planting is more than likely to have the germ injured.
A study of the different cuts in Part II of this Bulletin, with the description of each, will enable you to see other reasons for buying your seed as ear corn. The purchaser should not expect too much. Perfect ears like perfect men are scarce. You must not expect the corn sent you to be up to the standard of show corn. That would be impossible. You will find few ears in Georgia with tips like No. 32 in Fig. 12, but you ought to find a good number with tips like No. 33. However, in buying seed, you have a right to demand that seed corn be sound, reasonably true to type, of good size, and uniform. If it is not, then return it.

WHITE OR COLOEED VARIETIES.

It seems to be a matter of dispute whether white or colored corn is better for feeding. Many feeders claim
that colored corn is more nutritious and fattening than white corn, but it is doubtful if there are any foundations for this belief. Chemical analyses show very little difference in their composition. The following table by Jenkins and Winter gives the composition of thirty varieties of White Dent and twenty-eight of Yellow Dent:

COMPOSITION OF WHITE AND YELLOW CORN.

White Yellow

Protein

Nitrogen-

Fat.

free

extract.

Per cent Per cent Per cent

11.6

5.8

78.4

. 11.5

5.4

78.9

Fiber. Ash.

Per cent Per cent

2.5

1.7

2.5

1.8

398

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Aside from their feeding value each has its special advantages. Hundreds of tests at experiment stations in all parts of the United States give the heavier yield to white corn. This does not mean that all white varieties under all circumstances are more productive than any yellow variety; but of all the varieties adapted to any particular locality, some one or more of the white varieties will give a greater yield than any of the colored varieties. Often we find colored varieties with stronger root systems; and for this reason, they will stand up better when the crop is not to be gathered until late in the season. The grain, too, is usually harder and is less liable to decay if it falls to the ground.
TIME AND MANNER OF SELECTING SEED.
Much good can be accomplished without using the breeding plot, but do not rely upon selecting your seed from the crib. Even that is better than no selection at all; but in this manner, you know nothing about the parent plants of the selected ears. The kind of stalk from which the seed is selected is as important as the kind of ear. A large ear selected from the crib, does not necessarily indicate the tendency of the parent plant to produce large ears. Its size may be due to the fact that it grew in a particularly fertile portion of the field, instead of being an ear which has inherited strong characteristics from the parent stalk. Besides you do not know whether the ear selected came from a stalk which bore one or two ears. This is important. It has been the experience of most Southern planters, that those varieties which produce two medium-sized ears on a stalk, give a better yield than those which produce one large ear.
It would be difficult to give the kind and type of stalk from which to select unless we knew the purpose for which it is to be grown. As a rule, a stalk large in circumference near the ground, with strong, vigorous foliage, free from diseases and bearing one or more ears of good size, would be a desirable one from which to select

FIG. 9. FIG. 10.

BULLETIN NO. 41

399

seed. If the corn is to be grown for ensilage, let the stalk be large, leafy, succulent, and with a tendency to remain green until the ear has reached considerable development.
Avoid ears with long shanks, but select those which bend over in ripening so that the top hangs downward. This will lessen injury from long-continued rains.
Having determined the type, go over the field before the corn is mature and select and label those ears which conform nearest to your ideal. Select about three times as much corn as will be needed to plant your crop; then after the corn has been harvested, select your seed, at the same time, keeping in mind the characteristics of good and bad ears as described and illustrated in Part II of this Bulletin.
Do NOT SELECT IMMATURE SEED.
Poor seed is often the result of its being gathered too early. If gathered before it is fully mature it will be chaffy, i. e., will not be properly filled with stored-up food; consequently vitality will be much weakened. When corn is gathered before it is fully matured it will have a tendency to become earlier when used for seed the next season; but this advantage will be offset by the weakening of the vitality as mentioned above.
STORING SEED CORN.
The storing of seed corn is not so important with Southern planters as it is with planters of Northern States, where they have extremely cold weather a good portion of the year. On account of our long growing season, Southern corn is usually fully mature before it is ' harvested, thus rendering it less liable to injury by freezing. Even with us, it is a matter that can not be wholly neglected. It is not moisture that kills seed corn, nor a low temperature, but the two combined.
Seed corn should not be placed in barrels or boxes, or over large quantities of other grain, as it will gather moisture. In this condition poor ventilation will cause

400

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

it to become mouldy. Perhaps the best method is to use a rack made of very narrow strips of wood. This allows a free circulation of air, and when the corn is placed in a dry, well-ventilated room there can be no injury.
TESTING THE SEED.
Now for testing the seed. Discard all ears that are frequently called "chaffy." By this is meant looseness of kernels on the cob; it indicates lack of maturity. The season not being long enough for the capacity of the kernels to be filled with starch, protein, etc.; as the moisture dries out, it leaves the walls or seed coats unpacked. Chaffy ears can usually be detected at sight, but not always.
Ear 52 has the appearance of being chaffy, but it is not. It is solid and firm yet it should not be used as seed on account of its poorly chaped kernels. Ear 51 is very chaffy. No 50 is solid and firm and it has good shape, but the kernels are not uniform and there is no semblance of rows. Ear 53 has a fairly good butt, but the tip is abnormal. No. 52 has a good tip. All such ears as these should be discarded in selecting seed.
It pays to test the germination of every ear of corn used for seed. It is done as follows:
Take a shallow box and partly fill it with sand. Let the sand be as fine as can be procured; it will hold moisture longer than coarse sand, thus rendering the conditions more favorable for germination. Moisten the sand and stir it up with your fingers so that the moisture will be uniform. Avoid an excess of moisture for then the corn would rot. Have it so that no water would run out if the box should be tilted. Over the sand place a cloth which has been checked by lines two inches apart. Let each square be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., to correspond with the ears which are numbered also.
Now take each ear separately, and remove four kernels, taking them from different parts of the ear. I would suggest, take one from the butt, one from the tip

FIG. 12. FIG. 13.

FIG. 14.

BULLETIN No. 41

401

and two from the middle; but the middle ones should

not be taken together. Turn the ear each time in re-

moving the kernels, so as not to get them in a straight

line. Place the kernels from the different ears in their

numbered squares and cover with a moist cloth to pre-

vent excessive evaporation. Over the cloth place a

layer of moist sand. If the sand becomes too dry,

sprinkle warm water over it until it is thoroughly moist-

ened; but remember the water must be warm, not hot.

Place the box in a temperature of about 75 degrees Fah-

renheit and examine it daily. Eemove every kernel

that sprouts and keep count. Be sure to leave it until

you are satisfied no other kernels will sprout. Never

plant kernels which fail to germinate less than 92 per

cent. Ears whose kernels make a slow, feeble germi-

nation should not be planted.

Another convenient method in testing is too use ordi-

nary dinner plates, filled with sand. The sand in the

plate may be divided into partitions by means of strips

of wood or pasteboard. When the seed has been placed

in the sand, cover with another plate to prevent evapo-

ration.

With the view of ascertaining the vitality of corn used

for seed throughout the State, we sent requests for corn

to a number of farmers in different counties. We sent

no instruction, except that the corn sent be such as they

usually select for their own seed. Corn was received

and tested from Lumpkin, Hall, Walker, White, Walton,

Cobb, Newnan, Catoosa, Cherokee, Oconee and Henry

Counties. The following is the percentage of germi-

nation from some of the samples:

Samples.

Per cent.

No. 7

100

No. 8

98.3

No. 5

96.6

No. 3

96.6

No. 4

.... 93.3

No. 9

86.0

No. 6

82.0

fr-26

402

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

No. 4

71.0

No. 2

60.0

The average germination of the above samples is 87 per cent. This means an average loss of 8 per cent; Notice how great the loss when corn like samples 2 and 4 are planted.
Often in attempting to impress farmers with the importance of testing every ear used for seed, we meet with the objection that "it takes too much time." Ten good ears will plant an acre of corn; 100 ears can be tested in an hour. By this we mean the whole time in putting seed in the sand and keeping the record. At this rate enough corn to plant sixty acres, or more, can be tested in a day.

PART II.
HOW TO JUDGE SEED CORN.
Part II is intended to show the difference between good and bad ears. We wish to call attention to many points which are not considered by the majority of farmers while selecting seed. A careful study of this part of the Bulletin will enable you to become more proficient in selecting corn, either for seed or for show corn.
Agricultural colleges now use score-cards and standards of perfection as guides to the careful study of each individual point in samples of corn. Samples are compared, one with another, and separately with the standard in order to find their proper ranking. By this method it is possible to find that sample which will be the best yielding, the most vigorous, and the most profitable corn to grow.
The writer, in gathering material for the preparation of this Bulletin, offered a cash prize to the farmers of Lumpkin county, Georgia, for the best sample of ten ears of corn. The object was to ascertain just what

FIG. 15.

BULLETIN NO. 41

403

kind of corn would be selected as prize corn. The following cut shows the four best ears from all the samples furnished.
These ears are fair, but are not up to the standard. Ear 46 is by far the best ear. Its chief fault is its very narrow grains; but the kernels fill the ear full all over, and are crowded hard ;n the row. It is slightly tapering, and it is a little short for its circumference. Nos. 48 and 49 have very good shape. Each ear has some poorly shaped kernels.
The next cut shows the four poorest ears selected from all the samples.
Nos. 43 and 45 are chaffy, and would produce weak plants. No. 44 is distinctly tapering, being due to the dropping of rows and shallow kernels near the tip. Ear 42 seems to have no good points except uniformity of kernels. These ears are poor for prize corn and should not be used even for seed.

UNIFORMITY.
Corn selected for seed, or for prize corn, should possess similar or like characteristics, i. e., uniformity in size, color, indentation, etc.
Cylindrical ears give a larger proportion of corn to cob than those which are tapering. Each variety has its own peculiarity of shape, but in general, ears should be selected which have nearly the same circumference from butt to tip. Tapering ears are caused either by dropping of rows, or by very shallow kernels near the tip. These conditions cause irregular kernels.
In determining length, measure from extreme tip to extreme butt. Very long ears usually have shallow kernels, yielding a low percentage of com to cob. The proportion of circumference to length is as 3 to 4, i. e., an ear twelve inches long should be nine inches in circumference. Ear No. 1 is 13 inches long, and the circumference is only 7% inches, while it should be 934 Miches. The proportion of corn to cob is only 77 per cent., while ear No. 2 has 83 per cent.

404

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

In measuring circumference use a tape line and measure about one-third the distance between the butt and Up. Ears too great in circumference are generally slow in maturing and this frequently results in soft corn.
Ears in which the butt is poorly filled have a small proportion of corn to cob, and the shank is usually very large and strong, which seriously interferes in husking. The rows of kernels should extend in regular order over the butt, and when the shank is removed in husking, a regular depression should be left, as in ear 28. Usually large butts, poorly filled, have large cobs, which are objectionable. Ears like No. 30 are often very sappy at the time of harvest.
We find more good butts than good tips. Fig. 11 shows why this is the case.
The butt silks appear first and frequently the pollen is mature before the tip silks are ready to receive it.
The cause of poor tips is also explained by Fig. 11. The tips should be filled out with regular, uniform kernels. The lack of uniformity at or near the tip is due to irregular pollination. Tip kernels are much shorter and often assume a spherical shape. Part of the kernels are fertilized and part are unfertilized, or some beingfertilized later than others, the fertilized kernels swell out into irregular shape in their efforts to fill all the space. The rows of kernels should extend in regular order in a straight line over the tip.
Corn selected for seed should be uniform as to indentation so as to get an even pollination. Stalks produced from ears like those in the above cut would not silk and tassel at the same time. Nos. 25. and 26 will shed their pollen several days before No. 27.
The shape of the kernel determines the space between the rows. Broad, rounded kernels will necessarily have a wide space, while wedge-shaped ones will have a narrow space. Kernels with smooth indentation, like No. 25 in Fig. 14, invariably have a wide space between the rows. A wide space is a relic of the early type of In-

FIG. 16.

BULLETIN NO. 41

405

dian corn, and indicates a reversion to the unimproved varieties. No. 39 in Fig. 20 is an excellent example of reversion.
Narrow space between the rows indicates a large proportion of corn to cob. Sometimes ears are found in which the space is too narrow, thus preventing the corn from drying out readily. If the rows are very close, the kernels may be so crowded that their proper shape may be destroyed.
Both ears in the cut above are good examples of close packing. The ear on the left has its kernels crowded closely together, but their natural shape has been destroyed. The kernels on the ear on the right fit even more snugly, but they retain their shape. Notice the shape of the edges of the kernels of this ear. They are V-shaped, rendered this way by the edge of each kernel's fitting between two others.
The cob should be small in proportion to the size of the ear. Of course, a large cob will hold more corn than a small one, but 70 pounds of ears with large cobs will not have as much grain as an equal weight of ears with small cobs. An acre will produce a certain number of ears; the larger the ears the greater will be the yield per acre; but with a variety producing ears of'a medium size, an increase in the size of the ears is accompanied by a decrease in the number of ears per acre. So the best yield is produced by that variety which produces 175 to 200 medium-sized ears on each 100 stalks. Let us not increase the size of the ears at the expense of numbers. Ears with large cobs are more liable to injury from rains, as large cobs are usually soft and open at the butt.
The variety largely determines the shape of the kernel. Wedge-shaped kernels, other things being equal, have the greatest possible amount of grain to the cob. Wedge-shaped kernels with straight edges fit snugly from tip to crown leaving no space unfilled. Wide, rounded kernels have a wide space between the rows and

406

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

usually only 12 to 18 rows of kernels, while wedge-shaped kernels often have from 18 to 24 rows to the ear.
The kernels shown above are far from uniform. It would be poor work to plant such different types of kernels in the same field.
In the first place no planter would make a uniform drop, and then there would be less possibility of an even pollination as some stalks would be several days earlier than others in maturing.
Pair 1 belongs to the broad type of kernels and is accompanied by a wide space between the rows. The second pair shows the rounded form, while 3 is the shoe-peg type which lacks constitution. Kernels like pair 6 are very poor and weak. * In this type much space is found between the kernels at the tip. Pairs 4 and 5 show the best form of kernels. The kernels of No. 4 were taken from an ear of the famous Reid's Yellow Dent variety which is now grown so extensively in the corn belt. They are small, but they are of good form.
Large and small germs are shown above. The kernels are arranged in pairs; those with large germs on the left, the smaller ones on the right of each pair.
Large germs mean strong vitality and good constitution; from them strong healthy plants may be expected. Corn with large germs also has a much higher feeding value. The two most important constituents of a kernel are protein and oil. Protein is a muscle builder; oil is a fat producer. These constituents are distributed in all parts of the kernel, but are in greater abundance in the germ. The following table gives the per cent, of each in the three parts of the kernel:

Percent of Percent of Percent of

Protein.

Oil.

Ash.

Total.

Floury portion Hornv portion

19.28 7.93 10.93

34.6 .81
1.03

10.11 .52
.65

6a. 99 9.2b 12.61

PIG. 17. FIG. 18.

BULLETIK NO. 41

407

We have already referred to No. 39 as a good example of reversion. The space between the rows is wide, and there is a small number of rows to the ear. Ear 38 has some good qualities. Its chief fault is its poor butt. This is due largely to its extremely poor shank. Here the shank is dwarfed until it is less than one-third the diameter of the cob.

408

GEOEGIA DEPABTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE

OFFICIAL CORN SCORE CARD.

Name of Scorer Sample No

Date

Place-

Table

] 2 3 4 5 t 1 i! 9 1 )

1. Trueness to Type or Breed Char'tics,10
2. Shape of Ear. 10

3. Purity of Color

--a. Grein.

5|

b. Cob.

5!

4. Vitality or Seed

Condition.

10

5. Tips.

5

6. Butts. 5

7. Kernels-- a Uni-

formity of

10

b. Shape of 5|

8. Length of Ear. 10

9. Circumference

of Ear.

5

10. Space-a. Furrow
bet. Rows. 5

b. Space bet. kernels at Cob. 5

11. Proportion of Corn to Cob. 10

Total

100

|

REASONS FOR CUTS.

* This form of score card was prepared by Prof. P. G. Holden, of the Iowa State College.

BULLETIN NO. 41

409

Explanation of Points in Corn Judging.

1 Trueness to Type or Breed Characteristics. 10 Points--The ten ears in the sample should possess similar or like characteristics and should be true to the variety which they represent.
2 Shape of Ear. 10 Points--The shape of the ear should conform to the variety type. Ear should be full and strong in central portion, and not taper too rapidly toward the tip, indicating strong constitution and good yield.
3 Purity of Ear (a), Grain. 5 Points--Color of grain should be true to variety and free from mixture. For one or two mixed kernels, a cut of one-fourth point; for four or more mixed kernels, a cut of one-half point should be made. Differences in shade or color, as light or dark red, white or cream color, must be scored according to variety characteristics.
(b), Cob. 5 Points--An ear with white cob in yellow corn or red cob in white corn, should be disqualified or marked zero. This mixture reduces the value of the corn for seed purposes, indicates lack of purity, and tends toward a too wide variation in time of maturity, size and shape of kernels, etc.
4 Vitality or Seed Condition. 10 Points--Corn should be in good market condition, show good constitution, being capable of producing strong, vigorous growth and yield.
5 Tips. 5 Points--The form of tip should be regular; kernels near tip should be of regular shape and size. The proportion of tip covered or filled, must be considered. Long pointed tips as well as blunt flattened or double tips are objectionable.
6 Butts. 5 Points--The rows of kernels should extend in regular order over the butt, leaving a deep depression when the shank is removed. Open and swelled butts, pressed and flat butts with flattened, glazed kernels, are objectionable and must be cut according to the judgment of the scorer.
7 Kernels, (a), Uniformity of 10 Points, (b), Shape of 5 Points-- The kernels should be uniform in shape and size, making it possible to secure uniformity in dropping with the planter, and consequently a good stand. The kernels should also be, not only uniform on the individual ear, but uniform with each ear in the sample. They should be uniform in color and true to variety type. The kernels should be so shaped that their edges touch from tip to crown. The tip portion of the kernel is rich in protein and oil, and hence of high feeding value. Kernels with a large germ insure strong vigorous growth as well as richness in quality of kernel.
8 Length of Ear. 10 Points--The length of ear varies according to variety, type and the characteristics sought for by the individual breeder. Uniformity in length is to be sought for in a sample, and a sample having even length of ears should score higher than one that varies, even if it be within the limits. Usual length of ears, 9 to 12 inches. Very long ears are objectionable because they usually have poor butts and tips, broad shallow kernels and hence a low percentage of corn to cob.

410

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

eraflv dot i.

t ?reat ^ ciremf"ence for its length,TM

cumference at one-third the distance from the b^Tthe'tip'f 10 (a) Furrows Between Rows 5 Point* TV,,, *

11 Proportion of Corn to Cob. in Point^_Ti,o TM,,

ssho^uld ^be f^romu86 ^tf 87p. ^^r^^r^e^e0fr^ rrPJbyt*u?^*01:

cut of one and one-half points shall be made

standard, a

Lach sample should consist of ten ears of corn.

REPORT
OF THE
Commissioner of Agriculture
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA
FOR THE
YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1905
O. B. STEVENS, Ex-Commissiuner T. G. HUDSON, Commissioner R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant

REPORT
To His Excellency, HOKE SMITH, Governor: In compliance with the law I beg leave to submit the
following report of the transactions of the Department of Agriculture from January 1,1905, to January 1,1906.
CLERICAL FOKCE.
The clerical force consists of the following named persons: R, F. AVright, Assistant Commissioner and General Correspondent; J. F. Johnson, Commissioner'^ Clerk; J. T. Derry, Shipping and Mailing Clerk; E. F, Williams, Stenographer.
Under the provisions of an Act approved December 20, 1899, which provides for the establishment of quarantine lines for the protection of cattle in those sections not affected or partially affected with contagious diseases, this Department has co-operated since the year of 1900 with the United States Government and with the authorities of the States of Tennessee and North Carolina, having agreed upon a line so far, as it affected the State of Georgia.
Under the provisions of the Act just referred to, the sum of $500.00 was set aside from the fees arising from the' inspection of fertilizers for the payment of four cattle inspectors in the counties of Rabun, Union, Fannin and Towns. The Commissioner, therefore, appointed and commissioned the following inspectors, for five months each, for said counties at $25.00 per month.
M. C. Canup, Rabun County. J. W. Foster, Towns County. John B. Medaris, Union County. E. W. Shelton, Fannin County. In connection with this work we issued a number of Bulletins, outlining the laws governing the quarantine regulations of this State as a guide not only for

414

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

the inspector, but also for the people generally. The work of these inspectors has been as faithfully and effectively performed as could be expected under the circumstances.
We regret that the people of Fannin county, through their representative, secured the passage of a local law breaking down the quarantine line between their county and Gilmer, thereby nullifying the past three years' wor of the Department, so far as Fannin county is concerned. In order to remedy this the Commissioner proposes, on May 1, 1906, to issue an order establishing a cattle quarantine line around Gilmer county, and to have the same posted by the cattle inspector, which, it is hoped, will prove a protection to both Fannin and Gilmer counties.
In response to our frequent requests for a State veterinary surgeon, a law was enacted by the Legislature of 1905 empowering the Commissioner of Agriculture to employ the services of such a surgeon upon application of the ordinary of the county commissioners of any county under certain restrictions. Under the provisions of this law we have from time to time employed veterinary surgeons in response to calls from almost every section of the State, our expenses for this item being $182.76, up to January 1, 1906.
Georgia and other Southern States are in great need of Federal aid in the suppression of the cattle tick, and it is hoped that Congress will do something to fully meet this want.
We have been aided in our quarantine work by the United States Department of Agriculture at Washington.
PUBLICATIONS.

The Department has sent out through the weekly
press--monthly, with a few exceptions--six columns of printed matter, which has been published in about 185 county papers.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

415

We have issued and distributed about 25,000 copies of the Commercial Fertilizer Bulletin, No. 42, of the season of 1904 and 1905. This Bulletin was in the main prepared by our efficient State Chemist, John M. McCandless. Within its two hundred or more pages are found the tables of analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia during the season of 1904 and 1905.
The number of brands on the market for this season is 3,329, as against 1,241 for the previous year. There are also found in this Bulletin letters on agricultural chemistry, fertilizer forjnulas for all kinds of crops, feeding formulas, and tables of analyses of commercial fertilizers, etc.
We call especial attention to the report of State Entomologist, Prof. B. I. Smith; also to those of Dr. W. C. Bryant, State Oil Inspector, and of A. T. Dallis, State Superintendent of Fisheries.
FERTILIZER FUND.
The following is a statement of the receipts and disbursements fr,om January 1, 1905, to August 1, 1905, both inclusive: Tag account from January 1, 1905, to August 1, 1905:

DR.
To amount received from sale of tags To amount received from bulk sales

$44,403.80 230.32

Total.

'.

.$44,634.12

CR.

By inspectors' salaries

$12,526.14

By inspectors' expenses

2,740.78

By office expenses, bottles, corks, labels, etc.. . 787.22

By amount paid State Treasurer

27,000.00

By amount paid for tags

512.80

By amount paid T. G. Hudson

1,067.18

Total

^$44,634.12 O. B. STEVENS, Commissioner of Agriculture.

416

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

:

January 1, 1906.

T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture, in account with the State of Georgia, from August 1, 1905, to January 1, 1906.

DR.

To amount received from O. B. Stevens To amount received from tag sales To amount received from bulk sales

$ 1.067.18 22,450.60 4.71

Total
CR.
By inspectors' expenses By general office expenses By salaries By amount paid for tags By amount paid Treasurer By balance on hand

$23,522.49
$ 106.76 151.92
6,583.07 1,660.13 13,000.00 2,020.61

Total

$23,522.49

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

417

REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR,

STATE OF GEORGIA, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Atlanta, Ga., January 10, 1906.

Hon. T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.

DEAR SIR: I beg to report that the records in this office show a gradual increase in the consumption of illuminating oils in this State. When we take into consideration the fact that many of the smaller cities and towns throughout the State have installed electric-light plants, it would seem that the consumption of oil as an illuminant would be on the decrease, but such is not the case, and this fact proves conclusively that the agricultural communities are rapidly filling up.
I have visited a number of local stations in the last twelve months, and find that the local inspectors, as a rule, are fully alive to their duties and responsibilities, and are discharging the duties imposed upon them by law in an efficient and conscientious manner.
For the year ending January 1, 1906, $11,479.77, arising from the inspection of illuminating oils, have been deposited into the State Treasury. This is $886.49 in excess of the preceding year.
I respectfully recommend that the oil law be amended by the addition of a section requiring all oil shipped into the State for illuminating purposes be inspected by a legally authorized inspector; also, that in addition to the "Flash Test" a Specific Gravity Test be required.

Respectfully submitted,

W. C. BRYANT,

State Oil Inspector.

fr-27

418

GEORGIA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE

REPORT OF STATE CHEMIST.

STATE OF GEORGIA, LABORATORY OF STATE CHEMIST.
Atlanta, Ga., January 1, 1906.
Hon. T. O. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.
DEAR SIR : Reviewing the work of the laboratory for the past year I have to report that each preceding year for the last seven years has established a new high record figure for the number of tons of commercial fertilizer inspected in the State, also for the number of new brands put on the market and consequently for the number of analyses made on the samples representing these brands. Tags were sold during the past season for over 713,000 tons, and the number of brands on the market has risen from 440, when the laboratory was established on its present basis, and with the present force, to 1,352 brands during the past season. From the present outlook, this number of brands will be largely increased during the coming season, and I fear that the laboratory force will be inadequate for the heavily increased work required of it.
I especially call this matter to your attention, as it will be necessary ere long to increase the laboratory force, if the work of the chemical department is to be kept up to the present standard of efficiency. For full details of the work accomplished by my department during the past year, I refer you to Bulletin No. 42, covering the season of 1904-1905.
I have, as usual, expended in the maintenance of the laboratory the whole of the sum appropriated for that purpose--$1,000.
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN M. MCCANDLESS,
State Chemist.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

419

REPORT OF STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ATLANTA, GA., January 19, 1906.-
Hon. T. G. Hudson, Chairman Georgia State Board of Entomology, Atlanta, Ga.
DEAR SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith, as State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, a report on the work of the State Department of Entomology for the period between January 1, 1905, and December 31, 1905. A more detailed report will be given to the board at its annual meeting at Macon, January 26> 1906.
The year has been notable for the number of changes and additions to the working force of the department, chief among which was the resignation of your former State Entomologist, Mr. Wilmon Newell. Although he is to be congratulated on gaining a better position, we must regret the loss of his valuable services in Georgia.
The work during 1905 has been carried on along much the same lines as formerly, and in addition, some new fields of research and experimentation have been entered. More work in orchard inspection has been possible, with the increased appropriation over 1904, and this work has been pushed into new fields. Regular routine nursery inspection has been given even more careful attention than in the past. The office work has shown about 20 per cent, increase in the number of letters received and answered. This feature of the work is of great importance and indicates that the people of the State are becoming more alive to the demands for greater knowledge regarding the control of insects and diseases in the orchards and general farm crops.
PERSONNEL OF THE DEPARTMENT.
For 1905 the personnel of the department has been as follows: From January 1st to February 14th, Mr. Wil-

420

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

mon Newell was State Entomologist, with Mr. A. C. Lewis and the writer as assistants. On February 14 the writer was advanced to the position of State Entomologist, Mr. Newell having resigned to accept a better and more remunerative position as entomologist to the Louisiana Experiment Stations. After February 14th Mr. Lewis continued to act as Assistant Entomologist, filling the position with credit and taking an active interest in the work. After Mr. Newell resigned it became necessary to select another assistant, and Harper Dean, Jr., a graduate of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, was selected, and has rendered highly efficient service. Mr. Dean has been known as Field Assistant. His work has been mainly nursery and orchard inspection and experimental work. Since August 1st, W. W. Chase, also from the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, has acted as deputy inspector on orchard and nursery inspection. Mr. G. R, Casey, of Adairsville, Ga., has also acted as deputy inspector, and both these gentlemen have rendered valuable services. The work done by Mr. Casey has been confined mainly to Northwest Georgia, in order to reduce the expense of traveling. As office help, Miss Bettie Walker has rendered valuable assistance. And in this connection I wish to say that the increased correspondence and office work has made the duties of the stenographer much more arduous than in past years.
The appropriation for the State Department of Ento mology for 1905 was $10,000.00, $3,000.00 more than for 1904. This increased amount has made it possible to do more extensive and more efficient work than heretofore.
The changes in the working force of the department and the consequent interruption of work made it difficult to arrange all plans to the best advantage without fear of overreaching the amount appropriated, and hence, instead of using the entire $10,000.00, as could easily have been done, we have come through the year with $503.82 balance. This amount will be added to the appropria-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

421

tion for 1906, and the whole amount can be utilized to good advantage.
I am constrained to mention the matter of railroad passes, as affecting our work. During 1905 I was granted passes by all but one large railroad, and my assistant held passes over several lines. We expect to secure about the same number this year. However, the point I wish to mention is that the traveling expenses of assistants not holding passes are very high, and as our work increases the amount spent for traveling will increase each year. Without passes our work would have been reduced considerably last year.
Farmers' Institutes demand considerable attention during summer and fall. Talks on insects and plant diseases have been made at several points over the State. This work was made a special feature of the work of your department by the General Assembly of 1904. We have arranged to give more valuable aid to Farmer's Institute work by the purchase of a stereopticon for giving illustrated lectures.
INSECTS OF THE YEAR.
The insects of the year were reported at a meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists at New Orleans. In that' paper mention was made of thirty-five common and more or less destructive insects, and the number would have been considerably increased if mention had been made of all minor outbreaks. A brief summary of the report follows :
Of orchard insects the San Jose scale has been made, as usual, the most important. Other scale insects are: Cherry scale, peach lecanium, West Indian peach scale, oyster shell scale and gloomy scale on oaks and maples, and the former also common on apple and the scurfy scale common in some apple orchards. Other orchard insects are: Peachtree-borer, fruit-tree bark-beetle, peach twig-borer, plum curculio, Southern June beetle, woolly aphis of apple, apple codling-moth, apple plantlouse, American ten caterpillar, and apple twig-borer.

422

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

The following cotton insects have appeared: Cotton caterpillar, cotton boll-worm, new cotton beetle, Luperodes brunneus, red spider on cotton, sharp-shooter, and several others of less importance.
The fall army worm appeared on millet and crabgrass, and the Hessian fly was found commonly in all the wheat fields. The corn web-worm and Southern corn root-worm were common in many corn fields.
The usual quota of garden and general farm crop insects have been present, the following being the most abundant: Striped cucumber beetle, common potato bug, blister beetle, Harlequin cabbage bug, collard bug, cabbage aphis, melon louse, squash bug, and others.
The destructive rice-weevil, a great enemy of stored corn, was found in abundance in a large crib of corn at Cycloneta, early in July.

FINANCES.
Expenditures of the appropriation of $10,000.00

for 1905. To appropriation, 1905

$10,000.00

By salaries as follows:

$10,000.00

Salary of State Entomologist, January 1st to December 31st, at $1,500.00 per annum $1,500.00

Salary of Assistant Entomologist, January 1st to February 14th, at $1,200.00 per annum. _ 150.00

Salary of Assistant Entomologist, February

14th to December 31st, at $1,000.00 per an-

num

875.00

Salary of Stenographer, January 1st to Decem-

ber 31st, at $600.00 per annum

600.00

By expenses as follows:

Field Assistant, 238 days work at $3.00 per diem 714.00

Wages paid W. W. Chase, Deputy Inspector,

123 days' work at $2.50 per diem

307.50

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

423

Wages paid G. R. Casey, Deputy Inspector, 83

days' work, at $3.00 per diem

249.00

Traveling expenses State Entomologist

431.55

Traveling expenses Assistant Entomologist

360.23

Traveling expenses Field Assistant

392.34

Traveling expenses Deputy Inspectors

395.54

Printing and engraving

1,012.92

Postage

568.50

Telegrams

27.75

Office supplies and expenses

362.30

Library

248.43

Laboratory expenses and equipment

-- 474.91

Field work and experiments

397.96

Express and freight __,

65.50

Expenses board meetings

39.00

Farmers' Institute work

141.70

Monthly talk (paid for Dept. of Agri.)

182.00

Balance unexpended December 31, 1905

$9,496.18 503.82

$10,000.00
NURSERY INSPECTION.
Inspection of nurseries began August 1st, and the' main part of three men's'time for four months was demoted to this work: or the equivalent of one year's wor": fcr one man. In the larrest nurseries the time sprnt was equal to one man's time fcr from seven to twelve days.
Ore hundred find sixty nurseries have been inspected, and certificates issued to 144 of them. No certificate was issued rr.til the nurseryman was prepared to properly fumisrate the stock with hydrocyanic acid gas; and in some rtlaces where the stock was grown in what we considered dangerous territory, the fumigation was perrsonally supervised by a member of this department.
Of the sixteen nurseries inspected, and not receiving certificates, five were found infested with San Jose scale,

424

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

so bad that it could not be cleaned out, while the remainder have not complied with the fumigation requirement.

Total number of trees contained in the 144 nurseries receiving certificates are as follows:

Peach, 1 and 2 years old

3,775,450

Peach, June-Buds

2,218,400

Apples

1,300,950

Pears

368,100

Plum

241,100

Cherry

20,700

Grapes

55,000

Pecans (over 1,000,000 are seed-

lings)

1,378,550

Miscellaneous stock, including

shade-trees, roses, figs, mul-

berries, and small fruits

994,000

Total

10,352,250

In addition to the above list sixteen nurseries not receiving certificates contained about 230,000 trees.

Eighty-eight nurserymen outside the State have complied with the requirements of the Georgia State Board of Entomology, and have received certificates allowing them to ship nursery stock into this State.

ORCHARD INSPECTION.
Orchard inspection has been given more attention than in former years. The total number of trees contained in the orchards inspected reach the surprising sum of 1,912,958, of which all but 1,344 were contained in 306 orchards of commercial size. Forty-three orchards of less than 100 contained 1,344. We have therefore really inspected a total of 349 orchards of all sizes, containing an average number of 5,487 trees. Some individual orchards contained from 25,000 to 100,000 trees.

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER

425

The above figures show an increase of about 114 per cent, in number of orchards inspected in 1905, compared with the number inspected in 1904, and likewise an increase of over 200 per cent, over total number of trees inspected in 1904.
One feature of our orchard inspection work, is to inspect all orchards from which nurserymen expect to take buds and grafts. Blanks are sent out early in spring to all nurserymen with a request that they report the orchards which they desire inspected.
During 1905 we received application for inspection of eighty-six orchards of this class, of which fifty-eight were inspected, while the remaining twenty-eight could not be reached through lack of time and assistance. Of the orchards inspected five were found infested and the nurserymen cautioned against getting buds therefrom.
Much more orchard inspection would be of value, as many sections have not yet been reached.

EXPERIMENT.
San Jose scale washes have been tested and the general recommendations for treatment given in Bulletin No. 17. Lime-sulphur wash still holds the first place as a remedy that can be safely applied. .
Peach-leaf curl disease is generally controlled with Bordeaux and lime-sulphur wash. Experiments with different mixtures against leaf-curl were made at Adairsville in the spring of 1905. The result has been reported in the Proceedings of the State Horticultural Society for 1905.
The woolly aphis of apple is one of our most destructive apple pests. Extensive experiments against the underground form were carried out at Morrow and Pittman, Ga. This work will be taken up again in 1906.
The "cotton wilt" disease has claimed a great part of the time of Mr. A. C. Lewis, Assistant Entomologist. Fertilizer tests were made to determine their effect on the wilt disease, but these, we must say, are not en-

426

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

couraging. The principal effort should he directed toward getting a resistant variety of cotton, and this Mr. Lewis is attempting to do hy hybridizing. He now has more than 100 varieties of cotton which will be tested again in 1906. We are prepared to send out a limited number of sample lots of cottonseed of the Jackson-limbless variety. This was grown in the experimental field at Zellobee, Ga.
In co-operation with the United States Department of Agriculture, demonstration work in pruning pear trees to control pear blight was started in November, 1905, and will be continued for at least three years. "Work has been commenced on an orchard at Thomson, and several at Smithville, and will be taken up in other places. Bulletin No. 18, issued in December, 1905, gives an account of the plans for this work.
Considerable time has been devoted to experiments to determine the proper date to sow wheat to avoid damage from the Hiessian fly. The result of this investigation is not yet ready to be made known, but when completed it will be of inestimable value to the Georgia wheat growers.
A new cotton beetle claimed considerable attention during the latter part of June and early in July. Paris green as a poison was used with success against this pest.

PUBLICATIONS.
Bulletins pertaining to the control of insects have been issued during 1905 as follows: Bulletin No. 15.--"An Inquiry Into the Cyanide Method
of Fumigating Nursery Stock.'' February, 1,200 copies. Bulletin No. 16.--"The Cotton Boll Worm."--"Insects Injurious to Corn and Truck Crops." April, 7,000 copies. Bulletin No. 17.--"Peach Insects." October, 7,000 copies.

REPOBT OP COMMISSIONER

427

Bulletin No. 18.--"Pear Blight Disease and Pear Leaf Blight." December, 8,000 copies.
In addition to the regular bulletins special circulars have been distributed to nurserymen and others, as follows: February 1.--'' The Hessian Fly.'' A timely article tell-
ing how the North Georgia wheat growers might deal a severe blow to this destructive insect. Sent to all newspapers in North and Middle Georgia.
February 15.--Circular to nurserymen regarding inspection of orchards from which buds would be secured.
July 20.--"Regulations of the Board Relative to Fumigation." Sent to all nurserymen in Georgia.
July 24.--"Important Information for Nurserymen." Giving a summary of laws of various States. Sent to all nurserymen.
July 31.--Circular to out-of-State nurserymen, giving regulations relative to selling stock in Georgia. Sent to about one hundred and fifty nurserymen in other States.
Other circular letters of minor interest were sent to fruit growers and others at various times. Many articles of timely information concerning insects such as San Jose scale, shot-hole borer, new cotton beetle, cotton caterpillar, apple colding-moth and others, have been furnished the Georgia newspapers.
BOLL WEEVIL QUARANTINE.
The matter of boll weevil quarantine should not be forgotten, as the danger to Georgia through invasion by the boll weevil becomes yearly more imminent. The boll weevil in Louisiana has made an advance of about fifty miles this year, and has gained its way fully half-way across that State. Next year it will be liable to reach,

428

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

if not cross, the Mississippi river. We must continue to enforce the boll weevil quarantine measures to avoid the danger of bringing the boll weevil into Georgia in shipments of cotton in its various forms. The General Assembly of 1905 very wisely raised the quarantine on threshed wheat and oats, as it is quite fully demonstrated that there is no danger through that source. With the present quarantine laws there is reason to believe that the boll weevil will not reach Georgia except by natural spread. The State Department of Entomology will, however, be on the lookout for its first appearance, and in the event it should appear ahead of the, natural spread every known method will be tried to effect its eradication.
During the year a number of cotton fields have been inspected in sections where we have learned through correspondence and otherwise that cotton products have been shipped in from Texas within the years of 19031904, before the boll weevil quarantine law was passed by the General Assembly of 1904. In the fields inspected we have found no indication of boll weevil.

OFFICE AND CORRESPONDENCE.

The office correspondence is getting to be very heavy. A general idea of the time required for this one feature is shown by the letter-book, our letters for the year covering 4,088 pages, or an average of thirteen pages for every day except Sundays. These letters are often of such a nature that considerable study is required before they can be properly answered. Farmers and fruitgrowers of other States frequently write to our office for advice.
Our mailing-list has been increased by nearly 2,000 names, numbering now over 5,500, which necessitates our sending out large editions of each bulletin, and also greatly increasing the correspondence. Two years ago bulletins were issued in editions of only 200 to 300, while

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

429

now it is necessary to have from 7,000 to 8,000 to supply

the growing demand. Several times during the year it

has become necessary to hire extra clerical help to avoid keeping our men from the regular field work which

should not he neglected. The necessity of a good reference library will be
understood by all, and this at present is largely supplied

by the bulletins from various State experiment stations.

The work of keeping these bulletins properly filed for

reference is no small feature in the work connected with our office. And aside from other duties, the Entomologist must often spend time giving information to fruit-

growers and others who come to the office for advice..

In fact, it requires more than all the time of one man to

properly attend to the duties of the office.

Respectfully submitted,

R. I. SMITH,

State Entomologist.

430

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES.

Hon. T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture.
SIR : I have the honor to herewith submit a report from this department for the year ending December 31, 1905.
The work done has been along the lines of previous years. I have our fish laws in book form and send them to officers and other citizens in different portions of our State from time to time. I answer letters and questions concerning such laws as are now of force; instruct as to pond building, and care of fish, how, where, and what kind of fish can be had, and which kinds are best suited to the particular waters desired to be stocked. This department has urged at every opportunity the importance and duty of our citizens in the observance of our laws. I am gratified to report that public sentiment seems to be thoroughly in sympathy with our statute laws, and to approve them in toto. Especially is the recent change in the closed season popular.
I have had the laws pertaining to fish recodified, bringing this code down to date. In this I have had placed, for general information and to meet many inquiries, the present law as to posting lands. Two thousand copies of this code are being printed, and distribution of these will begin early in the next year.
Hereto attached please find expense account of the department for the fiscal year, amounting to $160.00.
Respectfully submitted,
A. T. DALLIS, Superintendent of Fisheries, State of Georgia.

432

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

QUESTIONS FOE SEPTEMBER CROP REPORT.

To be returned to the office of the Department of Agriculture by September 1, 1905.

What is the condition and prospect of--

1. Cotton, compared to an average 1

per cent

2. Corn, compared to an average?

per cent

3. Rice, compared to an average?

per cent

4. Sugar Cane, compared to an average? per cent

5. Sweet Potatoes, compared to an average ?_per cent

6. Tobacco, compared to an average?

per cent

7. What casualties have affected the cotton

crop?

per cent

8. Number of stock hogs compared to last

year?

per cent

9. Condition of stock hogs, compared with an

average?

per cent

10. Estimating that Georgia made 2,000,000

bales of Cotton last, year, how many

bales will be made this year?

per cent

Note--If you desire a reply to any practical question of interest to farmers, put your inquiry in as few words as possible. The inquiry and answer will be published, if of sufficient general interest.)

Name

Post Office.

County.

Pate August 22, 1905.

CIRCULAR No. 16

433

What are the condition and prospect of--

1. COTTON, compared to an average? Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section
Average for State (1905)

78.5 per cent 73.3 per cent 70.8 per cent
74.2 per cent

2. CORN, compared to an average? Northern Section Middle Section : Southern Section
Average for State (1905)

85.4 per cent 87.7 per cent 87.9 per cent 87. per cent

3. RICE, compared to an average ?

Northern Section

Middle Section

'

Southern Section

Average for State (1905)

92. per cent 100 per cent
83.5 per cent 91.8 per cent

4. SUGAR CANE, compared to an average?

Northern Section

95. per cent

Middle Section

85.6 per cent

Southern Section

84.4 per cent

Average for State (1905)

88.3 per cefit

5. SWEET POTATOES, compared to an average ?

Northern Section

86. per cent

Middle Section

91. per cent

Southern Section

92.7 per cent

Average for State (1905)

89.9 per cent

6. TOBACCO, compared to an average?

Northern Section

84. per cent

Middle Section

95. per cent

Southern Section

75. per cent

Average for State (1905)

84.6 per cent

7. What casualties have affected the cotton crop? drouth, rust and rain.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

8. Number of stock of hogs compared to last year?

Northern Section

96. per cent

Middle Section

_ 92.8 per cent

Southern Section

96. per cent

Average for State (1905)

94.9 per cent

9. Condition of stock of hogs compared to an average ?

Northern Section

98. per cent

Middle Section

98. per cent

Southern Section

95. per cent

Average for State (1905)

97. per cent

10. Estimating that Georgia made 2,000,000 bales of cotton last year, how many bales will be made this year?

Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section Average for State (1905)

1,362,000 bales 1,402,000 bales 1,477,000 bales 1,413,666 bales

BULLETIN GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SERIAL NO. 43
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY
SEASON 1905-1906
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS
AND
CHEMICALS
Inspected, Analyzed and Admitted for Sale in the State of Georgia up to August 1st, 1906.
And Other Information in Regard to Fertilizers And Fertilizer Legislation. Under the Supervision of HON. T. G. HUDSON,
Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia.
. JNO. M. McCANDLESS, State Chemist. R. G. WILLIAMS, First Ass't State Chemist. J. Q. BURTON, Second Ass't State Chemist.
"He that maketh two ears of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before deserves better of mankind, and does more essential service to his country than the whole race of politicians put together.''--Dean Swift.

FORMAL REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION.

To

Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.

You are hereby requested to register for sale and dis-

tribution in the State of Georgia

manufactured by

at

THE FOLLOWING IS THE GUARANTEED ANALYSIS OF THE BRAND.

Available phosphoric acid __Nitrogen The nitrogen is derived from

per cent. per cent.

The _,

is put up in

of

lbs. each

It is identical with__

i

.

In consideration of being allowed to sell and dis-

tribute the above brand before the official analysis

thereof is made ,

agree and bind

to cancel all sales thereof and

forfeit all claims for purchase money therefor, if after

the official analysis is made, the Commissioner of Agri-

culture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with the law.

2. Under section 5, relating to requests for tags, in order that no delay may occur in shipments, the manufacturer or dealer need not notify the Department at the time of the request for tags of the name of the purchaser or consignee, but must notify the Commissioner in writing of every sale or consignment on the day in which the same is made. This notice must distinctly state the brand of the fertilizer or the name of the chemical or fertilizer material and the number of tons, togather with the name of the purchaser or consignee and their places of residence. It must request inspection and contain an agreement to cancel all sales thereof, in the event the Commissioner shall prohibit its sale

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

in accordance with the law. The following form may be used, substantial compliance with the above rule being regarded as sufficient.

NOTICE OF SALES AND CONSIGNMENTS, AND REQUEST FOR INSPECTION.

190_.

To 0, B.. STEVENS, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.

You are hereby notified that

have this

day made the following sales and consignments, and re-

quest that the same be inspected:

ffl

a o

a S>-"

3

(O. gV

2 o

o
s %

*o 6
t,

t ga
ft

v3
II


'CCPH
o

In consideration of being allowed t osell and distri-

bute the above before the official analysis thereof is

made

agree and bind

to cancel all sales thereof and forfeit all claims for purchase money thereof, if, after the official analysis is

made, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall prohibit its sale in accordance with law.

Manufacturers and dealers, by this rule, are not required to delay shipment in order that the inspection may be made, but are required to see that their goods are properly tagged, the inspection being made while the fertilizer or fertilizer material is in the hands of the purchaser or consignee.

3. All orders for tags must be sent direct to this department, and the request must be accompanied with the fees for inspection at the rate of ten cents'per ton for the fertilizer or fertilizer material on which they are to be used.

BULLETIN No. 43

439

Manufacturers and dealers, or their agents, may request tags in such quantities as they see fit, but each request must state distinctly the brand or brands on which they are to be used, with the number of tons of the brands, or of each of said brands.
It is not necessary that the fertilizer or fertilizer material be actually on hand at the time the request is made, but manufacturers or dealers can order such number of tags as they may need during the season, bearing in mind that no tags carried over will be redeemed by the department.
In the event that more tags are ordered for any brand than it is ascertained can be used on the sales and consignments of that brand, by proper notice, with the consent of the Commissioner, the tags can be used on another brand put up in packages or sacks of the same weight and sold or consigned the same season.

BULINGS BY THE COMMISSIONEB INTEBPEETING THE NEW FEBTILIZEE LAW.
First--The grade of the fertilizer is to be considered a part of the "brand name and, or, trademark," and may immediately precede or follow the same, if used at all.
Second--It is optional with the manufacturer whether he brands the grade on his sacks or not, but if he does brand the grade on the sacks, then the goods must conform to the requirements of the grade, as stated in section 3 of the law.
Third--In branding the word "potash" the characters "K20" heretofore in use are to be omitted.
Fourth--In case of goods containing 10 per cent, available phosphoric acid, 0.82 per cent, nitrogen and 1 per cent, potash, or such mixtures 9--1.65--1, or 8-- 0.82--3, or other combinations which do not reach a total commercial value equal to that of the standard- fertil-

440

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

izer, which is 8--1.65--2, such mixtures are not to be designated by any grade at all. Such goods may be offered for sale, and branded with any name the maker desires to give, provided succh name does not indicate that they belong to a high or standard grade.

Fifth--In printing bags containing acid phosphate only, or acid phosphate and potash, where all three ingredients of plant-food are not claimed, it shall be optional with the maker whether he brands only the guaranteed ingredients, as for instance:

Available phosphoric acid
Or he may brand,
Available phosphoric acid Nitrogen Potash

14 per cent.
14 per cent None. None.

But in this latter case the letters of the word "none"

shall be plain and distinct, and the same size type as the names of the elements standing opposite them.
Sixth--In the case of goods containing less than 1.65 per cent nitrogen they may be branded as "Ammoniated" goods, "guano or fertilizer," or other words implying that the same is an ammoniated superphosphate, provided they contain not less than 0.82 per cent, nitrogen.
Seventh--A goods containing 10 per cent, available phosphoric acid, 0.82 per cent, nitrogen and 3 per cent, potash can not be branded high-grade, since it has not as high a commercial value as the legal high grade.
Eight--No manufacturer has the right to print the word "ammonia" at all on his sacks.
Ninth--Until further notice the Commissioner fixes, in accordance with the provisions of the Calvin bill, the minimum percentage of nitrogen required by law in the Sea-Island cottonseed-meals at three and seven-tenths (3.7) per cent., equivalent to four and one-half (41-2) per cent, of ammonia.

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441

Tenth--If it be necessary for lack of space on one side of the sack to turn and print on the other side, this will be permitted, provided the prescribed order be observed.
Eleventh--The word "potash" means potassium oxide, or K20 and will be so interpreted; the percentage of potassium sulphate or muriate must not be substituted for the percentage of potash.
Twelfth--The words "standard" or "standard grade" may be used on the sacks at the option of the manufacturer, if used at all.
Thirteenth--It is regarded as consonant with the spirit of the law to print on the sacks if desired the name of the party for whom manufactured, thus, "Manufactured for John,Smith & Co., by Thos. Brown & Co."
Fourteenth--If desired for distinctive purposes, a manufacturer may print the word "Georgia," following the words "guaranteed analysis."
Fifteenth--It is hereby ruled that the branding of all fertilizers or fertilizer materials (as described in section 3 of the law) shall be upon the sacks or packages themselves, except in the case of cottonseed-meals, in which case a tag may be attached to the sacks Furthermore, the letters used for the words high grade or standard grade (when used at all) shall be of not' less than one inch in size, and no smaller letters than threequarters of an inch shall be used in any part of the brand.
Sixteenth--It is hereby ordered in consonance with the spirit of section 8 of the law, that no cyanogen compounds, dried muck or peat, wool-waste, tartar-pomace or Mora meal, or other materials not recognized by scientific authorities as being available sources of plantfood, shall be used in any fertilizer sold in this State. All manufacturers are warned against purchasing unfamiliar fertilizer materials without first inquiring of this department as to their character.

442

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Seventeenth--When it is desired to sell ground phosphate rock in this State, the same may be done provided the manufacturer or seller registers his goods with the Commissioner of Agriculture and tags them as in case of all other fertilizers. The bags must be branded with the name of the material, the guaranteed analysis in terms of insoluble phosphoric acid, also the statement that there is no available phosphoric acid, and the name and address of the manufacturer. Thus, for example: "Fine ground Phosphate Rock." "Guaranteed Analysis Available Phosphoric Acid--Nnoe." "Insoluble Phosphoric Acid--30%." "Made by John, Brown & Co., Atlanta, Ga." No statement giving the percentage of "bone phosphate" will be permitted on the sacks, or other statements.

AN ACT
To provide for the registration, sale, inspection and analysis of fertilizer materials, in bulk, in this State of Georgia, and to repeal all laws and parts of laws in conflict therewith.
Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Georgia, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That from and after the passage of this Act it shall be lawful for the manufacturers, jobbers, dealers and manipulators of commercial fertilizers and
fertilizer materials, to sell or offer for sale in the State of Georgia, acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk to persons, individuals or firms, who desire to purchase the same for their own use on their own lands, but not for sale.
SEC. 2. Be it further enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture of this State shall have the authority to establish such rules and regulations in regard to the registration, inspection, sale and analysis of acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials, in bulk, sold to persons, individuals or firms, who desire to purchase

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443

and use the same as provided in section 1 of this Act, as shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, and as in his judgement will best carry out the requirements thereof.
Sec. 3. Be it further enacted,That the same inspection fees shall be paid by manufacturers, dealers, jobbers and manipulators, who sell acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk, under the provisions of this bill as applies to such goods when placed in sacks, barrels or boxes under the general fertilizer laws of this State, and such inspection fees shall be transmitted to the Commissioner of Agriculture at the time notice of shipment of such acid phosphate or other fertilizer materials in bulk are made to the purchaser or purchasers, provided for in this Act.
Sec. 4. Be it further enacted, That it is hereby made the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to personally prosecute each and every offender under the provisions of this Act, and upon conviction, such offenders shall be punished as prescribed in section of 1039 of the Code of Georgia, and all fines arising therefrom shall be paid into and become a part of the General Education Fund of the State.
Sec. 5. Be it further enacted, That all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
Approved August 14, 1903.

THE PURE FOOD LAW PASSED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF 1906.
An Act to prevent the adulteration, misbranding and imitation of foods for man or beast, of beverages, candies and condiments, of medicines, drugs and liquors, or the manufacture and sale thereof in the State of Georgia, prescribing a penalty for the violation hereof; providing for the inspection and analysis of the articles described by the Georgia State Dc-

444

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

partment of Agriculture, charging the State's solicitors with the enforcement hereof, and providing means therefor, and repealing all laws and parts of laws in conflict herewith.
SECTION 1. Be it enacted, That it shall be unlawful for, any person to manufacture, sell or offer for sale within the State of Georgia, any article of food, drugs, medicines, or liquors, which is adulterated or misbranded, or which contains any poisonous or deleterious substance within the meaning of this Act; and any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and for each offense shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not to exceed five hundred dollars, or shall be sentenced to one year's imprisonment or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court; and for each subsequent offense, and on conviction thereof, shall be fined not exceeding one thousand dollars, or sentenced to one year's imprisonment or both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court; provided, that in case of feeding-stuffs for domestic animals, the penalties imposed under section 20 of this Act shall apply.
Sec. 2. Be it enacted, That the examination of specimens of foods and drugs shall be made by the State. Chemist of Georgia, or under his directcion and supervision, for the purpose of determining from such examination whether such articles are adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, and if it shall appear from any such examination that any of such specimens is adultered or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall cause notice thereof to be given to the party from whom such sample was obtained. Any party so notified shall be given an opportunity to be heard before the Commissioner of Agriculture and the Attorney-General, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by them, and if it appears that any of the provisions of this Act have been violated by such party, then

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the Commissioner of Agriculture shall at once certify the facts to the proper prosecuting attorney, with a copy of the results of the analysis, or the examination of such article duly authenticated hy the analyst or officer making such examination, under the oath of such officer. That in case it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Agriculture and the Attorney-General that the violation of this Act is properly & subject of interstate commerce or otherwise comes under the supervision and jurisdiction of the United States, then the Commissioner of Agriculture shall certify the case to the United States District Attorney, in whose district the violation may have been committed; but if it be under the jurisdiction of the courts of this State, then the Commissioner shall certify the case to the solicitor of the court in the county where the offense occurred. It shall be the duty of the State solicitor to prosecute all persons violating any of the provisions of this Act as soon as he receives the evidence transmitted by the Commissioner of Agriculture. After judgment of the court, notice shall be given by publication in such manner as may be prescribed by the rules and regulations aforesaid.
Sec. 3. Beit enacted, That the term '' drug,' 'as used in this Act, shall include all medicines and preparations recognized in the United States Pharmacopoea, or National Formulary, for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease of either man or other animals. The term "food," as used herein, shall include all articles used for food, drink, confectionery or condiment by man or other animals, whether simple, mixed or compound.
SEC. 4. Be enacted, That for the purposes of this Act an article shall be deemed to be adulterated--
In case of drugs:
First. If, when a drug is sold under or by a name recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or Na-

446

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

tional Formulary, it differs from the standard of strength, quality or purity, as determined by the test laid down in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary official at the time of investigation; provided, that no drug defined in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary shall be deemed to be adulterated under this provision if the standard of strength, quality or purity be plainly stated upon the bottle, box or other container thereof, although the standard may differ from that determined by the test laid down in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary.
Second. If its strength or purity fall below the professed standard or quality under which it is sold.
In the case of confectionery:
If it contains terra-alba, barytes, talc, chrome yellow, or other mineral substance or poisonous color or flavor, or other ingredient deleterious or detrimental to health, or any vinous, malt or spirituous liquor, or compound or narcotic drug.
In case of food:
First. If any substance has been mixed and packed with it so as to reduce or lower or injuriously affect its quality* or strength. .
Second. If any substance has been substituted wholly or in part for the article.
Third. If any valuable constituent of the article has been wholly or in part abstracted.
Fourth. If it be mixed, colored, powdered, coated, or stained in a manner whereby damage or inferiority is concealed.
Fifth. If it contains any added poisonous or other deleterious ingredient which may render such article injurious to health; provided, that when in preparation of food products for shipment they are preserved by any external application applied in such manner that the preservative is necessarily removed mechanically, or by maceration in water or otherwise, and directions for the

BULLETIN NO. 43

447

removal of said preservative are printed on the covering of the package, the provisions of this Act shall be construed as applying only when said products are ready for consumption.
Sixth. If the package, vessel or bottle containing it shall be of such a composition, or carry any attacchmenr made of succh a composition or metal or alloy, as will be acted upon in the ordinary course of use by the contents of the package, vessel or bottle in such a way as to produce an injurious deleterious or poisonous compound.
Seventh. If it consist in whole or in part of a filthy, decomposed, or putrid animal or vegetable substance, or any portion of an animal unfit for food, whether manufactured or not, or if it is the product of a diseased animal or one that has died otherwise than by slaughter.
SEC. 5. Be it enacted, That the term " misbranded," as used hererin, shall apply to all drugs, or articles of food, or articles which enter into the composition of food, the package or label of which shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding such articles or the ingredients or substances contained therein which shall be false or misleading in any particular, and to any food or drug product, which is falsely branded, as to the tate, Territory or country in which it is manufactured or produced.
That for the purposes of this Act an article shall also be deemed to be misbranded--
In case of drugs: First. If it be an imitation of, or offered for sale under the name of another articleSecond. If the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been removed, in whole or in part, and other contents shall have been placed in such packages, or if the package fail to bear a statement on the label in as conspicuous letters as is or may be prescribed by the United States law or rules and regulations of the quantity or proportion of any alcohol, morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, can-

448

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

nabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide, or any derivative or preparation of any such substance contained therein; provided, that nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to apply to the filling of written prescriptions, furnished by regular licensed practicing physicians and kept on file by druggists as required by law, or as to such preparations as are specified and recognized by the United States Pharmacopoeia or National Formulary.
In case of food:
First. If it be an imitation of, or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article.
Second. If it be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead the purchaser, or purport to be a foreign product when not so, or is an imitation in package or label of another substance of a previously established name, or which has been trade-marked or patented, or, if the contents of the package as originally put up shall have been removed in whole or in part, and other contents shall have been placed in such package, or if it fail to bear a statement on the label in conspicuous letters of the quantity or proportion of any morphine, opium, cocaine, heroin, alpha or beta eucaine, chloroform, canabis indica, chloral hydrate, or acetanilide, or any derivative or preparation of any such substances contained therein.
Third. If in package form, and the contents are stated in terms of weight or measure, they are not plainly and correctly stated on the outside of the package.
Fourth. If the package containing it, or its label shall bear any statement, design, or device regarding the ingredients of the substance contained therein, which statement, design, or device shall be false or misleading in any particular; provided, that an article of food which does not contain any added poisonous or deleterious ingredients shall not be deemed to be adulterated or misbranded in the following cases:

BULLETIN NO. 43

449

First. In the case of mixtures or compounds which may be now, or from time to time, hereafter known as articles of food, under their own distinctive names, and not an imitation of or offered for sale under the distinctive name of another article, if the name he accompanied on the same label or brand with a statement of the place where said article has been manufactured or produced.
Second. In the case of articles labeled, branded, or tagged, so as to plainly indicate that they are compounds, imitations, or blends, and the word "compound," "imitation," or "blend," as the case may be, is plainly stated in conspicuous letters on the package in which it is offered for sale; provided, that the term "blend," as used herein shall be construed to mean a mixture of like substances, not excluding harmless coloring or flavoring ingredients used for the purpose of coloring and flavoring only; and provided further, that nothing in this Act shall be construed as requiring or compelling proprietors or manufacturers of proprietary foods, which contain no unwholesome added ingredient to disclose their trade formulas, except in so far as the provisions of this Act may require to secure freedom from adulteration or misbranding; provided, also, that this Act shall not apply to stocks of drugs and medicines on hand in this State, until the first day of August, 1908.
SEC. 6. Be it enacted, That no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this Act when he can establish a guaranty signed by the wholesaler, JQbber, manufacturer, or other party residing in the State of Georgia, from whom he purchases such articles, to the effect that the same is not adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, designating it. Said guaranty, to afford protection, shall contain the name and address of the party or parties making the sale of such articles to such dealer, and in such case the said party or parties shall be amenable to the prosecutions, fines, and other penalties which would attach, in due course, to the dealer under the provisions of this Act.
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450

GEOBGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTUEE

SEC. 7. Be it enacted, That any article of food, drug, or liquor that is adulterated or misbranded within the meaning of this Act, shall be liable to be proceeded against in any court of the State of Georgia within the conty where the same is found, and seized for confiscation by a process of libel for condemnation. And if such article is condemned as being adulterated or misbranded, or of a poisonous or deleterious character, within the meaning of this Act, the same shall be disposed of by destruction or sale, as the said court may direct, and the proceeds thereof, if sold less the legal costs and charges, shall be paid into the trreasury of the State of Georgia, but such goods shall not be sold in any jurisdiction contrary to the provisions of this Act, or the laws of that jurisdiction.
SEC. 8. Be it enacted, That the words "person" or "party," as used in this Act, shall be construed to import both the plural and the singular, as the case demands, and shall include corporations, companies, societies and associations.
When construing and enforcing the provisions of this Act, the act, omission or failure of any officer, agent or other person acting for or employed by the corporation, company, society or association, within the scope of his employment or office, shall in every case be also deemed to be the act, omission or failure of such corporation, company, society or association, as well as that of the person.
SEC. 9. Be it enacted, That the State Department of Agriculture is hereby charged with the duties of inspection and analysis required for the proper enforcement of this Act. That the Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby directed to appoint officers, who shall perform all the duties required in the execution of this Act. That the Commissioner, realizing the responsibilities resting on him for the protection of the lives and health of the people, shall, in making these appointments, be guided by the result of careful and diligent inquiry into

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the character, fitness and reputation for integrity and industry of all the officers whom he may appoint, who may be in any way intrusted with the execution of this law; that such officers, when appointed, shall hold office during good behavior and attention to duty, and shall not be removed from office except for cause, provided such term of office of said officers shall terminate with that of the office of Commissioner of Agriculture.
SEC. 10. Be it further enacted, That as soon as this Act becomes effective the Commissioner is authorized to appoint by and with the advice and consent of the State Chemist, a chief food and drug inspector for the State of Georgia, who shall receive a salary not to exceed $1,500 per annum, and actual expenses while discharging his duty. His whole time shall be at the disposal of the Commissioner, and his duty shall be to travel about the State as directed, and take samples of such articles as directed, and forward them to the Department of Agriculture for scientific examination and analysis. The State Chemist may also appoint by and with the advice and consent of the Commissioner of Agriculture such additional assistants and experts, not to exceed three, in his office as may be required to carry out the provisions of this Act; the salaries of such assistants and experts to be fixed and adjusted by the Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Chemist, not to exceed $1,500. They may also make such expenditures for apparatus, chemicals and increased laboratory facilities as in their judgment may be required, provided that the total expenditures under this Act for any one year shall not exceed the sum appropriated to carry out the
provisions of this Act.
SEC. 11. Be it enacted, That samples for analysis shall be taken by the duly qualified and sworn inspectors, who shall take samples of such articles as may be directed by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and in the manner prescribed below; whenever practicable, samples shall be taken in original unbroken packages; said pack-

452

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ages shall be wrapped in paper and tied securely, and sealed over the cord with sealing-wax, on which the inspector shall impress his official seal. That in cases
where it is not practicable to send a sample for analysis in an original package, as for instance, in case of syrups, or other liquids in barrels, or flour in barrels, etc., the inspector shall take a fair sample of the same in the pres-
ence of the seller, place it in a suitable receptacle, securely close and wax it and impress his official seal upon the wax and forward the same to the Commission of Agriculture. In the execution of his duties the inspector shall have free access at all reasonable hours into any place where it is suspected that impure foods are being manufactured, or wherein any article of food or drink, drug or medicine, adulterated with any deleterious or foreign ingredients exists. In calling for and taking a sample of any goods, the inspector shall tender to the seller the market price asked for the same.
SEC. 12. Be it enacted, That every lot or parcel of concentrated, commercial feeding-stuff and condimental feed used for feeding domestic animals or poultry, sold, offered or exposed for sale within this State, shall be registered annually with the Commissioner of Agriculture, and shall have affixed thereto, or printed on the bag, or other package, in a conspicuous place, on the outside thereof, a legible and plainly printed statement, clearly and truly certifying the number of net pounds of feeding-stuffs contained therein; provided, that all concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs shall be in standard weight bags or packages of fifty, seventy-five, one hundred, one hundred and twenty-five, one hundred and fifty, one hundred and seventy-five, or two hundred pounds each, also the name, brand, or trade-mark under which the article is sold, the name and address of the manufacturer, importer, or jobber, and a statement of the maximum percentage it contains of crude fibre, and the minimum percentage it contains of crude fat and crude protein, allowing one per cent, of nitrogen to equal six

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and one-quarter per cent, of protein; both constituents to be determined by the method in use at the time by the Association of Agricultural Chemists of the United States.
SEC. 13. Be it enacted, The term "concentrated commercial feeding-stuff," as used herein, shall include cottonseed-meal, linseed-meal, corn and cob-meal, cocoanut-meal, gluten feeds, gluten-meal, germ feeds, corn feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dry brewer's grains, malt sprouts dried distiller's grain, dried beet refuse, hominy feed, cerealine feeds, rice-meals, rice-brans, ricepolish, peanut-meal, oat feeds, corn and oat feeds, cornbran, wheat-bran, wheat-middlings, wheat-shorts, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, clover-meal, alfalfameal and feeds, peavine-meal, cottonseed-meal feeds, whole seeds and grains and meals, mixed or unmixed, made from such seeds or grains, and all other materials of a similar nature.
SEC. 14. Be it enacted, That each and every manufacturer, importer or jobber, agent or seller, before selling, offering or exposing for sale in this State, any concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs, as defined in section 13 of this Act, shall for each and every feedingstuff bearing a distinct name or trade-mark, file with the Commissioner of Agriculture a copy of the statement named in section 12 of this Act, and accompany said statement, when so requested by the Commissioner of Agriculture, by a sealed glass jar or bottle containing at least one pound of the feeding-stuffs to be sold, exposed or offered for sale, which sample shall correspond within reasonable limits to the feeding-stuff which it represents in the percentage of protein, fat and fibre which it contains.
That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall cause at least one sample of each distinct brand of feeding-stuff sold in this State to be analyzed annually by or under the direction of the State Chemist. Said analysis shall

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GrEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

include determinations of crude fat and of crude protein, and such other determinations as may at any time be deemed advisable by the State Chemist.
SEC. 15. Be it enacted, That each and every manufacturer importer, jobber, agent, or seller of any concentrated commercial feeding, stuffs, as defined in section 13 of this Act, shall pay to the Commissioner of Agriculture an inspection tax of twenty cents per ton for each ton of such concentrated feeding-stuffs sold, offered or exposed for sale in this State, and shall affix to each car shipped in bulk and to each bag, barrel or other package of such concentrated feeding-stuff, a stamp, to be furnished by said Commissioner of Agriculture, indicating that all charges had been paid; provided, that the inspection tax of twenty cents per ton shall not apply to cottonseed-hulls, hays, and straws, whole seeds and grains and pure meals made from whole grains and seeds; not mixed with other .substances, but sold separately as distinct articles of commerce. Should any of these materials otherwise exempt, be mixed or adulterated with any substance for the purpose of sale, the package which contains it, or in which it is offered for sale, must have plainly marked or indicated thereon the true composition of the mixture, or the ccharacter of the adulteration. Tax stamps shall be in denominations as follows: one-half cent, three-quarters cent, one cen, one and and one-quarter cent, one and one-half cent, and The Commissioner of Agriculture may prescribe the form of such tax stamps. Whenever a manufacturer, importer, jobber of a concentrated feeding-stuff shall have filed the statement named in section 12 of this Act and paid the inspection tax, no agent or seller of said manufacturer, importer or jobber shall be required to file such statement or pay such tax.
SEC. 16. Be it enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have the power to refuse the registration of any feeding-stuff under a name which would be misleading as to the materials of which it is made, or

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when the percentage of crude fibre is above or the percentage of fat and protein are below the standards adopted under section 21. Should such materials as referred to above be registered, and it is afterwards discovered that they are in violation of the above*, provision, the Commissioner of Agriculture shall have the power to cancel the registration. When the special inspector provided for in this Act is unable to cover the territory sufficiently, the Commissioner of Agriculture may utilize the oil and fertilizer inspectors in taking samples of drugs, feed-stuffs or food products, wthout other compensation than that now received.
SEC. 17: Be it enacted, That the sale of mouldy and damaged feeding-stuff is prohibited as feeds, except on full notice in writing to the purchaser of the nature and extent of the damage. Any manufacturer, importer, jobber, agent, or seller who shall sell, offer or expose for sale or distribution in this State any concentrated, commercial feeding-stuff as defined in this Act, without complying with the requirements of the preceding section of this Act, or who shall sell, offer or expose for sale or distribution any concentrated commercial feedingstuff which contains substantially a smaller percentage of constituents than are certified to be contained, or who shall adulterate any feeding-stuff with foreign, mineral or other similar substance or substances, such as rice hulls or chaff, peanut-shells, corncobs, oat-hulls, or other similar material of little or no feeding value, or with substances injurious to the health of domestic animals, shall be guilty of a violation of the provisions of this Act, and the lot of feeding-stuff in question shall be subject to seizure, condemnation and sale or destruction by the Commissioner of Agriculture, and it shall be the duty of the sheriffs of the counties of this State to seize and sell by public sale each and every bag, package or lot of commercial concentrated feeding-stuffs sold, or offered for sale, or for distribution in this State which shall not have securely attached the stamp mentioned

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

in section 15; provided, that should the owner or agent show to the satisfaction of the sheriff that such stamps had been attached and the same had become detached, the sheriff shall release the same without cost to the owner or agent. All moneys or proceeds derived from the seizure and sale of concentrated commercial feeding-stuffs shall be covered into the State treasury.
SEC. 18. Be it enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture is hereby authorized to have collected a sample not exceeding two pounds in weight, for analysis, from any lot, parcel or package of concentrated feedingstuff as defined in section 13 of this Act, which may be in the possession of any manufacturer, importer, agent or dealer; but said sample shall be taken from not less than ten per cent, of the whole lot inspected.
SEC. 19. Be it further enacted, That all manufacturers and manipulators, importers and jobbers, or agents representing them, who have registered their feedingstuff in compliance with section 12 of this Act, shall forward to the Commissioner of Agriculture a request for tax stamps, stating that said stamps are to be used upon brands of feeding-stuffs registered in accordance with this Act, and said request shall be accompanied with the sum of twenty cents per ton as an inspection tax, except in case of cottonseed-meal, where the present tax of ten cents per ton must be paid, whereupon it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture to issue stamps to the party applying, who shall attach a stamp to each bag, barrel or package thereof, which, when attached to said package, shall be prima facie evidence that the seller has complied with the requirements of this Act. Any stamps left in the possession of the manufacturer, manipulator, importer, jobber or agent, may be used another season.
SEC. 20. Be it enacted, That any manufacturer, dealer or other person who shall impede, obstruct, hinder or otherwise prevent or attempt to prevent any inspector or other person in the performance of his

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duty in- collecting samples or otherwise in connection
with this Act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than ten dollars
nor more than fifty dollars, and any violation of the provisions of the sections of this Act relating to feeding-stuffs for domestic animals shall be punished by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the court.
SEC. 21. Be it enacted, That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Chemist to fix standards of purity for food products where the same are not fixed by this Act, in accordance with those promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of the Treasury and Secretary of Commerce and Labor of the United States, when such standards have been published; and when not yet published, the Commissioner of Agriculture and the State Chemist shall fix such standards, provided that the standards for lard, mixed edible fats and cottonseed oils are hereby defined as follows: Lard is hereby defined to be the fat of freshly slaughtered swine. It must not be made from a diseased animal, or any portion of an animal unfit for food, or contain less than ninety-nine per cent, of pure fat. A mixed edible fat is defined to be a mixture which contains not less than ninety-nine per cent, of sweet mixed fat, and may consist of a mixture of refined cottonseed-oil or other edible vegetable oils with sweet beef fat or other edible animal fat, and must be sold under a registered or proprietary brand and properly labeled with a distinctive trademark or name bearing the name of the manufacturer. Edible cottonseed-oil is hereby defined as refined cottonseed-oil, free from disagreeable taste or odors. White cottonseed-oil for edible purposes is cottonseed-oil which has been refined in such a manner as to be nearly colorless, flavorless and odorless. Winter cottonseed-oils for edible purposes are those from which a portion of the stearine has been removed.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

They may be either white or yellow. Whenever the State Chemist may find, by analysis, that adulterated, misbranded, or imitation drugs, liquors or food products have been manufactured for sale, or put on sale in this State, he shall forthwith furnish a certificate of analysis to that effect to the Commissioner of Agriculture, who shall transmit the same to the State Solicitor in the county where the said adulterated, misbranded, or imitation drugs, liquor or food product was found. It shall be the duty of the State Solicitor to prosecute all persons violating any provisions of this Act as soon as he receives the evidence transmitted by the Commissioner of Agriculture.
SEC. 22. Be it enacted, That the State Chemist shall make an annual report to the Commissioner of Agriculture on work done in execution of this Act, which report may be included in that now made on commercial fertilizers, and published therewith.
SEC. 23. Be it enacted, That the Commissioner of Agriculture, with the advice of the Attorney-General, shall have authority to establish such rules and regulations as shall not be inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, and as-in his judgment will best carry out the requirements thereof. He may exercise discretion as to the class of products he first subjects to rigorous inspections and analysis, realizing that the fullest and most complete execution of this law under a limited appropriation must be a matter of growth. His first efforts shall be more particularly directed to fostering the young and growing agricultural and manufacturing industries of the State, as the dairy, beef fruit, cottonseedoil and syrup industries, by suppressing adulteration in butter, cheese, milk, feed-stuffs, ciders, vinegars and syrups lard and lard compounds.
SEC. 24. Be it further enacted, That in order to enforce and carry out the provisions of this Act the sum of ten thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated and set aside out of

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the fees arising from the inspection and analysis of fertilizers, and so much thereof as is necessary is made immediately available. That the proceeds arising from the fees of this office be turned into the treasury for the use of the ccommon school fund of the State.
SEC. 25. Be it enacted, That this Act shall be in force and effect from and after the first day of August, 1907,
SEC. 26. Be it further enacted, that all laws and parts of laws in conflict with this Act be, and the same are, hereby repealed.

LABORATORY OF THE STATE CHEMIST.
Atlanta, G!a., September 17, 1906.
Hon. T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture.
DEAR SIR: The season of 1905-1906 has, like all its predecessors for the last seven years, proved a recordbreaker. Our laboratory working force, the same that it was fifteen years since, has proved inadequate to the task of completing the greatly increased number of analysis required of it at as early a date as is desirable. Recognizing the fact that the publication of the bulletin would this year be delayed far beyond the usual date without additional help, the Department introduced a bill providing for an additional number of assistant chemists in the laboratory, which bill was unanimously recommended by the committee on agriculture, to which it was referred, but owing to the congested condition of business before the House, did not come up for final action ; it is therefore with regret that I submit my report to you at a much later date than usual.
Owing to the great increase in the value of nitrogenous materials in the past two or three years, the temptation to use inferior sources of nitrogen in fertilizers has

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

correspondingly increased; recognizing this fact, we have in spite of the increased burden of routine work imposed upon us, kept a sharp lookout for such adulterations.
Systematic examination of the various brands of goods sold has shown the great majority of them to be satisfactory as regards the value and quantity of the ingredients used in them, but I regret to have to formally report that the following samples numbered 487, 547, 1431, 1729, 1730, 454 and 455 were found to be adulterated with ferrocyanide of iron or prussian blue. This material, which is a by-product in certain industrial operations, more especially in the purification of gas in the gas works, is insoluble in water, and dilute acids, is incapable of fermentation or decomposition by bacterial agencies in the soil, and is therefore to he regarded as inert and worthless as a source of nitrogen in fertilizers.
It has been claimed for it by the sellers, that if applied to the soil some months before the crop is planted, that it becomes available and materially increases the yield per acre. This may be true, but if so, it certainly is not a suitable ingredient of commercial fertilizers, which in the case of cotton and corn are applied at the time the crop is planted. The usual ammoniates, such as cottonseed meal, dried blood, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, are either soluble in the soil water, or rot quickly and yield their nitrogen readily to the growing plant. This material does not do so, and should therefore be barred. This material is not sold under its own true name of Ferrocyanide of Iron or Prussian Blue, but has been put on the market under such names as Beet Root Manure, Potash Manure and Fillerine, and is the chief source of nitrogen in these mixtures. In this way the manufacturers who have used it have been deceived, have paid a good price for it, for which they were entitled to receive a good material and being themselves innocent have been really swindled by the unscrupulous dealers. These manufacturers have my sincere sympa-

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461

thy as the innocent dupes of these swindlers; they must

of course make good to the farmers to whom they sold,

but they should not suffer in reputation because of their

misfortune.

In the adulterated samples referred to above, a part

of the nitrogen is good and available, and I give below

the percentage of the total nitrogen found to be avail-

able in each adulterated sample:

No. 489, 45 per cent. 547, 40 per cent. 1431, 45 per

cent. 1729, 41 per cent. 1730, 36 per cent. 454, 51 per

cent, 455, 47 per cent.

Owing to the heavy pressure of the fertilizer work

this season, and the unusually late date at which we go

to the press, the usual written and explanatory matter

included in previous bulletins will be omitted from this

issue.

Respectfully submitted.

J. M. McCANDLESS.

State Chemist.

REMARKS OF THE COMMISSIONER.
It is with regret that we issue this bulletin at the latest date of any yet sent out. There has been from year to year a continuous growth in the official business of the Department, without any increase in the chemical force, upon which rests the burden of making the numerous, time-consuming and laborious determinations contained in the following tables of analyses.
Our chemical force is perhaps the most efficient in its line in any of the States exercising fertilizer control, but there must be an increase in the working force, if this standard of efficiency is to be maintained. Recognizing this fact, and that the bulletin would be much later than usual this year, if not remedied, I had a bill introduced in the last Legislature providing for an increase in the laboratory force, but it was unfortunately crowded out by the press of other business before the Legislature. We hope, however, to remedy the trouble another year.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

I desire to call attention to the above very important report of the State Chemist, in which he shows that a worthless nitrogenous material, "Prussian Blue," has this year been used by some of the manufacturers. The Chemist's report shows that about 50 per cent, of the nitrogen in the brands mentioned is valuable and available and the balance worthless; certainly the farmer should not pay for more than is shown to be of value by analysis. I have therefore ordered a star to be placed opposite each brand found to contain this adulterant, in the tables of analyses, calling attention to the fact that only the percentage of the total nitrogen found to be available by analysis has been calculated in the commercial value; each individual farmer also who bought these goods, and whose name and address is registered on my books will be notified by letter of the facts. I will say for the manufacturers of these goods, that I am ocnstrained to believe by the evidence offered that they

were not aware when they bought the objectionable ma-

terial of its nature, and that therefore this publication

and the money loss involved will be sufficient punish-

ment.

Respectfully,

T. G. HUDSON.

Commissioner of Agriculture.

COMMERCIAL VALUES OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER MATERIAL FOR THE SEASON OF 1905-1906, AS FIXED BY STATE CHEMIST, JANUARY 1, 1906.
About the first of January, 1906, quotations at Savannah on principal ingredients used in the manufacture of commercial fertilizers were as below.
Acid phosphate 13-14 per cent, at $9.25 per ton 2,000 lbs.
Phosphate rock 68 per cent, bone phosphate $5.39 per ton f. o. b. cars Savannah, Ga.

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463

German kainit $10.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars Savannah in sacks.
Muriate of potash $39.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars.
Nitrate of soda $45.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars in sacks.
Cottonseed-meal $25.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars. Sulphate of ammonia $62.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. f. o. b. cars. Pyrites per unit of sulphur ex-ship Savannah $6.00 per ton for 50 per cent. ore. Brimstone $23.50 per ton ex-ship Savannah. Western dried blood $3.30 per unit of ammonia. Bone tankage, $3.25 per unit of ammonia. Baw bone meal $25.00 per ton, 2,000 lbs. Steam bone meal $23.00 per ton 2,000 lbs. Tennessee phosphate rock 75 per cent, bone phosphate of lime $6.25 per ton at Atlanta.

VALUATION.
The above prices are quotations at wholesale figures for lots of 500 tons and over, spot cash ex-ship, cars or warehouse, Savannah, Charleston and Atlanta.
The nitrogen of bone meal which passes through a sieve with perforations 1-50 of an inch in diameter is valued at $3.80 a unit.
The nitrogen of bone meal coarser than that is valued at $2.30 a unit.
The phosphoric acid of bone meal finer than 1-50 of an inch is valued at 70c per unit. Coarser than 1-50 inch is valued at 50c a unit.
Cottonseed-meals are valued as heretofore by multiplying their nitrogen percentage by the value of nitrogen ruling for the season, viz: $3.80 per unit, and adding to this result, $3.33 to cover the value of the 1.8 per cent, potash and 2.7 per cent, phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals.

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GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

In the case of Sea Island meals $2.53 is added to cover the 1.5 per cent, potash and 1.9 per cent, phosphoric acid which is the average content of these meals.

On the basis of above quotations the following commercial values have been calculated, and have been used in calculating the values of all the goods offered for sale in the State during the season of 1905-1906 as exhibited in the table of analyses:

Available phosphoric acid Nitrogen Potash

3% cents a pound 19 cents a pound 4 cents a pound

It is usual, however, in the fertilizer trade, and very convenient in calculation, to use the system of units. A unit means, in technical talk, one per cent, of a ton, or twenty pounds; so that converting the above prices per pound into prices per unit, by simply multiplying by 20, we have:

Available phosphoric acid Nitrogen Potash

.70 cents a unit $3.80 cents a unit
.80 cents a unit

For example, suppose we have a fertilizer with 8 per cent, available phosphoric acid, 3.45 per cent, nitrogen, and 2.75 per cent, of potash, we calculate its value thus:

8%X 70 cents a unit = $ 5.60 3.45% X $3.80 cents a unit = 13.11 3.75% X 80 cents a unit = 2.20

Inspection, sacks, mix- ) ing and handling. j

20.91 2.60
$ 23.51 '

Therefore, the relative commercial value of the above goods is twenty-three dollars and fifty-one cents per ton.
The above figures represent, as nearly as we ca narrive as we can arrive at it, the wholesale cash cost of the goods at central points of distribution and production. If it is desired to learn the retail cost, it would be necessary to add to the above total the freight to

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465

the particular point interested, and also storage, insurance, interest, taxes and the dealer's or manufacturer's profit. The figures I have given above can'not, from the nature of the case, be exact, as prices fluctuate from day to day and month to month, but they approach with reasonable accuracy the wholesale cost of the goods.

MISLEADING BRAND NAMES AND A LITTLE ADVICE ON PURCHASING.
It should be borne in mind always that State valuations are relative and approximate only, and are only intended to serve as a guide. It is much to be desired that farmers should study the analyses giving the actual percentages of plant-food more, and pay no attention whatever to names and brands.
USUALLY NO BONE IN BRANDS CALLED DISSOLVED BONE.
They should realize, for instance, that in nine cases out of ten, brands known as '' pure dissolved bone'' contain not a practicle of bone, but are made simply out of phosphate rock. They are every "white and grain" as good as if they were made from bone, the available phosphoric acid from rock being just as available and identically the same as the available phosphoric acid from bone. The proof that such brands are not made from bone is that they contain no nitrogen, and if they were made from bone the percentage of nitrogen would be stated, and it would be charged for. This is only one instance of the folly of being influenced by names and brands--many might be given.
Remember that a multiplicity of brands is also expensive to the manufacturer, and you have to pay the cost in the long run. Study the markets, select a time for purchasing when general trade in fertilizers is dull, club together with some of your neighbors whose credit is of the best, or better, who have a little spare cash, and
fr-30

466

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

th,en prder from a reliable manufacturer, stipulating, if you have a preference, just what materials the goods shall be made from, and especially the guaranteed percentage of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Let the maker call it anything he pleases. In this way you will be sure to have a first-class goods bought at the lowest market price. But if you are going to wait till the last minute to buy your fertilizers, at the very time when everybody else wants his, and are going to buy on time and pay interest, why then be assured your fertilizers are going to be expensive--just as your clothing or any of your household goods would be if bought in the same way.

REPORT
OF THE
Commissioner of Agriculture
OF THE
STATE OF GEORGIA
FOR THE
YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1906
T. G. HUDSON, Commissioner R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant

REPORT.
To his Excellency, Hioke Smith, Governor of Georgia.
In compliance with the law I beg leave to submit the following report of the transactions of the Department of Agriculture from January 1, 1906, to January 1, 1907.
CLEEICAL FORCE.
The clerical force consists of the following named persons: R. F. Wright, Assistant Commissioner and General Correspondent; J. F. Johnson, Commissioner's Clerk; J. T. Derry, Shipping and Mailing Clerk; E. F. Williams, Stenographer.
Under the provisions of an Act approved December 20,1899, which provides for the establishment of quarantine lines for the protection of cattle in those sections not affected or partially affected with contagious diseases, this department has co-operated since the year of 1900 with the' United States Government and with the authorities of the States of Tennessee and North Carolina, looking to the suppression of contagious diseases caused by the cattle tick.
Under the provisions of the Act just referred to, the sum of $500.00 was set aside from the fees arising from the inspection of fertilizers for the payment of four cattle inspectors for the counties of Rabun, Union, Fannin and Towns. The Commissioner, therefore, has appointed and commissioned four cattle inspectors annually to do this work.
In connection with this work we issued a number of bulletins, outlining the laws governing the quarantine regulations of this State as a guide not only for the inspector, but also for the people generally. The work of these inspectors has been as faithfully and effectively performed as could be expected under the circumstances.
After my appointment as Commissioner of Agriculture in August, 1905, in looking over the great advant-

470

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ages and resources of our grand old State. I was soon convinced that one of the greatest possibilities of North Georgia was her live stock industry. Her rich valley lands, her abundance of pure water, her hills and mountains covered with native grasses, her energetic and progressive people, all go to make this an ideal country for dairying, sheep husbandry and beef cattle business.
But I found one great barrier in the way of these industries. The cattle tick, which produce the Texas fever, knocked out the profits of these industries. Therefore, a more determined and systematic work of tick eradication was necessary in our State. Hence, I delegated my assistant, Mr. E. F. Wright, and Col. E. J. Eedding, Director of the Georgia Experiment Station at that time, to appear before the national legislators, along with other representative men from other Southern States, with the result that an appropriation of $85,000 was promptly made. Dr. A. J. Payne, of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington, was given charge of this work, representing the National Government, and with the hearty co-operation of the State Department of Agriculture this work has progressed very favorably up to date.
The preliminary work consisted of holding mass meetings at the county sites. At these meetings subjects were discussed by both the State and national representatives, with a view of enlightening the people of the diseases produced by the cattle tick, methods employed and benefit to be obtained by its eradication. Hearty approval met these efforts, and petitions were signed by seven out of eight of the counties visited, and the work has proceeded satisfactorily in most of the counties, with the result that on November 6th there had been inspected in the seven counties 16,480 cattle. Of this number 6,365 cattle were found to be infested with the cattle tick (Boophilus Annulatus). The remaining 10,053 were found upon inspection to be free of infestation, which showed about 60 per cen+. of infestation. Of

REPOET OF COMMISSIONEB

471

the seven counties, two have laws preventing live stock from running at large, three have partially stock laws, and two without any laws of this nature.
We find the eradication of tick much easier where the: stock law obtains.
We recommend to the national authorities three counties to be placed above the quarantine line, after 4 little over three months' active work, with the result that White, Habersham and Stephens are now above the quarantine line. Union, Towns, and Rabun are also above the line. So much for what has been done.
We now propose to place six more counties above the quarantine line during the year 1907.
In response to our frequent requests for a State veterinary surgeon, a law was enacted by the Legislatue of 1905 empowering the Commissioner of Agriculture to employ the services of such a surgeon upon application of the ordinary or the county commissioners of any county under certain restrictions. Under the provisions of this law we have from time to time employed veterinary surgeons in response to calls from almost every section of the State, our expenses for this item being $1,171.15 up to January 1,1907.

PUBLICATIONS.
The department has sent out through the weekly press--monthly, with a few exceptions--six columns of printed matter, which has been published in about 185 county papers.
We have issued and distributed about 25,000 copies of the Commercial Fertilizer Bulletin, No. 43, of the season of 1905-1906. This bulletin was in the main prepared by our efficient State Chemist, John M. McCandless. Within its pages are found the tables of analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Georgia ' during the season of 1905-1906.
The number of brands on the market for this season is 3,545, as against 3,329 for the previous year. There

472

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

are also found in this bulletin letters on agricultural chemistry, fertilizer formulas for all kinds of crops, feeding formulas, and tables of analyses of commercial fertilizers, etc.
We call especial attention to the report of State Enmologist, Prof. R. I. Smith; also to those of Dr. W. C. Bryant, State Oil Inspector, and of A. T. Dallis, State Superintendent of Fisheries.

REPORT OF STATE OIL INSPECTOR.

j : STATE OF GEORGIA, DEPARTMENT OF FERTILIZER,
ATLANTA, GA., December 31, 1906.
Statement of fertilizer fund for year ending December 31, 1906:

1906.

Dr.

January 1st, to balance

To amount received from sale of tags

To amount bulk tax

$ 2,020.61 68,365.60
190.05

$70,476.26

Cr. __

By amount paid for tags

$ 3,512.11

By amount paid vet. surgeon

1,171.15

By amount expenses, bottles, corks, labels and

stationery

,

652.13

By amount paid inspectors expenses

3,397.36

By amount paid inspectors salaries

22,465.54

By amount paid State Treasurer

30,000.00

By balance on hand

9,377.87

$70,476.26

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

473

STATE OF GEORGIA, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

ATLANTA, GA., June 1, 1907.

H\on. T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.

DEAR SIR : Since last report there has been paid into the State Treasury, as shown by the Comptroller-Gen-

eral's books, $12,602.15 as fees due the State from the

inspection of illuminating oils. There have been a few violations of the oil law by

agents in other States shipping oil to dealers in the bor-

der counties by failing to request an inspection of their

oils, but in most cases this oil has been caught by our inspectors and held for inspection--the shippers and

dealers bieng warned as to violation of the law, and so far as I know the result has been that the offense has never been repeated. I desire to again call your atten-

tion to the necessity of amending the oil law by the addi-

tion of a section requiring that "all oils shipped into

the State for illuminating purposes be inspected by a legally authorized inspector, and that a specific gravity

test be required.."

Yours truly,

W. C. BRYANT, State Oil Inspector.

REPORT OF STATE CHEMIST.
STATE OF GEORGIA, LABORATORY OF STATE CHEMIST.
ATLANTA, GA., January 1, 1907.
Hon. T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture, Atlanta, Ga.
DEAR SIR: Reviewing the work of the laboratory for the past year I have to report that each succeeding year for the last eight years has established a new high record figure for the number of tons of commercial fertilizer inspected in the State, also for the number of new brands put on the market, and by consequence the num-

474

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

ber of analyses representing these brands. Tags were sold for more than 838,000 tons during the season, and the number of brands rose from 1,352 to 1,917. The great number of analyses required of the small laboratory force compelled us to work much later than usual before we were able to prepare the bulletin, which, in consequence, was later in appearing than ever before, and consequently many ccomplaints were received from different sections of the State, where fertilizer notes had already been paid before the purchaser of the goods could learn from us what the analysis showed. It is very nececssary to increase the laboratory force and remedy this state of affairs. For full details of the work accomplished by my department during the past year, exposures of adulteration in commercial fertilizers, etc., I refer you to Bulletin No. 48 covering the season of 1905-1906.
I have expended in the maintenance of the laboratory the whole of the sum, one thousand dollars, appropriated for that purpose.
Eespectfully submitted.
JNO. M. MCCANDLESS, State Chemist.

REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF GEORGIA FOR 1906.
ATLANTA, GA., January 20, 1907. To T. G. Hudson, Chairman Georgia State Board of
Entomology.
I have the honor, as State Entomologist and Secretary of the Board, to submit herewith a report on the work undertaken and carried out by the members of the State Board of Entomology for the year 1906.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

475

No changes have been made in the working force of the board, and this fact has been some advantage over past years, when changes have made it difficult to arrange all work to the best advantage. Our regular work, as mentioned in last year's report, about which more will be said in the following pages, has been carried on as usual. Our experimental and research work has, during the past year been given more attention than formerly. In many respects, your Secretary feels that the importance of the efforts of the State Board of Entomology is becoming more evident each year, and that the work done by the board is coming to be more and more valuable to the fruit growers and farmers of this State.
An extensive report would be required to give the details of the work of the board but only a summary of the work is submitted herewith. The different lines of work undertaken by the board during the past.year, as well as matters connected with the management of the office, publications, correspondence, etc., are mentioned under Separate heads in the following paragraphs :

APPROPRIATION FOR 1906.

During the past year the State Board of Entomology has been run on a total appropriation of $10,503.80. The regular appropriation for the year was $10,000, but in addition to that amount we had $503.82 left over from the appropriation of 1905. Hence we had practically $1,000 more to expend this year than last, and the fact that we used all but two cents of the total amount shows that the money was badly needed. We might even go further and state that the sum of $10,503.82 proved to be inadequate for the needs of the board, as it was necessary to carry over bills amounting to over $200, which will have to be paid out of the appropriation for 1907.

476

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

From the above statements the reader will understand that the board now needs an annual appropriation of more than $10,000 to properly carry out the work in the future as it has been conducted in the past two years. In the interest of the fruit growers and farmers of the State your Secretary respectfully suggests that the Legislature of 1907 be requested to increase the annual appropriation. To what amount the increase should reach depends on the wishes of the people of Georgia. We are confident that an annual appropriation of $15,000 could be expended to good advantage, as there are several problems confronting the fruit growers and farmers that need ccareful and painstaking investigation.
PUBLICATIONS.
An importrant feature of the work of the Board of Entomology is the publication of bulletins and newspaper articles relative to the control of insects and plant diseases. During 1906 four bulletins have been issued ccovering a variety of subjectcs, as follows:
Bulletin No. 19.--" Spraying to Control Insects and Plant diseases--Insecticides and Fungicides--Spray Calendar." March, 8,000 copies.
Bulletin No. 20.--Part 1--"Report of the State Entomologist for 1905. Part II--Crop Pest Law of Georgia and Regulations of the Board." September, 9,000 copies.
Bulletin No. 21--"Spraying to Control the San Jose Scale." October, 12,000 copies.
Bulletin No. 22.--"Black Root Disease of Cotton."--A report on investigations conducted during 1905-1906. December, 10,000 copies.
We still have a few thousand of the above bulletins on hand for distribution during the present year. As

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

477

all the subjects included in the above publications are ones that are of general interest, the numbers now on hand may be used to good advantage for distribution among farmers whose names will be obtained within a short time.
In addition to the bulletins, we have sent out the following circulars and special articles in numbers as follows:
February 10.--"Revised Regulations of the Board Relative to Quarantine against the Mexican Boll Weevil." Sent to all leading newspapers and to transportation companies operating in Georgia, Texas and Louisiana.
February 14.--"Hessian Fly in North Georgia." Sent to all newspapers in North and Middle Georgia.
April 24.- -"Peach Leaf Curl Disease." Sent to all newspapers in North and Middle Georgia.
July 10.--Circular to all Georgia nurserymen relative to nurscery inspection, and inspection of orchards from which their stock would be taken.
August 1.--"Summary of the Nursery Laws of all the States." 500 copies.
August 1.--"Regulations of the State Board of Entomology Relative to Shipment of Nursery Stock into Georgia from Other States." Sent to nurserymen who ship stock into Georgia.
August 27.--"Instructions to Transportation Companies Relative to Accepting only Nursery Stock Bearing Proper Certificate of Inspection." 4,000 copies sent to transportation companies in Georgia.

478

GEORGTA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE

In addition to the above special circulars and articles, over 2,000 circular letters were sent to fruit growers and cotton growers, with blank sheet for list of parties who would be interested in our bulletins. Our mailing list has been greatly increased by this means alone.
During the year a number of special papers, in addition to the ones mentioned above, have been furnished Georgia newspapers.

NURSERY INSPECTION.

Inspection of nurseries was commenced August 6th and continued actively until about November 15th, and a few small nurseries had to be inspected after the latter date. Three men were employed most of the time on nursery inspection. In a few instances it was necessary to make a second inspection of nurseries.
Ninety-five nurseries were visited and inspected, and of this number three were found to be out of business. Certificates were issued to 88 nurserymen, and certificates were withheld from four nurserymen on account of their failure to comply with the requirements of the board relative to fumigation or other matters. Only four nurseries were found infested with the San Jose scale. Of this number three were granted certificates after the infested portions of the stock had been cleaned out, and a second inspection showed the remaining stock to be apparently free from scale. One nurseryman was refused certificate entirely, as his stock was all in one block and could not be cleaned out sufficiently to pass inspection.

Total number of trees and strawberry plants con-
tained in the 88 nurseries receiving certificates is as follows:

Peach, 1 and 2 years old Peach, June buds Pear Plum Cherry

,____,

993,600 1,252 250
270^000 126,420 .__ 153050

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

479

Apple, 1, 2 and 3 years old

1,646,000

Grapes

86,300

Pecans (over half this number are seedlings) 731,800

Miscellaneous (including poplars, maples and

other shade and ornamentals)

901,200

Total

6,160,620

Strawberry plants (estimated by growers) 1,100,000

Nurserymen outside of Georgia, before selling stock in this State, are required to file a copy of their nursery inspection certificate, and also a signed agreement to fumigate all stock shipped into the State. Up to December 31, 1906, 87 out-of-State nurserymen had complied with our requirements and received Georgia certificates. This is only one less than last year at same date. Three additional out-of-State nurserymen received certificates before January 12, 1907, making in all 90 nurserymen in other States who have prepared to sell nursery stock in Georgia. .

ORCHARD INSPECTION.

During the past year orchard inspection has been conducted in the usual manner. More orchards have been inspected than ever before, the total number being 382, containing 2,482,775 trees of all varieties. This shows an increase of 33 orchards over the number inspected last year, and an increase of over 500,000 trees inspected. Inspection of orchards constitutes one of the most useful lines of work undertaken by the board. In a majority of cases the inspections have been made at the request of fruit growers, but in some localities where we had reason to believe that the orchards might be infested with San Jose scale the inspection was made on our own initiative.

ORCHARDS INFESTED WITH SAN JOSE SCALE.
Of the 382 orchards inspected, 137 were found infested with the San Jose scale. The infested orchards contained 882,898 trees. This does not mean that 800,-

480

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

000 trees, or more, were actually infested in the orchards visited, but it does mean that infestation was found in portions of orchards containing the above number of trees. The owners of all such orchards were given instructions regarding the best method of treating the trees to control the scale. In most cases our instructions have been followed, and in those cases where the work has been done thoroughly the,scale is in good control.

The different classes of orchard trees inspected, and number of trees of each, are given below:

Apples Peaches Pears Plums Cherries

55,975 2,401,083
650 24,965
102

Total

2,482,775

SPECIAL FEATURES OF ORCHARD INSPECTION.
As mentioned under nursery inspection, the nurserymen are requested to advise us about the orchards from which they would secure buds and grafts. We received requests to inspect 56 orchards of this class. This inspection had to be made before June, in order that the nurserymen might xnow the ccondition of the orchards. Among the 56 requests we were able to comply with 43, the remainder not being visited because of lack of sufficient assistance. Only four of the 43 orchards were found infested. To one who understands the past and the present situation, the above report is significant. It shows that the nurserymen are becoming more careful in the selection of orchards, and consequently more careful about keeping their nurseries free from the San Jose scale.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

481

EXPERIMENTS.

Experimental work during the past year has received more attention than formerly. The work has been confined mainly to six different subjects, namely, brown rot of peaches, peach leaf curl, apple coddling moth, woolly aphis of apple, San Jose scale and black root disease of cotton.
Brown rot of peaches is one of the worst diseases affecting the peach orchard. Much careful work is necessary in order to demonstrate the value of spraying, if, indeed, the spraying method of control is really of value. The result of this experiment for the first year is reported in the Horticultural Report for 1906. Spraying proved to prevent brown rot to an extent of fifty per cent, on some plats, but the general result was not entirely favorable. This work will be continued on a more extensive plan in 1907.
Peach leaf curl experiments were started at Adairsville and Mount Airy in November, 1906, and duplicate sprayings will be made in February, 1907. The object of this experiment is to test the comparative value of fall spraying for the leaf curl disease. We already know that spring spraying in February with Bordeaux or lime-sulphur wash will prevent the disease.
Apple coddling moth experiments were started at Cornelia in February, 1906. Remedial measures were tried, but owing to small amount of fruit the year previous the insects were not abundant. Consequently the spraying experiment did not give definite results.
Woolly aphis experiments, which were first started in 1905, were continued this past summer at Cornelia. The work has shown the undoubted value of kerosene emulsion at 15 per cent, to 20 per cent, as a treatment for the root-inhabiting form of this insect. The result of the past two years' work will be published in bulletin form.
Lime-sulphur wash has proved itself to be a good remedy for the San Jose scale, but within the last few

fr-31

482

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

years certain soluble oil preparations have been put on the market and widely advertised. Knowing that the fruit growers should learn the true value of these insecticides, we planned extensive spraying experiments at Fort Valley. The first work was done in October and additional sprayings were made early in December. Duplicate work will be conducted next spring, during February. The result of this work will be of great value, and will be reported as soon as the results justify the publication.
Cotton black root disease has been studied during the past two years, and the result of the investigation has now been published as Bulletin No. 22. This investigation has required a considerable portion of Mr. Lewis's time during the past two years. During this period he has grown a large quantity of black root resistant cottonseed that will be distributed to cotton growers in South Georgia. A few bushels of seed were distributed last year, but now we have on hand about twenty-five bushels that will be sent to ccotton growers who have fields affected by the black root disease.
In addition to the principal experiments mentioned above, we have made numerous trips of investigation of insects and diseases of cotton, fruit trees and general farm crops.
Cotton anthracnose, a disease that caused the loss of thousands of bales of cotton last year, will receive our attention this coming season. Last fall Mr. Lewis investigated many fields affected by cotton anthracnose, and prepared for starting an experiment this year by collecting seed from the resistant plants in a field at Jackson, GUa.

FARMERS INSTITUTE WORK.

During the past year either myself or A. C. Lewis, assistant entomologist, attended twenty-one institutes between the dates of June 20th and October 3d. At all the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

483

meetings we gave talks relative to the control of insects and plant diseases which attack the crops and orchards in Georgia.
Our attendance at Farmers' Institutes requires a great deal of time, more, indeed, than the number of institutes attended would indicate. This is true because of the fact that considerable time is lost traveling to and from the meetings. As the meetings are now arranged the time spent on the road amounts to more than the meetings themselves.
BOLL WEEVIL QUARANTINE.
The Legislature of 1905 passed an amendment to the boll weevil law allowing oats to come into Georgia without restriction. The quarantine was also raised on all products with the exception of cotton in all forms and corn in the husk. In accordance with this amendment the regulations of the board were amended at a meeting held January 26, 1906, and on February 10, 1906, copies of the revised regulations were mailed to all transportation companies in Georgia, Texas and Louisiana, and to all leading newspapers in the States named.
We are endeavoring to keep the transportation companies well informed about the boll weevil quarantine and by their cooperation prevent any boll weevil being shipped into the State. In addition, we investigate all reported cases of boll weevil. Correspondents frequently send in specimens of insects supposed to be the genuine boll weevil, but up to the present time all the specimens received have proved to be some other insects. At the present time the boll weevil has not been found on the east side of the Mississippi river; still we must be constantly on the lookout for its first appearance in Georgia. Some provision should be made by the Georgia Legislature whereby the State Board of Entomology might have the power to destroy entire cotton fields if the boll weevil is discovered in small areas where there seems am, opportunity to exterminate the pest by the prompt destruction of a sufficient number of fields.

484

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICE AND CORRESPONDENCE.

Each year the people of the State are becoming better acquainted with the work of the State Board of Entomology. This fact is evidenced by the letters received asking for information concerning the control of insect" and plant diseases.
The mailing list has been increased by one means or another until now it numbers over 6,000 names. When bulletins are published it is necessary to print large editions to supply the growing demand. During the past year we adopted the plan of sending letters to representative men in the different parts of the State, asking for the names of all parties who would be interested in some particular bulletin. We found that all this cost considerable for postage and time required for addressing and mailing letters and bulletins. Still the fact that we were following a plan to benefit the farmers directly seemed to fully justify the expenditure.

FINANCE.

Expenditure of the appropriation for 1906.

To annual appropriation for 1906

$10,000.00

To unexpended balance for 1905

503.82

To total appropriation

$10,503.82

By salaries and expenses as follows:

Salary of State Entomologist, at $1,500 per

annum

1,500.00

Salary of Assistant Entomologist, at $1,200

per annum

1,200.00

Salary of Field Assistant, January 1st to Feb-'

ruary 20th, forty-three days, at $3 per diem 129.00

Salary of Field Assistant, February 25th to

December 31st, at $1,050 per annum Wages paid Deputy Inspectors Salary of Stenographer

883.73 1,455.00
720.00

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER

485

Traveling expenses State Entomologist

Traveling expenses Assistant Entomologist-_

Traveling expenses Field Assistant

Traveling expenses Deputy Inspectors

Printing and engraving

Postage

Telegrams

Office supplies and expenses

Library (including agricultural papers, fruit

journals, etc.)

:

Laboratory expenses and equipment

Field work and experiments

Express, freight, etc

Expenses board meetings

Stereopticon equipment for Farmers' Insti-

tutes

Monthly talk (paid for the Georgia Depart-

ment of Agriculture)

521.67 389.37 295.84 737.67 1,096.03 617.00
11.81 325.92
37.84 101.69 167.23 57.92 39.38
40.72
176.00

Balance unexpended December 31, 1906__

$10,503.80 .02

Respectfully submitted.

$10,503.82
R. I. SMITH, State Entomologist.

486

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

REPORT OF SUPERINTENDENT OF FISHERIES.

LAGRANGE, GA., December 21, 1906.

To Hon. T. G. Hudson, Commissioner of Agriculture, State of Georgia.

DEAR SIR : The Superintendent of Fisheries, for the State of Georgia, herewith presents his annual report for the year 1906. The effort of this department to restock the most favorable waters of our State with fish has only been met with limited success. Our citizens have given their aid in maintaining the closed season and with their future cooperation in the prevention of illegal fishing it is hoped that much good will result. The fish wardens throughout the State are vigilant, but it is obviously impossible to apprehend all violations of the laws, as our waters are so scattered.

It has been found that the establishment of private ponds is disappointing, save under the most favored conditions.

Our coast fishing and oyster business is becoming more extended and profitable each year and from that source less complaint was made this year than heretofore that there were infractions of our laws. During the entire year there has been no request for additional laws and none is recommended by this department.
New laws are confusing and pressure should be brought to bear which will cause those laws already on our statutes to be observed rather than additional legislation.

Enclosed herein marked exhibit "A" is an itemized

expense account of this department for the year 1906, the

total of which is one hundred and nineteen and 87-100

dollars.

Respectfully submitted.

A. T. DALLIS, Superintendent of Fisheries, State of Georgia.

Questions for July Crop Report, 1906.

QUESTIONS FOR JULY CROP REPORT, 1906.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
ATLANTA, GA., July 20, 1906.
DEAR SIR : Please answer the following questions on the 25th of July, or as early as possible after that date, and mail promptly, so as to reach this office by the 30th of July.

AN AVERAGE CROP, or AVERAGE CONDITION, or anything with which comparison is made, is always taken as 100. This, if the corn crop at any time is 10 per cent, better than last year, or 10 per cent, better than an average, it should be reported as 110 in each case; and if 10 per cent, below these standards, it should be reported as 90. Avoid vague comparisons, such as "some better," "hardly so good," above an average," etc.
In making up your answers, let them apply to the whole country in which you reside, not simply to your own farm.
If a crop about which questions are asked is not grown in your country, use the character X. If you have not sufficient data to make an approximate estimate, leave the space blank.
Very respectfully. T. Gr. HUDSON,
Commissioner of Agriculture.
R. F. WRIGHT, Assistant.

1. For what county do you report?

County

II. Your name

III. Your Postoffice

The questions contained in the above circular and the results obtained from the replies to those questions are here given:

QUESTIONS FOR CROP REPORT

489

Compared with an average, what are the conditions and prospects of the following crops?

1. COTTON.
Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section Average for State (1906)__ Average for tate (1905)

78 per cent 72 per cent 64 per cent 7V/S per cent 8iy4 per cent

2. CORN.
Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)

94 per cent 91 per cent 83 per cent 89% per cent 85y3 per cent

3. RICE.

Northern Section

Middle Section, No report

Southern Section

,.

Average for State (1906)

Average for State (1905)

80 per cent
65 per cent 72y2 per cent 77 per cent

4. TOBACCO.
Northern Section Middle Section, No report. Southern Section Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)

,__ 81 per cent
90 per cent 85 y2 per cent
84 per cent

5. SWEET POTATOES.

Northern Section

94 per cent

Middle Section

82 per cent

Southern Section

85 per cent

Average for State (1906)__;

87 per cent

AVerage for State (1905) _- v 84y3 per cent

490

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

6. SUGAR CANE. Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section
Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)
7. MELONS. Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section
Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)
8. PEACHES. Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section
Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)
9. APPLES. Northern Section Middle Section Southern Section
Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)__
10. CANTALOUPES. Northern Section Middle Section __; Southern Section
Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)
11. GROUND PEAS. Northern Section Middle Section , Southern Section
Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)

90 per cent 91 per cent 91 per cent 90% per cent 90% per cent
62 per cent 77 per cent 66 per cent
68% per cent 84% per cent
67 per cent 60 per cent 62 per cent 63 per cent 52% per cent
70 per cent 75 per cent 51 per cent 65% per cent 43% per cent
69 per cent 68 per cent 73 per cent 70 per cent 82% per cent
93 per cent 89 per cent
85 per cent 89 per cent 84 per cent

QUESTIONS FOE CROP REPORT

491

12. FIELD PEAS.

Northern Section

;

Middle Section

Southern Section

Average for State (1906)

Average for State (1905)

90 per cent 89 per cent 83 per cent 87% per cent 93 per cent

13. PEACHES: HOW many cars of peaches were shipped from your county last year? Not enough answers to furnish data for a report.

14. How many cars were shipped this year? Not enough answers to furnish data for a report.

15. CANTALOUPES: How many cars of cantaloupes were shipped from your county last year! Not enough answers to furnish data for a report.

16. How many cars were shipped this year? Not enought to furnish data for a report. .

17. WHEAT: What is the yield compared to an aver-

age?

Northern Section

88 per cent

Middle Section

5

87 per cent

Southern Section

100 per cent

Average for State (1906)__ ^ 91% per cent

Average for State (1905)

68 per cent

18. WHEAT: What is the average yield per acre this

year in bushels?

Northern Section

10 bushels

Middle Section

11 bushels

Southern Section

10 bushels

Average for State (1906)

10% bushels

Average for State (1905)

7 bushels

19. OATS: What is the yield compared with an aver-

age?

Northern Section

84 per cent

Middle Section

87 per cent

Southern Section

89 per cent

492

GEORGIA DEPARTMENT or AGRICULTURE

Average for State (1906) Average for State (1905)

86% per cent 88 percent

20. OATS: What is the yield for acres this year in

bushels ?

Northern Section

15 bushels

Middle Section

17 bushels

Southern Section

16 bushels

Average for State (1906)

16 bushels

Average for State (1905)

17 bushels

21. HAY: What is the yield compared to an average1

Northern Section

94 per cent

Middle Section

94 per cent

Southern Section

103 per cent

Average for State (1906)

97 per cent

Average for State (1905)

94% per cent

ESTIMATE OF COTTON.

Estimating that Georgia made 1,750,000 bales of cot-

ton in 1905, how many bales will be made in the

State in 1906?

Northern Section

1,379,000 bales

Middle Section

1,531,000 bales

Southern Section

1,204,000 bales

Average for State (1906)

1,372,000 bales

LI

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UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA LIBRARIES

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